Question: When does NASA stand up?

The nextness of the moon

Theologians on the other hand propose their own conception of the terrestrial matter: its nature consists of uniform atoms recreated at all times by God (the latter idea was added to defend God's omnipotence against the encroachment of secondary causes that independent).


Question: When does NASA stand up?

The nextness of the moon

According to this conception, the heavenly body is essentially the same as the terrestrial body, and therefore can be penetrated. [5]


Question: When does NASA stand up?

The nextness of the moon

To overcome the implications of traditional understanding of Koranic verse, some philosophers argue that the verse should be interpreted metaphorically (for example, the verse may refer to a partial lunar eclipse that is then obscured by the earth from part of the Moon). [5]


Question: When does NASA stand up?

The nextness of the moon

Literature This tradition has inspired many Muslim poets, especially in India. [8]


Question: When does NASA stand up?

The nextness of the moon

In poetic language Muhammad is sometimes likened to the sun or morning light.


Question: When does NASA stand up?

The nextness of the moon

Thus, part of a poem from Sana'i, a famous Persian poet in the early 12th century, reads: “The sun should divide the moon in two.”


Question: When does NASA stand up?

The nextness of the moon

Jalal ad-Din Rumi, a well-known poet and adherent of Persian literature, In one of his poems conveys the idea that to be cleaved by Muhammad's finger is the greatest happiness that a low moon can hope for and a faithful believer divides the moon with Muhammad's finger. [7]


Question: When does NASA stand up?

The nextness of the moon

Elaborating on this idea, Abd ar-Rahman Jami, one of Persian classical poets and mystics, played with the shape and numerical value of Arabic letters in a complicated way: The full moon, Jami said, resembled an Arabic letter for a circular.


Question: When does NASA stand up?

The nextness of the moon

M with a numerical value of 40.


Question: When does NASA stand up?

The nextness of the moon

When Muhammad divided the moon, he became like two crescent-shaped n-letters (Arabic letter for “n”) whose numerical value was 50 each.


Question: When does NASA stand up?

The nextness of the moon

This means, thanks to the miracle, the value of the moon has increased. [7]


Question: When does NASA stand up?

The nextness of the moon

Elsewhere Rumi, according to Schimmel, alludes to two miracles attributed to Muhammad in tradition, namely the separation of the moon (which shows the futility of man's scientific approach to nature), and the other that Muhammad was illiterate. [7]


Question: When does NASA stand up?

The nextness of the moon

NASA Photo A photo of Rima Ariadaeus taken by the Apollo mission reveals a 300km-long rift line on the lunar surface. [19]


Question: When does NASA stand up?

The nextness of the moon

At the time of being asked in 2010 about Internet suggestions that this was evidence of the Koran story, NASA scientist Brad Bailey said, “My recommendation is not to believe everything you read on the internet.


Question: When does NASA stand up?

The nextness of the moon

Articles that have gone through the peer review process are the only scientifically legitimate sources of information.


Question: When does NASA stand up?

The nextness of the moon

There is no current scientific evidence reporting that the Moon split into two parts (or more) and then reassembled at some point in the past.


Question: When does NASA stand up?

The nextness of the moon

“[6] See also Islamic History Muhammad Koran and Islamic wonders and science Reference Category:Muhammad Category:Qur'an Category:Islamic eschatology


Question: where does Ketam walnut come from?

Walnut ketam

The canary canary, Birgus latro, or called the Coconut Crab is the largest land arthropod in the world.


Question: where does Ketam walnut come from?

Walnut ketam

Although it is called a ketam/crab, this animal is not a ketam/crab.


Question: where does Ketam walnut come from?

Walnut ketam

This ketam is a type of umang-umang that is very advanced in terms of evolution.


Question: where does Ketam walnut come from?

Walnut ketam

So perhaps it is more properly called canary umang-umang, but nevertheless the Maluku islands have called it ketam walnut.


Question: where does Ketam walnut come from?

Walnut ketam

This ketam is known for its ability to peel coconut fruit with its powerful cap to eat its contents.


Question: where does Ketam walnut come from?

Walnut ketam

It is the only species of the genus Birgus.


Question: where does Ketam walnut come from?

Walnut ketam

It is also called in English “terrestrial hermit crab” (umang-umang darat) because of the use of conch skin by young umang; however, there are also other umang terrestrials that do not strip their kehides after adulthood.


Question: where does Ketam walnut come from?

Walnut ketam

This animal - specifically the genus Coenobita which is still closely related - is usually called “terrestrial umang-umang”; due to its close kinship between Coenobita and Birgus hence the term “land-based umang-umang” usually refers to members of the family Coenobitidae.


Question: where does Ketam walnut come from?

Walnut ketam

Physical descriptions Reports on the size of the Birgus latro are diverse, but according to many References they weigh up to 4kg, body length up to 40cm and leg stretch about 200cm [1], and male animals are generally larger than females.


Question: where does Ketam walnut come from?

Walnut ketam

It was believed to be close to theoretical limits for terrestrial arthropods.


Question: where does Ketam walnut come from?

Walnut ketam

Its lifespan can reach 30-60 years (References are diverse).


Question: where does Ketam walnut come from?

Walnut ketam

Like all other decapodes, the body of the walnut kettam is divided into the front (head-chest or cephalothorax), with 10 legs, and the abdominal (abdomen).


Question: where does Ketam walnut come from?

Walnut ketam

The leading pair of legs have large capits for peeling coconuts, and these claws (chelae) can lift objects up to 29kg.


Question: where does Ketam walnut come from?

Walnut ketam

The next two pairs of legs, as in other tubes, are hefty walking legs that allow walnut cradles to climb trees (often coconuts) vertically up to 6 m high.


Question: where does Ketam walnut come from?

Walnut ketam

The fourth-leg pair is smaller with tweezer-like claws piloted, allowing young cradles to hold inside the skin of a conch or coconut shell for shelter; adult animals use these pairs of legs to walk and climb.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

The last pair of legs is very small and is only used to clean his respiratory organs.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

These legs are laid in a carapace, in the cavity where the respiratory organs are located.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

There are several color differences between animals on one island and another island, from mauve, dark purple to brown.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Although the Birgus latro is a derived type of umang-umang, only the young wear conch skin to protect its soft belly, and sometimes adult animals wear broken coconut shells to protect their abdomen.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Unlike others, adult walnut sticks do not carry conch skin, but rather harden their abdominal shields by piling chitin and lime.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

They also bend their tails to protect it, like many true crabs.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

A hardened stomach protects walnut basins and reduces water loss on land, but the skin of it should be periodically changed.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

The turn of the skin lasts for 30 days, during which time the body of this animal is soft and fragile, and it hides for shelter Breathing. Except as a larva, the canary kettle does not swim even a small specimen will drown in water.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

They use special organs called branchiostegal lungs for breathing.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

This organ can be interpreted as the degree of development between the gills and lungs, and is one of the most significant adaptations of the walnut kettam to its habitat.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

The room of this respiratory organ is located the back of the cephalothorax.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

In this organ there are the same tissues as in the gills, but they are suitable for the absorption of oxygen from the air, instead of in water.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

They wear the smallest last leg to clean this organ of breath, and to wet it with seawater.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

The organ requires water to function, and it fulfills this by pressing the wetted foot on the sponge tissue close to it.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Walnut ketam can also drink seawater, using the same way to take water to its mouth.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

In addition to this respiratory organ, the walnut ketam has an additional set of rudimenter gills.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

But while these gills were likely used to breathe in water in the evolutionary history of this type, they no longer provide enough oxygen, and kettams immersed in the water would sink within minutes (reports vary, may depend on stress levels and exercise and consumption oxygen produced).


