Question: what is the number of games made by Namco?

Bakuman

Bakuman's series was widely judged to fail to build an atmosphere for manga genre romance and everyday life. [51]


Question: what is the number of games made by Namco?

Bakuman

Critics assessed this as both authors of the manga lack experience for light-genre manga. [51]


Question: what is the number of games made by Namco?

Bakuman

It can be seen from the idealism that perceives the capacity of an adolescent child, even for the real world. [51]


Question: what is the number of games made by Namco?

Bakuman

In addition, elements of sovinism or patriarchy are very strongly formed in each character that makes up the storyline of this manga. [51]


Question: what is the number of games made by Namco?

Bakuman

See also Mangaka References Outlinks (in Japanese) (in Japanese) (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia Category:J.C.Staff Category:Anime and manga comedies Category:Anime and manga dramas Category:Anime and manga dramas Category:Anime series based on manga Category:Manga of 2008 Category:Anime series of 2010 Category:Anime series of 2011 Category:Anime series of 2012


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium Romanum) was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by governments led by emperors, and ownership of vast areas of power around the Middle Sea in Europe, Africa, and Asia.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The 500-year-old republic that preceded it had been weakened and destabilized by a series of civil wars and political conflicts, when Julius Caesar was named dictator for life and then assassinated in 44 BC.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Civil war and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Kleopatra in the Battle of Actium as well as the conquering of Egypt.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

After the above events, Octavian dominion became unassailable and in 27 BC, the Roman Senate formally granted him full power and the new title of Augustus, effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The reign of the Roman Empire persisted for roughly 500 years.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The first two centuries of the empire were marked by a period of unprecedented prosperity and political stability, known as the Pax Romana or “Roman Peace”.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

After the victory of Octavian, the extent of the Empire increased drastically.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

After Caligula's assassination in 41, the Senate was considered desirous to restore Republican power, but the Praetorian Guard proclaimed Claudius emperor.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Under Claudius' reign, the Empire undertook its first massive expansion since Augustus.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

After Claudius' successor, Nero, ruled suicide in 68, the Empire experienced a brief period of civil war and the onset of a major revolt in Judea, when four different legion generals declared themselves Emperors.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Vespasianus succeeded to victory in 69 and founded the Flavianus Dynasty, before being succeeded by his son Titus, who opened the Colosseum shortly after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

His brief tenure was passed on by his brother Domitianus, who ruled for 15 years before finally being assassinated in 96.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Senate then appointed the first emperor of the Five Good Emperors.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire reached its heyday under the reign of Trajanus, the second emperor of the Nerva-Antonine dynasty.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

A period of increasing chaos and deterioration began during the reign of Commodus.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The killing of Commodus of 192 triggered the onset of the War of the Five Emperors, which was won by Septimius Severus.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The assassination of Alexander Severus in 235 triggered the Crisis of the Third Century, when 26 men were declared Emperors by the Roman Senate for fifty years.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The empire was successfully stabilized during the reign of Diokletianus by the introduction of the Tetrarchy, characterized by four Emperors ruling the Romans simultaneously.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

This policy ultimately failed, leading to the outbreak of a civil war later won by Constantine I, who defeated his rival and became sole ruler of the Empire.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Constantine then moved the eastern Roman capital to the Byzantines, which was later renamed Constantinople in honor of the Emperor.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Constantinople remained the capital of the Eastern Empire until 1453.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Constantine also established Christianity as the state religion.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

After the death of Theodosius I, the last Emperor to rule a united Empire, the Empire's power slowly weakened as a result of abuse of power, civil war, invasion and migration of the Barbarians, military reforms, and economic depression.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The plundering of Rome in 410 by the Visigoths and in 455 by the Vandals further accelerated the collapse of the Western Empire, and the ousting of Emperor Romulus Augustulus in 476 by Odoaker is considered to mark the end of the Western Empire.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Eastern Roman Empire remained afloat for the following thousand years, before finally falling into the hands of the Ottoman Turks in 1453.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was one of the most influential economic, cultural, political, and military powers in the world of its time.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

This empire became the largest empire in the time of classical antiquity and one of the widest empires in the history of the world.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

During Trajanus' reign, the area of the Empire reached 5 million square kilometers [4] [8] and became ruler for nearly 70 million inhabitants, or 21% of the entire world population at the time.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Its long age and vast territory resulted in Roman Empire influences such as Latin and Greek, culture, religion, inventions, architecture, philosophy, law, and forms of government persisting eternal in its successor countries.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In European medieval times, attempts were even made to establish successors to the Roman Empire, including the Crusader state, the Romanian Empire, and the Holy Roman Empire.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Through explorations carried out by the Spanish, French, Portuguese, Dutch, Italian, German, British, and Belgian Imperium, Roman and Greek culture, or today known as Western culture, have been spread throughout the world and play an important role in the development of the modern world.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Rome's history had begun to expand its territory shortly after the founding of the Republic in the 6th century BC, although it did not extend beyond Italy until the 3rd century BC.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Thus, the Romans had actually been an “empire” long before it was ruled by an Emperor. [9]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In the modern context, the Roman Republic was not a nation-state, but rather a network of cities that were allowed to govern itself (though the degree of independence gained from the Roman Senate varied) and the provinces administered by a military commander.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

These territories were not ruled by the Emperor, but by magistrates elected annually (usually by the Roman Consul) as liaison to the Senate. [10]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

For various causes, the 1st century BC was a time of political and military upheaval that ultimately led to the Republic being ruled by an Emperor. [11]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The military power of consuls is listed in the Roman legal concept of “imperium”, literally meaning “command” (albeit in a military sense). [12]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Occasionally, a consul who is considered successful is given the honorary title of Imperator (commander), and it is this word that later became the origin of the word “Emperor” (and “Empire”), since this title was originally always given to Emperors when they ascended the throne. [13]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Romans had experienced a long series of internal conflicts, conspiracies and civil wars from the late 2nd century BC onwards, along with a massive expansion of territory beyond Italy.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Towards the end of this period, in 44 BC, Julius Caesar was appointed dictator for life before finally being assassinated.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Caesar's murderous faction was driven out of Rome and defeated at the Battle of Phillipi in 42 BC by forces led by Mark Antony and Caesar's adopted son, Octavian.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Antony and Octavian disagreed on the division of the Romans and Octavian forces managed to defeat the forces of Antony and Kleopatra in the Battle of Actium of 31 BC.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In 27 BC, the Senate and People of Rome elevated Octavian as princeps (“first citizen”) with proconsul imperium, and thus began Principatus (the first epoch in the history of the Roman Empire, beginning from 27 BC to 284 AD), as well as giving him the name Augustus (“the glorified”).


