Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Jewish religion is a religion that actively attracts new people, and there is at least one Arab political leader who becomes its founder. [upper-alpha 9] Christianity actively competes with the Majusi religion of Persia in attracting new conquerors, especially among the population of the Arabian Peninsula.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

All these developments are connected to one by the emergence of Islam in Arabia during the lifetime of Muhammad (death 632). [78]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

After Muhammad died, Muslim armies advanced to conquer many places in the Byzantine Empire and Persia.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

After first conquering the country of Sham in 634—635, the Muslims then conquered Egypt in 640—641, Persia between 637—642, North Africa in the 7th century, and the Iberian Peninsula in 711. [79]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

By 714, Muslim armies controlled most of the mainland of the Iberian Peninsula which they named Al-Andalus. [80]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The acts of conquest of the Muslims reached their peak in the mid-8th century.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The defeat of the Muslim army in the Battle of Tours in 732 gave the Frankans an opportunity to retake the south of France, but the main reason for the resistance of the Islamic move in Europe was the fall of the Bani Umayyad Khilafah and the power of the Bani Abbas Khilafah.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Bani Abbas moved the capital to Bagdad and focused more attention on the Middle East than Europe, while losing control of a number of Muslim areas.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The descendants of the Bani Umayah took power over the Iberian Peninsula, the Aglabians controlled North Africa, and the Tuluni controlled Egypt. [81]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the middle of the 8th century, a new commerce order emerged in the Middle Sea; trade relations between the Franka and the Arabs replaced the old Roman economic order.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Franka people devised wood, animal fur skins, swords, and belian slaves in exchange for silk and other materials, spices, and precious metals from the Arabs. [82]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Business and economic worlds Migrations and invasions in the 4th century and 5th centuries disrupted the commercial network around the perimeter of the Middle Sea.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Merchandise from Africa, which was no longer imported into Europe, first disappeared from the market in the interior of Europe, and by the 7th century could only be found in a handful of cities such as Rome or Naples.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

By the end of the 7th century, as a result of the acts of conquest made by Muslims, merchandise from Africa could no longer be found in Western Europe.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Replacement of merchandise from other countries with homemade goods became prevalent throughout the former Roman colonies in the early Middle Ages, especially in lands not located on the coast of the Middle Sea, for example, the northern regions of the Gauls or Britannia.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Overseas-made items touted in written relics are usually luxury items.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the northern regions of the European continent, not only the network of intentions is local, instead the goods that are sold are simple, there are few pottery or other items that are complicated to make.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the coastal areas of the Middle Sea, pottery is still easy to obtain and seems to be sold in medium-level commercial networks, not simply made by themselves domestically. [83]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

All Germanic countries in Western Europe issued their own metal money in imitation of Roman and Byzantine cash-money in circulation at that time.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Gold money was constantly minted until it was finally replaced by silver money at the end of the 7th century.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Franka's basic unit of silver money is the Denarius or Denier, while the Denier equivalent Angli-Saksen base unit of silver money is called the Penny.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

It was from these territories that the Denier or Penny circulated throughout Europe for centuries, since 700 to 1000 AD.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Copper and bronze money were not minted, as were gold pennies, except in the southern regions of Europe.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

There is no printing of silver money in larger fractions than Denier or Penny. [84]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Churches and monasteries of Christianity were the main factors that united Eastern Europe and Western Europe before the conquests made by Arabs, but the conquest of North Africa hacked the intertwined relationship between the two regions.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Byzantine Church became more and more distinct from the Western Church in language, customs, as well as liturgy.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Church of the East uses Greek, not Latin like the Western Church.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Differences of theology and politics also came to the fore, and in the beginning and middle of the 8th century, things such as iconoclasm, wives, and state control over the Church further widened the gap so that in the end cultural and religious differences became far greater than the equations. [85]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The official schism, called the East-West Schism, occurred in 1054, when the papal and batrical institutions of Constantinople contested the supremacy of the Pope and eventually excommunicated each other, thus breaking Christianity into two churches—the western fraction into the Roman Catholic Church and the fractionality east became the Eastern Orthodox Church. [86]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The stewardship order of the Church in the Roman Empire was almost intact in the midst of the movements and invasions that hit the western regions, but the papal institution was not highly valued, and only a handful of bishops in the western region respected the Bishop of Rome as a religious leader or leader politics.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Many among the popes who held office before 750 paid more attention to the affairs of the Byzantine Empire and theological disputes in the eastern regions.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The registers, or archives of copies of letters, written by Pope Gregory the Great (papacy 590—604) are still sustainable today, more than 850 shoots of letters, most of which are related to matters in Italy or Constantinople.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The only country in Western Europe that is subject to the authoritisation of papal institutions is Britain, which is the country that Pope Gregory's envoys came to 597 to invite the Angli-Saksen people to become Christians. [87]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Irish missionaries vociferously preached in Western Europe between the 5th and 7th centuries, first in England and Scotland, then to mainland Europe.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Under the leadership of rahib-rahibs such as Kolumba (died 597) and Kolumbanus (died 615), Irish missionaries built monasteries, taught in Latin and Greek, and produced secular and religious writings. [88]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the Early Middle Ages, there was a growth of monasticism in Western Europe.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The form of monasticism is influenced by traditions and ideas derived from the Desert Fathers in Egypt and Syria.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Most European monasteries are a type of monastery that prioritizes spiritual deepening in the life of guyling.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This kind of monasticism is called senobitism, pioneered by Pakomius (died 348) in the 4th century.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The noble ideal of monasticism spread from Egypt to Western Europe in the 5th and 6th centuries through hagiographic literature such as the History of Antonius (Latin: Vita Antonii). [89]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Benedict of Nursia (died 547) drafted Benedict's Rule (Latin: Regulae Benedicti) for the monasticism of the Western Church in the 6th century.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This regulation contains details of the administrative and spiritual obligations that must be exercised by a paguyuban of monks headed by an abas. [90]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Monks and monasteries greatly influenced religious and politicised life in the Early Middle Ages.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Monasteries were often landowners' guardianship institutions for families of great power, became centers of propaganda and support for kingdoms in newly captured territories, and became bases for the mission of daunting and spreading Christianity. [91]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Monasteries are the main institutions, even when they are the only institutions, which organize education and eradication of illiteracy in a region.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Many of the classical Latin manuscripts synced until now are copy manuscripts made in monasteries in the Early Middle Ages. [92]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The monks also produced new writings in history, theology, and other fields, such as Beda (died 735), a prophet from the north of England that worked at the end of the 7th century and the beginning of the 8th century. [93]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Europe during the time of the Karoling Kingdom of Franka in the northern regions of the Gauls was split into the Kingdom of Austrasia, the Kingdom of Neustria, and the Kingdom of Burgundia in the 6th and 7th centuries, all three of which were ruled by kings of Meroving, the posterity of King Klovis.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The 7th century was a turbulent period of warfare between the Kingdom of Austrasia and the Kingdom of Neustria. [94]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The war between the two kingdoms was utilized by Pipin (died 640), the magnifier of the Royal Palace of Austrasia who was the strongman behind the rulers of Austrasia.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

His later members of his family inherited this post, and served as the king's advisors and guardians.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Pipin's great-grandson Karel Martel (died 741) won the Battle of Poitiers in 732, which impeded the movement of Muslim armies so as not to go beyond the borders of the Pirenia Mountains. [95] [upper-alpha 10] The territory of Great Britain was divided into small countries controlled by The Kingdom of Northumbria, the Kingdom of Mercia, the Kingdom of Wessex, and the Kingdom of East Anglia, founded by the Angli-Saksen people of mainland Europe.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The smaller kingdoms in the region now called Wales and Scotland are still controlled by indigenous tribes, namely the Britani and the Pikti people. [97]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The territory of Ireland was divided into even smaller political units and ruled by kings.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

These political units in Ireland are known as tribal kingdoms.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

It is estimated that there were 150 indigenous kings in Ireland, with varying power weights. [98]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Karel Martel's descendants, namely Karoling, took over the administration of the Kingdom of Austrasia and the Kingdom of Neustria through a coup attempt in 753 led by Pipin III (reigned 752—768).