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Olfactory Another distinct organ of walnut ketam is its “nose”.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

The olfactory process works very differently depending on whether the molecule being bemoaned is a hydrophile molecule in water or a hydrophob in the air.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Like most crabs living in water, they have a specialized organ called an estetask on their antennae to determine both the concentration and direction of an odor.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

However, because the canary kettam lives on land, the estetask on their antennae is very different from the estetask of other crabs and looks more like the insect's olfactory organs, called sencilia.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

While insects and canary calamities originate from different evolutionary pathways, the same need to detect odors in the air brings on the development of very similar organs, making them an example of convergent evolution.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Walnut clogs also flick their antennae to strengthen their senses.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

They have a great sense of smell and can detect interesting smells from great distances.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

The smell mainly from rotten meat, bananas and coconuts, potential food sources, attracted their attention. [2]


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Breeding Ketam walnuts mate repeatedly and rapidly on dry land in the period from May to September, in particular July and August.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

The male and female stallions fight each other, then the male one turns to the female's back to mate.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

The entire mating process lasts about 15 minutes.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Not long after, the female lays eggs and attaches them under her belly, carrying the fertilized eggs for several months.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

When it comes to the time the eggs hatch, usually October or November, the female canary canary releases the eggs into the ocean at the time of rising tide.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

As in other decapodic crustaceans, the larvae are zoea-type.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

It is reported that all walnut ketam did this on the same night and were on the beach at the same time.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

The larvae float in the ocean for 28 days, during which many of them are eaten by predators.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Afterwards, they lived on the seabed and on the beach as tubes, using the empty shells of snails to shelter for the next 28 days.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

At this time, they sometimes go to dry land.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Like others, it replaced the shells of the snails, increasing their size.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

After 28 days of this, they left the oceans permanently and lost the ability to breathe in the water.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Young walnut bastards who can't find the right sized conch shell also often wear cracked coconut pieces.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

As they grow even beyond the coconut shell, they develop a hardened stomach.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Approximately 4 to 8 years after hatching, the canary clogs mature and can breed.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

That long development period is not commonly found in crustacea.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Food Food of walnut ketam consists mainly of fruit, including coconut and banyan.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

However, they will eat almost everything organic, such as leaves, rotten fruits, turtle eggs, dead animals, and shells of other animals, which are believed to provide calcium.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Perhaps they also eat other live animals that are too slow to run, such as freshly hatched turtle hatchlings.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

During a labeling experiment, a canary ketam was observed catching and eating polynesian mice [3].


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Walnut ketam often tries to steal food from other kettam and will drag their food to hide to eat safely.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Walnut stalks climb trees to eat coconut or fruit, to dissipate heat or to run from predators.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

It is common presumption that walnut ketam cuts coconut fruit from its tree and then eats it on the ground (it is from where the German name Palmendieb, meaning “coconut thief”, and the Dutch name Klapperdief).


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

But according to German biologist Holger Rumpf, the animal was not smart enough to do that, but rather it dropped the coconut fruit on the ground while trying to open the fruit on the tree.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Walnut sticks make holes into coconuts with their powerful capits and then eat their contents; this behavior is unique in the animal world.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

It was doubted for some time that a walnut can open a coconut fruit, and on the experiment, some dead tails surrounded by coconuts.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Namum Thomas Hale Streets discusses that behavior in 1877 - although it was doubtful that the kettam climbed trees to reach the coconut fruit. [4].


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

And in 1980 Holger Rumpf was able to justify the Streets report, by observing and studying how it peeled coconut in nature.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

The animal developed a special way to do it: if the coconut fruit is still covered with coir, it will wear its cap to tear the coir, always starting from the side with three germination holes. The collection of three holes was found outside the fruit.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Once the hole is visible, the kettam will clamp until one of the holes breaks.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

After that, he will do well and wear his smaller cap on the other leg to remove the white flesh of the coconut fruit.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

With its powerful paws, larger animals can break hard coconuts into small chunks for easy consumption.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Habitat and spread of the walnut ketam live alone under the ground or crevices of rocks, depending on the local area.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

They dig a place to hide in sand or loose soil.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

In the daytime, walnut basins hide, to take shelter and reduce the loss of water due to heat.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

In its hiding place there are strong and fine coconut coir fibers, which she uses as a base; this coconut coir is collected by local people for crafts. [4]


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

When resting in its burrow, the walnut ketam closes the driveway with one of its caps to maintain the moisture essential for its breathing.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

In areas with a lot of walnut ketam, some kettam also come out during the day, perhaps to benefit in foraging.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Walnut basins also sometimes come out during the day if it is damp or rainy, as this state makes it easier for them to breathe.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

They are found only on land, and some can be encountered as far as 6km from the ocean.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

The canary calamity lives in acreage from the Indian ocean to the central Pacific ocean.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Christmas Island in the Indian ocean has the largest and most sustainable population of walnut calamities in the world.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Other Indian oceanic populations exist in the Seychelles, notably Aldabra, the Glorioso archipelago, the island of Astove, the islands of Assumption and Cosmeldo, but on the islands in the middle of the canary kettam is extinct.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

They also exist on several islands in the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago in the bay of Bengal.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

In large numbers, they also exist in the British-owned Chagos archipelago, also known as the British Indian Ocean Territory.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

They are protected on these islands from poaching and eating, with fines of up to 1500 pounds each consumed.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

In Mauritius and Rodrigues they became extinct. [5]


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

In the Pacific ocean, the range of its habitat is known only to its extent.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Charles Darwin still believes he was found only on “a coral island north of the Society archipelago. “[4]


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

But walnut ketam is actually more widespread, even though it is not large in every island in the Pacific where it is located. [4].


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Large populations exist in the Cook archipelago, especially the islands of Pukapuka, Suwarrow, Mangala, Takutea, Mauke, Atiu, and Palmerston.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

It is close to its easternmost range, such as the Line archipelago in Kiribati, where their canary cams are plentiful on Teraina (Washington island), with many coconut forest. [4] and on the island of Caroline.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Since they do not swim as adults, canary cams each time have to colonize islands as larvae, which can swim.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

However, due to the large distances between islands, some researchers believe the larval stage for 28 days is insufficient to go through that distance and they assume young walnut cams reach other islands through floating wood or other objects.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

The spread is separate, for example around the island of Borneo, Indonesia or Irian.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

The islands are easily reached by walnut ketam, and are suitable habitat, but there is no population of walnut kettam.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

This is because the canary ketam was consumed by humans until extinction.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

But walnut ketam is also known to live in Wakatobi National Park in Sulawesi, as well as in Maluku, Indonesia.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

The connection with this canary Ketam Man with its size and strength that makes fear has a special place in the culture of the community group where there is a canary ketam.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

The walnut ketam is admired for its strength, and it is said that the people of the village wear this animal to guard their coconut plants.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Walnut clogs can attack humans if threatened.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Ketam that is not fully grown, is also sold as a pet, for example in Tokyo.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

His cage must be strong enough for this animal to be unable to use his cap to escape.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

When a walnut ketam reaches a person, the clothespins hurt not only but also strong.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Thomas Hale Streets reports on the following trick, used by Micronesa residents in the Line Islands, for walnut basins to loosen the clothespins.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

