Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

In June 2009, it was reported by a South Korean media that there was a gesture indicating that North Korea's next leader would be Kim Jong-un, Kim Jong-il's youngest son (Kim Jong-il has three sons). [45]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korea's foreign relations have nurtured familiar relations with China and Russia for a long time.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The 1989 fall of communism in Eastern Europe, and the 1991 break-up of the Soviet Union, impacted further reduced aid to North Korea from Russia, although China still provided important assistance.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korea maintains strong ties with its socialist allies in Southeast Asia, namely Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. [46]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korea has begun construction of the Sino-Korea Border Fence on its northern border, in response to Chinese hopes that want to curb refugees fleeing North Korea.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Previously, the border between China and North Korea was watched by very few patrol officers.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

As a result of North Korea's nuclear weapons program, six-party talks were organized to seek a peaceful settlement related to tensions between the two Korean governments, the Russian Federation, the People's Republic of China, Japan, and the United States.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

On July 17, 2007, UN inspectors verified the closure of five North Korean nuclear facilities, subject to February 2007 approval. [47]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

On 4 October 2007, the President of South Korea (Roh Moo-Hyun) and the previous leader of North Korea (Kim Jong-il) signed a peace treaty containing eight articles, which proposed lasting peace, high-level talks, economic cooperation, railway renewal, air travel, roads freehold, and a combined olympic higher-line. [17]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The United States and South Korea have previously accused North Korea of being a country that supports terrorism. [48]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The 1983 bombing that killed a member of the South Korean government and the destruction of a South Korean airliner has been alleged to North Korea. [49]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korea is also considered responsible for the kidnapping of 13 Japanese nationals in the 1970s and 1980s, five of whom were returned to Japan in 2002. [50]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

On October 11, 2008, the United States removed North Korea from this list of terrorism-supporting countries. [51]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Most foreign embassies that have diplomatic relations with North Korea are in Beijing, not in Pyongyang. [52]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Military Kim Jong-un is the Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army and Chairman of North Korea's National Defense Commission.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The Korean People's Army is the name for North Korea's armed forces.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The army has four branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, and Department of State Security.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

According to the United States Department of State, North Korea has the fifth largest army in the world, estimated at 1.21 million personnel, with roughly 20% of men aged 17—54 within the army. [53]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korea has the highest percentage of military personnel per capita in the world, with about 1 soldier registered for every 25 citizens. [54]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korea's military strategy is designed to infuriate agents and sabotage behind enemy ranks in times of war. [53]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The Korean People's Army has a variety of gear, including 4,060 tanks, 2,500 APCs, 17,900 artillery (including mortars), 11,000 air defense guns, 915 warships, and 1,748 combat aircraft. [55]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Existing gear represents remnants of World War II, generally proliferated Cold War technology, or Soviet weapons.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

According to official North Korean media, North Korea's military spending budget in 2009 was 15.8% of GDP. [56]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korea also sells its ballistic missiles and military equipment to various countries.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

As of April 2009, the United Nations named Korea Development and Mining Trading Company (aka KOMID) as North Korea's main selling agent and the largest exporter of ballistic missiles and conventional weapons.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The United Nations also called Korea Ryonbong a supporter of the sale of all things related to the North Korean military. [57]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korea has an active nuclear program and has been the subject for several UN resolutions, such as Number 1695 in July 2006, Number 1718 in October 2006, and Number 1874 in June 2009.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korea's economy has an industrialized, autarkic, and highly centralized command economy.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Of the five remaining socialist countries in the world, North Korea is one of two countries (together with Cuba) with a state-owned and fully government-planned economy.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korea's policy of isolation means that international trade is severely restricted.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korea passed a law in 1984 allowing foreign investment through joint ventures, [60] but failed to invite meaningful investment.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

In 1991, the Rason Special Economic Zone was established, [61] with the aim of attracting foreign investment from China and Russia.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Chinese and Russian companies have acquired the right to use the port in Rason.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Chinese investors have renovated the road from Rason to China, [62] and Russian railway workers renovated the railway line from Rason to Russia. [63]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The average salary of North Korea is about $47 per month. [64]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Despite substantial economic problems, people's quality of life continues to improve and workers' wages continue to rise. [65]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Small-scale private markets, called janmadangs, are present in all parts of the country and serve the population with certain foods and commodities from imports exchanged for money, thereby helping to prevent famine. [66]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Food, homes, health, and education are provided free of charge by the state, [67] and tax payments have been abolished since 1 April 1974. [68]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

To increase agricultural and industrial productivity, since the 1960s, the North Korean government has introduced management systems such as the Taean work system. [69]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

In the 21st century, North Korea's GDP growth is quite slow but certain, although in recent years, the growth figure increased up to 3.7% in 2008 due to the growth of the agricultural sector of 8.2%. [70]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

According to a 2002 estimate, the main sectors in the North Korean economy are industry (43.1%), followed by services (33.6%) and agriculture (23.3%).


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

In 2004, it was estimated that the agricultural sector absorbed 37% of the workforce, while industry and services absorbed the rest, 63%. [24]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Major industries include military products, machinery manufacturing, electrical energy, chemicals, mining, metalwork, sandang, food processing and tourism.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

As of 2005, according to the FAO, North Korea was the 10th largest producer of fresh fruit, [72] and the 19th largest producer of apples. [73]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korea has substantial natural resources, with major resources including iron, zinc, coal, fluorine, copper, salt, lead, tungsten, graphite, magnesium, gold, pyrite, fluorspar, and hydroelectric power. [24]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Foreign trade of China and South Korea are still the biggest contributors of food aid to North Korea.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The United States opposes this food donation due to lack of oversight. [74]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

In 2005, the amount of food aid from China and South Korea was recorded at 1 million tons. [75]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

In addition, about 80 to 90 percent of North Korea's imported oil comes from China, which is sold at a “friend price” that is much cheaper than world market prices. [76]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

On September 19, 2005, North Korea was promised fuel aid and other non-food incentives from South Korea, the United States, Japan, Russia, and China in lieu of terminating the nuclear weapons program and co-opting into the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The provision of food in exchange for the cessation of the nuclear weapons program based on its history has been avoided by the United States so that it is not perceived as “using food as a weapon”. [77]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Humanitarian aid from North Korea's neighbors has been suspended as an effort to get North Korea willing to resume stalled talks.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

For example, South Korea once “delayed consideration” of 500,000 tons of rice for North Korea in 2006, but the idea of providing food as an incentive has been avoided. [78]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

In addition, there was disruption to aid due to the robbery of locomotives used by China to deliver groceries. [79]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

In July 2002, North Korea began experimenting with capitalism in the Rajin-Sonbong Special Economic Area and the Kaesong Industrial Area. [80]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

A number of other areas have been designed as Special Administrative Regions, such as Sinŭiju along the borders of China and North Korea.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

China and South Korea are North Korea's most important trading partners.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Trade with China increased 15% to $1.6 billion, and trade with South Korea increased 50% to more than $1 billion in 2005. [77]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

