Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

The main international entrance is Helsinki Airport which served 15.3 million passengers in 2013.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Oulu Airport is the second busiest airport in the country.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

There are approximately 25 airports that have scheduled flights. [53]


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Helsinki Airport is home to Finnair, Blue1 and Flybe Nordic.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

The government spent about 350 million euros on the maintenance of 5,865 kilometres (3,644mi) of rail lines.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Train transport is carried out by VR Group, which has a 5% passenger market share and 25% cargo. [54]


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Since 12 December 2010, Karelian Trains, a joint venture between Russian Railway and VR Group, operates Alstom Pendolino high-speed trains between Finlyandsky stations in Saint Petersburg and Central in Helsinki.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

The service was named “Allegro” and it took 3.5 hours from Helsinki to Saint Petersburg and vice versa.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Port logistics price is cheap.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

The port of Vuosaari in Helsinki was the largest container port upon completion in 2008 and the others were Kotka, Hamina, Hanko, Pori, Rauma, and Oulu.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

In Turku there are ferry connections to Tallinn, Mariehamn and Stockholm.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

The Helsinki-Tallinn route, one of the world's busiest sea passenger routes, also contains a helicopter line.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Finnish industry quickly industrialized after World War II, its per capita GDP level equaling Japan's or Britain's in the early 1970s. The two main driving industries are the “metal industry” (metalliteollisuus) and the “forestry industry” (metsäteollisuus).


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

The “metal industry” includes shipbuilding, automobiles, engineered products (machinery and electronics), metal production (steel, copper, and chrome).


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

The world's largest cruise ship was built in a Finnish shipyard.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

While the timber industry (metsäteollisuus) include forestry, wood, pulp and paper.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Many large pulp and paper industries operate here, among them Ahlstrom, M-real, and UPM.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Even so, today the Finnish economy is already diversified, penetrating into the branches of electronics (Nokia), metrology (Vaisala), fuel transport (Neste), chemistry (Kemira), engineering consultancy (Pöyry), and information technology (Rovio, famous for Angry Birds).


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

According to the Economist Intelligence Unit's September 2011 report, Finland took second place after the United States in the 2011 IT Industry Competitiveness Benchmarking which relies on 6 key indicators: overall business environment, technology infrastructure, human resources, framework law, public support for industrial development, and research and development. [55]


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Tourism Tourism is a burgeoning industry in Finland and has in recent years become an important aspect of its economy.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

In 2005, Finnish tourism had a gross profit of over €6.7 billion with growth of 5% from previous years.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

A lot of sudden growth that can be attributed to globalization and modernization of the country as well as a resurgence in publicity and positive awareness.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Many attractions in Finland attracted more than 4 million visitors in 2005.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Finland's landscape is covered with dense evergreen forests, choppy hills and complemented by an intricate arrangement of mainland lakes and islands.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Many areas in Finland are pristine and virgin because they have 35 national parks from the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland to the high Laplandia.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

It is also an urbanized area with many cultural events and activities.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Commercial ferries between coastal cities and major ports in the Baltic region, including Helsinki, Turku, Tallinn, Stockholm and Travemünde, play an important role in the local tourism industry.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

JMPL|Ka|sauna without chimney culture in Enonkoski.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Finland's strong sauna culture is one of the remnants of the original Finnish culture.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Like its people, Finnish culture is very native and widely represented in the Finnish language.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Throughout the prehistoric and historical times of the area, the contiguity and cultural influences have come at the same time from all over.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

As a result of 600 Swedish dominions, the influence of Swedish culture can still be seen.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Now, cultural influences from North America also dominate.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

In the 21st century, many Finns are experiencing cultural contact from distant regions, such as Asia and Africa.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Through tourism, Finnish youth in particular have come into much contact with people from outside Finland by traveling abroad to work and study.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

There are still intervals between regions, especially small differences in logat and vocabulary.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Minorities such as the Sami people, Finnish Swedes, Romani, and Tatars nurtured their own culture.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Many Finns are emotionally associated with the countryside and nature, as urbanization is still a new phenomenon.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Finland comfortably won the first Eurovision Dancing Contest in September 2007.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

International rankings This list contains a maximum of 3 years per survey.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

For a complete list, see International rankings of Finland.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Provinces Today, Finland has 6 administrative provinces (lääni, pl. läänit).


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Provincial authorities form part of the executive branch of the national government; a system that has not changed drastically since its establishment in 1634 to a new division into the “great provinces” in 1997.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Since then, the six provinces are: Southern Finland Western Finland East of Oulu Laplandia Åland The Åland Islands enjoy its own tiers of autonomy.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

According to international treaties and Finnish law, the regional administration of Åland deals with several issues that belong to the provincial authorities in Mainland Finland.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Local administration was further organized by 432 Finnish municipalities.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Since 1977, there is no administrative distinction between other “towns”, towns, and municipalities.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

In addition to municipalities, Finland is also divided into 20 regions.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Finnish has two main official languages: Finnish and Swedish.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Other official languages are Suomi language, Romani language and Sign Finnish language.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Other important foreign languages are Russian and Estonian.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Commonly spoken languages are Finnish (92% of its population) as well as Swedish (6% of its population).


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Current foreign language usage is English (63%), Swedish (41%), German (18%) and French (3%).


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Education Almost all primary and secondary level education is organized at munisipal level.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Although almost all schools were originally private, today only about 3% of students are in private schools (mainly language specialists and international schools), much lower than in Sweden and other developed countries. [56]


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Pre-school education is classified as sparse than other EU countries and formal education generally starts at age 7.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Primary school is generally for 6 years and junior high school 3 years.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

A flexible curriculum is regulated by the Ministry of Education.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Education is compulsory for children aged 7 to 16.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

After junior high school, its graduates can go straight to work or apply to a trade school or gymnasium (high school).


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

The trade school offers vocational education and about 40% of students choose this path upon graduation from junior high school. [57]


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

The Gymnasium has higher entry requirements and is specially prepared for Abitur and higher education.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Graduates of both types of these schools formally meet the requirements of higher education.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

For higher education, there are 2 types: work-oriented polytechnics and research-oriented universities.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Education here is free and the cost of living is largely government-financed through student benefit.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

There are 20 universities and 30 polytechnics in the country.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

The University of Helsinki was ranked 75th in the 2010 ranking of Top Universities. [58]


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

The World Economic Forum puts higher education in Finland is the best in the world. [59]


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

The composition of foreign students is around 3%, one of the lowest in the OECD, for expertise programmes is around 7.3%, below the OECD average of 16.5%. [60]


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Approximately 30% of higher education students continue in science-related fields.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Forest improvement, materials research, environmental science, neural networks, low temperature physics, brain research, biotechnology and genetics, as well as communication are the areas that make a lot of contribution. [61]


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Finland is very productive when it comes to science research.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

In 2005, Finland finished fourth in terms of scientific publications per capita among OECD countries. [62]