“It may be interesting to know that as the dilemma occurs, tickling the soft parts under his body with a delicate object will make him release his clothespin [4]” The walnut ketam is eaten by Pacific residents, and is considered a fine food and aphrodisiac, with similar flavors and lobster and crab.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

The valued part is the eggs on the female ketam and the fat on her stomach.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Walnut basins can be cooked like lobster, as boiled or steamed.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Different islands also have several recipes, for example, ketam walnut cooked in coconut milk.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Walnut ketam itself is not poisonous, the presence of this poison may depend on the food, and poisoning against this kettam is once.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

It is believed that the poison comes from plant toxins, which may explain why some animals are poisonous and others are not.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

However the walnut kettam is not a commercial product and is usually not sold.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Children sometimes play with walnut sticks by putting wet grass in the armpits of coconut trees with walnut sticks.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

If this animal comes down, it thinks the grass is ground level, then it releases its handle and finally falls.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Status and preservation According to IUCN Red List criteria, there is now insufficient data to decide the walnut kettam as a threatened species, therefore it is temporarily listed as a DD (data deficient/data less), indicating that this needs to be updated. [5]


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

It is believed that it is commonly found on some islands but rarely on others.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

The development of coastal areas on many islands reduces the habitat of this ketam.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Young canary stalks are susceptible to carnivores brought in from the outside such as rats and pigs, and ants such as yellow crazy ants (Anoplolepis gracilipes).


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Adult walnut sticks have few predators, and are mostly eaten by humans.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Adult animals have poor eyesight, and detect enemies based on ground vibrations.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Overall, it appears that large human populations are negatively impacting the walnut kettam population, and in some areas, the population is reported to be declining due to overcapture.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Walnut basins are protected on multiple acreages, with minimum sizes to catch as well as protected breeding periods Footnotes Reference Altevogt, R. & Davis, T.A. (1975): Birgus latro: India's monstrous crab.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

A study and an appeal.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Bulletin of the Department of Marine Sciences, University of Cochin.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Barnett, L.K.; Emms, C. & Clarke, D. (1999): The coconut or robber crab (Birgus latro) in the Chagos Archipelago and its captive culture at London Zoo.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

In: Sheppard, C.R.C. & Seaward, M.R.D. (eds): Ecology of the Chagos Archipelago: 273—284.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Linnean Society Occasional Publications 2.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Combs, C.A.N.; Alford, A.; Boynton, M. & Henry, R.P. (1992): Behavioural regulation of haemolymph osmolarity through selective drinking in land crabs, Birgus latro and Gecarcoidea lalandii.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Biological Bulletin 182 (3): 416-423. templatestyles stripmarker in |authors= at position 1 (help) CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) Greenaway, P. & Morris, S. (1989): Adaptations to a terrestrial existence by the robber crab Birgus latro.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

III.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Nitrogenous excretion.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Journal of Experimental Biology 143 (1): 333-346.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Greenaway, P.; Taylor, H.H. & Morris, S. (1990): Adaptations to a terrestrial existence by the robber crab Birgus latro.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

VI.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

The role of the excretory system in fluid balance.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Journal of Experimental Biology 152 (1): 505-519.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Grubb, P. (1971): Ecology of terrestrial decapod crustaceans on Aldabra.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

phil.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Trans.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Roy.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Soc.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Biol.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Sci. 260 (836): 411—416.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Held, E.E. (1963): Moulting behaviour of Birgus latro.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Nature 200 (4908): 799—800.doi: Kessler, C. (2005): Observations of a coconut crab, Birgus latro (Linnaeus, 1767) predation on a Polynesian rat, Rattus exulans (Peale, 1848).


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Crustaceana 78 (6): 761-762.doi: Lavery, S.; Moritz, C. & Fielder, D.R. (1996): Indo-Pacific population structure and evolutionary history of the Coconut Crab Birgus latro.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Molecular Ecology 5 (4): 557—570.doi: Morris, S.; Taylor, H.H. & Greenaway, P (1991): Adaptations to a terrestrial existence in the robber crab Birgus latro L. VII.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

The branchial chamber and its role in urine reprocessing.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Journal of Experimental Biology 161 (1): 315-331.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Naskrecki, Piotr (2005): The Smaller Majority.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.ISBN 0-674-01915-6 Stensmyr, M.C.; Erland, S.; Hallberg, E.; Wallén, R.; Greenaway, P. & Hansson, B.S. (2005): Insect-Like Olfactory Adaptations in the Terrestrial Giant Robber Crab. Curr. Biol. 15 (2): 116—121.doi: Streets, Thomas H. (1877): Some Account of the Natural History of the Fanning Group of Islands.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

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Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Nat. 11 (2): 65-72.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Taylor, H.H.; Greenaway, P. & Morris, S. (1993): Adaptations to a terrestrial existence in the robber crab Birgus latro L. VIII. Osmotic and ionic regulation on freshwater and saline drinking regimens.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Journal of Experimental Biology 179 (1): 93—113.


Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

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Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

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Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

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Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

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Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

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Question: where does the walnut ketam come from?

Walnut ketam

Category:Anomura Category:Birgus


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Goeben texting chase and texting Breslau

Pursuit of SMS “Goeben” and SMS “Breslau” The pursuit of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau refer to the escape events carried out by two German warships—the SMS Goeben and the SMS Breslau —during the early moments of the outbreak of World War I in the Mediterranean Sea or the Middle Seas.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

These two ships fled the chase and watched allied warships to get to the port of the Ottoman Sultanate (currently Turkey) in Constantinople. [2]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The escape was brought to an end by the success of the two ships tricking the three combined fleets—consisting of 20 more —British-French ships that were then patrolling the Middle Seas, to then get to the Dardanelles, and ultimately to Constantinople. [2] [3] These two ships were then surrendered by Germany to the Ottoman Sultanate to realize alliances in World War I. [4] [5] The Ottoman Sultanate had previously been made beaver by the British due to the unilateral cancellation of the surrender of two warships previously ordered and paid. [6]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The passing of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau marked the end of the Ottoman Sultanate's neutrality in World War I to later join the axle bloc, along with the German Empire and Austria-Hungary. [7]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

While becoming part of the Ottoman Sultanate's navy, these two ships were later renamed; SMS Goeben became Yavuz Sultan Selim and SMS Breslau became Midilli. [5]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Although these events did not take much casualties, the success of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau in carrying German diplomatic missions, made World War I last longer and took more casualties. [2] [3] The joining of the Ottoman Sultanate into the Central Bloc in World War I as well further complicating the Russian position, and eventually triggered the October Revolution, while ending the era of the Russian Empire. [8]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Winston Churchill who was at the time the chief commander of the British Royal Navy, a few years later wrote that, "the compasses of these ships (SMS Goeben & SMS Breslau) have resulted in more killings, more suffering, and more destruction, of the ships whatsoever. “[9] [10] The background of SMS Goeben SMS Goeben is a cruiser type gunboat with a length of 186.6 meters, a width of 29.4 meters, and at that time the center was fully armed.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The empty weight of the SMS Goeben is 25,400 tons.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The full speed of this vessel can reach 25.5 knots (47.2km/h; 29.3 mpj). [11]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

At speeds of 14 knots (26km/h; 16 mpj), the cruising power from this vessel can reach 4,120 nautical miles (7,630km; 4,740 miles).


