Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

King Jeongjo also spearheaded bold social initiatives, opening government positions to those previously banned because of their social status.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

King Jeongjo had the support of many Silhak scholars, who supported his power.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

King Jeongjo's reign also saw further growth and development of Joseon popular culture.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

At that time, Silhak's scholarly group encouraged individuals to reflect on the country's traditions and lifestyle, initiating Korean studies that addressed history, geography, epigraphy and language.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Reigns by the besan family After the death of King Jeongjo, the Joseon period faced difficult outer and inner problems.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

From within, the basis of national law and order was weakened as a result of the political “Sedo” (rule of in-laws) by the royal besan family.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The young King Sunjo succeeded King Jeongjo in 1800.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

With Jeongjo's death the patriarch's compromise faction seized power with Queen Mother Jeongsun as the throne holder, whose family had strong ties to the patriarch, and initiated Catholic persecution.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

But after the retirement and death of the Queen Mother, the patriarch was gradually abolished and a faction of sages, including Kim Andong's family, Kim Jo-sun, the queen's father, gained power.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Slowly Kim Andong's family began to dominate the palace. [33]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

With Kim Andong's domination, the era of *sedo* politics or in-law rule began.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The formidable descendants of in-laws monopolize important positions in government, hold power on the political stage, and interfere in the succession to the throne.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

These kings had no monarchical authority and could not rule in government.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The rest of the yangban family, overwhelmed by the power exercised by the kingdom-in-law, could not speak.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

When power is concentrated in the hands of the hereditary kingdoms of in-laws, there is interference in the process of government and corruption is rampant.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Large sums were offered in the form of bribes on powerful breeds to obtain positions of high nominal rank.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Even lower-ranking writings are bought and sold.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

This period which lasted for 60 years, witnessed manifestations of both severe poverty among the Korean population and relentless rebellions in various states.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Externally, Joseon became increasingly isolationism.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Its rulers sought to limit contact with foreign countries.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

End of dynasty In 1863 Emperor Gojong ascended the throne.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

His father, the throne holder Heungseon Daewongun, ruled for him until Gojong came of age.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

During the middle of the 1860s the throne holders were the main proponents of isolationism and instruments of persecution of indigenous and foreign Catholics, a policy that led directly to the French military Campaign in Korea.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The early years of his reign also witnessed great efforts to restore the dilapidated Gyeongbok Palace, the seat of royal power.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

During his reign, power and authority from family in-laws such as Kim Andong declined sharply.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In order to get rid of the families of Kim Andong and Cho Pungyang, he promoted people without reference to political parties or family relatives, and in order to reduce the burden on the people and strengthen the economic base of the nation, he reformed the tax system.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In 1871, the U.S. and Korean armies clashed in the U.S. in an attempt at “gunboat diplomacy” after the General Sherman Incident in 1866.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In 1873, Emperor Gojong announced his assumption in the royal government.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

With the subsequent retirement of Heungseon Daewongun, the prospective Empress Min (later called Empress Myeongseong of Greater Han) became ruling within the palace, placing her family in the high positions of the palace.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Japan after the Meiji Restoration, acquired Western military technology, and forced Joseon to sign the Ganghwa Tract in 1876, by opening three ports for Japanese extraterritorial trade and granting.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Port Hamilton was conquered by the British A.L. in 1885.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Many Koreans resented Japan and foreign influence over their land and the oppressive corrupt rule of the Joseon Dynasty.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In 1881, the Byeolgigun, an elite unit of the modern military was formed with Japanese training.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The salaries of the other soldiers were held back and in 1882 the soldiers rebelled attacking Japanese officers and even the queen was forced to take refuge in the countryside.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In 1894, the Donghak Revolution witnessed peasants rising up in a mob revolt, with peasant leader Jeon Bong-jun defeating the forces of local ruler Jo Byong-gap at the battle of Go-bu on January 11, 1894; after the battle, Jo's possessions were distributed to the peasants.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In May, the peasant army reached Jeonju, and the Joseon administration asked the Qing Dynasty for help to end the rebellion.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The Qing sent 3,000 troops and the rebels negotiated an armistice, but the Japanese considered the Qing presence a threat and sent 8,000 troops of their own, seizing the imperial palace in Seoul and installing a pro-Japanese government on June 8, 1894.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

This triggered the First Sino-Japanese War (1894—1895) between Japan and Qing China who fought mostly in Korea.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Empress Myeongseong of Han Raya (who was referred to as “Queen Min" [34]) sought to counter Japanese interference in Korea and was considering turning to the Russian Empire or to China for assistance.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In 1895, Empress Myeongseong was killed by Japanese agents. [35] [35] The Japanese Minister for Korea, Lieutenant General Vicomte Miura, was convinced of an assassination plot against her.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

A group of Japanese agents [35] entered Gyeongbok Palace in Seoul, which was under Japanese control, [35] and Empress Min was assassinated and her body vandalized in the north wing of the palace.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The Qing claimed defeat at the Treaty of Shimonoseki (April 17, 1895), which officially guaranteed Korea's independence from China.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

It is a rare way to Japan gaining regional hegemony in Korea.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The Joseon Palace which was suppressed by encroachment from larger powers, felt the need to strengthen national integrity and declared the Greater Korean Empire, along with the Gwangmu Reforms in 1897.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Emperor Gojong assumed the title of Emperor Emperor to assert Korean independence.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In addition, other foreign powers are striving for military technology, notably Russia, to fend off Japan.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Technically, the year 1897 marked the end of the Joseon period, as the official name of the empire changed; however the Joseon Dynasty would still rule, albeit interrupted by Japan and Russia.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Inside a complicated series of maneuvers and counter-maneuvers, the Japanese pushed back the Russian fleet at the Battle of Port Arthur in 1905.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

With the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904—1905 with the Treaty of Portsmouth, the way was open for Japan to take control of Korea.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

After the signing of the Protectorate Tract in 1905, Korea became a Protectorate of Japan.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Prince Itō was the Japanese Resident General of Korea, although he was assassinated by An Jung-Geun's Korean independence Movement in 1909 at Harbin railway station.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In 1910 the Empire of Japan finally annexed Korea.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The reign of the Joseon Dynasty was a highly centralistic monarchy and bureaucratic Neo-Confucianism because it was codified by Gyeongguk Daejeon, a kind of Joseon constitution.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The King of Kings had absolute power, but actual power varied with the political situation.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

He was bound by tradition, precedents set by previous kings, Gyeongguk Daejeon, and Confucian teachings.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The king wanted absolute loyalty from his officials and subjects, but officials were also expected to persuade the king to the right path if the latter was deemed erroneous.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Natural disasters were ascribed to the failure of the king, and therefore, the Joseon kings were very sensitive to their events.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

When there is a severe drought or a series of disasters, the king often officially solicits criticism from both officials and citizens, and anything they say or write is protected from prosecution inside the case (although there are some exceptions).


