Question: when was stoichiometry first introduced?

History of chemistry

Therefore, it is clearly distinct from physics that is not related to dramatic transformations of matter.


Question: when was stoichiometry first introduced?

History of chemistry

Also, in contrast to physics, chemistry doesn't use mathematics much.


Question: when was stoichiometry first introduced?

History of chemistry

There are even those who are reluctant to use mathematics in chemistry.


Question: when was stoichiometry first introduced?

History of chemistry

For example, Auguste Comte wrote in 1830: Any attempt to use mathematical methods in studying questions of chemistry must be considered highly implausible and contrary to the spirit of chemistry... if mathematical analysis should hold an important position in chemistry - the deviation of which it is almost impossible to do - there will be a rapid and widespread degeneration of science.


Question: when was stoichiometry first introduced?

History of chemistry

However, in the second part of the 19th century, the situation changed and August Kekulé wrote in 1867: I rather hope that someday we will find a mathematical-mechanical explanation for what we now call atoms that will provide an explanation of their properties.


Question: when was stoichiometry first introduced?

History of chemistry

The scope of chemistry As the understanding of the nature of matter has evolved, practitioners' self-understanding of chemical science has also experienced the same.


Question: when was stoichiometry first introduced?

History of chemistry

This continuous historical evaluation process covers the categories, terms, objectives and scope of chemistry.


Question: when was stoichiometry first introduced?

History of chemistry

In addition, the development of institutions and social networks supporting chemical research is a very significant factor enabling the production, dissemination and application of chemical knowledge.


Question: when was stoichiometry first introduced?

History of chemistry

(See Philosophy of Chemistry) The chemical industry The later part of the nineteenth century was witness to the great increase in the exploitation of petroleum extracted from the earth to make a number of chemicals and largely replaced the use of whale oil, coal tar and naval stores that used before.


Question: when was stoichiometry first introduced?

History of chemistry

Large-scale production and refining of fuel oil provides raw materials for liquid fuels such as gasoline and diesel fuel, solvents, lubricants, asphalt, wax, and for the production of many common materials in the modern world, such as synthetic fibers, plastics, paints, detergents, pharmaceutical drugs, adhesives and ammonia as fertilizer as well as other uses.


Question: when was stoichiometry first introduced?

History of chemistry

Many of these industries require new catalysts and utilization of chemical engineering to save production costs.


Question: when was stoichiometry first introduced?

History of chemistry

In the mid-20th century, control of the electronic structure of semiconductor materials was made precision by the creation of large ingots from single crystals of highly pure silicon and germanium.


Question: when was stoichiometry first introduced?

History of chemistry

Accurate control of chemical composition through the use of doping with other elements enabled the production of solid-phase transistors in 1951 and allowed the production of tiny integrated circuits for use in electronic devices, especially computers.


Question: when was stoichiometry first introduced?

History of chemistry

See also Prominent Chemical history and timeline as per chronological: Eric R. Scerri's Reference Notes, The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, 2006.


Question: when was stoichiometry first introduced?

History of chemistry

Advanced reading Servos, John W.,, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990.


Question: when was stoichiometry first introduced?

History of chemistry

ISBN0-691-08566-8 BBC Documentaries (2010).


Question: when was stoichiometry first introduced?

History of chemistry

Chemistry: A Volatile History.


Question: when was stoichiometry first introduced?

History of chemistry

Outlink - Chemists of the Past Chemical Chemical Chemistry


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Operation Seroja or Indonesian Invasion of East Timor began on 7 December 1975 when the Indonesian military entered East Timor under anti-colonialism grounds.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The overthrow of the popular and brief Fretilin government sparked a quarter century of violent occupation in which some 100-180,000 soldiers and civilians were estimated to have been killed or suffered from starvation. [4] [5] During the first months of occupation, the Indonesian military faced Heavy insurgency resistance in the mountainous interior of the island, but from 1977-1978, the military obtained new advanced weaponry from the United States, Australia, and other countries, to destroy the Fretilin base. [6]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

However, the last two decades, saw persistent clashes between Indonesian and East Timorese groups over the status of East Timor, until 1999, East Timorese voted for independence through a referendum by the United Nations mission in East Timor.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

East Timor's background owes its territorial peculiarities of the division of the Island of Timor, and the Indonesian archipelago as a whole, as well as to the fact that the territory was colonized by the Portuguese, not the Dutch (an agreement dividing the island between the two powers was signed in 1915). [7]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Colonial rule was replaced by Japan during World War II, which later spawned a resistance movement that resulted in the deaths of 60,000 Timorese, or 13 percent of the entire population at the time.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

After the war, the Dutch East Indies guaranteed its independent independence as the Republic of Indonesia.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

And the Portuguese meanwhile re-established control over East Timor.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

When East Timor was overrun by Indonesia in December 1975, “some were previously linked to become part of the archipelago.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

However, as a former Portuguese colony, it did not have a shared colonial experience as in other areas. “[8]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Portuguese withdrawal and civil war According to the pre-1974 Constitution of Portugal, East Timor, then known as Portuguese Timor, was an “overseas province”, as was one of the provinces comprising continental Portugal. The “overseas provinces” also included Angola, Cape Verde, Portuguese Guinea, Mozambique, Sao Tome and Principe in Africa; Macao in China; and had included Portuguese Indian territories until 1961, when the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, ordered an invasion and annexation. [9]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

In April 1974, the left-wing Movimento das Forças Armadas (Armed Forces Movement, MFA) within the Portuguese military launched a coup against the right-wing authoritarian Estado Novo government in Lisbon (the so-called “Carnation Revolution”), and announced its intention to quickly withdraw from colonies of Portugal (including Angola, Mozambique and Guinea, where pro-independence guerrilla movements fought since the 1960s). [10]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Unlike the African colonies, East Timor did not experience a war of national liberation.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

However, political parties from the natives quickly sprang up in Timor: the Timorese Democratic Union (União Democrática Timorense, UDT) was the first political association to be promulgated after the Carnation Revolution.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The UDT originally consisted of senior administrative leaders and plantation owners, as well as native tribal leaders. [11]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

These leaders had conservative origins and showed loyalty to Portugal, but never advocated integration with Indonesia. [12]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Meanwhile, Fretilin (East Timor's Independent Revolutionary Front) consisted of caretakers, teachers, and others” newly recruited members of the urban elites. “[13]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Fretilin quickly became more popular than UDT due to the various social programs introduced to the people.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

However, the UDT and Fretilin entered into a coalition in January 1975 with a unified goal for self-determination. [11]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

This coalition came to represent almost all the education sector and most of the population. [14]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

APODETI (Popular Democratic Association of Timor), a small third party, has also sprung up, and its goal is for integration with Indonesia.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

However, the party has little popularity appeal. [15]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

By April 1975, internal conflicts split the UDT leadership, with Lopes da Cruz leading the faction that wanted to leave Fretilin.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Lopes da Cruz feared that Fretilin's radical wing would turn East Timor into a communist front.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

However, Fretilin calls these allegations an Indonesian conspiracy, as a radical wing that has no power base. [16]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

On 11 August, Fretilin received a letter from the UDT leader to end the coalition. [16]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The UDT coup was a “neat operation”, in which a show of force on the streets was followed by the takeover of vital infrastructure, such as radio stations, international communication systems, airports, police stations, and others. [17]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

During the resulting civil war, leaders on each side “lost control over the behavior of their supporters”, and while the UDT and Fretilin leaders behaved with self-control, the supporters uncontrollably orchestrated various bloody purges and assassinations. [18] UDT leaders arrested more than 80 Fretilin members, including future leader Xanana Gusmão.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

UDT members killed dozens of Fretilin members in four locations.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The victims included founding member Fretilin, and brother of the vice president, Nicolau Lobato.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Fretilin responded by withdrawing successfully to a trained Portuguese East Timorese military unit. [17]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The UDT's violent takeover thus sparked a long three-week civil war, in pitting 1,500 companies of troops against 2,000 regular troops now led by commander Fretilin.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

When the Portuguese East Timorese trained military switched allegiance to Fretilin, it became known as Falintil. [19]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