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The ship was armed by by 10 pieces of 28cm caliber SK L/50 main cannon mounted on five cannon domes around the ship's perimeter.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The ship is also equipped by 4 50cm caliber underwater torpedoes. [11]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

SMS Breslau SMS Breslau is a light cruiser with an overall length of 138.7 metres, and a width of up to 13.5 metres.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The empty weight of this ship is 4,570 tons. [12]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The full speed of these vessels can reach 27.5 knots (50.9km/h; 31.6 mpj).


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

At its cruising speed (12 knots (22km/h; 14 mpj)), cruising power from SMS Breslau can reach 5,820 nautical miles (10,780km; 6,700 miles). [12]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

SMS Breslau was operated by a 354 person crew.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The ship is equipped by 12 10.5cm caliber SK L/45 cannons placed around the perimeter of the ship. [13]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The presence in the Middle Seas SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau served as the only squadron of ships of the German Empire patrolling around the Middle Seas since 4 November 1912, postelection of the First Balkan War. [14] [15] In this period, SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau never engaged contact weapon in the Middle Seas, the SMS Goeben which was one of the most sophisticated combat cruisers of the time, focused on carrying the German Empire's propaganda mission to instill its influence on areas around the Middle Seas.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Some of the port cities frequented include: Venice, Naples, Pula, and the Levant. [16] [17] In the period from April to September 1913, these two ships were joined by two other light cruisers belonging to the German Empire, SMS Dresden and SMS Strasbourg, to patrol the Adriatic Sea. [16]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

However, after the outbreak of the Second Balkan War, SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau were again assigned to patrol the Middle Seas. [17]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

At the time of the breakup of World War I, these two ships were actually assigned to monitor and disrupt the movement of French troops from their colonies in Algeria. [18] [17] On 23 October 1913, Wilhelm Souchon was appointed admiral of this ship squadron. [16] [15] Ahead of two years Postduty, in early summer in 1914, SMS Goeben was known to have suffered some damage that could be taken seriously. [18] [17] Engine wear and steam pipe leaks resulted in reduced engine efficiency, as well as the ship's speed.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

On July 10, 1914, SMS Goeben pulled over to the Austria-Hungary Naval base in Pula to make repairs. [18] [19] In these moments, Germany began to be afflicted by the absence of its allies who could close the Black Sea thus subsequently cutting off Russia's logistical lines.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

In this regard, the offer of communion that had previously been offered by the Ottoman Sultanate became highly advantageous to be accepted or reviewed by the Germans. [20]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

On July 28, 1914, as Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, Wilhelm Souchon was in the port of the city of Pula, on the Adriatic coast, to improve the evaporation system of SMS Goeben—there were about 4,460 SMS Goeben steam pipes that were supposed to be replaced. [18] [21] Souchon realized back then that, his position in the High Seas was being insecure because it was besieged by 27 British naval vessels that were potential enemies of Germany. [21] [22] As a result, he began to rush to speed up the process of repairing ships.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

On 1 August 1914, without first completing repairs completely, Souchon ordered SMS Goeben to sail westward towards the Central Sea following SMS Breslau which had previously first departed. [21]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The diplomatic state of the Ottoman Sultanate in World War I The diplomatic position of the Ottoman Sultanate in the early moments of the eruption of World War I can be said to be floating.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The Ottoman Sultanate on the one hand had good relations with Germany regarding the construction of a railway line in Baghdad (Baghdad Railways). [23]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

However, on the other hand the Ottoman Sultanate also had quite good military and economic cooperation with the British due to the geographical location of the Ottoman region which was considered very strategic.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Although later, the British rejected the request for a permanent alliance from the Ottoman Sultanate in 1911. [21]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

British-Ottoman relations began to be strained when the British procrastinated the surrender of two warships ordered and had been paid in full by the Ottoman Sultanate. [6] [24] On July 28, 1914, when the Austrian-Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia, the Ottoman Sultanate known to officially offer Germany a secret alliance treaty to limit Russia's movement in a raging war. [20]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The two ships previously ordered to the British were seen as something of great importance to counter Greek provocations as well as dampen ongoing separatism activity in various areas of the Ottoman Sultanate. [25]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The Ottoman Sultanate was estimated to have spent $30,000,000 at the time to purchase the two ships, which were raised from the public sector. [6]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The British who realized it was in the middle of a great war, placed more importance on these two ships to be used by themselves than to be handed over to the Ottoman Sultanate. [6] [21] Sir Edward Grey who was then serving as British foreign minister believed that, by replacing The amount of money that has been spent on the purchase of the ship, the Ottoman Sultanate will accept and oversee the decision regarding the cancellation of the ship's surrender. [6]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The telegram of the notice was transmitted by Britain on 3 August 1914, exactly on the date on which the Ottoman Sultanate signed an alliance agreement to join together with the German Empire in the Central Bloc. [6]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Despite having signed an alliance agreement, the Ottoman Sultanate at the time still maintained its neutrality in the eyes of the international public not to actively engage in armed confrontation.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The Ottoman Sultanate also did not want to declare war on Russia or blockade the Black Sea according to German expectations. [6]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Until later, the anchorage of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau in Constantinople on 10 August 1914, and after months of diplomacy or elaborate military action, on 2 November 1914, Russia, followed by France, and Britain on 5 November, declared war on the Ottoman Sultanate. [26]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Allied Fleet in the Middle Seas In the early moments of the eruption of World War I, the British Royal Sea Fleet base in Malta had at least 27 ocean-going vessels consisting of 11 large-sized ocean liners and several others of small size, and overall commanded by admirals Archibald Berkeley Milne. [22] [21] The main ship squadron commandeered by consists of three large ships, HMS Indomitable, HMS Inflexible, and HMS Indefatigable. [lower-alpha 2] These three ships in terms of size and weight can be said to be almost comparable to SMS Goeben, but these two British ships are still outweighed by weight and maximum cruising speed. [27] [22] The other British ship squadrons are squadrons of cruisers light and armored cruiser squadrons.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The light cruiser squadron consists of 4 ships: HMS Dublin, Gloucester, Chatham, and Weymouth.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

These squadrons have more modern technology and can move relatively more quickly and nimbly.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The final squadron was a squadron of armoured cruising ships consisting of: HMS Defence, Duke of Edinburgh, Black Prince, and Warrior.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Ships in this squadron have slower speeds, less efficient engines, as well as armament systems that can be said to be outdated. [22]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Britain's ally at that time, France, was the country with the largest fleet of ships in the Middle Seas. [lower-alpha 3] Her transport ships totaling 16 pieces were protected by 6 cruisers and 24 destroyers. [28]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

However, as this pursuit progressed, the supreme commander of the French fleet of ships in the Middle Seas at that time, Augustin Boué de Lapeyrère, preferred to secure his transport fleet rather than join the pursuit.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

De Lapeyrère who believed SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau would flee westward towards the Atlantic Ocean then instructed his fleet of ships to stand guard in the western part of the Central Sea.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

In the end it became known, instead of sailing westward as de Lapeyrère had hoped, these two German ships instead fled east towards Constantinople. [29]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Provocations in Algeria The British and French navies have actually been wary of the movement of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau in the Middle Sea which is believed to disrupt French transport ships. [10]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

This estimate corresponds to the orders of Emperor Wilhelm II who had instructed SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau to make an attack in the western part of the Central Sea, in anticipation of the return of French troops from their colonies in Algeria to Europe, or then escape to the Atlantic Ocean to return to German waters. [30]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