It is reported that the number of mobile telephones in Pyongyang increased from just 3,000 in 2002 to nearly 20,000 in 2004. [81]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

However, in June 2004, mobile telephony became illicit again, [82] until a new 3G network, Koryolink, was established in 2008 through a joint venture with Orascom Telecom Holding of Egypt.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

As of May 2010, more than 120,000 North Koreans had mobile phones. [83]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

A small number of capitalistic elements gradually expanded from the trial area, including a number of billboards along certain highways.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Some visitors reported that the number of open-air farmers' markets had increased in Kaesong and Pyongyang, as well as along the Sino-North Korean border, outstripping the food rationing system.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

At an event in 2003 known as the “Pong Su Incident”, a North Korean cargo ship accused of attempting to smuggle heroin into Australia was secured by authorities in Australia, reinforcing the prejudice of Australia and the United States that Pyongyang was involved in international narcotics smuggling.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The North Korean government dismisses all allegations of complicity. [84]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Tourism Tourism in North Korea is managed by the state-owned Tourism Organization (“Ryohaengsa”).


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Each traveler in groups or individuals is accompanied regularly by one or two “tour guides” who usually speak the traveler's native language.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

While tourism has increased over the past few years, the number of tourists coming from the West is still meager.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Most tourists visiting come from China, Russia, and Japan.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Russian nationals prefer North Korea as a tourist destination because it is cheap, minimal pollution, and the weather is warmer.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Citizens of South Korea are impossible to obtain visas to North Korea, but they can still get “entry permits” to tourist-only areas, such as Kaesong.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

U.S. citizens are also unable to obtain visas and can only visit during the celebration of the Arirang Festival; however, this ban has been lifted in January 2010. [85]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Within the Kŭmgangsan-mountainous region, Hyundai companies established and operated special tourist areas.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Visits to the region are also possible for citizens of the United States and South Korea, but only in entourages (not individuals) from South Korea.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Travel to this area has been temporarily halted since a South Korean woman approaching the military zone had been shot dead by border guards at the end of 2008. [86]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korea has unilaterally announced it will take over Hyundai's assets in the region. [87]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korean media media is heavily controlled by the government.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Information is closely guarded, whether it is to the outside or into North Korea.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korea's constitution guarantees freedom of opinion and press; but, in fact, the government prohibits the exercise of these rights.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Reporters Without Borders in 2008 classed the media in North Korea at an order of 172 out of 173, the same level from Eritrea. [88]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Only news in conjunction with the regime is permitted, while news covering the economic and political problems of the country, or criticism of the regime, is prohibited. [89]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The media is in charge of nurturing a personality adoration of Kim Jong-il.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The main supplier of news for the media in North Korea is the Korean Central News Agency.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korea has 12 leading newspapers and 20 non-daily print media.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

All print media are different from their published periods and they are all printed in Pyongyang. [90]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The daily newspapers in question are for example Rodong Sinmun, Joson Inmingun, Minju Choson, and Rodongja Sinmum.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

In North Korea there is no privately-owned press. [91]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Transportation In urban centers in North Korea there are buses and trams, both local and imported.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Old railways are bought from Europe and China, but a trade embargo has forced North Korea to make their own vehicles.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The Democratic People's Republic of Korea Railway Secretary, “Choson Cul Minzuzui Inmingonghoagug”, is the only railway operator in North Korea.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The company has a 5,200km by 4,500km railway network, some of which meet standard gauge. [92]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

There is a small narrow-gauge rail operating on the Haeju Peninsula. [92]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The railway consisted of a mixture of steam and electric locomotives.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Most cars are made in North Korea using Soviet draft.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

There are several locomotives from the Empire of Japan, the United States, and Europe that are still worn.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Used locomotives from China (DF4B, BJ Hidraulika, etc) are also still operated.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Water transport on major rivers and along the coast plays an important role for both freight and human traffic.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

In addition to the Yalu and Taedong Rivers, most of the waterway on the mainland, entirely 2,253 kilometers, is served only by small boats.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The most crowded coastal traffic is on the east coast, which is able to accommodate larger payloads because it is relatively deeper.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The major ports are Nampho on the west coast and Diligent, Chongjin, Wonsan, and Hamhung on the east coast.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The port owned by the country in the 1990s contains approximately 35 million tons of capacity each year.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

At the beginning of the 1990s, North Korea had merchant ships across the ocean, most of which were domestically made, with 68 arks (gross weighting at least 1,000 tons), with their total permissible weight of 465,801 tons, which included in them 58 cargo ships and two tankers.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

There is ongoing investment in the renewal and expansion of port facilities, the construction of specialized transportation on the Taedong River—and the more balanced comparison of international cargo with domestic cargo.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Air international transit from and to North Korea is restricted.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

There are regular flight schedules from Sunan International Airport — 24 kilometers north of Pyongyang — to Moscow, Khabarovsk, Beijing, Macau, Vladivostok, Bangkok, Shenyang, Shenzhen, chartered flights from Sunan to Tokyo as well as to Eastern European, Middle East and African countries.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

A treaty to pioneer ministry between Pyongyang and Tokyo had been signed in 1990.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Domestic flights are available between Pyongyang, Hamhung, Wonsan, and Chongjin.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

All civil aviation aircraft served by Air Koryo were 34 aircraft as of 2008, all of these were ordered from the Soviet Union and later Russia.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Since 1976 to 1978, four Tu-154 jets have been added accompanying small aircraft An-24s later adding four long-bodied Ilyushin Il-62M, three Ilyushin Il-76MD large cargo aircraft and 2 long-bodied Tupolev Tu-204-300 as of 2008.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

One of the few ways to enter North Korea is via the Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge or through Panmunjeom, a former crossing of the Amnok River, and then a crossing of the Korean Demilitarized Zone.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Private vehicles in North Korea are a rare sight, but since 2008, around 70% of households use bicycles, which also plays an increasingly important role in small-scale individual trade. [93]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Demographics JMPL|Ka|225px|North Korean population pyramid The rough number of North Korea's population is about 23 million people, one of the most uniform ethnic and language groups in the world, with very few Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, South Koreans, and a minority of European expatriates.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

According to the CIA World Factbook, North Korea's life expectancy figure was 63.8 years in 2009, a rough picture equivalent to the numbers reached by Pakistan and Myanmar and slightly below Russia. [94]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The infant mortality rate is at a high level of 51.34; a rate that is 2.5 times higher than the infant mortality rate of the People's Republic of China, Russia's 5th time, South Korea's 12th time. [95]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

According to UNICEF's The State of the world's Children 2003, North Korea ranked 73rd (top place of highest mortality rate), among Guatemala (72nd) and Tuvalu (74th). [95] [96] North Korea's total fertility figure is relatively low with a figure of 1.96 as of 2009; almost comparable to that owned the United States and France. [97]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The North Korean language shares the Korean Language with South Korea.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

There are dialect differences in both Koreas, but the North and South borders do not represent the border of the language clearly.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

While in South Korea it is more liberal, adoption of modern terms from foreign languages is more restricted in North Korea.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Hanja (Hanzi) is no longer worn in North Korea, although it is sometimes still worn in South Korea.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The two Koreas share a phonetic writing system called Chosongul in the north and Hangul in the south of the Demarcation Zone.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Romanization differs in both countries, North Korea uses the McCune—Reischauer system with slight modifications, and South Korea uses a Revised Korean Romanization.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The religions of both Koreas share the same heritage of Buddhism and Korean Conghucu and the still very recent history of Christianity and the movement of Cheondoism (“Heavenly Way religion”).