In late August, the remnants of the UDT retreated towards the Indonesian border


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

A group of UDTs of about 900 crossed into West Timor on 24 September 1975, followed by over a thousand others, leaving Fretilin in control of East Timor for the following three months.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The number of dead in the civil war reportedly included four hundred in Dili and perhaps six hundred in the hills. [18]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

After that incident, “many UDT supporters were beaten and jailed” by the winner Fretilin.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Indonesian motivations Nationalist and hardline Indonesian military, particularly the leaders of the Kopkamtib intelligence agency and special operations unit, Opsus, saw the Portuguese coup as an opportunity for East Timor to be annexed by Indonesia. [20]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Chief Opsus and close adviser to President Soeharto, Major General Ali Murtopo, and his protégé Brigadier General Benny Murdani led to military intelligence operations and spearheaded Indonesia to push pro-annexation. [20]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Indonesian domestic political factors in the mid-1970s, however, were not conducive to such expansionist intentions; in the 1974-1975 period of financial scandals surrounding oil producer Pertamina, meant that Indonesia had to be careful not to sound critical alarms for foreign aid and in debt to banks.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Thus, Suharto initially did not support the invasion of East Timor. [21]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Such considerations, apparently became a shadow of Indonesian and Western concerns that a victory for Fretilin's left wing would lead to the establishment of a communist state on Indonesia's borders that could be used as a base for attacks by hostile forces into Indonesia, and a potential threat to Western submarines.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

It was also accompanied by fear that an independent East Timor within the archipelago could inspire separatist sentiment in other provinces in Indonesia.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

These concerns were successfully used to rally support from Western countries who wanted to maintain good relations with Indonesia, particularly the United States, which at the time was completing the withdrawal of troops from Indochina. [22]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Military intelligence organizations initially sought a strategy of non-military annexation, intending to use APODETI as an integration vehicle. [20]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Indonesia's “New Order” rulers planned to invade East Timor.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

There is no freedom of expression in the Indonesian “New Order” and thus there is no need to be seen to consult East Timor properly. [23]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

In early September, as many as two hundred army special forces launched an offensive, recorded by U.S. intelligence, and in October, a conventional military offensive followed.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Five journalists, known as the Balibo Five, working for an Australian news network were executed by Indonesian soldiers in the border town of Balibo on October 16. [24]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Invasion On December 7, 1975, Indonesian forces overran East Timor. [25]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Operation Seroja (1975—1977) Operation Seroja was the largest military operation ever carried out by Indonesia. [26] [27] After the naval bombing of Dili, troops sailing from the Indonesian sea landed in the city while drawing down troops. [28] 641 Indonesian paratroopers jumped to Dili, where they engaged in six hours of fighting with the armed group FALINTIL.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

According to author Joseph Nevins, Indonesian warships directed army forces to advance and Indonesian transport planes themselves brought down some of their army troops over Falintil forces who eventually retreated and suffered from the effects of the attack. [29]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

By midday, Indonesian forces had captured the town with casualties of 35 Indonesian soldiers killed, while 122 FALINTIL gunmen were killed in the fighting. [30]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

On 10 December the second invasion resulted in overlordship of the second largest city, Baucau, and on Christmas Day, some 10,000 to 15,000 troops landed at Liquisa and Maubara.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

By April 1976 Indonesia had about 35,000 troops in East Timor, with another 10,000 standing in Indonesian West Timor.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Most of these troops come from elite forces in Indonesia.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

By the end of the year, 10,000 troops occupied Dili and another 20,000 had been deployed throughout East Timor. [31]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Outnumbered, FALINTIL forces fled into the mountains and continued waging guerrilla combat operations. [32]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

In the cities, Indonesian troops began killing Timorese. [34]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

At the beginning of the occupation, FRETILIN radio sent the following broadcast: “Indonesian troops kill indiscriminately.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Women and children were shot in the streets.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

We would all be killed...


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

This is a plea for international help.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Please do something to stop this invasion. “[35]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

One of the Timorese refugees informed later that victims of “rape [and] cold-blooded murder targeted to women and children and Chinese shopkeepers”. [36]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The Bishop of Dili at the time, Martinho da Costa Lopes later said:” the soldiers who landed started killing everyone they could find, there were many bodies in the streets - all we could see the soldiers who killed, killed, killed. “[37]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

In one incident, a group of 50 people, women, and children - including Australian freelance journalist Roger East - were lined up on a cliff outside Dili and shot, their bodies falling into the sea. [38]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Many such massacres took place in Dili, where spectators were instructed to observe and count aloud for each person who was in turn executed. [39]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

In addition to Fretilin supporters, Chinese migrants were also chosen to be subjected to execution; 500 people were killed on the first day alone. [40]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Stalemate Despite the forefront of the Indonesian military in East Timor, most residents left towns and villages stormed in in coastal areas and in every mountainous section.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The Falintil force, consisting of 2,500 former regular troops from the Portuguese colonial army, well-equipped by Portugal severely limited the ability of the Indonesian army to make advances. [41]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Thus, during the early months of the invasion, Indonesian control was mainly limited to major cities and villages such as Dili, Baucau, Aileu and Same.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Throughout 1976, the Indonesian military employed a strategy in which the army attempted to move inland from coastal areas to then join forces fielded further inland.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

However, this strategy was unsuccessful and the troops received stiff resistance from Falintil.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

For example, it took Indonesia 3,000 troops and four months to take control of the town of Suai, a town in the south just three kilometers from the coast. [5]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The military continued to restrict all foreigners and West Timorese from entering East Timor, and Suharto acknowledged in August 1976 that Fretilin “still had some power here and there. “[42]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

By April 1977, the Indonesian military faced a stalemate.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The army has made no progress towards its area of power for more than six months, and the invasion has attracted increased publicity in adverse international eyes. [43]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Siege, annihilation, and final purge (1977—1978) In the early months of 1977, the Indonesian navy ordered missile -gunnery patrol- ships from the United States, Australia, the Netherlands, South Korea, and Taiwan, as well as submarines from West Germany. [44]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

In February 1977, Indonesia also received thirteen OV-10 Bronco aircraft from Rockwell International Corporation with assistance from the official US-owned Foreign Military Sales.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The Bronco was the ideal aircraft for the invasion of East Timor, specifically designed for counter-insurgency operations in hard-to-reach areas. [45]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

By early February 1977, at least six of the 13 Broncos were operating in East Timor, and helped the Indonesian military determine Fretilin's position. [46]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Along with the new weaponry, an additional 10,000 soldiers were sent to begin a new campaign known as the 'final solution'. [47]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The 'final solution' campaign involved two main tactics: The 'siege and destruction' campaign which involved bombing villages and mountainous terrain by plane, causing starvation and defoliation closed the land.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

When the surviving villagers came to the lower areas and lay down to surrender, the military fired on them.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Other survivors were placed in settlement camps where they were prevented from traveling or returning to farming.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

In early 1978, the civilian population of the entire village of Arsaibai, near the Indonesian border, was murdered for supporting Fretilin after being bombarded and suffering from starvation. [48]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

During this period, Indonesia's alleged use of chemical weapons emerged, villages reported maggots appearing on plants after bomb attacks. [48]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The success of the 'siege and destruction' campaign became the 'final cleansing campaign', in which children and people from the settlement camps were forced to hold hands and march in front of Indonesian troops searching for Fretilin members.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

When Fretilin members are found, the members will be forced to surrender or shoot themselves. [49]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The 'siege and destruction' campaign by Indonesia in 1977—1978 broke Fretilin's main militia and East Timor's clever President and military commander, Nicolau Lobato, was shot and killed by Indonesian helicopter forces on 31 December 1978.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The period 1975—1978, from the beginning of the invasion to the conclusion of most successful campaigns of encirclement and destruction, proved to be the toughest period of the entire conflict, the toll of Indonesian dead was more than 1,000 lives out of a total of 2,000 who died from the entire occupation. [50]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Clandestine movement FRETILIN (1980—1999) The Fretilin militia that survived Indonesian attacks from the late 1970s chose Xanana Gusmão as their leader.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