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Officials The government officials have 18 levels, ranging from the first senior rank (,) down to the ninth junior rank (,) based on seniority and promotion, which is achieved through royal decrees based on examination or recommendation.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The players from the 1st senior rank to the senior 3rd rank wear the red shirt and for those from the 3rd junior to the 6th junior rank wear a blue shirt and for those ranked below it wear a green shirt. [36]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The following government officials refer to people occupying the kind of office that gives holders the status of Yangban - semi-hereditary nobility that prevails for three generations.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

To become such an official, one must pass a series of Gwageo checks.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

There are three types of Gwageo examinations - literary, military, etc., among them the most prestigious literary routes.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

(Many of the main posts including all Censor posts were open only to officials who passed through a literary exam.)


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In the case of the literary route, there is a series of four tests, all of which must be passed in order to be eligible to become an official. The 33 candidates selected in this way face the final test of the king to be placed.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The highest rated candidate will be appointed to the junior 6th rank position (a jump from 6 ranks).


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The two candidates with the next two highest grades are appointed to junior 7th rank positions.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The next seven highest rated candidates will be placed in the junior rank 8 and the remaining 23 candidates will be placed in the 9th junior rank, the bottom of the 18 ranks.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Officials with senior 1st rank, junior 1st rank and senior 2nd rank are called “Daegam” (, 大) and for senior rank 2 and senior 3rd rank officials are called “Yeonggam” (,). [37]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

These red-shirt officials were called “dangsanggwan” (, 上), who took part in deciding government policy by attending cabinet meetings.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The rest of the ranking officials are called “danghagwan” (, 下).


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The State Council of the State Council (Uijeongbu,,) was the highest office, whose power declined from time to period of the dynasty.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The Chief State Adviser (Yeonguijeong,), Left State Advisor (Jwauijeong,), and Right State Adviser (Uuuijeong,) is the highest official in the government (All three are of senior 1st rank).


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

They were assisted by the Minister of the Left (Jwachanseong,) and the Minister of the Right (Uichangseong,), both of the junior 1st rank, and seven officials of lower rank.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The power of the Council of State is inversely proportional to the power of


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

There were times where the power was directly controlled by the Six Ministries of Joseon, the chief executive body of the Joseon government and primarily an advisory role under powerful kings.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

State councillors served in several other positions concurrently.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Six Ministers of Six Ministers (Yukjo,,) were drafted into the body of the chief executive.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Each minister (Panseo,) is from the senior 2nd rank and is assisted by a deputy minister (Champan,,), who is rank 2 junior.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The Minister of Personnel is the most senior official of the six ministers.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

As the influence of the State Council degenerated from time to time, the Minister of Personnel was often the de facto leader of the ministry.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The six ministers belong to the order of seniority.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Minister of Personnel (Ijo, 이,) - mainly concerned with the appointment of officials of the Minister of Taxation (Hōjō,,) - taxation, finance, census, agriculture, and land policy Minister of Rites (Yejo,,) - rituals, culture, diplomacy, examinations Gwageo Minister of Military Affairs (Byeongjo,) - affairs military Thief arrest office (Podocheong,,) - public order office of the Minister of Punishment (Hyeongjo,,) - legal administration, slavery and punishment of the Minister of Public Works (Gongjo,,) - industry, public works, manufacturing, mining Three Offices, or Samsa (), constituted the name of the three offices that served as the main organs of the press and provided checks and the balance of kings and officials.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Models drawn from the Chinese system, they played a much more prominent role within the Joseon government than their Chinese counterparts.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In their role as organs of the press, they do not have actual authority to decide or carry out policy, but have an influential voice in the ensuing debate.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The officials who served in this office tended to be younger and of lower rank compared to other offices but had a strong academic reputation and had great privileges and prestige (For example, censors were allowed to drink during working hours because of their function criticizing the king).


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

To be lifted, they are examined even more deeply against character and family background.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The three offices provided the quickest route from promotion to high office and nearly fulfilled the conditions to become a State Councillor.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Office of Inspector General (Saheonbu·) - This office monitors administration and government officials at every level in both central and local governments for corruption, irregularities or inefficiencies.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The office is also tasked with advancing the morals of the people and indigenous Conghucu and resolving grievances from the


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The office is headed by the Inspector General (Daesaheon·), a junior 2nd ranking position, who oversees 30 mostly independent officials.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Office of Censor (Saganwon·) - Its main function is to protest to the king if there are wrong or improper actions or policies.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Important decisions from the monarch are first reviewed by censors, who can withdraw them if judged improper.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The office also issues opinions on public interest affairs.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The office also consists of five officials, headed by a Chief Censor (Daesagan·), of senior 3rd rank.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

While the primary focus for the Office of Inspector General is government officials and the Office of Censor focused on the monarch, the two offices often perform their respective functions and there is much overlap.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Together they were called “Yangsa,” () which means “Both Offices,” and often worked in tandem especially when they sought to reverse the king's decisions.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Special Advisory Office (Hongmungwan·文) - This office oversaw the royal library and served as a research institute to study Confucian philosophy and answer the king's questions.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

His officials took part in a daily lesson called gyeongyeon (), where they discussed the history and philosophy of Confucianism with the king.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Since these discussions often lead to commentary on political issues, officials who have real influence as advisors.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The office is headed by a Head Scholar (Daejehak·), a post-part-time ranking 2 senior working concurrently in other higher positions (such as in the State Council), and the Deputy Head Bachelor (Bujehak·), a full-time position ranking 3 senior who actually runs the office.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

There is a great prestige inherent as Chief Scholar in this very Confucian society.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

(The office was established to replace the Hall of Worthies (Jiphyeonjeon·) after the latter was removed by King Sejo following the occurrence of the Six Martyrs Ministers.)


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Other offices The main offices are as follows: the Royal Secretariat (Seungjeongwon,) works as a liaison among the king and the Six Ministers.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

There are six royal secretaries (), one for each minister, and all of them rank 3 seniors.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Their main role was to hand over royal edicts for ministries and hand petitions from officials and the people to the king, but they also advised the king and worked within other key positions close to the king.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Especially the Chief Secretary of the Kingdom (), liaison to the Minister of Personnel, who serves the monarch in the nearest position of all government officials and often gains great power derived from the king's grace.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Hong Guk-yeong (in Jeongjo's reign) and Han Myeong-hwe (in Sejo's reign) are some examples of royal chief secretaries who were the most powerful officials in their time.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The Capital Office (Hanseungbu,) was in charge of running the capital, Hanyang or what is now Seoul.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Led by Paanyoon (), the 2nd ranking senior who is now mayor of Seoul.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The Office of Royal Inquiry (Uigeumbu,) is an organ of investigation and law enforcement under the direct control of the king.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The office primarily deals with treason and other serious cases that are in conjunction with the king and the royal family and works to arrest, investigate, imprison, and carry out punishment of suspected individuals, who are often government officials. [38]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The Record Office (Chunchugwan,) the officials who wrote, compiled, and maintained the government and historical records.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

It is led by Councillors of State, and many positions are held by officials working in other offices simultaneously.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

There are eight historiographers whose function is to record meetings for history. [39]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Sungkyunkwan or Royal Academy () prepares government officials in the future.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Those who pass the first two stages of the Gwageo exam (literature exam) enter into Sungkyunkwan.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Its class sizes generally contain 200 learners, who live in residential halls and are followed by strict routine and school regulations.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

(Lectures, rooms and lodging are provided by the government.)