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

According to the description of a chronicle written at the time, Pipin requested and obtained the authority to stage a coup from Pope Stephen II (in office 752—757).


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Pipin's coup was supported by propaganda activities that imaged Meroving's monarchs as rulers who were not capable of ruling even despots, heralding all the achievements ever achieved by Karel Martel, and disseminating stories about how Pipin family pithy.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Late in his life in 768, Pipin bequeathed his kingdom to his two sons, Karel (reigned 768—814) and Karloman (reigned 768—771).


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

When Karloman was reasonable, Karel blocked the coronation of Karloman's young son, and instead crowned himself king over the combined territories of Austrasia and Neustria.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Karel, better known as Karel the Great (Latin: Carolus Magnus, French: Charlemagne), launched a series of systematic attempts to expand the territory in 774 by uniting most of Europe, and ultimately managed to gain control of the territories that are now becoming the territory of the country of France, the northern region of Italy, and the region of Sachsen.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the war that only ended after 800 years, Karel the Great replaced his allies with war treasures and power over areas of land. [100]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In 774, Karel the Great conquered the Lombardians, so that the papal institution was freed from the threat of conquest by the Lombardians and began to establish papal states. [101] [upper-alpha 11] The coronation of Karel the Great to emperor at Christmas in 800 is considered a turning point in history Middle Ages.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This coronation marked the re-awakening of the Western Roman Empire, as the new emperor ruled over much of the territory formerly controlled by the Western Roman Emperors. [103]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This coronation also served as the beginning of a change in the nature of the relationship between Karel the Great and the Byzantine Empire, because by bearing the title of emperor, the lord of Karoling declared themselves equal to the Byzantine rulers. [104]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The newly established Karoling Empire had a number of differences both with the old Roman Empire and with the Byzantine Empire at that time.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Franka people's power area is rustic and has only a few small towns.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Most of its citizens were peasants who settled on small lands.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Commercial activities are only small-scale, and mostly carried out with the British and Scandinavian islands, much different from the old Roman Empire's commercial network centered on the Middle Sea. [103]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The administration of the Karoling Empire was organized by a mobile assembly that constantly moved along with the emperor's cruising journey, as well as approximately 300 imperial servants called regents (Latin: comes, French: comte, German: graf), which bore the government regency (Latin: comitatus, French: comitat, German: grafschaft), namely units of government in the Karoling Empire.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Spirituans and local bishops were empowered to be pamong praja as well as imperial servants called the dominici missi.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The dominici missi work as roving and troubleshooting officers. [105]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The century of Karoling Renewal of the Great Karel Palace in Aachen became the center of a cultural revival which was once called the “Ages of Karoling Renewal”.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Literacy numbers increased, as fine arts, architecture, and legal order grew, as well as studies on liturgy and scripture.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Alcuin (died 804), the English monk who was invited to Aachen, came to bring education a la the monasteries of Northumbria.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Cancellaria, which is faithful support of business or clerk during the reign of Karel the Great, uses a new variety of script which is now called Karoling lowercase variety. [upper-alpha 12] Karel Agung's clerical policy has given rise to a general writing range that encourages communication progress in almost the entire European Continent.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Karel the Great supported changes in the liturgy of the Church, as well as mandating the implementation of the Church of Rome's worship and the use of Gregorian kidung as the liturgical music of the Church in his area of power.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

One of the main activities of scholars at that time was copying, repairing, and disseminating old works, both religious and secular writings, for the betterment of education.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

They also produced a number of new religious writings and textbooks. [107]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Linguists at that time changed the Latin language from a classic variety of Roman Empire heritage to a more luwes to be aligned with the needs of the Church and the government.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

During the reign of Karel the Great, the Latin spoken had diverged so much from its classical variety that in later times it was referred to as Medieval Latin. [108]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The fracture of Karel the Great Karoling Empire intended to pass on Franka's inheritance by dividing the territory of his kingdom to all his heirs, but his intention was unrelated because only Ludwig Si Pious (reigned 814—840) remained alive in 813.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Before his mangkat in 814, Karel the Great crowned Ludwig to be his successor.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Ludwig's 26-year-long reign marked several times dividing parts of the territory of the Karoling Empire among his sons and, after 829, broke out several times civil wars fighting for power over various parts of the Karoling Empire's territory.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

During the course of these civil wars, Ludwig allied himself with one of his sons to fight his other son.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Ludwig finally recognized his eldest son named Lothar I (died 855) as emperor and ceded the territory of Italy to him.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Ludwig divided the rest of the empire to Lothar and Karel Si Gundul (died 877), his youngest son.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Lothar controlled the East Franka Country located on both banks of the Rhein River and stretched to the east, while Karel controlled the West Franka Country and the imperial territories west of the Rheinland and the Alps.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Ludwig Si German (died 876), the middle son of Karel who was not deterrent to rebel, was allowed to control the Bayern area under the suzerenity of his brother.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The division of the region has instead given rise to infighting.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The emperor's grandson, named Pipin II of Aquitania (died after 864), rose to rebel about Aquitania, while Ludwig the German tried to take control of the entire East Franka Land.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Ludwig Si Pious turned out in 840, leaving the Karoling Empire in a state of chaos. [109]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

A three-year civil war raged after Ludwig Si Saleh turned up.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

By the Treaty of Verdun (843), was created a new kingdom for Lothar located between the Rhein River and the Rhone River in addition to the Italian territories he controlled.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In addition, Lothar was also recognized as Emperor.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The German Ludwig Si controlled Bayern and areas in the eastern region of Franka Country which are now included in the territory of the German state.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Karel Si Gundul got areas in the western region of Franka Country covering almost all areas of today's French country. [109]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The grandchildren and great-grandchildren of Karel the Great divested their kingdoms to their posterity, so that the integrity of the Karoling Empire was eventually lost. [110] [upper-alpha 13] In 987, Karoling was eliminated from power in West Franka, when Hugo Capet (reigned 987—996) was crowned king. [upper-alpha 14] [upper-alpha 15] In the East Franka Country, Karoling's wangsa became extinct when King Ludwig the Little One turned up in 911, [113] and Konrad I (reigned 911—918), who had nothing to do with Karoling's wangsa, was elected king. [114]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The split of the Karoling Empire occurred at the same time as invasions, migrations, and assaults by opponents from outside.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The coastal areas of the Atlantic Ocean and the north coast were undermined by the Vikings, who also invaded and inhabited the British Islands and Iceland.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In 911, the Viking Chieftain named Rollo (died around 931) obtained permission from the King of Franka, Karel Si Polos (reigned 898—922) to settle in the area now called Normandie in France. [115] [upper-alpha 16] The eastern regions of Franka, especially Germany and Italy, constantly undermined by the newly defeated Magyars at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955. [117]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The split of the Bani Abbas Khilafah resulted in the Islamic World being split into smaller political units, some of which began trying to expand their power to Italy, Sicily, and through the Pirenia Mountains to the southern reaches of Franka. [118]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