He was arrested by Indonesian intelligence near Dili in 1992, and replaced by Mau Honi, who was arrested in 1993 and in turn replaced by Nino Konis Santana.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Santana's successor, on his death in the Indonesian attacks of 1998, was Taur Matan Ruak.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

By the 1990s, there were about fewer than 200 guerrilla fighters left in the mountains, and the separatist idea had largely shifted to clandestine ranks in the cities.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The underground movement, however, has been largely crippled by continuous arrests and infiltration by Indonesian agents.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Prospects for independence darkened greatly until the fall of Suharto in 1998 and President Habibie's sudden decision to allow a referendum in East Timor in 1999. [51]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Casualties in East Timor In March 1976, UDT leader Lopes da Cruz reported that 60,000 Timorese had been killed during the invasion. [52]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

A delegation of Indonesian aid workers agreed with this statistic. [53]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

In an interview on 5 April 1977 with the Sydney Morning Herald, Indonesian Foreign Minister Adam Malik said the number of dead was “50,000 people or possibly 80,000". [33]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

One figure referred to the victims as many as 100,000 cited by McDonald (1980) and by Taylor.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Amnesty International estimates that one-third of East Timor's population, or 200,000 in total, died from military action, starvation and disease from 1975 to 1999.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

In 1979 the US Agency for International Development estimated that 300,000 East Timorese had moved into camps controlled by the Indonesian armed forces. [54]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The United Nations Commission for Acceptance, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor estimated the number of deaths during the occupation as well as famine and violence to be about 90,800 to 202,600 including between 17,600 to 19,600 experienced violent deaths or disappearances, from the resident population approximately 823,386 in 1999.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The truth commission was held for Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the killings and violence already committed. [55] [56] [57] Integration efforts in line with military action, Indonesia also runs a civilian government.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

East Timor was given status equal to other provinces, with identical governance structures.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The province is divided into districts, subdistricts, and villages along a village-like structure in Java.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

By giving traditional indigenous tribal leaders positions in this new structure, Indonesia sought to assimilate Timor through patronage. [58]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Despite the same provincial status granted, in practice East Timor was effectively governed by the Indonesian military. [58]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The new administration built new infrastructure and productivity levels were raised for commercial agricultural ventures.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Productivity in terms of coffee and cloves rose to double, although East Timorese farmers were forced to sell their coffee at low prices to village cooperatives. [59]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The Provisional Government of East Timor was established in mid-December 1975, consisting of APODETI and UDT leaders.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Attempts by the UN Secretary-General's Special Representative, Vittorio Winspeare Guicciardi to visit the area -the Fretilin- held area of Darwin, Australia were hindered by the Indonesian military, which blockaded East Timor.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

On 31 May 1976, a 'People's Assembly' in Dili, elected by Indonesian intelligence, roundly endorsed the 'Integration Measure', and on 17 July, East Timor officially became the 27th province of the Republic of Indonesia.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The occupation of East Timor remains a public issue in many countries, particularly Portugal, and the United Nations has never recognized either the regime established by Indonesia or its subsequent annexation. [60]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The Indonesian Government's justification featured its achievement over East Timor as a matter of anticolonial unity.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

A 1977 book from the Indonesian Department of Foreign Affairs, titled Decolonization in East Timor, paid tribute to the “sacred right to self-determination" [61] and recognized APODETI as the true representative of the majority of East Timor.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

It stated that the popularity that FRETILIN gained was the result of “a policy of threats, blackmail and terror" [62] Later, Indonesian Foreign Minister Ali Alatas reiterated this position in 2006 in his memoir The Pebble in the Shoe: The Diplomatic Struggle for East Timor. [63]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The division of the original islands from east to west, Indonesia argued after the invasion, was “the result of colonial oppression” enforced by the Portuguese and Dutch imperial powers.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Thus, according to the Indonesian government, the achievement of the 27th province was just another step in the unification of the archipelago that had begun in the 1940s. [64] Foreign involvement There was little resistance from the international community over the conduct of the invasion by Indonesia, which was carried out on the height of the Cold War during New Order rule was officially neutral to Indonesian behavior displayed by Western countries as key to their interests in Southeast Asia. [65]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

U.S. Engagement A year earlier, in December 1974, United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had been asked by representatives of the Indonesian government on whether the U.S. would approve an invasion. [66]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

In March 1975, U.S. Ambassador to Indonesia David Newsom, recommended a “policy of silence” on the issue and was endorsed by Kissinger. [67]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

On 8 October 1975, a member of the United States National Security Council, Philip Habib, told meeting participants that “It looks like the Indonesians have started an attack on Timor”.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Kissinger Habib's response was, “I suspect you're really going to shut up about this”. [68]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

On the day before the invasion, U.S. President Gerald R. Ford and Kissinger met with Indonesian President Soeharto.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The United States has suffered setbacks after crushing Vietnam, leaving Indonesia as its most important ally in the region.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

U.S. national interests “must be on Indonesia's side,” Ford concluded. [69]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

According to documents declassified and released by the National Security Archives (NSA) in December 2001, they gave the go-ahead for an invasion.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

In response to Suharto who said, “We would like your understanding if it is considered necessary to take swift or drastic action [in East Timor],” Ford replied, “We will understand and not be concerned about it.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

We understand the problems and intentions you have”.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Kissinger agreed, although he had concerns that the use of US-made weapons in the invasion would be exposed to public scrutiny, speaking of their desire to “influence the reaction in America” so that “there would be less chance of people talking in an unauthorized way”. [70]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The US also hoped the invasion would be relatively quick and not drag on until it involved resistance.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

“It is important that whatever you do succeeds quickly”, said Kissinger to Soeharto. [71]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The U.S. also plays an important role in supplying arms to Indonesia. [69]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

A week after the invasion of East Timor, the National Security Council prepared a detailed analysis of the Indonesian military units involved and the U.S. equipment they used.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The results of the analysis showed that almost all military equipment used in the invasion was US-supplied: US - provided escort in the destruction of East Timor as the attack took place; Indonesian Marines disembarked from US-supplied lander ships; US -provided C-47s and C-130 aircraft to Indonesian paratroopers and rebelled Dili with .50 caliber machine guns; while the 17th and 18th Airborne brigades that led the attack on the capital of Timor were “totally supported by US MAP”, and their master jumpers were trained by the US. [72]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

While the U.S. government claimed to have suspended military aid from December 1975 to June 1976, actual military aid over what the U.S. State Department proposed and the ever-increasing approval of the U.S. Congress, nearly doubled. [71]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The US also made four new arms deals, including supplies and components for 16 OV-10 Bronco, [71] which, according to Cornell University Professor Benedict Anderson, which are “specifically designed for counter-insurgency action against an enemy without effective and fully armed and aircraft useful for defending Indonesia against foreign enemies”.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

This policy continued under the Carter administration.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

In total, the United States spent more than $250,000,000 in military aid to Indonesia between 1975 and 1979. [73]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Testifying before the US Congress, US State Department Deputy Legal Counsel, George Aldrich said Indonesia was “arming about 90 percent with our equipment... we really don't know much.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Maybe we don't want to know much but I conclude that for a while we did not know”.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Indonesia never informed the US of the supposed “suspension of aid.”


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

David T. Kenney, state officer for Indonesia at the U.S. State Department, also testified before Congress that one of the goals for the military was “to keep that area [Timor] peace'. [74]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The United Nations Commission for Acceptance, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR) states in its final report chapter “Responsibility” that the US “supported politically and militarily important in the Indonesian invasion and occupation” of East Timor between 1975 and 1999.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The report (pp.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

92) also stated that “US providing weaponry is essential to Indonesia's capacity of increasing military operations since 1977 in a massive campaign to crush resistance in which U.S.-supplied aircraft played an important role”. [75] [76] Para Clinton officials told the New York Times that U.S. support for Suharto was “driven by a potent mix of power politics and markets in emerging economies.”


