Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The mobile technology used at the time was NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) from Europe, overtaken by AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone System), both with analog systems.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Cellular technologies that are still analogous systems are often referred to as first-generation cellular technology (1G).


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In 1995, the first generation CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) technology was launched called ETDMA (Extended Time Division Multiple Access) through Ratelindo operator which is only available in some areas of Jakarta, West Java, and Banten.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Meanwhile in the same decade, GSM (Global Global System for Mobile Communications) technology was introduced that brought mobile telecommunications technology in Indonesia to the second generation (2G) era.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

At this time, Short Message Service (English: short message service) became a phenomenon among mobile users thanks to its frugal and practical nature.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) technology has also begun to be introduced, with its ability to perform data packet transactions.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

This technology is often referred to as two-and-a-half generation (2.5G), then enhanced by EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), commonly referred to as two-comma seven-five generation (2.75G).


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Telkomsel had tried to spearhead this service, but was less successful in attracting many customers [1].


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In 2001, in fact in Indonesia has been known second generation CDMA technology (2G), but not in Jakarta, but in other regions, such as Bali and Surabaya [2].


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In 2004 began to appear the first 3G operator, PT Cyber Access Communication (CAC), which obtained its license in 2003.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Currently, the technology of mobile telecommunication services in Indonesia has reached the third-half generation (4G), characterized by the development of HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access) technology capable of enabling data transfer as fast as 10 Mbps.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

History 1984: Mobile technology introduced in Indonesia Mobile communication technology began to be used first in Indonesia.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

At that time, PT Telkom Indonesia together with PT Rajasa Hazanah Perkasa began to organize mobile communication services by carrying NMT -450 technology (which uses 450MHz frequency) through a profit-sharing pattern.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Telkom got 30% while Rajasa 70% 1985-1992: The use of analog-based cellular technology Generation 1 (1G) In 1985, AMPS technology (Advanced Mobile Phone System, using 800MHz frequency is the forerunner of CDMA today) with analog systems began to be introduced, in addition to NMT-470 technology, a modification of NMT-450 (running at a frequency of 470MHz, specifically for Indonesia) operated PT Rajasa Hazanah Perkasa.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

AMPS technology is handled by four operators: PT Elektrindo Nusantara, PT Centralindo Panca Sakti, and PT Telekomindo Prima Bakti, as well as PT Telkom Indonesia itself.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Regulations in force at that time required the organizers of basic telephone services to partner with PT Telkom Indonesia.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

At that time, mobile phones circulating in Indonesia still could not be put in pockets because of their large size and weight, averaging 430 grams or almost half a kilogram.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The price is still expensive, about Rp10 millions.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In 1967, PT Indonesian Satellite Corporation Tbk (Indosat, now PT.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Indosat Tbk) was established as a Foreign Capital Company (PMA), and only started its business in 1969 in the field of interstate telecommunications services.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In 1980, Indosat officially became a State-Owned Enterprise. 1993: The beginning of GSM development In October 1993, PT Telkom Indonesia started its second generation technology development project (2G), GSM, in Indonesia.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Previously, Indonesia was faced with two options: continue the use of AMPS technology or switch to GSM using 900MHz frequency.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Finally, Minister of the time, BJ Habibie, decided to use GSM technology on Indonesian digital telecommunication system.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

At that time were built 3 base stations (Base Transceiver Station), namely one in Batam and two in Bintan.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Exactly on December 31, 1993, the projects were already on-air.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Batam was chosen as the location for several reasons: Batam is an area that many people are interested in, including Singaporeans.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The close enough distance makes mobile signals from the country can be captured anyway in Batam.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

As a result, Singaporeans who are in Batam can communicate with cheap festive, cross-country but like using local phones.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

So these projects are also intended to shut down signals from Singapore while providing communication services to the people of Batam. 1994: The appearance of the first GSM operator PT Satellite Palapa Indonesia (Satelindo) emerged as the first GSM operator in Indonesia, through Ministerial Decree Tourism, Post, and Telecommunications No. PM108/2/MPPT-93, with initial shareowners are PT Telkom Indonesia, PT Indosat, and PT Bimagraha Telekomindo [3], with service coverage area covering Jakarta and surrounding areas.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In this period, NMT and AMPS technologies began to be abandoned, marked by a trend of soaring GSM subscribers in Indonesia.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Some of the factors causing the spike include, as GSM uses SIM Cards that allow customers to change handsets without changing numbers.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In addition, handset sizes have also been better, no longer as big as 'cast-beaters'. 1995: The advent of wireless landlines Use of GMH 2000/ETDMA technology introduced by Ratelindo.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The services provided by Ratelindo are in the form of Fixed-Cellular Network Operator services, namely wireless landlines.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In the same year, the success of the projects in Batam and Bintan led the government to expand GSM service areas to other provinces in Sumatra.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

To facilitate that, on May 26, 1995, a telecommunications company called Telkomsel, as the second national GSM operator in Indonesia, with joint ownership of Satelindo. 1996: The beginning of the development of GSM services at the end of 1996, PT Excelcomindo Pratama (Excelcom, now GSM-based XL Axiata) emerged as the third national mobile operator.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Telkomsel which has previously successfully penetrated Medan, Surabaya, Bandung, and Denpasar with Halo Card products, began to expand to Jakarta.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The government also began to support mobile business with the abolition of mobile phone import duties.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

As a result, the price of mobile phones can be pressed up to IDR 1 million.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

On 29 December 1996, Maluku was listed as being the 27th province served by Telkomsel.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In the same year, Satelindo launched the Palapa C2 satellite, and went directly into operation in that year as well. 1997-1999: Mobile telecommunications during the time of the monetary crisis In 1997, the Government prepared to grant 10 regional licenses to 10 new operators based on GSM 1800 or PHS (Personal Handy-phone System.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Both are the same as regular GSM, but use a frequency of 1800MHz).