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korea's constitution states that freedom of religion is permitted. [98]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

According to Western religious standards, most of the North Korean population can be grouped as “unaffiliated”.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

But most of them are defined as “religious” from the point of view of sociology [99] and the cultural influence of traditional religions such as Buddhism and Conghucu still have a dampag on the spiritual life of North Korea. [100] [101] [102] After all, the adherents of Buddhism in North Korea reportedly fared better than other religious groups; particularly Christians, who were said to face punishment on the part of the rulers.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Adherents of Buddhism are given limited funds by the government to promote that religion, as Buddhism plays an integral role in traditional Korean culture. [103]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

According to Human Rights Watch, free religious activities no longer exist in North Korea because the government sponsors religious groups simply to create the illusion of religious freedom. [104]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

According to Religious Intelligence, the religious situation in North Korea is as follows: [105] Unreligious: 15,460,000 followers (64.31% of population, dominant majority, they are biologists of Juche philosophy) Korean shamanism: 3,846,000 followers (16% of population) Cheondoism: 3,245,000 followers ( 13.50% of population) Buddhism: 1,082,000 followers (4.50% of population) Christianity: 206,000 followers (5.69% of residents) Pyongyang was the center of Christian activity in Korea before the Korean War.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Now, fourteen state-supervised churches are here, where religious freedom is a special case for foreigners. [106] [107] Official government statistics report that there are 10,000 Protestants and 4,000 Roman Catholics in North Korea. [108]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

According to a ranking published by Open Doors, an organization that helps disenfranchised Christians, North Korea is now the nation with the most and largest vocation of Christians among other countries around the world. [109]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Human Rights Defender groups such as Amnesty International also express concern for religious wrongdoers in North Korea. [110]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Education Education in North Korea is controlled by the government and compulsory until the first secondary level.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Education in North Korea is free, and the state provides students with not only free teaching and educational facilities, but also uniforms and guidebooks. [111]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Heuristika is actively applied to build the independence and creativity of the students. [112]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Compulsory education lasts eleven years, and passes one year of pre-school level, four years of primary education and six years of secondary education.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The school curriculum in North Korea consists of academic and political subjects. [113]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The primary school is known as a folk school and children learn in this school at the age of 6—9.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

They then proceed to public advanced schools or vocational advanced schools, depending on their individual abilities.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

They entered advanced school at the age of ten and upstaged it at the age of 16.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Higher education is not compulsory in North Korea.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

This stage consists of two systems: academic higher education and higher education for continuing education.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The academic higher education system includes three types of institutions: universities, professional schools, and technical schools.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The postgraduate stage for master's and doctoral degree is left to the university for students who wish to continue their education.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Two of North Korea's top universities are Kim Il-sung University and Pyongyang University of Science and Technology, both in Pyongyang.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korea is one of the most literate countries in the world, with a proportion of 99%. [24]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Health Services and medical care in North Korea do not demand cost to the people. [114]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korea budgeted 3% of its GDP for the healthcare sector.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Since the 1950s, North Korea has laid a solid foundation in the health sector, and between 1955 and 1986, the number of hospitals increased from 285 to 2,401, and the number of health centers — from 1,020 to 5,644. [115]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

There are several hospitals specifically catering to the mill and mining people.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Since 1979 better emphasis was put on traditional Korean medicines, based on treatments utilizing herbal and acupuncture products.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korea's health system declined dramatically since the 1990s due to natural disasters, economic problems, and food and depleting fuel reserves.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Many hospitals and health centers in North Korea are now desperately short of medical equipment, medicine, water, and electricity. [116]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Almost 100% of the population gained access to water and sanitation, but it was not entirely ideal.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, and hepatitis B are considered endemic to the country. [117]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

According to 2009 estimates, the life expectancy of North Koreans is 63.8 years, a picture similar to Pakistan and Myanmar and slightly lower than that of Russia. [94]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Among other health problems, many North Koreans suffer from malnutrition, caused by the paceklik season relating to failed harvests, food distribution programs, and priority policies for the military.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

A 1998 UN report, the World Food Program reported that 60% of children suffered from malnutrition, and 16% were acutely undernourished.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

As a result, those who suffer during disasters always face health problems.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Human Rights Society Several international human rights organizations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, rate North Korea as one of the countries with the worst human rights record. [118]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Koreans are often referred to as “the most brutally treated people in the world”, due to some strict limits put upon their political and economic freedoms. [119]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korean refugees have witnessed the existence of prison camps and prisoners with approximately 150,000 to 200,000 occupants (equal to 0.85% of the entire population), and have reported torture, starvation, rape, murder, medical trials, forced labor, and forced fetal abortions. [120].


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The system changed little in the late 1990s, when the number of residents became very few.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

In many cases, when capital endowment becomes de facto, it is replaced by some mild endowment.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The practice of bribery is becoming commonplace in this country.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Many North Koreans now illegally wear clothing that originated in South Korea, listen to South Korean music, watch South Korean tapes or video CDs, and even catch South Korean radio or television broadcasts. [121] [122] Individual cults the North Korean government runs Strict control over the entire joint of national culture, and this control is used to perpetuate the adoration of a personality not far removed from Kim Il-sung, and, to a not-so-great extension, for Kim Jong-il.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

When visiting North Korea in 1979, a journalist Bradley Martin reported that almost all of the music, art, and sculptures he had observed were presented for the sake of glorifying “Supreme Leader” Kim Il-sung, whose adoration of this personality was later extended to his son, “The Leader Beloved” Kim Jong-il. [123]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The song No Mother Earth Without You, sung by the North Korean Army Coor, was composed specifically for Kim Jong-Il and is one of the most merakyat tone compositions in the country.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

His official Kim Il-sung is still just seen as the nation's “Eternal President.”