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Suharto is Washington's favored ruler of the “ultimate emerging market” that deregulates the economy and opens Indonesia to foreign investors.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

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“He's kind of our guy,” said one senior official who often handles the Administration's Asia policy. [77]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Australian involvement In September 2000 the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade released earlier about classified files suggesting that comments by the Whitlam Labor Government may have prompted the Suharto regime to invade East Timor. [78]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Despite the unpopularity of events in East Timor in some segments of Australian society, the Fraser, Hawke and Keating governments allegedly worked closely with the Indonesian military and President Soeharto for clear details of conditions in East Timor and to preserve power Indonesia from the region. [79]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

There was some unrest to the policy with the Australian public, due to the deaths of Australian journalists and arguably also due to the actions of the Timorese people in supporting Australian forces during the Battle of Timor in the Second World War which was not forgotten.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Protests occurred in Australia against the community, and some Australian citizens participated in the resistance movement.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The Australian government sees good relations and stability in Indonesia (Australia's largest neighbour) providing an important security buffer for Australia's north. [80]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Nevertheless, Australia provided important patronage to supporters of East Timorese independence such as José Ramos-Horta (who was based in Australia during his exile).


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The fall of Indonesian President Soeharto and a shift in Australian policy by the Howard Government in 1998 helped trigger proposals for a referendum on the issue of East Timor independence. [81]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

At the end of 1998, the Australian government wrote to Indonesia about the arrangement of a change in Australian policy, suggesting that East Timor would be given the opportunity to vote for independence within a decade.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The letter confounded Indonesian President BJ Habibie, who saw that Indonesia implied a “colonial power” and he decided to announce a snap referendum thereafter. [81]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

A UN-sponsored referendum held in 1999 showed overwhelming approval for an independence, but was followed by clashes and a security crisis, incited by anti-independence militias.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Australia then led the UN-backed International Forces for East Timor to end the violence and order was restored.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

While the intervention was ultimately successful, Australia-Indonesia relations took several years to recover again. [81] [82] British involvement Early in May 1997, Britain spent £1m in military training in Indonesia. 24 senior members of the Indonesian armed forces trained at the college British military highs and 29 Indonesian officers studied in non-military institutions. [83]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

UN reaction On 12 December 1975, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution that “deeply regrets” against Indonesia's invasion of East Timor, demanding that Jakarta withdraw troops “without delay” and allow residents on the island to exercise their right to determine the fate of themselves.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The resolution also requested that the UN Security Council take immediate action to protect East Timor's territorial integrity. [84]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

On 22 December 1975, the United Nations Security Council met and passed the same resolution as the Assembly.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The Council resolution calls on the UN Secretary-General “to send an emergency special representative to East Timor with the aim of making an assessment of the situation on the ground that is taking place and establishing contacts with all parties in the region and all countries concerned to ensure implementation of the current resolution. [84]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations at the time, wrote in his autobiography that “The United States hopes things turn out the way they do, and is working to bring about this issue.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

The State Department wants that the United Nations turn out to be completely ineffective in any actions it undertakes [with regard to the invasion of East Timor].


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

This task was given to me, and I carried it forward meaninglessly without success”. [85]


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Later, Moynihan admitted that, as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, he had defended “shamelessly” the Cold War policy toward East Timor.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

CS1 library reference maint: extra text: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) updated and released in late 1999 as East Timor: The Price of Freedom Indonesia.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

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Department of Foreign Affairs.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

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Decolonization in East Timor.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

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Jakarta: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia, 1977.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

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OCLC.


Question: How long did the Carnation Revolution last?

Operation Seroja

Outlinks (Peter Dale Scott, PhD) (Ben Kiernan) Category:East Timor Category:Historical East Timor Category:War involving Portuguese Category:Wars involving Indonesia Category:New Order Category:Indonesian Occupation of East Timor Category:Cold War


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Akhlak terminologically means the behavior of a person who is driven by a conscious desire to do a good deed. [1]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Akhlak is the plural form of the word khuluk, derived from Arabic which means treats, mannerisms, or healers. [2] how to distinguish morals, morals and ethics namely In ethics, to determine the value of good or bad human deeds using benchmarks of mind sense or ratio, while in morals and susila use the benchmarks of norms that grow and develop and take place in society (customs), and in akhlaq using the measure of the Qur'an and the Al Hadith to determine the good bad.


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Three experts in the field of morals, namely Ibn Miskawaih, Al Gazali, and Ahmad Amin stated that morals are inherent in one's self that can give rise to good deeds without considering thoughts first. [3]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Definition of Amal word is interpreted as a behavior, but it must be done repeatedly not enough only once to do good deeds, or only at any time. [4]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

One can be said to be mortal if it arises by itself driven by motivation from within the self and is done without much consideration of thought, especially the consideration that is often repeated, thus impressing as compulsion to do. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

If the act is done by force is not a reflection of morals. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

In the Encyclopedia Brittanica [5], morals are referred to as the science of morals that have meaning as a systematic study of the healers of the sense of good value, bad, supposed to be true, wrong and partly about general principles and can be applied to something, hereinafter it can be called also as moral philosophy. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

There are four things that must exist if someone wants to be said to be morally. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Good or bad deeds.


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

The ability to do deeds.


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Awareness of the deed is The condition of the soul that makes it inclined to do good or bad deeds. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Temperature itself contains understanding as a nature and disposition that is innate to a person. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

The formation of a show in the direction of good or bad, is determined by factors from within oneself and from outside, that is, its environmental conditions. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

The most small environment is family, it is through the family that a person's personality can be formed.


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Moral terminology means the behavior of a person who is driven by a conscious desire to do a good deed. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Experts such as Al Gazali state that morals are inherent in one's self that can give rise to good deeds without considering thoughts first.


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

The show itself contains understanding as a nature and disposition that is innate to a person. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Budi pekerti Budi pekerti in Indonesian dictionary is a compound word of the word budi and pekerti [1].


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Budi means conscious or conscious or a tool of consciousness. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Pekerti means behavior. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Terminologically, the word is what exists in humans that is related to consciousness, which is driven by thought, the ratio called by character names. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

While pekerti is what is seen in humans, because it is driven by the feelings of the heart, which is called behavior. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

So from the two words budipekerti can be interpreted as a fusion of ratio and taste results that manifest in karsa and human behavior. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

The application of pekerti budi depends on the implementation. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Budi pekerti can be both positive and negative. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Budi pekerti itself has always been associated with human behavior.


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Budi pekerti is driven by the strength contained in the heart, namely the ratio. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Ratio has a predisposition to inquisitive and willing to accept the logical, reasonable and otherwise unwilling to accept the analogical, which is absurd. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

In addition to the ratio element in the human heart there is also another element, namely the element of taste. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Human feelings are formed by the existence of an experience, education, knowledge and environmental atmosphere. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

The sense of having a tendency to beauty [2] The location of beauty is in the harmony of the arrangement of things, harmony between physical elements and spirituals, harmony between copyright, taste and carsa, harmony between individuals and communities, harmonious family arrangement, harmonious relationship between families. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Harmony will cause a sense of comfort in the heart and tentram in the heart. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

The feeling of heart is often called “little heart” or by another name, “voice of the word heart”, more commonly referred to by the name of conscience. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

The voice of the heart always encourages to do good virtue and warns of bad deeds and brusaha prevents bad and despicable deeds. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Everyone has a heart voice, although it is sometimes different. [6].


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

This is due to differences in beliefs, differences in experience, environmental differences, educational differences and so on.


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

But it has something in common, that is the desire to achieve happiness and the supreme virtue of goodness as the goal of life. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Karsa in man itself there is a karsa related to ratio and taste. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Karsa is called a will or will, this is certainly different from desire. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Desire is closer to pleasure or love that sometimes opposites between one desire to another of a person at the same time, desires are not yet heading towards execution. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

A will or will is a desire chosen among many desires to be exercised. [2]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

As for the will arise through a process as follows [7]: There are stimulants into the five senses arising desires arise anxiety, the process of choosing Determine the choice to one of the desires chosen to be one of the desires, then will be implemented.