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

However, the 1998 monetary crisis rendered that plan void.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In the same year, Telkomsel introduced the first prepaid product named Simpati, as an alternative to the Halo Card.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Then Excelcom launched Pro-XL as an answer to challenges from its competitors, with its flagship roaming service in 1998.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In that year, Satelindo did not want to miss by launching the Mentari product, with the advantage of calculating the rate per second.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Although in the period 1997-1999 Indonesia was still experiencing severe shocks due to the economic crisis and monetary crisis, people's interest did not change to enjoy mobile services.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The Mentari product launched Satelindo was able to quickly reach 10,000 customers.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In fact, the price of the inaugural card at that time included high, reached above Rp100 thousand and continued to rise in the following year.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Until the end of 1999, the number of mobile subscribers in Indonesia has reached 3.6 million subscribers, most of which are prepaid service subscribers. 2000-2002: Deregulation and emergence of CDMA operators Telkomsel and Indosat obtained licenses as national GSM 1800 operators according to the mandate of the Law- Telecommunication Act No. 36/1999.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The SOE's second mobile service was planned to operate simultaneously on August 1, 2001.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In the same year, short messaging services (English: Short Message Service/SMS) began to be introduced, and instantly became the prime of mobile services at that time.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In 2001, Indosat established PT Indosat Multi Media Mobile (Indosat-M3), which later became the pioneer of GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service) services in Indonesia.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

On 8 October 2002, Telkomsel became the second operator to present the service.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Still in 2001, the government issued a policy of deregulation in the telecommunications sector by opening up free market competition.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

PT Telkom Indonesia is no longer monopolizing telecommunications, marked by the release of Satelindo shares in Indosat.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In late 2002, the Indonesian Government also offloaded 41.94% of Indosat shares to Singapore Technologies Telemedia Pte Ltd (SingTel).


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

This policy caused controversy, which ultimately led the Government to continue to work on buyback/buyback action.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In December 2002, Flexi arrived as the first CDMA operator in Indonesia, under the supervision of PT Telkom Indonesia, using a frequency of 1.900MHz under FWA (Fixed Wireless Access) license.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

That is, the numbering system for each customer uses an area code according to their home city, as used by Telkom's fixed connection-based telephones. 2003-2004: The appearance of the first 3G operator Satelindo launched GPRS and MMS services in early 2003, and became the third Indonesian mobile operator to launch the service.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Through Director General Postel Decree No. 253/Dirjen/2003 dated October 8, 2003, the government finally granted a license to PT Cyber Access Communication (now PT Hutchison 3 Indonesia) as the first 3G mobile operator in Indonesia through a tender process [4], setting aside 11 other participants.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

CAC obtained a license on the UMTS network (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) or also referred to as W-CDMA (Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access) at a frequency of 1.900MHz of 15MHz.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In November 2003, Indosat acquired Satelindo, Indosat-M3, and Bimagraha Telekomindo.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In the end, the three were melted into PT Indosat Tbk.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

So since then, the three have only become subsidiaries of Indosat.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In the same month, PT Radio dan Telefon Indonesia (Ratelindo) changed its name to PT Bakrie Telecom and launched esia product as the second FWA-based CDMA operator, which was followed by the presence of Fren as a trademark of PT Mobile-8 Telecom in December 2003, but with a license CDMA is roaming nationwide, as are generally GSM-based mobile operators.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

PT Indosat Tbk followed later with StarOne in May 2004, also with a CDMA FWA license.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In February 2004, Telkomsel launched EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution) service, making it the first EDGE operator in Indonesia.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

EDGE was able to transfer data at a rate of about 126 kbps (kilobits per second) and became the fastest data transmission technology operating in Indonesia at that time.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Even according to the GSM World Association, EDGE can break speeds of up to 473.8 kilobits/second.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Since April 2004, mobile operators in Indonesia finally agreed to serve MMS services between operators.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

By the end of 2004, the number of mobile subscribers had already broken through approximately 30 million.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Seeing such rapid development, predicted in 2005 the number of mobile subscribers in Indonesia would reach 40 million.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In May 2004, PT Mandara Cellular Indonesia launched its Neon mobile product in Lampung on 450MHz CDMA network.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

But Neon could not develop as a result of losing competition with other telecom operators, until it was eventually taken over by Sampoerna then changed its name to Sampoerna Telekomunikasi Indonesia in 2005, and became the forerunner of Ceria.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

On September 17, 2004, PT Natrindo Telefon Cellular (Lippo Telecom, now PT Axis Telekom Indonesia) obtained its second 3G service license in Indonesia.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The company obtained a frequency allocation of 10MHz. 2005-2008: The era of Indonesian Pertelekomunikasian reform In May 2005, Telkomsel successfully conducted a 3G network trial in Jakarta using Motorola and Siemens technology, while CAC just conducted a 3G network trial on the following month.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

CAC conducts video Phone service tryouts, high speed Internet access, and watches MetroTV broadcasts via Sony Ericsson Z800i mobile phones.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

After going through the tender process, finally three mobile phone operators were determined as winners to obtain 3G service licenses, namely PT Telekomunikasi Cellular (Telkomsel), PT Excelcomindo Pratama (XL), and PT Indosat Tbk (Indosat) on February 8, 2006.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

And at the end of the same year, all three launched 3G services commercially.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In August 2006, Indosat launched StarOne with CDMA2000 1x EV-DO network in Balikpapan.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

At the same time, Bakrie Telecom introduced this service to hold a remote lecture between Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) and California Institute for Telecommunication and Information (Calit2) at San Diego State University (UCSD) California.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The government through Depkominfo issued Permenkominfo No. 01/2006 dated January 13, 2007 on the arrangement of 2.1GHz Radio Frequency Band For Implementation of Mobile Mobile Network IMT-2000, mentioning that the implementation of a local fixed network with limited mobility can only operate in the 1.900MHz radio frequency band up to 31 December 2007.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Networks at these frequencies will be only intended for 3G networks.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Operators are prohibited from building and developing networks on that radio frequency band.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Therefore, based on the decision, the FWA-based CDMA mobile operators inhabiting the 1.900MHz frequency should immediately migrate to the 800MHz frequency.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

At that time there were two operators inhabiting the CDMA frequency of 1.900MHz, namely Flexi and StarOne.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Finally, Telkom cooperated with Mobile-8 in organizing Fren and Flexi services, while Indosat with StarOne products cooperated with Bakrie Telecom's Esia.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The number of mobile users in Indonesia is starting to experience a boom.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The number of mobile service subscribers from the three largest operators (Telkomsel, Indosat, and Excelcom) alone has reached 38 million.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

That does not include CDMA operators.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

This is due to the cheapness of mobile service rates when compared to previous times which is still quite expensive.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

But when compared to the number of Indonesian population which was around 220 million at the time, the figure of 38 million is still quite small.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The carriers still see a huge business opportunity from the mobile telecom industry.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

So, in order to reach a lot of new customers, while retaining old customers, the operators imposed a tariff war that made mobile service rates in Indonesia cheaper.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

But behind the fanfare of cheap tariffs, BRTI (Indonesian Telecommunications Regulatory Agency) and KPPU (Business Competition Supervisory Commission) found an interesting fact, it turned out that the mobile operators have carried out a cartel of mobile service tariffs, by imposing minimal tariffs that can be imposed on among the operators belonging to the cartel [5].


