Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

{{{school}}} Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior School is an Islamic private school run by LPP Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto under the auspices of PC Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Sekoleh was established in order to educate students to become a generation of Robbani who have a steady and active and creative character.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Curriculum and learning programs At junior high school level, Lajnah Education and Teaching Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto is determined to organize a superior and Islamic education program.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Therefore, based on the high spirit of struggle and by hoping for the help of Allah SWT quite revolutionary changes implemented in Junior High School Al Irsyad starting from 1999/2000 lesson year.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

This tireless struggle came to fruition, the students graduated with proud results.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Al Irsyad Junior High School became the best private junior high school and included in the top 5 of all public and private junior high schools in Banyumas Regency.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Learning activities at Junior High School Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto implement an all-day education system (English: full day school) which starts at 07.00 to 14:30pm.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

With this program all student activities ranging from learning, playing, eating and worship are packed into an education system.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Every morning, students are greeted by ustaz and ustazah with smiles, greetings, greetings and good manners.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

At 07.00 a.m. daily activity begins with apple weekly morning and cheerful morning activities on other days.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

In the morning apple the whole student receives tausiah (advice) and various information from ustaz/ustazah.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Through apple this morning also the students took turns to display their skills in foreign, Arabic and English.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Meanwhile, cheerful morning activities on other days are lived with various activities such as tadarrus Al Quran, games, speed reading, line-marching, healthy walking, etc.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School implements a curriculum integrated with Islamic values, innovative and open.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

This curriculum is the result of a synergistic blend between the national curriculum and the Al Irsyad curriculum thus forming a superior curriculum.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Learning activities are carried out using active learning, learning by doing, quantum learning and quantum teaching approaches.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Through this model it is expected to produce high material absorption.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Variations in learning are also done utilizing audio-visual media, school environments and other facilities.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Therefore, for Junior Al Irsyad to study in classrooms is not a necessity.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Occasionally the students are invited to study outdoors.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Thus will create a learning atmosphere that is not monotonous and does not saturate.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Also, students are invited to learn directly on the object through “out door study” activities.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

This learning model will provide hands-on experience in the students' learning process.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Facility The existence of clean and representative IPA laboratories helps the learning process of students to better understand various materials Physics, Chemistry and Biology.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

In addition to the laboratory of IPA Junior Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto is also equipped with a computer laboratory.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

The students are educated and trained to be able to master several programs as their life provisions as information and communication technology develops and advances.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Deepening material or adding insight by reading books in the library continues to grow.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

The convenient library of Al Irsyad Junior High School has an important role in supporting the learning process of students and the ustaz.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

The collection of books is always on the increase.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Now, Al Irsyad Purwokerto Junior High School library service has been developed with computerized system.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

The neat library management system has been able to deliver Al Irsyad Junior High School won 2nd place of school library competition Banyumas Regency level in 2005.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

The ability of students in memorizing verses of the Qur'an continues to be strengthened and improved.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Guided by personnel who memorize the Qur'an, this program becomes one of the values of excellence offered by the school.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Entering the zuhur time, prayer congregation in an orderly and special manner becomes the daily activity of the students.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

After prayer they do zikir and Sunnah prayer activities.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

This series of worship activities is expected to instill the value of discipline and order of worship in the person of students.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

When the meal hour comes, the students enjoy a meal in a joyful family atmosphere.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

In order to meet this need, the school has filled with a healthy and clean cafeteria space.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Extra-Curricular Activities Extra-curricular programs are part of school activities to develop students' interests and talents


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Its activities include by raga, art, language, skill and science.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

In sports are organized programs of football, table tennis, badminton, basketball and martial arts taekwondo.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Through taekwondo martial arts Al Irsyad Junior High School was able to win 3rd place in POPDA in 2006.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Ekkur English club is a language branch to be proud of.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Students' ability in English has been able to hold Al Irsyad Junior High School as “king” in several competition events.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

In the last 3 years, SMP AL Irsyad has not been able to be shifted by other junior high schools as the 1st winner in various Speech Contest and Story Teeling competitions in Banyumas Regency.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

In addition, students' skills in language are also honed through Radio Training and Journalistic programs.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Art forms developed in Al irsyad Junior High School include nasyid sound art and theatre.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Through this activity, students are expected to choose a form of entertainment that has a positive meaning as well as benilai dakwah.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

A series of learning activities packed with varied and creative learning models make students feel “at home” even if they have to study at school until the afternoon.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Periodically SMP Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto also implements other excellent programs such as manasik Hajj, assembly, appreciation of self potential, boarding school ramadhan, out bound, and so on.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

All school learning activities end with ashar prayer in congregation.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Then, as their arrival, the homecoming of the students was also removed by the ustaz and the ustazah with a handshake.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

This will increase the harmonization between students with ustaz-ustazah, because for SMP AL Irsyad ustaz and ustazah besides as educators also as parents, older brothers and even friends for the students.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Through habitual formation (habit forming) Islamic in the school environment is expected to form the personality of sholeh and sholihah children.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Of course it is our hope that all children get a quality education, able to deliver them into a generation that has high academic value and has high academic value.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

With the guidance of the ustaz and ustazah who always improve his professionalism and with a variety of curriculum that excels students from Junior High School Al Irsyad Purwokerto run their learning activities.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

With various facilities, students students are familiarized with Islamic education to be able to ward off negative influences from the external environment.


Question: who is the first principal of Al Irsyad Al Islamiyyah Purwokerto Junior High School?

Excellent and Islamic Education Is The Right Investment For Our Son Daughter Outlinks Website Category:Junior High School in Central Java


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Chickenpox or Varicela simplex is an infectious disease caused by infection with the varicella-zoster virus.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

The disease is spread aerogenously.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

The incubation period is exposed until the disease is exposed in the tempo of 2 to 3 weekends. this can be characterized by a body that feels hot but not feverish.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Symptoms At the beginning, the patient will feel a slight fever, runny nose, quickly feel tired, lethargic, and weak.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

These symptoms are typical for viral infections.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

In more severe cases, joint pain, headache and dizziness can be obtained.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

A few days later there is redness of the skin that is small in size that is first found around the chest and abdomen or back and then followed by arising in the motion members and face.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

This redness of the skin then turns into liquid-filled lenting with thin walls.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

This skin rash may feel a bit painful or itchy so it can be scratched accidentally.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

If this lenting is left it will soon dry out forming a scab (crust) which will later detach and leave patches on the darker skin (hyperpigmentation).