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

It also served as a state shrine for Confucianism and the sages of Korean Confucianism.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Student-learner opinions on government policies, especially collective reports and demonstrations, are influential because they represent fresh consensus and do not undermine young scholars.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The leader of the academy is Daesaseong (), of the senior 3rd rank, and 36 other officials from other offices involved in running the academy.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Local government High-ranking officials are dispatched from the central government.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Sometimes royal secret inspectors (Amhaeng-eosa·) were appointed by the king to travel incognito and monitor provincial officials.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

These undercover inspectors were generally younger officials of lower rank but were granted royal authority to dismiss corrupt officials.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Province (Do·) - There are eight provinces, each of which is governed by a Governor (Gwanchalsa·), a junior rank 2 position.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Bu () - administrative officer in charge of major cities in the province.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Each bu is led by a Buyoon (), which is equivalent to the Governor in rank.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Mok () - There are 20 mok, which govern a large district called 'ju' ().


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

They are run by Moksa (), of the senior 3rd rank.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Province (Gun·) - There are eight provinces in Joseon, each headed by Gunsu (), ranked 4 junior.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Hyeon () - The great hyeon is headed by Hyeongryeong () of the junior 5th rank and the smaller hyeon is headed by Hyeonggam () of the junior 6th rank.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Administrative divisions Most of the time of the Joseon Dynasty, Korea was divided into provincial delpaan (do;; 道).


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The boundaries of the eight provinces remained unchanged for nearly five centuries from 1413 to 1895, and formed a geographical paradigm that is still tainted to this day in the administrative divisions of the Korean Peninsula, various dialects, and regional differences.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The names of the eight provinces are still retained today, in one form or another.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Foreign affairs After establishing a new dynasty, Yi asked the new state to enter the royal tribute system under the Ming Dynasty to establish economic relations.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Later, Joseon asked the Ming to fight together against the Japanese.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Relations with the Ming continued until 1637.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The Korean Joseon Population Society is controversial.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Government records from households were considered unreliable in this period. [40]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

One recent estimate gives 6 million at the beginning of the dynasty in 1392, growing irregularly to a peak of nearly 19 million around 1750.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Between 1810 and 1850, the population declined by about 10% and remained stable. [41]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Before the introduction of modern medicine by the rule of the Greater Korean Empire in the early 20th century, the average life expectancy for Korean men was 24 and for women 26 years. [42]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Joseon Korea installed a centralized administrative system controlled by a civilian bureaucracy and military officers called the Yangban.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In the late 18th century, the Yangban acquired most of the traits of the patrician lineage except that the status was based on a unique mix of family positions, the Gwageo examinations for studying Confucianism, and the civil service system.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Yangban families who do not succeed in becoming government officials for the third generation will lose their Yangban status and become commoners.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Mostly the only way to become a government official is to pass a series of Gwageo exams (One must pass the “lighter Gwageo” () exam both of two stages to qualify for the larger Gwageo exam, which again one must pass in in the second of two stages to becoming a government official.)


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Yangban and the king, in labile balance, controlled central government and military institutions.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The proportion of Yangban may have reached as high as 30% in 1800, although there is considerable local variation. [43]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Because the government was small, there were a great many Yangban who were local nobles of high social status but not always high-income. [44] Another 40-50% of the population were slaves (Nobi), “low descendants” (Cheonmin) or untouchable outcasts (Baekjeong).


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Slavery was hereditary, as well as a form of legal punishment.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

There was a class of slaves both by the government and privately owned slaves, and the government sometimes gave citizen slaves higher ratings.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Privately owned slaves could be passed off as private property.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

During a bad harvest, many Sangmin people will willingly become slaves to survive.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

During the Joseon Dynasty about 30% to 40% of Korea's population consisted of slaves. [45] [46] [47] Yet Joseon slaves could, and often did, own property. [48]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Private slaves can buy their freedom.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Many of the remaining 40-50% of the population are definitely farmers, [49] but recent work has raised important issues about the size of other groups: merchants and merchants, local government or quasi-government employees of Chungin), artisans and laborers, textile workers, etc. [50]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Given the size of the population, it may be that the typical person has more than one role.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Most agriculture is, at any level, commercial, not subsistence. [51]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In addition to generating additional income, a certain amount of work agility may be needed to avoid the worst impact of an often heavy and corrupt tax system. [52]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

By the end of Joseon, Confucianism's ideals of chivalry and “bakti” were gradually equated to the observance of complex social hierarchies, with many subtle gradations.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In the early 18th century the social critic Yi Junghwan (1690—1756) cynically complained that “With so many different ranks and values separating people from each other, the ornag tends not to have a very large circle of companions. “[53]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

But, even Yi writes, Joseon's early informal social differences were being reinforced by legal discrimination, such as the Law of Sumptuariae [54] regulating the dress of different social groups, and laws restricting inheritance and property ownership of women. [55]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

But this law may have been promulgated precisely because social mobility increased, especially during the prosperous century beginning around 1710. [56]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The social hierarchy original to the Joseon Dynasty developed based on the social hierarchy of the Goryeo era.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In the 14—16th centuries, this hierarchy was strict and stable.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Since the economic opportunity to change status is limited, no law is needed.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

But by the end of the 17—19th centuries, new commercial groups emerged, and the old class system was very weak.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Notably, the population of the Yangban-class Daegu territories was estimated at nearly 70% in 1858. [57]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In 1801, government-owned slaves were all freed, and institutions gradually died out in the following century. [58]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The institution was completely abolished as part of the social plan in the Gabo Reforms of 1894.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Joseon Dynasty culture presided over two periods of great cultural growth, during which Joseon culture created the first Tea Ceremony (Korea), Korean Garden, and major historic works.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The royal dynasty also built several fortresses and palaces.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Clothing In the Joseon Dynasty, Hanbok women's jeogori were gradually tightened and shortened.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In the 16th century, jeogori was worn like a baggy and only reached below the waist, but by the end of the Joseon Dynasty in the 19th century, the jeogori was scaled down to a point that did not cover the breasts, so a piece of cloth (heoritti) was used to cover them.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In the late 19th century, Daewon-gun introduced the Magoja, a Manchu-style jacket, to Korea, which is often worn with hanbok until now.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Chima with long skirts and short, tight jeogori in the late period of Joseon.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

A long skirt is tightened around the hips.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Many garments are worn under chima such as darisokgot, soksokgot, dansokgot, and gojengi to achieve the desired silhouette.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Because jeogori is so short in general that exposes a heoritti or heorimari that functions like a corset.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The open white linen fabric under the jeogori in the picture is heoritti.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The upper classes wore hanbok of weave almost like Rami cloth or other high-grade lightweight materials in warm weather and plain and patterned silk in the rest of the year.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The commoner is limited by law as well as resources for most improved cotton.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The upper classes wore a variety of colours, though bright colors were generally worn by children and women and subdued colours by middle-aged men and women.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The commoners are restricted by law to white everyday wear, but for special occasions they wear dull shades of pale pink, light green, grey, and charcoal.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