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

One other fact found by BRTI and KPPU is the cross-ownership of Temasek Holdings, a company owned by the Government of Singapore, in PT Indosat Tbk (Indosat) and PT Telekomunikasi Cellular (Telkomsel), which makes mobile service rates quite high.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

So, the government through Depkominfo finally issued a policy that requires mobile operators to lower their rates 5%-40% since April 2008, including a decrease in interconnection rates between operators.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

This tariff reduction will be evaluated by the government for 3 months. 2009-2012: The development of telecommunications in Indonesia in 2009, has been operating a number of 10 operators with an estimated number of subscribers around 175.18 million.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The following is the Table of Customer Gains as of 2009 on each Operator: Most operators have launched 3G and 3.5G services.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

All GSM operators have applied UMTS, HSDPA and HSUPA technologies on their networks, and CDMA operators have also applied CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

As a result of the government's policy on decreasing fares in early 2008, as well as the incessant tariff war of operators, the quality of mobile operator services in Indonesia continues to deteriorate, especially during rush hours, meanwhile, promotional tariffs are often just reasonable- wits, it even tends to harm the consumer itself.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The number of mobile users in Indonesia until June 2010 is estimated at 180 million subscribers, or reaching about 80 percent of the population.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Of those 180 million mobile subscribers, as many as 95 percent are prepaid subscribers.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

According to ATSI (Indonesian Cellular Telekomunikasi Association) records, Telkomsel subscribers until June 2010 reached 88 million numbers, XL about 35 million, Indosat around 39.1 million, the rest were Axis and Three customers.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

President Director of PT Telkomsel, Sarwoto said that in terms of revenue all mobile operators have broken the number of IDR 100 trillion.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The industry is expected to continue to grow, investment continues to increase to around US$2 billion per year, with the number of base stations reaching over 100,000 units.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Prospects of mobile telecommunications in Indonesia In Indonesia, 4G technology began to be introduced, starting with the development of WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) by the Government [12].


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The government as regulator has published three regulations in February 2008 through the decree of Director General Postel No. 94, 95, 96 regarding technical requirements on telecommunication tools and devices at a frequency of 3.3 Ghz, as the frequency to be occupied by WiMAX in Indonesia.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The government itself has prepared a fund of IDR 18 billion for research and development of WiMAX technology in Indonesia, in partnership with several research institutes and universities. [13]


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The government opened internet access to the public while trialling local WiMAX technology for three consecutive months from October 15 to the end of 2008.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

WiMAX itself is the latest telecommunications technology that makes it easy for people to get quality internet connections and perform internet protocol-based telecommunication wireless activities and technologies running at frequencies of 2.3 and 3.3GHz.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Telkomsel has used a frequency of 5.8GHz to test the WiMAX technology.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

However, because it does not have a license license, this operator claims to borrow devices and frequency-use permits from other organizers.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Telkomsel themselves claim they will not commercialize WiMAX, because they prefer LTE (Long Term Evolution) as their future technology.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Telkomsel uses this WiMAX technology for backhaul only.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Meanwhile, Indosat through IndosatM2 products cooperated with Intel to offer computer procurement programs along with wireless internet connections in schools.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The program would later become a forerunner to aim for WiMAX opportunities in schools.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Seeing Indonesia's large population with new mobile penetration almost 50%, there is still a wide open opportunity to reach many new customers.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

In 2012, it is estimated that mobile penetration in Indonesia will reach 80%. [14]


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

On November 14, 2013, telecommunications company Internux launched the first 4G LTE service in Indonesia, Bolt Super 4G LTE.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The technology applied is Time Division Duplex (TDD-LTE) at a frequency of 2300MHz.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Bolt offers data access speeds of up to 72 Mbps. [15]


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

On 3 July 2015, telecommunications company Berca Hardayaperkasa launched the second 4G LTE service in Indonesia, Hinet.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Hinet offers data access speeds of up to 72 Mbps.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

On 27 June 2017, telecommunications company Sampoerna Telekomunikasi Indonesia launched the third 4G LTE service in Indonesia, Net1.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

The technology applied is Time Division Duplex (TDD-LTE) at a frequency of 450MHz.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Net1 offers data access speeds of up to 30 Mbps.


Question: When did the automotive industry enter Indonesia?

Mobile telecommunications in Indonesia

Reference Outside Category:Telecommunications in Indonesia


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The European Union (abbreviated EU) is an intergovernmental and supranational organization, consisting of European countries.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Since 1 July 2013 it has had 28 member states.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The union was established in that name under the Treaty of European Union (better known as the Maastricht Treaty) in 1992.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

However, many aspects of the EU arise before that date through the earlier organization, going back to the 1950s. This international organization works through a combined supranational and intergovernmental system.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

In some areas, decisions are established through deliberations and consultations among member states, and in other areas supranational organ institutions carry out their responsibilities without the need for the approval of their members.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Important organ institutions within the EU are the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the European Court of Justice, and the European Central Bank.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

In addition, there is also a European Parliament whose members are elected directly by the citizens of the member states.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

On 12 October 2012, the European Union was designated as the 2012 recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

EU members have 28 member states, namely the European Parliament confers in Brusel, Belgium and (several times a year) in Strasbourg (France).


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The European Parliament is directly elected by its population.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The beginnings and history of Experiments to unite the European state have begun before the formation of modern states; they have occurred several times in European history.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Three thousand years ago, Europe was dominated by the Celts, and then conquered and ruled the Mediterranean centered Empire of Rome.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The beginning of this unification was created by forced means.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The Franks Empire of Charlemagne and the Holy Empire of Rome united vast territories under loose administration for several hundred years.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Later in the 1800s customs union under Napoleon Bonaparte, and the conquests in the 1940s by Nazi Germany took place only temporarily.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Due to its collection of European languages and cultures, this unification experiment usually involves occupation from an unwilling country, creating instability.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

One experiment of unification peacefully through cooperation and equation of members was made by pacifist Victor Hugo in 1851.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

After World War I and World War II, the desire to establish the European Union intensified, driven by a desire to rebuild Europe and eliminate the possibility of another war.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Therefore, the European Coal and Steel Community was formed by Germany, France, Italy, and the Benelux countries.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

This came about by the Treaty of Paris (1951), signed in April 1951 and started in July 1952.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

After that it was formed also the European Economic Community was established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957 and implemented on 1 January 1958.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Later that community turned into the European Society which was the 'first pillar' of the European Union.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The European Union has evolved from a trade body into an economic and political cooperation.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Major policies From the change of its name from “European Economic Community” to “European Community” to “European Union” signifies that this organization has changed from an economic unity to a political union.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

This trend is characterized by an increasing number of policies within the EU.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

This picture of increased centering is offset by two factors.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

First, some member states have some strong domestic traditions of regional governance.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

This led to an increased focus about European regional and regional policies.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

A Committee of the Regions was established as part of the Maastricht Treaty.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Second, EU policy includes a number of different cooperation.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Autonomous decision-making: member states have given to the European Commission the power to issue decisions in certain territories such as for example competition laws, State Aid controls and liberalisation.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Harmonisation: the laws of member states are harmonized through the EU legislative process, involving the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

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As a result of this EU law is increasingly noticeably present in the systems of member states.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

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Co-operation: Member states, which meet as the Council of the European Union agreed to cooperate and coordinate their domestic policies.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

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Tensions between EU and national (or sub-national) competences persist long in the development of the EU.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

(See also Inter-governmentanism vs. Supra-nationasism (above), Euroskepticism.)


