Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the world's economic and cultural connectedness grew very quickly.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This growth slowed from the 1910s onwards as a result of the World War and the Cold War, [34] but managed to accelerate again since neoliberal policies pioneered in the 1980s and Deng Xiaoping's perestroika and Chinese economic reforms brought western capitalism to the old Eastern Bloc. [35]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In the early 2000s, most developed countries experienced the Great Recession, [36] thus slowing the globalization process temporarily. [37] [38] [39] Trade and globalization have evolved considerably in the present.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

A globalized society has a series of drivers and factors that continue to bring people, culture, markets, beliefs, and activities closer. [40]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Cochrane and Pain's theory asserts that in relation to globalization, there are three discernible theoretical positions, namely: Globalists believe that globalization is a reality that has real consequences for how people and institutions around the world run.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

They believe that countries and local cultures will be lost to a homogeneous global culture and economy. Nonetheless, globalists do not have the same opinion about the consequences of the process.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Positive and optimistic globalists respond well to such developments and state that globalization will result in a tolerant and responsible world society.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Pessimistic globalists argue that globalization is a negative phenomenon because it is actually a form of western colonization (especially the United States) that forces a number of homogeneous forms of culture and consumption to be seen as something that is properly regarded.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Some of them later formed groups to oppose globalization (antiglobalization).


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Traditionalists do not believe that globalization of the middle is happening.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

They argue that this phenomenon is a myth purely or, if it does exist, grossly exaggerated.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

They refer to that capitalism has been an international phenomenon for hundreds of years.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

What we are experiencing today is only an advanced stage, or evolution, of capital production and trade.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The transformationalists are among the globalists and traditionalists.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

They agree that the influence of globalization has been greatly overstated by globalists.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

However, they also argue that it is foolish if we deny the existence of this concept.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This theoretical position argues that globalization ought to be understood as “a set of relationships interrelated purely through a force, most of which do not occur directly”.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

They state that this process can be reversed, especially when it is negative or, at least, controllable.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Organizational Aspects of global business As transportation and communication progressed, international business grew rapidly after the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

International business encompasses all commercial transactions (private, sales, investment, logistics, and transportation) that occur between two regions, countries, and nations or more outside their political boundaries.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This international diversification is matched by performance and innovation, but typically performance increases and innovation decreases. [41]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Usually private companies conduct transactions to earn profit. [42]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This kind of business transaction involves economic resources such as capital, natural resources, and human resources for the production of physical goods and international services such as finance, banking, insurance, construction, and other production activities. [43]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

International business cooperation leads to multinational companies, namely companies that have a global approach to markets and production or companies operating in more than one country.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

A multinational corporation can also be called a transnational corporation.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Notable multinationals include fast food companies such as McDonald's and Yum Brands, vehicle manufacturers such as General Motors, Ford Motor Company, and Toyota, consumer electronics manufacturers such as Samsung, LG, and Sony, and energy companies such as ExxonMobil, Shell, and BP.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Most large companies operate in several national markets.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Companies or businesses generally argue that continuity in the new global market requires them to seek goods, services, labor, and materials from abroad so that their products and technologies can be continuously updated in order to survive in the midst of heated competition. [44]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

According to a current report from the McKinsey Global Institute, flows of goods, services, and finance totaled $26 trillion in 2012 or 36 percent of global GDP.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

That is 1.5 times more than in 1990. [45]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

International trade International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across borders or international territories. [46]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In most countries, international trade occupied a large share in gross domestic product (GDP).


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Industrialization, advanced transportation, multinational corporations, offshoring, and outsourcing have all made a major impact on global trade.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The growth of international trade is a basic component of globalization.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Absolute trade advantage arises when countries can produce a commodity at a lower cost per unit than their trading partners.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

By the same logic, the country should import commodities that have absolute losses. [47]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Although there is a possibility of trading profit from absolute profit, the comparative advantage, that is, the ability to offer goods and services at a marginal cost and a lower opportunity cost, expands the limits of the possibilities of equally profitable exchanges.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In a globalized business environment, companies think that the comparative advantage that international trade offers is important in order to keep competing.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Trade agreements, economic blocs, and special trade zones Determination of free trade areas is something modern era governments must do to conduct trade agreements with foreign and multinational entities. [49]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Special Economic Zone (Special Economic Zone; SEZ) is a geographic area of economic law and other laws skew more towards the free market than the national laws of the country.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

National laws could be suspended inside this particular zone.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The SEZ category includes a wide variety of zones, including Free Trade Zones (FTZs), Export Processing Zones (EPZs), Free Zones (FZs), industrial areas (IE), free ports, Municipal Enterprise Zones, and others.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Typically, the goal of these zones is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors, especially international businesses or multinational companies (MNCs).


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This zone is a special region whose corporate taxes are very low or even dispensed with altogether to encourage economic activity.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Free ports have since long ago had favourable excise regulations, for example, the free port of Trieste.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Often these free ports are part of the free economic zone.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

FTZ is where goods are brought in, handled, manufactured or adapted, and re-exported without the interference of customs authorities.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

When the goods have already moved into the hands of consumers within countries outside the FTZ, then the goods are subject to existing excise regulations.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Free trade zones are established around major ports, international airports, and national borders, places with trade advantages geographically. [50]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

It is a region where a group of countries has agreed to reduce or eliminate trade barriers. [51]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Free trade areas are trade blocs whose member states have signed free trade agreements that remove tariffs, import quotas, and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded interstate.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

If the population is free to move interstate, in addition to free trade areas, this area can also be considered an open border.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The European Union, of 27 countries, provides free trade areas and open borders.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The Special Industrial Zone (Qualified Industrial Zone; QIZ) is an industrial area that houses factory operations in Jordan and Egypt.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

QIZ is a special free trade zone established in cooperation with Israel to take advantage of the free trade agreement between the United States and israel.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Under a trade agreement with Jordan as the United States stipulates, goods produced in QIZ could go directly into the U.S. market without tariffs dor import quotas if they meet certain conditions.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

To be granted that status, goods produced in this zone must contain few donations or inputs from Israel.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In addition, a minimum value of 35% should be added to the final product.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The QIZ was the idea of Jordanian business man Omar Salah, and the first QIZ was decreed by the United States Congress in 1997.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Asia Pacific is touted as “the most integrated trading region on the face of the Earth” because its intraregional trade covers about 50-60% of Asia Pacific's total imports and exports. [52]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Asia Pacific also has extraregional trade.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Exports of consumer goods such as televisions, radios, bicycles, and textiles to the United States, Europe, and Japan are driving economic expansion. [53]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The ASEAN Free Trade Area [54] is a trade bloc agreement of the Association of Southeast Asian Countries (ASEAN) that supports local producers in all ASEAN countries.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The AFTA Agreement was signed on 28 January 1992 in Singapore.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