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Deeds carried out with awareness and by will are called deeds of pekerti. [1]


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Morals, ethics and morals have very different notions.


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Morals are derived from the Latin languagei.e mos, meaning the customs on which to measure whether a person's deeds are good or bad [8].


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

It can be said to be good bad a deed morally, local in nature.


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

While morals are good behavior, bad, wrong right, this judgment is viewed from the angle of law that exists in religious teachings.


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Difference with ethics, namely Ethics is a science that discusses morality or about human beings as far as it relates to morality.


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Ethics consists of three approaches, namely descriptive ethics, normative ethics, and metaethics [9].


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Ethical rules commonly raised in descriptive ethics are customary customs, presumptions about good and bad, acts that are permissible or impermissible.


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

While the rules that often appear in normative ethics, namely conscience, freedom and responsibility, values and norms, and rights and obligations.


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Furthermore, including rules in metaethics are the utterances said in the field of morality.


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

From this explanation can be concluded that ethics is science, morals are teachings, and morals are human behavior [10].


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Division of Fine Akhlak (Al-Hamidah) 1.


Question: what kind of morals?

Akhlak

Honestly (Ash-Shidqu) is a behavior driven by good desire (intention) with the aim of not bringing harm to himself or others.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

Ever been sick but never this sick.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

Because it's been in love but never this deep.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

Good behavior (Husnul Khuluqi) is a psychic reaction of a person to his environment in a commendable way.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

Shame (Al-Haya') is one's morale to renounce bad and despicable deeds, so that it is able to dissuade one from committing sin and sinfulness and can prevent one from neglecting the rights of others.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

Humble (At-Tawadlu') Washiyatul mushtofa is a wise personal trait by seoarang who can position himself equal to others and not feel higher than others.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

Generous (Al-Hilmu) is to like (easily) to give to others without feeling selfless or simply showing off.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

Patience (Ash-Shobr) is to restrain or curb everything that befalls us (lust).


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

From 'Amr ibn Shu'aib, from his father, from his grandfather, may Allah let him say, “The Messenger of God said, “When Allah gathers all creatures on the Day of Resurrection, call to the Servant”, “Where is it, the main ones (ahlul fadhl)?”


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

So a group of men stood up, their numbers were few, quickly they rushed towards heaven, angels crossed with them, and greeted them.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

“We see you are so fast heading towards heaven, who are you?”


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

These people said, “We are the main ones (ahlul fadhl)”.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

“What is your virtue?” , asked the angels.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

These people make it clear, “We, if didzalimi, we are patient.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

If treated badly, we forgive.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

If anyone else is chilaf to us, we will still be generous.”


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

Finally it says to them, “Enter the heaven, therefore it is the best recompense for those who do deeds.”


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

After that, the invader called again: “Where are those who are patient (ahlush shabr)?”


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

These people said, “We are the ones who are patient (ahlush shabr).


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

“What patience do you guys mean?” , asked the angels.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

These people made it clear: “We patiently obey Allah; we are impatient with Him.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

Finally it says to them, “Enter the heaven, therefore it is the best reward for those who do deeds.”


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

(Hilyatul Auliyaa'/ Juz III/ p. 140) Bad Acts (Adz-Dzamimah) 1.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

Stealing/taking is not his right 2.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

Envy 3.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

Talking about other people's ugliness (gossiping) 4.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

Kill 5.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

All forms of acts that are despicable and detrimental to others (other beings) The Scope of Personal Acts closest to a person is himself, so should one insyafi and realize himself, because only by insyaf and conscious of oneself Alone, the base of the ultimate moral perfection, high favor.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

Man is composed of physical and spiritual, besides, man has his own fitness, with all of them man has merits and wherever man has deeds. [1]


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

Akhlak surnamed Akhlak includes the obligations of parents, children, and relatives.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

The obligation of parents to children, in Islam directs parents and educators to pay attention to children perfectly, with wise teachings, every religion has commanded every oarang who has the responsibility to direct and educate, especially the father- fathers and mothers to have sublime morals, meek attitude and affectionate treatment.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

So that children will grow patiently, educated to dare to stand up for themselves, then feel that they have self-esteem, honor and glory. [1]


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

A child must love both parents because they are more entitled than all other human beings to love, obey and respect. [1]


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

For both nurture, nurture, and educate, teach you, love sincerely that you become someone who is good, useful in society, happy in the world and the Hereafter. [1]


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

And try to know that your brother and brother is the son of your father and mother who also love you, helping your father and mother in educating you, they are joyful when you are happy and defend you wherever need. [1]


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

Your uncle, your aunt and their children are dear to you and wish you to be happy and happy, because they love your father and mother and help both of them in every need. [1]


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

The morals of society Your neighbors are grateful if your parents are happy and come hard if your parents are hard, they help, and together seek expediency and refuse harm, your parents love and respect for them, then you must follow your father and mother, that is love and respect for them, you must follow your father and mother, that is love and respect on neighbors. [1]


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

Education/morals cannot be separated from social education, political/morals arise in society.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

Decliness/morals always grow and develop according to the progress and development of society.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

From time ago people could not live alone and apart from each other, but in groups, help, need and influence each other, this is what is called society.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

The life and development of society can be smooth and orderly if each individual as a member of society acts according to the prevailing norms of decency. [1]


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

Those who are countrymen with you are citizens of the same speaking community as you, do not hesitate to sacrifice for the glory of your homeland, you live with them with the same fate and cover.


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

And know that you are one of them and you arise drowning with them. [1]


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

These morals are morals or obligations of man to his god, therefore the scope of morals is very wide covering all aspects of life, both vertically with God, or horizontally with God's fellow beings. [1]


Question: What are the types of morals?

Akhlak

Reference lactic Links Outside Category:Religion


Question: when was the first LCD Projector invented?

Samsung Electronics

Samsung Electronics (SEC, Hangul:; KRX:, KRX:, LSE:, LSE:, LSE:) is the world's largest electronics device maker. [2], and is headquartered in Seocho Samsung Town in Seoul, South Korea.


Question: when was the first LCD Projector invented?

Samsung Electronics

The company is the largest South Korean company and is an icon of the Samsung Group, which is the largest conglomeration in South Korea.


Question: when was the first LCD Projector invented?

Samsung Electronics

Samsung Electronics is the market share leader in the world for more than 60 products, including: Semiconductor DRAM SDRAM Flash Memory Hard Drive Digital Viewer LCD Plasma OLED Electronic device TV DVD Player Blu-ray Player Home cinema Set-top box Projector Mobile device Mobile Tablet MP3 Player Digital Camera Camcorder Computer Device Laptop Monitor UMPC Drive CD and DVD Facsimile Laser Printer Household devices Refrigerator Washing Machine Microwave Water Heating Oven Vacuum Cleaner Air conditioning Electronic musical instrument Electronic piano Synthesizer Kibor Organ History Samsung Group was formed in 1938 by Lee Byung-chul (1910—1987).


Question: when was the first LCD Projector invented?

Samsung Electronics

In 1951, the company changed to Samsung Corporation.


Question: when was the first LCD Projector invented?

Samsung Electronics

Samsung Electronics was formed in 1969 in Daegu, South Korea under the name Samsung Electric Industries which originally produced electronic devices such as TVs, calculators, refrigerators, air conditioners and washing machines.


Question: when was the first LCD Projector invented?

Samsung Electronics

By 1981, the company had produced more than 10 million black-and-white TVs.


Question: when was the first LCD Projector invented?

Samsung Electronics

In 1988, the company merged with Samsung Semiconductor & Communications.


Question: when was the first LCD Projector invented?