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Although the old constitution remained implemented, Augustus in reality dominated constitutional affairs.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Augustus' reign ended a civil war that had lasted for a century, and was considered to begin a period of unprecedented prosperity and peace.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Therefore, he was much loved and considered worthy of holding office as de facto king, if not de jure.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In the years of his reign, a new constitutional order was formed, so that after his death, this new constitutional order was nevertheless implemented as before when Tiberius was crowned as the new Emperor. The 200 years of reign beginning since Augustus traditionally known for the Pax Romana (“Roman Peace”).


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

During this period, the Empire's glory accrued with unprecedented increasing social stability and economic prosperity.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Uprisings in the provinces were rare, but when they occurred, rebellions took place “fiercely and swiftly”, [14] as happened in Britain and the Gauls.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Jewish-Roman war that lasted 60 years in the second half of the first century was a great war that occurred at the beginning of the empire, either in terms of old warfare or violence. [15]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Augustus' success in creating the principles of the turn of dynastic thrones was eclipsed by a number of talented and outliving heirs; the Julio-Klaudianus dynasty had four emperors ruling Roman—Tiberius, Caligula, Klaudius, and Nero.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The dynasty was overthrown in 69 AD in the War of the Four Emperors, which was won by Vespasianus.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Vespasianus became the founder of the short-lived Flavianus dynasty, followed by the Nerva—Antonine dynasty which gave birth to the “Five Good Emperors”: Nerva, Trajanus, Hadrianus, Antoninus Pius, and philosopher Marcus Aurelius.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In the view of the Greek contemporary historian and observer Dio Cassius, the ascending to his throne emperor Commodus in AD 180 marked the switch from “a golden kingdom to an iron kingdom" [16] —a well-known comment that led some historians, notably Edward Gibbon, to argue that the reign Commodus marked the beginning of the deterioration of the Roman Empire.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In 212, during the reign of Caracalla, Roman citizenship was granted to all independent inhabitants throughout the Empire.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

However, although this policy was universally enacted and arguably successful, the ruling Severan dynasty afterward brought the Romans into turbulent times—times of darkened reigns when emperors in power always ended their posts by being killed or executed.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In the run-up to its collapse, the Roman Empire was faced with the Crisis of the Third Century, a period marked by numerous invasions, civil conflicts, economic depressions, and bouts of plague. [17]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In defining historical epochs, this crisis is seen as a switch from the Classical Antiquity period towards Late Antiquity.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Diokletianus (reigned 284—305) brought the Empire back to the brink of collapse, but he declined the role of princeps and became the first emperor to be appointed regularly as dominus, master, or lord. [18]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

It marks the end of the “Principatus” and the beginning of the “Dominatus”.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

During the reign of Diokletianus also took place Imperial efforts in countering the threat from Christianity with the onset of the Great Persecution.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The conditions of absolute monarchy dating back to the reign of Diokletianus remained until the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Diokletianus divided the Empire into four regions each ruled by a different Emperor (Tetrarchy). [19]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Convinced that he had overcome all the problems in Rome, Diokletianus abdicated with his fellow caisers, and the Tetrarki-even collapsed.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The throne was then taken over by Constantine, who became the first emperor to embrace Christianity and set Constantinople as the new capital of the Eastern Empire.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In the decades of dynastic rule of Constantinianus and Valentinianus, the Empire was divided into western and eastern axes, with the centers of power being in Rome and Constantinople.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The reign of Julianus, who sought to restore Hellenistic and Classical Roman religions, lasted only briefly and was succeeded by Christian Emperors.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Theodosius I, the last emperor to rule East and West, died in AD 395 after making Christianity the official religion of the Empire. [20]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire began to weaken in the early 5th century as a result of blurring migrations and invasions of the Germanic peoples that overwhelmed the Empire to accommodate and resist these arrivals.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Most chronologies set the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476, when Romulus Augustulus was forced to surrender the throne to the Germanic warlord Odoaker. [21]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

By placing himself under the rule of the Eastern Emperor, instead of crowning himself Emperor (as other Germanic tribal leaders did after overthrowing the emperor), Odoaker ended the Western Empire's rule by breaking the Western Emperor's throne line.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Eastern Empire's control in the West began to wane in the following century.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Eastern Empire—currently known as the Byzantine Empire, but at that time still referred to by the “Roman Empire” or various other names—ended in 1453 after the death of Constantinusxi and the fall of Constantinople into the hands of the Ottoman Turks. [22]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The geography and demography of the Roman Empire was one of the largest empires in history, with mutually contiguous areas of power throughout Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. [23]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Latin phrase imperium sine fine (“empire without ends" [24]) denotes an ideology of no time or space that limits the Empire.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In Vergil's epic poem, the Aeneid, it is mentioned that this indefinite empire was bestowed upon the Romans by the great god Jupiter. [25]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

This claim to universal power was strengthened and renewed when the Empire came under Christian rule in the 4th century. [26]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In reality, most of the Roman expansion was done during the time of the Republic, although parts of northern Europe were conquered in the 1st century AD, when Roman control in Europe, Africa, and Asia grew stronger.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

During the reign of Augustus, a map of the world was displayed for the first time before an audience in Rome, comparable to the composition of the most comprehensive work of political geography that survived antiquity, the Geographica by the Greek writer Strabo. [27]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

When Augustus died, this work (Res Gestae) was still used as a guideline for examining societies and places within the Empire. [28]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Geography, censuses, and maintenance of written records were major concerns of the administration of the Roman Empire. [29]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire achieved its widest expansion under the reign of Trajanus (98—117), [30] encompassing an area of 5 million square kilometers that is today divided into 40 different modern states. [31]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Its population has traditionally been estimated at 55—60 million inhabitants, [32] or one-sixth to one-fourth of the entire world population at the time. [33]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

This made the Roman Empire the political entity with the largest number of inhabitants in the West until the mid-19th century. [34]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Recent demographic studies argue that the number of Roman population at its peak reached 70 million to more than 100 million inhabitants. [35]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The three largest cities in the Empire—Rome, Aleksandria, and Antioch—were nearly double the size of European cities in the early 17th century. [36]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

As revealed by historian Christopher Kelly: Formerly the empire stretched from Hadrian's Wall in the rainy region of northern England to the banks of the Euphrates river in Syria; from the great river Rhine—Danube, which flowed along the fertile region, in the European flat region of the Low Countries up to the Black Sea; across the rich plains of coastal North Africa and the Nile Valley hemispheres of Egypt.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The empire completely encircled the Mediterranean... dubbed by its conquerors with mare nostrum—'our sea'. [32]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Trajanus' successor, Hadrianus, implemented a policy of maintaining rather than expanding the empire's territory.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