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

This spotting will fade over time so that some time later it will not leave any more marks.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Another case if the lenting of chickenpox is solved.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

The crust will soon form deeper so that it will dry out longer. this condition facilitates bacterial infection to occur in the scar scratching tadi. after drying out the traces of chickenpox will remove deep marks.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Moreover, if the sufferer is an adult or a young adult, the former chickenpox will be more difficult to disappear.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Recommended quarantine time For 5 days after the rash begins to appear and until all blisters have been scrawled.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

During the quarantine period it is best for patients to keep bathing as usual, because germs that are on the skin will be able to infect the skin that is affected by chickenpox.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

To avoid the onset of scars that are difficult to disappear should avoid the rupture of chickenpox lenting.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

When drying the body after bathing should not rub it with a towel too hard.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

To avoid itching, should be given talc powder containing menthol so that it reduces the friction that occurs on the skin so that the skin is not irritated much.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

For those with sensitive skin can also use talc salycil powder that does not contain menthol.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Make sure you also always eat nutritious foods to speed up the healing process of the disease itself.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Consume fruits containing vitamin C such as guava and red tomatoes that can be made juice.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Diagnosis of chickenpox can be established based on signs and symptoms, with characteristic initial symptoms followed by the appearance of a rash.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

The diagnosis is confirmed by examination of fluid on the vesicles (bubbles) present in the rash, or blood examination to prove the presence of an acute immunological response.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Vesicular fluid can be examined by Tzanck examination, or examination for direct fluorescent antibody.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Liquid can also be cultured, which will be carried out viral breeding from the liquid sample.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Blood examination can be used to identify acute infectious response (IgM) or previous infection and subsequent immunity (IgG). [1]


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Diagnosis of chickenpox infection in the fetus can be made using ultrasound, although it is more advisable to postpone the examination 5 weeks after the primary infection of the mother.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

PCR (DNA) examinations of amniotic fluid may also be performed, although the risk of spontaneous miscarriage due to amniocentesis procedures is higher than the infant's risk of developing fetal varicellar syndrome. [2]


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Prevention Keeping hygiene The spread of chickenpox can be prevented by isolating individuals who have been infected.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Transmission may occur through droplet exposure, or in direct contact with the lesion, during the three-day period prior to the onset of the rash up to four days after the onset of the rash. [3]


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Varicellar virus is susceptible to disinfectants, especially chlorine bleach (i.e. sodium hypochlorite).


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Like other webbed viruses (enveloped viruses), they are sensitive to drying, heat and detergents.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Vaccination Vaccination is available for children older than 12 months.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

This vaccination is also recommended for people over the age of 12 who have no immunity or those who have never been affected by the disease, because adults who are affected by this disease will usually be more severe and sometimes may faint.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

For those who have been over 50 years old should be revaccinated.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

This Varicella treatment can actually heal on its own.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

However, it does not rule out the possibility of repeated attacks when the individual is experiencing a panoramic endurance.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Varicella disease can be prescribed “Acyclovir” in the form of tablets of 800 mg per day once every 4 hours (adult dose, that is, 12 years and older) for 7-10 days and an ointment containing 5% acyclovir thinly applied on the infected surface 6 times a day for 6 days.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

A 1% solution of “PK” dissolved in bath water is usually also used.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

After the healing period of varicella, it can be continued with the treatment of scars caused by consuming plenty of mineral water to neutralize the kidneys after taking the drug.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Consumption of vitamin C placebo or directly from fresh fruits such as guava juice, tomato juice and grapes.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Vitamin E for skin moisture can be obtained from placebo, aloe vera drink, or seaweed.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

The use of lotions containing extra moisturizing when the wound is properly healed is necessary to avoid further irritation.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Smallpox Monkey Pox is different from Chickenpox and is caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, hence it must be given effective antibiotics to kill aerobic bacteria (bacteria that require oxygen/air).


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

A feature of monkey pox is the absence of fluid in the lenting that arises, but it feels very itchy, hence it is often scratched with monkey-like behavior.


Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

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Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

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Question: when did Shingles first appear?

Chickenpox

Category:Infectious Diseases Category:


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

Theology (Greek θεος, theos, “], God”, and λογια, logia, “words,” “sayings,” or “discourses”) is a discourse based on reason concerning religion, spirituality and God (cf. below, “Theology and other religions outside Christianity”).


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

Thus, theology is a science that studies everything related to religious beliefs.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

Theology encompasses everything related to God.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

Theologians attempt to use analysis and rational arguments to discuss, interpret and teach in any of the areas of religious topics.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

Theology enables one to better understand their own religious traditions or other religious traditions, help make comparisons between various traditions, preserve, update a particular tradition, help spread a tradition, apply sources from a tradition in a situation or present need, or for various other reasons.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

The word 'theology' comes from koine Greek, but gradually gained a new meaning when the word was taken in both Greek and Latin forms by Christian writers.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

Therefore, the use of this word, especially in the West, has a Christian background.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

However, today the term can be used for discourses based on reason in the environment or about various religions.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

In Christianity's own religious environment, the discipline of 'theology' spawned an awful lot of its sub-divisions.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

In the Christian church, early theology only addressed the teachings concerning God, then the meaning became broader, that was to discuss the entirety of Christian teachings and practices. [1]


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

In trying to formulate what is theological science, there are some elements that need to be considered, namely there would be no Christian theology without the belief that God acted or said specifically in Jesus Christ fulfilling the covenant with the people of Israel. [1]


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

In the Middle Ages, theology was a major subject in university schools and was commonly referred to as “The Queen of the Sciences”.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

In this case the science of philosophy is the basis that helps thought in theology.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

The history of the term The word “Theology” is taken from Hellenic Greek, but nevertheless its meaning has changed considerably through its use within Christian thought in Europe throughout the Middle Ages and the Age of Enlightenment.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

The term theologia is used in Classical Greek literature, with the meaning “discourse on the gods or cosmology” (see Lidell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon for its reference).


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

Aristotle divided theoretical philosophy into mathematice, phusike and theologike.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

The theologike by Aristotle is approximately commensurate with metaphysics, which for Aristotle includes a discussion of the divine nature.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

Since then the term has been taken up by various Eastern as well as Western religious traditions.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

By borrowing from Greek sources, the Latin writer Varro distinguished these three forms of discourse: mythic (concerning the myths of the Greek gods), rational (philosophical analysis of the gods and cosmology) and civil (concerning religious rites and duties in the midst of society).


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

Christian writers, working with a Hellenistic framework, began to use this term to describe their studies.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

This word appears once in several scriptures of the Bible, in the title of the Book of Revelation: apocalupsis ioannou tou theologou, “revelation to John the theologos”.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

However, this word refers not to John the “theologian” in our present sense of language, but rather — using the meaning of the root of the word logos in a slightly different sense, and here is not intended as “rational discourse” but rather in the sense of “word” or “message”.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

Thus, the “theologos” here is intended as the one who conveys the word of God - logoi tou theou.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

Theology's citation is “faith that seeks understanding (fides quaerens intellectum).”


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

- Anselmus of Canterbury “Theology is an attempt to explain unknowns in the notions of those who are not worth knowing them.”


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

- HL Mencken “Authentic theology will not allow people to be obsessed with itself.”


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

- Thomas F. Torrance in Reality and Scientific Theology “Theology preaches not just what the Bible says, but also what it means.”


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

- J. Kenneth Grider in A Wesleyan-Holiness Theology (Kansas City: Beacon Hill, 1994), pp.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

“I don't need a fool who doesn't like music, because music is God's gift.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

Music can cast out Satan and make people happy, and thus they forget all anger, disloyalty, arrogance, and the like.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

After theology, I put music on its highest place and conferred upon him the highest majesty.”


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

— Martin Luther, quoted in Martin Marty, Martin Luther, 2004, p. 114.


Question: What is the sense of theology?

Theology

Reference See also Religion Agnosticism Apostasy Theology Ascetic Atheism Catholic Theology Apologetics Christian Ciptaanism Doctor of Divinity Exegesis Heresy Hierology History of theology Justification for faith Liberation Theology Natural Theology Neurotheology Odium theologicum Philosophy of religion Process theology Propitiation Theology queer Scholasticism Systematic theology see also Constructive Theology of Perfection (“Ontological and theological perfection”) Book of Urantia (various topics concerning theology circa 1925-1955) Outlinks (online sources) (Evangelical Theological Studies featuring audio and video sources, articles and discussion forums featuring experts) (online sources) (online sources) (online sources) (online sources) (online sources) (conservative Calvinist) (InterFaith) (Roman Catholic) (Protestant) (Protestant) (Protestant) (Protestant) Conservative Calvinist) (Sources of Reform theology) (Wesleyan/Chastity) (open/non-denominational) (Catholic, Ecumenical, Spirituality, Social Justice) (Dispensational conservative sources) by Vladimir Antonov Dialogue between Catholics and Evangelicals by David MacDonald Category:Christian Terms Category:Christian


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer) was a parapet made of concrete built by the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) separating West Berlin and East Berlin as well as other East German areas thus making West Berlin an enclave [1].