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

In 2007, 1,801 patents were issued in Finland. [63]


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

In addition, 38 percent of Finland's population holds a bachelor's degree, one of the highest percentages in the world. [64] [65] Press media and communications in Finland is the freest in the world. [66]


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Today, there are about 200 newspapers, 320 popular magazines, 2,100 professional magazines, 67 commercial radio stations, 3 digital radio channels and 5 national channels of general radio.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Every year, about 12,000 book titles are published and 12 million records are sold. [67]


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Yle, a Finnish broadcasting company, operates 5 television channels and 13 radio channels in 2 languages.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Yle is funded through compulsory television licences and pay for private broadcasters.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

All TV channels are broadcast digital, both terrestrial and cable.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

In addition to communication, Finland also placed the highest position for the World Economic Forum's NRI (Network Readiness Index) index - an indicator for determining the level of development of a country's communication and information technology.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Finland took first place in 2013 and 2014. [68]


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

About 79% of the population uses the internet. [69]


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Finland had 1.52 million broadband Internet connections at the end of 2007 or 287 per 1,000 inhabitants. [70]


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

All schools and public libraries are internet-connected and most residents have mobile telephones. [71]


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

In October 2009, the Ministry of Transport and Communications committed to ensuring that everyone in Finland can access the internet at a minimum speed of 1 megabit-per-second from July 2010. [72]


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Reference See also List of countries in the world Further reading (in English) Transclusion error outlinks: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Is the capital of the country Finland?

Finnish

Category:Countries in Northern Europe Category:Europe


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The period of Japanese occupation of Indonesia began in 1942 and ended on 17 August 1945 along with the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence by Soekarno and M. Hatta on behalf of the Indonesian nation.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In May 1940, the beginning of World War II, the Netherlands was occupied by Nazi Germany.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Dutch East Indies declared a state of alert and by July switched exports for Japan to the United States and the United Kingdom.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Negotiations with Japan aimed at securing aircraft fuel supplies failed in June 1941, and Japan began its conquest of Southeast Asia in December of that year.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In the same month, a faction from Sumatra received Japanese assistance to hold a revolution against Dutch rule.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The last Dutch forces defeated the Japanese in March 1942.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The experience of Japanese mastery in Indonesia varies widely, depending on where a person lives and the social status of the person.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

For those living in areas considered important in warfare, they were subjected to torture, involved sex slavery, arbitrary incarceration and capital punishment, and other war crimes.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Dutch and mixed Indonesian-Dutch are target targets in Japanese control.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

During the occupation period, Japan also formed a preparation for independence namely BPUPKI (Indonesian Independence Preparatory Business Investigation Agency) or


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This body was tasked with forming pre-independence preparations and making the basis of the state and was replaced by PPKI or (


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Background in October 1941, General Hideki Tojo replaced Konoe Fumimaro as Prime Minister of Japan.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In fact, until the end of 1940, the military leadership of Tambelang did not want to fight several countries at once, but since the middle of 1941 they saw that the United States, Britain and the Netherlands had to face at once, if they wanted to control the natural resources of Asia Southeast.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Especially after the Americans launched a petroleum embargo, which they desperately needed, both for industry in Japan, and for war purposes.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese Navy, developed a very bold war strategy, which was to deploy the entire force of his fleet for two major operations.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The entire potential of the Japanese Navy includes 6 aircraft carriers (fighter aircraft carriers), 10 battleships, 18 heavy cruisers, 20 light cruisers, 4 gear carriers, 112 destroyers, 65 submarines as well as 2,274 fighter aircraft.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The first force, which was 6 aircraft carriers, 2 battleships, 11 destroyers as well as more than 1,400 fighter aircraft, dated December 7, 1941, would attack abruptly the United States Pacific Fleet base at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian islands.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Whereas the second force, the remainder of the Navy force at their disposal, supported the Army in Operation South, namely the assault on the Philippines and Malaya/Singapore, which would proceed to Java.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The force deployed to Southeast Asia was 11 Infantry Division supported by 7 tank regiments as well as 795 fighter aircraft.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The entire operation is planned to be completed in 150 days.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Admiral Chuichi Nagumo led the fleet assigned to attack Pearl Harbor.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Sunday morning of 7 December 1941, 360 aircraft consisting of torpedo-carrying bombers as well as a number of fighter aircraft were dispatched in two waves.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This bombing of Pearl Harbor succeeded in sinking two large battleships as well as damaging another 6 battleships.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In addition, the Japanese bombing also destroyed 180 American warplanes.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

More than 2,330 American soldiers were killed and more than 1,140 others injured.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

However three American aircraft carriers survived, having at the time not been at Pearl Harbor.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

On December 8, 1941, the United States Congress declared war on Japan.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This Pacific War had a great effect on the independence movements of countries in East Asia, including Indonesia.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan's goal of invading and occupying the Dutch East Indies was to take control of natural sources, especially petroleum, in order to support Japan's war potential as well as support its industry.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Java was designed as a provisioning hub for all military operations in Southeast Asia, and Sumatra as a major oil source.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Organization Founded in the Japanese Age of Defenders of the Fatherland (PETA) Gakukottai (student students) Heiho (soldier reserve ranks) Seinendan (youth ranks) Fujinkai (women's ranks) Putera (People's Power Center) Javanese Hokokai (Java devotional Association) Keibodan (police auxiliary ranks) Jibakutai ( Kempettai (secret police ranks) Social Cultural Social Stratification System in the Japanese period The social stratification system in the Japanese period placed the bumiputera group above the European and Eastern foreign groups, except Japan.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This was due to the Japanese wanting who took the heart of the Indonesian people to help them in the Greater East Asia war.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

People's resistance against Japan The events of Cot Plieng, Aceh 10 November 1942 Uprising led a young cleric Tengku Abdul Jalil, teacher of teaching at Cot Plieng, Lhokseumawe.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japanese attempts to persuade the cleric were unsuccessful, so the Japanese made a sudden attack in the blind morning while the people were performing the Fajar prayer.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

With simple armament/roughing the people tried to withstand the attack and successfully repulsed the Japanese forces to return to Lhokseumawe.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

So it was with the second attack, successfully thwarted by the people.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Only on the last (third) attack did the Japanese manage to burn down the mosque while the leader of the rebellion (Teuku Abdul Jalil) managed to escape from b enemy, but ended up getting shot while he was praying.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This physical resistance Singaparna event occurred in the boarding school Sukamanah Singaparna Tasikmalaya, West Java under the leadership of KH.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Zainal Mustafa, in 1943.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

He rejected firmly the teachings that smelled of Japan, in particular the obligation to perform Seikerei every morning, which was to pay homage to the Emperor of Japan by bending the body towards the rising sun.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This obligation of Seikerei clearly offends Indonesian Muslims because it includes acts of shirk/condemning God.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In addition, he could not bear to see the suffering of the people due to forced planting.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

