Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Since the ceremony was not carried out with the Holy Crown of Hungary, and within the city of Székesfehérvár, it was considered invalid.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Ladislao only stayed a few days in the territory of Hungary and soon left, which was no longer convenient for Sigismund.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In 1408 he founded the Order of the Dragon, which included part of the relevant monarchies and nobility in the European territories at that time.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

It is only the first step to what is going to happen.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In 1410 he was sworn in as King of the Romans, which made him supreme king over German territories.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

He had to deal with the movement of Husité, a Bohemian-born group of religious reformers, and he headed the Council of Konstanz, for which the theological founder Jan Hus was tried.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In 1419 Sigismund became heir to the Crown Territory of Bohemia after the death of his brother Wenceslaus of Luxembourg, who gained official control of three medieval states, but he struggled for control of Bohemia until a peace treaty with the Hussite and his coronation in the year 1436.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In 1433 was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope and ruled until his death in 1437, leaving a sole heir, his daughter Elisabeth and her husband.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Elizabeth's marriage was arranged with Duke Albrecht V of Austria, who was later crowned King Albrecht of Hungary in 1437.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Hunyadi Wangsa The golden age of the kingdom of Hungary occurred during the reign of Hunyadi Mátyás (1458—90), son of Hunyadi János.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

His nickname was “Mátyás the Fair”.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

He further improved the economy and practiced capable diplomacy in the place of military action anywhere and anytime.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Mátyás conducted the campaign when needed.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

From 1485 until his death, he occupied Vienna, aiming to limit the influence and interference of the Roman Empire in Hungarian affairs.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Mátyás died without descendants, and was later succeeded by Ulászló II Jagiellon (1490—1516), son of Kazimierz IV of Poland.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Instead, Ulászló was succeeded by his son Lajos II (1516—26).


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

At the beginning of the Ottoman encroachment, the Hungarians managed to withstand the conquer. the Hungarians successfully resisted conquest.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Hunyadi János was the leader of the Varna Crusade, whereby Hungary tried to expel the Turks from the Balkans.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

At first they succeeded however eventually they had to retreat.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In 1456, Hunyadi János defeated the Ottomans by a landslide at the Siege of Belgrade.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The Midday Bell later became a tradition commemorating Christian warriors who were killed in the battle.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In the 15th century, the Hungarian Black Troops were modern mercenaries, with the most skilled Hussar troops in the Hungarian Cavalry.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In 1479, under the leadership of Pál Kinizsi, Hungarian forces crushed Ottoman and Wallachian forces at the Battle of Breadfield.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Hungarian forces crushed his enemies almost throughout Mátyás's reign as king.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In 1526, in the Battle of Mohács, the army of the Ottoman Sultanate led by Suleiman I annihilated the Hungarian army.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

While trying to escape, Lajos II drowned in the Estuary of the Csele River.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The leader of the Hungarian forces, Pál Tomori, was also killed on the battlefield.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Early modern history of the Kingdom is divided Due to the serious defeat caused by the Ottomans (Battle of Mohács) the central authority collapsed.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The ruling majority of Hungary's elite elected János Szapolyai (10 November 1526).


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

A small minority of the nobility sided with Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, who was Grand Duke in Austria, and were related to Lojas through marriage.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Due to an earlier agreement that the Habsburgs would take the Hungarian throne if Lojas died without descendants, Ferdinand was crowned king by parliament in December 1526.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Although the borders shifted frequently within this period, three parts can more or less be identified as follows: the Kingdom of Hungary, consisting of the northern and western regions where Ferdinand I was recognized as king of Hungary.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

This section is seen as the definition of the continuation of the Kingdom of Hungary.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The region along with Ottoman Hungary suffered greatly from frequent wars.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Alföld's Ottoman Hungary (an example of which skearang Hungary, including east-south Transdanubia and Banat), partly without the east-north of what is now Hungary.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Kingdom of Eastern Hungary under Wangsa Zápolya.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

It should be noted that this region, often controlled by the Ottomans, which was distinct from Transilvania and included various other regions sometimes referred to as Partium.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Later the region was called the Principality of Transilvania.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

On 29 February 1528, King János Zápolya received the support of the Ottoman Sultan.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

A three-sided conflict ensued as Ferdinand moved to assert his power over the Kingdom of Hungary wherever possible.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In 1529 the kingdom was diabgi into two parts: Habsburg Hungary and the “Kingdom of Eastern Hungary”.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

At this time there were no Ottomans on the territory of Hungary, except for the palaces of Srem.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In 1532, Miklós Jurisics defended Kőszeg and stopped a strong Ottoman army.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In 1541, Buda marked a further division of Hungary into three regions.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The country remained divided until the end of the 17th century.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In the following centuries there were various attempts to push back the forces of the Ottoman Sultanate, such as the Long War or the 13 Years' War (29 July 1593 — 1604/11 November 1606) led by Christian forces.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In 1644 a winter campaign by Zrínyi Miklós burned the important Suleiman bridge, Osijek in eastern Slavonia, disrupting supply lines in Hungary.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

At the Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664), Austria and Hungary defeated the Turkish forces.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

After the Ottoman siege of Austria failed in 1683, the Habsburgs went on the offensive against the Turks.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

At the end of the 17th century, they successfully invaded the rest of the historic kingdom of Hungary and the Princedom of Transilvania.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

For a while in 1686, the capital Buda was once again free from the Ottoman Empire, with the help of other European peoples.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Kuruc period Rákóczi's War for independence (1703—1711) was the first freedom fight in Hungary against Habsburg rule.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The wars were fought by a group of nobles, wealthy men and high-ranking figures who wanted to end the inequality of power relations led by Francis II Rákóczi (II.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Rákóczi Ferenc in Hungarian).


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Its main purpose is to protect the rights of different social orders, and to guarantee the economic and social development of the country.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Due to the detrimental balance of the troops, the political situation in Europe and domestic conflicts led to the eventual struggle for independence being suppressed, but managed to keep Hungary from becoming an integral part of the Habsburg Empire, and its constitution was kept, albeit only as a formality.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

After the departure of the Ottomans, the Habsburgs dominated the Kingdom of Hungary.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The Hungarians renewed the desire for independence which triggered the Battle of Rákóczi for independence.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The most important reasons of the war were new higher taxes and a new Protestant movement.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Rákóczi was a Hungarian aristocrat, the son of the legendary heroine Zrínyi Ilona.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

He spent part of his youth in Austrian captivity.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Kuruc adlaah Rákóczi's troops.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Initially, the Kuruc army achieved several important victories caused by their superior light cavalry.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Their weapons are many pistols, light swords and Fokos.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

At the Battle of Szentgotthárd (1705), János Bottyán cruelly defeated the Austrian forces.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The Hungarian colonel, Balogh Ádám narrowly captured Joseph I, King of Hungary and Emperor of Austria.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In 1708, the Habsburgs finally defeated the main Hungarian forces at the Battle of Trencsén, and this reduced the further effectiveness of the Kuruc forces.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

When the Hungarians were exhausted by war, Austria defeated the French forces in the Spanish Successor War.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