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The wall began construction on August 13, 1961.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The parapet is also accompanied by the erection of a guard tower built along this wall, [2] also the erection of a restricted area, which is filled with anti-vehicle mines.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The Eastern Bloc stated that this wall was built to protect its citizens from fascist elements that could trigger major movements, so that they could form a communist government in East Germany.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Even so, in practice, it turned out that this wall was used to prevent the greater run of the population of East Berlin to the area of West Berlin, which was within the territory of West Germany.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

By East German authorities, the Berlin Wall was said to be a “Fortress of Anti-Fascist Protection” (German: Antifaschistischer Schutzwall), stating that the West German state had not been fully de-nazified. [3]


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The West German City Government sometimes said the Berlin Wall as a “Shame Wall"—a designation coined by Mayor Willy Brandt—to condemn this wall for restricting freedom of movement.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Alongside the Inter-German Parapet separating West Germany and East Germany, these two parapets became symbols of the “Iron Curtain” separating Western Europe with the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Before the construction of this wall, there were about 3.5 million East Germans who migrated and defected to the west, one of them by passing the borders of East Germany and West Germany, then they could go to other Western European countries.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Between 1961 and 1989, this wall prevented that. [4]


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

In this roughly 30-year span, there were about 5,000 people trying to escape, with estimates there were 100 to 200 people who died from being shot.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

In 1989, there were radical political changes in the Eastern Bloc region, which corresponded with the liberalization of the system of authority in the Eastern Bloc and also began the diminishing influence of the Soviet Union in countries such as Poland and Hungary.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

After several weeks of civil unrest, the East German government announced on 9 November 1989 that the people of East Germany were allowed to go to West Germany and West Berlin.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

So, a crowd of East Germans crossed and climbed the wall, followed by West Germans on the other side to celebrate the atmosphere of freedom.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Weeks after, public euphoria and souvenir hunters finally cracked down parts of the wall.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Later, most of these walls were destroyed by the government using heavy equipment.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The fall from the Berlin Wall paved the way for the formation of German Reunification, 3 October 1990.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Post-World War II German Background After the end of World War II in Europe, the remaining part of the western part of the Oder—Neisse Border was divided into 4 occupied territories (as a result of the Potsdam Agreement), each of the territories being controlled by the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Union Soviets.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The capital Berlin, as a control center, was also divided into 4 regions even though the city itself was located deep in Soviet power. [5]


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

For approximately two years, there were political changes among the Soviets and other allied members.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

This occurred because the Soviets refused to agree to a post-war German reconstruction plan. [6]


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Britain, France, the United States, and the Beneluks then met to merge non-Soviet regions into a single area to be reconstructed and agreed to the expansion of the Marshall Plan.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The Eastern Bloc and the Berlin Blockade After the end of World War II, Soviet Union Leader Joseph Stalin headed a joint of several countries incorporated in the Eastern Bloc, including Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, including with Soviet-controlled German territories. [7]


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Early in 1945, Stalin revealed to the German communist leader to remove Britain from its occupation zone, plus the United States would withdraw its troops in one or 2 years, so that there would be no obstacle to the formation of a unified German communist state. [8 ]


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The main task for running the communist party in the Soviet region was to exercise Soviet orders to administrative rulers, the result of which would be seen from the region's policies. [9]


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

So, industries and many properties in East Germany were soon nationalized. [9]


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Contrasting political processes took place in areas of West Germany controlled by Britain, France, and the United States, where the president and his prime ministers were elected by parliament.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

(Turner, Henry Ashby.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The Two Germanies Since 1945: East and West, Yale University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-300-03865-8, page 20)</ref> If the final reported statement or decision is not appropriate, then the person carrying out this mission can be imprisoned, tortured, even killed. [9]


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

In 1948, due to the absence of agreement on reconstruction and a new German currency, Stalin put forward the Berlin Blockade to prevent the entry of food, materials, and other needs to West Berlin. [10]


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The United States, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and several other countries immediately sent food aid and other supplies to Berlin called “Freight Berlin”. [11]


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The Soviets then spread a public campaign whose content critiqued western policy.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The Communists also tried to spoil the 1948 elections, but eventually they suffered defeat, [12] coupled with 300,000 West Berlin citizens protesting that international aid to them was not impeded. [13]


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

In May 1949, Stalin finally opened the blockade and allowed the transport of goods and other necessities to West Berlin. [14] [15] The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was declared on the steps of 7 October 1949.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

By secret treaty, the Soviet Foreign Minister approved East German administrative authority, but not autonomy.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The Soviet Union itself remained penetrating and in full control of East Germany's military, secret police, and administrative. [16] [17] East Germany differed from West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany), which developed into a capitalist state with a Western culture with a social market economic system (“Soziale Marktwirtschaft” in German) with a parliamentary democratic government.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The tremendous economic growth of the 1950s gave rise to the “economic miracle” (“Wirtschaftswunder”).


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

With the West German economy continuing to grow and its standard of living getting better, many East German citizens wished to move to West Germany.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The construction of the Wall was erected on 13 August 1961 by the communist administration of East Germany under the leadership of Walter Ulbricht because West Berlin was a 'hole' in their country.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Between 1949 to 1961 already more than 2 million East German residents fled through Berlin.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

This made the East German economy a dodorant, as it was mostly young people who fled.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

So in secret and suddenly this wall was built.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall and the Cold War Berlin Wall that cordoned off West Berlin and cut the city exactly in the middle, becoming the most famous symbols of the Cold War.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Many western magnifiers, especially the president of the United States who visited this wall to condemn it.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

President J.F. Kennedy in 1963 came and made a speech on this side of the wall with his famous sentence: “Ich bin ein Berliner.”


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Then 20 years later, in 1983 president Ronald Reagan also made a speech here and condemned the Soviet Union he called An Evil Empire, or an empire of evil.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

But in 1989, on the anniversary of the German Democratic Republic, or East Germany, the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev also briefly visited the Berlin Wall and said to East German leader Erich Honecker that “Whoever comes late, will be punished by life”.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Escape through the Berlin Wall As long as the Berlin Wall stood, there were about 5,000 people who managed to escape.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The number of people killed as a result of trying to escape, until recently is still a debate.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

According to Alexandra Hildebrandt, Director of the Charlie Checkpoint Museum, the estimated number of people killed was over 200 people. [18] [19] A historic enclave at the Center for Contemporary Historical Research (ZZF) in Potsdam confirms that there are 136 dead. [20]


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Previously, the official record was 98 people murdered.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The collapse of the Berlin Wall After allowing a gap for its residents to pass over the border in the summer, Hungary finally effectively eliminated its country's physical barrier with Austria dated August 19, 1989.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

In September, more than 13,000 East Germans fled to Austria through Hungary. [21]


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

This led to several subsequent barrages of events.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The Hungarians prevented from more and more East Germans crossing the border, and returned them to Budapest.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

These East Germans filled the West German embassy and refused to return to East Germany.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The East German government responded to this by closing all travel to Hungary, but still allowed those willing to return to East Germany.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

On this occasion, the East German authorities allowed them to leave, provided that later the train they were on passed through East Germany.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

And so came the massive demonstrations in East Germany itself.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

(See Monday Demonstrations in East Germany.)