However, Germany had prepared early on this — before the declaration of war.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

On August 3, 1914, Souchon had directed his two ships to Algeria, and en route, Souchon received news that, the German Empire had declared war on France. [31]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

On 4 August 1914, upon arrival in Algerian territory, SMS Goeben then bombarded the town of Philippevile.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

10 minutes later, SMS Breslau embroidered the city of Bône according to the Emperor's orders. [32] [21] Although this attack resulted in relatively minor damage, this attack resulted in psychological repercussions on the Allied fleet and succeeded in delaying the sending of French soldiers to Europe. [21]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

After carrying out the attack, Wilhelm Souchon received another telegram of orders from his superiors— Alfred von Tirpitz and Hugo von Pohl — to secretly sail to Constantinople.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

This order was counterintuitive and even carried out without the knowledge of Emperor Wilhelm II. [33]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Pursuit initial contact Because SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau were unable to get to Constantinople without refilling coal, these two ships then sailed east towards Messina to refuel. [34]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

En route, they encountered two British ships—HMS Indomitable and HMS Indefatigable—which were moving in opposite directions.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

At that time, Britain had not declared war on Germany so there was no gun contact between ships. [35] [36] These British ships were then only ordered to track and follow the movements of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau. [35]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Knowing his ship was followed, Souchon ordered that his squadron sail at full speed to get to Messina.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Although it is known that, speeds from SMS Goeben can reach 25.5 knots (47.2km/h), [11] component damage causes SMS Goeben can only cruise at a speed of 22 knots. [37]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

This was also achieved after a very hard effort from the ship's crew.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

It was recorded that at least four of the crew on the SMS Goeben combustion furnace were killed by overheating. [37] [2] Compared to SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau, these two British ships had lower speeds, so soon SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau escaped surveillance. both of these ships.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

By the next morning, on 5 August 1914, when Britain and Germany had officially been in a state of war, Souchon's ship squadron had arrived without interruption to the Messina area. [36]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

While filling up the coal at Messina, Souchon received a telegram containing an order to cancel the mission to Constantinople, because the then Ottoman Sultanate had cancelled the permission previously granted to SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau to pass through the Dardanelles.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Under pressure from the Italian government in Messina who willed the departure of the two ships as soon as possible, Souchon ultimately decided to keep sailing to Constantinople.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

He learned that, British and French ships had been waiting for him in the Middle Seas, and preferred to force the Ottomans to accept his two ships. [21]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The Dardanelles and Constantinople Before midnight, on 6 August 1914, Ernest Troubridge who was commander of the British cruiser in the Middle Seas received a report on the current position of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau. [38]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Moments later, SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau raised their anchors and went eastward towards Constantinople. [39]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Initially these two ships were seen heading towards the Adriatic Sea.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Seeing these conditions, a squadron of British cruisers consisting of HMS Defence, Warrior, Black Prince and Duke of Edinburgh made a cutting motion to block these two German ships from entering the Adriatic Sea.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

However, apparently this gesture was deliberately made by Souchon to trick the British navy—instead of continuing his voyage to the Adriatic Sea, Souchon then ordered his ships to turn towards the Dardanelles. [38] [40] Realizing his mistake, Ernest Troubridge also detoured his bow and commanded HMS Dublin along with two destroyers that followed her to catch up and then attack the two German ships.. [38]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

On August 7, 1914, Troubridge decided to stop his pursuit of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau. [41]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Previously Winston Churchill was known to have sent out a telegram [lower-alpha 4] [42] for British naval forces in the High Seas to avoid contact of weapons against “super powers"—the intent of Churchill related “super powers” was the Austria-Hungary navy which was likely at the time the middle patrolling the Adriatic Sea. [10] [37] Ernest Troubridge misinterpreted Churchill's intent and considered that, those “superpowers” were SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau, which in terms of size and weaponry were much larger and more sophisticated when compared to the Troubridge fleet who was then conducting a chase. [37] [43] SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau then docked at Donoussa Island to return to refuel. [44]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

On the afternoon of 10 August 1914, these two ships entered the Dardanelles area and met the Ottoman ship which then escorted them through the Sea of Marmara. [45]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

To maintain its neutrality in the international public, at the time, the Ottoman Sultanate offered the transfer of ownership of the ship through a fictitious sale transaction.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Before this offer was approved by Germany, on 11 August 1914, the Ottoman Sultanate announced that, they had made an 80 million Mark purchase of this ship. [5] [46] On 16 August 1914, these two ships were officially handed over to the Ottoman Sultanate by Germany.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Afterwards, SMS Goeben was renamed Yavuz Sultan Selim and SMS Breslau was renamed Midilli. [5]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The impact of events There are many versions of alternative histories that occur when these two ships do not successfully dock in Constantinople.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

However, the real and important consequence of the passing of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau to Constantinople was the joining of the Ottoman Sultanate to actively fight alongside the Central Bloc in World War I. [26] Ironically, the initial British response related to the landing of these two ships to the port of Constantinople tend to be cold.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The British prime minister at the time H. H. Asquith even implied that, moving control of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau from German hands to the hands of the Ottoman Sultanate would make it easier for the British military campaign in the Middle Seas as a result of the absence of skilled ship crews owned by Ottoman. [47]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

The Ottoman Sultanate who was aware of this then asked Germany to train and command its navy. On 25 October 1914, Wilhelm Souchon who had previously been appointed commander of the Ottoman navy, commanded the Ottoman sea fleet sailing towards the Black Sea to invade russia.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

This fleet of ships made sudden attacks on Theodosia, Novorossisk, Odessa, and Sevastopol.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

On November 2, 1914, Russia then declared war on the Ottoman Sultanate.


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

Britain and France then followed Russia's move to declare war on the Ottomans on 5 November 1914. [26]


Question: Who chaired the Battle of Breslau?

This marked the official entry of the Ottoman Sultanate in World War I. [15] Read also the British Royal Navy German Empire Ottoman Sultanate of the Middle Sea World War I Footnotes Reference Library List Library Library of Library resources about Main Page CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) Other Sources Outside Category:World War I Category:Warships


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Deoxyribonucleic acid, better known by the abbreviation DNA (English: deoxyribonucleic acid), is a type of biomolecule that stores and encodes the genetic instructions of each organism and many types of viruses.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

These genetics instructions play an important role in the growth, development, and function of organisms and viruses.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA is a nucleic acid; along with proteins and carbohydrates, nucleic acids are essential macromolecules for all known living things.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Most DNA molecules consist of two unting biopolymers that intertwine with each other forming a double helix.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

These two DNA edits are known as polynucleotides because they are composed of units of molecules called nucleotides.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Each nucleotide consists of one type of nitrogen base (guanina (G), adenina (A), thymina (T), or cytosine (C)), a monosaccharide sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

These nucleotides are then connected in one covalent bond chain between the sugars of one nucleotide with the phosphate of the other nucleotide.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The result is a chain of criss-crossed sugar-phosphate ridges.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

According to the rules of base pairing (A with T and C with G), hydrogen bonds binding the bases of both unting polynucleotides forming a double editing DNA Two DNA unting is anti-parallel, meaning that the two pair oppositely.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In each sugar group, it is bound to one of four types of nucleobases.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