When the AFTA agreement was signed, ASEAN was still composed of six countries, namely Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Vietnam joined in 1995, Laos and Myanmar in 1997 and Cambodia in 1999.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Tax haven A tax haven is a country or county that lowers taxes or even mortgages them altogether.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Such areas are utilized by a number of companies for tax avoidance and tax circumvention efforts. [56]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Individuals and companies consider a tax haven suitable to set up a veiled subsidiary or move to a region where the tax value is low or non-existent.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The existence of a tax haven creates a situation of tax competition among the government.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Some jurisdictions deliberately make their territory a haven for certain tax categories and certain categories of residents and corporations. [57]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

A state that is sovereign or has self-government under international law in theory has unlimited power to apply tax law on its territory, unless limited by previous international treaties.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The main feature of a tax haven is that its laws and regulations can be used to circumvent or circumvent the laws or regulations of other jurisdictions. [58]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In its December 2008 report on tax haven utilization by United States corporations, [59] The U.S. Government Accountability Office was unable to establish a fitting definition of tax haven, but listed certain criteria that corroborate its existence: neither nor few taxes; absence of effective exchange of tax information with foreign tax authorities; absence of transparency in the implementation of legislative, legal, or administrative regulations; absence of requirements for branch establishment; and self-promotion as an offshore financial center.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

A 2012 Tax Justice Network report estimated that between US$21 trillion and $32 trillion is protected from taxes in a number of secret tax haven in the world.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

If that much wealth gets 3% interest per year and capital profit is raised at 30%, tax revenue could reach $190 billion to $280 billion, more than any tax protector. [60]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

If secret offshore assets are counted, some of the debt countries may be considered creditor countries. [61]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

However, the Chartered Institute of Taxation's tax policy director admitted to being skeptical about the accuracy of the number. [62]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Daniel J. Mitchell of the Cato Institute said that the report, when calculating lost tax revenues, assumed that 100% of money deposited overseas was an attempt at tax circumvention. [63]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Tax havens reap criticism because they often end up piling idle cash [64] which is expensive and inefficient for corporate repatriation. [65]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Tax protector profits create tax incidents that harm the poor. [66]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Many tax havens are thought to have connections to perpetrators” fraud, money laundering, and terrorism. “[67]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Despite the many invetigations of illegal tax haven abuse, the number of convicted perpetrators is not much. [68] [69] Pelobians related to tax haven and transfer prices were also criticized. [70]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The view of accountants on tax haven proficiency has changed, [71] as well as the views of corporate customers, [72] government, [73] [74] and politicians, [75] [76] although the utilization of tax haven by Fortune 500 companies [77] and others is still prevalent. [78]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Reform plans centered on accounting firms included in the Big Four continue to be pushed. [79]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Some administrations appear to be using computer spyware to uncover the financial balance sheets of a number of companies. [80]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

International tourism Tourism is travel for leisure, leisure, or business purposes.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who “travel to and settle in places other than their surroundings for no more than a year for leisure, business, etc. purposes”. [81]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

There are various forms of tourism such as agriculture tourism, birth tourism, culinary tourism, cultural tourism, environmental tourism, extreme tourism, geography tourism, history tourism, LGBT tourism, medical tourism, sea tourism, pop culture tourism, religious tourism, slum tourism, war tourism, and life tourism wild.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Globalization makes tourism a popular global holiday activity.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The World Health Organization estimates that there are also currently around 500,000 people on board aircraft worldwide. [82]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

As a result of the late-2000s recession, international travel demand fell dramatically from the latter half of 2008 until the end of 2009.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

After increasing as much as 5% in the first half of 2008, the growth in international tourist arrivals began to decline in the latter half of 2008 and the percentage increase for that year fell to 2%, in contrast to 7% in 2007. [83]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This negative trend was worse in 2009 due to the outbreak of the H1N1 influenza virus that the number of international tourist arrivals fell by 4.2% in 2009 to 880 million people, and international tourism revenue fell 5.7%. [84]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

One exception to free travel is travel from the United States to Canada and Mexico that have semi-open borders.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Under United States law, travel to those countries currently requires a passport. [85]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In 2010, the amount of money spinning in international tourism reached US$919 billion, up 6.5% since 2009, thanks to a 4.7% increase in real value. [86]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In 2010, there were 940 million international tourist arrivals worldwide. [87]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

International sports Modern international sports events can be major events that affect the political, economic and cultural aspects of countries around the world.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In terms of politics and sports, sports can affect the country, its identity and the world.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The ancient Olympic Games were a series of competitions held between representatives of several city-states and kingdoms from Ancient Greece.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

These activities featured athletic matches, bouts, and horse-drawn carriage racing.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

As the Olympics progressed, all warfare between participating city-states was postponed until the Games were over. [88]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The origin of the Olympics is filled with mystery and legend. [89]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Throughout the 19th century, the Olympics became a popular global activity.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Although a number of economists are skeptical about the economic benefits of organizing the Olympics while emphasizing that “mega activities” like this cost big money, organizing the Olympics (or its candidacy alone) can increase the export value of the organizing country, due to the organizing country or candidate country gave signs of trade openness when running for Olympic organizer. [90]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In addition, there are studies showing that the organization of the Summer Olympics gives a strong positive effect on the donations of corporate philanthropists headquartered in the organizing city thus benefiting the local non-profit sector.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

These positive effects begin to appear in the years leading up to the Olympics and can persist several years afterward, but are not permanent.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

These findings show that organizing the Olympics can create opportunities for municipalities to influence local companies to benefit local non-profit sectors and civil society. [91]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The Olympics also gave a negative effect on the people in the organizing city.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

For example, the Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions reports that Olympic preparations saw more than two million people evicted from their residences over the past two decades and harmed the poor. [92]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Globalization continues to increase international competition in the field of sports.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The FIFA World Cup is the most watched sporting feast in the world.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

About 700 million people watched the final match of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. [93]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

According to A.T. Kearney's 2011 research of teams, leagues, and sports federations, the global sports industry is worth between €350 billion and €450 billion (US$480-$620 billion). [94]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

It all includes infrastructure construction, sports gear, licensed products, and live sports matches.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Illegal international trade “Black market” and organized crime typically operate at a transnational level with total global sales worth nearly US$2 trillion per year. [96]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Drug trafficking In 2010, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) reported that the global illicit drugs trade generates more than US$320bn annually. [97]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The United Nations estimates that worldwide there are more than 50 regular users of heroin, cocaine, and synthetic drugs. [98]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

International trade in threatened species takes second place under the trafficking of drugs in the smuggling “industry”. [99]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Traditional Chinese medicine usually requires ingredients from all parts of plants, leaves, stems, flowers, roots, as well as material from animals and minerals.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The use of body parts of threatened species (such as seahorses, rhinoceros horns, saiga antelope horns, and tiger bones and claws) creates a black market of poachers who hunt illicit animals. [100] [101] Human trafficking and smuggling is an activity that makes human beings as trafficked goods, usually for the purposes of sex slavery, forced labor, or the retrieval of organs or tissues of the body, [102] [103] including gestational surrogacy (surrogacy) and removal of the egg. [104]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Human trafficking is a high value industry and one of the fastest growing industries whose value reaches US$32 billion per year.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