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Some of the city's characteristic buildings in North Korea are named after Kim Il-sung, for example Kim Il-sung University, Kim Il-sung Stadium, and Kim Il-sung Square.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Detractors have been quoted as saying North Korean schools treat both the father and the son. [124]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Kim Il-sung rejected accusations that he created an attempt at adoration in his own direction and accused anyone who posited this opinion of “factionalism”. [123]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Criticism states that the cult of Kim Jong-il was inherited from his father, Kim Il-sung.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

He is often the center of attention throughout lay life in North Korea.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The day of his birth is the most important holiday in the country.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

On the 60th anniversary of the birth (according to its official date of birth), mass celebrations were organized in all corners of the country. [125]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The adoration of Kim Jong-il's personality, although significant, is not as strict as his father.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

As of 2004, some of his official portraits were taken from public buildings. [126]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

One viewpoint reveals that the adoration of Kim Jong Il's personality was done solely for the sake of rewarding Kim Il-sung or avoiding judicial proceedings for failure to pay rent for the house. [127]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Media and government sources from outside North Korea generally support this view, [128] [129] [130] [131] [132] while North Korean government sources say it is purely an adoration of real heroes. [133]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Korean unification North Korea policy is to seek reunification (reunification) without foreign interference (outside Korea), through a federal structure maintaining their respective leadership and systems.


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

North Korea and South Korea signed the North-South Joint Statement June 15 in which the two parties pledged to seek ways to peacefully reunite. [134]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

The Democratic Federal Republic of Korea is a proposed country that was first mentioned by President Kim Il Sung on October 10, 1980 in a proposal for a federation between North Korea and South Korea in which their respective political systems would initially be maintained. [135]


Question: what is the number of north korea provinces?

North Korea

Panmunjeom North Korea Map Gallery, border between North Korea and South Korea A city in North Pyongan Province Juche Tower in Pyongyang See also Korea Korea War South Korean War Reference Outlink — (“My country”) North Korea Official Portal at Curlie Wikimedia Atlas of North Korea of UCB Libraries GovPubs — Korean Central News Agency, North Korea's official news agency Category:Undivided territories Category:Countries and territories formed in 1948 Category:Socialist country Category:Communist state Category:One-party states


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Roman Empire Roman Empire at the height of its glory (117 AD) Motto: "Senatus Populasque Romanus" (Latin: “The Senate and the Roman People.”) Official Languages Latin and Greekreligions Roman, Jewish, Christian, Egyptian Religion etc.Ibukotaroma and then KonstantinopelHead of stateSul - > KaisarRegion... Population ~30 million (Year 6 AD) .The currencyDenariusmasa founder30 BC-395 Roman Empire (Latin: IMPERIVM ROMANVM or Imperium Romanum) was a political entity once ruling in present-day Italy with Rome as its center of government.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Although the city of Rome had been established since 753 BC, it took 500 years for the Roman government to establish its power through the Italian peninsula.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

In the process of expanding his power, the Romans clash with Carthage (a reign established in 814 BC by the Phoenicians).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

As a result, the two fought in a war called the Punic Wars (264—241 BC).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

This war ended with the seizing of the city of Carthage by the Romans in 146 BC, which marked the beginning of the domination of Roman rule in Europe, which continued to rule with supreme power for the next six centuries.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

The next section will outline the major events (Major Events) that occurred during the Roman Empire's standing.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

The dissolution of the Roman Republic (50 BC) Julius Caesar is remembered as the most perfect Roman emperor (although Rome was still a republic during his lifetime and the post of emperor had not been established until he died).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

He ruled the Roman Republic a few years after the conquest of the last power of the Gauls on the hill of alesia, until his tragic death at a senate session in 44 BC.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

The power that Julius Caesar had gained when he was still serving as one of the members of the Triumvirate (a governing council consisting of three counts, when it was: Caesar, Pompei and Crassus) as a military leader.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

It was during this time that he began his plan to seize large areas in the north of Europe controlled by the Gauls with the support of his best friend, Pompei (106-48 BC).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Since the defeat of Carthage, about a century before Caesar was born, the Republic of Rome was filled with civil war, rebellion of military power, corruption, and dissatisfaction with the Senate council as the center of government.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

A chaotic political condition in a ruling republic in the middle seas.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

With the establishment of the Triumvirate, some problems were able to be addressed, although Caesar realized that the republican system was already not worth defending.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

In the hands of Julius Caesar the romans began to realize their dream of invading the northeast and north of europe.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

He urged the Roman border up to mainland Britain (Brittania) so that more than half of continental europe was under the rule of the Republic of Rome.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

However Caesar's victory was considered a threat to the republic by some members of the Senate, even Pompei co-supported the Senate to fight Caesar.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

The circumstances forced Caesar to stage a Coup and ignore the laws of the republic's administration.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

From the north, Caesar with his army attacked and took the city of Rome from the hands of the Senate, defeated Pompei and pursued him all the way to Egypt (where he got only Pompei's head left as a result of the murders committed conspiracies in Egypt, which Caesar greatly regretted).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Julius Caesar's victory established him as ruler of Rome with absolute power.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

He continued to rule until killed killed by a group of people still supporting the republic in 44 BC.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Julius Caesar changed the course of Rome's history - and of course, European history.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

In Rome itself, he overthrew the republican government (although it had to stage a coup and fight against his coming-of-arms, Pompeius magnus) and created a post which, according to fact, was made an official post by his victory Octavianus (63 BC-14 AD) when he held power after the death of his uncle.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

When Caesar was just beginning to rule, Rome was the main ruler of the Middle Seas.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

At the time of his death, Rome was also the first superpower in Europe—or could be worldwide (with the exception of Persia under Cyrus and Macedonia under Alexander).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Birth of the Roman Empire (30 BC) After Julius Caesar was killed, he was succeeded by his victorious named Octavianus.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

But not only big positions, big problems were also inherited by the uncle, in addition to getting a lot of resistance from his rivals, Octavianus also had to dismantle the scandal of Caesarean murder committed by a conspiracy syndicate led by Gaius Cassius and Mark Junius Brutus.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Therefore, he agreed to preside over a Triumvirate (a governing council consisting of three triads) together with Marcus Lepidus (? -13 BC) and Marcus Antonius (83-30 BC).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Yet again, the reign of this Triumvirate was not quite successful, giving rise to many problems including the story of Mark Antonius' romance with the egyptian queen Cleopatra later in life.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Cleopatra herself was the last leader of the last dynasty of Egypt (ptolemy), a queen who in earlier times had also had a romance scandal with Caesar.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

We leave first Cleopatra, after the assassins of Julius Caesar were successfully captured and destroyed, the Triumvirate agreed to divide power geographically, with Octavianus in Europe, Lepidus in Africa and Antonius in Egypt.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

In Egypt, Mark Antonius began his reign in the cosmopolitan city of Alexandria, it was where he met Cleopatra (69-30 BC) whom he later married (although it is likely that the two had met when Caesar was alive).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Slowly but surely, Julius Caesar's companions began to change sides.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

He set his three children as his successors and often he rewarded his wife with expensive objects, even hearsay that he would reward the city of Rome (which Octavianus controlled) to Cleopatra, as a gift.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

When the hearsay broke and sounded by Octavianus, he became beaver and declared war against Anthony.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

The two sides came face to face at the Battle of Actium In 31 BC.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