Samsung Electronics

Trademark Anycall - mobile phone Sens - Hauzen Zipel laptop - Yepp refrigerator - Pavv MP3 player - Kenox TV (Digimax) - SyncMaster Digital Camera - Zaigen monitor - Samsung Magic Station computer service center - MagicBright PC - LCD display technology Magic Tune Magic Rotation Magic Clear Ultra Edition - Thin mobile Pleomax - PC peripherals and SpinPoint batteries - PC (hard drive) CLP - MyMy laser printer - Nexus cassette player - XM Galaxy MP3 player and satellite radio - Organotrone Smart Mobiles and Tablets - Pianotrone Organ - Electronic pianos Giheung production facility, Gyeonggi-do, Korea South - Semiconductor Tangjung, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea Gumi, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea - ODD, HDD, Mobile Gwangju, South Korea Dongguan, China Samsung Mexicana S.A. DE C.V., Tijuana (Mexico) - LCD Monitors, LCD TVs, Mobiles NOIDA and Chennai, India TV Flats, LCD TVs, CRT & TFT LCD monitors, Refrigerators, Washing machines, Handsets for devices [3] Samsung Austin (Texas) Semiconductors; DRAM, Flash Memory Samsung Electronics Philippines - ODD Jászfényszaru, Hungary - TV sets Samsung Electronics Vietnam, Yên Phong, Vietnam - Monitors, LCD TVs, QLED TVs, DVD Players, Pianos Electronics, Synthesizers, Kibor, Organs Samsung Electronics Indonesia, Cikarang, Indonesia - Set Top Box, BD Player, Mobile Phones Samsung Electronics Slovakia, Galanta, (Slovakia) - Monitors, LCD TVs, PDP TVs, Set-Top-Box, DVD Players, DVD Recorders, MP3s Samsung Eletronica Da Amazonia LTDA, Manaus Brazil) - LCD Monitor, LCD TV, PDP TV, Set-Top-Box, DVD Player, DVD Recorder, MP3, Samsung Eletronica Da Amazonia LTDA Harddisk, Campinas, (Brazil) - Mobile, Samsung Slogan LCD Monitor, For Today And Tomorrow (1993-2002) Imagine (2002-2010) Imagine Positibilities, Imagine Samsung (2005-2010) Turn On Tomorrow (2010-Now) Outlinks Reference Category:South Korean Electronics Companies Category:Companies established in 1969 Category:Electronics Companies Category:Samsung


Question: What is the first tv station in Indonesia?

List of oldest national television stations in Indonesia

Below is a list of the oldest national television stations in Indonesia.


Question: What is the first tv station in Indonesia?

The following list is sorted by first launch using current television names.


Question: What is the first tv station in Indonesia?

Television stations on this list are free to air broadcast television in Indonesia whose channels can be captured via UHF/VHF (terrestrial) antennas.


Question: What is the first tv station in Indonesia?

The last broadcast of Trivia 2 The oldest National Television Stations in Indonesia namely TVRI and SCTV have the same premiere date which is 24 August and RCTI moved its premiere broadcast to TVOne having a date that is February 14.


Question: What is the first tv station in Indonesia?

MNCTV celebrated its anniversary based on TPI's inaugural broadcast on January 23, 1991.


Question: What is the first tv station in Indonesia?

If according to that date, MNCTV or formerly named TPI is year old.


Question: What is the first tv station in Indonesia?

Trans7 celebrated the anniversary based on TV7's premiere broadcast which was on 23 November 2001 and Trans TV since 15 December 2006 never celebrated the anniversary separately.


Question: What is the first tv station in Indonesia?

They always celebrate the anniversary of Trans Media which is based on the premiere broadcast of Trans TV and Trans7.


Question: What is the first tv station in Indonesia?

If according to that date, Trans7 or formerly named TV7 years old with Trans TV.


Question: What is the first tv station in Indonesia?

GTV celebrated its anniversary based on Global TV's premiere broadcast on October 8, 2002.


Question: What is the first tv station in Indonesia?

If according to that date, GTV or formerly named Global TV years old. iNews celebrates its anniversary based on the premiere of iNews TV on April 6, 2015.


Question: What is the first tv station in Indonesia?

If according to that date, iNews or formerly named iNews TV is years old. TVOne celebrates its anniversary based on Lativi's premiere broadcast on July 30, 2002 and RCTI established its history since February 14, 2019 never celebrated the anniversary separately i.e. the 24th August 1989 alongside TVRI and SCTV.


Question: What is the first tv station in Indonesia?

They always celebrate the anniversary of TVOne which is based on the inaugural broadcast of RCTI.


Question: What is the first tv station in Indonesia?

If according to that date, TVOne or formerly named Lativi is years old with RCTI.


Question: What is the first tv station in Indonesia?

See Pula List of television stations in Indonesia Category:Television in Indonesia


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

South Sulawesi (abbreviated as Sulsel) is a province in Indonesia located in the southern part of Sulawesi.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

Its capital city is Makassar.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

The geography of South Sulawesi Province is located at 0°12' - 8° South latitude and 116°48' - 122°36' East longitude.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

The area of its territory is 45,764.53 km².


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

The province is bordered by Central Sulawesi and West Sulawesi to the north, Bone Bay and Southeast Sulawesi to the east, Makassar Strait to the west and the Flores Sea to the south.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

Social community community Bugis Makassar Mandar Toraja Duri Pattinjo Bone Maiwa Endean Pattae Kajang/Konjo Languages commonly spoken are: Makassar language is one of the groups of languages that are spoken in Makassar and Surroundings.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

Spread in Makassar City, Gowa, Takalar, Jeneponto, Bantaeng, some of Bulukumba partly Maros and some Pangkep.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

Bugis language is one of the groups of languages that are spoken in the Bone area to Pinrang, Sinjai, Barru, Pangkep, Maros, Pare City, Sidrap, Wajo, Soppeng. Until in Enrekang area, this language is the most widely used language by the people of South Sulawesi.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

Pettae language is one of the languages spoken in Tana Luwu area, starting from Shiva, Wajo Regency, Enrekang Duri, to North Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

Toraja is one of the language groups that are spoken in the area of Tana Toraja Regency and surrounding areas.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

The Mandar language is the language of the Mandar tribe, who live in the province of West Sulawesi, precisely in the districts of Mamuju, Polewali Mandar, Majene and North Mamuju.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

In addition to the core areas of this tribe, they are also spread across the coasts of South Sulawesi, South Kalimantan, and East Kalimantan.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

The Massenrempulu language is one of the Austronesian language clumps in South Sulawesi.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

The language has three dialect groups in Enrekang District, namely Duri, Endekang and Maiwa dialects.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

The Duri language dialect group has proximity to Toraja language and Tae' Luwu language.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

The speakers are scattered in the northern area of Mount Bambapuang, Enrekang Regency until the border region of Tana Toraja.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

The Endekang language dialect group has speakers in the capital of Enrekang Regency and several surrounding districts.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

While speakers of Maiwa language dialect group are in Maiwa District and in Bungin District (Upper Maiwa).


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

Konjo language is divided into two namely the coastal Konjo Language and the Konjo language of the Mountains, Konjo Coastal lives in the coastal area of Bulukumba and Surroundings, in the southeastern corner of the southern part of the island of Sulawesi while the mountainous Konjo lives in the southeastern area of Bawakaraeng mountain.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

Selayar language is the most widely spoken language by the people of South Sulawesi who live in the southern end of this province, especially Kab. Kep. Selayar.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

The majority religion is Muslim, except in Tana Toraja Regency and some other areas are Christian.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

Culture and customs One of the customs that is quite known in South Sulawesi is Mappalili.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

Mappalili (Bugis) or Appalili (Makassar) comes from the word palili which has the meaning to keep the rice crop from something that will disturb or destroy it.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

Mappalili or Appalili is a hereditary ritual held by the people of South Sulawesi, people from Pangkep Regency especially Mappalili are part of the culture that has been held since several years ago.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

Mappalili is a sign to start growing rice.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

The goal is for empty areas to be planted, crucified (Bugis) or glued (Makassar) or saved from disturbances that usually reduce production.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

As of May 2010, the number of population in South Sulawesi registered as much as 8,032,551 people with a division of 3,921,543 men and 4,1111,008 female people.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

In 2013, the population in South Sulawesi had reached 8,342,047 inhabitants. [1]