These sequences of four nucleobases along the DNA ridge chain are what store the biological information code.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Through a biochemical process called transcription, DNA editing is used as a template to create RNA unting.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This RNA unting is then transmitted to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein being constructed.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The existing chemical structure of DNA makes it perfectly suited for storing the biological information of every living thing.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA ridge chains are resistant to chemical cleavage, and both unting in the DNA double unting structure store the same biological information.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Therefore, this biological information will be replicated when two DNA unting are separated.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Most DNA (more than 98% in humans) is non-coded, meaning this part does not function to encode proteins.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In cells, DNA is composed in chromosomes.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

During cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in a process called DNA replication.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA in the cell nucleus and the remaining fraction in organelles such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. [1]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Instead prokaryotic organisms (bacteria and arkaea) store its DNA only in the cytoplasm.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones play a role in the preparation of DNA into compact structures.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

It is this compact structure that then interacts between DNA and other proteins, thus helping control which parts of DNA can be transcribed.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Scientists use DNA as a molecular tool to reveal the theories and laws of physics, such as the ergodic theorem and elasticity theory.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The distinctive properties of DNA matter make it particularly interesting to research for scientists and engineers working in the fields of microfabrication and nanofabrication of materials.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Some advances in this material field for example DNA origami and DNA-based hybrid materials. [2]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The properties of DNA DNA is a polymer consisting of repeating units called nucleotides. [3] [4] [5] Each nucleotide consists of three main components, namely phosphate groups, deoxyribose sugars, and nitrogen bases (nucleobases) [6].


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

On DNA, the nucleobases found are Adenina (A), Guanina (G), Cytosina (C) and Timina (T).


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Nucleobases connected to a sugar group are referred to as nucleosides, and nucleosides connected to one or more phosphate groups are referred to as nucleotides.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Polymers consisting of nucleotides connected to each other into a single chain are referred to as polynucleotides. [7]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

So that DNA is also included into polynucleotides.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The DNA unting back chain consists of criss-crossed phosphate and sugar clusters. [8]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The sugar on DNA is a pentose sugar (carbonaceous five), which is 2-deoxyribose.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Two sugar groups connect with phosphate via a phosphodiester bond between the third carbon atom on the ring of one sugar and the fifth carbon atom on the other sugar.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

These unsymmetrical bonds make DNA have a certain direction or orientation.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In double helical structures, the orientation of the nucleotide chain at one unting is opposite to the orientation of the other unting nucleotide.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This is referred to as antiparallel.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The two asymmetric ends of DNA are referred to as 5' (five primes) and 3' (three primes).


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The 5' end has a terminus phosphate group, while the 3' end has a terminus hydroxy group.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

One of the main differences in DNA and RNA is the constituent sugar, the 2-deoxyribose sugar in DNA is replaced by ribose sugar in RNA. [9]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In living organisms, DNA is usually found in paired and strongly bound form. [9] [10] Two DNA editing intertwined form a double helix.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This double helix is stabilized by two main forces: hydrogen bonding between nucleotides and stack interactions between aromatic nucleobases. [11]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In an aqueous cell environment, nucleotide inter-base conjugate π bonds are arranged perpendicular to the DNA pilinan axis.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This minimizes the interaction with the solvation shell, and thus lowers the Gibbs free energy.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The DNA structure of all types of species consists of two twisted helical chains with a distance between helical turns of 34Å (3.4nanometers) and radii 10Å (1.0nanometers). [12]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

According to other studies, when measured using a specific solution, the DNA chain has a width of 22-26Å (2.2-2.6nanometers) while a unit nucleotide has a length of 33Å (0.33nm). [13]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Although these units of nucleotides are very small, DNA polymers can have millions of nucleotides strung like chains.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

For example, chromosome 1 which is the largest chromosome in humans contains about 220 million base pairs. [14]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA nucleobases are classified into two types: purines (A and G) in the form of fusion of five-membered heterolingkar compounds with six-membered heterolingkar compounds, and pyrimidines (C and T) in the form of six-membered rings. [9]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The other pirimidina, uracil (U), usually replaces the thymina on DNA.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The difference of uracil with thymina lies in the absence of a methyl group on the uracil ring.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In addition to the five nucleobases, there are also a large number of artificial nucleic acid analogues that have been synthesized to examine the properties of nucleic acids and are used in biotechnology. [15]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Uracil is not usually found in DNA (it is found in cells only as a product of cytosine description).


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

But in a number of bacteriophages— bacteriophages PBS1 and PBS2 Bacillus subtilis and bacteriophages PyR1-37 Yersinia— the timina has been replaced by uracil. [16]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Another phage - Staphylococcus S6 phage - has also been identified to have uracil in its genome. [17]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Base J (beta-d-glucopiranosiloksimethyluracil) which is a modified form of uracil can also be found in a number of organisms: Diplonema and Euglena flagellates, and the whole organism of the kinetoplastid clan [18] Biosynthesis of J bases occurs in two stages: in the first stage, thymina bases specific on DNA is converted to hydroxymethyldeoxyuridine (HomeDU); in the second stage HomeDU is diglicosylated to base J. [19] These J-basin-binding proteins have also been successfully identified. [20] [21] [22] These proteins appear to be distant relatives of the Tet1 oncogene that involved in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leuchemia. [23]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The J base appears to work as a termination signal for RNA polymerase II. [24] [25] DNA grooves In the structure of the DNA double helix, there is a DNA inter-editing space that also takes the form of a helical groove.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This empty space is adjacent to the base pair and is a potential bonding footprint.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Because the two DNA editing is not symmetrically positioned with each other, the resulting groove is also not the same size.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

One groove called a major groove, has a width of 22Å, while the other groove called the minor groove, has a width of 12Å. [26]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The width of the major groove means that the edges of nucleotide bases can be more easily accessed through the major groove than through the minor groove.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

As a result, proteins such as transcription factors that bind to specific base sequences usually make contact with the base through a major groove. [27]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This situation may vary in the unusual conformation of DNA in the cell, although major and minor grooves are always named so to reflect the difference in size seen when DNA is reversed into a prevalent shape B. Base installation in the DNA double helix, each type of nucleobases on the double helix of DNA, each type of nucleobases in one DNA unting binds to only one type of nucleobases from another DNA unting.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This is referred to as complementary base fitting.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Purina will form hydrogen bonds with pyrimidine; adenina binds to timina in two hydrogen bonds, and cytosine binds to guanina in three hydrogen bonds.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This arrangement of two nucleotides is referred to as one base pair.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Since hydrogen bonds are not covalent, it can be disconnected and re-merged relatively easily.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Both editing DNA in the double helix can therefore be pulled open like a zipper, either through mechanical force or high temperature. [28]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Because these base pairs are complementary, all information on the double editing sequence of DNA helices is duplicated in each unting.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This is very important in DNA replication.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Reversible and specific interactions between complementary base pairs are highly critical of the overall function of DNA in living things. [4]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The two types of base pairs have different amounts of hydrogen bonds.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The AT pair has two hydrogen bonds, while the GC pair has three hydrogen bonds.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA containing high GC base pairs is more stable than low-GC base paired DNA.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

As mentioned above, most DNA molecules are found in a double unting state that binds non-covalently and helically.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This double unting structure (dsDNA, double-stranded DNA) is primarily stabilized by intra-unting base stack interactions.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The strongest interaction is in the G stack with C. Both unting can be separated into two single DNA unting molecules (ssDNA, single-stranded DNA) through a process called DNA melting.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Melting occurs at high temperatures, reandah salt levels, and high pH values (DNA also melts at low pH values, but because DNA is unstable due to acid depurination, low pH melting is rarely used).