At that battle, Anthony's forces were both urged and defeated (Anthony and Cleopatra later ended their lives by suicide in 30 BC).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Octavianus declared himself a roman emperor under various new titles, including Imperator and Emperor Augustus (Augustus Caesar).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

With this declaration, then the Roman Empire, the culmination of political domination built up over 7 centuries, officially stood.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Precisely the year 27 BC.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

The year of four emperors (69 AD) After Emperor Nero died by suicide in 68, there was a civil war in the Roman Empire (the first civil war since Antonius' death in 30 BC), a time known as the Year of four Emperors (Year of the four emperors).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Between June 68 to December 69, the Roman Emperors changed up to 3 times in one year (Nero replaced Galba, Galba replaced Otho, Otho replaced Vitellius, Vitellius replaced Vespasian, the first ruler of the Flavian dynasty).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

This period of civil war itself is considered to be the beginning of a black note in the history of the Roman Empire, as the consequences it caused had great implications on the political and military stability of Rome at that time.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Crisis In the 3rd Century (253 - 284) After Augustus declared the end of civil war in the 1st century AD, the Roman Empire experienced a period where regional expansion, peace, and economic efficacy were felt throughout the Empire (Pax Romana).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

But in the third century, the Empire was faced with a crisis whereby bar-bar-nation attacks, civil war, and hyperinflation occurred in the same time and continuously, which almost led to the collapse of the Roman Empire.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

This mess was only caused by the absence of a clear system governing the change of power (succesion) since Augustus died without appointing a successor to the Empire (normally, power would be handed to the son of the emperor, but at that time Augustus did not have child).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

This caused chaos at the turn of the empire in the 1st and 2nd centuries, but usually the chaos that ensued did not last long.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

In this 3rd century, the peak of the empire led at least 25 Emperors between the years 235 - 284 (commonly called Caesar-Military (Soldier-Emperor).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Most of these 25 emperors were killed or killed in this 3rd century conflict. This period is considered to be over after Diokletianus came to power.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

The spread of Christianity in the Romans Approximately three centuries after the death of Emperor Augustus (died in 14 AD), empire-shaped Rome has grown rapidly.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

With its vast territory and unconquered military power, the Roman empire became the largest empire in the world that had been known when it was, the time commonly called Pax Romana, wherever materialized.jmpl|200px|the great Constantine, otherwise known as Constantine I. this is, Christianity began to grow and flourish in Rome.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Unlike previous religions, which were passed on from generation to generation as cultural traits of a nation, Christianity actively converted those who did not yet believe.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Christianity began in the Middle East and spread all the way to Greece and Egypt.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

The messengers of the Christian gospel were mainly Jesus' disciples, Peter (? —67 AD), pioneering the spread of Christianity, together with Saul of Tarsus (5—67 AD), now known as Paul, preached the new religion to all regions of the Empire and even to Rome.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

At first, the arrival of this new religion could be tolerated by the Romans.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

But in later developments, the Romans began to worry about the rapid spread of Christianity.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

They worried that this religion would fragment the unity of the Romans.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

So began the persecution of the adherents of Christianity.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

They were killed, oppressed or made lion bait in circus arenas.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Despite this, underground movements of Jews remained active in spreading the religion, they made Rome the center of their movement.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Until once, this state changed when Constantine (280-337 AD), who embraced Christianity, came to power.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Under his leadership, this initially opposed religion, began to be accepted and even developed.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

In fact, he had been an interceptor in a serious dispute about the doctrine between the western and eastern groups in the Church.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

He invited bishops representing the two classes to attend a Council of Nicaea of 325 AD.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

There the differences between them are resolved.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

The Nicaese Confession of Faith, whose manuscript was created at the conference, sets out fundamental Christian beliefs that both groups can agree on.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Furthermore, Constantine took a number of steps to save Christians from destruction, either as a result of external persecution or internal strife.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

He also established Christianity as the state religion throughout the rule of the Roman Empire.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Because of these services, the religion began to spread even became dominant throughout Europe (because at that time, the Romans controlled almost all of mainland Europe).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

The division of the Roman Empire (395) The singular division of the Roman Empire into two (the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire) occurred around 395 after the death of Thedosius I. This division of power was accomplished through a series of interrelated events.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Division of the Territory by Diocletianus (305).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

The Roman Emperor at that time, Diokletianus began to experience serious difficulties in carrying out his rule over a large area, these difficulties among them: Overly large areas resulted in central coordination with other regions being hampered, taking months order for information or law from the center of government samapai to remote areas.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

That overly large area also resulted in low surveillance and guarding from attacks by other peoples such as the Goths, Visigoths, Vandals and Franks.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Diocletianus saw that the Roman Empire would not survive if it was led by a single government, so he divided the Empire in two around the eastern regions of Italy (see), and called his leader Augustus the Western Roman Empire with Diocletianus as Augustus for the Western Regions of the Eastern Roman Empire with Maximianus, Diokletianus' carnal friend, as Augustus of the Eastern Region Even so, the Roman empire at that time remained a single empire, splitting into the Western Roman Empire and the Empire Eastern Roman occurred during the leadership of Theodisius I. Tetrarki (Four Leaders) (285 — 324) JMPL|125px|ka|Diokletianus, the originator of the Roman secession of territory.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

After the Roman Empire territory was divided into two regions.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

In 293 each Augustus chose a young emperor called Caesar (distinguish between Emperor and Caesar) as an aide to administrative affairs and as the successor of the Empire if they died; Galerius became Caesar under Dioclotian and Constantius Klorus under Maximian .


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

This constitution is called Tetrarchy in modern science of government.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

At first, the system was quite successful in preventing the destruction of Imperial Rome.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

The decline in power was taking place peacefully.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Each Caesar, from west or east, replaced their respective Augustus and appointed a New Caesar; Galerius raised his nephew Maximinus, and Constantius appointed Flavius Valerius Severus as his Caesar.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

However circumstances changed when Constantius Klorus died on 25 July 306.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Constantius' forces in the area of Eboracum soon raised Constantine, son of Constantius, as Augustus.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

And in August of the same year, Galerius also decided to elevate Severus to Augustus.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

When discontent ran rampant, Rome was faced with a revolution that allowed Maxentius the son of Maximianus, becoming Augustus (he eventually became Augustus on 28 October 306).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Unlike the others, this appointment of Maxentius was supported by Praetorian forces.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

This led to the Empire having 5 leaders: Four Augustus (Galerius, Constantine, Severus and Maxentius) and a Caesar (Maximinus) And in 307, Maximianus also proclaimed himself as Augustus, contiguous with his son Maxentius (thus in total, there were 6 men Augustus in the Roman Empire namely: Maximinus, Maximianus, Maxitius, Galerius, Constantine and Severus).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