When the Japanese envoy is about to capture, KH.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Zainal Mustafa had prepared his martial arts men to besiege and gang up on the Japanese army, eventually retreating to Tasikmalaya.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan decided to use violence as an attempt to end its defiance of the cleric.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

On February 25, 1944, there was a fierce battle between the people and the Japanese forces after Friday prayers.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Although various resistance attempts have been made, but KH.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Zainal Mustafa was successfully also arrested and taken to Tasikmalaya then taken to Jakarta to receive the death penalty and was buried in Ancol.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Indramayu event, April 1944 Indramayu event occurred in April 1944 due to coercion obligation to deposit some of the rice proceeds and the implementation of rodi/forced work/Romusha which has resulted in prolonged suffering of the people.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The rebellion was led by Haji Madriyan and comrades in Karang Ampel village, Sindang, Indramayu Regency.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japanese troops deliberately acted cruelly against the people in both regions (Lohbener and Sindang) so that other regions would not rebel after obtaining the atrocities committed in each rebellion.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Rebellion Teuku Hamid Teuku Hamid was a Giyugun officer, along with one platoon his troops fled into the forest to make a resistance.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This was in November 1944.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Faced with these conditions, the Japanese government carried out threats to kill the rebel families if it did not want to surrender.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The conditions forced some of the rebel forces to surrender, so that it could eventually be overlain.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In other areas of Aceh there were also people's resistance efforts such as in Berenaih Regency led by the head of the village and assisted by a squad of Giyugun (volunteer army officers), but all ended with the same condition that was successfully overlain by the Japanese military force very ruthless.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The PETA Resistance Map Rebellion in Blitar (29 February 1945) The resistance was led by Syodanco Supriyadi, Syodanco Muradi, and Dr. Ismail.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This resistance is due to the issue of rice collection, Romusha and Heiho carried out by force and beyond the limits of humanization.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

As the sons of the people the fighters do not bear to see the suffering of the people.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In addition, the attitude of Japanese military trainers were imperious and condescending to Indonesian soldiers.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

PETA's resistance in Blitar was the largest resistance in Java.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

But with the Japanese ruse through Colonel Katagiri (Commander of the Japanese forces), PETA troops were deceived by pretending to be invited to confer.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Four PETA officers were sentenced to death and three others were tortured to death.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

While Syodanco Supriyadi successfully escaped.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The PETA Resistance in Meureudu-Pidie, Aceh (November 1944) The resistance was led by Gyugun Officer Teuku Hamid.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The background of this resistance was due to Japan's cavalier and ruthless attitude towards the people in general and Indonesian warriors in particular.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

PETA resistance in Gumilir, Cilacap (April 1945) The resistance was led by a squad leader (Bundanco), Kusaeri along with his comrades.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The planned resistance beginning on 21 April 1945 became known to the Japanese so Kusaeri was arrested on 25 April 1945.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Kusaeri was sentenced to death but was not executed because Japan was sidelined by the Allies.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Pang Suma resistance The people's resistance led by Pang Suma flared up in West Kalimantan.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Pang Suma was a leader of the Dayak tribe whose great influence among the tribes in Tayan and Meliau areas.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This resistance was guerrilla in order to disrupt Japanese activity in Borneo.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The momentum of Pang Suma's resistance began with the beating of a Dayak worker by Japanese supervisors, one among about 130 workers at a Japanese timber company.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This incident then started a series of resistance that reached a peak in a Dayak counterattack known as the Village Majang War, from April to August 1944 in the Tayan-Meliau-Batang Tarang area (Kab.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

disclaimer).


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

About 600 freedom fighters were killed by the Japanese, including Pang Suma.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Koreri Resistance in West Biakdi Irian in 1943 The resistance was led by L. Rumkorem, the leader of the Koreri Movement centered in Biak.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This resistance was backwarded by the suffering of the people who were treated as belian slaves, beaten, and persecuted.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In such resistance the people fell victim to many, but the people resisted tenaciously.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Eventually the Japanese abandoned Biak Island.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Resistance on South Yapen Island This resistance was led by Nimrod.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

When the Allies are approaching it gives firepower aid to fighters so that the resistance is more exciting.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Nimrod was punished by the Japanese to scare the people.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

But the people were not afraid and appeared a guerrilla leader, S. Papare.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Resistance in the Great Land of Papua The resistance was led by Simson.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In the resistance of the people in Papua, there was a cooperation relationship between the guerrillas and the Allied infiltrators so that the people got their arms capital from the Allies.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Underground movement Actually the form of resistance against the Japanese government carried out by the Indonesian people is not only limited to physical resistance but you can also see betnuk other resistance/underground movements as done by: Sutan Syahrir group in the area Jakarta and West Java by masquerading as pineapple traders in Sindanglaya.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Group Sukarni, Adam Malik and Pandu Wiguna.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

They managed to infiltrate as employees of the Japanese propaganda headquarters Sendenbu (now Antara news agency).


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Sharif Thayeb, Eri Sudewo and Chairul Saleh group.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

They are student and student groups.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Mr. Achmad Subardjo, Sudiro and Wikana group.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

They are a group of the Japanese Kaigun (AL) movement.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Those who belong to the underground group, trying to find information and opportunities to see the weaknesses of the Japanese military forces and their efforts will be able to see the results. When Japan has lost to the Allies, the youth group is faster to get that information and they are the ones who finally urge the old group to quickly proclamate.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Such is the description of the activities of the National movement carried out by organizations and social movements during the Japanese occupation government, of course you can understand the causes of failure and why the leaders of the movement prefer a cooperative attitude to face the government Japan's very ferocious/ruthless military.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The 1941 timeline of 6 January, the Dutch arrested Thamrin, Douwes Dekker and several other nationalist figures.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Thamrin died in custody five days later.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Douwes Dekker is exiled to Suriname. January 11 - A new and more aggressive Japanese negotiating team under Yoshizawa arrives in Batavia.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