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The stability of dsDNA depends not only on the GC content (% of G, C base pairs) of DNA, but also depends on the sequence of bases (base stacks) and the length of those DNA molecules (longer molecules are more stable).


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Therefore, the bond strength between two DNA editing is determined by the percentage of GC base pairs and the overall length of the DNA double helix.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Long DNA helices with high GC content have stronger inter-editing interactions; conversely short DNA helices with high AT content have weaker inter-editing interactions. [29]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In biological processes, double helical parts of DNA that need to be separated easily such as Pribnow TATAAT boxes in some promoters tend to have high AT content. [30]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA stability can be measured through various means; generally DNA stability is measured based on the melting temperature of DNA (also called Tm value), which is the temperature at which 50% of double editing DNA molecules melt into a single DNA unting molecule.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This melting temperature depends on ionic strength and DNA concentration.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

When the entire base pair in the DNA double helix is melted, the two DNA unting will separate as two independent molecules.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

These DNA singular edits do not have the same singular form, although some conformations are more stable than other conformations. [31]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Sense and antisense A sequence of DNA sequences is referred to as “sense” when its DNA base sequence is the same as the sequence of coffee RNA ambassadors transmitted into proteins. [32]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The sequence on its complementary unting is referred to as the “antisense” sequence.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Both sense and antisense sequences can be found on different parts of the same DNA editing (both DNA editing can contain both sense and antisense sequences).


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are also produced, but the function of this antisense RNA is not clearly known. [33]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Antisense posed RNA is involved in the regulation of gene expression through the installation of RNA-RNA bases. [34]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In a small percentage of DNA sequences of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and most plasmid and viral DNA sequences, the distinction between editing sense and antisense is blurred due to the occurrence of overlapping genes. [35]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In this case, some DNA sequences have a double task, namely encoding the first protein when read through one unting, and encoding the second protein when read in the opposite direction through its complementary unting.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In bacteria, this impairment is likely involved in the regulation of gene transcription. [36] Whereas in viruses, these overlapping genes increase the amount of information that can be encoded in a small viral genome. [37]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The twisting of DNA coils (Supercoiling) can be twisted into rope-like through a process called DNA coil twisting.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Under “relaxation” conditions, DNA unting will typically circle the axis of the double helix every 10.4 base pairs.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

But if the DNA is twisted, the edits can be rolled into tighter or rolled into looser. [38]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

If DNA is twisted in the direction of the helical spin, the bases in the DNA editing will be bound more tightly.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

It is called positive coil winding.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Conversely if DNA is twisted opposite the helical spin, the bases in the DNA editing will come off more easily.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

It is called negative coil winding.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Naturally, most DNA has a form of negative coil twisting caused by the enzyme topoisomerase. [39]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This enzyme is also required to release the twisting stress experienced by DNA during transcription and replication processes. [40]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Alternative structures of DNA There are many possible DNA conformations that we can find, among them A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA, although only B-DNA and Z-DNA have been directly observed in functional organisms. [8]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The conformations adopted by DNA depend on the level of DNA hydration, the DNA sequence, the degree and direction of DNA coil piling, chemical modification of the DNA base, the type and concentration of metal ions, and the presence of polyamines in solution. [41]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Biological function Replication Replication is the process of DNA multiplication.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This replication process is necessary when cells will divide themselves.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In every cell, except gamete cells, self-division must be accompanied by DNA replication so that all derived cells have the same genetic information.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Essentially, the replication process takes advantage of the fact that DNA consists of two chains and a chain of which one constitutes the “conjugate” of its partner chain.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In other words, by knowing the arrangement of one chain, then the arrangement of the pair chain can be easily formed.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

There are several theories that attempt to explain how this process of DNA replication occurs.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

One of the most popular theories states that in each of these new DNA obtained at the end of the replication process; one single chain represents the DNA chain of the previous DNA chain, while the pair chain is a newly synthesized chain.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A single chain obtained from such previous DNA acts as a “mold” to create its partner chain.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The replication process requires a protein or auxiliary enzyme; one of the most important is known as DNA polymerase, which is a new DNA chain forming auxiliary enzyme that is a polymer.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The replication process begins with the opening of double strands of DNA at certain points along the DNA chain.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The process of opening the DNA chain is assisted by a helicase enzyme that recognizes the points, and the enzyme girase that is able to open the pillars of the DNA chain.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Once enough space is formed as a result of the opening of these double strands, DNA polymerase enters and binds itself to both already locally open DNA chains.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The process of opening such double chains takes place accompanied by a shift in DNA polymerase following the direction of opening it double chain.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA monomers are added on both sides of the chain that open whenever the DNA polymerase shifts.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This continues until the whole chain has completely separated.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This process of DNA replication is a complicated but meticulous process.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The process of synthesis of new DNA chains has a mechanism that prevents the occurrence of monomer entry errors that can be fatal.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

It is because of this mechanism that the probability of synthesis errors is very small.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Use of DNA in DNA technology in forensics Forensic scientists can use DNA located in blood, sperm, skin, saliva or hair left at the scene of a crime to identify possible suspects, a process called genetics fingerprinting or DNA programming (DNA profiling).


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In DNA programming the relative lengths of repeated parts of DNA such as short tandem repeats and minisatelites, are compared.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA programming was developed in 1984 by British geneticist Alec Jeffreys of Leicester University, and was first used to indict Colin Pitchfork in 1988 in the Enderby murder case in Leicestershire, England.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Many jurisdictions require the defendant of a particular crime to provide a sample DNA to be entered into a computer database.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This has helped investigators resolve old cases where the offenders were unknown and only instances of DNA obtained from the scene (especially in cases of rape between unidentified persons).


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This method is one of the most trusted techniques for identifying a crime, but it is not always perfect, for example when no DNA can be obtained, or when the scene is contaminated by DNA from many people.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA in DNA computing plays an important role in computer science, both as a research issue and as a way of computing.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Research in string search algorithms, which find the occurrence of letter sequences inside larger letter sequences, is motivated in part by DNA research, where this algorithm is used to search for specific sequences of nucleotides in a large sequence.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In other applications such as text editors, even simple algorithms for this problem are usually sufficient, but DNA sequences cause these algorithms to show case-near-worst properties due to small numbers of different characters.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Database theory has also been influenced by DNA research, which has particular problems for putting and manipulating DNA sequences.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Databases devoted to DNA research are called genomics databases, they must handle a number of unique technical challenges connected with the operations of roughly benchmarking, sequence benchmarking, searching for repeating patterns, and homology search.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The history of DNA was first successfully purified in 1868 by Swiss scientist Friedrich Miescher in Tubingen, Germany, who named it nuclein based on its location within the cell nucleus. However, research into the role of DNA in cells only began in the early 20th century, along with the discovery of Mendel's genetic postulate.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA and proteins are considered the two most possible molecules as carriers of genetic traits based on the theory.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Two experiments in the decade of the 40s proved DNA's function as genetic material.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In the study by Avery and his colleagues, extracts from bacterial cells that one failed to transform the other bacterial cell unless the DNA in the extract was left intact.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The experiments performed by Hershey and Chase proved the same thing using radioactive trace finders (English: radioactive tracers).