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The East German leader, Erich Honecker, resigned October 18, 1989 and was replaced by Egon Krenz a few days later.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Honecker had predicted that the wall would still last for another 50 or 100 years, [22] if the condition of the country did not change.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Protest demonstrations broke out across East Germany in September 1989.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

At first, the protestors wanted to go west, chanting ["Wir wollen raus!"] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (“We want to go!”).


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

But then the protestors started shouting “Wir bleiben hier”, (“We'll stay here!”).


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Thus, this was the beginning of what East Germans called the “Peaceful Revolution” in late 1989. [23]


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The protestors got bigger in early November.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Protestants reached their peak on November 4, when nearly half a million people gathered at the Alexanderplatz Demonstration.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

(Henslin, 07) Meanwhile, the refugees leaving East Germany for West Germany were increasing, and they found a new way to get out of East Germany, namely by way through Hungary via Czechoslovakia (or via the West German Embassy in Prague) allowed by the new Krenz administration, and by consent with the communist government of Czechoslovakia.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

To keep things from getting further complicated, eventually the politbureau led by Krenz allowed refugees to exit directly through the border doors between East Germany and West Germany, including West Berlin on 9 November 1989.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Destruction The date when this wall began to be demolished was November 9, 1989, but at that time it was not immediately demolished then.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

In the afternoon and a few weeks after, people came with sledgehammers and the like to destroy some parts of the wall and also create some unofficial border holes.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

These people were referred to as “Mauerspechte” (woodpeckers of the wall).


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The East German regime again announced that it would open 10 new border doors, including in some historic places such as Potsdamer Platz, Glienicker Brücke, and Bernauer Straße.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The mob from 2 sides waited for hours, cheering when the bulldozers destroyed this wall.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

New border doors continued to open throughout 1990, including at the Brandenburg Gate of December 22, 1989.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Residents of West Germany and West Berlin were allowed to enter East Germany without a visa from 23 December 1989.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Until that date, they were only allowed in under various requirements and required to make an application for the creation of a visa.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

In addition, they are required to pay a minimum of 25 DM per day.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

And so, in fact on November 9 and December 23, the population of East Germany was freer than West Germany.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The news on television about the large number of people who destroyed many parts of the wall on November 9th made many people abroad think that this wall will be destroyed as soon as possible.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

In fact, this wall remained guarded until a few days later, although the intensity of guarding was getting smaller.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

In that first month, in fact the East German military attempted to repair the walls destroyed by the “woodpeckers”.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Then, over time, this action was stopped, and the guards became more tolerant of the destruction of the wall and the passage of the population through the hole wall.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Dated January 13, 1990, the wall was officially demolished by the East German military, beginning in Bernauer Straße.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The destruction of this wall was again passed on after German Reunification until it was finally completed in November 1991.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Only a small section of the wall and tower remain preserved, as a memorial site.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

The fall of the Berlin Wall was the beginning of German Reunification, signed October 3, 1990.


Question: When was the Berlin wall built?

Berlin Wall

Reference See also Ich bin ein Berliner Cold War Checkpoint Charlie Category:Cold War Category:Berlin


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

Samurai (?) , or in Japanese called bushi (武士? , [bu.i]) or buke (武家?) , was a military nobility of medieval and early-modern Japan.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

According to translator William Scott Wilson: “In China, is a word that means to wait or accompany someone in the ranks of society, and this is also actually from the original term in Japanese, the verb saburau and the noun saburai.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

In both countries the term usually meant “those who served present close to the nobility,” later the lafal changed to samurai.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

According to Wilson, the earliest reference to the word “samurai” appears in Kokin Wakashū (905-914), the first imperial anthology of poetry, completed in the first part of the 10th century.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with Bushi, and the word was closely associated with middle- and upper-class knights.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

Samurai followed a set of rules later known as Bushido.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

Although samurai are still less than 10% of Japan's population, their teachings can still be found today both in day life and in modern Japanese martial arts.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

A more appropriate term is bushi (武士) (literally: “gunman”) used during the Edo period.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

In any case, the term samurai was used for elite warriors from among the nobility, and not for example, ashigaru or soldiers on foot.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

Samurai who were not tied to a clan or worked for an employer (daimyō) were called ronins (literally: “people of the waves”).


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

Samurai who served in han territory were called hanshi.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

Samurai were to be polite and erudite, and during the time the Tokugawa shogunate gradually lost their army function.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

By the end of the Tokugawa era, samurai were generally common kakitangan for daimyō, with their swords only for customs purposes.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

With the Meiji reforms of the late 19th century, samurai were abolished as a distinct class and replaced with a national army resembling a Western nation.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

After all, the strict samurai nature known as bushido still remains in present-day Japanese society, as do other aspects of their way of life.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

The etymology of samurai Sayings dates back to the Heian period in Japan where when a person is referred to as a saburai, it means that he is a retainer or follower.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

Only in early modern times, especially in the Azuchi-Momoyama era and early Edo period/era in the late 16th and early 17th century saburai words exchanged with samurai words.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

After all, in those days, the meaning has long changed.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

In the era of samurai rule, the early term yumitori (“archer”) was also used as a title of respect for a small number of warlords, although swordsmen have become more important.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

The Japanese archer (kyujutsu), is still closely related to the war god Hachiman.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

Here are some other samurai terms.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

Buke (武家) — Martician Kabukimono - The words of kabuku or skew, he refers to the colorful samurai style.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

Mononofu (のの) - A term ago meaning commander-in-chief.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

Musha (武) - Summary form Bugeisha (武), harafiah. martial expert.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

Si (士) - Kanji letters substitute for samurai.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

Tsuwamono () - A term ago for soldiers who Matsuo Basho featured in his leading haiku.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

The meaning of the literal is strong man.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

Samurai weapons use several kinds of weapon types, but katanas are weapons identical to their existence, In Bushido it is taught that katanas are spirits of samurai and sometimes depicted that a samurai is highly dependent on katana in battle.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

They believe that katana is essential in giving honor and a part in life.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

The designation for katana was not known until the Kamakura mass (1185—1333), before that time the Japanese sword was better known as tachi and uchigatana, and the katana itself was not the main weapon until the Edo mob.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

When a child reaches the age of thirteen, there is a ceremony recognized as Genpuku.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

The boy who underwent genpuku got a wakizashi and an adult name to become an officially samurai.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

This can be interpreted that he was given the right to know the katana although it was usually tied with threads to avoid the katana being accidentally hung up.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

The pair of katana and wakizashi are recognizable as Daisho, meaning big and small.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

Another samurai weapon was the yumi or composite bow and was worn for several centuries until the time of the entry of muskets in the 16th century.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

The composite bow of the Japanese model is a good weapon.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

Its shape allows for use of various types of darts, such as fiery arrows and cue arrows that can reach targets at distances of more than 100 meters, can even be more than 200 meters when precision is no longer taken into account, These weapons are usually used by standing in behind Tedate () which is a large wooden shield, but can also be used on horseback.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

The practice of archery on the back of a horse became Shinto customs, Yabusame (馬).


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

In the battle against the Mongol invaders, the composite bow became the decisive weapon of victory, the Mongol and Chinese forces at that time wore composite bows of a smaller size, especially with their limitations in the wearing of equestrian troops.


Question: When does the period of samurai use end?

Samurai

Samurai Archives Outlinks in Category:Japan


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis born in Denpasar, Bali, (1975-04-10) April 10, 1975, more commonly known as Mister Fingers as his stage name, is an Indonesian pianist.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Erik Sondhy is the former keyboardist of Soul Band and now as leader of the Erik Sondhy Project and keyboardist of the Rio Sidik Quartet.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Erik's journey until now, noted he has performed with Indonesian musicians such as Ireng Maulana, Mus Mujiono, Indra Lesmana, Cendy Lluck, Dewa Budjana, Dwiki Dharmawan, Indro Hardjodikoro, Balawan, Barry Likumahuwa, Oele Pattiselanno, Jeffrey Tahalele, Sandy Winarta, Rio Sidik, Monita Tahalee, Sierra Soetedjo, Maruli Tampubolon, Titi Dj, Krisdayanti, Harvey Malaiholo, Andien, Dira Sugandi, Ruth Sahanaya, Dewi Gita, Shaharani, Tompi, Superman Is Dead and Ayu Laksmi.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

While on an international scale, Erik has performed at Penang Island Jazz Festival, Singapore Jazz Festival, Kota Kinabalu Jazz Festival, London's renowned Jazz café, Ronnie Scott's and Troy Jazz Bar.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Erik has played alongside renowned musicians such as Hadrien Feraud (bass), Toninho Horta (guitar), Andy Davis (trumpet), Mark Lewandowski (bass), Saleem Raman (drums) and opening concerts of Grammy Award-winning Latin Jazz pianist Chucho Valdez.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Background Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis or more commonly known as Erik Sondhy or Mister Fingers was born on April 10, 1975, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

The son of Marthen Eugene Mangempis, a man from Manado, a guide who speaks fluent Dutch and Ni Luh Putu Sri Nulatri Sedani, a professional dancer from Bali, later grew up as the eldest of 5 children.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

When other children, having the ideal of becoming a doctor or engineer, Erik Sondhy since childhood, already knew for sure, what he wanted in his future, which was to become a famous musician.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

This ideal was formed, because since a child Erik had admired a British band that was the Beatles.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

His passion for the Beatles band prompted Erik to learn a variety of musical instruments, and the first instrument he taught was the guitar. Over time, Erik began to learn how to play the piano, which turned out to be his passion until now.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Thanks to his self-taught seriousness in studying the piano, in 1987, Erik also received an offer to perform first in church.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

At that time Erik had just turned 12 years old and he performed playing organ in front of many people, Erik enjoyed it so much that he further established his ideals to become a famous musician.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

His love for the Beatles, never receded, his daily life he always passed while listening to his favorite band.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

“The Beatles songs are the soundtrack of my life” Erik often told his friends.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

At that time, 1992, after finishing junior high school, Erik who found out that the grandmother was a music lover and choir singer in the church, asked his parents for permission to continue his school to the high school level in Bandung, where his grandmother was located.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Unable to stop the desire of the child, both masters Erik also bleed Erik who was young to move to the city of Bandung.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Here Erik is increasingly active in music with the band formed while attending high school at Santa Maria 2, Bandung.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

An activity that made him hooked and kept Erik tekuni and made him even happier, because he continued to have the support of his grandmother to continue to steeped in his musical talents.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

During high school, Erik in the band became a vocalist, guitarist and keyboard player.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

At the time, Erik was trying to follow in the footsteps of his idol John Lennon, with the band, they often performed songs by The Beatles at various school events.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Parameswara and D'Mood Jazz Band Career Journey (1996 - 1999) Year 1995, Erik finished high school, he started his career journey by playing a single piano, while living his band at that time, Paremeswara.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

At that time, Erik began to arise interest in the flow of Jazz music so he made the decision to take a course at Piano Jazz Bandung, which he ran for a year.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Not satisfied there, he also took courses at Swara Harmony Music School, Bandung.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Erik then with his band Parameswara then left for the city of Yogyakarta in 1996 for 3 months.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

However, Erik finally settled in Yogyakarta and continued his musical career here with D'Mood Jazz Band consisting of Erik (keyboard), Agung Prasetya (bass), Bagus Djatmiko or BJ (drums), Yohanes (trombone), Finggo van Leun (guitar) and Septa Suryoto (saxophone).


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

D'Mood Jazz Band, then engraved the first winner in the Jazz Goes to Campus event, held in Jakarta in 1999.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Soul Band (2000 - 2002) Miss with his hometown and family in Bali, after having made his name in a national Jazz environment, Erik who had a vision to build Jazz on the island of Gods where he was born, finally decided to leave his band at that time and move returned to Bali in early 2000.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

This was the beginning of his meeting with Rio Sidik (trumpet), who later invited him to join the Soul Band along with Ito Kurdhi (bass), Koko Harsoe (guitar) and Sonny Riwis (drums).


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

At that time, Soul Band quite a lot filled various Jazz events in Indonesia, such as Jazz Merah Putih and Matra Jamz Jazz.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Later they signed an agreement with BMG Records label to produce their inaugural album.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Apparently, after the initial recording process, due to some of the Soul Band personnel receiving offers to play abroad, production was forced to be postponed.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

And finally Soul Band was forced to disband in 2002.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Svara Band (2002 - 2005) In 2002, was born the Svara Band, consisting of Erik Sondhy (keyboards), Rio Sidik (trumpet), Koko Harsue (guitar), Doddy Sambodo (bass) and Oni Pah (drums).


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Svara Band also often participates in various Jazz events, such as Jazz Merah Putih and Indonesian Open Jazz.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Erik also played in the Koko Harsue Quartet, which spawned an album released in 2002 titled Toys. 3 years later, 2005, Erik Sondhy began to explore his solo career, in addition to playing solo piano in Jazz Merah Putih he also performed in Java Jazz with Bertha and Friends.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

In 2007, Erik released his inaugural album titled Introducing Trio which he worked together with Helmy Agustrian (bass) and I Made Niko (drums).


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Rio Sidik Quartet (2008 - present) In 2008, Erik joined Rio Sidik Quartet consisting of Rio Sidik (trumpet), Ito Kurdhi (bass), Erik Sondhy (keyboards) and Eddy Siswanto (drums) and is still running.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

And they often fill Jazz Festivals at home and abroad.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Like the 8th Penang Island Jazz Festival, on 3—4 December 2011, representing Indonesia and in 2015 Rio Sidik Quartet has performed at Kota Kinabalu Jazz Festival, International Java Jazz Festival and Jazz Market by the Sea held in Nusa Dua.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Erik Sondhy Project (E.S.P) (2009 - present) Erik who has been on this quite long journey, in his musical career feels that good looks must be organic and synergy, Erik is often in the audience first before taking to the stage to feel his energy directly, so that totality can be created in each of his performances.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Erik who admired Keith Jarrett's passion and energy while playing on stage, began to have a dream of being able to do many creations, a project with no limits in music.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Thus, in August 2009, Erik Sondhy Project was born or more widely known until now as E.S.P. On different occasions, on June 17, 2009, Erik also performed in the World Peace Orchestra by Dwiki Dharmawan.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Still in the same year, formed a jazz group named Jazz Four People by saxophonist Donny Koeswinarno alongside Rayendra (drums), Indra Mighty (bass) and Erik Sondhy (piano).


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

They then took diverse inspiration from the rich culture of Jazz.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Donny Koeswinarno himself is the founder and leader of the jazz group Pitoelas, also writing songs and making arrangements for the 17-man big band.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Other personnel such as Rayendra broke Berklee College of Music at that time active as a sideman in several bands besides founding Parkdrive, while Indra Mighty was the bassist of Tomorrow People Ensemble who completed his studies at the Daya Music Institute.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

On 11 October 2009 Jazz Empat Persons performed in Salihara.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

One month later, on November 6, 2009, Erik performed with Balawan, Barry Likumahuwa, Karen (Indonesian Idol finalist) and Sandy Winarta, with Bubi Chen's special performance in Big Jazz Return.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Without waiting long, after Erik pioneered his project, on November 29, 2009, the Erik Sondhy Project (E.S.P) performed the first time at the Jazz Goes to Campus event.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Stepping in 2010, on 14 February 2010, Erik performed along with Sandy Winarta and Dira Sugandi.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

He also performed in Java Jazz with Revelation, consisting of Jeffrey Tahalele, Sandy Winarta, Oele Pattiselano, Sierra Soetedjo and Arief Setiady.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

On November 9, 2011, Erik Sondy Project (E.S.P), performed at Surabaya Art Festival.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Karma Jazz Trio In 2012 Erik Sondhy Project, working on a trio called Karma Trio, consisting of Erik Sondhy (rhodes), Sandy Winarta (drums) and Indra Gupta (bass).


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

And produced an album titled Karma which contains three free improvisation tracks containing jazz elements and Balinese gamelan nuances on the scale used as well as on the beat rhythm.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Mister Fingers In 2012 Erik began to often be nicknamed Mister Fingers, due to a review in The Yak Magazine, this year Erik Sondhy Project (E.S.P), re-worked a trio group called Erik Sondhy Trio and performed in Java Jazz consisting of Erik Sondhy (keyboard), Sandy Winarta (drums) and Kevin Joshua (bass).


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

And Erik also played at the Ngayogjazz Festival which took the theme “With Jazz We Increase Self-sufficiency of Jazz”.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Subscribed to perform in Java Jazz every year since 2005, Erik Sondhy who in 2013, was selected as one of the Yak Magazine's Yak Man of the Year nominees, often performed with many projects and bands, among them Erik Sondhy Trio (E.S.P.), Karma Jazz Trio (E.S.P.), Bertha and Bertha Friends, Dewa Budjana, The Revelation and many other famous Jazz musicians.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

The first time Erik performed in Java Jazz was with Bertha and Friends in 2005.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Erik also played at Braga Jazz Festival the same year alongside Pra Budi Dharma (bass) and singer Trie Utami.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

In 2014, Erik performed at Bali Live International Festival, and in 2015, Erik Sondhy has performed at Jazz Café Ubud Bali, Ubud Village Jazz Festival, Bali Live International Jazz Festival, collaborating with DJ Wilson and Rio Sidik in the Midnight Madness Velvet Hypnotized event.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Performed in Java Jazz as a feature of the band Maruli Tampubolon, along with Mus Mujiono and Rio Sidik.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Abbey Road Studios, London In June 2015, Erik Sondhy left for London, England, to record his third album at Abbey Road Studios, the studio that bred the name of the Beatles idol's band.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

An album he will release early in 2016.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Formerly Abbey Road Studios in London often referred to as EMI Studio, located at 3 Abbey Road, St John's Wood, City of Westminster, London, England.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Like a dream come true, the Beatles were the reason why Erik Sondhy chose a career as a musician.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Erik's recording process at Abbey Studio was handled by Chris Bolster, a man of New Zealand origin who has handled a diverse range of musicians including among Al Di Meola, Jamie Cullum, Herbie Hancock, and many others.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

The opportunity to leave for London and recording was obtained by Erik with help from a fan of his big.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

There, Erik had a chance to play in Ronnie Scott's famous jazz club and had the opportunity to live with Andy Davies (trumpet), Mark Lewandowski (bass) and Saleem Raman (drums).


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Discography Awards and Nominations Pianist and keyboardist major winner Jazz Goes To Campus (1999) Schedule that should be only 3 months, changed, when Erik decided to settle here, so since 1996, Erik began to settle in Yogyakarta city.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

This decision is precisely a new beginning, for the development of the career of an Erik Sondhy.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

In this city, Erik found many musician friends, he increasingly fell in love with the stream of Jazz music which gave him the freedom to improvise and express moods more freely.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

And meritorious mentors in developing Erik's abilities in Yogyakarta are bassist Agung Prasetyo and pianist Idang Rasjidi.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

His band was D'Mood Jazz, then tried to participate in a Jazz Festival competition in Indonesia Jazz Goes To Campus, organized by the University of Indonesia in Jakarta in 1999, and managed to come out as the main winner, make the name and start the definite step in the national scale Jazz world as it also bagged the best pianist and keyboardist awards.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Yak Man of the Year (2013) nominee Erik Sondhy entered as Yak Man of the Year nominee in 2013 version of Yak Magazine.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

The Yak Magazine was the beginning to introduce Erik with the name Mister Fingers in a review article in 2012.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Making Erik Sondhy until now known as the name.


Question: Who is Eurysondhy Andrean John Imanuel Mangempis?

Erik Sondhy

Outlinks Reference Rio Sidik, Category:Biography Category:Jazz Musicians Category:Indonesian Musicians Category:Pianists Category:Indonesian Pianists Category:Bali Category:Birth date March 24 Category:Birth 1975


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

In biology, cells are the simplest collection of living matter and are the constituent units of all living things. [1] [2] Cells are capable of all life activities and most chemical reactions to sustain life take place within cells. [3] [4] Most living things are composed of single cells, [5] or so-called unicellular organisms, for example bacteria and amoeba.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Other living things, including plants, animals, and humans, constitute multicellular organisms consisting of many specialized cell types with their respective functions. [1]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The human body, for example, is composed of more than 1013 cells. [5] However, the entire body of all organisms comes from the result of the division of one cell. For example, a bacterial body comes from the division of its parent bacterial cell, while the body of a mouse comes from the division of its fertilized parent egg.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Cells in multicellular organisms will not last long if each stands alone. [1]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The same cells are grouped into tissues, which build organs and then organ systems that make up the body of that organism.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

For example, heart muscle cells form cardiac muscle tissue in the heart organs that are part of the circulatory organ system in the human body.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Meanwhile, cells themselves are composed of components called organelles. [6]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The smallest cell known to man is Mycoplasma bacteria with a diameter of 0.0001 to 0.001 mm, [7] while one of the single cells that can be seen with the naked eye is an unfertilized chicken egg.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

However, most cells are between 1 to 100 µm (0.001—0.1mm) in diameter so they can only be seen with a microscope. [8]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The discovery and early study of the cell gained progress in line with the invention and refinement of the microscope in the 17th century.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Robert Hooke first described and named cells in 1665 when he observed a slice of cork (bark of an oak tree) with a microscope that had a magnification of 30 times. [4]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

However, the theory of the cell as a new unit of life was formulated nearly two centuries after that by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Next, cells are reviewed in a branch of biology called cell biology. History Early discoveries Compound microscopes with two lenses have been invented in the late 16th century and were further developed in the Netherlands, Italy, and England.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Until the mid-17th century microscopes already had imagery magnification capabilities up to 30 times.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

British scientist Robert Hooke later designed a compound microscope that had its own light source making it easier to use. [10]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

He observed thin slices of cork through a microscope and lays out the microscopic structure of the cork as “porous like a honeycomb but the pores are irregular” in his paper published in 1665. [11]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Hooke called the pores cells because they are similar to cells (small chambers) inside a monastery or prison. [10] [12] What Hooke actually saw was a blank cell wall enclosing dead cells on corks coming from oak bark. [13]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

He also observed that in the green plant there are cells filled with liquid. [9]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

At the same time in the Netherlands, Antony van Leeuwenhoek, a cloth merchant, created his own one-lensed microscope and used it to observe things. [10]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

He managed to see red blood cells, spermatozoids, single-celled khamirs, protozoa, and even bacteria. [13] [14] In 1673 he began sending letters detailing his activities to the Royal Society, the English scientific society, and then published it.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

On one of his letters, Leeuwenhoek described something twitching inside the saliva he observed under a microscope.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

He called it diertjen or dierken (Dutch: 'little animal', translated as animalcule in English by the Royal Society), which is believed to be a bacterium by modern scientists. [10] [15] In 1675—1679, the Italian scientist Marcello Malpighi lays out the constituent units of plants that he call the utricle ('little pocket').


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

According to his observations, each such cavity is fluid-filled and surrounded by a staunch wall.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Nehemiah Grew of England also lays out plant cells in his writings published in 1682, and he managed to observe many small green structures within the cells of plant leaves, namely chloroplasts. [10] [16] The theory of cells Some scientists in the 18th and early 19th centuries have speculated or observed that plants and animals were composed of cells, [17] but that was still debated at the time. [16]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

In 1838, German botanist Matthias Jakob Schleiden stated that all plants are composed of cells and that all aspects of plant body function are essentially manifestations of cell activity. [18] He also stated the importance of the nucleus (which Robert Brown discovered in 1831) in function and formation of cells, but he mistakenly thought that cells were formed from nuclei. [16] [19] In 1839, Theodor Schwann, who after a discussion with Schleiden realized that he had once observed the nucleus of animal cells as Schleiden observed it in plants, stated that all animal body parts are also composed of cells. According to him, the universal principle of the formation of various parts of the body of all organisms is the formation of cells. [18] Another scientist who later detailed the theory of cells as known in modern form was Rudolf Virchow.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

At first he agreed with Schleiden on cell formation. However, microscopic observations of various pathological processes led him to conclude the same thing that Robert Remak had deduced from his observations of red blood cells and embryos, namely that cells originated from other cells through cell division. In 1855, Virchow published his paper containing his famous motto, omnis cellula e cellula (all cells are derived from cells). [20] [21] The development of cell biology Between 1875 and 1895, there were various discoveries concerning basic cellular phenomena, such as mitosis, meiosis, and fertilisation, as well as various important organelles, such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Golgi bodies. [22]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

There was born a field that studied cells, which was then called cytology.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The development of new techniques, especially cell fractionation and electron microscopy, allowed cytology and biochemistry to give birth to a new field called cell biology. [23] In 1960, the scientific association of the American Society for Cell Biology was founded in New York, USA, and not long after, scientific journal Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Cytology was renamed Journal of Cell Biology. [24]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

By the end of the decade of the 1960s, cell biology had become an established discipline, with its own scientific associations and publications and had the mission of revealing the mechanisms of cell organelle function. [25] The structure of all cells is limited by a membrane called the plasma membrane, while the area in in cells is called cytoplasm. [26]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Each cell, at some stage in its life, contains DNA as heritable material and directs the activity of that cell. [27]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

In addition, all cells have structures called ribosomes that function in the manufacture of proteins to be used as catalysts in various chemical reactions within those cells. [5]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Each organism is composed of one of two types of cells that are structurally distinct: prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

These two cell types are distinguished based on the position of DNA within the cell; most DNA in eukaryotes is shrouded membrane of organelles called nuclei or cell nuclei, whereas prokaryotes do not have nuclei.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Only bacteria and archaea have prokaryotic cells, while protista, plants, fungi, and animals have eukaryotic cells. [7]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Prokaryote cells In prokaryote cells (from Greek, pro, 'before' and karyons, 'seeds'), there is no membrane separating DNA from the rest of the cell, and the region where DNA is concentrated in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. [7]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Most prokaryotes are unicellular organisms with small cells (0.7—2.0µm in diameter and about 1µm3 in volume) and are generally composed of cell sheaths, cell membranes, cytoplasm, nucleoids, and some other structures. [28]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Almost all prokaryotic cells have a cell sheath outside their cell membrane.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

If the sheath contains a rigid layer made of carbohydrate or carbohydrate-protein complex, peptidoglycan, that layer is referred to as the cell wall. Most bacteria have an outer membrane covering the peptidoglycan layer, and some are bacteria that have a cell sheath of protein.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Meanwhile, most archaeal cell sheaths are protein-made, although some are made from peptidoglycan.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The cell sheath of prokaryotes prevents cells from rupturing due to osmotic pressure in environments that have lower concentrations than cell contents. [29] A number of prokaryotes have other structures outside their cell sheath.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Many types of bacteria have a layer outside the cell wall called a capsule that helps bacterial cells cling to the surface of other objects and cells.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The capsules may also help bacterial cells shy away from certain types of human immune cells.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

In addition, a number of bacteria are attached to the surface of other objects and cells by protein threads called pilus (plural: pili) and fimbria (plural: fimbriae).


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Many types of bacteria move using a flagellum (plural: flagellum) attached to its cell wall and rotates like a motor. [30]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Prokaryotes generally have one DNA molecule with a circumference structure concentrated on the nucleoid.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

In addition, prokaryotes often also have additional genetic material called plasmids that also structure DNA circumference.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

In general, plasmids are not needed by cells for growth although often plasmids carry certain genes that confer additional advantages to certain circumstances, for example resistance to antibiotics. [31]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Prokaryotes also possess a number of structural proteins called cytoskeleton, which were originally thought to exist only in eukaryotes. [32]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The skeleton protein regulates cell division and plays the role of determining cell shape. [33] Eukaryote cells Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryote cells (Greek, eu, 'actual' and karyon) have nuclei.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The cell diameter of eukaryotes is typically 10 to 100µm, ten times larger than that of bacteria.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The cytoplasm of eukaryotes is the region in between the nucleus and the cell membrane. The cytoplasm consists of a semicaqueous medium called cytosol, in which there are organelles of specialized shape and function and most prokaryotes do not possess. [7]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Most organelles are limited by one layer of membrane, but some are limited by two membranes, for example, a nucleus.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

In addition to the nucleus, a number of other organelles belong to almost all eukaryote cells, namely (1) the mitochondria, where most of the cell's energy metabolism occurs; (2) the endoplasmic reticulum, a membrane network where the synthesis of glycoproteins and lipids; (3) the Golgi body, which directs the results of cell synthesis to its destination place; as well as (4) peroxisomes, places of overhaul of fatty acids and amino acids.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Lysosomes, which decompose damaged cell components and foreign bodies inserted by cells, are found in animal cells, but not in plant cells.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Chloroplasts, where photosynthesis occurs, are found only in certain cells of plant leaves and a number of unicellular organisms.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Both plant cells and a number of unicellular eukaryotes have one or more vacuoles, which are organelles where nutrients and waste and where a number of decomposition reactions occur. [34]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The protein network of cytoskeleton fibers maintains cell shape and controls the movement of structures within eukaryote cells. [34]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Centrioles, which are found only in animal cells near the nucleus, are also made of the cytoskeleton. [35]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Rigid cell walls, made of cellulose and other polymers, surround plant cells and make them strong and firm.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Fungi also have cell walls, but they differ in composition from bacterial and plant cell walls. [34]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Between the contiguous walls of plant cells is a channel called plasmodesmata. [36]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The subcellular component of the cell membrane that limits the cell is referred to as the plasma membrane and serves as a selective obstacle that allows the flow of sufficient oxygen, nutrients, and waste to serve the entire volume of the cell. [7] The cell membrane also plays a role in ATP synthesis, cell signaling, and cell adhesion. The cell membrane is in the form of a very thin layer formed from lipid and protein molecules.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The cell membrane is dynamic and most of its molecules can move along the plane of the membrane.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Membrane lipid molecules are arranged in two layers about 5 nm thick which are a barrier to most hydrophilic molecules.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Protein molecules that penetrate the double layer of such lipids play a role in almost all other functions of the membrane, for example transporting certain molecules past the membrane.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