During his reign, borders (fines) were marked and border lines (limites) guarded Roman soldiers. [37]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The most heavily guarded border is the most unstable region. [38]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Hadrian's Wall, which separated Roman territory from territories they considered vulnerable to barbarian threats, is a major frontier monument that still survives today. [39]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Language of the Roman Empire was Latin.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

According to Virgil, Latin was the source of unity and tradition of the Romans. [40]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Until the reign of Aleksander Severus (222—235), birth certificates and wills of Roman citizens had to be written in Latin. [41]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Latin was the official language of courts and militaries throughout the Empire, [42] but its use was not officially imposed upon peoples under Roman rule. [43]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

This policy contradicted that carried out by Aleksander the Great, who aimed to make Greek the official language throughout his empire. [44]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

As a consequence of Aleksander's conquers, Koine Greek has become the language of promiscuity in the eastern Mediterranean and Asia Minor. [45]”


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Linguistic border” divides Latin West and Greek East through the Balkan peninsula. [46] jmpl|upright=1.4|left|A papyrus from the 5th century bearing the text of Cicero's speech, written in Latin and Greek. [47]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Romans who attended elite education studied Greek as a literary language, and most of the upper class men were able to speak Greek. [48]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The emperors of the Julio-Klaudianus dynasty encouraged the correct and high-standard use of Latin (Latinity), a linguistic movement that in the modern world is known as Classical Latin, and preferred the use of Latin in official affairs. [49]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Klaudius attempted to restrict the use of Greek, and even revoked the citizenship of those who did not master Latin.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Nonetheless, Klaudius, who mastered both languages, still spoke Greek when addressing Greek representatives in the Senate. [49]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Suetonius dubbed the Emperor “our bilingualist”. [50]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In the Eastern Empire, official and court documents were regularly translated into Greek from Latin. [51]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Side-by-side use of this language can be found in bilingual inscriptions, which are sometimes written back and forth between Greek and Latin. [52]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

After all the independent inhabitants of the Empire were given the right to choose the language they were about to speak in 212 AD, most Roman citizens did not master Latin, although they were still obliged to know at least punctuation, and Latin remained only a marker” apologetics”. [53]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Other reforms were made during the reign of emperor Diokletianus (284—305), who attempted to again make Latin the “language of power. “[54]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In the early 6th century, the emperor Justinianus attempted to reaffirm the status of Latin as a legal language, although by then Latin no longer had a foothold as a language of promiscuity in the East. [55]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The regional language and linguistic heritage of JMPL|upright=1.5|Latin-Punisian bilingual inscriptions in the Leptis Magna theatre, Roman Africa (present-day Libya).


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Studies show the existence of ongoing use of regional languages in addition to Greek and Latin, especially in Egypt, which is predominantly Coptic, and in military territories along the Rhine and Danube rivers.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Roman magistrates also showed concern for regional languages such as Punisian, Gallic, and Aramaic to ensure legal understanding and correct pronunciation of oaths. [56]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In the province of Africa, Punisia was used as a coin legend during the reign of Tiberius (1st century AD), and Punian-language inscriptions appeared in public buildings in the 2nd century AD, some of which were bilingual with Latin. [57]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In Syria, Tadmur's army even used Aramaic dialects as inscriptions, contrary to rules establishing Latin as a military language. [58]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The papyrus of the Babatha Archive is a suggestive example of the application of multilingualism in the Roman Empire.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

This papyrus, named after a Jewish woman in the province of Arabia and dates back to 93-132 AD, mostly uses Aramaic (the local language) and is written in Greek script with Semitic and Latin influences. [59]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The dominance of Latin among the learned elite also hindered the continuity of the oral language, as almost all cultures within the Roman Empire were oral. [60]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In the West, Latin, or its oral form referred to as Vulgar Latin, gradually replaced the Keltic and Italic languages that used to be rooted from the Indo-European language family.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The existence of syntax and vocabulary equation also makes it easier to adopt Latin. [61]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Basque language, which was not a branch of the Indo-European languages, managed to survive Latin domination in the Pyrenees region. [62]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

After the decentralization of political power in late antiquity, Latin evolved into a number of language clumps such as the Roman language, which includes Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

As an international language of education and literature, Latin has remained an active medium for expression in the field of diplomacy and intellectual development since Renaissance Humanism up to the 17th century, and within the field of law and among the Roman Catholic Church until recently. [63]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Although Greek remained the language of the Byzantine Empire, the linguistic spread of this language in Eastern Romance was more complex.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The majority of the population of Greek-speakers lives in the islands and peninsulas of Greece, in western Anatolia, large cities, and in a small part of the coastal region. [64]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Like Greek and Latin, the Trakian language has its roots from Indo-European languages, as well as several languages in Anatolia that are currently extinct, attested through inscriptions dating back to the Imperial era. [65]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The diverse languages of Afro-Asia—especially Coptic in Egypt and Aramaic in Syria and Mesopotamia—were irreplaceable by Greek.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In addition, the international use of Greek was one of the factors that played a role in the spread of Christianity, such as the use of Greek in the Epistles of Paul. [66]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The society of the Roman Empire was a highly multicultural empire, with an “admirable cohesive capacity” to create a sense of shared identity that encompassed diverse peoples within its political system for long periods of time. [67]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Roman efforts in building public monuments and communal spaces reserved for all citizens—such as forums, amphitheatres, race tracks and public baths—helped foster a sense of “romanness” (Romanness). [68]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Roman society had diverse and overlapping social hierarchies, which could not be accurately explained by the concept of “class” in modern times. [69]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The civil war that lasted for two decades before Augustus rose to power resulted in the people of Rome being in a situation of confusion and upheaval, [70] but did not directly impact the redistribution of wealth and social power.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

From the perspective of lower class society, the crest is solely added to the social pyramid. [71]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Personalized relationships—patronation, friendship (amicitia), family, marriage—still influence the workings of politics and government, just as they did during the Republic. [72]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Nonetheless, during Nero's reign, it was unusual to find a former slave richer than an independent citizen, or a horseman more powerful than a senator. [73]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The blurring or diffusion of more rigid hierarchies in Republican times led to increased social mobility in Imperial times, [74] both upward and downward mobility, to levels that surpassed the well-documented social lives of other ancient peoples. [75]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Women, independent citizens, and slaves had the opportunity to leverage and exercise influence through means previously unavailable to them. [76]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Social life in the Roman Empire, especially for those with limited personal resources, was further helped by the proliferation of voluntary societies and fraternities (collegium and Sodales), which were formed for various purposes: professional and merchant guilds, veterans' groups, religious fraternities, drinking and dining clubs, [77] performing arts troupes, [78] and funeral organizers. [79]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Legal status According to jurist Gaius, the main difference in the Roman “individual law” was the classification of man into two statuses, namely independence (liberi) and slave (servi). [80]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The legal status of independent citizens can be further defined through their citizenship.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