New kingdoms and the restoration of the Byzantine Empire The efforts of indigenous kings to resist the incursions of the arrivals resulted in the formation of new political entities.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

On the Angli-inhabited British Island of Saksen, King Alfred the Great (reigned 871—899) agreed on a treaty with Viking attackers at the end of the 9th century, resulting in the establishment of Dani settlements in Northumbria, Mercia, and a number of areas in East Anglia. [119 ]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the mid-10th century, the successors of King Alfred the Great triumphed to conquer Northumbria, and restored the rule of the Angli-Saksen over much of the southern part of the British Island. [120]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the northern part of the United Kingdom Island, Cináed mac Ailpín (died around 860) united the Pikti people and the Skoti people into the Kingdom of Alba. [121]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

By the beginning of the 10th century, Otto's wangsa had succeeded in becoming the leading predator in Germany, and led the struggle to drive out the Magyar attackers.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This struggle reached its peak with the coronation of Otto I (reigned 936—973) to Holy Roman Emperor in 962. [122]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In 972, he succeeded in gaining recognition of his title of caesar from the Byzantine Empire, which he confirmed through the marriage of his son, Otto II (reigned 967—983), with Theophania (died 991), the triumph of the reigning Byzantine Emperor and daughter of the late Byzantine Emperor before , Romanos II (reigned 959—963). [123]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

By the end of the 10th century, Italy had been successfully incorporated into Otto's mandala of dominion after the land was engulfed in chaos. [124]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Emperor Otto III (reigned 996—1002) later mastautin in Italy. [125]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

West Franka's country is getting more and more divided.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Although nominally still ruled by kings, much of the political power in the land had passed into the hands of local chiefs. [126]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The daunting efforts of Christianity in Scandinavia in the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms in the region, such as the Kingdom of Sweden, the Kingdom of Denmark, and the Kingdom of Norway, which over time the greater its power and wider the territory of power.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

A number of kings converted beliefs to become Christians, although not all switched beliefs in the year 1000.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Scandinavians also carried out expansion of territory and conducted colonization throughout Europe.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In addition to Ireland, England, and Normandy, the Scandinavians also established settlements in areas that are now the territory of the Russian state and the territory of the country of Iceland.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Traders and looters from Sweden explored the rivers flowing the Russian steppes, even trying to seize Constantinople in 860 and 907. [127]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The early Spanish Christian lands included only a large area in the northern region of the Iberian Peninsula, but gradually expanded into the south in the 9th and 10th centuries, and formed the Kingdom of Asturias and the Kingdom of León. [128]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In Eastern Europe, the Byzantines restored its prosperity during the reigns of Emperor Basilius I (reigned 867—886) and his successors, Emperor Leo VI (reigned 886—912) and Emperor Constantine VII (reigned 913—959).


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

All three are from Macedonian wangsa.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The business was again passionate, and the emperors sought to establish the administration of governance throughout the provinces of the Byzantine Empire.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The imperial military was restyled so as to allow Emperor John I (reigned 969—976) and Emperor Basilius II (reigned 976—1025) to shift forward the entire poultice of imperial territory boundaries.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The palace environment of the Byzantine Empire became the center of the revival of classical education


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This process of revival of classical education is known as the Macedonian Renewal Ages.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Prophets such as John Geometres (actively working in the early 10th century) compose new madhs, new verses, and produce new written works of other literature. [129]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Attempts of preaching Christianity made by the Eastern Church and the Western Church succeeded in making Moravians, Bulgarians, Bohemians, Poles, Magyars, and Slavs from Rus' Kiev change their beliefs into Christianity.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This religious transfer was meritorious in the establishment of a political state in the countries of residence of the tribes, namely Moravia, Bulgaria, Bohemia, the country of Poland, Hungary, and the country of Rus' Kiev. [130]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The territory of the Bulgarian state, founded around 680, at the height of its glory stretched from Budapest to the Black Sea, and from the Dnieper River in present-day Ukraine all the way to the Adriatic Sea. [131]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

By 1018, the last nobles of Bulgaria were conquered under the Byzantine Empire. [132]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Fine arts and architecture Only a handful of large stone buildings were built after the establishment of the basilicas of Constantine in the 4th century to the 8th century, but there were many stone buildings of smaller sizes built between the 6th and 7th centuries.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

At the beginning of the 8th century, the Karoling Empire revived the architecture of the basilica. [134]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

One view of the basilica of the Karoling Empire period is the addition of tranceps, [135] which is two wings of the building built opposite on both sides of the mother building so as to form a transverse space that separates the parlors from the priest's parlors while making the whole building appear like a giant cross. [136]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Other new displays of synagogue architecture include a junction tower and a magnificent entrance that is usually built on the west side of the church building. [137]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Karoling's works of fine art were made for a handful of figures among the courtiers, and for the monasteries and churches they performed.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Karoling's fine art activities were dominated by efforts to bring back the Greco-Roman majesty and distinctive features of Byzantine and Roman Empire fine art, but also influenced by the Insular fine arts of the British Islands.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Insular fine art blended the ornamental lasting power of the Irish Kelt and the Germanic Angli-Saksen with the wujud-manifestations typical of the Middle Sea cultures such as books, and created many of the hallmarks of fine art throughout the Middle Ages.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Synthetic religious art works from the Early Middle Ages are mostly illuminated manuscripts and ivory carvings, which were originally displayed on metal processing items that have since been melted. [138] [139] precious metals are the most valued works of art, but almost all of them have disappeared except for a few crucifixes such as King Lothar's Cross, some reliquariums, as well as finds such as Angli-Saksen tomb goods in Sutton Hoo, Gourdon treasures in France from the time of Meroving, the treasure of Guarrazar in Spain from the time of the Visigoths, and the treasure of Nagyszentmiklós near the territory of the Byzantine Empire.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

There are also relics of large-sized pins in the form of fibula and penanular which are important personal equipment items among the elite, one example is the Tara Pin from Ireland. [140]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Most of the books given abundant decoration are Gospel books.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Many of these are still sustainable today, including the usually insular Book of Kells, the Lindisfarne Gospel Book, and the Golden Book of Saint Emeranus which is one of the Gospel books with a luxurious cover of gold encrusted with jewels still intact. [141]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Presumably the people in the palace of Karel Agunglah who have meritoriously made monumental sculptures resembling living beings were accepted into the Christian art scene, [142] and towards the end of Karel the Great's reign, almost the size of human original such as the Cross of Gero is common in the main church buildings. [143]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Military and technological developments Major developments in the military sphere during the late Roman Empire include efforts to form formidable equestrian forces, and ongoing efforts to form a wide range of special forces.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The formation of heavily-armed warrior units of katafrak (full armor) into equestrian troops was one of the important Roman military design results in the 5th century.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The assortment of tribes that invaded the territory of the Roman Empire accentuated different types of flagship warriors, ranging from the flagship pedestrian forces of the Angli-Saksen who invaded Britain to the horseback forces that made up the largest part of the Vandal army and the Visigoths. [144]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