By comparison, all international illegal trade in 2010 was worth about US$650 billion. [105]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Human trafficking is a global problem that arises due to economic, cultural, legal, and immigration policy difficulties. [106]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In 2004, the total annual revenue of human trafficking was estimated at between US$5 billion and $9 billion. [107]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In 2005, Patrick Belser of the ILO estimated the annual global profit from human trafficking at US$31.6 billion. [108]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In 2008, the United Nations estimated that nearly 2.5 million people from 127 countries were trafficked to 137 countries worldwide. [109]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Human trafficking is different from human smuggling.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In human smuggling, smuggled people willingly ask or hire someone, commonly called a smuggler, to move them secretly from place to place.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Usually this type of smuggling involves transferring from country to country that once denied entry to parties slung across international borders.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

There is no fraud when the original agreement between the smugglers and slummed.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Once inside the destination country and arriving at the final place, the smuggled person is usually free to search his own way.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

According to the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), human smuggling is a crime against the state for violating immigration law and does not consider violations of the rights of smuggled migrants to be a crime.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Human trafficking is a crime against its victims because it violates the rights of victims through coercion and exploitation. [110]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Economic globalization Economic globalization is the increasing economic interdependence of countries in the world thanks to the accelerated movement of goods, services, technology, and capital across borders. [112]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

If business globalization is centralized on the elimination of international trade regulations such as tariffs, taxes, and other burdens that impede global trade, economic globalization is a process of increasing economic integration between countries that lead to the emergence of global markets and world markets single. [113]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Depending on the paradigm, economic globalization can be viewed as a positive or negative phenomenon.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Economic globalization consists of the globalization of production, markets, competition, technology, and enterprises and industries. [112]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Current trends in globalization can be considered the result of the integration of developed countries with less developed countries through foreign direct investment, reduction of trade limits, economic reform, and immigration.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In 1944, 44 countries attended the Bretton Woods Conference to stabilize world currencies and establish credit for international trade in the post World War II era.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The international economic order planned by this conference became the trigger for the neoliberal economic order used today.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The conference also established several organizations important to the formation of the global economy and the global financial system, such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

For example, China's economic reforms exposed China to the globalization currents of the 1980s. Experts found that China managed to achieve a level of openness that is hard to find in other large, populous countries.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Foreign goods competition touches almost all sectors of the Chinese economy.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Foreign investment helps improve product quality and knowledge and standards, especially in the field of heavy industry.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

China's experience corroborates claims that globalization is adding to the wealth of poor countries. [114]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

As of 2005—2007, Shanghai Port bears the title of busiest port in the world. [115] [116] [117] [118] Another example, economic liberalization in India and its economic reforms began in 1991.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

As of 2009, about 300 million people, equal to the number of the population of the United States, have come out of the noose of poverty. [119]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In India, business process outsourcing is touted as “India's main development engine until the next few decades that contributes a lot to GDP growth, job additions, and poverty eradication”. [120] [121] The global financial system In the early 21st century, the framework the work of legal agreements, institutions, and the world's formal and informal economic actors together helps the flow of international financial capital for investment and trade funding purposes.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This global financial system emerged during the first wave of modern economic globalization characterized by the establishment of central banks, multilateral agreements, and intergovernmental organizations aimed at improving the transparency, regulation, and effectiveness of international markets. [123]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The world economy became increasingly financially integrated throughout the 20th century as capital liberalization and deregulation of the financial sector in each country occurred.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

After being exposed to volatile capital flows, a series of financial crises in Europe, Asia, and Latin America have affected other countries.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In the early 21st century, various financial institutions grew up with a more sophisticated and connected network of economic activity.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

When the United States suffered a financial crisis at the beginning of that century, the crisis propagated rapidly to other countries.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This crisis is known as the global financial crisis and is recognized as the trigger for the Great Recession around the world.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Tightening Governments sometimes run tightening or austerity policies to reduce budget deficits when the economy cools.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

These policies include spending cuts, tax increases, or a mixture of both. [124] [125] [126] The tightening policy indicates the liquidity of the government to its creditors and the credit assessment body by equalizing fiscal revenue with spending.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The effect of tightening in terms of the economy is not yet clear because of its broad and unspecific definition, a scant example of its natural experimentation, as well as the possibility of mixing with the effects of other events that tend to precede tightening such as recessions and financial crises.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In macroeconomics, a reduction in government spending would increase the number of unemployed.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

It also increases safety net spending and reduces tax revenues to some extent.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Government spending contributes to gross domestic product (GDP) so the debt-to-GDP ratio that signals liquidity may not improve soon.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Short-term deficit spending contributes to GDP growth when consumers and businesses are unwilling or unable to spend. [127]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

According to the theory of expansionary fiscal contraction (EFC), massive reductions in government spending could alter tax expectations and future government spending so as to encourage private consumption and a thorough expansion of the economy. [128]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Since 2011, the International Monetary Fund has issued warnings against tightening efforts being run without regard to economic fundamentals [129] [130] [131] and many critics say that tightening efforts are often misdirected and harmful to the country's economy when run. [ 132] [133] [134] Capital escape occurs when assets or money flow out of a country quickly because the country is newly raising tax rates, rates, labor wages, or other financial conditions that are considered adverse such as debt congestion. annoying the investors.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The flight of capital sometimes results in a very rapid loss of wealth and is usually accompanied by a sharp drop in the exchange rate of the affected country, thus triggering a depreciation of the currency exchange rate or forced devaluation of the fixed exchange rate.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

These events can be very detrimental if their capital is owned by citizens of the affected country, since it is not only its citizens who are burdened by the loss of confidence in the economy and the devaluation of its currency, but also their assets lose much of their nominal value.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This also resulted in a sharp decrease in the purchasing power of the country's assets and an increase in the price of imported goods


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Capital flight can lead to liquidity crises in affected countries experiencing outflows of capital, countries that have lost investor assets due to liquidation, and countries engaged in international trade such as shipping and finance.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

2008 research published by Global Financial Integrity estimated capital flight or illicit financial flows from emerging economies totaled “approximately US$850 billion to $1 trillion annually. “[135]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Market participants who need cash have trouble finding potential trading associates to serve as targets for selling their assets.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This could be a consequence of low market participation or a reduction in cash by financial market participants.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The owner of the asset was then forced to sell his assets at a price below the long-term base price.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The borrowers typically face higher borrowing costs and collateral incisions, in contrast to the times when liquidity still made sense.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Unsecured debt is almost hard to obtain.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

When there is a liquidity crisis, the interbank lending market does not run smoothly.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The flight of capital also affects developed countries.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

A 2009 article in The Times reported that hundreds of wealthy lenders and businessmen had in recent times quit the U.K. because its government raised taxes.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