They can send more troops to Hungary against the insurgency.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Transilvania became part of Hungary again starting from the end of the 17th century, and was led by a governor. [22] [23] The era of enlightenment In 1711, the Austrian Emperor Karl VI became the next leader in Hungary.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Throughout the 18th century, the Kingdom of Hungary had its own parliament and constitution, but was a member of the Council of Governors (Helytartótanács, office of palatin) appointed by the Habsburg monarchy, and a superior economic institution, the Hungarian Chamber, which was subordinated directly to the Palace Chamber in Vienna.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The Hungarian language reform began under the reign of Joseph II.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The age of Hungarian reform was started by István Széchenyi a Hungarian nobleman, who built one of Hungary's greatest bridges, the Széchenyi Chain Bridge.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The official language remained Latin until 1844.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Then in sometime between 1844 and 1849, and from 1867, Hungarian became the official language.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 The European Revolution that occurred in 1848 also swept Hungary.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The Hungarian Revolution of 1848 sought to correct a long-suppressed desire for political change, namely independence.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The Hungarian National Guards were made by young patriots in 1848.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Inside literature, the best ever revealed by the greatest poet of the revolution, Petőfi Sándor.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

When war broke out with Austria, the Hungarian military was successful, which included the campaigns of the Hungarian general, Görgei Artúr, who urged the defensiveness of the Austrians.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

One of the most famous battles of the revolution, the Battle of Pákozd, which occurred on September 29, 1848, when the Hungarian revolutionary army led by Lieutenant-General János Móga defeated the Croatian forces of Josip Jelačić.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

For fear of losing, Austria begged Russia for help.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The combined forces of the two empires overcame the revolution.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The desired political changes from 1848 were once again suppressed until the 1867 Treaty of Austria-Hungary.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Austria-Hungary (1867—1918) After the 1867 Treaty of Austria-Hungary, the Habsburg Empire became the “dual monarchy” of Austria-Hungary.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The economy of Austria-Hungary changed dramatically during the existence of the Dual Monarchy.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Technological change accelerated industrialization and urbanization.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Capitalist ways of production spread throughout the Empire during fifty years of existence and obsolete institutions from medieval times continued to disappear.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In the early 20th century, much of the Empire began to experience rapid economic growth.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

National income grew at about 1,45% a year from 1870 to 1913.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The growth rate was very favourable compared to other European countries such as the United Kingdom (1.00%), France (1.06%), and Germany (1.51%).


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The territories of the Crown of Hungary (comprising the Kingdom of Hungary, into which Transilvania was fully incorporated, and the Kingdom of Croatia—Slavonia, which retained a distinct identity and autonomy within a certain) were accorded the same status as the rest of the Habsburg monarchy.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Each of the two countries comprising Austria-Hungary exercised considerable freedom, with certain institutions, especially the governing, defense, foreign, and financial institutions for general expenditures, remaining under joint management.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

This arrangement lasted until 1918, when the Central Bloc was defeated in World War I. Transition (1918 to 1920) Two brief Republics of Romanian Forces entered Budapest on August 6, which ended the Hungarian Soviet Republic.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Treaty of Trianon (1920) The new borders were set in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon ceding 72% of the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary to neighboring countries.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Its recipients were Romania, newly formed countries such as Czechoslovakia, and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The area allocated to neighboring countries within the total (and each separately) has a majority of non-Hungarian residents, but more than 3.3 million ethnic Hungarians remaining outside Hungary's new boundaries.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Many of these views contradicted the provisions set by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, the Fourteen Articles, which were intended to meghormati the ethnic makeup of territories.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In between 1920 and 1946 The interwar period After the withdrawal of Romanian occupation forces in 1920 the country entered into civil conflict, with Hungary's anti-Communism and Monarchism purging the nation of communists, leftist factions and others with whom they felt threatened.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Later in 1920, a coalition of right-wing political forces united, and restored Hungary's status as a constitutional monarchy.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The election of a new king was postponed due to civil infighting, and a throne holder was appointed to represent the monarchy.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Former admiral A. L. Astria-Hungary Miklós Horthy became a stakeholder to the throne.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The new international border separates Hungary's industrial base from sources of raw materials and former markets for agricultural and industrial products.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Hungary lost 84% of its timber resources, 43% of arable land, and 83% of iron ore.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Furthermore, post-Trianon Hungary had 90% of the Kingdom's engineering and printing industry, while only 11% of Lumber and 16% Iron was retained.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In addition, 61% Arable land, 74% public roads, 65% canals, 62% Rail transport, 64% concrete roads, 83% of crude iron output, 55% industrial plants, 100% gold, silver, copper, mercury and salt mines, and 67% of pre-war credit and banking institutions of the Kingdom of Hungary located within the Kingdom of Hungary Hungary's neighboring region. [27] [28] [29] Since most of the country's pre-war industry was concentrated near Budapest, Hungary survived about 51% of its industrial population, 56% of its industry.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Horthy appointed Comte Pál Teleki as Prime Minister in July 1920.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

His government issued the law of Numerus Klausus, restricting the entry of “insecure political elements” (which were often the Jewish people) into universities and, to appease the discontent of the villagers, took initial steps towards fulfilling the promise of regional reform great by dividing about 3,850km2 of the largest territory into the parent companies.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Teleki's government resigned, but after Karl IV unsuccessfully tried to reclaim the Hungarian throne in March 1921.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

King Karl again made divisions among conservatives who sided with the Habsburg restoration and right-wing radical nationalists who supported the election of Hungary's king.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Comte Bethlen István, a non-affiliated member of the right-wing parliament, took a chance of these events by forming a new party of unity under his leadership.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Horthy then appointed Bethlen as prime minister.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Karl IV died shortly after he failed a second time to reclaim the throne in October 1921.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

(For further details regarding Karl's attempt to reclaim the throne, see The attempt by Karl IV of Hungary to take back the throne with Miklós Horthy.)


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

As prime minister, Bethlen dominated Hungarian politics in between 1921 and 1931.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

He changed the electoral law, gave jobs inside the expansion of bureaucracy for his supporters, and manipulated elections in rural areas.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Bethlen restored the order of the state by giving contrarevolutionary and radical government work in exchange to stop their campaign of terror against the Jews and the left factions.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In 1921, he agreed with the social democratic party and trade unions (the so-called Bethlen—Peyer Agreement), which agreed, among other things, to authorise their activities and free political prisoners in exchange for their promise to refrain from spreading anti-Hungarian propaganda , held political rallies, and organized the peasants.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Bethlen ushered Hungary into the League of Nations in 1922 and came out of international isolation by signing a treaty of friendship with Italy in 1927.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The revision of the Treaty of Trianon rose to the top of Hungary's political agenda and the strategy used by Bethlen was to strengthen the economy and build relations with the strong state.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The revision of the treaty received great support in Hungary which was used by Bethlen, at least in part, to deflect criticism of his economic, social, and political policies.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The Great Depression resulted in a decline in living standards and the political mood of the country shifted more to the right.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In 1932 Horthy appointed a new prime minister, Gömbös Gyula, who changed the direction of Hungary's policy towards closer cooperation with Germany.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Gömbös signed a trade agreement with Germany that pulled Hungary's economy out of the depression but made Hungary dependent on the German economy both for raw materials and markets.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

On 2 November 1938, the First Award of Vienna transferred parts of Southern Slovakia and Carpathia Ruthenia to Hungary, an area of 11.927km² and a population of 869,299 (86.5% of Hungary according to the census of 1941).