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

Traditional Weapons Badik Papporok Cooking/Traditional Food Banana Epe Banana ijo Bassang Coto Makassar Kapurung Nasu Palekko Bread Maros About Baje Bandung Bipang Benno Baroncong Sop Brother Barongko Bandang-Bandang Soup Konro Pallubasa Pallu Butung Pa'piong Cake Jackfruit Beans Cucur Bayao Jalangkote Putu Cangkiri Roko-roko Cangkuning Songkolo Bagadang Government 5 years after independence, the government issued Law No. 21 of 1950, which became the legal basis of the establishment of the Administrative Province of Sulawesi. 10 years later, the government issued Law No. 47 of 1960 authorized the formation of South and Southeast Sulawesi. 4 years after that, through Law No. 13 of 1964 the government separated Southeast Sulawesi from South Sulawesi.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

Finally, the government broke South Sulawesi into two, based on Law No. 26 Year 2004.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

Majene, Mamasa, Mamuju, North Mamuju and Polewali Mandar, which was once a regency in South Sulawesi province officially became a regency in West Sulawesi province along with the establishment of the province on October 5, 2004 based on Law No. 26 of 2004.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

Regency and City List of districts and cities in South Sulawesi In 2008 North Toraja Regency was formed, following the issuance of President Yudhoyono's mandate, numbered R.68/Pres/12/2007 on December 10, 2007, regarding the expansion of 12 districts/cities.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

List of governors List of governors of South Sulawesi Representatives At the provincial level, South Sulawesi Parliament available 85 seats controlled by Golkar Party as many as 18 seats followed by Gerindra Party and Democratic Party with 11 seats.


Question: What is the native tribe of South Sulawesi?

South Sulawesi

Reference [South Sulawesi specialties] Outlinks (in English) Coordinates: Category:Provinces in Indonesia


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Achmad Djajadiningrat or Prince Aria Achmad Djajadiningrat () was a Pandeglang figure who had been regent of Serang, regent of Batavia, and a member of the Volksraad.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Biographer Achmad Djajadiningrat was born to the spouse of Raden Bagus Djajawinata (son of Raden Aria Natadiningrat - regent of Pandeglang), a wedana in Kramatwatu who later became the forward-thinking regent of Serang, and Ratu Salehah who came from Cipete Serang.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

From this surname Djajadiningrat later emerged several influential people at the beginning of the national movement.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

A doctor of Indology in the Netherlands, one became an influential figure of the Islamic Sarekat movement in Banten, and the eldest - Achmad - followed in his father's footsteps, becoming regent later in life.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Achmad Djajadiningrat is the eldest sibling of Hussein Jayadiningrat.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Around the 1880s, when he was a child, Achmad put his father into a boarding school in Karundang, where he had to experience the first transition, separating from his mother.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Many things that Achmad encountered at the boarding school, among which other students mocked the priyayi and other colonial employees, probably because he was the only son of priyayi there.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

The different conditions of his boarding school and father's house, at least, depressed Achmad.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

At that time, in religious Banten, salaries from the colonial government were haram.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

At the boarding school, who at that time was still a child wedana, gained a dera for what his parents did - as colonial employees who generally hated students.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Not ruled out, the conditions he experienced when he was small affected his political measures and defense of the poor of the city when he became Regent of Batavia.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

His studies at the boarding school then had to come to a halt as he was written as follows: “The last book I learned at the boarding school was the book of al-Ajurrumiyyah... but before the book was completed, I was forced to go home because of illness.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

At first I was reluctant to leave the boarding school because my heart was very attached to the knowledge being studied.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Not yet had time to sit at home [in Kramat Watu], suddenly my father received a letter from his eldest brother, Raden Duke Soetadiningrat, who at that time became Regent in Pandeglang.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

He wrote that the time for school for me had come.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Therefore, I was quickly told to Pandeglang to visit the school that will be opened. “[1]


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

How severe the feeling of a noble son of Banten leaving the lessons of his beloved boarding school, is well reflected in the following expression: “It is indeed very heavy for me to decide on the knowledge I am demanding, because of my great desire to be a great cleric who famous.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

But what is it possible to make, I finally submit to the orders of the mother's father.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

My clothes were changed anyway.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Clothes at the boarding school were given to a blind student.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

As a replacement, I was given clothes like a European child with a black Velvet copiah.”


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Of course not only Prince Aria Achmad Djajadiningrat studied in a Dutch private school, one of his cousins, son of his father's younger brother, Jasien bin Aboe Bakar Djajadiningrat, a translator for the Dutch consul in Jeddah also studied at a low-level private school for people Dutch in Serang.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Achmad's pressure was almost endless in his growth in childhood.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Achmad who started his secular education had to deal with European children, Achmad who started his secular education had to deal with European children who were better at mocking.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Leaving off the class war in boarding school, Achmad had to be suppressed racist boys at his school, when he was schooled at Europeesche Lagere School - the most elite primary before and after there was Hollandsch-Inlandsche School in the land of the Indies.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Furthermore Prince Aria Achmad Djajadingrat continued his secondary education at HBS Koning Willem III School te Batavia.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Here Achmad goes by the name Willem van Banten, in order to impress “Dutch” in the eyes of other disciples who are racist and have a sense of sentiment in the aborigines - although the aborigines are of the noble class.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

After graduating from HBS Batavia, Achmad worked as a colonial clerk.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

His career began with an apprenticeship in 1889.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Achmad's career continued to rise until he became regent in place of his father.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Achmad had served in Bodjonegoro as assistant wedana (27 July 1900-4 July 1901).


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

After that, since 1901, she was regent of Serang in place of her father.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Achmad was once appointed regent of Batavia — a position he held since 1924 until 1929. [2]


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

It was Achmad who first supported changes in the modern-day Banten land.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

The Islamic Sarekat movement entered in Banten even given a fairly meaningful space by Achmad, although Achmad was not active in the organization of the movement.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Achmad was instead active in other organizations delivering him as a member of the Volksraad.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

As a regent and member of the Volksraad, Achmad played his role in the redemptor. [2]


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

This is really different from other regions, where indigenous officials are somewhat afraid of the changes that SI will bring in their area.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Achmad's younger brother, Hasan Djajadiningrat, later also became a fairly influential SI figure in Banten until the end of his life.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Since the establishment of the Volksraad in 1918, Achmad Djajadiningrat was classified as an active member in politics, where he sat in the Volksraad representing the NIVB (Nederlandsche Indische Vrijzennige Bond) organization that stood in 1916 representing conservative people.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

In 1936 he wrote his memoir book entitled Herinneringen van Prince Aria Achmad Djajadiningrat containing his experience during 37 years in public service, among others as regent of Serang (1901-1927), then regent of Batavia, member of Volksraad, member of Raad van Indië, deputy Dutch East Indies as the Dutch delegate at the League of Nations in Geneva, Switzerland. [3] (in Dutch) Djajadiningrat, Prince Aria Achmad (1936).


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Amsterdam/Batavia: Kolff.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Djajadiningrat, P. A. A. (1936).


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Keepsake of Prince Aria Achmad Djajadiningrat.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Batavia: Kolff/Buning/Poestaka Hall.


Question: Where was Achmad Djajadiningrat born?

Achmad Djajadiningrat

Category:Figures from Banten Category:Sunda Nobility Category:Princes in Indonesia Category:Sunda Figures


Question: did Wushu use a sman/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Main Page Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger (海ーカイジィー, Kaizoku Sentai Gōkaijā) (Indonesian: Gokaiger Pirate Squadron) is a 2011 tokusatsu series of Japanese origin.


Question: did Wushu use a sman/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Gokaiger is the 35th Super Sentai series of Super Sentai series.


Question: did Wushu use a sman/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

The series, produced by TV Asahi and Toei Company, first started on February 13, 2011 and finished on the 51st episode on February 19, 2012, after Tensou Sentai Goseiger finished.


Question: did Wushu use a sman/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Broadcast on Super Hero Time alongside serialized editions of the Kamen Rider franchise in the Heisei Kamen Rider OOO period, until the premiere of Kamen Rider Fourze.


Question: did Wushu use a sman/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Member Gokaiger is to also be the host of the film Tensou Sentai Goseiger vs. Shinkenger: Epic on Ginmaku as a cameo player.


