Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

And when they migrated to Eastern parts their lands became disjoined and their provinces divided, and there was a king in China and a king in Qitai and a king in Yugur. —Marwazī Muslim writers see Khitai, Gansu Uighur highway and Kashgar as part of “China” culturally and geographically, with Muslims in Central Asia maintaining a legacy from Chinese rule in Central Asia by using titles such as “Khan of China” (تمغاج خان) (Tamghaj Khan or Tawgach) in the Turkic language family and “the King of the East in China” (ملك المشرق (أو الشرق) والصين) (malik al-mashriq (or al-sharq) wa'l-ṣīn) in Arabic, which is the title of the Muslim rulers of the Kara-Khanid Khanid and the ancestors of the 12 Karluks.] [13] See also South East Turkestan, Turkestan Conquest of Russia in Turkestan Reference Further Reading V. V. Barthold's “Turkestan Descends to Mongol Invasion” (London) 1968 (3rd Edition) René Grousset's “L'empire des steppes” (Paris) 1965 David Christian's “History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia” (Oxford) The Year 1998 Vol.I Svat Soucek “History of Inner Asia” (Cambridge) 2000 Vasily Bartold “Работы по Исторической Географии” (Moscow) 2002 English translation: V. V. Barthold “Works on the History of Geography” (Moscow) 2002 Baymirza Hayit.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

“Sowjetrußische Orientpolitik am Beispiel Turkestan.”


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

Köln-Berlin: Kiepenhauer & Witsch, 1956 Hasan Bülent Paksoy Arts and Crafts of Turkestan (Arts & Crafts) by Johannes Kalter.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

Desert Road to Turkestan (Kodansha World) by Owen Lattimore.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

Turkestan was down for the Mongol Invasion. by W. BARTHOLD.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire by Daniel Brower.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

Tiger of Turkestan by Nonny Hogrogian.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

Turkestan Reunion (Kodansha World) by Eleanor Lattimore.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

Turkestan Solo: A Journey Through Central Asia, with Ella Maillart.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

Haymirza's baymirza.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

“Document: Soviet Russian Anti-Islamic-Policy in Turkestan.”


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

Düsseldorf: Gerhard von Mende, 2 vols., 1958.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

Haymirza's baymirza.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

“Turkestan im XX Jahrhundert.”


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

Darmstadt: Leske, 1956 Baymirza Hayit.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

“Turkestan Zwischen Russland Und China.”


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1971 Baymirza Hayit.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

“Some thoughts on the Turkestan problem” Turkestan Institute of Research, 1984 Baymirza Hayit.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

“Islam and Turkestan under Russian rule.”


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

Istanbul:Can Matbaa, 1987.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

Haymirza's baymirza.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

“Basmatschi: Nationaler Kampf Turkestans in den Jahren 1917 bis 1934.”


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

Cologne: Dreisam-Verlag, 1993.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

Mission to Turkestan: Being a memoir of Counting K. K. Pahlen, 1908-1909 by Konstantin Konstanovich Pahlen.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

Turkestan: The Heart of Asia by Curtis.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

The Carpet Tribes of Afghanistan and Turkestan by Jack Frances.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

The Heart of Asia: A Russian History of Turkestan and the Central Asian Khanates of the Early Times by Edward Den Ross.


Question: Where is the Turkistan area leteak?

Turkistan (region)

Category:Divided Regions Category:Geography of Central Asia


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt or A. C. Kruyt (), was a Dutch Calvinist missionary, ethnographer, and theologian.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He was the first person to pioneer the gospel in Central Sulawesi, especially in Poso. [1]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Born in Mojowarno, East Java in 1869, he grew up in the middle of an evangelist family. [2]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In 1977, Kruyt was sent to the Netherlands to be steeped in missionary science.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He returned to the Dutch East Indies in 1890, and was stationed in Gorontalo.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The Dutch Missionary Institute (Nederlandsch Zendeling Genootschap) sent and assigned him to open a new gospel post in Poso, located on the southern shore of Tomini Bay. [3]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt began his work in 1892. [4]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Although the first years of his work were judged to be a failure, the first baptisms took place in 1909 and continued to grow in the years after. [5]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The territory of the gospel which he pioneered until the 1920s, continued to extend through the highlands and mountains to the Gulf of Bone in the south. [6]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt left the Dutch East Indies for good and returned to the Netherlands in 1932.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In January 1949, he died in The Hague.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt is known for his methods of ethnosociological approach.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In his duties as a missionary, he chose to blend in and study the state and civilization of peoples first. [7] [lower-alpha 1] He developed the concept of ethno-missiology as well as introducing the term zielestof to his theory of animism and dynamism.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt is considered one of the leading theorists, missionaries and ethnographers of the early 20th century period. [10]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The mission he pioneered in Poso and Central Sulawesi is recognized as one of the greatest successes in the Dutch East Indies. [6]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

His works on ethnography and gospel message—particularly in Central Sulawesi— are considered an “outstanding” source of information. [11]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The book, co-authored with Nicolaas Adriani, titled De Bare'e-Sprekende Toradja's van Midden-Celebes is considered one of the best publications on the field of ethnology, and served as a major source in research by scholars and researchers.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Early life 1869-1877: The family and childhood of Albertus Christiaan Kruyt was born on 10 October 1869 in Mojowarno, East Java.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He was the 6th of 8 children.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

His father was named Johannes Kruyt whereas his mother was named Dorothea Johanna van der Linden, and both were also NZG emissaries who settled in Mojowarno.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Her siblings were named Arie Kruyt, Hendrik Cornelis Kruyt, Niescina Margaretha Anna Kruyt, Maria Kruyt, Adriana Kruyt, Marinus Kruyt, and Christina Catharina Kruyt. [12]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

His great-grandfather Maarten Kruyt married Catharina Schoonevelt van der Kloet of Noordwijk.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Their son Arie, was born in Voorhout and became a pharmacist in The Hague.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He married Maria van Besoyen, daughter of a savior from Maassluis. [13]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Between 1827 and 1841 they were endowed with nine children. [lower-alpha 2] Kruyt never learned to know his ancestors.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He died when Kruyt was three years old and lived with his parents in Mojowarno, Indonesia.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Through his family story, Kruyt wrote that his ancestor was a “kind and pious man, a father who gave his children a rigorous education using old-fashioned reading. “[13]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