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

On approximately 5 November and 10 November, the Hungarian armed forces peacefully occupied the newly relocated territory. [30]


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Hitler then offered to move all of Slovakia to Hungary which was exchanged for a military alliance, but his offer was rejected.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Instead, Horthy chose to pursue territorial revisions that would be decided along with ethnic lines.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In March 1939, the Czech-Slowak Republic was dissolved, Germany occupied the region, and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was established.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

On 14 March, Slovakia announced its independence.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

On 15 March, Karpatska Ukraine announced its independence.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Hungary rejected Carpathian-Ukrainian independence and, in between March 14 and March 18, Hungary's armed forces occupied the rest of Carpathia Ruthenia and overthrew the government of Augustin Vološin.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

On the contrary, Hungary recognized the Nazi puppet state, Slovakia led by clerical Fascism, Jozef Tiso. [31]


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In September 1940, with troops massed on both sides of the Hungarian-Romanian border, war was averted by Vienna's Second Award.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The award transferred the northern part of Transilvania to Hungary, with a total area of 43.492km² and a total population of 2,578,100 with 53.5% Hungarian majority according to the census of 1941.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

By dividing Transilvania among Romania and Hungary, Hitler was able to ease tensions in Hungary.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In October 1940, the German nation began a policy of reciprocity among Romania and Hungary which continued until the end of World War II.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The Sub-Carpathia region was granted special autonomy status with the intention that it (eventually) would be self-governed by a Ruthenian minority.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In the time of World War II 1941—1945 After being granted parts of southern Czechoslovakia and Subcarpathia by Germany and Italy in the First Vienna Arbitration Award in 1938, and then Northern Transilvania in the Second Vienna Arbitration Award in 1940, Hungary participated in the Their first military maneuvers on the side of the Axis Bloc powers in 1941.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Thus, the Hungarian army was part of the Invasion of Yugoslavia, got some more territory and joined the Axis Bloc in the process.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

On 22 June 1941, Germany attacked the Soviet Union inside Operation Barbarossa.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Hungary joined Germany and declared war on the Soviet Union on June 26, and entered World War II on the side of the Axis.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

At the end of 1941, Hungarian forces on the Eastern Front experienced success at the Battle of Uman.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In 1943, after the Second Army (Hungary) suffered heavy losses on the Don river, the Hungarian government attempted to negotiate a surrender with the Allies.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

On 19 March 1944, as a result of this doubling, German forces occupied Hungary in what became known as Operation Margarethe.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

At the time it was clear that Hungarian politics would be suppressed in accordance with Hitler's intention to hold the country inside the war on the Nazi side of the Third Reich because of its strategic location.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

On 15 October 1944, Horthy made a token attempt to extricate Hungary from warfare.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The Germans launched Operation Panzerfaust and the Horthy regime was replaced by a fascist puppet government under a pro-German leader of the Cross of the Arrows, Szálasi Ferenc, thus ending any possibility of acting independently inside the war.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

However the form of government only changed to a republic two years later.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Transition into a republic After the 1944 Soviet Occupation of Hungary, the Soviet Union faced harsh conditions that allowed it to confiscate important material assets and control domestic affairs. [32]


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

After the Red Army organized police organs that persecuted the enemies, the Soviets assumed that the impoverished Hungarians would support the communists in the upcoming elections. [33]


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The ill-fated Communists received only 17% of the vote, which resulted in the independent Peasant, Agrarian and Civil Workers Party under Prime Minister Tildy Zoltán. [34]


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

However the Soviets interfered which resulted in the government ignoring Tildy, placing communists in important ministries, and imposing restrictions and repressiveness, including banning independent peasant parties from winning. [33]


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In 1945, the Soviet Marshal, Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov forced the Hungarian government to choose freely the Department of Internal Affairs for candidates from the Communist Party of Hungary.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The communist minister of the Interior, Rajk László established the ÁVH secret police, which suppressed political opponents through intimidation, false accusations, detention and torture. [35]


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In 1946 the form of government changed to a republic.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Soon after the monarchy was finally abolished, the Soviet Union pressured Hungarian leader Mátyás Rákosi to take up “a clearer class line struggle. “[36]


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

What emerged was a communist state that lasted until October 1989 when the Communists agreed to surrender their monopoly on power, paving the way for free elections in 1990.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

In the present free republic, the Kingdom is considered one of the long stages in the development of the state.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The sense of continuity is reflected in the national symbols of the republic such as the Holy See of Hungary and the Coat of Arms of Hungary, which is the same as when the monarchy still existed.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Some holidays, the official language (Hungarian), and the country's capital Budapest are also maintained.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The official name of the country in Hungarian is Magyarország (Hungary only) since 2012, [13] which is also the common name of the monarchy. [12]


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The millennium of Hungarian statehood was commemorated in 2000 and codified by the Millennium Act of 2000. [37]


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Outside Links Engel's next Referral Referral, Pál.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526. (2001).


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Frucht, Richard.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism (2000) Hoensch, Jörg K., and Kim Traynor.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

A History of Modern Hungary, 1867—1994 (1996) Hanak, Peter et al.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

A History of Hungary (1994) Kontler, Laszlo.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

A History of Hungary (2006) Molnár, Miklós, and Anna Magyar.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

A Concise History of Hungary (2001) Palffy, Geza.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

The Kingdom of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century (East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press, 2010) 406 pages; Covers the period after the battle of Mohacs in 1526 when the Kingdom of Hungary was partitioned in three, with one segment going to the The Habsburgs.


Question: When was the Kingdom of Hungary established?

Kingdom of Hungary

Category:Historical Croatia Category:Historical Hungary Category:Historical Slovakia Category:Historical Serbia Category:Historical Vojvodina Category:Historical Slovenes Category:Historical Austria Category:Historical Transilvania Category:History of Ukraine


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

Bataviasche Nouvelles in Politique Raisonnementes

Bataviasche Nouvelles en Politique Raisonnemente or often abbreviated as Bataviasche Nouvelles was the first modern newspaper published in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia).


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

The Dutch-language newspaper was first published on 7 August 1744 in Batavia (now Jakarta).


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

Means this newspaper was published about 136 years after the publication of Avisa Relation oder Zeitung.


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

It is a Batavian news sheet initiated by Governor General van Imhoff.


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

Bataviase Nouvelles ceased to circulate since 1746 at the behest of VOC directors who were anxious to see a press flourish in the Dutch East Indies.


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

Published as a weekly, this newspaper could be born thanks to the permission of van Imhoff's “liberal” government, which granted him also actroi or patent rights on February 9, 1745.


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

Despite this newspaper application permission was submitted during van Imhoff's reign dated 7 August 1744 and only granted in February 1745.


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

The timeframe of a year has shown that in fact Imhoff was reluctant to grant permission.