However this was not approved by Galerius and Severus, giving rise to civil war in the Italian area.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Finally, Serverus was killed at the hands of Maxentius on September 16, 307.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Both (Maximinus and Maxentius) also tried to lure Constantine to cooperate by matchmaking Constantine with Fausta, son of Maximianus as well as Maxentius' elder brother.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Things were further complicated when Domitius Alexander, Vicarius (a kind of Governor) of the Province of Africa self-proclaimed as Augustus in 308.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Seeing this development, then held the Congress of Carnuntum attended by Diocletianus, Maximianus, and Galerius.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

This congress resulted in decrees among other things: Galerius became Augustus in the Roman Empire the Eastern Region Maximinus became Caesar in the Roman Empire The Eastern Region Maximianus Fired Maxentius was not recognized, his leadership was considered illegal Constantine received recognition, but his post in descend to Caesar in the Western Roman Empire Licinius replaced Maximianus as Augustus in the Roman Empire Western Region But problems persisted.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Maximinus demanded that his title as Augustus be returned.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Eventually he proclaimed himself back as Augustus on 1 May 310.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Followed by Maximianus who proclaimed himself, for the third time, to be Augustus.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

However he (Maximianus) was killed killed by his own son-in-law, Constantine, in July 310.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

By the end of 310, the Roman Empire was still led by 4 official Augustus (Galerius, Maximinus, Constantine, and Licinius) and an illegal Augustus (Maxentius) Galerius killed in May 311 leaving Maximinus as sole ruler of the Roman Empire of the Eastern Region.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

At the same time, Maxentius declared war on Constantine, who had killed his father (Maximianus was Maxentius' biological father).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Yet the warfare backfired unto itself.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

He was killed in a battle against Constantine, the Battle at Milvian Bridge, on 28 October 312.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

As a result of Maxentius' death, Augusti (plural word from Augustus) had only 3 people; Maximinus, Constantine, and Licinius.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Licinius then married Constantia, Constantine's sister, to tie up a friendship with Constantine.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

In August 313, Maximinus was killed in the area of Tarsus, Cilicia.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

The remaining Augusti (Licius and Constantine) eventually agreed to divide 2 territories of the Roman Empire, as Diocletianus did; Constantine in the Western Roman Empire, and Lucius in the Eastern Roman Empire.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

This division of power lasted for ten years.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Samapai in 324, warfare between the two remaining Augusti ensued.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

These wars ended with the defeat of Lucius, making Constantine the sole ruler throughout the Roman Empire.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Then Constantine decided that this almost wiped out Empire, needed a new capital as the centre of government.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

He decided to move the center of government to the ancient city of Byzantium and change its name to Nova Roma (but later on, it became known as Constantinople, the city of Constantine).


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Constantinople continued to be the centre of the reign of Constantine the Great until his death on 22 May 337.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Theodosius I, Last Emperor (395) In 392, Valentinianus was killed in Vienne.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Theodosius I succeeded him, ruling the entire Roman Empire.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

Theodosius had two sons (Arcadius and Honorius) and a daughter named Pulcheria, from his first wife, Aelia Flacilla.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

His first daughter and wife were later killed in 385.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

From his second wife, Galla, he gained a daughter, Galla Placidia, mother of Valentinianus III, someone who later became Emperor in the Western Roman Empire.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

After his death in 395, his power was divided to his two sons Arcadius and Honorius; Arcadius became ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire, with the capital Constantinople, and Honorius became ruler in the West, with the capital Milan.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

The division is considered the end of the Single Roman Empire.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

The Battle of Adrianople (378) Battle of Adrianople (9 August 378) was a battle between the Roman Army led by Emperor Valens and a German tribe (Germanic Tribes, mostly descended from the tribes of Visigoths and Ostrogoths) led by Fritigern.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

The battle occurred in the area of Adrianople and ended in a crushing defeat of the Roman Empire.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

This battle resulted in the death of Emperor Valens.


Question: When did the civilization of Ancient Greece end?

History of the Roman Empire

See also List of Roman emperors Diocletian division Peutinger Map Holy Roman Empire Roman Empire Roman Numerals Category:Civilization Category:Ancient Romans Category:Roman Empire


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network (English Fixed Wireless Access abbreviated FWA) is a technology for cordless fixed telephone networks.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

In Indonesia, telecom operators use CDMA mobile networks instead of cables due to the high cost of telephone cable investment.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

FWA is also known for Radio in the Local Loop (RLL) or Wireless Local Loop (WLL).


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

FWA is used as a replacement for copper wire or part of the local loop on the telephone network.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

The FWA license uses regular phone numbering that uses are code for example 021 for Jakarta,.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

Unlike the FWA, mobile licenses follow other mobile numbering rules, namely with the prefix 08xx.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

That is, FWA services could not be taken out of town except by temporarily replacing with local area code numbers.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

Now, both licenses are commonly used in CDMA Code Division Multiple Access.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

This difference in licensing has an impact on fares.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

FWA CDMA rates are relatively cheap following regular telephone wisdom “(fixed-line)”, while mobile CDMA follows GSM service rates in general because operators have to pay BHP frequencies and so on, while FWA operators do not have to.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

Fixed Wireless Access System fixed system is a system that provides regular customer service.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

FWA is a competitor for wireline where FWA is held to provide quality and competition, variety and availability at a competitive cost.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

Basically, FWA has almost the same system as mobile mobile.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

FWA uses cellular configuration.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

The base station and terminal station cover a limited area.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

Mobile configuration provides a more efficient spectrum because it uses frequency reuse.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

However, FWA differs from mobile wireless access (MWA) systems especially in various types of services provided, deployment skenerio, frequency usage and frequency management.FWA provides wireline replacement network access for fixed users.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

Wireline type FWA requires a different system with selluler spectrum in terms of number as well as type.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

FWA can operate at higher frequencies than cellular technology, but requires better coverage (i.e. with lower frequencies and power levels) of broadcasting or broadband systems.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

Wireline type FWA exists and is being started to be conducted worldwide by vendors such as Nortel, and Lucent Technologies DSC Communications and is currently being evaluated by major North American carriers, many of which already use FWA in projects and operations overseas.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

The United States and Canada are markets for FWA but have not developed because it has not da suitable spectrum for these technologies and applications.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

FWA Services and Differences with Mobile Wireless Access systems There are five conditions that must be had by FWA, namely: Availability Service FWA provided by air.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

The sound quality is not worse than the quality of the toll.The speed is not slower than the wireline system.wireline system, uses a vocoder and has a limited bandwidth resulting in less maximum quality.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

In MWA, quality and service are often subject to a fairly long delay.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

This is because sometimes, mobile systems experience a Hot-Spot state where the user heads to a specific cell and overloads the system.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

This is not experienced by the FWA because its users are in a fixed position.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

And it has been known.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

Reliability Reliability rate FWA 99.99%, while MWA 90%.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

FWA Service Transparency operates transparently on centralokal services with regular telephones.FWA cannot use mobile terminals for fixed phone replacements and does not get the same level of service if using mobile terminals.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

This is because the MWA terminal requires adjustments to operate like a regular fixed phone.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

MWA systems are not designed for different types of transparancy.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