They moved to places where taxes were low such as Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, and the British Virgin Islands. [136]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In May 2012, the scale of capital flight from Greece after “fruitless” legislative elections was estimated at €4 billion per week. [137]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Later that month, the Central Bank of Spain revealed that €97 billion worth of capital flows came out of the Spanish economy in the first quarter of 2012. [138]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Globalization Index Measurement measure of economic globalization focuses on various variables such as trade, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), portfolio investment, and income.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The new indexes instead seek to measure globalization with more general variables such as political, social, cultural, and environmental aspects. [139]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

One of the globalization indices is the KOF Index.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The KOF Index measures three main dimensions of globalization, namely economic, social, and political. [140]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Another is the A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index. [141]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The free trade policy Enabling Trade Index measures factors, policies, and services that help trade goods across borders until the destination city.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The index consists of four sub-indices, namely market access, border management, transportation and communication, and business environment. The top 20 countries in the 2010 version of the index are: [142] 2 Singapore - 6.06 Hong Kong - 5.70 Denmark - 5.41 Sweden - 5.41 Switzerland - 5.37 New Zealand - 5.33 Norway - 5.32 Canada - 5.29 Luxembourg - 5.28 Netherlands - 5.26 Iceland - 5.26 Finland - 5.25 Germany - 5.20 Austria - 5.17 Australia - 5.13 United Arab Emirates - 5.12 United Kingdom - 5.06 Chile - 5.06 United States - 5.03 France - 5.02 Socio-cultural Globalization Cultural globalization has increased cross-cultural contact but accompanied by reduced uniqueness of once isolated communities.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

For example, sushi can be found in Germany and Japan, but on the other hand the popularity of Euro-Disney surpasses the popularity of Paris so it could reduce the demand for authentic French bread. [143] [144] [145] The contribution of globalization to a person's exile from its traditions is still classified low rather than the impact of modernity itself as existentialists Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus argued.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Globalization has expanded the opportunity of obtaining recreation through the spread of pop culture through the Internet and satellite television.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Religion was one of the first cultural elements to globalize; there were propagated through force, migration, evangelicals, imperialists, and merchants.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and recent sects such as Mormonism are already influencing endemic cultures in places far from where they originated. [146]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Conversi claimed in 2010 that globalization was driven more by currents of cultural and economic activity from the United States better known as Americanization [147] [148] or Westernization.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

For example, two of the world's most successful global food and beverage outlets are companies from the United States, McDonald's and Starbucks.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Both are often used as examples of globalization as they have more than 32,000 [149] and 18,000 outlets worldwide as of 2008, respectively. [150]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The term globalization means transformation.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Cultural traditions such as traditional music could have disappeared or turned into an amalgamation of traditions.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Globalization is able to create an emergency for the sake of preserving musical heritage.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Archivers attempt to collect, record, or write repertoire before their melodies undergo assimilation or adjustment.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Local musicians struggled to gain authenticity and preserve the musical traditions of the area.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Globalization can make pementas or artists ignore traditional musical instruments.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The new combined genres can be interesting research material. [151]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Globalization encouraged the World Music phenomenon by allowing music recorded somewhere to reach listeners in the Western world who were about to seek new ideas and sounds.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

For example, many Western musicians have adopted innovations derived from other cultures. [152]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The term “World Music” was originally aimed at ethnic music.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Now, globalization is expanding the scope of this term until hybrid sub-genres such as World fusion, Global fusion, Ethnic fusion [153] and Worldbeat [154] [155] Music are also spreading out of the Western world.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Anglo-American pop music spread around the world through MTV.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Dependencies theory explains bawha the world is a unified international system.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

From a musical point of view, this means losing the musical identity of the region. [156]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Bourdieu said that perception of consumption could be viewed as self-identification and identity formation.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In terms of music, this means that every human has his own musical identity based on his preferences and tastes.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

These passions and tastes are strongly influenced by culture because culture is the most fundamental factor that shapes one's desires and behaviors.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The concept of local culture is now changing due to globalization.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In addition, globalization also increases the interdependence of personal, political, cultural, and economic factors. [157]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

A 2005 UNESCO report [158] showed that cultural exchanges are more frequent from East Asia, but Western countries are still the largest cultural exporters.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In 2002, China was the world's largest cultural exporter after the United Kingdom and the United States.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Between 1994 and 2002, the share of North American and European Union cultural exports declined, while Asian cultural exports rose beyond North America.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Another related fact is the population and area of Asia is larger many times over than North America.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Americanization corresponded to times of high political influence of the United States and the growth of United States stores, markets, and goods exported to other countries.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Globalization, as a diverse phenomenon, relates to the world of multilateral politics as well as the development of markets and cultural objects between countries.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Experiences experienced by India reveal the plural influence of cultural globalization. [159]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Multilingualism and lingua franca Multilingual speakers surpass the number of monolingual speakers in the world. [160]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Today, most people in the world can speak more than one language. [161]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Language contact occurs when two or more languages/varieties interact with each other.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Language contact occurs in a variety of phenomena, including language convergence, word borrowing, and relexification.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The most prevalent contact results are pidgin, creole, change code, and mixed languages.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Multilingualism is sticking out as a social phenomenon governed by the needs of globalization and cultural openness. [162]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Thanks to the ease of access to information facilitated by the Internet, humanity is increasingly exposed to foreign languages, thereby triggering the need for mastery of several languages.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Lingua franca is a language that is systematically used to communicate between people whose native language is not the same, usually using a third language that differs from the mother tongue of the two people. [163]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Currently, the second most popular language is English.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

About 3.5 billion people are quite familiar with the language. [164]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

English is the most dominant language on the Internet. [165]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

About 35% of the world's letters, telexes, and wires are written in English; about 40% of the world's radio programs are broadcast in English. [166]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Although multilingual speakers are often found, the number of languages spoken globally continues to decrease. The 20 largest languages with speakers of more than 50 million people are spoken by 50% of the world's population, while the rest are spoken in small areas.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Most languages have fewer than 10,000 speakers. [167]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This less dispersed language has since long ago been protected by its closed geographical location.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Now, regional and minority speakers are increasingly difficult to compete with dominant language speakers as they are considered threatened languages.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The total number of languages in the world is exactly unknown and the estimates vary depending on the factors.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Current estimates are between 6,000 and 7,000 languages [168] and about 50— 90% of them will be extinct by 2100. [167]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Politics In general, globalization will eventually reduce the idiosyncrasies of the nation state.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Supranational institutions such as the European Union, WTO, G8, or the International Court supersede or expand state functions to facilitate international treaties. [169]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

A number of observers have called globalization a cause of the decline in power of the United States, one of them a result of high U.S. trade deficits.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This triggered a global power move to Asian countries such as China that have market power and have achieved remarkable growth levels.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