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

However, De Heeren Zeventien, the directors of Vereenigde Oost Indische Compagnie (VOC) or the 17 East Indies Trade Union in Nederland, did not like this newspaper because it was considered detrimental and harmful. This weekly was especially important regulations as well as ship news, appointment and dismissal of VOC officials, in addition to reports of events in Java Island, Sumatra, Sri Lanka, the Cape of Good Hope at the tip of the African Continent, and other countries where the VOC conducts its trading business.


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

On 20 June 1746, the issuing permit was revoked again by Imhorf.


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

The ban on Bataviasche Nouvelles presumably resulted from VOC concerns that its rival would benefit from the news that this newspaper contained.


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

Thus milking attitude was shown in 1712, 32 years before the birth of the Bataviasche Nouvelles.


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

At that time there was already an effort in Batavia to publish a newspaper that intended to contain domestic news, ship news, and such.


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

The plan failed because it was opposed by the VOC.


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

Although the age of the Bataviaasche Nouvelles reached only 16 months and was buried for approximately 63 years 5 months, it was able to rise again in November 1809.


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

At the second onset, they are smaller in shape and load only adpertension.


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

The Malays and Bumiputera call it by the name Surat Auction, the Dutch call it VendUnieuws.


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

Only in 1776-1809 could the next newspaper be published again, Het VenDunieuwus (Auction News), but this newspaper did not contain “domestic information” and was censored very strictly.


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

The publishing permit was granted to L. Dominicus, a printmaker in Batavia, as it required publication about the auction held by the VOC.


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

VOC auction ads are loaded for free, while other advertisers have to pay.


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

At the beginning of January, Daendels enacted a special regulation containing 19 chapters to attract taxes and obliged the editors of Bataviaasche Nouvelles to place the government's interests in its newspapers.


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

In one of the chapters, Daendels changes the name of the Bataviaasche Nouvelles to the Bataviaasche Koloniale Courant.


Question: Is the name of Europe's first newspaper?

Reference David T. Hill, The Press in New Order Indonesia, 2006 Category:Indonesian press history Category:Indonesian national newspapers


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

JMPL|ka|300px|avalanche in the Himalayan mountains.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

An avalanche is an avalanche of downward snow.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

The avalanche occurred in the mountains.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

Avalanches are one of the biggest languages in the mountains against life and property.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

Many factors lead to avalanches.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

Too great weight of snow usually causes mudslides.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

Avalanches can be triggered by nature or human activity.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

Avalanches usually occur in mountainous areas.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

Avalanches can mix with air and water.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

Extremely powerful avalanches have the ability to carry ice, rocks, trees, and other materials present on slopes.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

Avalanches consist mainly of flowing snow, and are distinct from earthen avalanches, rock falls, rock avalanches, and serac crumbles.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

In mountainous terrain, avalanches constitute the most serious danger to lives and property, with their destructive ability that is a result of their potential to carry large masses of snow quickly and over vast distances.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

Avalanches are classified by morphological characteristics, and are assessed according to their damaging potential or mass from downward-flowing snow.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

Several morphological characteristics are used to classify it, namely the type of avalanche involved, nature of failure, slope surface, propagation mechanism from failure, avalanche trigger, angle of inclination, direction, and altitude.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

The size, mass, and destructive potential of an avalanche are assessed on a logarithmic scale, usually consisting of 4 to 7 categories, with the accuracy of the definitions of those categories depending on the observing system or forecast region.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

Outside links Billman Reference, John.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

Mike Elggren on Suviving an Avalanche.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

Skiing Magazine Feb 2007:26.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

McClung, David and Shaerer, Peter: The Avalanche Handbook, The Mountaineers: 1993.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

ISBN 0-89886-364-3 Tremper, Bruce: Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, The Mountaineers: 2001.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

ISBN 0-89886-834-3 Munter, Werner: Drei mal drei (3x3) Lawinen.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

Risikomanagement im Wintersport, Bergverlag Rother 2002.


Question: How to prevent avalanches?

Avalanche

ISBN 3-7633-2060-1 (partial English translation included in PowderGuide: Managing Avalanche Risk ISBN 0-9724827-3-3) Category:Snow Category:Natural disasters


Question: when is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The surrender of Japan in August 1945 marked the end of World War II.


Question: when is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The Imperial Japanese Navy had effectively been non-existent since August 1945, while the Allied invasion of Japan only stayed time.


Question: when is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Although the desire to resist until the point of ordination was stated publicly, the Japanese leader of the Japanese Military Advisory Council personally begged the Soviet Union to play a mediator in the peace treaty with terms favorable to Japan.


Question: when is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Meanwhile, the Soviet Union was also getting ready to invade Japan in an attempt to fulfill promises to the United States and Britain at the Yalta Conference.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

On 6 August and 9 August, the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

On 9 August, the Soviet Union launched a sudden raid on the Japanese colony of Manchuria (Manchukuo) in violation of the Soviet—Japanese Neutrality Pact.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Emperor Hirohito intervened after the two shocking events occurred, and ordered the Military Advisory Council to accept the terms offered by the Allies in the Potsdam Declaration.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

After lasting behind-the-scenes negotiations for several days, and a failed coup, Emperor Hirohito delivered a radio speech before the people on 15 August 1945.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

In a radio speech called Gyokuon-hōsō (Emperor's Voice Broadcast), Hirohito recited the Imperial Order on capitulation, simultaneously announcing to the people that Japan had surrendered to the Allies.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The occupation of Japan by the Allied Supreme Commanders began on 28 August.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The capitulation ceremony was held on 2 September 1945 aboard the United States gunboat Missouri.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The Japanese Capitulation Document signed that day by Japanese government officials officially ended World War II.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The civilian population and members of the military in Allied countries celebrated Victory Day over Japan (V-J Day).


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

However, some remote command posts and military personnel from unity in corners of Asia refused to surrender for months even until years after Japan surrendered.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Since Japan's capitulation, historians have continued to argue about the ethics of the use of atomic bombs.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The war between Japan and the Allies officially ended when the Treaty of San Francisco took effect on April 28, 1952.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Four years later Japan and the Soviet Union signed the 1956 Soviet—Japanese Joint Declaration which officially ended the war between the two countries.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Japan's defeat In 1945, Japan had almost two consecutive years of prolonged defeats in the Southwest Pacific, the Mariana military campaign, and the Philippine military campaign.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

In July 1944 after Saipan fell, General Hideki Tōjō was appointed prime minister by General Kuniaki Koiso who declared the Philippines the place of the next decisive battle. [1]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

After the Philippines fell, it was Koiso's turn to be replaced by Admiral Kantarō Suzuki.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

In the first half of 1945, the Allies managed to seize Iwo Jima and Okinawa.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

After Allied occupation, Okinawa was made a stop area for storming into the main islands in Japan. [2]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

After Germany's defeat, the Soviet Union quietly began to re-deploy its European combat forces to the Far East, in addition to the approximately forty divisions that had been stationed there since 1941, as a counterweight to the strength of millions of Kwantung Army. [3]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The operation of Allied submarines and the deployment of mines off the coast of Japan had destroyed much of the Japanese merchant fleet.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