At the beginning of the empire, only certain men were entitled to receive Roman citizenship status, allowing them to vote, run for government posts, and become the priesthood.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Most citizens have limited rights (ius Latinum, “Latin rights”), but are still entitled to legal protections and other rights that cannot be enjoyed by a stateless person.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Independent people who were not considered citizens but lived in Roman territory bear the status of peregrini, or non-Roman. [81]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In 212 AD, with the enactment of the decree Constitutio Antoniniana, Emperor Caracalla granted citizenship status to the entire independent population in the territory of the Empire.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

This legal egalitarianism requires revision from existing laws to distinguish between citizens and non-citizens. [82]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Women as legal entities Independent born Roman women were considered citizens, both in the Republic and in the Empire, but did not have suffrage, were not allowed to hold political office, or serve in the military.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The citizenship status of a mother determines the citizenship status of her children, as indicated in the phrase ex duobus civibus Romanis natos (“children born to two Roman citizens”). [83]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Roman women remained using her surname (nomen) for life.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Children most often go by their father's name, but sometimes also take part of their mother's name, or even fully use the mother's name rather than the father's name. [84]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The arkais form of manus marriage when the woman was subject to her husband's orders had generally been abandoned by the Imperial era, and the married woman remained in possession of the entire estate she brought into her husband's house.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Technically, a woman remains under the legal authority of her father, even though she has moved into her husband's house, and when her father dies, then she is legally a free woman. [85]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

This policy was one of the factors that made Roman women enjoy much better freedom when compared to other ancient cultures and even into modern times: [86] although she was legally responsible to her father, she was free from direct oversight in daily life, [87] and her husband had no legal force over her. [88]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In the Romans, it became a pride for a woman who married only once in her life (univira); there was little social stigma attached to divorce, or re-marriage after a divorce or left dead husband. [89]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Daughters have the same inheritance rights as sons if their father dies without leaving a will. [90]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

A mother in the Romans was also entitled to own personal wealth and sell it if she thought it was unsuitable, entitled to write her own will, and exert great influence to her children even when they were adults. [91]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

As part of the Augustan program to restore moral values and social order, moral legislation seeks to regulate women's behavior in order to promote"family values”.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Adultery, which became a private affair of the family during the time of the Republic, had been criminalized in Imperial times, [92] and was widely interpreted as “an illicit sex activity (stuprum) occurring between a male citizen and a married woman, or between a woman who is married to a man who is not her husband”. [93]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The ability to give birth was encouraged by the government: a woman who had given birth to three children was bestowed a symbolic award and granted greater legal freedom (ius trium liberorum).


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Because of her legal status as citizens and the size of the level of emancipation, women in the Roman Empire could own their own property, perform labor contracts, and engage in business, [94] including shipping, manufacturing, and money-lending businesses.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Inscriptions found throughout the Empire inscribe the veneration of women as benefactors who funded public works, indicating that Roman women could amass and spend their own wealth; as an example, the construction of the Arch of the Sergii was funded by Salvia Postuma , a woman member of a noble family, and the largest building in the forum in Pompeii was funded by Eumachia, a female priest of Venus. [95]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Slaves and laws By the time Augustus came to power, as many as 35 percent of Italy's citizens were slaves, [96] thus making Rome one of the five historic “slave cities”, of which slaves amounted to at least one-fifth of the total population and played an important role in the economy. [97 ]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Slavery was a complex institution that supported traditional Roman social structures as well as contributed to economic utility. [98]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In urban areas, slaves may be just as professional as a teacher, doctor, chef, and accountant, in addition to most untrained and skilled slaves working in households or factories.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Agriculture and industry, such as milling and mining, relied heavily on the exploitation of slaves.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Outside Italy, the number of slaves was estimated at 10 to 20 percent of the population, less common in Roman Egypt but more concentrated in some areas of Greece.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The expansion of agricultural and industrial land by the Empire influenced slavery practices already in Roman provinces. [99]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Although the institutions of slavery were thought to have already faded in the 3rd and 4th centuries, slavery remained an integral part of Roman society well into the 5th century.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Slavery ceased gradually in the 6th and 7th centuries along with the decline of urban centers in the West and the disintegration of the Empire's economy leading to reduced demand for slave labor. [100]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The laws governing slavery in the Roman Empire were “very complicated”. [101]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Under Roman law, slaves were considered property and had no individual law.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

They could be subject to unusual corporal punishment imposed on citizens, sexual exploitation, torture, and lightning executions.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

A slave legally could not be raped, as rape could only be committed against independent persons; a slave rapist could be prosecuted by the owner for having damaged his “property”, in accordance with the Law of Aquilia. [102]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Slaves did not have the right to legally marry (conubium), but the relationship between a pair of slaves was sometimes recognized, and if both slaves were freed, then they could legally marry. [103]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

After the Slave Wars in Republican times, laws during the reign of Augustus and his successors further suppressed and limited the number of slave unions, and orders to hunt down fugitive slaves. [104]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Technically, slaves were not allowed to own property, [105] but a slave working on business had access to one's property or funds (peculium) whose profits he could use as if his own property.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

These terms of “possessions” varied, depending on the level of trust and cooperation between the owner and the slave: a slave who had business prowess could more easily make a profit, and might be allowed to have a peculium that he could use to pay other slaves. [106]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Slaves also have hierarchies at home or at work, which is when a slave also acts as master for other slaves. [107]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Over time, the legal protections that slaves acquired were increasing, including the right to file complaints against their masters.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In the memorandum of purchase, there is a clause explaining that slaves should not be employed as prostitutes, since most prostitutes in ancient Roman were slaves. [108]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The flourishing of the eunuch slave trade in the late 1st century led to the issuance of laws prohibiting the castration of slaves if it was against his wishes. “[109]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Slavery in the Romans was not based on “race” in the modern sense. [110]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

When slavery was being widespread during the time of the Republic, prisoners of war were the main source of being made slaves.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Among the prisoners of war who were made slaves, the Greek conquers had brought a number of highly skilled and educated slaves to Rome.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Slaves were also trafficked in markets, and sometimes sold by Sicilian pirates.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The neglect of infants and selling oneself as slaves were common among poor citizens were other sources of slavery. [111]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Vernae, by contrast, were “native Roman” slaves born to female slaves in urban households, in plantations, or agricultural regions.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Although they have no special legal status, owners who persecute or fail to keep these vernae will receive a social sneer, since the vernae are already considered part of the familia, family household, or in some cases may in fact be children of independent men within the family. [112]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Slaves who were gifted and possessed of business prowess were probably able to accumulate a peculium large enough to free themselves from slavery (manumission).


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

This manumission was frequent enough that in the 2nd century BC, a law (Lex Fufia Caninia) was passed to limit the number of slaves that the owner may emancipate at his own will. [113]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Rome's former slaves differed from Greek city-states in allowing slaves who had been freed to become citizens.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Once freed, a slave once owned by a Roman citizen not only enjoyed passive freedom from his owner, but also gained active political freedoms (libertas), including the right to vote. [114]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The slave who had acquired libertas was called a libertus (“free man,” for woman: liberta), whereas the former master would be a patron (patronus, protector): both parties still remained customary and legal obligations to each other.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In social classes, slaves who had been free were referred to as libertini, although in later times writers preferred to use the terms libertus and libertinus. [115]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

A libertinus was not entitled to hold public office or the highest priesthood of the state, but he could play a priestly role in the cult of the emperor.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

A libertinus may also not marry a woman from a senator-ranking family, or attain the rank of senator legitimately, but during the early Empire, many former slaves held key positions in the government bureaucracy, so Emperor Hadrianus limited their participation legally. [116]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Children born to former slaves would be in independent status with full citizenship rights.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The success of the former slaves—both in terms of political influence or in terms of wealth—was characteristic of early Imperial society.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The prosperity of high-achieving groups derived from former slaves is mentioned in inscriptions throughout the Empire, and through the ownership of a number of mansions in Pompeii, for example the House of the Vettii.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The existence of the former slave nouveau riche is narrated through the character Trimalchio in the Satyricon by Petronius, written during the reign of Nero.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Social class The Latin word order (plural: ordines) refers to social differences that can be translated in a variety of words such as “class”, “order”, and “rank”, although none of them really come close to their true meaning.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

One of the purposes of the Roman census was to determine into which order a person should be classed.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The two highest ordines in Rome were the order of senators and horsemen.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Outside Rome, decurions, also known as curiales (Greek: bouleutai), were the highest order in each city. jmpl|left|sarcophagus fragments depicting Gordianus III and the senate (3rd century) “Senators” was not an elected office in ancient Roman; one obtained permission to enter the Senate after he was appointed and served for one period as executive magistrate.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

A senator must also qualify for ownership of property worth 1 million sestertii, which is determined through the census. [117]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Emperor Nero gifted large sums of money to several would-be senators from ancient families who were too poor to qualify for appointment as senators.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Not all qualified men of the order of senatorius could be elected to fill Senate seats, which also entailed the law of domicile in the territory of Rome.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Emperors often fill vacancies of positions of 600 members of the Senate through certain agreements. [118]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The senator's son automatically enters the senatorial order, but he must also have the ability and fulfill the requirements to be elected as the Senate.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

A senator could be impeached for violating moral standards; for example, he was forbidden to marry a former slave or fight in an arena. [119]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In Nero's time, most senators came from Rome and other Italian regions, with a small part of the Iberian peninsula and southern France; men from the Greek-speaking provinces of the East began to join the Senate during the reign of Vespasianus. [120]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The first senator of the Easternmost province, Cappadocia, was appointed by Emperor Marcus Aurelius. [121]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

At the time of the Severanus dynasty (193—235), about half the members of the Senate were Italian. [122]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

By the 3rd century AD, the requirement of having to be domiciled in Rome was no longer considered practical, and the inscriptions found prove that the senators who were active in politics represented their respective homelands (patria). [119]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Senators have an aura of prestige and are a traditional governing class that achieved glory through the cursus honorum, or political career ladder.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Nonetheless, horsemen in the Empire often had greater wealth and political power when compared to senators.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Membership in the equestrian order is based on the amount of possessions held; in Rome, at first equites or knights were classed according to their ability in serving the Empire as equestrian warriors, although cavalry service was a separate function within the Empire. [123]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

If census results show a person has a wealth of more than 400,000 sesterces and three generations born as independent citizens, then that person is considered eligible to be a horseman. [124]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

A census in 28 BC found a large number of eligible men, and in the census of 14 AD, about a thousand horsemen were registered in the regions of Cadiz and Padua. [125]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Horsemen achieved glory through the military career (tres militiae) to become prefects and procurators of high standing in the Imperial government. [126]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The entry of people from the provinces into equestrian orders and senators was an aspect of social mobility in the first three centuries of Imperial rule. [127]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Roman aristocracy was based on rivalry.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Unlike later European nobility, the Roman family could not bequeath its status hereditarily or through a title. [128]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Being a member of the higher ordines does bring differences and privileges, but on the other hand it also brings great responsibility.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In ancient times, the development of a city depended on its trusted citizens funding public works, events, and services (munera), instead of depending on tax revenue that was generally utilized to support the military.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

To maintain his status, one must expend considerable personal property. [129]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The decurion (city council) was instrumental in carrying out municipal functions in the Empire.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

If the city council position suffered a vacancy, the people in power in the Senate would be dismissed by the central government, give up their seats and return to their respective cities to become city councillors.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

This effort aims to sustain civilian life. [130]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Later in the Empire, the title of dignitas (“worthy, distinguished”) pinned on senators and horsemen was smoothed again with titles such as vir illustris, “luminary man”. [131]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The designation clarissimus (Greek: lamprotatos) is used to refer to the dignitas of a particular senator and his family members, including the women. [132]”


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The ranks” for horsemen are numerous.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Persons serving the Empire were given rank by pay (sexagenarius, 60,000 sesterces per year; centenarius, 100,000; ducenarius, 200,000).


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The title of eminentissimus, “most superior” (Greek: exochôtatos) was conferred on horsemen who had become Praetorian prefects.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The highest rank of horseman is perfectissimi, “most eminent” (Greek: diasêmotatoi), while the lowest is egregii, “extraordinary” (Greek: kratistos). [133]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Injustice After the legal principles of citizen equality during the Republic faded, the social and symbolic rights of Roman society were unofficially divided into two groups, namely those with greater respect (honestiores) and the common people (humiliores).


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In general, honestiores are members of the three highest “orders”, including certain military officer posts. [134]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The granting of universal citizenship rights in 212 is thought to have increased the urge to compete among the upper classes, generally to demonstrate their superiority over other citizens, especially in the judicial system. [135]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The awarding of the sentence depends on the court of the official who assesses the “eligibility” (dignitas) of the defendant: a honestior could pay a fine if convicted of being guilty of a crime, whereas a humilior would receive a lash. [136]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The death penalty, which was rarely handed down to independent men in Republican times, [137] could take place quickly and painlessly on citizens of the Empire deemed “more honorable”, whereas ordinary citizens considered lesser might first be persecuted and imposed torture previously only enforced on slaves, for example crucifixion and being treated like animals before spectators in the arena. [138]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

At the beginning of the Empire, people who converted to Christianity could lose positions as honestiores, especially if they refused to fulfill responsibilities as citizens due to religious aspects, and also became the subject of punishments that created the conditions of martyrdom. [139]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

JMPL|upright=1.2|Forum Gerasa (now Jerash, Jordan), with columns marking a covered walkway (stoa) for vendor stalls, and a semicircular space for public speaking The three main elements in the Roman Empire were central government, military, and provincial government. [140]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The military controlled a region during the war, but after the city or its people became part of the Romans, this military duty passed to the police force, whose function was to protect Roman citizens (after 212 AD all free inhabitants in the Empire), protecting the agricultural lands that gave them meals, and places of worship. [141]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Without modern instruments such as communication and mass extermination, Roman citizens would not have sufficient power or resources to impose their dominion with power alone.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Cooperation with local ruling elites is necessary to maintain order, gather information, and reap revenue.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Roman citizens often took advantage of political divisions by supporting one faction rather than the other: in Plutarch's view, “it was a dispute between factions in cities that led to the retraction of self-governing”. [142]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Societies that showed loyalty to the Romans could enforce their own laws, entitled to collect taxes in a state, and even exempt from Roman taxes.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Legal rights and independence were incentives obtained if it could maintain good relations with Rome. [143]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Roman rule was limited, but efficient in managing available resources. [144]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Central rule The emperor's domination was based on the consolidation of certain powers of a number of Republican officials, including the inviolable tribune of the people and the censor authority to manipulate the hierarchies of Roman society. [145]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The emperor also crowned himself a central religious authority such as Pontifex Maximus, and had a centralized right to declare war, certify treaties, and confer with foreign leaders. [146]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Although this function was very clearly defended during the Principatus period, the emperor's power over time became less constitutional and more monarchical, giving birth to the era of Dominatus. [147]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The emperor had supreme authority in drafting policy and making decisions, but at the beginning of Principatus, he could still relate to people from all walks of life, and handled personally official affairs and petitions.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The bureaucracy that existed around the emperor was formed gradually. [148]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The emperors of the Julio-Klaudian dynasty relied on an official advisory body of not only senators and riders, but also trusted slaves and former slaves. [149]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

After Nero's reign, the unofficial influence of slaves and former slaves was considered suspicious, and a council of emperors (consilium) was formally formed in favor of a more transparent government. [150]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Although the senate acted as policymakers until the end of the Antonine dynasty, horsemen or knights played an increasingly important role in the consilium. [151]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The women of the emperor's family often intervened directly in the emperor's decision-making.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Plotina had influence in the decision-making of both her husband, Trajanus and her successor, Hadrianus.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

This influence was shown through his officially published letters, as a sign that the emperor's authority was influenced and listened to by his people. [152]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The people could meet the emperor in daily events such as receptions (salutatio), traditional events of tribute performed by former slaves to his patrons; public banquets held in palaces; and religious ceremonies.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Ordinary folk who did not have this opportunity could channel their respect or dissatisfaction with the emperor in groups in the events held in large arenas. [153]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In the 4th century, after urban centers had decreased, Christian emperors became the main figures issuing general rules, and no longer responded to individual petitions. [154]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Although the senate could carry out assassinations and open rebellion to defy the emperor's will, this never happened in the time of the Augustusan restoration and even in the tumultuous times known as the Year of the Four Emperors, and thus retains political centrality symbolic at the time of Principatus. [155]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The senate was tasked with legislating the emperor's rule, and the emperor required an experienced senate as legate (legatus) to fill the positions of general, diplomat, and administrator. [156]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The success of a person's career is determined by his competence as an administrator, and the rest is determined by the emperor. [157]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The practical source of the emperor's power was the military.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The legionaries were salaried by the Imperial treasurer, and swore annually to be loyal to the emperor (sacramentum). [158]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The death of an emperor often creates uncertainty and crisis.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Most emperors self-appointed their replacements, usually members of the next of kin or adopted an heir.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The new emperor must be able to obtain recognition quickly related to his status and authority to stabilize the political landscape.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

No emperor expected to live, let alone be able to rule, without the support and loyalty of the Praetoria Guard and legions.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

To gain their loyalty, some emperors even paid donativum, which is a gift in the form of money.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In theory, the Senate was entitled to elect a new emperor, but this right was limited by the acclamation of the soldiers and the Praetoria Guard. [159]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Military Soldiers of the army of the Roman Empire were professional men who actively served voluntarily for 20 years and five years as reserve servicemen.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The transition to being a professional military officer had begun at the end of the Republican term, and was one of many that underwent a shift in republicanism, for which servicemen who had undergone conscription had to carry out their responsibilities as citizens to defend the homeland in warfare against certain threats.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In the Roman Empire, the military itself was a full-time career. [160]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The main mission of the Roman military at the beginning of the empire was to maintain the sustainability of Pax Romana. [161]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The three main divisions of the Imperial military were: the Garrison in Rome, which included the Praetoria Guard and vigiles serving as police and firemen; the provincial army, composed of Roman legions and auxiliary troops provided by the provinces (auxilia); the navy.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The spread of military garrisons throughout the Empire was a major influence in the process of cultural change and assimilation known as “Romanization,” especially in the political, economic, and religious spheres. [162]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Knowledge of the Roman military was obtained from sources such as Greek and Roman literary texts, coins with military themes, papyri containing military writings, monuments such as the Column of Trajanus and the gate of the triumphal arch, all of which feature artistic images of men in combat or military equipment, archeology of military cemeteries, battlegrounds, encampments, and inscriptions, including military diplomas, epitaphs, and dedications. [163]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Through his military reforms, which included melting or disbanding military units whose loyalty was in question, Augustus transformed and regulated legions, including setting a pattern of shoe spikes on the soles of soldiers' shoes. [164]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

One legion was divided into ten cohorts, each consisting of six centuria, with one centuria divided into ten squads (contubernia).


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The exact number of Imperial legions measured based on logistics is estimated to range from 4,800 to 5,280 legions. [165]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In the 9th century, Germanic tribes managed to sweep away three full legions in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

This adverse event reduced the number of legions to 25.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The overall number of legions then increased again and over the following 300 years, the number was always above or below 30. [166]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The army had about 300,000 warriors in the 1st century, and under 400,000 in the 2nd century, “significantly smaller” when compared to the combined forces from the territories they conquered.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In reality, no more than 2% of adult men in the Empire served in the Roman army. [167]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Augustus also formed the Guard of Praetoria: nine cohorts whose task was to maintain the general peace and were stationed in Italy.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

With a greater salary than the members of the legion, the Praetoria Guard only served for sixteen years. [168]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Auxilia (auxiliary troops) were recruited from among non-citizens.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Placed in units smaller than cohort units, these auxilia warriors were salaried fewer than legionaries, and after serving for 25 years, the soldiers were granted Roman citizenship status, which could be passed down to their sons.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

According to Tacitus, [169] the number of auxilia was roughly equal to the number of legions.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

If counted as a whole, these Auxilia numbered about 125,000, which were divided into 250 auxilia regiments. [170]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Roman cavalry during the early Empire was generally stationed in the territories of Keltic, Germanic, or Roman Spain.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Some training equipment and weaponry, such as the four-horn-saddle, are of Keltic origin, as recorded by Arrian and demonstrated through archaeological evidence. [171]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Roman navy (Latin: classis, “fleet”) not only helped supply and transport the legions, but also helped protect the borders along the Rhine and Danube rivers.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Another task was to protect important maritime trade routes from pirate threats.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The navy patrolled the Central Seas, parts of the North Atlantic coast, and the Black Sea.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Nonetheless, the army remains considered a more senior and prestigious branch. [172]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Provincial administration Conquered territories can be a province through three stages, namely creating a list of cities, conducting population censuses, and urveying land. [173]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Further record-keeping included the recording of births and deaths, housing, transactions, taxes, and juridical proceedings. [174]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In the 1st and 2nd centuries, the central government sent about 160 officials annually outside Italy. [175]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Among these officials included “Roman governors”, or also referred to as the elected magistrates in Rome who ruled the senatorial provinces on behalf of the Roman people; or governors, usually from among horsemen, who ruled their imperium on behalf of the emperor in the province whose was outside the control of senators, especially Roman Egypt. [176]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

A governor must have access to the people he commands, although he can lavish various duties. [177]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In addition, the governor's staff has minimal duties: official officers (apparitors), including lictors, heralds, messengers, scriba, bodyguards, legatus, both from civilian and military circles (usually horsemen), as well as friends of the governor, who come from diverse ages and accompanying experiences governor unofficially. [177]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Other officials were appointed as government financial supervisors. [175]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Separating fiscal responsibility from legal and administrative responsibilities was a reform undertaken during the time of the Empire.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Under the Republic, provincial governors and tax collectors could more freely tap the local population to dredge up personal gain. [178]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The procurator, whose authority was originally in the form of “extra-constitutional and extra-judicial”, also co-administered the property of the state and personal property of the emperor (res privata). [177]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Since the number of officials of the Roman administration was few, provinces requiring assistance on matters of legal disputes or criminal cases could seek assistance from Roman citizens deemed to have official capacities, for example procurators or police officers, as well as lowly senturion officials and military police. [179]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Roman law The Roman Court held original jurisdiction over cases involving Roman citizens throughout the empire, but there were also some judicial functionaries who imposed Roman law uniformly on the provinces.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Most regions of the Eastern empire have had well-composed legal codes and judicial procedures. [180]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In general, it had been Roman policy to respect the mos regionis (“regional tradition” or “customary law”) and to regard local law as a source of legal precedent and social stability. [181]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The existence of compatibility between Roman law and local law is thought to reflect ius gentium, the “law of nations” or international law comparable to the mix of common law and customary law in various world societies. [182]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

If the decision of provincial law conflicted with Roman law or custom, the Roman court would make an appeal, and the emperor held the authority to take the final decision. [183]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In the Western Empire, law was administered on a religious or tribal basis, and the right of private ownership may have been a novelty in the Roman era, especially among the Keltics.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Roman law facilitated the collection of private wealth by pro-Roman elites who had privileged as citizens. [184]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The granting of universal citizenship status on all independent residents throughout the Empire in 212 led to the uniform implementation of Roman law, replacing the customary code of law previously enacted upon non-citizens.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Emperor Diocletianus' efforts to stabilize the Empire after the Crisis of the Third Century include by issuing two major legal compilations within four years, namely the Gregorianus Codex and the Hermogenianus Kodex, aimed at guiding provincial officials in setting legal standards which is consistent. [185]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The application of Roman law throughout Western Europe engendered an enormous influence on the Western legal tradition, which is reflected in the use of Latin legal terminology in modern law.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Taxation Taxation at the time of the Roman Empire was worth 5 percent of gross product. [31]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The tax rate paid by a person generally ranges from 2 to 5 percent. [186]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Roman tax code was “confusing and complicated” when viewed from the direct and indirect tax system; some people paid taxes with money and partly with goods.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Taxes for provinces are more specific, or for business types such as fisheries and salt evaporation ponds; taxes for these undertakings may be enforced for a limited time. [187]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Tax collection was justified by the need to maintain a wartime force, [188] and taxpayers sometimes got a refund if soldiers earned surplus from war booty. [189]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Taxes in the form of goods (natura) were enforced in money-producing territories, especially for people supplying food or goods to army encampments. [190]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The main source of direct tax revenue is individuals, who pay levy taxes and taxes on land ownership. [186]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Certain eligible persons could obtain tax breaks, for example Egyptian farmers could register land owned by them as vacant land, depending on the flood pattern of the Nile. [191]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Taxpayers are determined through a census, which counts the number of family members and the number of possessions held by a household, including ownership of farmland and dwellings. [191]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The main source of indirect tax revenue is portoria, levies and duties imposed on export and import activities, including in the provinces. [186]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Special taxes were imposed on slave trading activities.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Towards the end of his reign, Augustus established a slave trade tax worth 4 percent, [192] which Nero later diverted his collectors from buyers to slave suppliers, who responded to it by raising slave prices. [193]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The owner who freed his slaves was also required to pay an “exemption tax”, whose value was 5 percent of the slave's price. [194]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

An inheritance tax that amounted to 5 percent of net worth was enacted when a Roman citizen bequeathed his estate to another person who was not a member of his immediate family.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The revenue from the luxury housing tax and from the sales tax of the size of one percent is used to pay the money of retired veterans (aerarium militare). [186]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Low taxes helped the Roman nobility increase their wealth, the amount of which equaled or even exceeded the sum of the revenues of the central government.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