As of 2011, China's economy is expected to beat the United States by 2025. [170]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Nongovernmental organizations continue to influence public policy across state borders, including in the areas of humanitarian assistance and state development. [171]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Charitable organizations with global missions are also one step ahead in the humanitarian field.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Charities such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Accion International, Acumen Fund (now Acumen), and Echoing Green combined business models with philanthropy that later spawned business organizations such as the Global Philanthropy Group and new philanthropic associations such as Global Philanthropy Forum.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation's projects include commitments worth hundreds of billions of dollars to fund immunizations in some poor, fast-growing countries, [172] as well as hundreds of millions of dollars to fund socialization programs for poor people. [173]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The Hudson Institute estimates that the total flow of funds from private philanthropists to developing countries reached US$59 billion in 2010. [174]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In response to globalisation, a number of countries began to adhere to policies of isolationism.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

For example, the North Korean government makes it difficult for foreigners to enter its country and closely supervises their activities should it be allowed to enter.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The social workers were thoroughly vetted and not allowed to visit places that the government prohibited.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

North Koreans cannot get out of the country. [175] [176] Media and public opinion A 2005 research by Peer Fiss and Paul Hirsch found an increase in the number of negative articles on globalization in previous years.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In 1998, negative articles beat positive articles by a comparison of two to one. [177]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In 2008, Greg Ip claimed that this rise in the number of rejections of globalization resulted from personal economic appetite. [178]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The number of newspaper articles that tend to be negative increased from 10% of total newspaper articles in 1991 to 55% in 1999.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This increase occurred during a time when the total number of articles on globalization almost doubled. [177]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Numerous international polls show that the population of developing countries tends to favor globalization more. [179]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The BBC found that more and more developing world societies think globalisation is going too fast.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In some countries such as Mexico, Central America, Indonesia, Brazil, and Kenya, the majority of people actually feel that globalization is going too slowly. [180]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Philip Gordon said that, “[as of 2004] the majority of European citizens believe that globalisation can enrich their lives, and believe that the EU can help them exploit the advantages of globalisation while protecting them from its negative effects. “[181]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

More rejection came from socialists, environmental groups, and nationalists.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

EU residents did not appear to feel threatened by globalization in 2004.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The EU jobs market is more stable and less likely to cut wages/benefits for its workers.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The social budget in the European Union is higher than that of the United States. [182]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In a 2007 Danish poll, 76% of respondents answered that globalization is something good. [183]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Fiss, et al., satirized the United States public opinion in 1993.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Their survey showed that in 1993 more than 40% of respondents were unfamiliar with the concept of globalization.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

When this survey was conducted again in 1998, 89% of respondents had a split view of globalization, some were good and some were bad.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

At the same time, the discourse on globalization began in the financial community before turning to a heated debate between supporters and opponents among students and workers.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Polarization of opinion increased dramatically after the WTO was formed in 1995; these events and subsequent rallies gave rise to a larger anti-globalization movement. [177]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Initially, highly educated workers were most likely to support globalization.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Less educated workers, who are more worthy of competing with immigrants and workers in the developing world, tend to oppose globalization.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The situation changed post the 2007 financial crisis.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

According to a 1997 poll, 58% of university graduates said that globalization was good for the United States.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In 2008, only 33% of university graduates said that way.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Respondents whose last high school education also opposed globalization. [178]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

According to Takenaka Heizo and Chida Ryokichi, as of 1998 there was a perception in Japan that their economy was “small and fragile”.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Japan is minimal in resources and uses export activities to buy raw materials.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This unease over their position conjures terms such as internationalisation and globalization into everyday conversation.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

However, Japanese tradition has given priority to fulfill the needs of oneself at all, especially in terms of agriculture. [184]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Circumstances could have changed post the 2007 financial crisis.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The BBC World Public Poll conducted in 2008 as the crisis occurred showed that denial of globalisation in developed countries was on the rise.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The BBC poll asks whether or not globalisation is growing too fast.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Positive answers were more numerous in France, Spain, Japan, South Korea, and Germany.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The trend of rejection in these countries appears to be stronger than in the United States.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The poll also attributed a tendency to the notion that globalization is proceeding too fast to the perception that economic vulnerability and social disparities continue to rise. [180]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Many parties in the developing world view globalization as a positive driver that lifts them from the snarls of poverty. [185]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Opponents of globalization usually combine environmental problems with nationalism.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

They regarded the government as an agent of neo-colonialism subservient to multinational corporations. [186]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This kind of criticism comes from the middle class.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The Brookings Institute argues that criticism arises because the middle class sees low-income groups of people whose upward social mobility threatens their economic security. [187]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Although many critics blame globalization for the decline of the middle class in developed countries, the middle class is growing fast in developing countries. [188]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Accompanied by urbanization, the growth of the middle class further widened the prosperity gap between cities and villages. [189]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In 2002, 70% of India's population lived in the countryside and depended on natural resources for daily activities. [186]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

As a result, community organizations in the countryside often feel objected to the process of globalization. [190]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The nonprofit organization Reporters Without Borders annually releases its Press Freedom Index, which is a ranking of countries in the world based on press freedom records in the previous year.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The index reflects the level of freedom enjoyed by journalists, news agencies, and netizens in each country, as well as the government's efforts to respect and guarantee these freedoms.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The Internet Internet is a product of globalization as well as a catalyst that connects computer users around the world.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

From 2000 to 2009, the number of Internet users worldwide rose from 394 million people to 1.858 billion. [192]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In 2010, 22 percent of the world's population had access to computer devices with 1 billion Google search entries per day, 300 million blog visitors, and 2 billion videos watched daily on YouTube. [193]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

According to the IDC research institute, the overall size of world electronic commerce, including global business-business and business-consumer transactions, approached US$16 trillion in 2013.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

iDate, another research institute, estimates the global digital products and services market to be worth US$4.4 trillion in 2013.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The Oxford Economics report adds both numbers to peg the size of the overall digital economy at $20.4 trillion, equivalent to roughly 13.8% of the world's sales activity. [194]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Although many claim Internet commerce brings economic benefits, there is also evidence that some elements of the Internet such as maps and location-based services can drive economic disparities and digital gaps. [195]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Electronic commerce may be responsible for the consolidation and disappearance of household businesses (mom and pop, brick and mortar) resulting in an increase in income gap. [196] [197] [198] An online community is a virtual community that exists on the Internet, and its members can make it exist by taking part in membership rituals.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Major socio-technical changes could result from Internet social networking. [199]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Population growth The world's population has continued growth since the end of the Great Famine and Black Plague of 1350 at a figure of 370million. [200]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The highest growth rate— the world's population growing above 1.8% per year— briefly occurred in the 1950s and somewhat later in the 1960s and 1970s. The growth rate peaked at 2.2% in 1963, and fell to 1.1% in 2011.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Total annual births were high at the end of the 1980s or about 138million inhabitants. [201]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The birth rate is estimated to hold at 2011 levels of 134million people.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The death rate stands at 56million people per year and is expected to rise to 80million inhabitants per year by 2040. [202]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Current projections indicate a rise in population numbers (but the growth rate is falling slowly) and the world population is expected to reach 7.5 and 10.5billion by 2050. [203] [204] The head of the International Food Policy Research Institute, stated in 2008 that dietary changes Gradually among the new rich is the most important factor driving the rise in world food prices. [205]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

From 1950 to 1984, as agriculture transforms around the world through the Green Revolution, wheat production rose by more than 250%. [206]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The world's population increased by 4billion people since the beginning of the Green Revolution.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Without the Green Revolution, there would have been greater famine and malanutrition than currently documented by the United Nations; some 850 million people suffered from chronic malanutrition in 2005). [207] [208] Concern arises regarding rising soil erosion rates as more and more land is cultivated using Mechanical equipment, chemical fertilizers, and other tools. [209] [210] [211] With the abundant consumption of seafood by humans in the past 30 years shrinking ponds and destroying marine ecosystems, humans need to realize to create a sustainable seafood supply. [212]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Population growth, dwindling energy sources, food scarcity will produce a “perfect storm” by 2030 according to the UK government's chief scientist, John Beddington.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Beddington noted that the world's food reserves are at their lowest point in the past 50 years and the world will need 50% more energy, food, and water by 2030.. [213] [214] The conditions of forest logging and soil erosion in the Sahel area south of the Sahara are severe. [215]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The world must produce 70% more food by 2050 to feed an additional 2.3billion lives and meet demand as incomes rise, according to the UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). [216]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

A number of social researchers have warned of the possibility that global civilization will experience a period of economic contraction and re-localization due to reduced fossil fuels and rising crises in transportation and food production. [217] [218] [219] Helga Vierich predicts a return to activity Sustainable local economies such as hunter-gatherers, horticulture, and pastoralism. [220]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Urbanization Population growth throughout times of rapid industrialization and globalization of the 20th century was accompanied by increasing urbanization worldwide.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In 2011, the majority of the world's population lives in industrial urban areas surrounded by factories and business offices, no longer traditional rural areas dominated by agriculture. [221]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Some cities are beginning to emerge as global cities and are considered important centers of economic activity of the world.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Megakota, that is, a city inhabited by more than 10 million people, increased in number from 3 cities in 1973 to 24 in 2013.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The number is expected to grow to 27 cities by 2025. [222]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Global health represents population health in a global context that covers countries' viewpoints and concerns. [223]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Health problems that cross state borders or have polyitc and economic influence globally continue to be emphasized. [224]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Global health is defined as 'a field of study, research, and practice whose priority is to improve health and achieve health equality for everyone in the world'. [225]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

So global health rests with improvements in world health, gap reduction, and protection from global threats that don't care about country borders. [226]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Global Mental Health is one of the applications of these principles in the realm of mental health. [227]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a major health institution at the international level.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Other important institutions that take care of global health activities are UNICEF, the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, and the World Bank.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Major initiatives to improve global health were unveiled under the names of the United Nations Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals. [228]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

International travel is spreading deadly infectious diseases. [229]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Modern modes of transport allow large amounts of people and goods to travel around the world faster, but they also open a gap for transcontinental displacement of disease vectors. [230]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

One of them is AIDS/HIV. [231]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

As a result of immigration, about 500,000 people in the United States are believed to suffer from Chagas disease. [232]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In 2006, tuberculosis (TB) rates among foreign-born U.S. residents were 9.5 times greater than those of U.S.-born residents. [233] Starting in Asia, the Black Plague killed at least one-third of Europe's population in the 14th century. [234]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

More severe devastation was experienced by the natives of the American continent after the arrival of “New World” European arrivals such as Aztecs, Maya, and Inca killed as a result of smallpox disease spread through the European colonization process.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Global natural environment The natural environment includes all living things and nonliving objects formed naturally on Earth or a region.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The natural environment is an environment that encompasses the interaction of all species of living things. [235]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The natural environment is different from the waking environment consisting of areas and components that are heavily influenced by human activity.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

It's hard to find a completely natural environment.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Naturalness (naturalness) varies in one continuum, ranging from 100% natural to 0% natural.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

We can consider various aspects or components of the environment, then observe that the level of naturalness is not uniform. [236]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Even so, in this world has been created a combined human—environment system.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Human threats to the natural environment, such as climate change, cross-border water and air pollution, overfishing in the oceans, and the spread of invasive species, require transnational and global solutions.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

As factories in the developing world increase global production and are less regulated by environmental regulation, there is increasing water and air pollution around the world. [237] [238] The 2006 State of the World Report lists that India and China's high economic growth is not sustainable.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The report states, “The ecological capacity of the world is not sufficient to satisfy the desires of China, India, Japan, Europe, and the United States and the desires of the entire world in a sustainable way. “[239]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In a 2006 news article, the BBC reported, “... if China and India consume the same resources per capita as the United States or Japan in 2030, the planet Earth is needed to meet all of them. “[239]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In the long term, this effect may result in an increase in the conflict of natural resource seizure [240] and the Malthus disaster.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

International direct investment in the developing world will give rise to a “race to the bottom” as countries are vying to loosen their environmental and natural resource protection laws to attract foreign capital. [8] [241] The reverse of this theory could have happened had the country developed maintaining environmentally friendly activities and imposing its responsibilities on the target country of its investment, then creating a “race to the top” phenomenon. [8]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Time that needs to be passed on transcontinental and country travel is shrinking more and more because of globalization, so developing and developed countries need to find new ways to solve problems on a global, rather than regional, scale anymore.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Agencies like the United Nations must now be the global regulators of pollution, whereas before, regional governance was enough. [243]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

A series of actions have been taken by the United Nations to oversee and reduce atmospheric pollutants through the Kyoto Protocol, the UN Clean Air Initiative, and air pollution research and public policy. [244]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The world's traffic, production, and consumption result in a global increase in the amount of air pollutants.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The Northern Hemisphere is the largest producer of carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. [245]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Changes in natural capital are beginning to erode economic thinking in one of the key areas of economic globalization: the international division of labor and production based on the global inventory chain. [246]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Planetary limits for a number of strategic natural resources have been reached, and other resources are close to their limits.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Over time, peak oil and climate change will lead to a “peak of globalization” that can be seen from the reduced tons of miles of goods transported across oceans and continents. Comparative advantages of global inventory chains will be broken by rising transportation costs and current delays in goods transit. [246]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

China and India increased their consumption of fossil fuels after their economies shifted from subsistence agriculture to industry and urbanization. [247] [248] China's oil consumption rose 8% annually between 2002 and 2006, doubling since 1996—2006. [249]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In 2007, China beat the United States as the world's largest producer of CO 2 emissions. [250]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Only 1 percent of China's 560 million city-dwellers (as of 2007) breathe clean air according to EU standards.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This means that developed countries can “outsource” some of their consumption pollution to countries that have many pollution-producing industries.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Communities utilize forest resources to achieve sustainable levels of economic development.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

From the past, forests in early developing countries experienced a “forest transition”, that is, a period of deforestation and reforestation when surrounding communities were increasingly developed, industrialized, and moved their primary natural resource production to other countries through imports.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

For countries on the edge of the global system, no country can be used as a place to transfer natural resources, and forest degradation will take place endlessly.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Forest transitions have a major influence on the hydrology, climate change, and biodiversity of a region through declining water quality as well as the buildup of greenhouse gases through the reforestation of new forests into second- and third-generation forests. [251] [252] The main source of deforestation is industry wood dominated by China and Japan. [253]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The global palm oil market has resulted in severe deforestation in Southeast Asia resulting in many animal species threatened by its sustainability, such as rhinos, tigers, and orangutans. [254] [255] Without recycling, zinc will be used up by 2037, indium and hafnium will run out in 2017, and terbium was depleted in 2012. [256]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Other “peak” phenomena, such as peak oil, peak coal, peak gas, peak water, and peak wheat, contribute to the availability and sustainability of natural capital.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In 2003, 29% of open sea ponds were threatened with failure. [257]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The journal Science released a four-year study in November 2006 predicting that with current frequency, the world would run out of wild seafood by 2048. [258]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In contrast, globalization created a global market for fish and seafood cultivation that in 2009 provided 38% of the world's supplies and was able to reduce excess fishing. [259]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Global goods trade relies on reliable and inexpensive transportation of goods in complicated and far-flung inventory chains. [246]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Global warming and peak oil hinder globalization because it has an impact on transportation costs and the movement of goods.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Because it counteracts geographical patterns of comparative advantage with high transportation costs, climate change and peak oil can result in peak globalization.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

After the peak of globalization, export volumes will decrease based on tons of miles of goods transported. [260]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Global workforce Global labor refers to international groups of workers, including those employed by multinational corporations and connected through global network and production systems, immigrant workers, transient migrant workers, telecommuting workers, and those involved in export-oriented work or contingent work as well as hard work.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

As of 2012, the global labor group includes roughly 3 billion people, and 200 million of them are unemployed. [261]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Global labor or international labor reflects the new international division of labor that has emerged since the late 1970s after another wave of globalization. Global economic actors driving the rise of multinational corporations, namely the displacement of goods, services, technologies, and capital across borders, constantly changing the way we view about labor and its structure today.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Departing from the social processes that encouraged standardization and industrialization, post-industrial societies in the Western world were sustained by industrialization in other parts of the world, especially in Asia.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

As industrialization took place around the world and many cultures moved away from traditional work practices, the way employers viewed and utilized labor changed.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The global workforce is competitive and touted as a “talent search war. “[262]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The competition is partly due to communications technology that helped various companies gain multinational status.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Communications technology also allows a company to search for workers without needing to restrict its search locally; a process like this is called global labor arbitration.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

One example of a talent search war is the appointment of a foreign chief executive at the headquarters of a loka company. [263] [264] Even so, production and service workers in developed countries fail to compete directly with low-wage workers in developing countries. [265]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Countries that implement low wages get an element of low value-added work that previously existed in developed countries, whereas high-value jobs still survive.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

For example, the total number of people employed in factories in the United States was reduced, but the value added per worker increased. [266]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

There are many examples of the displacement of labor to the developing world.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Two examples of these can be found in China and South Africa.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

China's success has made the number of jobs in other emerging economies and Western countries drastically reduced. [267]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

From 2000 to 2007, the United States lost 3.2million manufacturing jobs (factories). [268]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

On April 26, 2005, Asia Times Online wrote that, “In South Africa's regional giant, some 300,000 textile workers lost their jobs in the past two years due to the influx of Chinese-made goods [to South Africa] . “[269]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In 2012, according to Eurostat, Europe's unemployment rate set a record high of 11.8%, meaning 18.8 million people did not have jobs and the number of young unemployed reached the highest level. [270]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The youth unemployment rate at the beginning of 2013 in Spain rose 56%, while in Greece it rose 62.5%. [271]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Research shows that young people in Europe are worried about their future. [272]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Nobel Prize-winning economist, Michael Spence, wrote that, “Massive global economic changes since World War II are giving a very positive effect.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Hundreds of millions of people in the developing world are coming out of the noose of poverty, and millions more will follow in the future.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The global economy will continue to grow, at least tripling in the next 30 years.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

One person's gain is not someone else's loss; that global growth is simply not a matter of winning or losing.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

However, globalization still harms a number of community groups in various countries, including developed countries.” [273] Not everyone is optimistic about the continuation of economic growth in the future.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Augustine Karlo Lumban Raja, head of Palm Watch's Department of Environmental Initiatives and Policy, said that, “The spread and intensification of horizontal social conflict over indigenous land boundaries proves that the Malind tribe is under threat.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Their indigenous lands were targets for development by the private sector in the absence of deliberation with the various clans and tribes that claimed the land. ” "[274] International displacement Many countries have a kind of guest worker program whose policies are the same as those in the U.S. that allow U.S. companies to hire non-U.S. citizens for three years, then deport them if they haven't applied for a card green.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

As of 2009, more than 1,000,000 guest workers settled in the United States.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Its largest program, the H-1B visa, involves 650,000 workers in the United States, [275] and its second largest program, the L-1 visa, involves 350,000 workers. [276]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

There are more types of United States visas enforced for guest workers, such as H-2A visas that permit farmers to work unlimited numbers of guest workers.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The United States ran a Mexican guest worker program in 1942—1964 under the name Bracero Program.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

An article in The New Republic criticized guest worker programs by likening them to second-class citizens who would not be able to obtain citizenship and get fewer rights than citizens of the United States. [278]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The displacement of educated and skilled workers is called brain drain.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

For example, the United States welcome nurses from around the world to work there. [279]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The brain drain from Europe to the United States means that about 400,000 science and technology graduates in Europe now live in the United States, and most of them do not plan to return home to Europe. [280]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Nearly 14 million immigrants came to the United States from 2000 to 2010. [281]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Immigrants in the United States along with their descendants founded more than 40 percent of the companies on the 2010 version of the Fortune 500 list.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

They founded seven of the ten most valued companies in the world. [282]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Reverse brain drain is the displacement of human capital from a more developed country to a less developed one.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This is considered a reasonable result of the strategy of saving and sharpening the capabilities that migrants make overseas so that they can take advantage of them in their home countries. [283]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Reverse brain drain can occur when scientists, technicians, or other intelligentsia move to a developed country to study at their university, conduct research, or seek work experience in areas that may be restricted in their home country.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

These profesinoals then return to their native countries after several years of business pioneering experience, teaching at colleges, or working for multinational companies in their native countries. [284]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Remittance is the transfer of money from a foreign worker to his country of origin.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Remittances play an important role in the economies of some countries as well as contributing to economic growth and the survival of underprivileged communities.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

According to World Bank estimates, total remittances in 2009 reached US$414 billion, US$316 billion of which flowed to developing countries and involved 192 million migrant workers. [285]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

For a number of countries, the remittance can represent one-third of its GDP. [285]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Since the recipient of the remittance has a high likelihood to have a bank account, remittances give way for both the sender and the recipient to take advantage of financial services.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This is an important aspect of remittance aimed at promoting economic development.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Countries that have a large percentage of remittances in their PDB are predominantly smaller countries such as Tajikistan (45%), Moldova (38%), and Honduras (25%). [286]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The IOM mentioned there were more than 200 million migrants worldwide in 2008, [287] including those through illegal immigration. [288] [289] Remittance flows to the developing world reached US$328bn in 2008 and were estimated at US$515 billion in 2015. [290]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Transnational marriage is marriage between two people from different countries.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Various problems arise in different countries of marriage, including nationality and cultural issues that add complexity and challenge to conjugal relationships.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In the era of globalization, when people have networks of acquaintances and places around the world and are not fixated on one place anymore, more and more people are getting married without looking at the borders of the country.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Transnational anchoring is a byproduct of human movement and displacement.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Support and opposition Reactions to processes affecting globalization continue to emerge and vary as time goes on.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Philosophical differences regarding the disadvantages and advantages of such processes spawned various ideologies and social movements.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Supporters of growth, expansion, and economic development generally view the process of globalization as something desirable or necessary for the welfare of mankind. [291]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Oppositors see one or more processes of globalization as something that undermines social welfare at the global and local level; [291] they question the social or natural sustainability of long-term economic expansion that runs constantly, social structure disparities resulting from those processes, as well as colonial, imperialistic, or hegemonic ethnocentrism, cultural assimilation, and cultural appropriation underlying those processes.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

As Noam Chomsky put it: The propaganda system that exists today makes the word “globalization” refer to the particular version of international economic integration they want, which gives priority to the rights of investors and lenders, whereas people's rights are merely a sideline.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Regarding the use of this word, parties that support other forms of international integration that give priority to human rights become “anti-globalists”.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

It's vulgar propaganda, befits the term “anti-Soviet” used by ruthless rulers to call his critics.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The term is not only vulgar, but stupid.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Let's take for example the World Social Forum (WSF) called “anti-globalization” in a propaganda system that happens to include the media, the educated public, and others with certain exceptions.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The WSF is an example of the globalization paradigm.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The WSF is a large collection of human beings from all over the world, from every sphere of life we know, in contrast to the small elite who met at the World Economic Forum and were called “pro-globalization” by the propaganda system. [292]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Supporters Generally, corporate business people, especially in the financial sector, see globalization as a positive driver in the world.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Many economists cite statistics that seem to support such a positive impact.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

For example, growth in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in post-1980 global countries rose from 1.4 percent per year in the 1960s and 2.9 percent annually in the 1970s to 3.5 percent in the 1980s and 5.0 percent in the 1990s. The acceleration of the move is particularly remarkable as rich countries suffered a steady decline in growth from 4.7 per cent in the 1960s to 2.2 per cent in the 1990s. In addition, non-global emerging economies seem to suffer more severely than globalizers.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The countries' annual growth rate plunged from 3.3 percent throughout the 1970s to just 1.4 percent throughout the 1990s. This rapid growth among globalists is not only due to the strong economies of China and India in the 1980s and 1990s — 18 out of 24 global countries experienced growth gains, many of which were quite high. [293]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Economic liberalism and free trade Economic liberals and neoliberals generally argue that a broader degree of economic and political freedom in the form of free trade in the developed world is a dead price, resulting in more material wealth.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Globalization is seen as a profitable process of spreading freedom and capitalism. [294]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Jagdish Bhagwati, a former globalization adviser to the United Nations, said that while it is obvious that the problem generated too rapid development, globalization is a positive boost that lifts a country from the poverty line by starting an economic cycle accompanied by economic growth the fast. [185]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Economist Paul Krugman is another hard-line proponent of globalization and free trade who almost always disagrees with most critics of globalization.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

He argued that critics lacked basic knowledge of comparative advantage and its benefits in the modern world. [295]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Migrant flows to countries whose developed economies are claimed to be successful in creating a global wage pooling.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

IMG research suggests a possible transfer of skills to the developing world after wages in the country rise. [7]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Knowledge liberation is also an integral aspect of globalization.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Technological innovation (or technology transfer) is designed to be more profitable for developing countries and less developed countries, for example in terms of mobile phone use. [23]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Rapid economic growth began to occur in Asia after Asia implemented market-orientation-based economic policies that gave priority to private ownership rights, free enterprise, and competition.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

More specifically, in the developing countries of East Asia, GDP per capita rose by 5.9% per year since 1975 to 2001 (according to the Human Development Report 2003 [296] released by UNDP).


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Britain's economic journalist, Martin Wolf, said that the incomes of poor developing countries, whose population represents more than half of the world's population, are growing faster than rich countries whose growth is relatively stable, then reducing the gap international and poverty.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Certain demographic changes in the developing world after economic liberalization and active international integration resulted in increased general welfare and reduced disparities.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

According to Wolf, in all developing countries, life expectancy rose by four months each year since 1970, and infant mortality reduced from 107 per 1,000 babies in 1970 to 58 per 1,000 in 2000 thanks to improvements in living standards and health conditions.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In addition, adult literacy rates in the developing world rose by 53% in 1970 to 74% in 1998, and lower illiteracy rates among youth signify that the number of illiterate residents will continue to diminish over time.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The fall in birth rates across the developing world from 4.1 births per woman in 1980 to 2.8 births per woman in 2000 signifies a rise in women's knowledge rates regarding birth and child supervision through parental attention. [297]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Consequently, more prosperous and educated parents whose children have little decided to keep them away from early work so they can have the opportunity to demand knowledge in school; this decision also resolves the problem of child labor.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Although there is an unequal distribution of income in developing countries, growth and economic development provide a higher standard of living and well-being for everyone.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Global democracy The globalization of democracy is a movement that fights for a global democratic system that will give the citizens of the world the right to vote in political institutions.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Global democracy will cross nation-states, corporate oligopolies, ideological self-help institutions, political streams, and magia.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

One of the most outspoken supporters is the British political thinker David Held.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Supporters of democratic globalization argue that economic expansion and development should be used as the first stage of the implementation of democratic globalization, then followed by the development stage of global political institutions.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Francesco Stipo, Director of the United States Association of the Club of Rome, supports having all united nations form a world government.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

He argued that world governance “reflects the political and economic balance of the countries of the world.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The world confederation shall not overstep the governing authority of each country, but rather be complementary, because the government of the state and the world have power within the scope of its competence”. [299]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Former Canadian Senator Douglas Roche, O.C., sees globalization as something unavoidable and supports the establishment of institutions such as a directly elected United Nations Parliamentary Assembly to oversee international bodies whose members do not enter through direct elections. [300]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

International cooperation Military cooperation has occurred in the past.