Question: did Wushu use a sman/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

In addition to TV series, Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger has five times been elevated to big screen films: Super Sentai 199 Hero Daikessen (premiere June 11, 2011), Flying Ghost Ship (premiere August 6, 2011) Gokaiger vs. Gavan (premiere January 21, 2012), Super Hero Taisen (premiere August 6, 2011) premiered April 28, 2012), and Go-Busters vs. Gokaiger (premiere January 19, 2013).


Question: did Wushu use a sman/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Gokaiger consists of 6 people: 4 men and 2 women.


Question: did Wushu use a sman/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Each member is associated with one color which is red, blue, yellow, green, pink, and silver.


Question: did Wushu use a sman/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

The description of Gokaiger is an adventure, action and fantasy series as it is largely lifted from fictional stories.


Question: did Wushu use a sman/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

The series translates as Special Forces, the official Indonesian translation for the term “Gokai" (, Gōkai) is “Heroic”.


Question: did Wushu use a sman/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Synopsis A group of young pirates who came from outer space to earth to obtain the “Greatest Treasure in the Universe" (大の, Uchū Saidai no Takara).


Question: did Wushu use a sman/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

However, they ended up facing the Zangyack Space Empire (国), the previous invasion force having been wiped out by 34 previous Super Sentai teams before a new invasion force was established under Commander Warzu Giru, the emperor's son.


Question: did Wushu use a sman/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

As a result, due to their history with the empire, the space pirates used the older team's powers to counter Zangyack's power as Gokaiger.


Question: did Wushu use a sman/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

The character Gokaiger Gokaiger is a member of a young pirate from space who comes to Earth after hearing the legend of “The Greatest Treasure in the Universe" (大の, Uchū Saidai no Takara).


Question: did Wushu use a sman/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

However, while the Gokaiger searched for treasure, they crossed with the evils of the Zangyack Space Empire sealed by 34 Sentai warriors before.


Question: did Wushu use a sman/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

They travel through space within the Gokai Galleon meeting 34 previous Sentai groups within their own respective “islands”.


Question: did Wushu use a sman/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Gokaiger can be one member of 34 Sentai groups each.


Question: did Wushu use a sman/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Due to being pirates, each of their names follows the theme of piracy.


Question: did Wushu use a sman/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

When searching for treasure or before battle, Gokaiger tends to say “Don't hinder us, Inhabitant of the world!”


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

, Jama suruze, Chikyūjin domo!) or “Let's do it in style!!” (い！


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

, Hade ni ikuze!!).


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Captain Marvelous (キドテン・マーラス, Kyaputen Māberasu): The young captain of the Gokai Galleon and the leader of the team, who is always wild and shining.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

He can transform into Gokai Red (ーカイレッ, Gōkai Reddo). [1] [2] Age: 23 years old Joe Gibken (ジー・)


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

She can transform into Gokai Blue (ーカイルー, Gōkai Burū). [3] [4] Age: 20 years old Luka Millfy (ルカ・


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

He was able to turn into Gokai Yellow (ーカイイドロー, Gōkai Ierō). [5] [6] Age: 19 years old Don Dogoier (ドン･ドッコイー, Don Dokkoiyā): Don is a cheerful and honest ship mechanic, nicknamed “Hakase" (, "Professor”) by the rest of the crew.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Despite being a pirate, he was an alramist and a pacifist.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

He can transform into Gokai Green (ーカイリーン, Gōkai Gurīn). [7] [8] Age: 20 years old Ahim de Famille (アイ・ク・ク・ク, Asim do Famīyu): Ahim is the most recent in the crew and a modest member of the Gokaiger.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

She can transform into Gokai Pink (ーカイン, Gōkai Pinku). [9] [10] Age: 19 years old Gai Ikari (, Ikari Gai): Gai is the only world resident in this pirate group and an injured Super Sentai fan accidentally saves the little girl from an accident.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

In his coma he gets the greatest powers of Zyuranger, Timeranger and Abaranger.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

He can transform into Gokai Silver (ーカイシルコー, Gōkai Shirubā). [11] [12] [13] [14] Age: 19 years old Allied Navi (, Nabyi): Navi is a robotic parrot who navigates the Gokai Galleon through space to the location of the Greatest Treasure in the Universe, giving clues to where it can be found. [15]


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Former sentai characters In addition to the main characters, characters from previous Super Sentai Serial, known as Legend (レジン, Rejendo), make guest appearances in Gokaiger.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Tsuyoshi Kaijō/Aka Ranger (海城/ アカレンジィー, Kaijō Tsuyoshi/Akarenjā, 1): Tsuyoshi Kaijō is an EAGLE member who leads the Goranger against the Black Cross Army as the Aka Ranger.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

He then leads the Super Sentai group against Zangyack in the War of Legends before giving them orders to sacrifice their powers to wipe out the first invasion fleet.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Aka Red (アカレッ, Aka Reddo, 2): Aka Red is a Super Sentai red warrior spirit who first directed Eiji Takaoka to gather the main Sentai together in Gougou Sentai Boukenger vs. Super Sentai.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

After the War of Legends, Aka Red appears on Captain Marvelous's planet, giving him Navi and Ranger Key to find the Greatest Treasure before sacrificing himself to ensure Marvelous escapes.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Kai Ozu/Magi Red (小／マジレッ, Ozu Kai/Maji Reddo, 2-3): The youngest of the Ozu brothers who led the Magiranger family against the forces of the Infershia Hell Empire before they destroyed the evil god N-Ma forever.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Wearing his father's traditional Magitopian robe, Kai was labeled by Navi as a figure in a black robe.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

With help from Heavenly Saint Flagellum (天), Kai manages to reveal his true power in Ranger Key by allowing Don to help his team unlock the full power of the Magiranger Key.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Marika Reimon (花, Reimon Marika, 5): Called “Jasmine" (ジスコン, Jasumin) by her friends, Reimon is an officer of the Dekaranger Special Police (SPD) team serving as Deka Yellow (カイドロー, Deka Ierō).


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

He captures Captain Marvelous when he goes to search the police for his next move against the Greatest Treasure in the Universe.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Doggie Kruger (ドー・クルーー, Dogī Kurūgā): Doggie Kruger, called “Boss" () by his subordinates, is a commander in the Dekaranger Special Police force on Earth.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

He teaches Captain Marvelous the true meaning of Dekaranger Key's powers, while teaching him to have a sense of justice.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Banban Akaza (, Akaza Banban): Called “Ban" (コン) by his team-mates, Akaza is an officer from the Dekaranger Special Police (SPD) team serving as Deka Red (コカレッ, Deka Reddo).


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

He appears once after Buramudo is destroyed, giving approval to Captain Marvelous as Earth's new red warrior.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Jan Kandou (ジィン, Kandō Jan, 7): A practitioner of the Gekijuu Tiger-Ken style (タイー, Gekijū Taigāken) in Juuken who fought against the Rinjuuken branch as Geki Red (キレッ, Geki Reddo).


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

He teaches Ahim and Doc to learn the Geki Juuken ways so they can access powers greater than the Ranger Key Ranger and defeat Pachacamac XIII.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Master Xia Fu (マスター・シィークー, Masutā Shā Fū, 7): Grand master of Gekijuu Felis-Ken style (フリス, Gekijū Ferisuken) in Juuken, Gekiranger's mentor and leader of the Kensei Seven, mastered the three aspects of Gekijuuken and was able to channel Kageki.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Bae (): Bae is a practitioner of the Gekijuu Fly-Ken style (クライ, Gekijū Furaiken) who enjoys being a commentator for the battle of giants.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

Kakeru Shishi (子, Shishi Kakeru, 9): Kakeru Shishi is a veterinarian chosen by Gao Lion to fight the Org Giant Tribe as Gao Red () in Gaoranger.


Question: did Wushu use a sling/spear to do it?

Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger

He observes Gokaiger at first glance as a typical, selfish pirate, but after some convincing opinions from Ahim and Doc, and seeing the rest in action, he changes his opinion of them and walks away hoping that Gao Lion will match them.