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

All prospective member states must enact legislation in order to align with the joint European legal framework, known as the Acquis Communautaire.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

(See also European Free Trade Association (EFTA), European Economic Area (EEA) and European Single Sky.)


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

See table of countries that took part in a number of initiatives.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

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External policy An external tariff with customs duties, and a similar position in international trade negotiations.


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European Union

Funding for programs in prospective member states and other Eastern European countries, as well as aid to many developing countries through its Phare and Tacis programs.


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Establishment of a single market European Energy Community through the South-East European Energy Community Agreement on Cooperation and harmonization in other territories Freedom for EU citizens to vote in local government elections and the European Parliament in any member state as well.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Cooperation in criminal matters, including mutual intelligence sharing (through EUROPOL and the Schengen Information System), agreements on joint definitions of crimes and extradition procedures.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

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A common foreign policy as a future target, but nevertheless this is still a long time will be realized.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The division between member states (in letter eight) and those members who were then not yet joined (in the Vilnius letter) at the time of the 2003 Iraq storming highlights how far this goal was ahead before he could become a reality.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

A common security policy is targeted, including the establishment of a European Rapid Reaction Unit with 60,000 members for the purposes of maintaining peace, an EU military staff and an EU satellite center (for intelligence purposes).


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

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Joint policy on acylum and immigration.


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Co-funding for technology research and development, through a four-year Draft Program for Technology Research and Development.


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The Sixth draft Programme was in effect from 2002 to 2006.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

EU politics has competence based on EU Treaties and the principle of subsidiarity which states that EU action can only be taken when a goal cannot be adequately achieved by only a member state.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The laws promulgated by the institutions of the European Union are issued in several ways, in general they can be classified into two groups: laws that come into force without the need to measure national scale implementation, and laws that apply to those needs.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The EU administration has seven institutions: the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union, the European Commission, the European Council, the European Central Bank, the European Court of Justice, and the European Court of Audit.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The authority to scrutinise and amend legislation is shared between the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, while executive duties are handled by the European Commission and, on a limited basis, by the Council of Europe (not to be condoned with the so-called Council of the European Union first).


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The monetary policy of the eurozone is regulated by the European Central Bank.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The interpretation and application of EU law and its treaties is ensured by the European Court of Justice.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

In addition, there are also additional bodies in charge of providing advice for the EU or operating within specific areas.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The European Commission The European Commission acts holding executive functions and is responsible for initiating legislation and daily leadership of the European Union.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The Commission also became the motor of European integration.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The Commission works as a government cabinet, with 27 Commissioners working in different policy areas, one person from each member state, but the Commissioners are bound to a commitment to represent the interests of the European Union as merit, not the interests of their respective countries.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

One of the 27 members of the cabinet serves as President of the Commission (currently José Manuel Durão Barroso), appointed by the Council of Europe.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Twenty-six other Commissioners were then appointed by the Council of the European Union with the persuasion of the nominated president.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

After that.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The European Parliament held elections for the approval of all 27 Commissioners as a single body.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

After the Commission President, the most prominent Commissioner is the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign and Security Policy, ex officio the Vice-President of the Commission.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The European Council of Europe briefings the EU, and holds hearings at least four times a year.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The European Council consists of the President of the European Council, the President of the European Commission and one deputy per member state; either head of state or head of government.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The European Council is described by some parties as the “supreme political authority” of the EU.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The European Council is actively involved in negotiating treaty change and defining the EU's policy agenda and strategy.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The European Council uses its leadership role to resolve disputes between member states and EU institutions, as well as to resolve political crises and dissent over controversial issues and policies.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Externally, the Council of Europe functions as a “collective Head of State” and ratifies important documents (for example international treaties and approvals).


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

On 19 November 2009, Herman Van Rompuy was elected as the first permanent President of the Council of Europe.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

On 1 December 2009, the Treaty of Lisboa was enacted and Van Rompuy came into office.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Ensuring external representation of the EU, moving consensus and resolving differences between members is the duty of the President, both during the European Council convocation and in the time period between two convocations.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The European Council (European Council) is an institution different from the European Assembly (Council of Europe), an international organization that is freelancing from the European Union.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The Parliament of the European Parliament makes up half the legislative body of the European Union (the other half being the Council of the European Union, see below).


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

A total of 736 (soon to be 751) Members of the European Parliament (UK: MEP) are directly elected by EU nationals every five years based on proportional representation votes garnered by each political party.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Although the European Parliament is elected nationally, the members sit according to political factions, and not by virtue of their nationality.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Each state has a number of seat allotments which are then divided into sub-national constituencies where this does not affect the proportional nature of the voting system.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union pass laws jointly in almost all regions under ordinary legislative procedures.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

This also applies to EU budget issues.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Ultimately, the Commission is accountable to Parliament, requires the consent of Parliament to take office, and must report back to Parliament as well as subject to criticism or disregard from Parliament.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The President of the European Parliament carries out the role of speaker (speaker) within the parliament and represents the Parliament externally.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The PE President and Vice-President are elected by the European Parliament every two and a half years.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The European Court of Justice of the Council of the European Union Council, or often referred to as the Council, and sometimes as the Council of Ministers, forms the other half of the EU legislative institutions, accompanying the Parliament.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The council consists of a minister from each member state.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The composition of the Board can be capricious and depends on the areas of policy addressed.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Despite the different compositions, the Council was nevertheless regarded as a single body.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

In addition to its legislating function, the Council also performs executive functions in the Joint Policy on Foreign and Security.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The Budget of the Twenty-eight EU member states has an agreed budget of €120.7 billion for 2007 and €864.3 billion for the period 2007-2013.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The budget constitutes 1.10% and 1.05% of the estimated GDP of EU member states for the respective periods.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

By comparison, UK spending for 2004 is expected to be €759 billion, and France is estimated to have spent €801 billion.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

In 1960, the budget of the European Economic Community was 0.03% of GDP.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

In the 2010 budget of €141.5 billion, the largest expenditure item was cohesion & competitiveness, which is about 45% of the total budget, overtaken by agriculture with about 31% of the total budget.


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European Union

Rural development, environment, and fisheries take up about 11% of the budget, the administration about 6%, the EU as a global partner and citizenship, freedom, security and justice are the caretaker, with only about 6% and 1% of the entire EU budget being used in their respective profits- each ihwal.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The European Union's fifth institution, the European Court of Audit ensures that the EU budget is properly accounted for.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

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The Court provides an audit report for each book year to the Council and Parliament.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Parliament uses audit reports to decide between approving or rejecting the Commission's handling of the budget.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The Court also gave opinions and proposals on financial legislation and anti-fraud measures.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The Court of Auditors is legally obliged to give the European Parliament and the Council of Europe “a statement of confidence over the reliability of the accounts and the legality and regularity of the underlying transactions”.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The court has not given absolute approval to EU accounts since 1993.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The picture of the European position Economy When considered as a single entity, the European Union has the largest economy in the world with a 2004 GDP of 11,723,816 PPP.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The EU economy is expected to grow further in the next decade in line with more countries joining the union - and moreover these new countries are usually poorer than the EU average, and therefore it is hoped that rapid GDP growth will help the dynamics of the Union Europe.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Even so the EU will only grow by about 0.3% in the 2nd quarter of 2005, while other industrialized countries such as the United States are expected to grow around 3.2%.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Standard of living Here is a table and three graphs show GDP (PPP) per capita and nominal GDP per capita for the European Union and its members.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The data is for the 2005 estimate and the graph is from 2004.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Source: CIA World Factbook All other figures, source: IMF web site (,,).


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Comparison with other blocks/countries In 2003.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

The color is cyan for the largest number, green for the smallest.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Source: CIA World Factbook 2004, IMF 1 NAFTA Member The name of the European Union in European languages Here is the name “EU” in 24 official languages spoken in the European Union. [1]


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

Reference See also Schengen Agreement 1985 European Council European Commission European Parliament European Central Bank Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

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Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

European Union

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Question: How many countries are there in the European Union?

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Category:International Organizations Category:Nobel Peace Prize Winners Category:Intergovernmental Organizations Category:G20 Countries


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The Seven Provinciën Ship Event (Zeven Provinciën) was a Mutiny that occurred aboard the naval vessel HNLMS [1] De Zeven Provinciën belonging to the Royal Netherlands Navy (Koninlijke Marine) off the coast of Sumatra on 5 February 1933.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

As for the cause was the decision to lower the salaries of Dutch East Indies government employees by 17% announced on January 1, 1933.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The decrease in salaries of employees was an attempt by the Dutch East Indies government to reduce the budget deficit due to the economic depression that hit the world at the time.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

But the decision received a strong challenge from all parties, both European, Indonesian and Eurasian employees in the Dutch East Indies government.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The mutiny aboard Zeven Provincien was overcome by bombing the ship by Dutch naval airplanes.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The beginning of the cause and purpose of this rebellion is still debated, both in public opinion and the prevailing political system of the Dutch East Indies at that time and among today's history.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Dutch scientists, such as Loe de Jong believed that there was an infiltration of the communist movement among the crew, as claimed by right-wing nationalist activists at the time, although instead it made communist movements in the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies feel a fresh wind by making it heroic myth for his movement.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

However, another historian, J. C. H. Blom argues that this rebellion was completely spontaneous and unplanned, stemming from the crews' protest actions against the Dutch East Indies colonial government's policies that would cut their salaries to 17% and the poor conditions of their employment, in beside the bad morale of sailors of the Dutch Navy in those days. [2]


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

From this point of view, the De Zeven Provinciën case is reminiscent of the case of the Invergordon Rebellion that occurred in the Royal Navy a year and a half earlier, which was ended without the use of weapons.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Indeed, Dutch East Indies sailors may have been inspired by the rebellion of his fellow British, which was crowded in the international world at the time.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The Dutch East Indies colonial government's intransigence may have occurred in the context of a colony that was actively moving to demand independence, while the Dutch government still wanted to maintain the status of the colony.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Whereas, cases of rebellion of Royal Navy sailors took place within Britain's own country, making less impact on independence movements in its colonies.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Peter Boomgaard attributes this uprising to the social unrest and strikes that took place in the Dutch East Indies between 1932-1934, which the colonial rule sought to suppress by violent and armed means. [3]


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Background Chronology On 1 January 1933, the Governor General of the Dutch East Indies Bonifacius Cornelis De Jonge announced a policy would cut the salaries of Dutch East Indies colonial government employees (soldiers and civil servants) by 17%.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

On 30 January 1933, in Surabaya, the main base of the Dutch Navy (Koninlijke Marine, KM) took place a massive demonstration of Indonesian sailors against the colonial government, including the command ranks of the Royal Netherlands Navy there.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

They rejected the decision of the Dutch East Indies colonial government.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The command ranks of the KM had actually blocked all the news of the rally so as not to cause greater chaos.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

But the news was leaked by radio to all sailors serving outside Surabaya.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

And finally the news was heard also by Maud Boshart, a Dutch sailor who served on board the Dutch warship Hr.Ms De Zeven Provincien which was on patrol west of Aceh, on January 30, 1933.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

In response to the strike movement, the sailors on board seven conducted a meeting.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Among those who participated in the meeting were Rumambi, Paraja, Hendrik and Gosal.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Knowing that this news was broken, the ship commander and the crewmen conducted a briefing.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

“I hope lest you guys replicate an ugly example of holding a strike also on this ship on the grounds that you can't agree to a decrease in pay,” said Eikenboom, commander of the ship Hr.Ms. De Zeven Provincien.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The threat-pitched speech did not lower the spirit of resistance of the crewmen.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Paraja and Rumambi, two Indonesian bloodied crewmen, led a movement for a mutiny aboard the seven.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

It was also decided that they would bring this Dutch warship to Surabaya.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Paraja and Rumambi encouraged a meeting on land.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Present at the meeting, among others Gosal, Kawilarang, Kaunang, Posuma, Hendrik, Sudiana, Supusepa, Luhulima, Abas, Tuanakotta, Pelupessy, Delakrus, Suparjan, Achmad, Tuhumena, J Parinusa and Manuputi.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Also present Maud Boshart and Dutch sailors who agreed to the rebellion plan.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The culmination of the Mutiny of February 4, 1933, To calm the situation the Dutch officers instead made blunders.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

They held a party at the KNIL cafeteria in Uleelheue, Aceh, disposing of 500 Gulden money, and providing Dutch ladies to dance with indigenous sailors.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

But Indonesian sailors refused to attend.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

In the evening, suddenly a lieutenant partying ashore orders Boshart to bring him home on board.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Turns out the guard officer on board was dead.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

M Sapiya in his book, Seven Ship Mutiny, tells that the guard officer massacred Martin Paradja on the steps of the ship.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The ship had been overpowered by the crew of an armed Indigenous Indies ship.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The cannon is loaded, the turning light is removed.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Martin Paradja and Gosal gave orders.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The look on the faces of the armed indigenous marines looks very harsh, writes Mud Boshart.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

An officer, Baron De Vos van Steenwijk, who was originally still trying to take possession of the marconis room, then retreated and laid down his weapon.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

That was how, on February 4, 1933, at about 22.00 p.m., a long whistle rang to mark the start of the uprising.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

At that time, the ship was docked at Uleelheue Port, Banda Aceh.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The crewmen carried out the retrieval of control of the ship from Dutch hands.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The ship's crew of Indonesian descent was led by Paraja and Gosal, while the crew of the Dutch ship was led by Boshart and Dooyeweerd.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Kelasi Paradja acts in command, Kalalasi First Class Kawilarang who has experience in Europe serves as a navigator.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Rumambi's flatfoot is in the telephone communication department, Hendrik as the fuel regulator, and Corporal Gosal who takes care of the health department.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Moud Boshart in the issue of De Ulienspiegel magazine 3 February 1963, as quoted in Reader's Letter number 3 of the Indonesian Commission of CPN: “I feel saturated, because all night I can not sleep.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The next day the Commander vainly tried to confer and take the heart of the Indonesian sailors who were already in complete control of the Dutch warship.”


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Two Dutch officers in command of the ship, Vels and Bolhouwer, managed to escape the rebels after breaking into a window.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

They jumped into the sea and swam all the way to land.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

On February 5, the leadership of the rebellion issued a press release in three languages, namely Dutch, English, and Indonesian (Malay), informing that the warship Hr.Ms De Zeven Provincien had been taken over by them and was moving to Surabaya.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

“Our intent is to protest against unfair pay cuts and demand that our colleagues detained at an interval be released immediately!” wrote the rebel in his press release.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The reaction of the Colonial Government Hearing the news of this rebellion, the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies was made


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Governor General De Jonge ordered Hr.Ms. Aldebaren's ship to give chase.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Once Aldebaren's ship approached, Kawilarang, serving in the armament, gave a signal it would fire if the ship dared to approach.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Aldebaren's ship retreated and stopped pursuing.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

However, the Dutch did not stop.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

They again sent a minesweeper, Hr.Ms. Goudenleeuw, to conduct the chase.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

But this ship did not dare to get too close.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The cause was that these two pursuing ships had smaller cannons and lost armament than De Zeven Provincien's ships.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Ship seven continued to sail.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

On 5 February 1933 the ship was already at Breueh Island, then 6 February 1933 was at Simeulue Island, then layover at Sinabang on 7 February 1933, and finally on 10 February 1933 the ship De Zeven Provincien had reached the Sunda Strait.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Once entering the Sunda Strait, the warship Hr.Ms. Java, escorted by two torpedo boats, Hr.Ms. Piet Hien and Hr.Ms. Evetsen, instantly overshadowed the ship's movements.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

In addition, to completely incapacitate the insurgents, deployed also a Dornier bomber aircraft.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The commander of Hr.Ms. Java's ship, Van Dulm, sends an ultimatum telegram to De Zeven Provincien's ship to surrender immediately.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

But Martin Paradja and comrades refused to give up.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

“We do not want to be disturbed and will continue the voyage towards Surabaya,” said their reaction to Van Dulm's ultimatum.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

A moment later, Dornier planes began circling aboard De Zeven Provincien, then issued threats.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

However, Martin Paraja and his comrades again declared refusing to surrender.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The Minister of Defence of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Laurentius Nicolaas Deckers, gave permission to carry out the assault with military aircraft.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Then on Friday, February 10, 1933, at exactly 09.18am, the first bomb measuring 50kg began to be dropped, but it had not yet hit the mark.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The second bomb was dropped and squarely hit the decks of the ship.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Rebels provide resistance.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Several people sustained injuries.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

“J Pelupessy got a cut, whereas Sugiono lost one seed of his eye,” Maud Boshart wrote in her memoir in memory of the incident.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The ship turned out not to be equipped with air-attack parrying cannons.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Martin Paradja was killed at the time of the bombing.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seeing many victims overflowing, Kawilarang who changed Paradja's position as leader, finally declared surrender and asked for immediate medical help.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

In total 545 indigenous crewmen and 81 Dutch crewmen were detained.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The surviving indigenous rebels were brought aboard Hr.Ms Java and Dutch rebels were taken on board Hr.Ms Orion to Onrust Island. 20 indigenous crew members and 3 Dutch crew members were also declared dead from the attack.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Among the fallen were Sagino, Amir, Said Bini, Miskam, Gosal, Rumambi, Koliot, Kasueng, Ketutu Kramas, Mohammad Basir, and Simon.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Kawilarang, being considered the one leading the rebellion after Paradja's death, was sentenced to 18 years in prison.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

So it is with Maud Boshart, who is subject to 16 years in prison.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

While the others were sentenced to 6 years and 4 years.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The rebels aboard De Zeven Provincien were eventually detained on Onrust Island, in the Thousand Islands, off the coast of Batavia.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Most of the rebels died and were buried on the island.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The impact of this rebellion was among others: Governor General De Jonge received an attack on his discretion from all phlegms, including from the group of Europeans in the Dutch East Indies.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Especially because of some European sailors who helped Indonesian sailors, such as Mud Boshart.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The Nationalists became scapegoats against the events of the rebellion, causing the Dutch East Indies government to more closely supervise the activities of the nationalists; government interference against all political parties in the Dutch East Indies deepened.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

The colonial government issued a new regulation of Hatzai Artikelen, domana of political figures, such as Hatta and millionaires of ahrir banished to Boven Digul, following Soekarno banished to Ende.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Scrutiny of political movements tightened.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

A number of mass media at that time were exposed also, in breidel and editorial leadership detained, such as Daily Soeara Oemoem owned by Dr. Soetomo dibreidel.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Its editor-in-chief, Raden Tahir Tjindarboemi, was detained, tried, and imprisoned.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Raden Tahir Tjindarboemi, after graduating from Nederlandsch Indische Artsen School (NIAS) in Surabaya, preferred to be a journalist rather than being a Dutch doctor.


Question: Who is the leader of the Seven Provinces Ship Event

Seven Provinces Ship Event

Category Reference:History of Indonesia


Question: What is the name of the largest Jewish community in Indonesia?

Moroccan Jews

Moroccan Jews (Arabic: اليهود المغاربة, Hebrew: יהדות מרוקה) are Jews living in the territory of Morocco.


Question: What is the name of the largest Jewish community in Indonesia?

Moroccan Jews

Jews first came to Morocco after the destruction of the First Temple of Jerusalem.


Question: What is the name of the largest Jewish community in Indonesia?

Moroccan Jews

They settled among the Berbers.


Question: What is the name of the largest Jewish community in Indonesia?

Moroccan Jews

After the issuance of the Edict of Alhambra in 1492 which expelled Jews from Spain, there came the second wave of Jewish arrivals from the Iberian Peninsula.


Question: What is the name of the largest Jewish community in Indonesia?

Moroccan Jews

This wave changed Moroccan Jewish identity to Sephardi Jews following the Sephardi liturgy of Al-Andalus.


Question: What is the name of the largest Jewish community in Indonesia?

Moroccan Jews

At its peak in the 1940s, there were 250,000 Moroccan Jews.


Question: What is the name of the largest Jewish community in Indonesia?

Moroccan Jews

Moroccan Jews and their descendants today can be encountered Israel, Canada, Spain, the United States, and Venezuela.


Question: What is the name of the largest Jewish community in Indonesia?

Moroccan Jews

In Morocco itself there is a community of 2,000-2,500 people, while in Israel they are the second largest Jewish community (with approximately 1 million inhabitants) after Russian Jews.


Question: What is the name of the largest Jewish community in Indonesia?

Moroccan Jews

Outside Links Reference (French) David Bensoussan,, éd. du Lys, www.editionsdulys.com, Montréal, 2010 (ISBN 2-922505-14-6); Second edition: www.iuniverse.com, Bloomington, IN, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4759-2608-8, 620p.


Question: What is the name of the largest Jewish community in Indonesia?

Moroccan Jews

ISBN 978-1-4759-2609-5 (ebook); Diana Muir Appelbaum “The Last Berber Jews”, Jewish Ideas Daily, August 10, 2011, Category:Ethnic groups in Morocco Category:Jewish diaspora


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Expressionism was part of the Mannerism movement.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Expressionism is the tendency to change reality for the sake of causing emotional effects.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

It represents a subjective work of art.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Expressionism is embodied in different types of art such as painting, literary works, theatre, film, architecture and music.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

The term expressionism is closely related to anxiety.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

In general, painters Matthias Grünewald and El Greco could be referred to as expressionist painters although in practice, the term was only used 20th century.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

The origin of the term Expressionism does not refer to a particular movement.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

The term was used by Herwald Walden in his magazine Der Stum of 1912.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

The term is commonly associated with the work of German painting and graphics on the displacement of centuries and opposition to academic tradition—particularly by the Der Bleau Reiter group.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Friedrich Nietzsche, a philosopher, held an important role in creating modern expressioism by clarifying and animating the once-derided flow of ancient art.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

In “The Birth of Tragedy”, Nietzsche presents a theory of ancient dualism in aesthetic experience that is Apollonian and Dionised—a dualism between false “sculpting art”, inspired from lyrical dreams, identity (the principium individuationis), sequence, regularity, peace; and the original “musical art” that inspired by the combined bitterness, forgetfulness, chaos as well as the joyful ending of identity.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

A suitable analogy to describe this stream are the two hostile but inseparable sons of gods.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

According to Nietzsche, these two things are present in any artwork.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

The main characteristic of Expressionism is Dionisian: bold colors, irregular shapes, endless, two-dimensional and without perspective.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Expressionism is more commonly known as art that expresses deep emotions.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Although some people say not all artists are expressive, generally the process of creating artwork is based on a deep emphasis on emotional communication.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

This kind of art often arises during social conflicts.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Through the traditional graphic arts tradition, we can see accounts of 15th century events in Europe during the Church Reformation, the peasant Wars, the Spanish occupation of the Netherlands, rapes, robberies as well as prolonged periods of chaos and pressure.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Aesthetically, the expressionist work isn't great but the flow has the ability to evocate the audience's emotions through drama as well as fear through the images shown.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

The 1910 Czech art historian, Antonín Matějček, attributes expressionism as opposed to impressionism: “An expressionist wants to express himself... (Expressionists reject) direct perception.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

They construct more complex psychic structures... impresssions (impresssions) and embossed mental images are filtered to find the true core which is then assimilated and solidified into more general and type-like forms carried out through simple fast symbols and formulations .”


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

(Gordon, 1987) Visual Artists Some of the earlier 20th century visual artists include: German: Heinrich Campendonk, Emil Nolde, Rolf Nesch, Franz Marc, Ernst Barlach, Wilhelm Lehmbruck, Erich Heckel, Otto Dix, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Fritz Bleyl, Max Beckmann, Dear Felixmüller, Carl Hofer, August Macke, Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler, Ludwig Meidner, Paula Modersohn-Becker, Gabriele Münter, Max Pechstein and Käthe Schmidt Kollwitz.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Austria: Egon Schiele and Oskar Kokoschka Russia: Wassily Kandinsky, Marc Chagall, Alexei Jawlensky and Natalia Goncharova.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Netherlands: Charles Eyck, Willem Hofhuizen, Jaap Min, Jan Sluyters, Vincent Van Gogh, Jan Wiegers and Hendrik Werkman Belgium: Constant Permeke, Gust De Smet, Frits Van den Berghe, James Ensor, Floris Jespers and Albert Droesbeke.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

France: Georges Rouault, Gen Paul and Chaim Soutine Norway: Edvard Munch, Kai Fjell Switzerland: Carl Eugen Keel, Cuno Amiet Hungary: Tivadar Kosztka Csontváry Portuguese: Mário Eloy Poland: Henryk Gotlib Ireland: Sean O'Casey, Oscar Wilde USA: Ivan Albright, Milton Avery, Thomas Hart Benton, George Biddle, Hyman Bloom, Peter Blume, Peyton Boswell, Charles Burchfield, Paul Cadmus, John Steuart Curry, Stuart Davis, Elaine de Kooning, Willem de Kooning, Beauford Delaney, Joseph Delaney, Edwin Dickinson, Arthur G. Dove, Norris Embry, Philip Evergood, Hugo Gellert, John Graham., William Gropper, George Grosz, Louis O. Guglielmi, Philip Guston, Marsden Hartley, Charles Hawthorne, Albert Kotin, Walt Kuhn, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Rico Lebrun, Jack Levine, Alfred Henry Maurer, Alice Neel, David Park, Clayton S. Price, Albert Pinkham Ryder, Ben Shahn, Harry Shoulberg, Raphael Sohael, Joseph Stella, Harry Sternberg, Henry Ossawa Tanner, Dorothea Tanning, Max Weber, Hale Woodruff, Karl Zerbe.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Group of Expressionist Painters There was never a group of artists who called them “expressionists”.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

The movement originated in Germany and Austria and began to cause influence on young American artists in the time of World War II.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Norris Embry (1921-1981) and Oskar Kokoscha studied this stream in 1947 and 43 years later they made a large body based on the Expressionist tradition.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Norris Embry is called the “First German-American Expressionist”.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Other American artists in the late 20th and early 21st centuries developed distinct movements that are generally considered parts of Expressionism.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Another notable artist who came from the German Expressionist “school” was Wolfgang Degenhardt who was born in Bremen.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

After working as a commercial artist in Bremen she moved to Australia in 1954 and became quite well known and sought after in the Hunter valley region.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

His paintings depict the Australian psyche and the problems of the world but are presented in a German expressionist style.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

There are a number of expressionist groups in painting, including Blaue Reiter and Die Brücke.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

The first group was based in Munich while the second group was based in Dresden (but later moved to Berlin).