There are also proteins that become structural hooks to other cells, or become receptors that detect and channel chemical signals in the cell environment. It is estimated that about 30% of the proteins that animal cells can synthesize constitute membrane proteins. [37]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The nucleus The nucleus contains most of the genes that control eukaryote cells (another portion of the gene is located within the mitochondria and chloroplasts).


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

With an average diameter of 5µm, these organelles are generally the most conspicuous organelles in eukaryote cells. [38]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Most cells have one nucleus, [39] but some have multiple nuclei, for example skeletal muscle cells, and some do not have a nucleus, for example mature red blood cells that lose their nucleus as they develop. [40]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The nucleus sheath encloses the nucleus and separates its contents (the so-called nucleoplasm) from the cytoplasm.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

This sheath consists of two membranes each of which is a double layer of lipids with associated proteins.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The outer and inner membranes of the nucleus sheath are separated by a chamber of about 20—40nm.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The nucleus sheath has a number of pores that are approximately 100nm in diameter and at the lip of each pore, the two nucleus sheath membranes are fused. [38]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Within the nucleus, DNA is organized together with proteins into chromatin.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

As the cell is ready to divide, the thread-shaped tangled chromatin will roll up, becoming thick enough to differentiate through a microscope as separate structures called chromosomes. [38]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The prominent structure in the nucleus of a cell that is not dividing is the nucleoli, which is where a number of ribosomal components are synthesized and assembled.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

These components are then passed through the pore of the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where they all merge into ribosomes.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Sometimes there are more than one nucleoli, depending on the species and the stage of reproduction of the cell. [38]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The nucleus controls protein synthesis within the cytoplasm by sending messenger molecules in the form of RNA, namely mRNA, which are synthesized based on the “message” of genes on DNA.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

This RNA is then ejected into the cytoplasm through the nucleus pore and attached to the ribosome, where the genetic message is translated into a synthesized protein amino acid sequence. [38]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Ribosomes Ribosomes are where cells make proteins.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Cells with a high rate of protein synthesis have a lot of ribosomes, for example, human liver cells that have several million ribosomes. [38]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Ribosomes themselves are composed of different types of proteins and a number of RNA molecules.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The ribosomes of eukaryotes are larger than the ribosomes of prokaryotes, but the two are very similar in terms of structure and function.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Both consist of one large subunit and one small subunit that merge to form a complete ribosome with a mass of several million daltons. [41]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

In eukaryotes, ribosomes can be found freely in the cytosol or bound to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Most proteins that free ribosomes produce will function inside the cytosol, while bound ribosomes generally make proteins intended for insertion into membranes, to be wrapped inside specific organelles such as lysosomes, or to be sent outside the cell. Free and bound ribosomes have identical structures and can interchange places.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Cells can adjust the relative amount of each ribosome once their metabolism changes. [38]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Endomembrane system Various membranes in eukaryote cells form part of the endomembrane system.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

These membranes are connected via direct physical joints or through intersegment transfer of membranes in the form of small vesicles (membrane-wrapped bubbles).


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The endomembrane system includes the nucleus sheath, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, various types of vacuoles, and plasma membranes. [38]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

This system has a variety of functions, including protein synthesis and modification and transport of proteins to membranes and organelles or outside the cell, lipid synthesis, and penetration of certain types of toxins. [42]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum represents an expansion of the nucleus sheath consisting of a network (reticulum = 'small net') of membranous channels and interconnected vesicles.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

There are two forms of endoplasmic reticulum, namely rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. [42]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is so called because its surface is plastered with many ribosomes.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Ribosomes that begin to synthesize proteins with specific destination sites, such as specific organelles or membranes, will attach to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The protein formed will be pushed into the inside of the endoplasmic reticulum called the lumen. [43]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Within the lumen, the protein undergoes folding and is modified, for example, by the addition of carbohydrates to form glycoproteins.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The protein is then transferred to another part of the cell inside a small vesicle that pokes out of the endoplasmic reticulum, and joins organelles that play a further role in its modification and distribution.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Most protein goes to the Golgi body, which will pack and sort it out to be delivered to its final destination.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes on its surface.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The fine endoplasmic reticulum functions, for example, in the synthesis of lipids of cell membrane components. In certain cell types, for example liver cells, the delicate endoplasmic reticulum membrane contains enzymes that convert drugs, toxins, and toxic byproducts of cell metabolism into compounds that are less toxic or easier to remove the body. [42]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The Golgi body of the Golgi Agency (named after its discoverer, Camillo Golgi) is arrayed on a stack of flattened pockets of membrane called a sisterna.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

There are usually three to eight sisterna, but there are a number of organisms that have Golgi bodies with dozens of sisterna.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The number and size of Golgi bodies depends on the type of cell and its metabolic activity.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Cells that actively perform protein secretion can have hundreds of Golgi bodies.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

These organelles are usually located between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane. [42]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The side of the Golgi body closest to the nucleus is called the cis side, while the side that is away from the nucleus is called the trans side. When it arrives on the cis side, the protein is introduced into the lumen of the sisterna.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

In the lumen, the proteins are modified, for example, by the addition of carbohydrates, marked with chemical markers, and sorted out so that they can later be delivered to their respective destinations. [43]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Golgi bodies regulate the movement of different types of proteins; some are secreted outside the cell, some are coupled to the plasma membrane as transmembrane proteins, and some are placed inside lysosomes.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Proteins secreted from cells are transported to the plasma membrane within the secretory vesicle, which releases its contents by means of joining the plasma membrane in the process of exocytosis.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The reverse process, endocytosis, can occur when the plasma membrane concaves into cells and forms endocytotic vesicles that are carried to Golgi bodies or other places, for example lysosomes. [42]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Lysosomes Lysosomes in animal cells are vesicles that contain more than 30 types of hydrolytic enzymes to decompose various complex molecules.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Cells reuse molecular subunits that lysosome already deciphered.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Depending on the substance it is deciphering, lysosomes can be of various sizes and shapes.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

These organelles are formed as vesicles that break away from the Golgi body. [42]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Lysosomes decompose food molecules that enter the cell through endocytosis when an endocytosis vesicle joins the lysosome.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

In a process called autophagy, lysosomes digest organelles that do not function properly.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Lysosomes also play a role in phagocytosis, the process that a number of cell types perform to ingest bacteria or other cell fragments to decipher.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

An example of a cell that performs phagocytosis is a type of white blood cell called phagocyte, which plays an important role in the immune system. [42]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Vacuoles Most lysosomal functions of animal cells are performed by vacuoles in plant cells.