For official events, when Korean men go out, they are required to wear coats known as durumagi whose length reaches the knee.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Art The painting style of the Middle Dynasty Joseon is moving towards increasing realism.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

A national style of landscape painting called “true view” began - drawn from the traditional Chinese style of common landscapes ideal for exactly given locations.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Although not photographic, the style was academic enough to become established and supported as a standard style within Korean painting.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In the mid to late Joseon Dynasty is considered the golden age of Korean painting art.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Coincided with the shock of the collapse of the Ming Dynasty associated with the accession of Manchu emperors in China, and forced Korean artists to build new artistic models based on the inner search for certain Korean subjects.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

On this ssat China no longer had a pre-eminent influence, Korean art took its own course, and became increasingly different from traditional Chinese painting.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Ceramics were a popular art form during the Joseon Dynasty.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Examples of ceramics include white porcelain or white porcelain decorated with cobalt, underglaze red copper, underglaze blue and underglaze iron.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Ceramics from the Joseon period differ from other periods in that artists feel that each artwork deserves to have a unique personality that it cultivates. [59]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Beginning in the 10th century, white porcelen has been made in Korea.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Its history was overshadowed by the popularity of Celadon, it was not until the 15th and 16th centuries that white porcelain was recognised as being of special artistic value.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Among the most valuable of Korean ceramics are large white jars.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The shapes of the moon symbols and their colors are associated with an ideal of purity and humility from Confucianism.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

During this period, the office overseeing the food and banquets of the royal family palace strictly controlled the production of white porcelain. [59]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Blue and white Porcelain artifacts decorating white porcelain with paintings and designs inside the underglaze using the natural pigment Cobalt is another example of popular items of the Joseon period.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Many of those items were created by palace painters employed by the royal family.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

During this period, the popular style of landscape painting was reflected in ceramic decoration. [59]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Originally developed by the Chinese at Jingdezhen kilns in the mid-14th century, Joseon began producing porcelain types from the 15th century under Chinese influence.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The first cobalt was imported from China used by the Korean artist.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In 1463 when the source of cobalt was discovered in Korea, artists and their buyers found the material was low in quality and chose the more expensive imported cobalt.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Korean porcelain with imported cobalt decorations contradicted the emphasis of an orderly, frugal and moderate life in Neo-Confucianism. [59]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Very different from cobalt, items made of porcelain with red copper Underglaze are the most difficult to make crafts.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

During production, these items require expertise and attention or will turn gray during the combustion process.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

While the birthplace of ceramics with underglaze red copper is widely debated, these items date back to the 12th century in Korea and became increasingly popular in the second half of the Joseon period.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Some experts have pointed to kilns from Bunwon-ri in Gwangju, Gyeonggi, a city that played an important role in the production of ceramics during the Joseon period, thought to be the birthplace. [59]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Porcelain is also decorated with iron.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

These items usually consist of bottles or other useful pieces. [59]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Architecture Media related to Architecture of the Joseon Dynasty at Wikimedia Commons See also: Joseon Dynasty architecture (1392-1910); and Five great palaces Interesting reference “Brief History of Korean Architecture”, by Yoon, Chang Sup (Member, National Academy of Sciences), Babad literature of Joseon Dynasty (which is also known as the Truly Record of the Joseon Dynasty) is an annual record of the Joseon Dynasty, kept from 1413 to 1865.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The babad, or sillok, encompasses 1,893 volumes and is estimated to cover an advanced period that is the longest of any single dynasty in the world.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

With the exception of two sillok collected during the colonization era, the Babad is numbered 151 National Treasures of South Korea and is registered with UNESCO, Memory of the World.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Uigwe is a collection of the royal protocols of the Joseon Dynasty, which records and arranges through text and stylized illustrations important ceremonies and rites of the royal family.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The Science and technology education of the 15th Century Joseon Dynasty under the reign of Sejong the Great was Korea's greatest period for the advancement of science.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Under Sejong's new policy, Cheonmin people with (low status) like Jang Yeong-sil were allowed to work for the government.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

At a young age, Jang showed talent as an inventor and engineer, he created a machine to simplify the work of farmers.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

This included overseeing the construction of aqueducts and canals.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Jang was eventually allowed to live in the royal palace, whereupon he led a group of scientists to work on advancing Korean science.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Some of his inventions which were an automatic water clock (Jagyeokru) which worked by activating the movement of a wooden doll to visually show time (invented in 1434 by Jang), the next more elaborate water clock with additional astronomical devices, and the model was upgraded from earlier metal movable printing type made in the time of the Goryeo Dynasty.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The new models are higher quality and doubly faster.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Other inventions were the Water Meter, and the Pluviometer.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The culmination point of Korean astronomy in the Joseon period, where people like Jang made celestial sphere-like devices that showed the positions of the sun, moon, and stars. [60]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Then the astronomical globe (Gyupyo,) is harmonized with seasonal variations.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The culmination of astronomical and calendar advances under King Sejong was Chiljeongsan, who compiled calculations from a program of seven celestial bodies (five visible planets, the sun, and the moon), developed in 1442.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

This work allowed scientists to accurately calculate and predict all natural phenomena such as solar eclipses and other stellar motions. [61]


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Honcheonsigye is an astronomical clock created by Song I-yeong in 1669.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

This clock has a globe with a diameter of 40cm.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

This sphere is activated by a working clock mechanism, which indicates the position of celestial objects at a given time.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Kangnido, a Korean-made world map created in 1402 by Kim Sa-hyeong (, 金), Yi Mu (이, 李) and Yi Hoe (이, 李).


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The map was created in the second year in the reign of King Taejong.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The map was created by combining maps of China, Korea and Japan.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The 16th-19th centuries The progress of science and technology at the end of the Joseon Dynasty was less developed than the early period.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The 16th century palace physician, Heo Jun wrote a number of medical texts, his real achievement being the Dongui Bogam, often recorded as the defining text of Korean Traditional Medicine.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The work spread to China and Japan, where it is still considered one of the classic Oriental Medicine today.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The first soft bullet-proof vest, the Myeonje baegab, was created in Joseon Korea in the 1860s shortly after the French military Campaign in Korea.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The Heungseon Daewongun ordered the development of bullet-proof armor with increasing threat from Western forces.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Kim Gi-du and Gang Yun discovered that cotton can be bullet-proof if thick enough, and designed a bullet-proof vest made of 30 layers of cotton.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The vest was used in combat during the United States Expedition to Korea (1871), when the U.S. A.L. attacked Ganghwa Island in 1871.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

A.D. The United States seized one of the vests and took it to the U.S. where it was kept inside the Smithsonian Institution until 2007.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The vest has since been sent back to Korea and is currently on display to the public.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Trade Economy In the time of the Goryeo Dynasty, Korea had healthy trade relations with the Arabs, the Japanese, the Chinese, and the Manchurians.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

An example of a prosperous, international trading port is Pyongnam.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

The Korean nation offers brocade, jewelry, ginseng, silk, and porcelain, which are famous all over the world.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