At the beginning of the invasion period, stirrups were not yet recognized and used for combat, thus limiting the deployment of horseback troops as supervisors, since riders could not have been able to swing their guns at full strength while riding without using stirrups. [145]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The greatest development in the military sphere in the time of the invasion was the switch to the wearing of the typical composite bow of the Huns in place of the weaker and previously prevalent Skitia model composite bow. [146]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Other developments were the increase in the wearing of long swords, [147] and the gradual switch from the wearing of the scales armour to the wearing of chain armour and puck armour. [148]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Pedestrian troops and horseback troops were increasingly less relied upon at the beginning of the Karoling Empire era, as the heavily equipped special equestrian troops were increasingly relied upon.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The deployment of militia conscription units derived from independent citizens (not belian slaves) was diminished in the days of the Karoling Empire. [149]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Although composed of a large number of horsemen, most of the warriors of the early days of the Karoling Empire were pedestrian warriors on horseback, not real horseback warriors. [150]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Different from the Angli-Saksen army in England which was still composed of conscripted troops called fyrd areas, under the leadership of their respective regions. [151]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

One of the main changes in the field of military technology was the reappearance of the crossbow, which was already known in the days of the Roman Empire and was reused as a military weapon at the end of the Early Middle Ages. [152]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Another change was the introduction of stirrups, which increased the usefulness of the riding troops as supervisors.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

One technological advancement that has also felt its benefits outside the military environment is ladam, which allows people to spur horses on rocky terrain. [153]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Medieval Peak of Medieval Society and economy The peak of the Middle Ages was the time of a massive population surge.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Europe's population is estimated to have jumped from 35 million inhabitants to 80 million between the years 1000 and 1347.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Although the cause is not yet known for certain, it is suspected that this population surge is due to better cropping ordinances, reduced slavery, better climate, and lack of invasion. [156] [157] As many as 90% of the European population is still composed of peasantry. settled in villages.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Many of them no longer inhabit remote lands, but already live together in small communities called villages or farming lands. [157]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The peasantry often became the nursery of carpentry landowners (English: manors), and paid land rents or provided various forms of service to their royal employers.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This kind of order is called manorialism.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Nonetheless, there were still a handful of independent farmers (not a crew of landlords) in this period and afterwards. [158]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

These kinds of independent farmers are more abundant in the south than in the north of Europe.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The practice of babad or terrestricting new land to be cultivated by offering incentives to farmers willing to occupy it, also has an impact on the population surge. [159]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The common system of open land farming is practised in almost all of Europe, especially especially in the “north-west and central regions of Europe. “[160]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Open land farming communities have three main characteristics, namely individual arable land in the form of land plots spread across various corners of the land, rotation of crop types from year to year to maintain soil fertility, and common land utilized as a place to remove livestock or for other purposes. [161]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Other groups in society are the religious, spiritual, and townspeople.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Nobles, both nobles with titles and ordinary knights, endorsed themselves from the fruits of the use of carpentry land and supplication of the peasantry, even though they did not own their own land and were only awarded the right to enjoy the use of merchandise land or other lands by the nobility of their employer.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This kind of order is called feudalism.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the 11th and 12th centuries, these lands or feudums began to be considered family heirloom lands, and in many places there was no longer the custom of handing out land to all heirs as happened during the Early Middle Ages.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Most feudums and lands are inherited entirely to the eldest son of the heir. [162] [upper-alpha 17] The privileges of the noble consist of land tenure, military service as heavy-equipped horseman, castle tenure, and exclusion from the obligation to pay taxes or other obligations. [upper-alpha 18] Puri-puri, which was originally made of wood but later built of stone, began to be established in the 9th and 10th centuries as a pledge to face the atmosphere of kalut when it was, as a refuge from invasion, and as a place of nobles defending themselves from rivals- their rivals.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The mastery of the castle allowed the nobles to oppose the kings or nobles of their employers. [164]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The nineties were classed into several levels; kings and nobles of the highest class ruled over a large number of commoners, possessed large plots of land, and oversaw other nobles.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Under the kings and nobles of the highest class there were nobles of the lower class ruling over the rayat commoners in less numbers, and possessing more limited areas of land.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The knights are the bottom of the noble group; they are given power over certain areas of land but not as their owners, and must also serve other nobles. [165] [upper-alpha 19] Spiritual people are distinguished into two kinds of spirituals, namely spiritual secular who live in the midst of society, as well as regular spirituans who live according to regula (religious rules) and are usually in the status of monks. [167]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Throughout this period, monks were the smallest class in society, usually under 1% of the entire population. [168]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Most of the regular spirits come from the noble circles, namely those who also become the recruitment ground of high-ranking secular spirits.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Local parish priests were often descended from the peasantry. [169]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The townspeople occupy a less prevalent position because they do not belong to the three groups of traditional society, namely the noble, the spiritual, and the peasantry.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the 12th and 13th centuries, the number of these circles increased with the expansion of old towns and the formation of new population centers. [170]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Nonetheless, the number of townspeople throughout the Middle Ages may never have exceeded 10% of the overall population. [171]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Jews also spread throughout Europe at the height of the Middle Ages.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Jewish paguyubans were formed in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries, but the Spanish Jews, who had long been settled in Spain since the reign of the Muslims, were increasingly pressured to convert beliefs into Christianity after Spain was ruled by Christian rulers. [76]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Most Jews were forced to settle in cities, because they were not justified to own land or become farmers. [172] [upper-alpha 20] In addition to the Jews, there were also other non-Christian communities in the periphery of Europe, namely Slav tribes of ancestral religions in the suburbs of Europe, namely Slav tribes of ancestral religions in the eastern region of Europe, and the Muslims of the south of Europe. [173]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Women in the Middle Ages were officially required to submit to the guardianship of men, whether their fathers, husbands, or other male relatives.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Widows, who are often given more discretion to organise their own lives, are nonetheless legally restricted.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The work of women in general is to take care of the household or do other tasks related to the household.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Peasantry women are usually responsible for home care, parenting, as well as gardening and raising around the house.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

They can also seek extra income for their household by spinning yarn or poking beer at home.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

During the harvest period, they are also expected to work in the fields. [174]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The women of the city, like the women of the peasantry, are responsible for the care of the house, and also in the business world.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The types of businesses open to women vary from country to country and from time to time. [175]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Women are very responsible for managing the household, and sometimes they are also expected to manage the land where there are no male relatives, but usually they are not justified in interfering in military and government affairs.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The only role open to women in the Church environment was to become nuns, as they were unlikely to become priests. [174]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the central and northern regions of Italy as well as Flandria, the growth of cities to the level of swatantra stimulates economic growth and creates an environment that enables the formation of new business associations.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Commercial cities on the coast of the Baltic Sea formed a fellowship known as the Hansa League, and Italian nautical republics such as Venice, Genova, and Pisa expanded their network of businesses throughout the Middle Sea. [upper-alpha 21] Business weekends were organized and developed rapidly in the northern region of France at that time, allowing Italian and German and local sisters to establish business relations. [177]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