Bandwidth bandwidth has electromagnetic spectrum in the air and results in limited resources and bandwitdh is always a problem for wireless systems.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

For the foreseeable future FWA will compete harder with wireline systems. xDSL, Coaxial cable and optical cable.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

The need to compete pushes FWA systems towards higher bandwidth and frequency bands, whereby the sender and receiver must be line of sight and nearly impossible for mobility.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

Differences are also seen in the performance criteria for MWA which is evenly distributed for all areas where users move, while FWA is run to meet minimal level service for each user.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

FWA is required to provide a better level of service compared to MWA system, therefore MWA is designed and held for mobile services that can not be as good as fixed service.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

Providing mobility for the FWA, providing capabilities is not a trivial matter.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

The MWA system must support mobility then features and services such as hand off and roaming capabilities must be provided. So if the fire country is going to attack you, you no longer need to fight it FWA Fixed terminal station coverage installed outdoors such as the roof of the house.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

The propagation environment is one of the main factors, differentiating between services.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

Thus, there will be a line of sight propagation condition or a line of sight between the base station and terminal station.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

In a fixed system, it is possible to install a directional antenna on the terminal station.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

With direct antenna “directivity”, will be created higher frequencies.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

In addition this antenna can reduce interference with other base stations and can reduce multipath.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

In terms of coverage, the FWA is focused on a setting that does not have to be adjacent to its location.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

This is certainly different from the MWA system used to cover adjacent areas within a city area.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

FWA Standards and Terms of Use Standards used by FWA today are, GSM, AMPS, IS-136, IS-95 for mobile cellular, DECT and PHS for cordless phones, enabling interoperability between equipment for different companies and upcoming standards (IMT-2000) are developed to reduce the number of standards in the future.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

When compared to MWA, FWA standards are lower.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

Whereas FWA operators in world countries are distinguished between country and country, this is to avoid monopolies.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

This certainly hinders the FWA convergence process.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

Economically, FWA is a fast and economical technology product.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

FWA can provide access quickly by requiring only base station and terminal and terminal station Example FWA Use in Indonesia In Indonesia, Initially, FWA lisesnsi was given to Telkom.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

Telkom product with FWA license is Telkom Flexi.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

Its target market is urban communities.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

Flexi offers handset services that are mobile and are already on par with GSM.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

Indonesia is indeed the only country whose FWA operator sells mobile services.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

Basically, FWA licenses rely on CDMA2001x technology, intended to replace fixed-phones in difficult areas and do not allow to build PSTN cables.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

However, this technology in Indonesia is also used in urban areas that can actually use PSTN cables.


Question: Is technology a replacement for Payphones?

Wireless Fixed Telephone Network

WiMAX reference, FWA equipment manufacture Category:Telecommunications


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Papua is the largest province of Indonesia located in the central part of Papua Island or the easternmost part of the Indonesian territory of Papua.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Its eastern hemisphere constitutes the country of Papua New Guinea.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Papua Province used to cover the entire western Papua region, but since 2003 it was divided into two provinces with the eastern part remaining under the name Papua while the western part was named West Papua.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Papua has an area of 808,105sq km and is the second largest island in the world and the first largest in Indonesia.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

The Background Territory Boundary of Papua is an island located to the north of Australia and is part of the eastern region of Indonesia.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Most of Papua's mainland is still wilderness.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Papua is the second largest island in the world after Greenland.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

About 47% of Papua's island area is part of Indonesia, which is known as Netherland New Guinea, West Irian, West Irian, and Irian Jaya, and lately known as Papua.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

The other part of the island's territory is the territory of the country of Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea), that is, a former British colony.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

The population between the two countries actually has an ethnic kinship, but is then separated by a border line.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Papua has an area of about 421,981 square kilometers with a population of only about 2.3 million.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

More than 71% of Papua is a stretch of tropical rainforest that is difficult to penetrate because it consists of steep valleys and high mountains, and some of the mountains are covered by snow.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

The border between Indonesia and Papua New Guinea is marked by 141 lines of East Longitude that cut the island of Papua from north to south.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

As are most of the other islands in the South Pacific, the people of Papua come from mainland Asia who migrate by means of ocean liners.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

That migration began as early as 30,000 to 50,000 years ago, and resulted in them being outside modern Indonesian civilization, as they were unlikely to make voyages to other more distant islands.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

The European explorers who first came to Papua, referred to the locals as Melanesians.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

The origin of the word Melanesian comes from the Greek word, 'Mela' which means' black ', because their skin is dark in color.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Later the peoples of Southeast Asia and also the Portuguese interacted closely with the Papuan population, referred to them as Papuans.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Papua itself describes Indonesia's past history, as it is recorded that during the 18th century AD, rulers from the kingdom of Sriwijaya, centered in the region now known as Palembang, South Sumatra, sent offerings to the Chinese kingdom.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

In the offerings were some Cenderawasih birds, believed to be birds from the garden of Paradise which were native animals from Papua, which at that time were known as 'Janggi'.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

In the account written in Nagarakretagama, Papua also belongs to the territory of Majapahit kingdom (1293—1520).


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

In addition to written in the book which is a set of history made by the Majapahit Kingdom administration, the entry of Papua into the Majapahit power area is also listed in the book of Prapanca compiled in 1365.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Despite the controversy surrounding the historical record, it confirms that Papua is as an inseparable part of the network of kingdoms in Southeast Asia under the control of Majapahit kingdom.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

For centuries in the first half of the second millennium, there has been an intensified relationship between Papua and other islands in Indonesia, which is not just sporadic trade contact between Papuans and people from the island- nearby island.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

During that period, people from nearby islands that later came and became part of modern Indonesia, bringing together various diversity spread within Papua.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

This certainly requires quite intense interaction and not a short time so that people in Papua can learn Malay as a language of introduction, especially considering the diversity of languages they have.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

In 1963, of the approximately 700,000 population of the existing population, 500,000 among them spoke 200 different languages and were not understood between one and the other.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

The variety of languages among the few population is due to the formation of groups isolated by differences between one and the other for centuries due to the density of forests and also the difficult to traverse steep ravines that separate them.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Therefore, there are now 234 introductory languages in Papua, two of the second languages without native speakers.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Many of these languages are only spoken by 50 speakers or less.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Some minor classes are already extinct, such as Tandia, which is only used by two speakers and Mapia which is only used by one speaker.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Now, the language of introduction used is Indonesian, which is the language of introduction taught in schools and is the language in doing various transactions.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Indonesian itself is derived from Malay, the market version.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

The history of Papua is in the easternmost region of the country of Indonesia.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

It is the second largest island after Greendland Island in Denmark.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Its area reaches 890,000 Km² (this if merged with Papua New Guinea).