But during the Joseon Dynasty, Confucianism was adopted as a national philosophy and in the process of eliminating the beliefs of Buddhism, Goryeo Cheongja porcelain was replaced with white Baekja, which wiped out the buying value of Chinese and Arabs.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

And also trade became more limited during this time in order to promote agriculture.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

In addition the Chinese nation's continuous demand for tribute prompted the Korean policy of ceasing to produce various elements of luxury goods (such as gold, silver), and importing only the necessary amount from Japan.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Because silver was used as a currency in China, it played an important role in Korea-China trade.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Titles and styles in the time of the Joseon Kingdom The titles and styles used within the royal family are grouped throughout generations and relatives of the current monarch.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Wangsa Yi Emperor Gojong (1852—1919) — the 26th leader of the Korean royal family, King Yeongjo was his adoptive ancestor Emperor Sunjong (1874—1926) — leader of the Korean royal family 27th Prince Gang (1877—1955) Kenichi Momoyama (1909—1991) — renouncing his royal title and legacy by becoming a Japanese citizen in 1947 Prince Wu (1912—1945) Yi Chung (1936—) — de jure hereditary heir of Emperor Gojong Prince Gap (1938—2014) Yi Won (1962—) — claimed to be the leader of the Korean royal family's 30th First son (1998—) Second son (1999—) Yi Jeong Yi Haewon (1919—) — claimed to be the leader of the Korean royal family the 30th First son The second son The third son of the first daughter Prince Seok (1941—) Yi Ki Ho (1959—) Yi Hong (1976—) The first daughter (2001-) Yi Jin (1979—) Yi Jeong-hun (1980—) Yi Un (1897—1970) — the leader of the Korean royal family who 28th Prince Jin (1921—1922) Yi Gu (1931—2005) — the 29th leader of the Korean royal family Princess Deokhye (1912—1989) Jong Jeong-hye See also Hangul Japanese Invasion of Korea Monument Samjeondo Fortress Hwaseong Gate Independence List of Korean Rulers Bibliographic Reference.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link).


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)..


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Outside links — from Instrok.org, created by the East Rock Institute. — currently available only in Korean.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

— Ohmynews.com's uncovered document about the murder of Queen Minbi, The Chosun Ilbo, January 27, 2006.


Question: How long did it take for Sun Zi to write the book The Art Of War?

Joseon dynasty

Category:Former Kingdoms in Asia Category:Former Countries in Asia Category:Korean Nobility Category:Wangsa Yi Category:Wangsa


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The Cold War (English: Cold War, Russian: холо́дная война́дная, kholodnaya voyna, 1947—1991) was a designation for a period of political and military tensions between the Western World, led by the United States and its NATO allies, with the Communist World, led by the Soviet Union along with its satellite countries' allies.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

These events began after the success of the Allies in defeating Nazi Germany in World War II, which later left the United States and the Soviet Union as the world's two superpowers with large ideology, economic, and military differences.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The Soviet Union, along with the countries in Eastern Europe it occupied, formed the Eastern Bloc.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The post-war recovery process in Western Europe was facilitated by the United States Marshall Plan program, and to match it, the Soviet Union then also formed COMECON alongside its Eastern allies.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The United States formed the NATO military alliance in 1949, while the Soviet Union also formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Some countries chose to side with one of these two superpowers, while others chose to remain neutral by establishing the Non-Aligned Movement. This event was called the Cold War because the two sides never engaged in direct military action, but each- each side has nuclear weapons that can cause massive destruction.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The Cold War also resulted in high tensions that ultimately triggered regional military conflicts such as the Berlin Blockade (1948—1949), Korean War (1950—1953), Suez Crisis (1956), Berlin Crisis 1961, Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), Vietnam War (1959—1975), Yom Kippur War (1973), Afghanistan (1979—1989), and the shelling of Korean Air Flight 007 by the Soviets (1983).


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Instead of engaging in the conflict directly, the two sides competed through military coalitions, spreading ideology and influence, providing assistance to client states, espionage, massive propaganda campaigns, nuclear races, attracting neutral countries, competing in events international sports, and technological competitions such as the Space Race.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The U.S. and the Soviet Union also competed in various proxy wars; in Latin America and Southeast Asia, the Soviet Union aided communist revolutions opposed by some Western countries, the United States sought to prevent them through army dispatches and warfare.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In order to minimize the risk of nuclear war, both sides agreed on a détente approach in the 1970s to ease political tensions.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In the 1980s, the United States again increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressure on the Soviet Union at a time when the communist country was suffering from economic stagnation.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet President, Mikhail Gorbachev, introduced a reform policy of liberalization of perestroika (“reconstruction, reorganization”, 1987) and glasnost (“openness”, ca. 1985).


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

This policy led to the Soviets and its satellite states being engulfed by a wave of peaceful revolutions that ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, and ultimately left the United States as the world's only dominant military power.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The Cold War and its various accompanying events have had a major impact on the world and are frequently mentioned in popular culture, specifically in media featuring themes of espionage and the threat of nuclear war.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Origin of the term At the end of World War II, British writer and journalist George Orwell used the term cold war as a general term in his essay entitled “You and the Atomic Bomb” (You and the Atomic Bomb), published by the British newspaper, Tribune, on 19 October 1945.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The essay describes a world living under the threat of nuclear war.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Orwell wrote: “For the last forty or fifty years, Mr. H. G. Wells and others have warned us that man would be in danger, destroying himself with his own weapon, leaving ants or some other group of species to take over.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Anyone who has seen the destruction of cities in Germany will think that this idea is at least plausible.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

However, if looking at the world as a whole, events over the past few decades are not heading in the direction of anarchy, but towards the re-enactment of slavery.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

We may not be heading in the direction of general destruction, but into the age of terrible ancient slavery.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

James Burnham's theory has been widely discussed, but a minority of people have not taken it as an implication of ideology.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

This type of view to the world, type of belief, and social structure would probably rule over an invincible country and enforce it in a permanent “cold war” with its neighbors. “[1]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In the 10 March 1946 edition of The Observer, Orwell wrote that “after the Moscow conference last December, Russia began to wage a 'cold war' against Britain and the British Imperium. “[2]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The term used to describe geopolitical tensions between the Soviet Union and its satellite states with the United States and its post-World War II Western European allies was established first by Bernard Baruch, an American financial expert and presidential adviser. [3]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In a speech in South Carolina on April 16, 1947, [4] Baruch stated that: “Let us not be fooled: today we are in the midst of a cold war. “[5]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

A reporter and newspaper columnist named Walter Lippmann lays out a long wide explanation regarding the Cold War in his book entitled The Cold War, when asked in 1947 about the source of the term “cold war”, he mentioned that the term referred to the term France of the 1930s, la guerre froide. [6]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Background of JMPL|Ka|American forces in Vladivostok, August 1918, during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