At the end of the 13th century, new land and sea routes to the Far East began to be pioneered, as described in Marco Polo's Journey Story, the written work of a businessman named Marco Polo (died 1324). [178]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In addition to the opening of new business opportunities, improvements in planting procedures and technologies enable increased crop yields, thus opening up opportunities for the expansion of the business network. [179]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The rise of commerce gave rise to new methods of managing money, and gold money was again minted in Europe, at first in Italy, and later also in France and other countries.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Emerging new forms of trade agreements that allow the risk of losses to be borne jointly by all the merchants involved.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Accounting methods are improving, thanks in part to the implementation of paired bookkeeping; there are also letters of credit that facilitate the transfer of money. [180]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The rise of state power The peak of the Middle Ages was a formative period in the history of modern states in the Western World.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The kings of France, England, and Spain strengthened their power, and established institutions of government that continued to persist for a very long time. [181]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

New kingdoms, such as Hungary and Poland, became major powers in the central region of Europe after accepting Christianity. [182]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Magyars settled in Hungary around 900 under the leadership of King Árpád (died around 907) after several invasions in the 9th century. [183]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The papal institution, long enamored of the ideology of independence from secular kings, for the first time in its history declared itself the earthly ruler over the entire Christian World.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The papal monarchy reached its peak of glory in the early 13th century under the leadership of Pope Inocensius III (held office 1198—1216). [184]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Northern Crusade and the movement of Christian kingdoms and military empires to the areas of ancestral beliefs in the Baltic Sea and northeastern Finland resulted in the forced assimilation of a large number of local indigenous tribes into culture Europe. [185]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

At the beginning of the peak period of the Middle Ages, Germany was under the rule of Otto warriors who were painstakingly trying to control the all-powerful dukes in the country, namely the rulers of tribal regions formed during the Migration Age.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In 1024, Otto's wangsa was replaced by the Sali wangsa, reputed to have fought with the papal institution during the reign of Emperor Heinrich IV (reigned 1084—1105) in connection with the authority of Sri Pope to appoint the Church's top officials.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The dispute around the authority of raising church officials is called the Investitur Controversy. [186]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

His successors still had to fight hard to deal with the papal institutions and the German nobles.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

As Emperor Heinrich V left no heirs, Germany entered a period of instability that ended only after Friedrich Barbarossa (reigned 1155—1190) ascended the throne. [187]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Although Friedrich Barbarossa ruled effectively, the main problems were not yet completed, so his successor emperors still had to fight hard until the 13th century. [188]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Friedrich Barbarossa's grandson, Friedrich II (reigned 1220—1250), who also inherited the throne of the Kingdom of Sicily through his mother's nasab line, repeatedly warred with papal institutions.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

His court assemblies were reputed to be clever, and he himself was often accused of being a heretic. [189]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Friedrich II and his successor emperors had to struggle to overcome various difficulties, among others, the invasion of the Mongols into Europe in the mid-13th century.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Mongols initially eliminated the principalities of Rus' Kiev, and subsequently invaded the eastern regions of Europe in 1241, 1259, and 1287. [190]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Under the rule of the vicar kings of Capet, the French monarchy gradually subjugated the nineties.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

From the Île-de-France area, the vicar kings of Capet slowly expanded their power to other regions of France in the 11th and 12th centuries. [191]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The toughest rivals of Capet's wangsa kings were the dukes of Normandy.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In 1066, the Duke of Normandy, Guillaume II or William the Conqueror (served 1035—1087), succeeded in conquering England (reigning as King of England 1066—1087) and built a cross-Strait empire capable of surviving in its various forms throughout the rest of the Middle Ages. [ 192] [193] The Norman people also inhabited Sicily and the southern regions of Italy, since Robert Guiscard (died 1085) landed on the island in 1059 and established a duchy that became the forerunner of the Kingdom of Sicily. [194]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

During the reigns of the English kings of Anjou, especially King Henry II (reigned 1154—1189) and his son, King Richard I (reigned 1189—99), the kings of Ingris ruled over English territory and large areas of French territory. [195] [upper-alpha 22] Most of the regions of England. [195] [upper-alpha 22] Most of the regions Dominion in this region of France belonged to the heirloom of Anjou since King Henry II married Aliénor, Princess Duke of Aquitania (died 1204), the heir to most of the southern regions of France. [197] [upper-alpha 23] The Duchy of Normandy and the English dominions in the region The north of France fell to the hand of the King of France, Philippe Auguste (reigned 1180—1223), during the reign of King Richard I's younger brother, King John (reigned 1199—1216).


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The loss of this area of power caused strife among the English nobility, while the forced levies imposed by King John to fund his unsuccessful attempt to retake the territory of Normandy were stalled at the signing of the Magna Carta (grand charter) of 1215 that confirmed the rights and privileges of independent citizens in the United Kingdom.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

During the reign of King John's son, King Henry III (reigned 1216—1272), more and more discretion was bestowed upon the nobility resulting in a loss of royal power. [198]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The French monarchy continued its efforts to subjugate the nineties at the end of the 12th century until the 13th century, so that the area ruled directly by the king grew, and the government of the Kingdom of France became more centralized. [199]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

During the reign of King Louis IX (reigned 1226—1270), the king's muruah increased when the King of France became an intermediate figure respected by almost all rulers in Europe. [200] [upper-alpha 24] In the Iberian Peninsula, Christian countries marginalized to the northwestern region of the diploma began to turn to suppress Islamic countries in the southern region of the diploma during the period known as Reconquista (reconquest). [202]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Around 1150, the Christian communities in the northern region of the diploma had united to form five major kingdoms, namely the Kingdom of León, the Kingdom of Castile, the Kingdom of Aragon, the Kingdom of Navara, and the Kingdom of Portugal. [203]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The southern area of the Iberian Jazirah is still controlled by independent Islamic states called taifa, a fraction of the Khilafah of Córdoba (Arabic: خلافة قرطبة, Khilāfat Qurṭuba) which collapsed in 1031. [202]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

These Islamic states fought against Christian states until the Almohad Khilafah (Arabic: خلافة الموحدون, Khilāfatul Muwaḥidūn) re-enforced Islamic rule centralized in the southern region of the jazirah in the 1170s. [204] Bala Christian army once again advanced against the Muslims at the beginning of the 13th century.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This war against the Jews reached its peak at the 1248 conquest of the city of Sevilla. [205]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Crusades In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks captured much of the Middle East, occupying Persia in the 1040s, Armenia in the 1060s, and Jerusalem in 1070.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In 1071, the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army in the Battle of Manzikert, even successfully captivating the Byzantine Emperor, Romanos IV (ruled 1068—1071), so that the Turks could finally freely invade Asia Minor.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The occupation of Asia Minor by the Turks was a severe blow to the Byzantine Empire, as it had to lose most of its citizens as well as its economic powerhouse.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Despite being able to re-unite the ranks and restore its combat power, the Byzantine Empire was never able to retake all of Asia Minor and was often the one to endure the enemy.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Turks also faced difficulties, the Jerusalem which they had managed to control eventually fell into the hands of the Fatimiyun of Egypt, and was hit by a series of civil wars. [207]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Byzantine Empire also had to face the Bulgarians who rose again and spread throughout the Balkan Peninsula at the end of the 12th to 13th centuries. [208]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The crusades aimed at seizing Jerusalem from the rule of the Muslims.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The First Crusade was extinguished by Pope Urbanus II (served 1088—1099) in the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request for assistance submitted by the Byzantine Emperor, Aleksios Komnenos (reigned 1081—1118) to stem the pace of movement of Jews.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Pope Urbanus promised the grace of indulgence for anyone who took part.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