February - Japan's growing pressure on the Dutch East Indies government to “join the Greater East Asia Joint Prosperity Area” is rejected by Van Mook. May 14 - Japan sends an ultimatum to the Dutch East Indies government, demanding that Japanese influence and presence be allowed in the region. June 6 - Negotiations between the Netherlands and Japan fail.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Dutch East Indies government replied that no concessions would be granted to Japan, and that all strategic products (including oil and rubber) had been contracted for shipment to Britain and the United States. July 11 - Volksraad formed an Indonesian militia. July 25 - Japan announces the establishment of a “protectorate” over Indochina. July 26 - All Japanese assets in the Dutch East Indies are frozen. July 30 - The Dutch government at its disposal promises to hold a conference on Indonesia after the war. November 30 - The Dutch Navy in the East Indies begins to be mobilized December 5 - The Government of the Dutch East Indies sends a request to Australia to dispatch its troops to Ambon and Timor.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Australian Air Force aircraft and their personnel arrived on 7 December. 8 December - Japan attacked Malaya, landing at the southern tip of Thailand and north of Malaya.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan began invading the Philippines.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Netherlands, among other nations, war on Japan. December 10 - British warships, Prince of Wales and Repulse were scuttled within a few hours' difference from each other off the coast of Malaya. 16 December - The anti-Dutch Acehnese people held relations with Japanese forces in Malaya. 17 December — Forces led by Australians landed in Portuguese Timor.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Portugal's dictator Salazar protests.Dec 17 - Japan carries out air strikes over Ternate.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan lands in Sarawak. December 22 — The main Japanese invasion force lands in the Philippines.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Hatta wrote a newspaper article calling for the Indonesians to fight Japan. December 24 - Japan attacked British forces in Kuching, Sarawak. January 1942 January 2 - Japan captured the city of Manila. January 3 - Japan captured Sabah. January 6 - Japan captured Brunei. January — First Japanese air attack over Ambon. January 10 - Japan begins invading Indonesia in Borneo (Tarakan) and Sulawesi (Manado). January 11 - Japan seizes Tarakan. January 12 - Van Mook makes emergency trip to the United States, requesting additional troops, and for the Indies The Dutch are not forgotten in the Allied defenses. January 13 - Japan seizes Manado. January 15 - Jen.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Wavell of Britain took command of ABDACOM, the first Allied joint command (Australia, Britain, Netherlands, America) in the war. January 16 — Acehnese agents returned from Malaya with promises of Japanese support in fighting the Dutch. 23 January — Japan captured Balikpapan though There was a retaliatory attack from the Netherlands and the U.S. January 25 - Japan seized Kendari in Sulawesi. January 30 - Japan attacked Ambon.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The KNIL and Australian forces destroyed supplies so as not to fall into Japanese hands.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Ambon city was captured within 24 hours.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Fighting continued until 2 February.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

A number of 90 per cent of Australia's defence forces were casualties, many of whom were massacred in February after being taken captive.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

British forces evacuated Malaya and ran to Singapore.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

February 1 - Japan seizes Pontianak. February 3 - Japan bombs Surabaya, begins air attacks against targets in Java. February 4 — Battle of Makassar Strait (naval battle between Borneo and Sulawesi): Japanese Air and Sea Forces force Allies to retreat up to to Cilacap.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan advances to Sulawesi. February 6 - Japan begins bombing Palembang. February 8 - Japan begins main attack over Singapore. February 9 - Japan bombs Batavia, Surabaya and Malang. February 10 - Japan seizes Makassar. February 13 - Japan lands parachute troops on Palembang, seizing the city and its valuable oil industry. February 15 - Singapore falls; 130,000 troops under British command are taken captive as prisoners of war. February 18 - Van Mook, in Australia, pleads for Allied forces to go on the offensive.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japanese-occupied Bali. 19 February — Battle of Badung Strait (naval battle between Bali and Lombok): a small unit of Japanese troops repulsed Dutch and Australian forces.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Japanese landed in Bali.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan's first air attack over Darwin, Australia. 20 February - Japan landed in Timor and on 24 February the Japanese army had taken control of Timor. 23 February — Revolution against the Dutch began in Aceh and North Sumatra, with Japanese support.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Dutch moved Soekarno to Padang city; Soekarno escaped in chaos while the Dutch evacuated.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Dutch evacuated Sjahrir and Hatta from Banda by air minutes before the Japanese began bombing the island.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan claims Timor; Australian forces continue to wage guerrilla warfare. 27 February Battle of the Java Sea: In a battle in the Java Sea near Surabaya that lasted for seven hours, the Allied Navy was destroyed, American destroyers escaped to Australia.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Allies lost five of its battleships, whereas Japan suffered only damage to its one destroyer (Destroyer).


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Rear Admiral Karel Willem Frederik Marie Doorman, Commander of the Dutch East Indies Navy, who only two days earlier, dated 25 February 1942 was appointed Tactical Commander of the Allied army fleet ABDACOM, sinking with his flag ship De Ruyter. 28 February Date 28 February 1942, Soldiers of the 16th Army under the lead of Lieutenant General Hitoshi Imamura landed in three places in Java.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

First were troops of the 2nd Division landing at Merak, Banten, second was the 230th Regiment at Eretan Wetan, near Indramayu and the third was the 48th Division along with the 56th Regiment at Kragan.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The three soon hounded the defense of the Dutch army.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

After seizing Kalijati Air Base (now Lanud Suryadarma), Lieutenant General Imamura made his base there.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Imamura gave an ultimatum to the Dutch, that if it did not surrender, then the Japanese army would destroy the Dutch army.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

March 1942, the Allied forces in Java were notified by spies that a Japanese force of 250,000 was approaching Bandung, while the truth was only one tenth that number.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

That erroneous information may have been part of the reason why the Allies surrendered in Java.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Dutch actually transferred Communists held in prison camps in the Dutch East Indies, some of them since 1926, to prisons in Australia when the Japanese arrived. 1 March - Battle of Sunda Strait: Japanese invasion force lands in Banten.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Japanese invasion force landed west of Surabaya.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japanese air attack over Medan. March 5 - Japanese air attack on Cilacap.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan goes into Batavia. March 7 - Japan seizes Cilacap. March 7 - Rangoon falls into Japanese hands. March 8 - Japan seizes Surabaya. March 9 - The Dutch surrender unconditionally to the Japanese On March 9, 1942, Governor General Jonkheer Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer with Lieutenant General Hein ter Poorten, Commander-in-Chief of the Indian-Dutch Army came to Kalijati and started negotiations between the Dutch East Indies Government and the Japanese Army led directly by Lieutenant General Imamura.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Imamura stated, that the Dutch should sign a statement of unconditional surrender.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Lieutenant General ter Poorten, representing the Governor General marked a statement of unconditional surrender.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Thus de facto and de jure, the entire territory of the former Dutch East Indies has since come under Japanese rule and administration.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

That day, on March 9, General Hein ter Poorten ordered the entire army of the Dutch East Indies to also surrender to the army of the Empire of Japan.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The other rulers, soon fled. Dr. Hubertus Johannes van Mook, Lieutenant Governor General for the eastern Dutch East Indies, Dr. Charles Olke van der Plas, Governor of East Java, fled to Australia.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

General Ludolf Hendrik van Oyen, Royal Dutch Air Force officer escaped and left his wife in Bandung.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The KNIL army of about 20,000 in Java who did not have time to flee to Australia was captured and imprisoned by the Japanese army.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

While other Europeans and also citizens of the United States, were interned.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Many were also those civilians who were repatriated back to Europe.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Officially Japan had controlled Indonesia since March 8, 1942, when the Commander-in-Chief Government of the Dutch East Indies surrendered unconditionally at Kalijati, Subang.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan without much met resistance which meant successfully occupying Indonesia.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In fact, the Indonesian people welcomed the arrival of the Japanese army with a feeling of delight, joyful and welcome because it would free the Indonesian people from the shackles of Dutch colonization. March 11 - The Acehnese Resistance engaged in a battle with the Dutch who were withdrawing Self. March 12 - Japan lands in Sabang.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Operations in Aceh were completed around March 15. March 12 - Japan arrived in Medan. March 18 - Japan captured Padang. March 28 - The last Dutch troops in Sumatra surrendered at Kutatjane, in the south of Aceh.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan bans all political activities and all existing organizations.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Volksraad was abolished.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Red-and-white flags are banned.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Japanese 16th Army controlled Java; the 25th Army in Sumatra (headquarters at Bukittinggi); the Navy controlled eastern Indonesia (headquarters in Makassar).