His grandfather Arie was involved in various chaplaincy in Dutch reformed congregations, and he had good relations with former pastors in The Hague.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

This friendly relationship influenced Kruyt's theological climate and his spiritual education. [14]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt described her grandmother as a woman with “intimate good feelings, someone with a simple heart who informed her the mysteries of God”.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Every morning, her grandmother read the NRC, the daily newspaper Dagblad van Zuid-Holland en's Gravenhage and Het Vaderland.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

This kind of calm environment also affects Kruyt. [13]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

At night, his family regularly participated in Bible circles, praying for missions and giving sermons on religious subjects.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Church services are only ignored if there is a good reason for it.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt described his grandfather and grandmother as “true Christians”. [15]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Whenever her mother —Dorothea— was about to give birth, their family moved from Mojowarno to Surabaya to await the delivery process.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt's adolescence was filled with anxiety, especially with regard to his mother.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt called the enormous fear of being abandoned by his parents a “strange phenomenon” he could remember.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt returned to the Netherlands in 1877, with his one-year-old brother, Jaantje.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Before he departed, his mind was not calm because he saw his mother from a distance. [16]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt would never see his mother again because he died young.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Dorothea died on 11 July 1881 and was buried in Malang.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt dismisses the fact that his mother has died.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

“She (Dorothea) never thought of leaving my father's side for her children, not only because she understood her place as a wife, but also because she worked happily in missionary work”. [17]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

His father described Kruyt as a man of knowledge and humility, with common sense and a high sense of duty. [16]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

His father was a zealous man, and at the same time was also a strict man.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Talking about both parents and the way they educate, she points out differences in educational styles.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

His father had trouble educating his many children, while his mother preferred a rather free style of education. [18]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

At an early age, looking back on his youth in Mojowarno, Kruyt described this period as a happy time because children knew that constancy was infused with a vengeance and lovingly: “Children felt that his heart had reached them and until his old day, they happy with him”. [19] 1877-1890: Education in Rotterdam On June 15, 1877, Kruyt arrived in the Netherlands [20] and stayed temporarily with his grandmother at Plaats 7 in The Hague.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Her two older sisters also live there. [21]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In September of the same year, he went to a small missionary school, part of the “Huis Den Arend” in Rotterdam. [21]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

It was home to missionary children under the direction of J. W. Roskes and his wife (daughter of the Neurdenburg mission director). [21]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt was part of a group of 11 boys who went to different schools.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

His two older brothers, Arie and Hendrik were training at higher missionary schools. [21]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Arie began evangelizing in 1882 and Hendrik caught up with him in 1884.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt often made contact with his brothers, for example with a view to exchanging letters from Mojowarno. [21]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt didn't have close enough school friends.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

“I don't need them, and this feels unnoticed by the others”. [22]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

If a person wants to befriend him, he tends to withdraw, even asking the person to leave.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He wants to help others and he “likes to meet them”, but one does not have to force themselves to be familiar and dependent on him.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Late in his life, he came to the conclusion that he wanted to serve others, yet he also did not want the services of others for himself. [23]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

During his time in Rotterdam, Kruyt rarely went to the reformed church.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He did not understand his sermon and therefore visited the Sunday School of the Association for the Promotion of Missionary Cases held in the NZG Chapel.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He also regularly went to the Roman Catholic Church.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

During his holidays in The Hague he visited the children's church of Bethlehem.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Through his grandmother he contacted his cousin Cornelis Hendricus van Rhijn, who later guided Kruyt's spiritual during the religious crisis....


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

There is no reason for us not to give you a diploma, given the value of your heart which means to convey the Word of God to the people of Infidels.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

— Haagsche Commissie.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

On April 26, 1884, Kruyt sent a written letter to the NZG board with an application that he may take the missionary training entrance examination. [24]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He has obtained full permission from his father.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

On September 15, 1884, he completed the entrance examination. [25]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In the exam, the Haagsche Commissie, the commission entitled to assess the results of a person's studies and interest in ecclesiastical work declared his eligibility to become a missionary.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The minimum age for admission is 15 years, corresponding to his age at the time. [25]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Director Neurdenburg supported Kruyt's plea despite his very young age, as there have been frequent cases of prospective missionaries in training deciding to quit. [25]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In his view, Neurdenburg argued that younger candidates had better morale and that this would provide better assurance of running errands.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

His brothers, Arie and Hendrik were among the first group of youth admitted. [26]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Given his thorough training, Kruyt's exam was very easy and he received higher marks than any other prospective student. [27]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Roskes' husband-wife was appointed again as manager of the school [lower-alpha 3] [28] and Kruyt was again under their supervision and influence.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt was very modest about his motives and options for the entrance exam: “Of course I would be a missionary, and I was never given the opportunity to become the other”. [29]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

However, he wonders if his life would have been different if he had previously had an HBS diploma or gymnasium to be skipped.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

“The great struggle I had to complete later, (...) made me suspect that the course of my life would change if I had not already given my word to the Mission”. [30]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt came to the conclusion that the traditions already rooted in the Missionary School had determined his way of life. [31]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

So, in the summer of 1884, I made a request to the central board of the Nederlandsch Zendeling Genootschap for training; I was not 15 years old at that time.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Then I often wonder: what brought me up to taking a step like this.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

And I can't find any other answer than that tradition has led me there.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

— Albertus Christiaan Kruyt. [32]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Missionary training lasts for seven years, the first three years are used for learning languages and mathematics.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In the following four years, studies focused on theology, mission history, missiology, languages and religious studies of the Indies.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Throughout his studies, he learned Malay.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt collaborated with his classmate Tammo Jacob Bezemer on the study.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

By the end of the training, they had mastered the Malay language well and tested it to the NZG director using the Minahasa newspaper, Tjahaja Sijang. [33]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He also studied Javanese for four years.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Through Kruyt's fine training, he was placed in a higher grade with the older aspiring missionaries. [lower-alpha 4] Through preparatory training and additional lessons, Kruyt considered his preparation better than others. [35]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

On 3 October 1889, Kruyt and Hein Hiebink Rooker took the examination for the Commission on Protestant Church Affairs in the Dutch East Indies and West Indies with reasonably good results. [36]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

To complete his achievements in study and preparation for leaving for the field of the gospel, Kruyt spent another year learning about health science and practice at Rotterdam Township Hospital under the care of Dr. van der Hooven.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

When he returned to Indonesia, he learned a lot about how to approach people through health care from his older brother Arie who is also an evangelist.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In the same year, Kruyt met Johanna Hendrika Moulijn, who would later become his wife. [37]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt was ordained pastor on July 19, 1890, [lower-alpha 5] and married Johanna on November 12, 1890. [38]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Career as a Placement missionary in Gorontalo In the Dutch East Indies, the newly stationed Assistant Resident of Gorontalo, Gerrit Willem Wolter Carel Baron van Höevell, was alarmed by the strong influence of Islam in the region. [39]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

This phenomenon led van Höevell to make efforts to suppress that influence by asking the gospel agency to open a new post in his administrative area.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

By coincidence, the NZG was looking for new mission areas, as they feared that it would run a surplus of missionary graduates who would soon carry out their own missions.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Van Höevell increased the pressure on the NZG by attempting the possibility of opening a Catholic mission, before finally the offer was accepted by the NZG. [40]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

On 16 July 1890, during a meeting of the central board of the NZG, Kruyt was appointed to begin his work in the Dutch East Indies and was to be stationed in Gorontalo. [41]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

There was a problem because NZG would not pay travel expenses for his wife, who would also participate.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt briefly pleaded for the council to at least pay some of his costs, but was rejected on the grounds that such action would cause internal problems within the NZG body.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The fee —about 700 ƒ— was ultimately paid by his family. [42]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The first period at Poso Kruyt set its foot on the southern shore of Tomini Bay, near the mouth of the Poso River.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

At that time, the inland region was not yet occupied by the colonial government.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The locals were then subservient to the Islamic Kingdom of Luwu to the south, and two smaller kingdoms, Sigi and Tojo, but their connection to these kingdoms was mainly of a mythical and ritual character.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

A few years later, the Dutch Nederlands Bijbelgenootschap (Bible Society) sent linguist Nicolaus Adriani, to assist Kruyt with translating the Bible.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

They left their mark on Dutch missionary work in Indonesia during the first decades of the 20th century.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In many aspects, Kruyt's approach was still using systems from the 19th century.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He tried to find a school, learn the local language, give small gifts to those present at Sunday worship services, and provide medical assistance for the sick and injured.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

However, in some ways he took a different stance.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Second period in Poso At first, Kruyt, like his predecessors in other mission fields, tries to “prove” that the spirits and forces feared and worshipped by the Torajans are not real, and do not exist.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

But people do not accept his “scientific” opinion.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt decided to understand their stance and stop attacking their religion directly.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Instead, he argues that the God with the message he carries with him is more powerful than the local deities and spirits.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

It's a level of arguing that people can understand.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

A few years later, to prove such, in a village were laid out two sets of gardens: one accompanied by customary rituals, the other without any rituals, with the aim of seeing which would do better.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

When there was no difference at all, the village declared that they were ready to embrace the Christian faith.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

However, Kruyt argues that direct “attacks” on traditional religions are not enough.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Like his predecessors from the 19th century, he wanted the message of the Gospel to penetrate into people's hearts and lead them to personal conversion.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

But better than they were, he understood that to touch the deepest part of his audience, he had to know the prevailing patterns in their minds.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

So he began to study local religion and culture in several other areas of the Dutch East Indies with an intensity without precedent in the mission of evangelism, which made him one of the foremost ethnographers of his time, cited also by foreign scholars, and earned him a doctorate Honoris Causa of Utrecht University in 1993.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Perhaps what made him a new breakthrough in this aspect was the fact that, as his West Papuan-minded colleague, F. J. F. van Hasselt, was the son of a missionary, for whom indigenous people and their way there were things he saw from his earliest youth.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

His magnum opus was De Bare'e-Sprekende Toradja's van Midden-Celebes (The Pamona-speaking Toraja People of Central Sulawesi), totaling three volumes, which he published jointly with Adriani.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Nevertheless, after seventeen years, the first baptism took place.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In fact, since 1898, one of the most influential indigenous leaders, Papa I Wunte, expressed his readiness to become a Christian.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

However, out of a sense of responsibility for the unity and well-being of his people, he felt he could not take this step alone.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Unlike 19th-century missionaries in general, Kruyt respected this attitude and did not urge him to advance individually.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Others also feel similar, feeling attracted by the new religion, but they are too much attached to traditional societies.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In addition, people in the Poso area were alarmed by their Muslim Rulers in Palopo, who officially forbade them from changing their religion.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The bond with Luwu is more than political: Luwu is an example of the old way of life; if it ignores this rule, it will gain supernatural sanction from the spirit (belief).


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt, who realized that the message of the Gospel in Poso required strategic support means, namely establishing schools.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In 1891, Kruyt began to visit many villages around Poso Coastal.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

One of the efforts made by Kruyt was to establish schools in Panta and Tomasa villages in Pebato (Poso Pesisir) which was the first school established by Kruyt in 1891, and followed by other villages in Pebato area including Malitu village, Poso Pesisir Selatan.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

At first the opening of schools in the Pebato area met obstacles for several reasons, first, the Poso people's view that schools aimed to educate Dutch slaves.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Secondly, there is a public view that free school fees are an attraction, but then it will be required to pay and if not able to pay then the child will be used as a guarantee.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Third, there was pressure from the Luwu Kingdom and the Sigi Kingdom, for the Poso people not to be allowed to school, because it would rival their cleverness.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Fourth, there is a public assumption that schools will ruin the indigenous lives of poso people.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Fifth, schools will undermine parents' authoricity, and children don't need to be smart.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

To meet the needs of teacher personnel, air conditioning.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt from the beginning brought teachers from Minahasa, namely J. Sekeh, M. Kalengkongan, Kaligis, Kolondam, Posumah were the first teachers to come to Poso.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Since 1904 every village in the Poso region began to establish a People's School (Volkschool), and the people felt that education was so beneficial that they supported the construction of school buildings on a self-help basis.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The need for teachers still brought in from Minahasa, but as the number of Volkschools continues to grow so to address the needs of teachers in 1915 was established Vervolgschool, and Vervolgschool graduates were appointed teachers in Volkschool (SR).


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Recognizing the growing need for teachers, Kruyt thought about the need to establish a Teachers' School (Kweekschool), with the intention that Volkschool teachers begin to be recruited from poso people themselves and not dependent teachers from outside the area (Minahasa).


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt's thinking received a response from the Nederlands Bijbelgenootschap (NBG) in the Netherlands, and on 27 January 1913, the Hollandsche Indische Kweekschool (HIK) (Teachers' School) was established in Pendolo, and Kruyt was set to be the principal assisted by A. Possumah.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Cursus Teacher School for Volka Onderwijers (CVO) or Opleiding for Volks Onderwijers (OVO) was established in Pendolo, with a study period of 2 years, with the number of students of the first batch of 14 people, 1 person from Pebato, 1 person from Napu, 2 people from Bancea, 6 people from Wingke Poso, and 4 people from Lage.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In 1917 was founded the Earth School Putera Hollandsch-Inlandsche School (HIS) in Poso.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

A western model form of education, using Dutch as the language of introduction, with a 7-year study period.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Pupils of this school are preferred from children of nobility and prominent figures without distinguishing ethnic and religious groups.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Until 1932, the number of HIS students was 167 people, including 21 people were natives of Poso.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

By the end of 1893, Kruyt had already settled in Poso.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In the course of his evangelism many villages were removed from the mountain and approached the road.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In 1896 Kruyt along with Nicolaus Adriani organized a long journey aimed at freeing the entire population in Poso lands from the rule of Datu Luwu in Palopo.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt headed to Makassar and asked the Dutch Governor there to grant Datu Luwu a letter of release of power over the Land of Poso.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

With the issuance of the letter, Datu Luwu was unable to do anything and his power ended in the land of Poso.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

For his efforts and work in 1897, Kruyt was awarded the Star of Oranje Nassau by the Dutch East Indies government.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In 1932, Kruyt with his wife returned to the Netherlands.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He had pioneered the planting of gospel seeds for the inhabitants of the Land of Poso.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In the Netherlands, Kruyt became a member of the Zending administrators and gave the idea to have Teachers' School in Poso developed into Teologia education school because Zending would be difficult to adapt to the life of the Poso community.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt expects that the churches of the results of the gospel in Central Sulawesi can establish one ecclesiastical organization themselves.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

This hope arose after he heard that in North Sulawesi had been born the Gospel Church in Minahasa in 1934 and in Maluku had been born the Moluccan Protestant Church in 1935.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

At that time there was World War II, so the relationship of evangelism was severed and Zending was under a lot of stress.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In such circumstances, the elders and teachers of the congregation inevitably must independently take care of their respective congregations.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

After the war ended, the independence of the congregation was tested and began to establish fellowship of new churches.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

On October 18, 1947, the Central Sulawesi Christian Church (GKST) went on and declared itself as one of the church fellowships in Indonesia.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

This news became a favorite for Kruyt in his late life, watching his evangelical work stand as an ecclesiastical organization.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Travel throughout the Dutch East Indies and departure After his departure from Poso, Kruyt travelled from Minahasa to Halmahera in January 1905, [43] where he wished to begin his research on “native religion”.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In the first week of February, Kruyt returned from Halmahera.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

During his stay in Minahasa from February 6 to 26, 1905, Kruyt met Samuel Schoch (1873-1912), who was an assistant preacher at Sonder from 1903 to 1908.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Schoch planned to build a hospital, but Kruyt thought he had better engage in the study of paganism in Minahasa that still remained.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

After his stay in Minahasa, Kruyt went to Donggala.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

There he lived in the home of Assistant Resident A. J. N. Engelenberg.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

During this period, Kruyt was well aware of plans for military intervention in Central Sulawesi that Engelenberg planned.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Engelenberg wanted to avoid unnecessary violence.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The methods used in Aceh are indeed suitable for conquering people, but not for organizing them.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In his letters, Kruyt indicated that he agreed with Engelenberg's plan, in the interest of his spectating of the gospel.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He wrote, “he wanted what I wanted in the mission of evangelism in politics”. [44]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The third period in Poso The dynamics and progression for the third period went very quickly and left Kruyt and his work struggling to keep up with the pace of change. [45]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

By the time of Kruyt's return, Central Sulawesi had been placed under the rule of the Dutch East Indies through military intervention.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Gerrit Noort called during this period, the situation of Central Sulawesi was still in an “uncomfortable” condition, especially in the Mori region. [45] [lower-alpha 6] Immediately after the conquest, the government announced many policies that had widespread repercussions for the population of Poso.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Villages had to be moved from hilltops to valleys, the introduction of new methods of agriculture and rice fields, road building, prohibiting pagan culture and animism, as well as stopping waving. [45]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

These various policies considered Kruyt would lead to the transition of society towards Christianity.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Those who experience confusion and mobility of conscience will seek refuge to missionaries, who act as guides in the constantly changing social situation of society. [45]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The first baptism to Christianity occurred in 1909, when Papa i Wunte and a number of his followers were baptized by Hofman.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

This process then continued to take place smoothly in the following few years.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The NZG soon dispatched several missionaries to support Kruyt, Hofman and Adriani in their work. [45]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Fourth period in Poso In 1932, when it became known that himself would be discharged in the short term, Kruyt received a letter from Snouck Hurgronje informing him that the curator of Leiden University wanted to propose Kruyt to the government for appointment as director National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden. [46]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

If Kruyt is willing to accept this post, then he will be proposed.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt stated that he gladly accepted this offer, and that he did not object to the possibility that himself would leave earlier than Poso.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt replied to Snouck Hurgronje's letter and stated that he was ready to accept his new position, although he was overwhelmed with doubts about whether he could do this job properly. [46]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt has spent all his life in remote areas and he doubts if he can work properly in Europe.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

One of his reasons in accepting this offer was because Snouck considered him suitable for the position and Kruyt argued that missionary work in Central Sulawesi was no longer in the pioneering phase, but was already in a developmental phase. [46]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In Kruyt's view, the folk schools he pioneered there had an important role with the aim of understanding the Gospel better through education. [lower-alpha 7] On this consideration, Kruyt saw it as a good time to shift his work to someone else, and it was his son. [46]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

On 18 November 1932 at Tanjung Priok Port, Kruyt and his wife hitched a ride on the steamer Kota Nopan and left from the Dutch East Indies for good.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

By the time of their departure, about 139 congregations had formed and more than 25,330 members had enrolled.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

After Kruyt's departure, the growth of the church still continued. [46]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Back in the Netherlands and last years Initially Kruyt and his wife lived with the family in Nijmegen, but at the end of May 1933 they moved to a house on the Schuytstraat in The Hague. [47]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In Oegstgeest, he attended meetings of the central board of the NZG for many years as a “highly experienced and authoritative” member.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

At the NZG Missionary Training School (Zendingsopleiding), he served as a teacher, in order to impart his rich knowledge and insight to the younger generation.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The absence of an appointment with a relation makes Kruyt able to focus on a new job.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He was able to divide time between administrative work, scientific contact with his partner, the publication and publishing of his work, as well as teaching at the school. [47]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

His son Jan actively sent letters with him, [48] mostly to inform the development of the mission in Central Sulawesi.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The intensity of these letters briefly decreased after 1935.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Around April or May 1935, his daughter Miep died as a result of a car accident.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

News of his death is also not in the archive of family letters. [49]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The big day of his life was on October 18, 1947, when the Christian Church of Central Sulawesi was officially established, with a membership that reached 80,000.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

This incident is considered a very rare event for Kruyt, after 55 years he pioneered the gospel and could see his work into a stand-alone ecclesiastical organization. [50]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The death of JMPL|Ka|Funeral of Oud Eik en Duinen in The Hague On 19 January 1949, Kruyt died.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He was buried in the cemetery called Oud Eik en Duinen in The Hague.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

A cross with text reads “And salvation is in no one but in him, for under this heaven there is no other name given to man by whom we can be saved”, Acts 4:12, was placed on his tomb. [51]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt's thought was heavily influenced by the 19th-century concept of unilinear evolution, which was the evolution of the development of religions. [52]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He spent his childhood reading the works of Jan Hendrik Scholten, a scientist from Leiden University.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt was raised and trained during an important historical transformation of the Netherlands which had consequences for the religious mission and colonial policy.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The development of the Netherlands as a modern democratic state is strongly linked to the process of verzuiling (pilarization).


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The dynamics of verzuiling that occurred in the Netherlands also influenced his thinking, theory, and mission. [53]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In his ripe age, he also admired the work of renowned anthropologists such as George Alexander Wilken and Edward Burnett Tylor. [54]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

His views were greatly influenced by the thought of Johan Christiaan Neurdenburg, who was also friendly with him.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Although Neurdenburg's views on the development of religion were not further explained than his views on human development, his thinking became the basis for Kruyt's vision of the evolution of religion. [55]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Indigenous and cultural In his duties as a missionary, Kruyt's approach was based on the idea that if the conversion —the displacement to Christianity— did not give significant results, then the conversion should be done gradually and by involving the entire community of the community.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

On this basis, Kruyt shifted the focus of his mission to culture, with the aim to produce a Volkskerk, the folk church that would become the embodiment of society.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He believes that the conversion should be done gradually. [56]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He also criticized government efforts that sought to freeze customs by way of classification.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt treats religions —at least religions other than Christianity— as cultures, depending on the suppleness of those cultural forms.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In this regard, he argues that custom is not a fixed tradition, because if the circumstances of society change, the custom itself will also change. [57]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt's religion and beliefs are much influenced by Wilken's analysis, both with regard to the historical and social development of society and with regard to the concept of “animism”, which holds that primitive religion is a form of original religiosity.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

At first, Kruyt distinguished three stages of religious development: namely Christianity as the highest stage and animism as the lowest, he elaborated on the concept of “spiritism”, the intermediate stage, which he described as belief in the surviving soul after death.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He would then add one new stage into animism: dynamism.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt links evolutionary religious development to evolutionary social development.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Before 1905, Kruyt's thoughts on animism gradually took shape in the practice of missionary work he carried out in Central Sulawesi.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

His theological views on religions are slightly evenly distributed. [58]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt revised one of the theories regarding differences in animism and spiritism.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He referred to animism as belief in the common substance of the soul, [59] whereas spiritism as a belief that worshipped certain souls and spirits, was recognizable, and of an eternal nature.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Animism was created under the conditions of a genuine “communal” society, in which the individual was collectively classed.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt considers spiritism to represent evolutionary progress, and mentions that the traits of individuality —usually by chieftains— could have arisen in the middle of society. [60]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt later developed his own theory of ancient human religion based on the theory of supernatural forces established by Robert Henry Codrington and Robert Ranulph Marett.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt's theory states that ancient humans were generally convinced that there was a subtle substance —another name is sucma— that gave the power to live and move to many things in the universe.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

This delicate substance, by Kruyt is called zielestof and is contained in the body of humans, animals and plants. [lower-alpha 8] A person can also add to his zielestof by taking certain substances, for example blood.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Belief in zielestof, referred to Kruyt as “animism”. [61]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

This theory was made based on the conclusions he drew regarding the substance sucma, since Kruyt himself had never heard anyone else speak of this. [62]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Anthropology and ethnography In the period up to the publication of the Hittite book Animism in den Indischen Archipel (1906), Wilken's influence on Kruyt can be seen in the early ethnological research that began systematically on the culture and religion of the Pamona people.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

One of Kruyt's first ethnological articles, De legenden der Poso-Alfoeren aangaande de eerste menschen (1894), explicitly refers to Wilken in the first page (as well as the last) with respect to typical indications for the concept of “soul”.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In this article, Kruyt describes data on the creation myths that developed around the Pamona people and mentions a number of similarities to the creation story of a biblical nature.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Although he wrote for the magazine Medeelingen NZG, a particularly striking feature in the article suggests that he did not add a missionological or theological appreciation to the creation myth.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In this early period, Kruyt clearly wanted to contrast his ethnological research with his work as a missionary. [58]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt introduced the term Toraja to refer to the people who inhabit the inland region in the middle of Sulawesi Island.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The word is used to replace the term Alifuru introduced by Johann Gerard Friedrich Riedel—because it is considered pejorative. [63]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt then categorized the Toraja into 3 groups, namely Toraja Sadang who are generally settled in the Sadang valley, the Toraja Parigi-Kaili who inhabit the Palu Valley and the coast of Tomini Bay, as well as the Toraja Poso-Tojo who mostly dwell in the region around the river and Lake Poso, also in some Tojo region. [64]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The classification carried out by Adriani is also similar, only that it differs slightly in the process.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

If Kruyt's classification is the result of his ethnographic research, then the classification of Adriani's version is more emphasized on linguistic studies.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Adriani used the term Toraja West for Toraja Parigi-Kaili and Toraja Timur for Toraja Poso-Tojo. [65]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

This labelisation is not opposed by other academics.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Walter Kaudern, a Swedish ethnologist, criticized the widespread application of the Toraja label by Kruyt. [66]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kaudern then divided again the three categories of Toraja's version of Kruyt into four categories.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He retained the Toraja Poso-Tojo (East) and Sadang (South) groups and then divided Toraja Parigi-Kaili (West) into Toraja Palu and Toraja Koro categories. [66]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Other researchers and academics such as Priyanti Pakan, Mashudin Masyhuda, Andi Mattulada, and Lorraine Aragon have also rejected the application of the term Toraja for residents of Central Sulawesi. [67]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt's politics and government were the only Dutch—other than Adriani—who had deep knowledge of the Poso region.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The political influence Kruyt gained became apparent when a royal prince of Tojo, who was a trade competitor of Ong Hi Bie, was banned from trading by the Dutch East Indies government at his request in 1897. [40]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In 1905, ten years after the first controller was placed in Poso, Kruyt —who possessed language, cultural and understanding power structures in the region— acted as an extension of the government's hand, translator, and administrative advisor to the controller. [68]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He stated that one of the major factors of the underdevelopment of this area, was the low population level.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

This phenomenon was influenced by the slavery system as well as child mortality rates that ranged between 22 and 57%, ignorance about basic hygiene systems and coupled with traditional home architecture that allowed the spread of disease.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Traditional agricultural methods and the intensity of work in such methods exacerbate the possibilities in bearing children.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Population scarcity, according to Kruyt, creates an oversupply of land, which in turn deprives any stimulation from the population to improve their farming methods. [69]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

After the Poso region was conquered in a series of military campaigns in 1906, Kruyt as a “government confidant adviser”, established cooperation with the Dutch East Indies Department of the Interior Government (Binnenlands Bestuur) in determining policies and priorities for the new region conquered. [6]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

These included policies of village relocation and unification, abolition of slavery, head-hunting and shaman, and adoption of rice paddies. [70]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

After his return to the Netherlands, Kruyt occupied various administrative positions, such as membership of the NZG board and positions in core management of the cooperating mission agencies. [71]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He continued to attend council meetings until 1949, the year of his death.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt, who occupied a position as director, voiced various opinions related to missionary work.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Those who want to go to carry out gospel messaging missions must graduate from missionary school first. [71]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He argued that Western-educated academics would not be able enough to open up to the ideas of Indonesians and therefore not fit to lead people who still embraced animism to convert to Christianity. [72]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt theology holds that Christianization and conversion to Christianity are not forever hand in hand.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He realized that the transition to Christian faith and belief would take place based on collective decision, which would be initiated by someone with an important position in society.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt wanted those who professed Christian faith and belief to be the “best people” of the tribe who were still disbelievers and still maintained primitive customs.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He was convinced that individual conversion would only play a subordinate role in the transition to the Christian faith so he did not expect a profound spiritual reversal in those who had become Christians. [73]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt expects real “spiritual” faith, which the magical element will disappear in the short term.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

His attention continues to the gradual development of faith: the spiritual character of belief in God will begin to grow in a slow process.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Ido Hendricus Enklaar wrote in this link that Kruyt was completely alien to all emotions and blind repentance. [74]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt's legacy is widely regarded as a pioneer in the field of ethnology and mysiology in the Dutch East Indies, especially in Central Sulawesi.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Joost Coté called him the “most important” missionary outside Java at the end of the Dutch East Indies colonial era. [75]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He added that Kruyt's influence in shaping modern missionary discourse was important. [76]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

His works are referred to as a new path to understanding the customs of alienated tribal cultures and able to pioneer far beyond the scope of his field of activity in Central Sulawesi. [77]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Steven van Randwijck calls him a “pioneer”, through the renewal of his missionary methodology and through his efforts to better understand pagan peoples with their tribal religion, and adds that Kruyt has received “unparalleled” authority within the circle of mission work. [78]”


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt —a missionary, biblical translator, researcher and ethnographer— a figure who died, among the Dutch public, became a well-known and highly esteemed figure.”


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Willem Rassers, Herdenking van Albertus Christiaan Kruyt [79] Willem Rassers called Kruyt to be very well known and respected in the Netherlands. [79]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Thomas van den End also shows the great influence of Kruyt.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He discussed Kruyt's vision in two general considerations about the mission and history of the church in Indonesia.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The first consideration —about missionaries and their policies— relates to the emergence of evolutionary thought and its influence on missionary thought regarding religion and culture.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Van den End calls Kruyt's influence on missionary methodology great, but also mentions that the Reformed and evangelical missions rejected his evolutionary vision.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Gerrit Noort considered this a correct observation, but Kruyt's evolutionary ideas were not shared by anyone among the Reformed Church. [80]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The work “The encouragement of various parties that I publish my writing in printed form, and with the consideration that my brothers in the Dutch East Indies could test their own experiences using my writing, made me decide to publish these materials.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

May this edition serve to promote the delightful and beautiful work of the Mission.”


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt, De Inlander en de Zending [81] His work as a missionary and ethnographer, is poured in the form of writing.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt belongs to a prolific author, hundreds of works he has written have been published in various forms. [50]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

At the beginning of his working life, he heavily clobbered contributions to the annual magazine of the NZG, Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsch Zendelinggenootschap.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt argues his works were not only published to increase people's interest and interest in the message of the gospel, but also to promote it. [81]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In addition to his series of articles he wrote in magazines and newspapers, some of them have been published in book form, such as Het Animisme in den Indischen Archipel (1906), Van Heiden tot Christen (1926), Zending en Volkskracht (1937) and many other separate articles discussing native life in Central Sulawesi.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

His major work was De Bare'e-Sprekende Toradja's van Midden-Celebes book published in 1912.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt wrote the first two volumes and Adriani wrote the third volume on the Pamona language. [82]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

After Adriani's death, Kruyt resumed his pending translation of the bible in the Pamona language.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The project was completed in 1933, a year after he returned to the Netherlands.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt's return to the Netherlands increased his productivity.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

He was now able to compile and publish a large number of materials and documents he collected during his time in Central Sulawesi.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt also prepared a second edition of the revised version for De Bare'e-Sprekende Toradja's van Midden-Celebes book published in 1951. [50]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Kruyt's huge productivity, took many people by surprise.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

As he was asked about how he could possibly find time to write so many articles in the midst of his work as a missionary, he gave the following answer: “When I spend a lot of time at home, I often have trouble sleeping.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

As I woke up, the idea to write an article just came to me, and then it would repeat itself the next night.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

It leaves me with time to arrange or revise any rewriting I made.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

And when I come home, I just have to write it down”. [83]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Selected publications His notable works include: Het Animisme in den Indischen Archipel (1906) De Bare'e-Sprekende Toradja's van Midden-Celebes (1912, 1914, 1951) with Adriani Van Heiden tot Christen (1926) De West-Toradjas op Midden-Celebes (1938) Personal life Contacts he established with a theology student in Utrecht brought together Kruyt with his wife.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Cornelis Didericus Moulijn, a student —who would later become his brother-in-law— and also friend of Jan Gerretsen, [84] began to establish contact with Kruyt because he also wanted to become a missionary.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Moulijn was then accepted to attend missionary training. [85]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

During the Easter holiday of 1889, Kruyt spent time in Nijmegen with the Moulijn family and became acquainted with his future wife —Johanna Hendrika Moulijn [86] —and began a relationship with her.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

In 1889, he asked the board of the NZG for permission to become engaged.


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

Through a letter dated June 30, 1890, she requested permission to marry just before being sent to the Dutch East Indies. [37]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

The council accepted this request, and they married on November 12, 1890. [38]


Question: Who is the architect of the Evangelical A.D. Church?

Albertus Christiaan Kruyt

See also Christianity in Poso Nicolaas Adriani Johannes Kruyt Note Reference Footnotes Source Book templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |last2= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |translator-last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |last2= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 ( help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |last3= at position 1 (help); 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templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help); Check date values in: |access-date=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: date and (year link) Cite uses deprecated parameters |dead -url= (help); Check date values in: |access-date=, |date=, |archive-date= (help) Cite uses deprecated parameter |dead-url= (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help); check date values in: |access-date=, |archidate=, |archidate= () CS1 maint: date and year (link) List library Primary source templatestyles stripmarker in |editor= at position 1 (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |editor-last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help); templatestyles stripmarker in |editor-last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help) Primary publication templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= position at 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help) templatestyles stripmarker in |last= at position 1 (help) Outside links Media related to Albertus Christiaan Kruyt at Wikimedia Commons at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Category:Netherlands Theologians Category:Figures from Jombang Category:Calvinist and Reformed Theologians Netherlands Category:Christian missionaries in Indonesia


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Main Page Harry Potter is a series of seven fantasy novels created by British author J. K. Rowling.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

The novel chronicles the adventures of a teenage wizard named Harry Potter and his best friends, Ronald Bilius Weasley and Hermione Jane Granger, who are students at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

The centerpiece of the stories in these novels centers on Harry's attempts to defeat an evil black sorcerer named Lord Voldemort, who ambles to become an immortal, conquer the magic world, rule over nonwitches, and destroy anyone who gets in his way, especially Harry Potter.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Since the release of the first novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (in Indonesia, published under the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone) on June 30, 1997, the series has gained great popularity, critical acclaim, and worldwide commercial success. [1]


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Some critics also lambasted negative criticism, mainly because of its dark themes.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

As of July2013, the series has sold approximately 450 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling series novel of all time, and has been translated into 73 languages. [2] [3] The last four novels have consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

By containing many genres, including fantasy and bildungsroman (with elements of mystery, fun stories, adventures, and romances), the series has spawned many cultural meanings and references. [4] [5] [6] [7] According to Rowling, the main theme in the series is death. [8]


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

There are also other themes, such as prejudice and corruption. [9]


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Early publishers of the Harry Potter novels were Bloomsbury in Great Britain and Scholastic Press in the United States.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

In addition, the series has been published by various publishers around the world, including Indonesia, published by Gramedia Pustaka Utama.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

The entire novel, with the seventh novel divided into two parts, has been adapted into eight film series by Warner Bros. Pictures, and became the most successful series film of all time.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

The Harry Potter series has also produced various story-related trademarks, making the Harry Potter brand worth more than $15bn. [10]


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

In addition, related to the success of her novels and films, Rowling has become the richest author throughout literary history. [11]


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Harry Potter has also served as the theme of theme parks such as The Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Islands of Adventure, Universal Parks & Resorts.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

The plot of the novel tells about Harry Potter, an orphaned boy who at the age of eleven learns that he is a wizard, living in an ordinary world of nonmagic, or Muggle. [12]


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

His magic abilities were innate and he was invited to attend a school that taught about magic skills and knowledge. [13]


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Harry later becomes a learner at Hogwarts School of Magic, and there most of the novel's story takes place.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

At Hogwarts, Harry through his teenage years, he learned to overcome various problems he faced: magic, social and emotional, including ordinary adolescent problems such as love, friendship, and school exams, as well as the greatest exams to prepare him in the face of confrontation is in front of him. [14]


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Each novel tells about a year of Harry's life, [15] with the events of the novel taking place between 1991-1998. [16]


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

The story of the novel also contains many flashbacks, which Harry often experiences when viewing the memories of other characters through a magic object called the Pensieve.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

The sucking environment created by Rowling is completely separate from reality, but still inextricably linked to each other.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

If the fantasy land of Narnia is an alternate world and the Central World of the Lord of the Rings is a magical world, then the magic world of Harry Potter in parallel exists within the real world containing magical versions of ordinary elements in everyday life.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

In Harry Potter, many institutions and locations are recognizable, for example London. [17]


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

The world of Harry Potter consists of a set of hidden streets that mere mortals ignore, ancient drinking grounds, a castle in a deserted region, and a remote castle invisible to the Muggle population. [13]


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Early years In the first chapter in the first novel, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, it is told that an extraordinary event has taken place in the wizarding world, an event so extraordinary, even the Muggles see the signs.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Background regarding this extraordinary event and the figure of Harry Potter is revealed gradually throughout the series.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

After the introductory chapter, the story of the novel jumps years later, the moment before the eleventh anniversary of Harry Potter, and at this point, the background of Harry Potter begins to unfold.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Harry's first contact with the wizarding world was through a giant half-human named Rubeus Hagrid, a keeper and caretaker at Hogwarts.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Hagrid reveals about Harry's past history. [18]


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Through Hagrid's story, Harry learns that as a baby, he witnessed the murder of his parents by an evil black wizard named Lord Voldemort, who then also attempted to kill him. [18]


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

For unknown reasons, the spell cast by Voldemort to kill Harry turns to him.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Harry survives by leaving a lightning strike-shaped scar on his forehead as evidence for the attack, and Voldemort disappears.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

After surviving Voldemort's attack, Harry becomes a living legend in the wizarding world.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

However, on orders from a distinguished and notorious sorcerer named Albus Dumbledore, the orphaned Harry is entombed on his unpleasant Muggle relatives, the Dursley family.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

The Dursley family is willing to take care of Harry, but decide to keep magical things secret from him in the hope that Harry will grow up “normal”. [18]


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

With Hagrid's help, Harry prepares to have his first year at Hogwarts.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Harry also begins to explore the wizarding world, readers will be introduced to various key locations used throughout the series.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Harry meets most of the main characters in the series, including two figures who will later become his best friends: Ron Weasley, a witch who comes from a family of pure, ancient, but poor witches, and Hermione Granger, an intelligent witch who comes from a family of nonwitches or Muggle. [18] [19] At Hogwarts, Harry also meets the potion guru Severus Snape, who shows his hatred and dislike of Harry.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

The plot of the first book ends with a confrontation between Harry and Lord Voldemort for the second time; Voldemort seeks to regain immortality by means of gaining power from the Sorcerer's Stone, the substance that gives him eternal life, and Harry and his friends strive to thwarted it. [18]


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

The series continued with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, which tells about Harry's second year at Hogwarts.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Harry and his friends investigate a mystery 50 years ago related to a gripping event that re-occurred at the school.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Ron's younger sister, Ginny Weasley, was living her first year at Hogwarts, and found a diary that turned out to be a diary belonging to Voldemort while he was still attending school in Hogwarts.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Ginny is overpowered by Voldemort through her diary and leads her to pave the way to the “Chamber of Secrets”, unleashing an ancient monster that attacks the students at Hogwarts.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

The novel delves into the history of Hogwarts and the legends surrounding the Chamber of Secrets.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

For the first time, Harry learns that racial prejudices regarding “pure blood” and “dirty blood” also exist within the wizarding world, and that while Voldemort was in power, witches of Muggle descent or “mixed bloods” were often made targets of terror.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Harry also learns that he can speak Parseltongue (snake language), the owner of such abilities is very rare and often associated with black magic.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

The novel ends after Harry saves Ginny's life by killing the Basilisk and destroying the enchanted diary that was the source of trouble.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

The third novel, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, tells about Harry's third year at Hogwarts.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

It is the only Harry Potter novel not to feature Voldemort in its story.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Instead, Harry learns that he became the target of Sirius Black, an assassin who escaped from a witchcraft prison, and is believed to be involved in Harry's parents' deaths.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

After Harry is weakened by a dementor—a black magic creature that has the power to devour human souls—who is placed in Hogwarts to protect the school, Harry encounters Remus Lupin, the teacher of Defense Against Black Magic who is later revealed that he constitutes a werewolf.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Lupin teaches Harry top-level defense measures against black magic, especially dementors, which are generally unstudied by students his age.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Harry later learns that Lupin and Black were his father's best friends, and Black was set up by another of their friends, Peter Pettigrew. [20]


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

In this novel, it is revealed that none of the teachers of Defense Against Black Magic survived more than one school year, and this is further recurred in subsequent novels.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Voldemort's Return During Harry's fourth year at Hogwarts (chronicled in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire), Harry is unexpectedly chosen as a participant in the Triwizard Tournament; a dangerous magic contest in which Harry must compete against “hotshot” witches from the magic schools others, and also students from Hogwarts itself. [21]


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

During the tournament, Harry is guided by Professor Alastor “Mad-Eye” Moody, who is later known to be a fraudster—one of Voldemort's supporters named Barty Crouch, Jr in disguise.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

At this point, there is a shift in succession from the previous one only in the form of premonition, conjecture, and uncertainty, into an open conflict.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Voldemort's plan by sucking Crouch into the tournament to bring Harry to him succeeds.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Although in the end Harry managed to escape Voldemort, Cedric Diggory, the other deputy of Hogwarts in the Triwizard Tournament, was killed, and Voldemort re-entered the wizarding world with the physique intact.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

In the fifth book, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Harry again comes face to face with the newly risen Voldemort.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

In response to Voldemort's appearance, Dumbledore reactivates the Order of the Phoenix, a secret, enterprising society from the Sirius Black family home that aims to confront Voldemort's death glutton and protect anyone who is Voldemort's target, especially Harry.


Question: When did Jennifer Anne Garner start entering the world of cinema?

Harry Potter

Although Harry and Dumbledore have explained about Voldemort's return, the Ministry of Magic and most other magic societies refuse to believe that Voldemort has returned. [22]