People from all walks of life came from all corners of Europe and captured Jerusalem in 1099. [209]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

One of the actions that became part of the Crusades was the pogroms against European Jews that were often carried out during the time when the Crusaders moved to leave their homeland towards the Eastern World.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This kind of action took place very brutally, especially during the First Crusade, [76] when the Jewish communities in Cologne, Mainz, and Worms were destroyed, and the Jewish communities in cities located between the Seine and the Rhein River were destroyed. [210]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Another impact of the Crusades was the formation of a new type of zuhud tarekat, namely the Kenisah Military Tarekat (Latin: Ordo Militum Templariorum) and the Tarekat Hall (Latin: Ordo Hospitalis), which blended the way of life of zuhud and military service. [211]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Crusader Bala established Crusader states in their conquered areas.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the 12th and 13th centuries, there arose a series of conflicts among these states and the surrounding Islamic states.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The pleas for assistance submitted by the Crusader states to the papal institution resulted in the ensuing crusades, [209] for example the passing of the Third Crusade to reclaim Jerusalem which had fallen into the hands of the Sultan of Egypt and Sham, Saladin (died 1193), in 1187. [212] [upper-alpha 25] In 1203, the Fourth Crusade switched targets from the Holy Land to Constantinople.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The city of Constantinople was taken in 1204 by Crusader reinforcements who founded the Latin Empire of Constantinople. [214]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

These events completely weakened the Byzantine Empire.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Despite the successful recapture of Constantinople in 1261, the Byzantine Empire was unable to recover its strength as it had been. [215]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

By 1291, all Crusader states had been conquered or removed from the mainland of the Middle East, although the titular Kingdom of Jerusalem still survived on the Island of Cyprus until a few years later. [216]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The popes called for the crusades to be held in places other than the Holy Land, namely in Spain, in the south of France, and around the Baltic Sea. [209]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Spanish Crusade fused with the Reconquista War (reconquest) of the Spanish lands from the dominion of the Muslims.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Although the Kenisah Knight Tarekat and the Forbearing Knight Tarekat participated in the Spanish Crusades, the original Spanish religious military targets were also formed, most of which have joined to form two major tarekates, namely Tarekat Kalatrava and Tarekat Santiago, at the beginning 12th century. [217]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The northern areas of Europe were also still outside the sphere of influence of Christianity until the 11th century or the centuries afterwards, and became the battleground of the Northern Crusades in the 12th to the 14th centuries.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This crusade also resulted in the establishment of a military camp, namely the Tarekat of the Brothers of the Sword.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Another Tarekat, the Teuton Knight Tarekat, was formed in the Crusader states, but more engaged in the area around the Baltic Sea after 1225, and moved its headquarters to Marienburg in Prussia in 1309. [218]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Scientific life In the 11th century, developments in the field of philosophic science and theological science caused scientific activity to increase.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Adherents of realism and adherents of nominalism argue for the concept of “persimmestaan”.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Philosophical discourses were tempered by the rediscovery of Aristotle's ideas that gave priority to empiricism and rationalism.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Scholars such as Peter Abelardus (died 1142) and Peter Lombardus (died 1164) introduced Aristotle's logic into theology.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

At the end of the 11th century and the beginning of the 12th century, cathedral schools sprang up throughout western Europe, marking the transition of teaching from monasteries to cathedrals and cities. [219]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The cathedral schools were later replaced by universities established in major European cities. [220]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Philosophy and theology melted and fused into scholasticism, which was the endeavor of the 12th and 13th century scholars to redirect a variety of writings considered authoritative, especially connecting Aristotle's ideas with the Bible.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The scholasticism movement seeks to apply a systematic approach to truth and reason. [221]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This movement culminated in the ideas of Tomas Aquinas (death 1274), author of Summa Theologica (Overview of Theology). [222]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Akhlak bahaduri and adab romance nations flourished in the palace environment and among the nobility.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This keningrat-ningratan culture is expressed by using folk languages, instead of using Latin, in the form of poems, wisdom, legends, and popular songs disseminated by troubadours (itinerant entertainers).


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

These hikayats are often written in the form of chansons de geste (kidung-kidung wiracarita) such as Kidung Roland or Kidung Hildebrand. [223]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Secular and religious historical writings were also produced during this time. [224]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Galfridus the Fynwy (died around 1155) compiled the Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain), a collection of wisdom and legends about King Arthur. [225]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Other written works are more historical, such as the Gesta Friderici Imperatoris (Emperor Friedrich's Hikayat) by Otto of Freising (died 1158) which contains a detailed description of Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa's lunge, or the Gesta Regum (Hikayat of Kings) by William of Malmesbury (died around 1143) which contains the history of the kings of England. [224]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Studies in the field of law progressed on the 12th.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Secular law as well as canon law (Church law) were studied at the Peak of the Middle Ages.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Secular law, or Roman law, experienced great progress thanks to the invention of the Corpus Juris Civilis (Book of Civil Law Acts) in the 11th century, and by 1100, Roman law was already being taught in Bologna.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This development boils down to the recording and keeping of legal rules throughout western Europe.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Canon law was also studied, and around 1140, a monk named Grasianus (working in the 12th century), who worked as a teacher of theology in Bologna, compiled the book Decretum, which became a chapbook in the field of canon law. [226]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

One of the effects of the influence of Greek and Islamic culture on European history in this period of time was the replacement of Roman numerals with decimal number ordering and the creation of algebraic science, which allowed mathematical science to become more advanced.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The science of astronomy was in progress after the book of Almagestum by Ptolemaios was translated from Greek into Latin at the end of the 12th century.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Medical science has also begun to be studied, especially especially in the southern region of Italy, where Islamic medical science influenced the medical school in Salerno. [227]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Technological and military In the 12th and 13th centuries, Europe managed to realize economic growth and create innovations related to production methods.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Major advances in the field of technology include windmill design, manufacturing of the first mechanical clock, liquor refining efforts, and the use of astrolabs. [229]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The sunken lensed glasses were created around 1286 by an Italian craftsman of unknown name.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This craftsman probably opened his craft business in the city of Pisa or in the area around that city. [230]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Engineering a three-land rotation system for crop cultivation [157] [upper-alpha 26] enlarges land utilization rate in a year from half the land area based on the old two-land rotation system to two-thirds of the land area based on the new system, so food production is also increased. [231]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The development of heavy luku allows denser soils to be efficiently cultivated, supported by the widespread use of horse collars which causes the utilization of oxen power as a load carrier replaced by horsepower.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Horses are more agile than oxen and do not need to be herded in large swaths, thus supporting the implementation of a three-land rotation system. [232]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The construction of cathedrals and puri-castles advanced the technology of building erection, thus allowing the construction of large-sized stone buildings.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The supporting buildings erected at that time include town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. [233]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Shipbuilding further expanded thanks to the use of the method of mounting hull boards on ivory instead of the Roman relic purus connection system.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Another advancement in the field of shipping is the wearing of sails and loincloth rudders that increase the rate of movement of sailing ships. [234]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the military field, the deployment of pedestrian soldiers in special task forces is increasing.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In addition to the ranks of heavy-equipped equestrian soldiers, which is still the largest army, the armed forces also include an army of horse-riding crossbow archers, a troop of pedestrian crossbow archers, trench diggers, and an army of engineers. [235]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The utilization of crossbows, already known since the Late Ancient Ages, is increasing.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