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

April In April 1942, about 200 Allied soldiers who had fled to the hills in East Java and continued fighting, were captured by the Japanese under Imamura's orders.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

They were collected and put into bamboo cattle cages, brought on open trains to Surabaya, then taken to the sea and thrown into the sharks, while still in the bamboo cages.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Imamura was found guilty of this atrocity by an Australian military judiciary after the war. April 7 — Three Dutch East Indies Radio employees were sentenced to death for playing the Dutch national anthem on March 18, after the surrender of the Netherlands. April 7 - Japan seized Ternate.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan tried to form the Three A movement; started a propaganda campaign.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

ABDACOM was disbanded.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The British and Americans divided the responsibilities of the war: the British would try to retake Malaya and Sumatra as well as Burma.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Remaining in the Pacific and Indonesia is the responsibility of the US (which is cooperating with Australia). April 19 - Japan seizes Hollandia (now Jayapura).


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

May 9 - Japan occupies Lombok. May 13 - Japan occupies Sumbawa. May 16 - Japan occupies Sumba.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

June 17 — The Dutch government in the refuge in London forms a consultative council for the affairs of the Dutch East Indies.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Juli The only option Soekarno and Hatta have is to pretend to cooperate with Japan.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The end goal, of course, is not to support Japan, but to gain independence for Indonesia.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Later, the returning Dutch would try to accuse Soekarno of being a Japanese collaborator in order to gain British support in the face of the newly formed Indonesian republic.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Sjahrir led the movement underground from his elder sister's home in Cipanas, near Bogor.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Information was often and secretly shared by Soekarno, who obtained it from the Japanese inner circle, and Sjahrir.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Units of remnants of the KNIL army were sent to Kai, Aru and Kepualuan Tanimbar.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan gathered Soekarno, Hatta, and Sjahrir in Jakarta.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Soekarno, Hatta, Sjahrir met in secret: Soekarno to gather mass for independence, Hatta to handle diplomatic relations, Sjahrir to coordinate underground activities.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Soekarno accepted Japan's offer to become the leader of the Indonesian government, but was responsible to the Japanese military. July 30 - Japan occupied Kep.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Kai and Aru, after a certain amount of resistance in Kai. July 31 - Japan seizes Kep.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Tanimbar a number of resistance by the KNIL and Australian detachments at Saumlaki.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

August, September, October 29 August - Japan begins moving a number of troops from Sumatra and Java to Kep.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Solomons.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

September, Indonesian Muslims refused to salute the Emperor of Japan in Tokyo.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The events in Sukamanah, Singaparna Tasikmalaya-West Java real evidence of the rejection.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Haji Zaenal Mustafa took up arms to the Japanese although he was later superimposed and he was put to death in Ancol.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

As a tribute, the name Haji Zaenal Mustafa became the most important street name in Tasikmalaya.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

October, Japanese military advances in the Pacific stalled; Japanese commanders were told to develop pro-Japanese sentiments in the occupied territories. 16 October — The Japanese 16th Army dispatched guard forces to Lombok, Sumba and Timor.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

At first, Japanese propaganda sounded like an improvement compared to the Dutch government.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

After that, Japanese troops began to steal food and arrest people to be forced workers, as the views of the Indonesian people began to turn.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Japanese military made three major mistakes against the Indonesians: forced labor: many Indonesian men were taken from the middle of their families and sent all the way to Burma to do development work and many other heavy jobs in very poor conditions.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Thousands dead or missing. Forced retrieval: Japanese soldiers forcefully took food, clothing and other supplies from Indonesian families, without providing compensation.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This led to hunger and suffering during the war. Forced slavery of women: many Indonesian women were made “comfort women” for Japanese soldiers.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In addition, the Japanese held many Dutch civilians in detention camps in very poor conditions, and treated military prisoners of war in Indonesia in poor circumstances as well.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

However, war crimes in a very serious place are in fact not as bad as what was committed in China or Korea at the same time.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

A number of commanders, like for example Jen.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Imamura in Java, was openly criticized in Japanese newspapers for being too lenient.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

There were even a number of Japanese officers who sympathized with the idea of Indonesian independence, and who even gave their support to Indonesian political figures and organizations, up to Soekarno himself.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

November, December November, the Uprising in Aceh was muted by the Japanese.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

General Imamura replaced by General Harada. December 7 - Queen Wilhelmina of the Dutch kingdom, in exile made a speech promising improvement of relations again with colonies after the war was over. December 27 - Japan opened the first internment camp for Dutch women in Ambarawa. 1943 January, the Japanese arrested Amir Sjarifuddin to break his resistance movement.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Sjarifuddin was sentenced to death, but Soekarno intervened and defended him on personal behalf. February 9 - Japan sent additional troops to Tanimbar, Kai Islands and West Irian. February 10 - Australian guerrillas were withdrawn from Portuguese Timor after a year of fighting in the jungle.9 March - Japan forms Putera (People's Power Center), a wing of political organization.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Soekarno became its chairman, Hatta and Ki Hadjar Dewantara one of its members.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Japanese formed a local military wing, called Heiho to be a regular Japanese unit.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Heiho Army of Indonesia is a combination of volunteers and militiamen.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Japanese army distinguished the treatment of Heiho and the Japanese army.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

July, Japan captured about 1000 fighters in South Kalimantan July 7 - Japanese Prime Minister Tojo promised the rule of limited autonomy for Indonesia in his speech in Gambir. August 13 - The Americans launched a bomb attack from Australi against Balikpapan.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan began to take over sugar plantations to master sugar production.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The European managers were sent internment camps.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Around this time, many Protestant Christian Churches were founded by Indonesians after Dutch pastors and missionaries were sent to Japanese internment camps.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

September, the rebellion against the Japanese was successfully overlain in South and West Borneo. September 8 - Order from the Japanese Military Headquarters in Saigon to form “Giyugun” (local armed forces) along Southeast Asia.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

By the end of the war, about two million Indonesians had been recruited to become Giyugun or become Heiho.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan felt the need to recruit local men for defense, as the Japanese army continued to be withdrawn for war with the Allies in the Pacific. October 3 - Japan forms Giyugun in Sumatra and Java.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The forces in Java are called PETA (Defenders of the Fatherland).


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Many figures are incorporated in PETA, including Soedirman and Soeharto.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Independence activists considered military training not so much in favor of Japanese power than preparations for possible independence.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

By mid-1945, there were 120,000 fighters incorporated in PETA.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This group would later form the core of the Indonesian Armed Forces. 24 October, the umbrella organization MIAI was renamed Masyumi (Indonesian Muslimin Syurah Assembly).


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan began waging forced labor against the villagers (romusha), thousands dead and missing.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Japanese began looting rice.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Dutch Navy Brigade in exile began training at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, with the ultimate goal of recapturing the Dutch East Indies. November 3 - Hatta made a speech urging Indonesians to join PETA. November 10 - Soekarno, Hatta, and Kyai Bagus Hadikusumo departed to Tokyo to meet with the Emperor of Japan.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This was the first time Soekarno traveled abroad.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

December, Barisan Hezbollah was formed by Japan, a Muslim youth war force associated with Masyumi. 1944 January, Putera was replaced by Javanese Hokokai.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Soekarno became the leader. April 19 - Allies dropped bombs on Sabang, Aceh. April 22 - Allies took control of Hollandia (now Jayapura). May 9 - Japanese commander decided to leave West Irian. May 17 - Allied air strikes on Surabaya. May 21 - American soldiers landed in Biak. June 4 - The Japanese launched a counterattack into Biak.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

August, Barisan Pioneer formed by the Javanese youth wing of Hokokai (after independence renamed Barisan Benteng). August 11 - Allied air strikes on Palembang. August 28 - Ambon was retreated due to Allied air strikes. September 7 - General Koiso promised Indonesia would independence in no time. September 8 - the American army managed to drive the Japanese out of Biak. September 15 - the Allies landed in Morotai.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japanese authorities began organizing regional councils (with powers as advisors only).


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

October, Australian soldiers began launching bomb attacks on Balikpapan.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan organized a Central Advisory Council, similar to the Volksraad, but without legislative powers.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

November, Kumashaki Military Governor Harada was replaced by Shigeichi Yamamoto.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Pakubuwono XII became Susuhunan Surakarta. 1945 January-April 14 - Peta army in Blitar attacked Japan's arsenal. March 1 - Indonesian Independence Preparatory Business Investigation Board (BPUPKI), a committee to prepare for Indonesian Independence, announced its formation by Japan.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Its members include Soekarno, Hatta, Wahid Hashim, and others.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Its leader is Dr. Radjiman Wedyodiningrat.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

April, Admiral Maeda, the Navy's intelligence leader in Indonesia, supports Soekarno and Hatta's traveling oratory trip to Makassar. April 30 - Australian and Dutch soldiers land at Tarakan.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

May 3 May - Acehnese guerrillas attack Japanese outpost in Pandrah, successfully killing the entire Japanese army. May 29 - Held the first trial of BPUPKI which lasts until June 1.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Soepomo made speeches about national integration and against individual individualism.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Muhammad Yamin proposed that the new state also simultaneously lay claim to Sarawak, Sabah, Malaya, Portuguese Timor, and the entire territory of the Dutch East Indies before the war.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Yamin also suggested that the new Indonesia should ignore international law and declare all oceanic areas between the islands as territorial waters.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Controversy persists among participants of the BPUPKI trial on Islamic rules within the new Indonesia.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

June Maeda supports Soekarno and Hatta's trip to Bali and Banjarmasin to make speeches. June 1 - Soekarno explains about the doctrine of “Pancasila” in front of BPUPKI. June 10 - Australian soldiers land in Brunei, Dutch soldiers land in North Sumatra. June 22 - A special commission is headed Soekarno was formed to solve disputes over the role of Islam in the new Republic, and agreed by rewarding the language of compromise, which came to be known as the Jakarta Charter.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This compromise language mentions that only Jews are required to follow Islamic Law. June 24 - Allied soldiers land in Halmahera.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

July The Japanese Military held a meeting in Singapore.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Planning the transfer of Indonesian power to the leadership of Indonesian freedom fighters. July 1 - Australian soldiers take control of Balikpapan, American planes drop bombs on Watampone. July 8 - Islamic High School established in Jakarta (now the Islamic University of Indonesia (UII)) based in Yogyakarta as the Indonesian capital moved to Yogyakarta during Dutch Military Aggression II) July 10 - July 17 - The second session of BPUPKI was held to discuss the draft basic law for Indonesia.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Hatta made a critique of Yamin's statement, and suggested West Irian should not be incorporated into Indonesia.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Soekarno supported Yamin.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Haji Agus Salim suggested that people under the former British and Portuguese dominions could choose whether or not to join Indonesia.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The majority of members voted that Indonesia should include Malaya, Sarawak, Sabah and Portuguese Timor, the entire territory of the Dutch East Indies before the war. July 11 - America launches air strikes on Sabang.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The period leading up to Indonesian Independence On August 6, 1945, 2 atomic bombs were dropped on two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the United States.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

It caused Japan to surrender to the United States and its allies.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This moment was also utilized by Indonesia to proclaim its independence. August 7 - BPUPKI was renamed PPKI (Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence).


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

On 9 August 1945 Soekarno, Hatta and Radjiman Wedyodiningrat were flown to Vietnam to meet Marshal Terauchi.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

It was rumored that Japanese forces were heading for destruction but the Japanese wanted Indonesian independence by 24 August.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Meanwhile, in Indonesia, Sutan Syahrir had heard the news over the radio on August 10, 1945, that Japan had surrendered to the Allies.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The underground fighters were getting ready to proclaim the independence of RI, and rejected the form of independence given as a Japanese gift.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

When Soekarno, Hatta and Radjiman returned to the homeland on 14 August 1945, Syahrir urged that Soekarno immediately proclaim independence.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

But Soekarno was not convinced that Japan had indeed surrendered, and the proclamation of Indonesian independence at that time could cause great bloodshed, and could prove fatal if Indonesian fighters were not ready. August 15 - Japan surrendered to the Allies.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan's army and navy are still in power in Indonesia because Japan has promised to return power in Indonesia to Dutch hands.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The young fighters, including Chaerul Saleh, who belonged to the underground movement lost patience, and in the early hours of the morning of 16 August 1945 they kidnapped Soekarno and Hatta, and took them to Rengasdengklok, which was then famous as the events of Rengasdengklok.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Here, they again convinced Soekarno that Japan had surrendered and the fighters had been prepared to fight the Japanese, whatever the risks.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In the evening, Soekarno and Hatta returned to Jakarta, met with General Moichiro Yamamoto and spent the night at the residence of the Young Admiral Maeda Tadashi.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