As a country with few natural resources, Japan relies on raw materials imported from mainland Asia and from the Japanese occupied territories of the Dutch East Indies, especially petroleum. [4]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The destruction of Japan's mercantile fleet, coupled with strategic bombing of industrial areas in Japan had torn down Japan's war economy.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Production of coal, iron, steel iron, rubber, and other raw materials supplies were only available in small quantities compared to pre-war supplies. [5] [6] As a result of the losses experienced, the strength of the Imperial Japanese Navy was effectively exhausted.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

After a series of Allied bombings on the Japanese shipyard at Kure, Hiroshima Prefecture, the remaining Japanese battleships were only six aircraft carriers, four cruisers, and one gunboat.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

However, all of those ships lacked sufficient fuel.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Although there were still 19 destroyers and 38 submarines still operational, their operations became limited due to fuel shortages. [7] [8] Defense preparations Facing a possible Allied raid on the main Japanese islands, starting from Kyushu, Headquarters War Journal The Empire concluded, We can no longer lead wars with there being the slightest hope of winning.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The only way left was to sacrifice the lives of one hundred million Japanese people as live bombs lest the enemy lose their fighting spirit. [9]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

As a last-ditch emergency attempt to stop the Allied forward motion, the Imperial Japanese Supreme Command planned an all-out defense of Kyushu.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The business, code-named Operation Ketsu-Go [10] was intended as a radical change in strategy.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Different from the layered defense system that was used when invading Peleliu, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa, this time everything was at stake on the beach.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Before troops and supplies were landed amphibious transports on the beach, they would be attacked by 3,000 kamikaze aircraft. [8]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

If this strategy did not dislodge the Allies, Japan would deploy 3,500 additional kamikaze aircraft following 5,000 Shin'yō suicide boats accompanied by remaining destroyers and submarines—up to the last ship operational—to destroy the Allies.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

If the Allies were victorious in the battle on the coast and successfully landed on Kyūshū, there would be only 3,000 aircraft left to defend the other Japanese islands.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Nevertheless, Kyushu will be maintained “until the point of blood of ordination”. [8]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The strategy of making the last defense in Kyushu was based on the assumption that the Soviet Union would still maintain neutrality. [11]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

A series of caves were excavated near Nagano in Honshu.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The caves called the Matsushiro Underground Imperial Headquarters were to be used as Army Headquarters at the time of the Allied invasion as well as a refuge home for the Emperor of Japan and his family. [12]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The Military Advisory Council Japan's war decision-making is centered on a Military Advisory Council of six high-ranking officials: the prime minister, the foreign minister, the minister of the land force, the minister of the navy, the chief of the general staff of the army, and the chief of the naval general staff. [13]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

As the Suzuki government cabinet formed in April 1945, the membership of the council consisted of: Prime Minister Admiral Kantarō Suzuki Minister of Foreign Affairs Shigenori Tōgō Minister of the Army General Korechika Anami Minister of the Navy Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai Chief of the Army General Staff General Yoshijirō Umezu Chief of Naval General Staff Admiral Koshirō Oikawa (later replaced by Admiral Soemu Toyoda) By law, the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy had the right to nominate (or decline the nomination of) each minister.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

As a result, Japan could avoid the formation of an unwanted government, or the occurrence of resignations that could bring down the running government. [14] [15] Emperor Hirohito and Emperor Kōichi Kido's Personal Stamp Guard were also present at some meetings, after being requested Emperor. [16]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

As Iris Chang reported, “Japan deliberately destroyed, concealed, or falsified part of the secret documents of the war m occurred due to the founding of the Zionist movement aimed at establishing negaereka" [17] [18] Dissent among Japanese leaders of the Suzuki Cabinet, in various facets, preferring forward war.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

For Japan, capitulation is almost unthinkable.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

In its 2000 years of history, Japan has never been invaded by a foreign nation or lost a war. [19]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Only Navy Minister Mitsumasa Yonai is known to have the desire to end the war. [20]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

According to historian Richard B. Frank: Although Suzuki certainly saw peace as a long-term goal, he had no plans to make it happen in the near term or on terms acceptable to the Allies.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

His comments in a conference of senior statesmen gave no sign of him wanting an early end to the war...


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

; Suzuki's choice for the most important cabinet posts, with the exception of one person, is not also a peace-supporting figure. [21]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

After the war, Prime Minister Suzuki and other officials from his government claimed they were secretly negotiating peace, but publicly could not announce it.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

They cite the Japanese concept of haragei (the art of communicating with attitude and force of personality and not through words) to justify the misalignment between common upfront actions and behind-the-scenes activities.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

However, some historians reject this interpretation.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Robert J. C. Butow writes: Based on very ambiguous reasons, the defense of the matter of haragei raises the suspicion that in matters of politics and diplomacy, consciously hanging oneself on the art of bluffing can perhaps be considered an intentional flurry on which it is thought to be grounded desire pitting for one's own gain.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Although this decision did not match Admiral Suzuki's much-praised personality, in fact from the moment he was appointed prime minister until the day he resigned, no one could be sure what Suzuki would next say or do. [22]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The Japanese leader always wanted a settlement to the war by negotiation.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Their prewar planning expected rapid expansion of territory, consolidation, inevitable conflict with the United States, and a war settlement that would allow Japan to retain at least some of the new territories they had occupied. [23]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

In 1945, Japanese leaders agreed that the war was not going smoothly, but they disagreed on how best to negotiate to end the war.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Japanese leaders split into two camps.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The “peaceful” faction wanted a diplomatic initiative by persuading Soviet Union leader Joseph Stalin into acting as a mediator for the settlement of the war between Japan and the United States along with their allies.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

In contrast, hardline factions preferred to fight one last “decisive” battle to fall victim to so many on the Allied side that resulted in them willing to offer more lenient terms. [24]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Both camps were formed based on Japanese experience in the Russo-Japanese War forty years earlier.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

In the war there was a series of battles that took heavy losses that did not determine the winner, but ended by the Battle of Tsushima which the Japanese won. [25]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

In late January 1945, several Japanese officials close to the Emperor considered the terms of capitulation that would protect the standing of the Emperor of Japan.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Those proposals sent through United States and British channels were drafted by General Douglas MacArthur into a 40-page document, and then, on February 2, two days before the Yalta Conference, were given to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

According to reports, the document was rejected by Roosevelt without any consideration.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

All proposals include the proviso that the emperor's position be retained, although possibly as a puppet ruler.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

At the time however, Allied policy was simply to accept unconditional surrender. [26]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Moreover, these proposals were vehemently rejected by influential Japanese government officials, and therefore cannot be said to represent Japan's actual desire to surrender at that time. [27]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

In February 1945, Prince Fumimaro Konoe gave Emperor Hirohito a memorandum analyzing the situation and conveyed to Hirohito that if the war was passed on, the empire would face an internal revolution more dangerous than losing the war. [28]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

According to the diary of Emperor Hisanori Fujita's Housekeeper, the Emperor awaiting the decisive battle (tennōzan) replied that it was too early to offer peace, “Unless we make one more military victory. “[29]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Still in February of the same year, Japan's treaty division wrote about Allied policy towards Japan regarding “unconditional surrender, occupation, disarmament, abolition of militarism, democratic reform, punishment for war criminals, and the status of emperor. “[30]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Disarmament by the Allies, the abdication of punishment for Japanese war criminals, and particularly the occupation and abolition of the post of emperor were not accepted by the Japanese leadership. [31] [32] On April 5, the Soviet Union announced it would not renew the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact [33] signed year 1941 after the occurrence of the Nomonhan Event. [34]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