One of the causes was the more frequent sieges carried out in warfare in the 10th and 11th centuries. [152] [upper-alpha 27] The increasing utilization of the crossbow in the 12th and 13th centuries encouraged the manufacture and utilization of face-covered helmet, a heavy harness covering the whole body, and harness specifically for horses. [237]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Gunpowder was known in Europe in the mid-13th century, as evidenced from historical records that it missed its use in warfare in Europe, namely in the wars between England and Scotland in 1304, although only as an explosive, not as a cannon drug.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Cannons were used in siege actions in the 1320s, and hand-held firearms were used in the 1360s. [238] Architecture, fine arts, and musical arts In the 10th century, the construction of church buildings and monasteries encouraged the emergence of stone building architecture which was the result of the development of stone building architecture further against the forms of Romanesque stone buildings, so named the “Romanik” architecture.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

If there were any coincidence, the Roman relic brick and stone buildings were dismantled so that the building material could be reused in the construction of new buildings.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Starting from the initial try-and-error stage known as Romanik Perdana, the architectural subscription flourished and spread throughout Europe in a uniform form.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Just before the year 1000, there was a huge wave of construction of stone church buildings across Europe. [239]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Romanic buildings have walls composed of gigantic stones, door and window holes with curved sils forming semicircles, small casements, and (especially in France) ceiling arches of stone arrangement. [240]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The large entrance doors are framed in high relief sculptures that are colored to be one of the main views on the face of the building (façade), the most special in France.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Ganja-cannabis masts are often decorated with carvings of monsters and imaginary animals. [241]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

According to historian of fine art, C. R. Dodwell, “almost all church buildings in the Western World were decorated with frescoes”, few of which still exist today. [242]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Along with the development in the field of church building architecture, the typical European form of castle building was also developed, and became very important for political and warfare. [243]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Langgam Romanik fine art, especially in the field of metal cryya, reached the stage of its highest sophistication in the art of Langgam Maas, which gave rise to artists with its own characteristics, including Nikolaus of Verdun (died 1205), and produced works of art that almost seemed Classical subscriptions such as the baptismal vessels in Liège, [244] are much different from the writhing animal figures on the Gloucester Candlestick that were also made at the same time.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Bibles and large illuminated Psalm books were luxurious manuscripts that were prevalent at the time, and frescoes embellished church buildings, often following rules that placed the themed painting of the Final Judgment on the west wall, Maiestas Domini on the east wall, and depictions of Biblical stories along the walls on both sides of parlors, or on elongated ceiling arches such as in Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, which are the most beautiful examples of paintings on the ceiling arches of buildings that are still sustainable today. [245]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Since the beginning of the 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic Manggam, which is characterized by the use of ribbed ceiling arches, curved curves, overpass supports, and large stained glass windows.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Langgam was more widely used in the construction of church buildings and cathedral churches, and was constantly used until the 16th century in many places in Europe.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Classical examples of Gothic architecture include Chartres cathedral church building and Reims cathedral church building in France, as well as Salisbury cathedral church building in England. [246]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Stained glass became an important element in the design of the building of the church building, which still continues to use frescoes, but almost all of these frescoes no longer exist today.. [247]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

During this period, the illuminated manuscript activities went from monasteries to the sanggars belonging to lay people, to the point that according to Janetta Benton “in 1300, most monks bought books in shops”. [248]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In this period, the daily worship book was developed into a guide book for ordinary people.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Metal criya still remains the most prestigious form of art, and Limoges email becomes a material at a relatively affordable price and is widely used in the manufacture of objects such as reliquariums and crosses.. [249]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In Italy, the innovations of Cimabue and Duccio di Buoninsegna, and later on the innovations of the Trecento-era maestro, Giotto di Bondone (died 1337), further advanced and enhanced panel painting and frescoes. [250]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Rising prosperity in the 12th century prompted an increase in the production of secular works of fine art; many ivory carved items such as game devices (chess pieces, dice, and so on), combs, and small religious statues are still preserved today. [251]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The life of the monastery Reformed Church became an important issue in the 11th century, when the rulers began to worry in case the monks did not practice rules that obliged them to solely pursue the life of zuhud.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The monastery of Cluny, built in the area of Mâcon, France, in 909, was the forerunner of the Cluny Reformation movement, a large-scale monastery reform movement that arose in response to concerns among rulers. [253]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The monastery of Cluny immediately reaped a reputation as a very unpretentious and very strict monastery.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The monastery strives to maintain a high quality of spiritual life by taking refuge in papal institutions, and by handpicking its abbot without the interference of the lay people, so as to remain economically and politically independent, escape from the interference of local great lords. [254]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The reformation of the monastery inspired attempts at renewal of the Church outside of the monastery environment.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The sublime ideals that underpinned the monastery reform movement were brought to the level of papal institutions by Pope Leo IX (served 1049—1054), and became the source of the ideology of self-reliance of the spirituals that led to the Investitur Controversy in the late 11th century.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This controversy involved Pope Gregory VII (served 1073—1085) and Emperor Heinrich IV, who initially disputed the terms of the appointment of bishops.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This dispute turned into a fight of ideas related to investitur (appointment), marriage of the spiritual, and simony.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Emperor considered the affairs of protecting the Church already his responsibility, and was about to maintain his right to self-select bishops who held office within his domain of power, while papal institutions ardently championed the freedom of the Church from the interference of secular rulers.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

These issues were not completed despite a compromise in 1122 known as the Concordat of Worms.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This dispute was one of the important stages in the establishment of a monarchy of separate papal institutions as well as equivalent to lay governments.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This dispute also left a permanent impact, namely the growing power of the German chiefs to the detriment of the German emperors. [253]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The peak of the Middle Ages was the period of occurrence of large-scale religious movements.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In addition to taking part in the Crusades and the monastery reform movement, people also sought to find new forms of zuhud deeds.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

New tarekats were established, among others, the Sistersien tarekat and the Kartusian tarekat.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Tarekat Sistersien spread rapidly in the early years of its existence under the guidance of Bernardus of Clairvaux (died 1153).