An emperor sometimes filled the coffers of his personal possessions by confiscating mansions belonging to “super-rich” citizens.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In later periods, the resistance of wealthy citizens who refused to pay taxes became one of the factors contributing to the Empire's collapse. [33]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Economist Moses Finley was a major proponent of the primitive view which held that the Roman economy was “undeveloped and undeveloped”, characterised by subsistence agriculture; urban centers that were more consuming than producing in terms of industry and commerce; low-status craftsmen; sluggish technological development; and “lack of economic rationality”. [195]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Whereas the current views regarding the condition of the Roman economy are more complex.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Conquering the territory triggered a large-scale reorganization of land use, resulting in surpluses and agricultural specialization, especially in North Africa. [196]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Few cities are known for industrial or mercantile activities, and the scale of buildings in urban areas indicates the presence of significant industrial construction. [196]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Papyri from the Roman period contain complex accounting methods reflecting elements of economic rationalism [197] and a very revenue-oriented Empire. [198]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Although means of communication and transportation were limited in ancient times, transportation in the 1st and 2nd centuries developed rapidly, and trade routes interconnected the economies between regions. [199]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The bidding contracts for servicemen, which spread across the Empire, were utilized by local suppliers around military bases (castrums) throughout the provinces and along borders. [200]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was considered advanced in terms of the regional economic network, which was based on a form of “political capitalism”, with the state supervising and regulating trade activities to rake in revenue. [201]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Economic growth, though not comparable to the modern economy, was more advanced than most of the rest of society before industrialization. [197]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Socially, economic dynamism paved the way for social mobility in the Roman Empire.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Social status does not depend on birth, patronation, luck, or even extraordinary skills.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Although the value of aristocracy is inherent among traditional elite societies, a strong tendency towards plutocracy can be seen in the form of wealth requirements when conducting a census.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Prestige could be gained through the investment of wealth in the form of large estates, housing, luxury items such as jewelry and silver, public entertainment, memorial monuments for family members or co-workers, and places of adoration such as altars.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Trade unions (collegia) and corporations (corpora) provide support for individual success through networking, teaching sound business practices, and willingness to work. [202]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Currency and banking Currency denominations 27 BC—212 M: 1 gold aureus (1/40lb. gold, down to 1/50lb. in 212) = 25 silver denarii = 100 bronze sestertii = 400 copper asses 294—312:1 gold aureus solidus (1/60lb. gold) = 10 silver argentei = 40 bronze folles = 1,000 metals debas denarii 312 and above: 1 gold solidus (1/72lb. ) = 24 silver siliquae = 180 bronze folles The empire in the early days was very productive to make money to near universal levels, in the sense of using money in terms of price and debt. [203]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Sestertius (plural: sestertii, denoted by HS) was the basic unit for calculating prices in the 4th century, [204] while the silver denarius, which is equivalent to four sestertii, began to be used in accounting during the reign of the Severanus dynasty. [205]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The smallest coins circulating in Roman times were bronze aces (plural: asses), or the equivalent of a quarter sestertius. [206]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Bullion and ingots do not count as pecunia, “money,” and are used only within the limits of business transactions or land purchases.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Roman citizens in the 1st and 2nd centuries counted the number of coins, instead of weighing—which suggests that a coin was worth because of its shape, not because of its metal content.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The trend towards the use of fiat money among Roman citizens led to a decline in the value of Roman currency which impacted the economy of the Empire later on. [207]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Money standardization across the Empire promoted trade and market integration. [208]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The high number of metal currencies in circulation increases the supply of money to spend and save. [209]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Rome does not have a central bank, and the regulation of the banking system is minimal.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Banks in classical times typically held less reserve money than the total amount of customer deposits.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Banks typically have limited capital, and often have only one principal capital, although there are also banks that hold six to fifteen principal capital.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Seneca stated that anyone engaged in trading activities needed credit assistance. [210]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

A professional banker (argentarius, coactor argentarius, or nummularius) receives and holds deposits for a specified or indefinite period, and lends money to third parties. [212]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The senators' elite also engaged in banking activities, either as creditors or debtors, who lent their personal property on the basis of social relations. [213]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Debt holders can use borrowed money as a means of payment by transferring it to another party, without any cash changing hands.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Although in ancient Rome it was rare for documentary or “paper” transactions, banking systems throughout the Empire also permitted the exchange of large amounts of money in the absence of physical transfers of coins, generally to avoid the risk of displacement of large amounts of cash, especially by sea.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The only serious credit righteousness known to have ever occurred at the beginning of the Empire was the credit crunch in 33 AD, which resulted in a number of senators being in risky conditions; the central government saved the market by borrowing money as much as 100 million HS to various banks (mensae ), conducted by the emperor Tiberius. [214]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In general, the available capital exceeds the amount required by the borrower. [215]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The central government itself does not borrow money, and has no state debt to fund the deficit from its cash reserves. [216]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Emperors of the Antonine dynasty and Severanus as a whole had lowered the value of coinage, especially the denarius, due to pressure to pay off military salaries. [217]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The sudden inflation that occurred during Commodus' reign endangered credit markets. [215]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

By the middle of the 2nd century, the money supply of coins increased sharply. [218]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Various conditions during the Third Century Crisis—such as declining long-distance trade, disruption of mining operations, and the transfer of gold coins out of the empire by enemies invading Roman territories—reduced the amount of money in circulation and weakened the banking sector by the year 300 M. [219] Although long ago Roman currency took the form of fiat money or fiduciary currency, economic malaise began to take fore during the reign of Aurelianus, and bankers lost confidence in the official coin money issued by the central government.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Diokletianus introduced the gold solidus and made monetary reforms, but the Empire's credit markets never fully recovered. [215]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Mining and metallurgy The main mining regions in the Roman Empire were Spain (gold, silver, copper, tin, lead); Gauls (gold, silver, iron); Britain (iron, lead, tin); the Province of Danubia (gold, iron); Macedonia and Thrace (gold, silver); as well as Asia Minor (gold, silver, iron, tin ).


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Mining on a large scale—from alluvial deposits and through open pit mining and underground mining—was carried out during the reign of Augustus to the 3rd century AD, before the instability of the Empire disrupted mining production.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The gold mines of Dacia for example, which the Romans could no longer exploit after the province revolted in 271.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Mining re-intensified to some extent in the 4th century A.D. [220] Hydraulic mining, dubbed by Pliny with ruina montium (“mountain ruins”), caused base metals and precious metals to be extracted on an industrial-proto-scale. [221]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Total iron production per year is 82,500tons. [222]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Copper produced as much as 15,000 tons per year, [223] and lead 80,000tons, [224] the largest amount of production unmatched until the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. [225]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Spain alone contributes about 40 percent of its share of world tin production. [226]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

High lead production is a by-product of silver mining whose production reaches 200tons per year. [227]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

At its peak in the middle of the 2nd century AD, Roman silver supplies were estimated at 10,000 tons, or five to nine times greater than the combined production of silver in medieval Europe and the time of the Caliphate in 800 AD. [228] As a sign of the development of the Roman metal industry, Lead pollution in the Greenland ice sheet during the Empire was fourfold more severe when compared to prehistoric times, and declined again after the collapse of the Empire. [229]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The transport and communications of the Roman Empire controlled the territories around the perimeter of the Middle Sea, which they referred to as “our sea” (mare nostrum). [231]