At the February 1945 Yalta Conference, Western nations incorporated in the Allies had agreed on substantial concessions with the Soviets to secure a promise from the Soviets to declare war on Japan no more than three months after Germany surrendered.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Although legally the Neutrality Pact remained in force until a year after the Soviet Union cancelled it (until April 5, 1946), this unilateral cancellation clearly but veiled shows the Soviet Union's war intentions. [35]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Russian Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov, in Moscow, and Yakov Malik, the Soviet ambassador in Tokyo, solemnly tried to convince Japan that “the validity period of the Pact is not over”. [36]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

At a series of high-level meetings in May 1965, the six members of the Military Advisory Council seriously discussed ways to end the war.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Yet none of them agreed to the terms the Allies proposed.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Given that anyone who openly supported the capitulation of Japan was threatened with danger of assassination by fiercely loyal army officers, the meetings were closed to anyone but all six members of the Military Advisory Council, the Emperor, and the keeper of the emperor's personal stamp.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

No officers of echelon two or echelon three are permitted to attend. [37]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

At the meetings, only Foreign Minister Tōgō was aware of the possibility of Western countries' allies already making concessions with the Soviets to invite them to fight against Japan. [38]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

As a result of the meetings, Tōgō was authorized to approach the Soviet Union, asking them to maintain neutrality, or more fantastically, willing to form alliances. [39]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

In line with the tradition of the new administration announcing their goals, after the May meeting concluded, the Army staff issued a document entitled “Fundamental Policies to Follow Further in Carrying Out the War” stating the Japanese people would fight to extinction rather than give up.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The policy was adopted by the Military Advisory Council on June 6 (Tōgō opposed it, while all five other members were in favor). [40]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The documents Suzuki filed at the same meeting suggested that in its initial diplomatic venture with the Soviet Union, Japan took the following approach: Russia should be clearly told that its victory over Germany was thanks to Japan, because we remain neutral, and the Soviets will benefit from helping Japan maintain its position in the international world, because their future enemy is the United States. [41]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

On 9 June, the emperor's confidant Kōichi Kido wrote a “Draft Plan for Crisis Situation Control” warning that by the end of the year Japan's ability to conduct modern warfare would be exhausted and the government would be unable to control civil unrest.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

We do not know for sure if we will have fared the same as Germany and fall under difficult circumstances until we cannot achieve the highest goal of maintaining the Imperial Household and maintaining the national state. “[42]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Kido proposed the Emperor himself take part, by offering to end the war on “very generous terms”.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Kido proposed Japan relinquish European colonies, provided that they were given independence, and our country was stripped, and temporarily had to be “satisfied with the minimum defense”.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Armed with the Emperor's assignment, Kido approached several members of the Military Advisory Council.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Tōgō was very supportive.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Suzuki and Navy Minister Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai were both very cautious in support; each asked silently, what was thinking of each other.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Army Minister General Korechika Anami was ambivalent, insisting diplomacy should wait “until the United States suffers heavy losses” in Operation Ketsu-Go. [43]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

By June 1845, the Emperor had already lost confidence in the chance of achieving military victory.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Japan had already lost the Battle of Okinawa.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The emperor also had news about the weakness of the army in China, as well as about the navy and the army defending the main islands of Japan.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The Emperor received a report from Prince Higashikuni; from him the Emperor drew the conclusion that “not only were the offshore defenses, the divisions available to be fielded at the decisive battle also lacked adequate numbers of weapons. “[44]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

According to the Emperor: We have been told the iron of the origin of the bombs dropped by the enemy has been used to make shovels.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

This means we are not in a position to continue the war. [44]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

On June 22, the emperor summoned all six members of the Military Advisory Council to a meeting


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Uncharacteristically, the Emperor opened the conversation: “We want a concrete plan to end the war, without hindering the existing policy, to be studied quickly and efforts made to implement it. “[45]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The meeting agreed to invite Soviet assistance in ending the war.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Other neutral countries such as Switzerland, Sweden, and the Vatican were known to be intent on playing a role in creating peace, but they were too small that they could not do more than convey the conditions of Allied capitulation and acceptance or rejection from Japan.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The Soviet Union expected to be persuaded to act as Japan's agent in negotiating with the Western Allies. [46]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Venture dealing with the Soviet Union On June 30, Tōgō ordered Japanese Ambassador to Moscow Naotake Satō to seek to create “close and enduring friendly relations.”


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Satō intended to talk about the status of Manchuria and “what issues Russia would raise. “[47]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Satō finally met with Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov on 11 July, but the meeting came to nothing.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

On 12 July, Tōgō ordered Satō to convey to the Soviets that, His Majesty the Emperor consider the fact that the war now day by day brings misfortune and sacrifice to the people of all belligerents, the desire from within the heart in order to be immediate discontinued.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

But as long as Britain and the United States insisted on unconditional surrender, the Japanese Empire had no other choice but to fight with all its might for the honor and sustainability of the homeland. [48]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The Emperor proposed to send Prince Konoe as Envoy Extraordinary, although he was unable to arrive in Moscow before the start of the Potsdam Conference.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Satō informed Tōgō that in reality, Japan could only expect “unconditional surrender or almost equivalent terms to it”.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Furthermore Satō said that Tōgō's messages were “vague about the views of the government and military in terms of the cessation of war,” as well as questioning whether Tōgō's initiatives were supported by key elements in the Japanese power structure. [49]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

On July 17, Tōgō replied, Although the rulers, as well as the government are confident that our war forces can still inflict a meaningful blow against the enemy, we cannot feel a true peace of heart...


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

However, please remember, that we do not request Russian mediation for such matters as unconditional surrender. [50]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

In his reply, Satō made it clear, Already in my previous message referred to unconditional surrender or almost equivalent terms, I made an exception about maintaining the [Imperial Household]. [51]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

On July 21, speaking on behalf of the cabinet, Tōgō repeated, Regarding the matter of unconditional surrender we cannot agree to it based on the circumstances anyhow.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

In an effort to avoid such circumstances we are seeking peace, through the good services of Russia.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Reviewed from a domestic and foreign point of view, making an immediate statement on certain terms is detrimental and impossible. [52]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

United States cryptographers who joined Project Magic have cracked most Japanese passwords, including the Purple code used by Japanese representative offices to encode diplomatic correspondents.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

In the aftermath, messages between Tokyo and Japanese embassies leaked to Allied leaders almost as quickly as the recipients at destination addresses. [53]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Soviet intentions Security affairs dominated Soviet decisions about the Far East. [54]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Among the most overriding desires is obtaining unlimited access to the Pacific Ocean.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Soviet offshore areas in the Pacific that were ice-free year-round, in particular Vladivostok, could be blockaded by air and sea from Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

If both are obtained, it means that Russia gains free access to the Soya Strait which is indeed the main target. [55] [56] The second goal is the contract agreement of the Chinese Far East Railway, the South Manchuria Railway, Dairen, and Lushun. [57]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

To achieve his goals, Stalin and Molotov zealously negotiated with Japan, giving Japan a promise of peace with the Soviet Union as mediator. [58]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

At the same time, in Soviet dealings with the United States and the United Kingdom, the Soviets insisted on strictly adhering to the Cairo Declaration, reaffirmed at the Yalta Conference that the Allies would not accept a conditional peace or peace of their own with Japan.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

To all Allied nations, Japan had to surrender unconditionally.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

To prolong the war, the Soviet Union opposed all efforts made to soften the terms of capitulation. [58]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

If the war was not completed soon, the Soviet Union would still have enough time to move their troops to the Pacific battlefields, to further seize Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, and possibly Hokkaido [59] (the invasion began with the landing at Rumoi, Hokkaido). [60]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The Manhattan Project In 1939, Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd wrote a letter to President Roosevelt urging him to fund the research and development of the atomic bomb.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Roosevelt agreed and the result was a highly secret research project called the Manhattan Project.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The project led General Leslie Groves with J. Robert Oppenheimer as directing director for scientific fields.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The first atomic bomb was successfully detonated in the Trinity experiment 16 July 1945.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

While the project was nearing its end, American war leaders began to consider using atomic bombs against Japan.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Groves formed a target search committee that met in April and May 1945.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

This committee drew up a target list of atomic bombs.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

They chose 18 Japanese cities.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

On the list at the top are Kyoto, Hiroshima, [61] Yokohama, Kokura, and Niigata. [62] [63] In the end Kyoto was removed from the list at the insistence of Minister of War Henry L. Stimson who had visited Kyoto on honeymoon, and knew the city was very important in terms of culture and history. [64]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

In May, Harry S. Truman was appointed the new President of the United States after Franklin Roosevelt died on April 16, 1945.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Truman approved the formation of the Interim committee, an advisory group that reports on the atomic bomb. [63]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The Interim Committee consisted of George L. Harrison, Vannevar Bush, James Bryant Conant, Karl Taylor Compton, William L. Clayton, and Ralph Austin Bard, as well as assisted an advisory board consisting of scientists Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi, Ernest Lawrence, and Arthur Compton.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

In a report on June 1, 1945, the atomic bomb committee should be used as quickly as possible against war installations following workers' houses around it, and there is no need to give warning or show ahead of time. [65]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The mandate given to the committee does not include the use of atomic bombs, although their use has been estimated when completed. [66]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The committee reexamined the use of atomic bombs after there were protests in the form of the Franck Report from Manhattan Project scientists.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

At a June 21 meeting, the committee reaffirmed that there was no alternative but to use atomic bombs. [67]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Events in Potsdam Leaders of the major Allied powers met in the Potsdam Conference of 16 July-2 August 1945.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The Soviet Union, Great Britain, and the United States, were represented by Stalin, Winston Churchill (later Clement Attlee), and Truman respectively.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The War negotiations against Japan were one of various issues talked about in Potsdam.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Truman got news of the successful Trinity experiment at the start of the conference, and passed the information on to the British delegation.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The success of the atomic bomb experiment caused the United States delegation to reconsider regarding the need for Soviet participation (as promised at Yalta). [68]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The Allied top priority was to shorten the war and reduce casualties on the part of the United States.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Both things may have been helped by the interference of the Soviet Union, but it was likely to be paid for by allowing the Soviets to annex territories outside the territory promised to them in Yalta, and perhaps Japan would be divided in half like Germany. [69]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

In a deal with Stalin, Truman decided to give the Soviet leader word of the existence of a powerful new weapon without informing him of the details.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

However, the rest of the Allies were unaware that Soviet intelligence had infiltrated the Manhattan Project at an early stage, so when Stalin learned of the existence of the atomic bomb, he was not impressed by its potential. [70]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Potsdam Declaration The leader of the main Allied nations decided to issue a statement called the Potsdam Declaration that stipulated “unconditional surrender” and clarified the meaning of Japanese capitulation for the position of emperor and for Hirohito personally.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The governments of the United States and the United Kingdom are at odds over the last item.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The United States wanted to remove the emperor's position and possibly prosecute him as a war criminal.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Instead, the British wanted to retain the position of emperor, possibly with Hirohito remaining enthroned.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The statements in the draft Potsdam Declaration underwent various revisions before the version received by both sides was completed. [71]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

On July 26, 1945, the United States, the United Kingdom, and China released the Potsdam Declaration containing the terms of Japanese capitulation with the warning, “We will not deviate from these provisions.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

There is no alternative.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

We don't allow any delays.”


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

For Japan, the declaration set out the following conditions: Elimination “in perpetuity from power and influence of figures who have deceived and misled the Japanese people in the direction of the beginning of world conquest” Occupation “points within Japanese territory to be determined by the Allies”” Japan's sovereignty will be restricted to the islands of Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku, as well as smaller islands as we designated.”


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

As announced in the 1943 Cairo Declaration, Japanese territories will be seized up to pre-war territories, including Korea and Taiwan, as well as recent destiny territories.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

“Japan's military power must be completely stripped” “Harsh justice must be handed down to all war criminals, including all who have committed atrocities against our captive persons”.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

On the other hand, the declaration asserted that: “We do not intend to enslave Japan as a race or destroy it as a nation,...


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The Japanese government must remove all barriers to revival and strengthen democratic tendencies among the Japanese people.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Freedom of speech, religion, and thought, as well as rights for fundamental human rights must be upheld.”


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

“Japan should be allowed to have industries that will support the economy and allow it to pay similar and fair appropriation demands,...


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Japan's participation in international trade relations must be permissible.”


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

“The unity of the Allied occupation would be withdrawn from Japan as soon as these objectives were achieved and had the establishment of a responsible and peacefully purposeful government in accordance with the freely expressed wishes of the Japanese people.”


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The only article that calls about “unconditional surrender” is listed at the end of the declaration: “We appeal to the Japanese government to declare now also the unconditional capitulation of all Japanese armed forces, and to show sufficient and decent assurance of good intent they are against it.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Another option for Japan is “complete and immediate destruction.”


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

No mention of Emperor Hirohito whether included into one of the figures who “misled the Japanese people”, or was also a war criminal, even otherwise part of a “responsible and peace-desirous government”.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The article “complete and immediate destruction” is likely to be a veiled warning of the possession of atomic bombs by the United States (which had been decried successfully on the first day of the conference). [72]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Japanese reaction On July 27, the Japanese government weighed in on how to respond to the Potsdam Declaration.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Four military figures from the Military Advisory Council intended to reject it, but Tōgō persuaded the cabinet not to do so until he received a reaction from the Soviet Union.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

In a telegram, Japanese Ambassador to Switzerland Shunichi Kase argued that the unconditional surrender applied only to the military and not to the government or the people, and he requested that it be understood that the careful selection of language in the Potsdam Declaration seemed “to have experienced deep thought” on the part of the governments that signed it—"they seem to have been painstakingly trying to save our face on the various chapters. “[73]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

On the following day, Japanese newspapers reported that Japan had rejected the contents of the Potsdam Declaration which had previously been broadcast and dropped as airborne leaflets over Japan.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

In an effort to overcome public perception, Prime Minister Suzuki met with the press, and gave a statement, I regarded the Joint Proclamation as a reiteration of the Declaration at the Cairo Conference.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

On that matter, the Government does not consider it to have any important value at all.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

One of the things that can be done is ignore it (mokusatsu).