From this communication between Hatta and the right hand of the Japanese commander in Java, Soekarno and Hatta became convinced that Japan had surrendered to the Allies, and had no more authority to grant independence.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Knowing that proclamation without blood growth was no longer possible, Soekarno, Hatta and other PPKI members that night also met and prepared the text of the Proclamation which was then read on the morning of August 17, 1945.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Army of Defenders of the Fatherland, radical young groups, and the people of Jakarta organized the defense at Soekarno's residence.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Leaflets were then handed out containing about the announcement of the proclamation of independence.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Adam Malik also sent a brief message of the Proclamation announcement abroad.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Post-Independence August 18 - PPKI forms an interim government with Soekarno as President and Hatta as Vice President.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Jakarta charter which included the word “Islam” in the Pancasila precepts, was omitted from the new constitution's mukadimah.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The nascent Republic of Indonesia comprises 8 provinces: Sumatra, Kalimantan, West Java, Central Java, East Java, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Lesser Sunda.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

On 22 August the Japanese announced they were surrendering in public in Jakarta.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan disarmed them and disbanded PETA Dan Heiho.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Many members of this group have not heard of independence. 23 August - Soekarno sends the first radio message to all of Indonesia.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The People's Security Agency, the first Indonesian armed forces began to be formed from former members of PETA and Heiho.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

A few days earlier, several PETA battalions had been told to disband. 29 August - The draft constitution of PPKI which had been announced on 18 August, was designated as Constitution 45.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Soekarno and Hatta were officially appointed President and Vice President.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

PPKI later changed its name to KNIP (Central Indonesian National Committee).


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This KNIP is a temporary institution in charge until elections are held.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The new government of the Republic of Indonesia, the Presidential Cabinet, began service on 31 August.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In accordance with the Vienna treaty in 1942, that the allied countries agreed to return the territories now occupied by Japan to their respective colony owners if the Japanese were successfully expelled from their occupied areas.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

According to the Allies as the party that won World War II, Lord Mountbatten as the Allied Supreme Commander in Southeast Asia was the one who was given the responsibility of power over Sumatra and Java.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Australian Army was given responsibility for Borneo and Eastern Indonesia.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

On 23 August 1945 Dutch soldiers landed in Sabang, Aceh. 15 September 1945, allied soldiers arrived in Jakarta, accompanied by Dr Charles van der Plas, the Dutch deputy to the Allies.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The presence of this allied army, diboncengi NICA (Netherland Indies Civil Administration - the civil administration of the Dutch East Indies) led by Dr Hubertus J van Mook.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Impact of Japanese Occupation In Various Aspects of Indonesian National Life Political Aspects The first policy that Dai Nippon (大日本) (Japanese military government) did was to ban all meetings and political activities.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

On March 20, 1942, an ordinance was issued that dissolved all political organizations and all forms of sorority.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

On September 8, 1942 was issued Law no. 2 of Japan controlling the entire national organization.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In addition, Japan does propaganda to attract the sympathy of the Indonesian people in a way: Consider Japan as the old brother of the Asian nation (Hakko Ichiu) launched a motto 3A (Japan leader, Japan light and Japan protector of Asia) Waging sympathy through education in the form of scholarship student.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Attracting sympathy of Muslims to go Hajj Attracts sympathy of Islamic organization MIAI.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Waging political dumping invites to join National struggle figures such as: Ir. Soekarno, Drs. M. Hatta and Sutan Syahrir, by freeing the figure from Dutch detention.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In addition to propaganda, Japan also carried out various tangible actions in the form of the establishment of cooperation bodies such as the following: Putera (People's Power Center) with the aim of persuading secular nationalists and intellectuals to give up their manpower and mind to serve Japan.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Javanese Hokokai (Javanese devotional Association) is a central organization and consists of various professions (doctors, educators, central women's services and companies).


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Application of the Autarchy system (an area that must meet its own needs and the needs of war).


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The system is applied in every economic region.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The example of Java became 17 regions, Sumatra 3 regions, and Meinsefu (Navy ruled area) 3 regions.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

After the surrender of power from the Dutch to the Japanese in Kalijati, the entire Dutch East Indies area became 3 areas of military administration: The Tengan area covering Java and Madura was controlled by the sixteenth army with the headquarters in Batavia (Jakarta).


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Western area includes Sumatra with headquarters in Bukittinggi controlled by the second army.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Eastern areas include Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Archipelago, Maluku and Irian Jaya under the rule of the second southern fleet with its center in Makassar.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In addition to the above political policies, the Japanese Military government also made changes in the bureaucracy of government, including the establishment of a governmental organization at the central level by forming a Department and the establishment of Cou Sang In/Advisory Council.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

To facilitate supervision, three military governments were formed, namely: Army Formation/Gunseibu, supervising Java and Madura with Batavia as the center and known as the sixteenth army led by Hitoshi Imamura.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The formation of the Army Force/Rikuyun, which oversees Sumatra with the center of Bukit Tinggi (West Sumatra) known as the twenty-fifth army led by General Tanabe.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The formation of the Navy/Kaigun, which oversees Borneo, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and Irian with its center Ujung Pandang (Makassar) known as the second Southern Fleet by the name of Minseifu led Admiral Maeda.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

For the position of the special temporary military government of Southeast Asia was centered in Dalat/Vietnam.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Economic and Social Aspects In these two aspects, you will find how Japan's economic and social exploitation practices have done to the Indonesian nation and you can compare the economic and social impact with the political and bureaucratic impact.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The matters enacted in the Japanese government's economic regulation system are as follows: Economic activity is geared towards war interests then all potential natural resources and raw materials are used for industries that support the war machine.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan confiscated all the proceeds of plantations, factories, banks and important companies.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Much farmland was neglected as a result of policy heavy points focused on the war economy and industry.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The conditions caused food production to decline and hunger and poverty to increase drastically.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan implements a strict system of economic oversight with very severe sanctions of violations.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Such supervision is applied to the use and circulation of the remains of goods inventory.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Control prices to prevent the rising price of goods.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Supervision of tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane plantations and simultaneously monopolizing their sales.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Restrictions on tea, coffee and tobacco, as it does not directly pertain to the needs of war.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Monopolies of sugar cane and sugar, the coercion of planting castor trees and cotton on farmland and plantations damaged the land.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Implementing war economy system and autarchy system (meeting the needs of the region itself and supporting war activities).


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Consequently the duties of the people along with all wealth were sacrificed for the sake of war.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This is obviously very agonizing to the people both physical and material.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In 1944, Japan's political and military conditions began to be pushed, so the demands for war materials increased.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

To address it the Japanese government organized a massive handover campaign of food and goods through Javanese Hokokai and Nagyo Kumiai (agricultural cooperatives), as well as official government agencies.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The impact of these conditions, the people are charged to hand over 30% foodstuffs to the government, 30% for village granaries and 40% to the rights of the owners.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This system caused people's lives increasingly difficult, labor passion decreased, food shortages, low nutrition, plague disease hit almost every village on the island of Java one of them: Wonosobo (Central Java) the mortality rate was 53.7% and for Purworejo (Central Java) the mortality rate reached 224.7%.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

You can imagine how severe the suffering felt by the Indonesian people during Japan (even people were forced to eat animal food such as itchy classes, snails, tubers).