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Die Brücke had a longer active period than Der Blaue Reiter which only lasted for one year (1912).


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Expressionism exerted its influence on painter-painters of sorts Munch, Vincent van Gogh even on African artworks.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

The Expressionists also inspired the work of the Fauves in Paris.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

American expressionism and particularly Boston figurative expressionism were integral to American modernism in the time of World War II.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Boston figurative expressionists include Karl Zerbe, Hyman Bloom, Jack Levine, David Aronson, Philip Guston.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Boston figurative expressionists post-World War II were further eliminated by the development of abstract expressionism centered in New York City.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Furthermore, in the 20th century (post world war II) figurative expressionism exerted a major influence on artists and gerkan (art) around the world.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

New York's Figurative Expressionism, the 50s represented American figurative artists such as Robert Beauchamp, Elaine de Kooning, Willem de Kooning, Robert Goodnough, Grace Hartigan, Lester Johnson, Alex Katz, George McNeil, Jan Muller, Jackson Pollock, Fairfield Porter, Larry Rivers and Bob Thompson.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Lyrical abtraction, the Tachisme of the 1940s and 1950s in Europe was followed by artists of sorts Georges Mathieu, Hans Hartung, Nicolas de Staël and others.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

The abstract expressionism of the 1950s was followed by American artists such as Arshile Gorky, Jackson Pollock, Franz Kline and Willem de Kooning and others.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Some of these were instrumental in developing figurative expressionism.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

In the Lyrical Abstraction of the United States and Canada began late in the 1960s and 1970s.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Neo-Expressionism represents an international revival movement born late 1970s and has centres in different parts of the world: Germany: Anselm Kiefer, Georg Baselitz etc; US: Jean-Michel Basquiat, Eric Fischl, David Salle and Julian Schnabel; France: Rémi Blanchard, Hervé Di Rosa etc; Italy: Francesco Clemente, Sandro Chia and Enzo Cucchi; English: David Hockney, Frank Auerbach and Leon Kossoff Many other artists from different countries joined Neo-Expressionism.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

With influences from the Pauves, Expressionism is manifested in manasuka colors and rough compositions.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Expressionist artists fought French impressionism focused solely on visual renditions of objects only.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

They seek to portray emotions and subjective interpretations.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

For them, the emotional reactions arising from strong coloring and dynamic composition are more important than a good artistic look.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Meanwhile, the chairman of Der Blaue Reiter, Kandinsky, said that even simple colors and shapes can excite the audience's emotions.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

This is what made him move to abstraction.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

In other media Expressionism is also used to explain other art forms.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Sculpture Some engravers who wear this style include Ernst Barlach.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Movies Some expressionist movements in the world of film remind us of German Expressionism.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

The films include: Robert Wiene's The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), The Golem: How He Came Into the World (1920), Metropolis (1927) by Fritz Lang and Nosferatu by F. W. Murnau, and a Symphony of Horror (1922).


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Literary Works In literary works, Franz Kafka's novels are often called expressionist.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Expressionist poems appeared widely in German-speaking countries.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

The most influential expressionist poets were Georg Trakl, Georg Heym, Ernst Stadler, Gottfried Benn and August Stramm.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Theatre In the early 20th century, there was a large Expressionist movement in Germany where Georg Kaiser and Ernst Toller were the most famous playwrights.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Other theatre playwrights were Reinhard Sorge, Walter Hasenclever, Hans Henny Jahnn, and Arnolt Bronnen.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

They made August Strindberg (Swedish playwright), Frank Wedekind (German actor and playwright) as their former models.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Oskar Kokoschka's short drama “Murderer, The Hope of Women” (1909) is often called the first expressionist drama sebgai.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Inside the play, a nameless man and woman fight for domination.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

The man called the woman.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

The woman stabbed and imprisoned the man.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

The man managed to break free and the woman died at his hands.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

End of the story, the man kills everything around him in the tub “kills mosquitoes” (as mentioned in the story).


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Extreme simplification of characters to equal mythical type, vocal effects, dialogue declamation and profound intensity characterize subsequent expressionist dramas.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Expressionist dramas often dramatize the spiritual awakening and suffering of the protagonist—often called Stationendramen (stop plays) inspired by Jesus' journey on the Way of the Cross.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

August Strindberg has pioneered this form with his autobiographical trilogy “To Damascus”.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Expressionist plays often dramatize resistance over bourgeois values and existing power—often personified in Father figures.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

In Sorge's The Beggar (Der Bettler), a crazy father rants about digging up the riches of the planet Mars.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

In the end, she manages to poison her son's brain which in fact is the main role in the story of the play.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

While in Bronnen's Parricide (Vatermord), the son stabbed his tyrant father to death in order to eliminate his mother's insane sexual desires.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

In expressionist plays, conversation is strongly emphasized, whether broad and rapsodic or short and telegraphic.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

The director Leopold Jessner is best known for his expressionist works and the sudden appearance of the drawn rungs that became his trademark on the stage.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

In the 1920s, expressionism became very popular among American theaters.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Works staged include works by Eugene O'Neill (The Hairy Ape, The Emperor Jones and The Great God Brown), Sophie Treadwell (Machinal), and Elmer Rice (The Adding Machine).


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Music Main Article: Expressionism (music) Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern and Alban Berg, members of the Second Viennese School, made works called Expressionists (Schoenberg also made expressionist paintings).


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

Another composer who followed in their footsteps was Ernst Krenek, who is often considered part of the expressionist music movement.


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

The distinction of expressionist composers with modern composers such as Maurice Ravel, George Gershwin and Igor Stravinsky is the conscious use of atonality to free their art forms from traditional tonality (a melodic feature based on scale).


Question: How many parts of the Mannerism movement are there?

Expressionism

They also wanted to express the subconscious, the “deep essence” and suffering through a deeply inharmonious musical language.