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

We will do nothing but bear it to the end to bring about a successful end to the war. [74]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The meaning of the word mokusatsu is to ignore or not respond. [74]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Nevertheless, Suzuki's statements, especially the last sentence leave little room for incorrect interpretation.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The Japanese press and the overseas press interpreted it as a denial, and no further statements were delivered to public advance or diplomatic channels to change this misunderstanding.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

On 30 July, Ambassador Satō wrote that Stalin was likely in talks with the Western Allies regarding his transactions with Japan.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

According to Satō, “There is no alternative but an unconditional surrender immediately when we want to prevent Russian participation in the war. “[75]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

On 2 August, Tōgō wrote to Satō, “It is difficult for you to realize that... limited our time to continue to the preparation of ending the war before the enemy lands on the main islands of Japan, on the other hand it is difficult to decide the terms of real peace in the homeland on a basis all at once. “[76]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Hiroshima, Manchuria, and Nagasaki Hiroshima: August 6 The morning of August 6, 1945, Colonel Paul Tibbets's B-29 Enola Gay bomber aircraft flown dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, southwest of Honshu Island.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Throughout that day a confusing range of reports reached Tokyo that Hiroshima had been the victim of an airstrike that flattened the city with “devastating explosions and blinding flashes”.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Not long after Japan received President Truman's radio broadcast announcing the first use of the atomic bomb, and promised, We are now ready to annihilate quickly and completely every productive effort Japan has above ground level in every city.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

We're going to destroy their docks, their factories, and their communications.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

We reiterate once again; we will completely destroy Japan's power to fight.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

It was to save the Japanese people from complete destruction as per the July 26 ultimatum issued in Potsdam.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Their leaders immediately rejected the ultimatum.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

If they now do not accept our terms, they will wait for the rain of destruction from the air, unlike anything they have ever witnessed on the face of this earth... [77]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

At first, some people didn't believe the United States had made an atomic bomb.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Japan knows right about how hard it is to make atomic bombs.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The Imperial Japanese Navy and Army each had separate atomic bomb programs to further complicate their efforts. [78]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Chief of the Navy General Staff Admiral Soemu Toyoda said that if it was true that the United States had already made one bomb, they now don't have any more. [79]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

United States strategists awaiting reactions like Toyoda, planned to drop a second atomic bomb not long after the first atomic bomb to convince Japan that the United States had plenty of supplies. [63] [80] The Soviet invasion and Nagasaki: August 8-9 Tokyo received reports detailed about the scale of the previously unsuspected destruction in Hiroshima.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

But two days have passed before the government convenes to weigh in on the changing situation.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

At 04.00 on August 9, 1945, Tokyo received news that the Soviet Union had violated the Neutrality Pact, [33] declared war on Japan, [81] and launched an invasion of Manchuria. [82]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The double shock in the form of Hiroshima being sentenced to the atomic bomb and the Soviet invasion instantly changed the attitude of Prime Minister Suzuki and Foreign Minister Tōgō Shigenori drastically.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Both agreed the government should end the war immediately. [83]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

However, senior leaders of the Imperial Japanese Army responded to the bombing of Hiroshima and the Soviet invasion calmly, and greatly underestimated the scale of the attacks.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

They began preparations to impose a military emergency with the support of War Minister Korechika Anami with the intention of stopping anyone trying to make peace. [84]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Hirohito ordered Kido to “take control of the situation quickly” because “the Soviet Union had already declared war and today has begun warfare against us. “[85]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The Military Advisory Council met at 10:30.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Suzuki who had just arrived from the meeting with the Emperor said that continuing the war was already impossible.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Tōgō Shigenori said that they could accept the terms of the Postdam Declaration, but they needed assurances regarding the Emperor's position.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Navy Minister Yonai said that they should make some diplomatic proposals.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

They can no longer wait for a better opportunity.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

In the midst of the meeting, not long after 11:00 came the news Nagasaki on the western coast of Kyushu had been sentenced to a second atomic bomb (“Fat Man”) by the United States.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Until the meeting ended, the opinion of the six members of the Military Advisory Council was split to 3 to 3.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Suzuki, Tōgō, and Admiral Yonai voted for Tōgō's proposal to add one additional condition to the Potsdam Declaration.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Instead Generals Anami, Umezu, and Admiral Toyoda insisted on adding three further conditions that revised Potsdam: Japan takes care of disarmament, Japan takes care of all Japanese war criminals, and there must be no occupation of Japan. [86]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

After the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Truman gave another statement: The governments of Britain, China, and the United States had given enough warning to Japan as to what was available to them.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

We have given general conditions for them to surrender.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The warnings were ignored; our terms were rejected.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Since then, Japan has witnessed what our atomic bomb can do.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

They can foresee what those bombs will do to the future.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The world will go on record noting that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

That's because we hope that this first attack as much as possible avoids killing civilians.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

But the attack was only a warning as to what was to come.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

If Japan does not surrender, bombs will have to be dropped on its war industries, and unfortunately thousands of civilian lives will be floated.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

I encourage Japanese civilians to leave industrial cities immediately and save themselves from destruction.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

I recognize the significance of this tragic atomic bomb.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Its production and use is not taken lightly by this Government.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

But we know that our enemies are looking for it.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Now we know they almost got it.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

And we know the disaster that would befall this Nation, and all peace-loving peoples, all civilizations, if they had discovered it first.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

That is why we feel compelled to make long and uncertain and cost-consuming discovery and production efforts.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

We won the race of discovery against the Germans.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

After finding the bomb we have used it.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

We have used it against those who attacked us without warning at Pearl Harbor, against those who starved and beat and sentenced to death American prisoners of war, against those who disobeyed international laws of warfare.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

We have used it to shorten the misery of war, to save thousands of lives of young Americans.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

We will continue to use them until we completely destroy Japan's ability at war.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Only Japan's capitulation will stop it. [87]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Palace interference, Allied reaction, and Japanese answers A complete cabinet meeting was held from 14:30 on 9 August 1945.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Most of the meeting time was spent debating the matter of capitulation.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

As with the Military Advisory Council, cabinet opinion was split in two.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Tōgō's stance or Anami's stance did not receive majority support. [88]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Anami told another cabinet minister that, while being tortured, a captured United States B-29 pilot told interrogators that the United States had 100 atomic bombs and Tokyo and Kyoto would be sentenced to bombs “in the following days”.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

Pilot Marcus McDilda did lie.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

He didn't know about the Manhattan Project at all, and only told the interrogators because that's what he thought they wanted to hear so that the torture ended immediately.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

McDilda's lies that led to her being classified as a high priority prisoner of war, are likely to have saved her from the decapitation sentence. [89]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

In reality, the United States' third atomic bomb would be ready for wear around August 19, and the fourth atomic bomb in September 1945. [90]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

A third atomic bomb is likely to be dropped on Tokyo. [91]


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The cabinet meeting was adjourned at 17:30 without any consensus.


Question: When is the Defense White Book issued?

Hit over Japan

The second meeting ran from 18.00 to 22.00 also ended without consensus.