There is debate among historians as to the starting point of the Cold War.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Most historians state that the Cold War began soon after World War II ended, others argue that the Cold War had already begun towards the end of World War I, even though tensions between the Russian Empire, other European countries, and the United States were already occurred since the middle of the 19th century. [7]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917 (followed by the withdrawal of its troops from World War I), resulted in Soviet Russia being isolated from international diplomacy. [8]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Leader Vladimir Lenin stated that the Soviet Union was “besieged by hostile capitalists”, and he viewed diplomacy as a weapon to distance the Soviets from enemies, starting with the establishment of the Soviet Comintern, which called for revolutionary upheaval outside the Soviets. [9]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, who regarded the Soviet Union as a “socialist archipelago”, stated that the Soviet Union should view “capitalist domination today must be replaced by socialist domination. “[10]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

As early as 1925, Stalin stated that he viewed international politics as a bipolar world in which the Soviet Union would draw other countries towards socialism and capitalist countries would also draw other countries towards capitalism, while the world was in the direction of capitalism, while the world was in a period of “temporary stabilization of capitalism” in the run-up to its collapse. [11]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Various events leading up to the Second World War indicated a mutual distrust and suspicion between Western powers and the Soviet Union, despite the general philosophy of the Bolshevik Party formed to oppose capitalism. [12]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

There was support from the West against the anti-Bolshevik White movement in the Russian Civil War, [7] the granting of funds by the Soviet Union to Britain's rebel workers in 1926 caused Great Britain to sever ties with the Soviet Union, [13] Stalin's 1927 declaration to coexist peacefully with capitalist countries were condoned, [14] allegations of conspiracy in the Shakhty Judiciary of 1928 planned by Britain and France triggered a coup, [15] American refusal to recognize the Soviet Union until 1933, [16] and Moscow Judicial Stalinism for cases The Massive Purges, as well as allegations of espionage from Britain, France, and Nazi Germany were events that went backward to the Cold War. [17]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

When the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Allies took advantage of this new front and decided to help the Soviet Union.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Britain signed a formal communion and the United States formed an informal agreement with the Soviets.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In wartime, the United States facilitated Britain and the Soviets through its Lend-Lease program. [18]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

At any rate, Stalin remained suspicious of both countries and believed that Britain and the United States were conspiring to ensure that the Soviets would bear the greatest burden in the battle to face Nazi Germany.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

According to this view, the Western Allies deliberately delayed to open a second anti-German front with the aim to spring into action at the last moment and then make a peaceful settlement.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Thus, the Soviet perception of the West led to the emergence of currents of tension and hostility with the Allied side. [19]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

End of World War II (1945—1947) Postwar Conference on Europe After the war, the Allies met no agreement on the division and establishment of borders in Europe. [20]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Each side has different ideas regarding the formation and maintenance of postwar world security. [20]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Western allies want a security system by forming as broad a democratic government as possible, allowing countries to resolve conflicts peacefully through international organizations. [21]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Given the history of frequent invasions against Russia, [22] as well as the magnitude of the death toll (estimated at 27 million) and the destruction of the Soviet Union sustained during World War II, [23] The Soviet Union sought to improve security by dominating the domestic affairs of the countries which borders on it. [20] [24] The Western allies themselves also had differences regarding their vision of the state of the postwar world.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Roosevelt's objectives - military glory in Europe and Asia, the achievement of American global economic supremacy that defeated the British Imperium, and creating a world peace organization - were more global than those of Churcill, whose vision focused on securing control over the Sea Central, ensuring the continuity of the British Imperium, and freeing Eastern European countries to make it a buffer between the Soviets and the United Kingdom. [25]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In the American view, Stalin was considered one of the potential allies to achieve their goals, whereas in Britain's view, Stalin was considered the greatest threat in the achievement of their agenda.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

With the occupation of most Eastern European countries by the Soviets, Stalin was on the lucky side and the two Western leaders competed with each other for his support.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Differences in vision between Roosevelt and Churchill led both sides to negotiate separately with Stalin.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In October 1944, Churcill traveled to Moscow and agreed to divide the Balkans based on their respective influences, and not long afterwards, at Yalta, Roosevelt also signed a separate agreement with Stalin on the issue of Asia and refused to support Churcill in issue and Polish Reparations. [25]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Further negotiations between the Soviets and the Allies related to the postwar world balance took place in the Yalta Conference in February 1945, although this conference also failed to reach a consesus on the postwar framework in Europe. [26]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In April 1945, Churcill and the new President of the United States, Harry S. Truman, agreed to oppose a Soviet decree granting aid to the Lublin administration, a rival of the Polish Government-in-exile controlled by the Soviets. [27]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

After the Allied victory in May 1945, the Soviets effectively began occupying Eastern Europe, [26] whereas the United States and Western Allied forces remained in Western Europe.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In Allied occupied Germany, the Soviet Union, the United States, Great Britain and France established occupation zones and established a framework for dividing those territories into four occupation zones. [28]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The Allied Conference in 1945 in San Francisco resulted in a decision on the founding of a multi-national United Nations organization to maintain world peace, but its enforcement capacity by the Security Council was effectively crippled by the ability of its members to exercise veto power. [29]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Therefore, the United Nations was essentially transformed into an active forum for exchanging polemical rhetoric, and the Soviets were considered exclusively propaganda tribunes. [30]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Potsdam Conference and Japanese defeat In the Potsdam Conference, which began in late July after the surrender of Germany, serious differences emerged related to the future development of Germany and Eastern Europe. [31]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In addition, the number of war participants and differences in habits were made grounds by each other to confirm their suspicions regarding hostile intentions and defend their respective strongholds. [32]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In this conference, Truman informed Stalin that the United States had powerful new weapons. [33]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Stalin was aware that the United States was developing an atomic bomb, and given that the target of the United States was probably a Soviet rival, namely Japan, then Stalin responded calmly.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Stalin said that he was pleased at the news and expressed his hope that the weapons would be used against Japan. [33]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

One week after the end of the Potsdam Conference, the United States bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Shortly after the attacks, Stalin protested to United States bigwigs because of the smallness of the Allied-occupied parts of Japan offered by President Truman to the Soviets. [34]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Early Eastern Bloc At the beginning of World War II, the Soviet Union laid the groundwork for the formation of the Eastern Bloc by outright annexing several countries such as the Soviet Socialist Republic, originally ceded to the Soviets by Nazi Germany in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The region included eastern Poland (later separated into two distinct Soviet states), [35] [36] Estonia (which later became RSS Estonia), [37] Latvia (became RSS Latvia), [35] [36] Lithuania (became RSS Lithuania), [35] [36] eastern part of Finland (became Karelo-Finnish RSS), and Eastern Romania (which became the Moldavian RSS). [38] [39] Eastern European territories liberated from the Nazis and occupied by Soviet forces were subsequently also added to the Eastern Bloc by turning them into satellite states, [40] these countries among them East Germany, [41] the People's Republic of Poland, People's Republic of Bulgaria, People's Republic of Hungary, [42] Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, [43] People's Republic of Romania, and People's Republic of Albania. [44]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The emerging Soviet regimes in Eastern Bloc countries not only adopted the Soviet system of command economy, but also adopted the brutal methods used by Joseph Stalin and the Soviet secret police to suppress real and potential opposition. [45]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In Asia, the Red Army had flooded Manchuria in the final months of the war, and went on to occupy much of northern Korea. [46]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