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Its magnitude is estimated to be nearly five times the area of Java island.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

In about 200 AD, the Geographer named Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolamy) called the island of Papua by the name Labadios.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Until now no one knew why the island of Papua was named Labadios.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Around the end of 500 AD, by the Chinese nation was named Tungki.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

This could be noticed after they found a diary of a Tiangkok author, Ghau Yu Kuan describing that the origin of the spices they obtained came from Tungki, the name used by Chinese traders at that time for Papua.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Furthermore, at the end of 600 AD, the Kingdom of Sriwijaya called the name Papua using the name Janggi.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

In the book Kertagama 1365 made by Pujangga Mpu Prapanca “Tugki” or “Janggi” is actually a misspelled obtained from a third party namely Chinese trader Chun Tjok Kwan who in his trade journey had visited several places in Tidore and Papua.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

At the beginning of 700 A.D., Persian and Gujarat traders began to arrive to Papua, also including pedangan from India.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Their goal to search for spices in the region after seeing the success of swordangang of Chinese origin.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

These traders called the name Papua with Dwi Panta and also Samudranta, which means Ujung Samudra and Ujung Lautan.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

By the end of 1300, Majapahit Kingdom used two names, Wanin and Sram.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

The name of Wanin, certainly none other than the Onin peninsula in the Fak-Fak and Sram regions, is the island of Seram in the Moluccas.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

It is possible, the slaves brought and offered to Majapahit came from Onin and who brought them there were Seramese from Moluccas, so these two names are called.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Around 1646, the Kingdom of Tidore gave the name to this island and its inhabitants as Papa-Ua, which had changed in designation to Papua.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

In the Tidore language it means not joined or not unified (not integrated).


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

In Malay means curly-haired.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

It has another sense, that there is no reigning king on this island.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

There are also those who use the name Papua as a form of ridicule towards the local citizens—primitive, lagging, stupid people— which is a slogan that has no meaning whatsoever by the name of Papua.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

The response of the population to the name Papua has been quite good.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

The reason is because the name correctly reflects their self-identity as black, curly humans, which is very different from the Malay population as well as the kingdom of Tidore.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

But, of course they do not accept the ridicule that is always thrown by residents of arrivals.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

In 1511 Antonio d'Arbau, sailor of Portuguese origin called the region of Papua by the name “Os Papuas” or also llha de Papo.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Don Jorge de Menetes, a Spanish sailor also stopped by in Papua a few years later (1526—1527), he still used the name Papua.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

He himself knew the name Papua in the diary of Antonio Figafetta, the scribe of the voyage of Magelhaens who circumnavigated the world called Papua.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

This Papuan name was known to Figafetta when he stopped on the island of Tidore.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Next, in 1528, Alvaro de Savedra, a leader of the Spanish sea fleet named the island Papua Isla de Oro or Island of Gold which means the Island of Gold.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

He was also the only sailor to successfully anchor his ship on the northern coast of the Papuan archipelago.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

With the mention of Isla Del Oro made not a few European sailors who came in droves to search for the gold contained on the golden island.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

In 1545, the sailor of Spanish origin Inigo Ortiz de Retes gave the name Nueva Guinee.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

In English it is called New Guinea.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

He originally went along the north coast of the island and because he saw his black and curly-haired human traits the same as the humans he saw in the African hemisphere named Guinea, hence the name of this island Nueva Guinee/New Guinea Island.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

The names of Papua and Nueva Guinea were retained for almost two centuries, only later came the name of New Guinea from the Netherlands, and both names were widely known throughout the world, especially in the 19th century.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

The people of the archipelago know the name Papua and while the name of New Guinea became famous since the 16th century after the name appears on the world map so it was used by the outside world, especially in European countries.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

In 1956, the Netherlands again changed the name of Papua from New Guinea to Nederlands New Guinea.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

The name change was more political because the Dutch did not want to lose the island of Papua from Indonesia at that time.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

In the 1950s by Resident JP Van Eechoud was formed Bestuur school.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

There he advocated and ordered Admoprasojo as Director of the aforementioned Bestuur School to form a council of tribes.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

In the activities of this council, one of them is to examine the history and culture of Papua, including renaming the island of Papua with another name.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Follow-up, held a meeting in Tobati, Jayapura.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

In also talked about the idea of renaming, also formed in a committee that will be tasked to trace a name that originates from Papua and is acceptable to all tribes.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Frans Kaisepo as the chairman of the Committee then took a name from a myth of Manseren Koreri, a legend that is known and widely known by the wider community of Biak, namely Irian.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

In Biak Numfor language “Iri” means land, “an” means heat.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Thus the name Irian means hot land.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

In the next development, after investigation, there are some of the same notions in places such as Serui and Merauke.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

In Serui language, “Iri” means land, “an” means nation, so Irian means Land of the nation, while in Merauke, “Iri” means placed or raised high, “an” means nation, so Irian is a nation raised high.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Officially, on 16 July 1946, Frans Kaisepo who represented New Guinea in a conference in Malino-Ujung Pandang, through his influential speech to national radio broadcasting, renamed Papua and New Guinea with the name Irian.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

The name Irian is one name that contains political meanings.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Frans Kaisepo once said “The change of the name of Papua to Irian, unless it has a historical meaning, also contains a spirit of struggle: IRIAN means to Join the Republic of Indonesia Anti Nederland”.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

(PEPERA 1969 book published in 1972, p. 107-108).


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

After Indonesia became independent in 1945, and the Netherlands was further cornered by the international world in order to maintain Papua in its colonies, on December 1, 1961, the Netherlands formed a puppet state of Papua.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

On that date the Dutch ordered the people of Papua to hoist a new national flag called the Kejora Star.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

They designated Papua's name as West Papua.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

While the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA), a special body formed by the United Nations to prepare a free choice act in Papua in 1969 uses two names for Papua, West New Guinea/West Irian.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Subsequently, the name Irian was changed to West Irian officially since 1 May 1963 when the territory was returned from the Kingdom of the Netherlands into the lap of the Republic of Indonesia.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

In 1967, PT Freeport Mc Morran's cooperation contract with the Indonesian government was held.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

In this contract Freeport use the name West Irian, even though officially Papua is not officially part of Indonesia.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

The international world has legitimately recognized that Papua is part of the State of Indonesia after the establishment of the People's Opinion Determination (PEPERA) in 1969.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

And then on March 1, 1973 in accordance with regulation No. 5 of 1973 the name of West Irian was officially changed by President Soeharto to the name Irian Jaya.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

Entering the reform era some people demanded the renaming of Irian Jaya to Papua.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

President Abdurrahman Wahid complied with the request of part of the community.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

During the official state visit of the President, as well as welcoming the turn of the new year 1999 to 2000, the morning of January 1, 2000, he advised that the name of Irian Jaya was renamed to Papua as given by the Kingdom of Tidore in the 1800s. The origin of the name The development of the origin of the name of the island of Papua has a long journey along with the history of interaction between foreign nations and Papuan peoples, including with local languages in the name of Papua.


Question: is the Tobati-Enggros Tribe extinct?

Papua

The province of Papua used to cover all Indonesian territory on the island of Papua.