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Aspects of Military Life In this aspect of the military, you will understand that the military bodies created by Japan were solely due to the increasingly depressing conditions of the Japanese military in the Pacific war.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Entering its second year of occupation (1943), Japan intensified educating and training Indonesian youth in the military field.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This was due to the fact that the situation on the battlefield (Asia — Pacific) made it more difficult for Japan.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Starting from Allied blows at naval battles at Midway (June 1942) and around the Coral Sea (August '42 — February 1943).


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The conditions were compounded by the fall of Guadalacanal which was the base of Japanese power in the Pacific (August 1943).


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The situation above made Japan consolidate power by gathering forces from Indonesian youth and students as potential personnel to be included in the battle to face the Allies.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Positive and Negative Impact of Japanese Occupation in Indonesia The period of Japanese Occupation in Indonesia was a very influential period for the development of Indonesia, besides almost the absence of meaningful challenges to the Netherlands before.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In that short period, Japan brought a positive impact and also brought a negative impact on the Indonesian nation in general.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In general, most think the Japanese occupation was a dark and suffering period.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

But not all of it is true, there are several policies of the Japanese occupation government that have a positive impact, especially in the establishment of Indonesian nationalism and military training for Indonesian youth.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Positive Impact of Japanese Occupation Not many know about the positive impact Japan occupied Indonesia.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

There are also positive impacts that can be presented include: The permissibility of Indonesian to become the national language of communication and cause Indonesian to be confirmed as the national language.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan supported the anti-Dutch spirit, so inevitably participated in supporting the spirit of Indonesian nationalism.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Among other things rejected Dutch influences, for example, the change in the name of Batavia to Jakarta.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

To gain the support of the Indonesian people, Japan approached Indonesian national leaders such as Soekarno in hopes that Soekarno would help Japan mobilize the Indonesian people.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This recognition of Japan cemented the position of Indonesian national leaders and gave them the opportunity to lead their people.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In economics, the establishment of Kumyai is a cooperative aimed at common interests.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Establishing schools such as elementary school 6 years, junior high school 9 years, and SLTA The formation of community strata up to the bottom level, namely the neighboring pillars (RT) or Tonarigumi Introduced a new system for agriculture, namely line system (efficient planting management system) aimed at to increase food production.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The formation of BPUPKI and PPKI to prepare for the independence of Indonesia.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

From this came the idea of Pancasila.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan created a program of training and arming Indonesian youth for the benefit of Japan.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

And by young Indonesians, this was made capital to fight against Japan later, as well as against the return of the Dutch colonial government.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In education the introduction of the Nipon-centric system and the introduction of ceremonial activities within the school.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Negative Impact of Japanese Occupation In addition to bringing positive effects, Japan also brought tremendous negative impacts, among others: The elimination of all political organizations and social prenata of Dutch East Indies heritage which is actually beneficial for the advancement of science, social, the economy, and the welfare of the citizens.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Romusha, the mobilization of the Indonesian people (especially Javanese) for forced labor under inhumane conditions.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The collection of all resources such as sandang, food, metal, and oil for the sake of war by Japan.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

As a result, many of the people are suffering from hunger.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Very severe economic crisis due to massive printing of occupation money causing inflation.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Self-sufficiency (self-sufficiency) policy that led to the severing of economic relations between regions.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The fascist policies of the Japanese military government that spread special police and intelligence among the people thus stirred fear.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Japanese government is free to violate human rights by interrogating, arresting, even sentencing to death anyone suspected or accused of being a spy or anti-Japanese without due process.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Press restrictions so that no press is independent, all under Japanese supervision.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The chaos of the situation and severe security conditions such as the rampant robbery, rape and others.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The banning of Dutch and English-language books that led to higher education felt impossible.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Many teachers were employed as officials in those days which led to a sharp deterioration of educational standards.


Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

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Question: When did Japan first enter Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. (in Japanese) (in Japanese) Category:Japanese Occupation in Indonesia Category:History of Indonesia


Question: When was Last.fm formed?

History of the Earth

The history of the Earth deals with the development of the planet Earth since it was formed until now. [1] [2] Almost all branches of natural science have contributed to the understanding of major events on Earth that were past.


Question: When was Last.fm formed?

History of the Earth

The age of the Earth is estimated to be one-third the age of the universe.


Question: When was Last.fm formed?

History of the Earth

A number of major biological and geological changes have occurred throughout that time span.


Question: When was Last.fm formed?

History of the Earth

Earth formed about 4.54bn (4.54×109) years ago through accretion from the solar nebula.


Question: When was Last.fm formed?

History of the Earth

The release of volcanic gases is thought to create an old atmosphere that is barely oxygenated and toxic to humans and most present-day living things.


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Much of Earth's surface melts due to extreme volcanism and often collides with other celestial bodies.


Question: When was Last.fm formed?

History of the Earth

A major collision is thought to cause the tilt of the Earth's axis and produce the Moon.


Question: When was Last.fm formed?

History of the Earth

Over time, the Earth cools and forms a solid crust and allows liquid to create on its surface.


Question: When was Last.fm formed?

History of the Earth

The first life forms appeared between 2.8 and 2.5 billion years ago.


Question: When was Last.fm formed?

History of the Earth

Photosynthetic life emerged about 2 billion years ago, enriching oxygen in the atmosphere.


Question: When was Last.fm formed?

History of the Earth

Most living things were still small and microscopic, until finally complex multicellular living things began to be born about 580million years ago.


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History of the Earth

In the Cambrian period, Earth underwent a massive phylum diversification very rapidly.


Question: When was Last.fm formed?

History of the Earth

Biological and geological changes have continued to occur on the planet since it was formed.


Question: When was Last.fm formed?

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Organisms continue to evolve, changing into new forms or becoming extinct as Earth changes.


Question: When was Last.fm formed?

History of the Earth

Plate tectonic processes play an important role in the formation of oceans and continents on Earth, including life within them.


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History of the Earth

The biosphere has a major impact on the atmosphere and other abiotic conditions on the planet, such as the formation of the ozone layer, oxygen proliferation, and soil creation.


Question: When was Last.fm formed?

History of the Earth

The geological time scales of Earth History are sorted chronologically in a table of geological timescales, which are divided into several intervals according to stratigraphic analysis. [2] [3] A complete timescale can be seen in the main article.


Question: When was Last.fm formed?

History of the Earth

Solar System Formation The standard model of the formation of the Solar System is the solar nebula hypothesis. [4]