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

These new tarekats were established to respond to the views of lay people who felt that the Benedictine zuhud way of life was no longer able to meet the needs of lay people.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Just like those who want to live zuhud life, the lay people also want to return to the zuhud eremitis (ascetic way of life) which is mandated in the Prime Church, or practice the way of life of the apostles. [211]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Pilgrimage activities are also excited.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Old pilgrimage places such as Rome, Jerusalem, and Compostela are experiencing a surge of pilgrims, and new pilgrimage sites such as Monte Gargano and Bari are becoming known to people. [255]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the 13th century, beggar tarecats—Franciscans and Dominicans—who proscribed vows of poverty and proselytized themselves by begging, gained the approval of the papal institution. [256]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Religious groups such as the Waldenses and the Humiliati also attempted to repractice the prime Christian way of life in the mid-12th century and early 13th century, but were denounced as a heretic movement by papal institutions.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Other religious groups joined the Catharians, another movement of heretics also denounced by the papal institution.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In 1209, a Crusade was declared against the Catharians, the Albigensian Crusade.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

These crusades were combined with the inquisitions of the Middle Ages, and succeeded in eradicating the Catharians. [257]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Late Medieval Wars, famine disasters, and disease outbreaks The early years of the 14th century were marked by famine disasters, culminating in the Great Famine Disaster of 1315—1317. [258]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

One of the causes of the Great Famine Disaster was the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Temperature Period to the Little Ice Age, leaving people vulnerable to famine disasters when the weather worsened and resulted in crop failure. [259]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The period of 1313—1314 and 1317—1321 was a period of heavy rain throughout Europe, resulting in crop failure everywhere. [260]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Climate change—which resulted in a drop in the average annual temperature in Europe in the 14th century—occurred along with the slumping economy. [261]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

All this was overtaken in 1347 by the Black Death catastrophe, an infectious disease outbreak that contracted to all corners of Europe in the following three years. [262] [upper-alpha 28] The death toll is estimated at 35 million people in Europe, which is about one-third of the entire population of Europe.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The impact of this outbreak is more pronounced in cities due to higher levels of population density. [upper-alpha 29] Population scarcity resulted in large swathes of land inhabited only a handful of people, and fields became neglected in some places.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Wages are rising because landlords are trying to lure a workforce that has shrunk in number to be willing to work on their land.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The next problem was declining ground rents and slumping demand for foodstuffs, which slashed the amount of income from the agricultural sector.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The laborers in the cities also began to feel worthy of greater wages, and people's uprisings broke across Europe, [265] among others, jacquerie uprisings in France, uprisings of the peasantry in England, rebellions in the Italian city of Firenze, as well as revolts in the city of Gent and the city Brugge in Flandria.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The trauma caused by this plague caused public piety to rise throughout Europe, manifested through the establishment of new charitable institutions, the practice of matrimony of the Flagelans, and the act of muzzling the Jewish people. [266]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The situation progressively ran when the Black Death again contracted throughout the rest of the 14th century; this plague still continued to hit Europe periodically throughout the rest of the Middle Ages. [262]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Societies and economies Peoples across Europe were shaken by the great changes that resulted from the Black Death catastrophe.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Less productive lands were abandoned, because people who are still alive are now able to get other more fertile land. [267]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Despite the wane in western Europe, the practice of peasantry serfdom is becoming more commonplace in eastern Europe, as landlords force previously independent land tenants to become their righteous servants. [268]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Most of the peasantry in western Europe managed to change the obligation of filial labor for their employers into cash land rent payments. [269]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The percentage of peasantry impregnating landlords shrank from 90% to near 50% by the end of this period. [166]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Landlords also became increasingly aware of common interests with other landlords, and finally united to demand the grace of privileges from the government.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

These demands are one of the factors that encourage the government to try to legislate rules aimed at restoring economic circumstances as before the onset of Black Death. [269]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

People outside the spiritual circles are getting more and more literate, and urban communities are beginning to participate in the nature of the Bahaduri as the nobility. [270]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Jewish communities were expelled from England in 1290, and from France in 1306.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Although some of them were allowed to return to France, most were not given the same permission, and many Jews emigrated to the east, settled in Poland and Hungary. [271]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, and spread to Turkey, France, Italy, and the Netherlands. [76]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The rise of banking institutions in Italy, which occurred in the 13th century persisted throughout the 14th century, was due to the rise of wars at that time, and the need for papal institutions to move money from one country to another.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Many banking companies lend money to sovereigns, with a high degree of risk, because some are forced to roll mats when kings fail to pay off their loans. [272] [upper-alpha 30] The rise of strong nation-states is based on The power of kings experienced a revival throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, especially in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, namely the Kingdom of Aragon, the Kingdom of Castile, and the Kingdom of Portugal.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The prolonged disputes that ensued at that time strengthened the control of kings over their kingdoms and greatly troubled the peasantry.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Kings benefited from wars that enlarged the king's legal authority and increased the extent of the lands they controlled directly. [273]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The need for war funding prompted the creation of more effective and efficient ways of taxing, and tax rates were often raised. [274]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The existence of a requirement to seek the approval of the taxpayers allows representative bodies such as the British Parliament and the French États Généraux to gain power and authority. [275]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Throughout the 14th century, French kings sought to expand their influence by depriving areas of the nobility of power. [276]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

They faced difficulties while attempting to deprive areas of the power of the English kings in the south of France.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This usurpation attempt stalked in the Hundred Years' War [277] which lasted from 1337 to 1453. [278]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In this war, the English under the leadership of King Edward III (reigned 1327—1377) and his son, Edward the Black Prince (died 1376), [upper-alpha 31] first went ahead by winning the Battle of Crécy and the Battle of Poitiers, capturing the city of Calais, and successfully gaining control of the large territory of the Kingdom of France. [upper-alpha 32] English lunge resulted in the French Empire barely split in the early years of the war. [281]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

At the beginning of the 15th century, the Kingdom of France was once again almost scattered, but at the end of the 1420s, the success of military actions carried out by Jeanne d'Arc (died 1431) resulted in a victory for the French side and the seizure of the last English regions of power in the south of France in 1453. [282]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The price to be paid was very high, because the French population at the end of the war was presumably half that number at the beginning of the war.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

On the contrary, this war had a positive impact on the identity of the British nation, because it was able to melt various identities into a single identity as the British nation.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This dispute with France also helped create a British culture separate from French culture, a culture that had previously greatly influenced the fairies of British people's lives. [283]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The longbow began to become England's flagship weapon in the early stages of the Hundred Years' War, [284] and cannons appeared on the battlefield at Crécy in 1346. [238]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In Germany, the Holy Roman Empire continued to endure into the Modern Age, but the elective nature of the office of emperor made it possible for an eternity to be in power, which, if possible, could serve as the foundation for the formation of a strong state. [285]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Further east, the Kingdom of Poland, the Kingdom of Hungary, and the Kingdom of Bohemia grew into powerful states. [286]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the Iberian Peninsula, Christian kingdoms continually managed to seize areas controlled by Muslim kingdoms in the diploma; [287] The Kingdom of Portugal focused its attention on expanding the territory across the sea in the 15th century, while other kingdoms experienced split due to the problem of succession of rulers and various other problems. [288] [289] After being defeated in the Hundred Years' War, England experienced a prolonged civil war known as the War of the Roses.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This war lasted until the 1490s, [289] and only ended when Henry Tudor (reigned 1485—1509 as King Henry VII) became King of England, and staunched power with his victory over Richard III (reigned 1483—1485) in the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. [290]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In Scandinavia, the Queen of Denmark, Margrete I (reigned 1387—1412), united the powers of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden in the Union of Kalmar, which survived until 1523.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The main power in the area around the Baltic Sea is the Hansa League, a trade confederation of city-states that runs its business from the west of Europe to Russia. [291]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Scotland rose from English domination during the reign of Robert the Bruce (reigned 1306—1329), who succeeded in gaining recognition from the papal institution for his post as king in 1328. [292]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The collapse of the Byzantines Although the emperors of Palaiologos managed to retake Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to retake control of most of the territory once controlled by the Byzantine Empire.