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The unsolved mystery when it is: “how does DNA structure so that it is capable of serving as genetic material”.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This issue was answered by Francis Crick and colleague James Watson based on the results of X-ray diffraction on DNA by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick defined DNA as a polymer composed of 4 bases from nucleic acids, two from the purine groups:adenina and guanina; and two others from pyrimidinal groups:cytosines and timina.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The four nucleobases are connected with glucose phosphate. [42]


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin found that DNA molecules are helically rotating every 3.4nm, while the distance between nucleobases molecules is 0.34nm, until it can be determined that there are 10 nucleobase molecules in each round of DNA.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

After it was discovered that the diameter of the DNA helix was about 2nm, it was only known that DNA consisted not of 1 chain, but rather 2 helical chains.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Crick, Watson, and Wilkins earned the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1962 for this discovery.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Franklin, having died at that time, could not be awarded this prize.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The final confirmation of the DNA replication mechanism was done through the Meselson-Stahl experiment conducted in 1958.


Question: What is the amount of DNA in humans?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Reference Nucleic Acid DNA


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

In physical science, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), where the physical properties of objects are essentially uniform. [1] [2] :86 [3] :3.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Examples of physical properties include density, refractive index, magnetization and chemical composition.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

A simple explanation is that phases are regions of objects that are chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cube is one phase, water is the second phase, and the damp air on the water is the third phase.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Glass jar is another separate phase.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

(See material form #Kaca) The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for material form, but there are several uninterferable phases of the same material form.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

In addition, the term phase is sometimes used to refer to a set of equilibrium states bounded in terms of state variables such as pressure and temperature by phase limits on a phase diagram.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Since phase boundaries relate to changes in the organization of matter, such as changes from liquid to solid or more subtle changes from one crystal structure to another, the use of the latter is similar to the use of “phase” as a synonym for the manifest of matter.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

However, the material form and use of phase diagrams are not commensurate with the formal definition given above and the meaning in question must be determined as a portion of the context of the use of the term.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Different Phase types can be explained as different manifestations of matter such as gas, liquid, solid, plasma or Bose-Einstein condensate.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Useful mesophase between solid and liquid forms other manifestations of matter.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Different phases may also exist in the form of certain materials.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

As shown in the phase diagram of iron alloys, several phases exist in solid and liquid forms at once.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Phase can also be distinguished based on solubility as in polar (hydrophilic) or non-polar (hydrophobic).


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

A mixture of water (polar fluid) and oil (non-polar liquid) will separate spontaneously into two phases.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Water has very low solubility (insoluble) in oil, and oil has low solubility in water.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent before the solute ceases to dissolve and remains in a separate phase.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

A mixture can be separated into more than two liquid phases and the concept of phase separation extends to solids, i.e. solids can form solid solutions or crystallize into different crystalline phases.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Mutually dissolving metal pairs can form alloy metals, whereas mutually insoluble metal pairs cannot.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

A total of eight unmixed liquid phases have been observed. [lower-alpha 1] The unmixed liquid phase is formed from water (aqueous phase), hydrophobic organic solvents, perfluorocarbons (fluorine phase), silicon, several different metals, and also from liquid phosphorus.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Not all organic solvents completely mix, i.e. mixtures of ethylene glycol and toluene can be separated into two distinct organic phases. [lower-alpha 2] The phases need not be macroscopically spontaneously separate in a manner.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Emulsions and colloids are examples of combinations of phase pairs that do not mix but also do not physically separate.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Phase equilibrium. At equilibrium, many compositions will form a uniform single phase, but depending on the temperature and pressure, even one substance can separate into two (or more) different phases.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

In each phase, the properties are uniform but differ between the two phases.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Water in a closed jar with an air chamber on it forms a two-phase system.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Most water is in the liquid phase, which is maintained by the attraction of water molecules.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Even at equilibrium, molecules continue to move and, occasionally, molecules in the liquid phase acquire enough kinetic energy to break away from the liquid phase and enter the gas phase.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Likewise, occasionally vapor molecules collide with the surface of the liquid and are condensed into the liquid.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

At equilibrium, evaporation and condensation are completely balanced and there is no net volume change in either phase.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

At chamber temperature and pressure, jars of water reach equilibrium when the air above the water has a humidity of about 3%.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

This percentage increases as temperature rises.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

At 100°C and atmospheric pressure, equilibrium is not reached until the air is 100% water.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

If the liquid is heated slightly above 100°C, the transition from liquid to gas occurs not only on the surface, but throughout the volume of the liquid: boiling water.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Number of phases For a given composition, only certain phases are possible at a certain temperature and pressure.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

It is difficult to predict the number and type of phases that will form and is usually determined through experiments.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

The results of such experiments can be distributed in a phase diagram.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

The phase diagram shown here is for single-component systems.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

In this simple system, the possible phase depends only on pressure and temperature.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Boundary marks (lines) indicate the points at which two or more phases can occur together at equilibrium.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

At temperatures and pressures far from the mark, there is only one phase at equilibrium.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

In such diagrams, the limiting blue line between a liquid and a gas is not infinitely continuous, but ends at a point called a critical point.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

As temperature and pressure approach the critical point, the properties of liquids and gases progressively become more similar.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

At the critical point, liquids and gases become indistinguishable.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Above the critical point, there is no longer separation of gas and fluid phases; there is only a generic fluid phase referred to as supercritical fluid.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

For water, the critical point occurs around a temperature of 647K (374°C; 705°F) at a pressure of 22,064 MPa.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

An unusual feature on the water phase diagram is that the solid—liquid phase line (indicated by the green dots line) has a negative slope (slope).


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

For most substances, his slope</i>is positive as exemplified on the dark green line.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

This unusual water feature is associated with ice having a lower density than water as a liquid.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Increased pressure pushes the water towards a phase with higher density, which causes the ice to melt.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Another interesting point though not the prevalent feature of phase diagrams is the point where the solid—liquid phase line meets the liquid—gas phase line.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

This intersection is referred to as a triple point.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

At the triple point, all three phases occur simultaneously.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Experimentally, phase lines are relatively easy to map due to the piety between temperature and pressure that develops when many phases are formed.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

See the rules of the Gibbs phase.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Consider a testing equipment consisting of a sealed, impermeable tube with a piston.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

By filling the right amount of water and applying heat, the system can be brought to any point in the gas region of the phase diagram.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

If the piston slowly moves down, the system will track the curve of temperature and pressure rise within the gas region of the phase diagram.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

At the point where the gas begins to condense into a liquid, the direction of the temperature and pressure curves will change abruptly tracing along the phase line until all the water is condensed.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Interfacial phenomena Among the two phases at equilibrium there is a narrow region where the properties are not the properties of either phase.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Although this region is very thin, it can have significant and easily observable effects, such as causing liquids to exhibit surface tension.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

In the mix, some components tend to move towards the interface.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

In terms of modeling, explanation, or understanding the behavior of a particular system, it is easier to treat the interface region as a separate phase.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Single material crystalline phase can have several different forms of solids capable of forming separate phases.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Water is the most popular example of this kind of material.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

For example, water ice is usually found in the form of hexagonal ice Ih, but also exists in the form of cubic ice Ic, rombohedral ice II, and many other forms.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Polymorphism is the ability of solids to be in more than one crystalline form.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

For purely chemical elements, polymorphism is known as allotropy.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

For example, diamond, graphite, and fulerene are different allotropes of carbon.


Question: How is the typical phase diagram shape?

Phase of objects

Phase transition When a substance undergoes a phase transition (change from one form of matter to another) it will usually consume or release energy.