As part of Stalin's consolidation of control over the Eastern Bloc, the NKVD, led by Lavrentiy Beria, oversaw the establishment of a Soviet-style secret police system in the Eastern Bloc to root out anti-communist resistance. [47]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

If there was a slight spirit of independence in Eastern Bloc countries, those involved would be removed from power, tried, imprisoned, and in some cases, executed. [48]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Prime Minister of the Exchequer Winston Churchill feared that the large number of Soviet troops stationed in Europe at the end of the war, and the perception that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin was unreliable, would pose a threat to Western Europe. [49]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In April—May 1945, the War Cabinet of the Exchequer developed an operation plan to “impose the will of the United States and the British Imperium on Russia”. [50]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

However this plan was rejected by the Committee Chiefs of Staff due to the unfeasibility of military resources. [49]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Preparations for a “new war” In February 1946, George F. Kennan's “Long Telegram” report from Moscow helped to articulate the U.S. government's intensifying policy of countering the Soviets, which became the basis for the United States' strategy towards the Soviet Union during the War Cold. [51]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In September, the Soviet side released Novikov's telegram, sent by the Soviet ambassador to the United States, but this dispatch of telegrams was commissioned and also written by Vyacheslav Molotov, this telegram explained that the US “is in the grip of a capitalist monopoly that develop military capabilities in order to prepare for the conditions to win world supremacy in a new war”. [52]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

On 6 September 1946, James F. Byrnes delivered a speech in Germany denying the Morgenthau Plan (a proposal to segregate and de-industrialize in post-war Germany).


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Byrnes also warned the Soviets that the U.S. intends to maintain its military existence indefinitely in Europe. [53]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

A month later, Byrnes admitted that this statement constituted “the quintessence of our program to win the hearts of German citizens [...] it was a battle of minds between us and Russia [ ... ] "[54] A few weeks after the release of the “Long Telegram”, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill delivered his famous term, the “Iron Curtain”, in a speech in Fulton, Missouri. [55]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In the speech, Churcill called for British-Americans to ally to fight the Soviets, whom he accused of having stretched an “iron curtain” from “Stettin in the Baltic down to Trieste on the Adriatic”. [40] [56] In 1952, Stalin repeatedly put forward plans to unify Germany East and West Germany under one single government elected in general elections supervised by the United Nations if this new Germany was detached from the Western military alliance, but this proposal was rejected by the Western powers.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Some sources dispute the solemnity of this proposal. [57]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The onset of the Cold War (1947—1953) Kominform and the Tito—Stalin split In September 1947, the Soviets formed Kominform, whose goal was to uphold orthodoxy in the international communist movement and tighten political control over Soviet satellite states through coordination from the communists in the Eastern Bloc. [58]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The cominform suffered a setback the following June after the Tito—Stalin split, which led the Soviets to excommunicate Yugoslavia.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Yugoslavia remained a communist state, but began to adopt a Non-Aligned position.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Containment and Truman Doctrine In 1947, advisers to U.S. President Harry S. Truman urged Truman to take immediate steps in countering the influence of the Soviet Union, in light of Stalin's efforts (amid post-war confusion and collapse) to weaken the United States through competition that could encourage capitalist circles to trigger another war. [59]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In February 1947, the British government announced that it was no longer able to finance the military regime of the Greek monarchy in the Greek Civil War to fight communist rebels.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The American government's response to this British announcement was that it would adopt a containment policy, [60] that is, a policy aimed at stopping the spread of communism.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Truman delivered a speech calling for the allocation of $400 in funds to facilitate United States involvement in the Greek war and launching the Truman Doctrine, stating that the conflict was a contest between a free society and a totalitarian regime. [60]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Despite the fact that the communist rebels had help from Yogoslavian leader Josip Broz Tito, [16] The US alleged that the Soviet Union conspired with Greek communists to fight royalists in its efforts to expand Soviet influence. [61]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The Truman Doctrine marked the beginning of a bipartisan U.S. defense policy and a foreign policy consesus between Republicans and Democrats that really focused on containment (containment) and prevention of the spread of communism during and after the Vietnam War. [62] [63] The moderate party and other conservatives in Europe, as well as social democrats, began to give full unconditional support to the Western Allies, [64] while the American and European Communists, by being financed by the KGB, telibat in intelligence operations, [65] these operations remained in accordance with Moscow rules, despite disagreements in communist circles this began to appear after 1956.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Other criticisms related to this Truman Doctrine came from anti-Vietnam War activists, CND and the nuclear freeze movement. [66]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Marshall Plan and Czechoslovak coup d'état In early 1947, Britain, France, and the United States did not manage to reach agreement with the Soviet Union on plans for the rebuilding of the German economy, including detailed sums on the investment of industrial capital, goods, and infrastructure that had been destroyed by the Allies during the war. [67]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In June 1947, in accordance with the Truman Doctrine, the United States authorized the Marshall Plan program, a program of economic assistance for all European countries willing to participate, including the Soviet Union. [67]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The aim of this plan was to rebuild Europe's democratic and economic system and to limit communist influence in Europe. [68]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

This plan also states that Europe's prosperity depends on the recovery of the German economy. [69]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

One month later, Truman passed the National Security Act of 1947, forming a unified Department of Defense, CIA, and National Security Agency (NSC).


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

This would henceforth become the main bureaucracy of U.S. policy in the Cold War. [70]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Stalin believed that economic integration with the West would allow Eastern Bloc countries to secede from Soviet control, Stalin also believed that the US was trying to “buy” Europe into siding with the US. [58]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Therefore, Stalin forbade Eastern Bloc countries from receiving Marshall aid. [58]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The alternative to the Soviet Union in countering the Marshall Plan, which supposedly spent Soviet subsidies and trade with Eastern Europe, was to form the Molotov Plan (later instituted in January 1949 under the name Comecon). [16]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Stalin also worried about U.S. efforts to reconstitution Germany; his post-war vision of Germany did not cover this, as the Soviets were reluctant to rearm Germany or in other words, fearing that it would pose another threat to the Soviet Union. [71]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In early 1948, following reports reinforcing “reactionary elements” in Czechoslovakia, the Soviets executed a coup d'état in Czechoslovakia, which was the only Eastern Bloc country the Soviets allowed to maintain its democratic structure. [72] [73] The public brutality in this coup was shocking Western countries, debate arose in the United States Congress, which feared that war would reoccur in the Soviet attempt to sweep away all supporters of the Marshall Plan. [74]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The twin policies of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan led to billions in economic and military aid flowing for Western Europe, Greece, and Turkey.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

With U.S. assistance, the Greek military managed to win the civil war. [70]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The Italian Christian Democracy Party also had success defeating the Communist-Socialist alliance in the general elections of 1948. [75]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

At the same time, there was an increase in intelligence and espionage activity, Eastern Bloc defections, and diplomatic expulsions. [76]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The United States and Britain's blockade of Berlin merged their occupation zones in Germany into “Bizonia” (January 1, 1947, later became “Trizonia” after the French occupation zone was also merged in April 1949). [77]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

As part of Germany's economic rebuilding efforts, in early 1948 representatives from a number of Western European countries and the United States announced an agreement to merge the occupied territories of West Germany into a federal government. [78]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In addition, in accordance with the Marshall Plan, they restarted industrialization and reorganized the German economy together, including the introduction of a new Deutsche Mark currency to replace the old Reichsmark currency whose value had been dropped by the Soviets. [79]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Not long after, Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade (June 24, 1948 - May 12, 1949), one of the first major crises to occur during the Cold War, aimed at severing access and preventing food, materials and other supplies from entering West Berlin. [80]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The United States, Britain, France, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and several other countries embarked on massive “air assistance” to supply West Berlin with food and other supplies. [81]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The Soviets waged a public-relations campaign against policy changes in West Germany.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The Communists in East Berlin attempted to disrupt the munisipal general election procession in Berlin (as they did in the 1946 election), [77] held on 5 December 1948 and resulted in 86.3% of the electorate as well as a great victory for non-Communist parties. [82]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

This result effectively divided Berlin into two parts, namely East Berlin and West Berlin. 300,000 Berlin citizens pointed out and urged that international air assistance for Berlin be continued, [83] and US Air Force pilot Gail Halvorsen then responded by forming “Operation Operation Candy” to supply sweets for German children. [84]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In May 1949, Stalin stepped down and lifted the blockade against Berlin. [47] [85] The beginning of NATO and Radio Free Europe Britain, France, the United States, Canada and eight Western European countries signed the North Atlantic Defense Pact in April 1949 to establish North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). [47]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In August, the first Soviet atomic device was detonated in Semipalatinsk, RSS Kazakhtan. [16]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

After the Soviets refused to participate in the German rebuilding efforts established by Western European countries in 1948, [78] [86] the US, Britain, and France spearheaded the establishment of West Germany in their three occupation zones combined in April 1949. [31] [ 87] The Soviets then addressed it by proclaiming the establishment of the German Democratic Republic in its occupation zone in East Germany in October. [31]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Mass media in the Eastern Bloc is an organ of the state, its operations are completely dependent and subject to communist party regulations, television and radio media are designated as state-owned enterprises, whereas print media are usually owned by political organizations, most of which are owned by local communist party. [88]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Soviet propaganda used Marxist philosophy to attack capitalism, claim labor exploitation, and war on imperialism. [89]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Along with the expansion of British Broadcasting Corporation and Voice of America broadcasts to Eastern Europe, [90] a massive propaganda effort began in 1949 with the establishment of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, dedicated to preaching the chaos era of the communism system in the Eastern Bloc. [91]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Radio Free Europe seeks to achieve its goals by serving listeners as a replacement radio station, as well as being an alternative to domestic media controlled and dominated by the party. [91]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Radio Free Europe Europe was the product of some of the most prominent architects of America's early Cold War strategy, especially those who believed that the Cold War would eventually be fought over political rather than military lines, such as George F. Kennan. [92]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

American policymakers, including Kennan and John Foster Dulles, acknowledged that the Cold War was in reality a war of ideas. [92]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The United States, aided by the CIA, funded a long list of projects to counter communist appeal to European intellectual circles and developing countries, or in other words, prevent Soviet attempts to spread its communist influence. [93]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The CIA secretly also sponsored a domestic propaganda campaign called Extermination for Freedom. [94]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In the early 1950s, the U.S. attempted to rearm West Germany.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In 1955, the U.S. guaranteed West Germany full membership in NATO. [31]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Earlier, in May 1953, the Soviets failed to prevent West Germany's attempted incorporation into NATO. [95]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Chinese Civil War and SEATO In 1949, Mao Zedong's People's Liberation Army successfully overthrew Chiang Kai-shek's U.S.-backed Kuomintang (KMT) Nationalist Government in China, and the Soviet Union then established an alliance with the new People's Republic of China formed. [96]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Chiang and his KMT administration retreated to the Taiwan archipelago.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Being faced with the communist revolution in China and the end of the United States' atomic monopoly in 1949, the Truman administration soon expanded and improved their containment policy in China. [16]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In NSC-68, a secret document in 1950, [97] it was mentioned that the National Security Council proposed to strengthen the pro-Western alliance system and enlarge defense spending. [16]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

The United States further also began to expand their containment policies to Asia, Africa, and Latin America to counter revolutionary nationalist movements, mostly led by communist parties financed by the Soviets and fought in opposition to European colonial domination of Asia Southeast and other regions. [98]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In the early 1950s (this period is sometimes known as “Pactomania”), the U.S. formed a series of alliances with Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, and the Philippines (most notably ANZUS in 1951 and SEATO in 1954).


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

This alliance leaves the U.S. with a number of long-term military bases in those countries. [31]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Korean War One significant impact of United States containment policy was the outbreak of the Korean War.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

In June 1950, the North Korean People's Army under direction from Kim Il-Sung invaded South Korea. [99]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Joseph Stalin “planned, prepared, and initiated” the invasion, [100] drew up a “[war] plan in detail” which was then delivered to North Korea. [101] [102] [103] [104] To surprise Stalin, [16] The United Nations Security Council supported and facilitated defense in South Korea, although The Soviets then boycotted the trial in protest because it was Taiwan who was given a permanent seat on the council, instead of Communist China. [105]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

United Nations combined military personnel consisting of South Korea, the US, Great Britain, Turkey, Canada, Australia, France, South Africa, the Philippines, the Netherlands, Belgium, New Zealand, and other countries united to stop this invasion. [106]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Another effect of the Korean War was to encourage NATO to develop a military structure. [107]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Public opinion in the countries involved, such as Britain, was largely opposed to this war.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Many fear that this war will escalate into a major war with Communist China, or even into a nuclear war.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

These differing views on the war often caused tensions in Britania—American relations.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

For this reason, Britain took quick steps to defuse the conflict by forging the idea of unifying Korea under the auspices of the United Nations and the withdrawal of all foreign troops. [108]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Although China and North Korea were tired of sustained war and ready to end it in 1952, Stalin insisted that they must continue to fight, and a new armistice was approved in 1953 after Stalin's death. [31]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

North Korean leader Kim Il Sung then created a highly centralized and brutal dictatorship in North Korea, giving it unlimited power and producing an impenetrable personality cult decades-long. [109] [110] In South Korea, corrupt leader Syngman Rhee who received support from the US implementing a totalitarian system of government. [111]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

After Rhee was overthrown in 1960, South Korea fell under a period of military rule that lasted until the re-establishment of the multi-party system in 1987.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Crisis and increase (1953—1962) Khrushchev, Eisenhower and de-Stalinization In 1953, changes in political leadership on both sides shifted the dynamics of the Cold War. [112]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

Dwight D. Eisenhower was sworn in as the new U.S. President in January.


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

During the last 18 months of the Truman administration, the United States defense budget had quadrupled, and Eisenhower was determined to reduce one-third of military spending while continuing to fight the Cold War effectively. [16]


Question: When was Mao Zedong born?

Cold War

After Joseph Stalin's death, Nikita Khrushchev became Soviet leader after the deposition and execution of Lavrentiy Beria and also removed his rivals such as Georgy Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov.