Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

They are aware that when they are too dependent on aristocratic families and war leaders, there can be destabilization.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Therefore, they try to create a governing body with officials who do not have a territorial or functional power base.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Tang laws ensured the division of property inheritance of these officials to legitimate successors in order to allow social mobility and to keep their families from becoming noble families through primogenitur. [36]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Ultimately, officials gained status in local communities and their families, although they still remained beholden to the imperial court.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

From the time of the Tang Dynasty until the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1912, officials functioned as grassroots intermediaries with the administration.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

However, the potential of the public servants' entrance examination system was still not maximized until the time of the Song Dynasty, when officials who were elected based on ability abandoned their aristocratic customs and defined their social status through the entrance examination system. [37] [38] [39] As that was described by historian Patricia Ebrey regarding officials at the time of the Song Dynasty: The civil servants' entrance examination system, used only on a small scale in the time of the Sui and Tang, played a major role in making this new elite.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The early Song emperors, who thought about how to avoid the domination of government by military men, expanded the system of public servant entrance examinations and government schools. [40]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Despite this, the Sui and Tang Dynasties had instituted and established the basis of the public servants' entrance examination system along with the new elite class of officials generated by the system.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Religion and Religion politics played a role in Tang Dynasty politics.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In his efforts to gain power, Li Yuan succeeded in gaining followers by declaring himself a descendant of the founder of Taoism, Laozi (6th century BC). [41]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

People who want a position also ask priests in Buddhist temples for both to them in public, and instead the temple will receive a donation or gift if the person is elected.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Before Buddhism was oppressed in the 9th century, Buddhism and Taoism were accepted side by side, and Emperor Xuanzong (ruling 712—56) invited religious leaders of both to come to his court. [42]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

At the same time, Xuanzong glorified Laozi by giving him major titles, writing explanations of Laozi, establishing schools to equip exam candidates for public servants with knowledge of the books of Taoism, and summoning the Indian monk Vajrabodhi (671—741) to perform rites Tantrik in 726 with a view to avoiding drought. [42]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 742, Emperor Xuanzong directly wielded an incense burner during a ceremony led by Amoghavajra (705—74, patriarch of the Shingon madhab) who recited “mystical spells to bring victory to the Tang army. “[42]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although religion played a role in Tang politics, politics also played a role in religion.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 714, Emperor Xuanzong forbade the sale of silk copies by stores and sellers in the city of Chang'an; the right to distribute silk to laymen was given exclusively to monks at the monastery. [43]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Earlier, in 713, Emperor Xuanzong liquidated the “Endless Treasury”, run by an important Buddhist monastery in Chang'an. The monastery amassed a great deal of money, silk cloth, and treasure which was the result of donations from many who came to declare his conversion. [44]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although the monastery was often dermic, Emperor Xuanzong issued orders for the dissolution of their treasury because their financial practices were considered deceptive; their property was confiscated and then distributed to other Buddhist and Taoism monasteries, and also used to repair statues, halls, and bridges in the city. [44]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Taxes and censuses The Tang Dynasty Government tried to hold a census that accurately calculated the total imperial population in order to be able to estimate the effective amount of tax.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The early Tang reign set low taxes on grain and clothing for each household.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

It is intended to encourage tax payments and reduce tax avoidance, thus providing an estimate of population numbers that is as accurate as possible. [3]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Based on the census of 609, the population counts as 9 million households, or about 50 million people. [3]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Tang census in 742 once again estimated the population at 50 million inhabitants. [45]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

According to Patricia Ebrey, although it is assumed that many people avoid the tax census registration process, the number of Chinese people has not grown rapidly since the early Han Dynasty period (according to the census in year 2, the number of Chinese population was recorded at 58 million people). [3] [46] S.A.M. Adshead disagrees and estimates that there were about 75 million inhabitants in 750. [47]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

According to the Tang census of 754, there were 1,859 cities, 321 prefectures, and 1,538 counties throughout the empire. [48]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although there were many large and important cities during the Tang Dynasty, 80 to 90% of Tang's population lived in rural and agricultural areas. [49]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

There was also a displacement of the population from north to south: at the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, 75% of the population lived in the north, but in the end it reduced to 50%. [50]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The number of Chinese people would not increase much until the time of the Song Dynasty, when the population doubled to 100 million people due to rice planting in central and southern China, coupled with a glut of crops that could be shipped to the market. [51]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The military and foreign policy Protectorate and vassal kingdoms of the 7th and early mid-8th century are generally regarded as the height of the Tang Dynasty's glory.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Under their rule, Chinese territory became wider than ever; Tang territory stretched from northern Vietnam in the south to a point north of Kashmir bordering Persia to the west and north Korea in the northeast. [52]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Some of the kingdoms paying tribute to the Tang Dynasty include Kashmir, Nepal, Khotan, Kucha, Kashgar, Korea, Champa, and the kingdoms of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya valleys. [53] [54] The Turk nomads nicknamed the Tang Emperor as Tian Kehan. [22]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

After the Göktürk rebellion waged by Shabolüe Khan (death 658) was quelled in Issyk Kul in 657 by Su Dingfang (591—667), Emperor Gaozong established several protectorates ruled by the Protectorate General or the Supreme Protectorate General, and the Chinese sphere of influence extends to Herat in Western Afghanistan. [55]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Protectorate General was given autonomy to deal with local crises without having to wait for approval from the centre.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

After Xuanzong's period of power, military governors (jiedushi) were given many powers, including the authority to have their own armed forces, levy taxes, and bequeath their titles.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

This action is generally regarded as the beginning of the downfall of Tang rule. [56] [57] Soldiers and conscripts In 737, Emperor Xuanzong scrapped the system of recruiting soldiers that were replaced every three years, and replaced them with soldiers with long periods of duty, thus more experienced in combat and efficient. [58]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Economically, the policy is also better because the training of new members and sending them to the border drains state coffers. [58]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

By the end of the 7th century, the army in the fubing system began to abandon its military duties and the homes given to them in the juntian system.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The standard of land that should be as large as 100 mu for each family is actually diminishing in a place that is experiencing population growth and which is mostly bought by the rich. [59]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Farmers and vagabonds were then encouraged to participate in military duties so as not to be subject to taxes and rodi labor, and also to obtain agricultural land and shelter for family members who accompanied the army to the border. [60]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 742, the number of soldiers enlisted in the Tang armed forces was recorded as 500,000 soldiers. [58]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Turk and western regions of the Sui and Tang Dynasties had successfully waged its military campaigns against the nomads.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Chinese foreign policy in the north and west at the time was concerned with the Turk nomads, who became the most dominant ethnic group in Central Asia. [62] [63] To deal with and avoid threats from the Turk people, the Sui government improved fortresses and accepted trade missions and the giving of their tribute. [33]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Sui sent four imperial princesses to marry clan leaders in 597, 599, 614, and 617 respectively.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

At the same time, the Sui provoked problems and conflicts between various ethnic groups and the Turk people. [64] [65] Since the time of the Sui Dynasty, the Turk people have been a military force utilized by the Chinese.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

As the Khitans began invading northeastern China in 605, a Chinese general led 20,000 Turks to fight them, and distributed Khitan cattle and women to the Turks as gifts. [66]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Twice between 635 and 636, Tang imperial princesses were married to Turk mercenaries or generals working for China. [65]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

During the Tang Dynasty until the end of 755, there were approximately ten Turk generals serving Tang. [67] [68] Although most of the Tang force came from the fubing system, most of the armies led by Turk generals were non-Chinese soldiers, and often waged a military campaign on the western frontier that was not heavily guarded by the army from the fubing system. [69]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Some “Turk” soldiers constituted nomadized or desinized Han Chinese. [70]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Civil war in China was almost completely quelled by 626, and in 628 the Chinese landlord in Ordos, Liang Shidu, was successfully defeated; after the internal conflict was over, the Tang began an attack on the Turk people. [71]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 630, Tang armed forces captured the Ordos Desert region of the Inner Mongolia province and the southern Mongolian region from the Turk people. [66] [72] After this victory, Emperor Taizong obtained the title of Great Khan among the Turk people who declared his allegiance to the emperor and Chinese (and some Turk people went to China to live in Chang'an).


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

On June 11, 631, Emperor Taizong also sent envoys carrying gold and silk cloth to Xueyantuo to request the release of Chinese captives captured on the northern frontier during the transition from Sui to Tang; this mission succeeded in freeing 80,000 Chinese men and women. [73] [74] While the Turk people settled in the Ordos region (former Xiongnu territory), the Tang government waged a military policy intended to dominate the steppe regions of Central Asia.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

As during the Han Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and its Turkish allies conquered and subjugated Central Asia in the 640s and 650s. [33] In the time of Emperor Taizong, major military campaigns were not only waged against the Göktürk people, but also against Tuyuhun, the Xiyu states, and Xueyantuo.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Under Emperor Gaozong's leadership, the general Su Dingfang led a military campaign against the Western Turk people led by Ashina Helu. [75]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Tang dynasty competed with the Tibetan Empire in fighting over the territory of Inner and Central Asia, and sometimes such rivalries were resolved through marriage, such as the marriage of Princess Wencheng (death 680) to Songtsän Gampo (death 649). [76] [77] A Tibetan tradition mentions that Chinese soldiers seized Lhasa after Songtsän Gampo's death, [78] but the attack is never mentioned either in Chinese historical records or in Tibetan Dunhuang manuscripts. [79]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Between 670 and 692, there was a long conflict between Tang and Tibetans fighting over territory in the Tarim Basin, and in 763 the Tibetans captured the Chinese capital, Chang'an, for fifteen days during the outbreak of the An Shi Rebellion. [80] [81] In fact, during this revolt, Tang withdrew its western garrisons in Gansu and Qinghai, which were then occupied by Tibet at the same time as the Xinjiang region. [82]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Hostilities between Tang and Tibet continued until they signed a formal peace treaty in 821. [83]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The terms of this agreement, which include the establishment of borders between the two countries, are recorded in a bilingual inscription on a stone pillar outside the Jokhang temple in Lhasa. [84]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

During the Islamic conquest of Persia (633—656), the son of the last ruler of the Sassaniyah Empire, Prince Pirooz, fled to Tang. [53] [85] According to the Old Book of Tang, Pirooz was made head of the Persian Governorate in the region that is now part of Zaranj, Afghanistan.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

During the Persian conquest, the Islamic caliph Uthman Ibn Affan (ruling 644—656) sent ambassadors to the Tang palace in Chang'an. [68] By the 740s, Arabs from Khurasan had settled in the Ferghana basin and in Sogdiana.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In the Battle of Talas that erupted in 751, Qarluq's mercenaries betrayed and assisted the Arab armies of the caliphate in defeating the Tang army under the leadership of Gao Xianzhi.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The battle was a pivotal moment in history; Chinese papermaking technology spread to the Islamic world as captive Chinese people leaked papermaking secrets to the Arabs. [86] [87] The technique eventually reached Europe in the 12th century through Spain that the Arabs then controlled.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although both countries fought at Talas, on June 11, 758 the Abbasid ambassadors arrived in Chang'an at the same time as the Turk Uyghur people, and they brought gifts for the Tang Emperor. [88]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Further west, ambassadors of the Patriarch of Antioch carrying tribute came to Emperor Taizong's court in 643. [89]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 788—9, the Tang made an alliance with the Turk Uyghur people, who then twice defeated the Tibetans in 789 near the town of Kuch'eng in Jungharia and in 791 near Ning-hsia on the Yellow River. [90]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Korean and Japanese JMPL|left|Haniwa ships from Japan in the Kofun period (250—538).


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In the east, Chinese military campaigns were not as successful as elsewhere.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Like the caesar-emperors of the Sui Dynasty, Taizong tried to launch a military campaign against Goguryeo in 644; however, the first military campaign was pulled back because it failed to defeat the defenses of General Yeon Gaesomun.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Tang then allied with the Kingdom of Silla in Korea and fought against Baekje and Japanese Yamato in the Battle of Baekgang in August 663; the battle was won by Tang and Silla.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In the battle, the navy of the Tang Dynasty had several different types of ships that could be used in naval battles (the ships were described by Li Quan in his work Taipai Yinjing in 759). [91]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Battle of Baekgang was actually a restoration effort by the rest of the Baekje army, as their previous kingdom was brought down in 660 by a combined Tang and Silla offensive led by the Chinese general Su Dingfang and the Korean general Kim Yushin (595—673).


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In another combined attack, Tang and Silla managed to weaken the Kingdom of Goguryeo to the north by taking its outer strongholds in 645.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The combined attacks of Silla and Tang under the leadership of the commander Li Shiji (594—669) ultimately succeeded in destroying Goguryeo in 668. [92]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although previously hostile to each other, the Tang accepted the entry of Goguryeo officials and generals into the Tang government and military, such as the two brothers Yeon Namsaeng (634—679) and Yeon Namsan (639—701).


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

From 668 to 676, the Tang Dynasty controlled northern Korea.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

However, in 671, Silla began fighting against the Tang.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

At the same time, Tang faced threats on its western frontier when Chinese armed forces were defeated by Tibet at the Dafei River in 670. [93]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 676, the Tang army was driven out of Korea by Unified Silla. [94]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

After the outbreak of the East Turk rebellion in 679, Tang stopped its military campaigns in Korea. [93]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although Tang had fought against Japan, relations between the two were still good.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Japan sent ambassadors to China until it was terminated by Emperor Uda (ruling 887—897) in 894 after the emperor was convinced by Sugawara no Michizane (845—903). [95]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Emperor Temmu (ruling 672—686) even imitated the Chinese style of military recruiting, holding state ceremonies, and building palaces at Fujiwara. [96]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Many Chinese monks came to Japan to help spread Buddhism.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Two monks from the 7th century named Zhi Yu and Zhi You visited the court of Emperor Tenji (ruling 661—672) and brought gifts in the form of a south-facing chariot that they designed themselves. [97]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

This mechanically driven compass chariot (using differential gear) was later reproduced several times with different models for Emperor Tenji in 666, as recorded in the Nihon Shoki in 720. [97]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Japanese monks also visited China, such as Ennin (794—864) who wrote an account of his travels, including trips along the Great Canal of China. [98] [99] The Japanese monk Enchin (814—891) settled in China from 839 to 847 and again from 853 to 858; en route Both, she anchored near Fuzhou, Fujian, and returned to Japan from Taizhou, Zhejiang. [100] [101] Trade and cultural dissemination By utilizing trade lanes on the Silk Line and sea lanes, the Tang Dynasty was able to acquire a variety of technologies, cultures, rare luxury goods, and goods- other stuff in those days.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Tang acquired new ideas in fashion, ceramic types, and silversmiths from the Middle East, India, Persia, and Central Asia. [102]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Chinese also gradually began to use chairs to sit, while previously they always sat on mats placed on the floor. [103]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Meanwhile, the Islamic world wanted and purchased many Chinese goods such as silk fabrics, lacquer crafts, and porcelain crafts. [104]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

On the other hand, singing, dances, and musical instruments from abroad became popular in China during the Tang Dynasty. [105] [106] These musical instruments include obo, flutes, and small lacquer drums from Kucha in the Tarim Basin, and tap musical instruments from India such as cymbals. [105]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In the palace there are nine musical ensembles (of which were seven during the Sui Dynasty) representing music from Asia. [107]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

There is also a connection and interest with India as a center of Buddhism knowledge, and famous travelers such as Xuanzang (death 664) go to the country located in South Asia.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

After going through the journey for 17 years, Xuanzang managed to bring home Sanskrit-language texts that would be translated into Chinese.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Meanwhile, Turk language dictionaries were also made available to experts and disciples, while Turk folk songs inspired some Chinese poetry. [108] [109] In China itself, trade was facilitated by the Great Canal and the utilization of such canals by the Tang government reduced the cost of carriage wheat and other commodities. [110]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In addition, the state manages about 32,100km (19,900mi) of postal lines passing by horses or boats. [111]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Silk Road Although the Silk Road from China to the West was first created during the time of Emperor Wu (141—87 BC) of the Han Dynasty, it was reopened by the Tang in 639 when Hou Junji (died 643) conquered the western territories.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The silk road remained open for nearly four decades, but then closed again when the Tibetans seized it in 678.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

However, in 699, during the time of Maharani Wu's rule, the Silk Road opened again after Tang reconquered the Four Anxi Garrisons originally installed by the Tang in 640, [112] so that China re-connected with the West. [113]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Tang seized from Tibet an important track passing through the Gilgit Valley in 722, then taken again by Tibet in 737, but was later reconquered by the Tang under the command of Goguryeo general Gao Xianzhi. [114]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

As the An Lushan rebellion ended in 763, Tang's western territories were once again seized by Tibet, so Chinese access to the Silk Road was again closed. [83]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

An internal revolt in 848 succeeded in toppling the Tibetan rulers, allowing Tang to retake its prefectures in the northwest in 851.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

It was an important grazing area for raising horses that were desperately needed by the Tang at the time. [83] [115] Although many travelers from the west came to China to settle and trade, many travelers (especially monks) noted the frontier laws Strict China. [104]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

As seen by Xuanzang and many other monks, there are many Tang government checkpoints along the Silk Road that check entry permits to the Tang Dynasty. [104]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In addition, robbers were a problem at checkpoints and towns in the oasis, and Xuanzang himself noted that his group was attacked by robbers several times. [104]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Silk Road also impacted Tang Dynasty art.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Horses became emblems of well-being and strength and were used in military and diplomacy.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In addition, horses are revered as dragons brothers. [116]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Chinese envoys seaports and trade have been sailing to India through the Indian Ocean since the 2nd century BC, [117] [118] but only during the Tang Dynasty many Chinese ships could be encountered in the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea; the ships sailed to Persia, Mesopotamia (sailing in Euphrates River), Arabia, Egypt, Aksum (Ethiopia), and Somalia. [119]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

At the same time, thousands of foreigners came and settled in several Tang cities to trade, including Persians, Arabs, Hindu Indians, Malays, Sinhalese, Khmer, Cham, Jews, and Nestorian Christians. [120] [121] It is said that Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqas who came from the same Quraysh tribe as Muhammad sailed to China, becoming the first to introduce Islam in China, and founded China's first mosque during the time of Emperor Gaozong. [122] [123] However, experts have been unable to find evidence that Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqas actually visited China, although they agree that the first Muslims had arrived in China in the 7th century. [123]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 748, the monk Jian Zhen described Guangzhou as a busy trading center and was courted by large foreign ships.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

He wrote that “many great ships came from Borneo, Persia, Qunglun (Indonesia/Java)... with... spices, gems, and jade piled up as high as mountains”, [124] [125] as written in Yue Jue Shu (Records of the Lost State of Yue).


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

During the An Lushan Revolt, Arab and Persian pirates burned and pillaged Guangzhou in 758, [83] while in 760 Arab and Persian merchants were massacred in Yangzhou.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

As a result, the Tang government closed Cantonese ports for approximately five decadawarses, and instead foreign ships docked in Hanoi. [126]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Nevertheless, the port was again busy after reopening.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 851, the Arab merchant Sulaiman al-Tajir observed the manufacture of Chinese porcelain in Guangzhou and admired its transparency. [127]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

He also wrote descriptions of mosques in Guangzhou, their rice barns, his local government, some of his written notes, how they treated travelers, and the utilization of ceramics, rice, wine, and tea. [128]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

However, in 879, there was again a bloody event when the Chinese rebel Huang Chao plundered the city and massacred thousands of Chinese along with Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians, and Muslims. [129] [130] [131] Huang's rebellion would eventually be quelled in 884.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Ships from the Silla, Balhae, and Hizen Provinces in Japan participated in trading in the Yellow Sea dominated by Silla. [132]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

After Silla and Japan again feuded in the late 7th century, most Japanese merchants chose to sail from Nagasaki to the mouths of the Huai River, Yangzi River, and even Hangzhou Bay to the south to avoid Korean ships in the Yellow Sea. [132] [133] To sail back to Japan in 838, Japan's ambassador to China used nine ships and sixty Korean sailors from the Korean areas of Chuzhou and Lianshui along the Huai River. [134]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In addition, Chinese merchant ships sailed to Japan from various ports on the coasts of Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. [135]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

At least since the time of the Tang Dynasty, Chinese people have been doing large-scale production to export abroad.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

This is evidenced by the discovery of the wreck of the Belitung, the wreck of a dhow-type Arab sailing ship transporting 63,000 pieces of ceramics, silver, and gold from China (including the Changsha bowl dated: “the 16th day of the seventh month of the second year of Baoli's reign”, or year 826, and this has been confirmed by radiocarbon dating techniques against lawang flowers in the wreck). [136]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Since 785, the Chinese began to come to Sufala on the coast of East Africa to avoid having to pass through Arab intermediaries, [137] and various Chinese sources at that time detailed trade in Africa.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The official and geographer Jia Dan (730—805) noted two sea lanes that were common in those days: one from the Bohai Sea to Korea, and the other from Guangzhou through Malacca to the Nikobar Islands, Sri Lanka, India, the eastern and northern coasts of the Arabian Sea, and the Euphrates River. [138]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 863, the Chinese writer Duan Chengshi (death 863) wrote down details of the slave, ivory, and amber trade in a country called Bobali (according to historians Bobali was Berbera in Somalia). [139]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In Fustat (old Cairo), Egypt, the fame of Chinese ceramics resulted in a high demand for Chinese goods; hence, the Chinese often ventured there (and this continued until the Fatimiyad period in Egypt). [140] [141] In those times, the Arab merchant Shulama was once wrote his admiration for the Chinese jung ship, but he thought the ship was too into the water so that it could not enter the Euphrates River and had to use small boats to send passengers and cargo. [142]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Shulama also observed that Chinese ships were usually very large, with capacities of up to 600—700 passengers. [138] [142] Maharani Wu and Emperor Xuanzong The takeover of power by Wu Zetian Although he entered Emperor Gaozong's court as Wu Zhao's concubine, Wu Zetian reached the peak of power in 690 and founded the short-aged Late Zhou Dynasty.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Maharani Wu gained power with ruthless and well-reckoned tactics: according to popular conspiracy theories, he killed his own baby daughter and blamed other Gaozong maharanis for the maharani to be brought down. [34]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Emperor Gaozong suffered a stroke in 655, and Wu began making decisions for him from behind the scenes. [143]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

When Wu's eldest son who was crown prince began to assert his authority and advocate policies opposed by Wu, he suddenly died in 675.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Many suspected that he was killed by Maharani Wu.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although his next would-be successor did little to act up, in 680 he was accused of plans for rebellion by Wu, resulting in him being banished (and later forced to commit suicide). [144]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 683, Emperor Gaozong died.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

He was succeeded by Emperor Zhongzong, a son of Wu.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Zhongzong tried to elevate Wu as chancellor: after six weeks in power, he was dropped by Maharani Wu and replaced by his younger brother, the 12-year-old Emperor Ruizong. [144]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

As a result, the Tang princes rebelled in 684, but the Wu armed forces extinguished it within two months. [144]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

He then proclaimed the Tianshou era of Zhou Dynasty on October 16, 690, [145] and three days later downgraded Emperor Ruizong's status to crown prince. [146]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

He was also forced to replace his father Li's surname with the surname Wu. [146]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Wu Zetian later became the only female emperor in Chinese history.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

However, a palace coup on 20 February 705 forced himself to relinquish his position on 22 February.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

On the next day, his son Zhongzong returned to power, and Tang Dynasty was restored on March 3.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Soon afterward, Wu Zetian passed away. [147]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

To legitimize his power, he spread a document called the Great Cloud Sutra, which predicted that the reincarnation of Maitreya Buddha was a female ruler who would remove disease, worry, and disaster from the world. [148] [149] In his time of power, he introduced some changes in the Chinese script, which were later restored as originally after his death. [150]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

One of her most important legacies was the diminishing of aristocratic power in the northwest, so that people from other clans and regions of China became more represented in Chinese politics and government. [151] [152] The rise of Xuanzong There were many important women in the court imperial during the time of Maharani Wu and thereafter, such as Shangguan Wan'er (664—710), a poet, writer, and female official who took care of Wu's personal office. [153]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 706, Emperor Zhongzong of Tang's wife, Maharani Wei (death 710), convinced her husband to elevate her sister and daughter to become government servants, and in 709 requested that he give women the right to surrender the privileges of descending temurunyna to the son- his side (which was previously a right for men only). [154]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Maharani Wei ultimately poisoned Zhongzong, and then he placed his fifteen-year-old son on the throne in 710. [42]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Two weeks later, Li Longji (later to become Emperor Xuanzong) entered the palace with several followers and killed Maharani Wei and his faction. [42]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

He then placed his father Emperor Ruizong (ruling 710—712) on the throne. [42]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

While Emperor Zhongzong was dominated by Maharani Wei, Ruizong was also dominated by Princess Taiping. [155]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

This state of affairs ended after the failure of Princess Taiping's coup attempt in 712 (he hanged himself in 713), and Emperor Ruizong resigned and gave his post to Emperor Xuanzong. [42] [154] At the time of Emperor Xuanzong for 44 years, the Tang Dynasty reached its golden age with Low economic inflation. [110] [152] He was considered a progressive and virtuous leader.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 747, he abolished capital punishment; previously all death sentences had to be approved by the emperor himself (for the record, in 730, there were 24 people sentenced to death). [156]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Xuanzong followed the consensus of his ministers on policy-making and sought to fill ministry posts from various political factions. [155]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

His chancellor Zhang Jiuling (673—740) who was a strong adherent of Confucianism sought to reduce deflation and increase the amount of money in circulation by encouraging the use of private coins, while his successor who was an aristocrat and technocrat Li Linfu (death) 753) supported a government monopoly over the expenditure of coins. [157]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

After 737, Xuanzong strongly trusted his chancellor Li Linfu, who supported a more aggressive policy of recruiting non-Chinese generals.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

This policy ultimately resulted in circumstances that allowed for a massive rebellion against Emperor Xuanzong. [158]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The decline of the An Lushan Rebellion and the disaster of the JMPL|left|Leshan Giant Buddha, with a height of 71m (233ft); construction began in 713 and was completed by 803.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The glory of the Tang Dynasty ended in the 8th century when the An Lushan Rebellion (16 December 755 — 17 February 763) devastated the empire.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

An Lushan was a half-Sogdian, half-Turk commander, since 744, and managed to win a battle against the Khitans in Manchuria in 744, [56] [159] although his military campaign against the Khitans as a whole was unsuccessful. [160]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

He acquired great responsibility in Hebei, allowing him to rebel with more than one hundred thousand soldiers. [56]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

After seizing Luoyang, he declared himself emperor of the new and short-aged state of Yan. [159]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although at first the Tang general Guo Ziyi (697—781) managed to obtain victory, the newly recruited soldiers in the capital were unable to match An Lushan's experienced army, so the emperor fled Chang'an. [56] As the emperor's potential successors recruited troops in Shanxi and Xuanzong fled to Sichuan province, they asked the Turk Uyghur people for help in 756. [161]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Khan Uyghur Moyanchur was delighted at this offer, and married his daughter to a Chinese diplomatic envoy who came, and in exchange he was able to marry a Chinese princess. [161]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Uyghurs helped retake the Tang capital from the rebels, but they refused to leave before being given many tributes in the form of silk cloth. [56] [161] In addition, the Arab orags of the Abbasid Caliphate also assisted the Tang in quelling the An Lushan rebellion. [161] [162] On the side else, the Tibetans tried to take advantage of the situation and plundered many Chinese territories, and after the fall of the Tibetan Empire in 842 (and the Uyghurs soon afterward) the Tang was unable to retake Central Asia after 763. [56] [163] This setback was so great that half a century then jinshi examinees were required to write essays regarding the causes of Tang's decline. [164]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although An Lushan was ultimately killed by one of his casims in 757, [161] the difficult times and rebellion continued until the rebel Shi Siming was killed by his own son in 763. [161]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

One legacy left by the Tang government since 710 was the rise of regional military governors (jiedushi) who slowly began to defy central government power. [57]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

After the An Shi Rebellion, the autonomy and authority amassed by jiedushi in Hebei was beyond the control of the administration.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Between 781 and 784, several rebellions erupted in Hebei, Shandong, Hubei, and Henan, and after these events the government had to recognize the hereditary power of jiedushi.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Tang government depended on jiedushi and its armed forces for the protection and extinguishing of rebellions.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In exchange, the Tang government had to recognize the right of governors to have their own armed forces, levy taxes, and bequeath their titles to their successors. [56] [165] As time passed, the existence of jiedushi began to diminish the importance of public servants' entrance examinations, and autonomy they get bigger and bigger. [56]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Those military governors' powers lasted until 960, when the Song Dynasty was established and brought a new order.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Moreover, with the abandonment of the juntian system, the people can buy and sell land freely.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Many poor people fell into debt as a result of this, and they were forced to sell their land to the rich. [56]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

With the fall of the land allocation system in 755, the Chinese central government was unable to manage agriculture and had only been a tax collector for approximately a millennium, with the exception during the Song Dynasty land nationalization attempt that failed during the war against the Mongols on 13th century. [166]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

As a result of the weakening of the Tang government's control over its territories, in 845 it was recorded that raiders and river pirates began pillaging settlements along the Yangtze River without encountering any meaningful resistance. [167]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 858, the Great Canal of China overflowed and submerged much of the land in the North China Plain and tens of thousands of people. [167]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Chinese belief in the Mandate of Heaven given to Tang began to disappear when natural disasters occurred, and many people felt that Heaven was no longer happy with Tang so they no longer had the right to power.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Then, in 873, crop failures shook the empire; in some regions crop yields were reduced by half, and tens of thousands of people experienced famine. [167]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In the early days of the Tang Dynasty, governments could deal with crop failures, such as in 714—719 when the Tang government could effectively respond to natural disasters by implementing a system of price regulation. [167]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The central government at the time could gather food supplies to deal with possible famine disasters and increase agricultural productivity through land reclamation. [110] [167] However, by the 9th century, the Tang government could do nothing in the face of natural disasters.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Rebuilding and recovery Although natural disasters and rebellions damaged the good name of the government, in the early 9th century the Tang Dynasty was briefly restored. [168]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

As a result of the government's inability in managing the economy, trade became more derdrong as with the lack of bureaucratic barriers more and more new markets sprung up. [169] [170] In 780, grain and compulsory taxes were replaced by semi-annual taxes paid in cash, which shows a shift to a money economy driven by the merchant class. [162]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Cities in the Jiangnan region to the south, such as Yangzhou, Suzhou, and Hangzhou, experienced rapid economic growth in the late Tang period. [169]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The government monopoly over salt production, which weakened after the An Shi Rebellion, was in the hands of the Salt Commission, which became one of the strongest government bodies and was run by the most capable specialist ministers.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The commission initiated the practice of selling salt monopoly rights to merchants, which were used by these merchants to transport and sell in local markets.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 799, more than half the government's revenue came from the salt sector. [56]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

S.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

A.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

M.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Adshead wrote that the setting of the salt tax constituted “the first time that indirect taxes, and not tributes, levied taxes from land or money, or [the first time] the profits of a governing body such as the mining [body] became a major resource of a major state. “[171]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Even after the power of the central government waned in the mid-8th century, the government was still able to function and give orders on a large scale.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Tangshu (Old Book of Tang) compiled in 945 records that in 828 the Tang government issued a decree standardizing chain pumps for irrigation: In the second year of Taihe's reign [828 AD], in the second month... a standard model of chain pump was issued by the palace, and the people Jingzhao Fu (capital) was ordered by the emperor to make many machines to distribute to the people along the Zheng Bai Canal for irrigation purposes.— [172] The Tang Dynasty at these times was briefly overrun by an ambitious emperor named Emperor Xianzong (ruling 805—820); His period was helped by fiscal reforms previously waged in the 780s. [173] He had a well-trained armed force in the capital and was led by his court eunuchs; these armed forces were the Armed Forces of Divine Strategy, with troop numbers amounting to 240,000 troops in 798. [174]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Between 806 to 819, Emperor Xianzong waged seven major military campaigns to quell rebellions in the provinces claiming autonomy from the central government, but were only able to subdue two only. [101] [175] Under his rule the jiedushi system briefly ended because Xianzong raised his own military officers and placed civil servants in the regional bureaucracy. [101] [175] However, Xianzong's successor was not as conversant as himself and was more interested in hunting, partying, and exercising, so that the eunuchs could gather more power because of the servants the country is in contention with factions. [175]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The power of the eunuchs became unopposed again after the failure of Emperor Wenzong's attempt (ruling 826—840) to depose them; Emperor Wenzong's allies were instead put to death in public advance at Chang'an's Western Market at the behest of the eunuchs. [169]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Collapse In addition to natural disasters and jiedushi becoming increasingly autonomous, Huang Chao's Rebellion (874—884) erupted and lasted for a decade before it could be quelled; during the rebellion, the rebels managed to seize and plunder Chang'an and Luoyang. [176]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although it can ultimately defeat the rebels, Tang cannot recover afterwards, so in the future another military force can destroy it.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

There are also many groups of robbers in action in the countryside, smuggling salt, attacking merchants, and besieging several towns. [129]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Zhu Wen, who was originally a salt smuggler under the leadership of the rebel Huang, surrendered to the Tang army.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

By helping defeat Huang, he managed to rapidly rise in rank within the Tang military. [177]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 907, the Tang Dynasty collapsed when Zhu Wen, who by then had been a military governor, deposed the last Tang emperor, Emperor Ai of Tang, and ambled the throne for himself (after dying he became known as Emperor Taizu of Late Liang).


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

He founded the Late Liang Dynasty, which marked the beginning of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

A year later, Emperor Ai who had been brought down was poisoned by Zhu Wen.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Society and culture Both the Sui and Tang Dynasties eschewed the earlier Northern Dynasti-Dinasti-feudal culture and followed the teachings of Confucianism. [3]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Tang system of government was supported by a class of Confucian intellectuals elected through public servants' entrance examinations or recommendations.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In the Tang period, Daoism and Buddhism also acted as core ideologies and influenced people's daily lives.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

On the other hand, Tang residents enjoyed partying, drinking liquor, vacationing, exercising, and enjoying other pastimes, while Chinese literature could be enjoyed by more readers with the advent of new printing methods.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Leisure time in the Tang Dynasty Tang Dynasty is known for the abundance of leisure time for fun, especially among upper-class people. [178]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Tang people enjoyed a variety of sports and activities, such as archery, [179] hunting, [180] horse polo, [181] cuju football, [182] cockfighting, [183] and even tug-of-war. [184]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Government officials were given days off for the duration of their duties.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In order to visit their families, officials are also given 30 days off every three years if their home place is 1,000mi (1,600km) from their workplace, or 15 days off when their parents live 167mi (269km) (travel time not included). [178]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

There are also nine holidays when their boy or daughter is married, and five, three, or one holiday for the marriage ceremony of a close relative (travel time not included). [178]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Furthermore, officials were given three days off to attend their boys' manhood ceremonies, and one holiday for the boys' maturity ceremonies of close relatives. [178]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Traditional Chinese holidays such as Chinese New Year, Lantern Festival, and Cold Food Festival were holidays in the Tang Dynasty.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

On these days, festive celebrations were held in Chang'an, especially during the Lantern Festival due to the city curfew being lifted by the government for three consecutive days. [185]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Between the years 628 and 758, the emperor held sixty-nine major kirabs throughout the country, which were usually held at special moments such as military victories, gluts of crops after a long drought or famine, granting amnesty, or the appointment of a new crown prince. [186]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In special celebrations in Tang, lavish massive feasts were sometimes prepared, and the empire had established special bodies to prepare food. [187]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

One example is a feast prepared for 1,100 elderly people in Chang'an in 664, a feast for 3,500 officers of the Armed Forces of Divine Strategy in 768, and a feast for 1,200 court women and members of the imperial family in 826. [187]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In Chinese culture, there is a culture of drinking wine and alcoholic beverages every social event. [188]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

A palace official from the 8th century is said to have a serpent-shaped structure called the 'Cave of Bir' built of 50,000 bricks on the ground, and in each stone there is a bowl filled with beer that his companions can drink. [189]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Chang'an, the Tang capital Although Chang'an was once the capital of the Han and Jin Dynasties, the Tang capital in Chang'an followed the style as during the Sui Dynasty.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The more or less square-shaped city is protected by an outer wall 10km long from west to east and 8km from north to south. [20]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The royal palace, Taiji Palace, stands to the north of the city's main axis. [190]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

From the huge Mingde Gate located in the center of the southern wall, the streets of the city lay towards the north and led to the Chentian Gate protecting the imperial palace.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The road intersects with fourteen main roads from west to east, while there are eleven main roads running from north to south.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

These intersecting main streets form 108 rectangular shaped areas each of which have walls and four gates and consist of several city blocks.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The city is known for its chessboard-like pattern due to the walled districts, and this layout is even mentioned in one of Du Fu's poems. [191]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

During the Heian period, the city of Heian kyō (present-day Kyoto) in Japan was designed with a chessboard-like street pattern like the Tang capital. [33]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Of the 108 areas in Chang'an, two of them (each amounting to 2 ordinary city areas) are used for government-supervised markets, and the rest for temples, gardens, or ponds. [20]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Throughout the city, there are 111 Buddhist monasteries, 40 monasteries of Taoism, 38 family altars, 2 official temples, 7 foreign religious churches, 10 provincial transmission office areas, 12 large inns, and 6 permeats. [192]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Some areas of the city are filled by open fields for playing or back gardens of mansions for playing horse polo or cuju football. [193]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 662, Emperor Gaozong moved the imperial court to Daming Palace, which was then the political center of the empire and the residence of Tang emperors for more than 220 years. [194] JMPL|Jingyun bells made of bronze from 711.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

He is 247 cm tall, his mass is 6,500kg.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Currently these bells are kept in the Xi'an Bell Tower. The Tang capital was the largest city in the world at that time, with a population in the city and its periphery of 2 million inhabitants. [20]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Chang'an is a very cosmopolitan city and inhabited by various ethnic groups, such as Persians, Central Asians, Japanese, Koreans, Vietnamese, Tibetans, and Indians.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

With a variety of ethnic groups in Chang'an, there are also various religions that are professed by the population, such as Buddhism, Nestorianism, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Islam.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Many foreigners are able to settle in China because China is connected to the Silk Road, and the city of Chang'an itself is populated with approximately 25,000 foreigners. [104] [195] In some taverns, green-eyed and blond-haired Tocharian women serve deep wine carnelian cups and amber, singing, and dancing. [196]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

If a foreigner in China is about to marry a Chinese woman, he is required to stay in China and may not bring his spouse back to his homeland, as provided by the law established in 628 to protect women from temporary marriage with foreign envoys. [197]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Several laws governing segregation between foreigners and Chinese were also passed by the time of the Tang Dynasty.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 779, the Tang Dynasty issued an order forcing the Uyghur people of the capital to wear their ethnic clothing, stop marrying Chinese women, and should not apply like the Chinese. [198]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Chang'an is the center of government, the home of the emperor's family, and it is filled with wealth and splendor.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

However, the city was not the economic center of the Tang Dynasty.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The city of Yangzhou on the banks of China's Great Canal and close to the Yangtze River was the largest economic center during the Tang Dynasty. [120] [199] Yangzhou was the center of the government's monopoly on salt, and China's largest industrial center; the city acted as an intermediary for freight- Foreign goods to major cities in the north. [120] [199] Like the port of Guangzhou in the South, in Yangzhou there are many foreign merchants from various places in Asia. [199] [200] The Tang Dynasty also had a second capital in Luoyang, which was the favorite capital of Maharani Wu.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 691, he moved 100,000 families (more than 500,000 people) from around the Chang'an region to Luoyang. [120]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

With a population of about one million inhabitants, Luoyang became the second largest capital in the empire, and its proximity to the Luo River made it fertile and connected with traffic on the Great Canal. [120]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

However, the Tang court ultimately downgraded Luoyang's status and no longer visited it after 743 because Chang'an's problems in obtaining annual supplies had been resolved. [120]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Since 736, granaries have been built at key points along the route from Yangzhou to Chang'an, thus resolving the problems of shipping delays, losses, and theft. [201]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

An artificial lake used for shipping had been dug east of Chang'an in 743, and with it the inhabitants of Chang'an could see ships carrying taxes and tributes to their imperial capital. [202]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Literature of the Tang Dynasty period was a golden age of Chinese literature and art.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

There are approximately 48,900 poems made by about 2,200 Tang writers that still survive to modern times. [203] [204] The ability to compose poetry needs to be mastered by those who want to pass the civil servant entrance examination, [205] while the world of poetry in Tang itself is very competitive; often held poetry matches between guests of banquet events and between palace people. [206]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Poetry styles popular in Tang were the gushi and jintishi styles; notable poets who styled gushi were Li Bai (701—762), while for the famous jintishi styles were Wang Wei (701—761) and Cui Hao (704—754).


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

A jintishi-style poem, or regular stanza, is a type of stanza of eight lines or seven characters per line with a fixed tone pattern that must be opposite to the second or third stanza (these differences in tone often cannot be translated to other languages). [207]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Tang poetry remained popular during the time of the Song Dynasty, and many poems imitated the style of Tang poetry; in the period, Yan Yu (; active 1194—1245) was the first to regard during the time of the High Tang (c. 713—766) as a tradition of classical poetry.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Yan Yu greatly megagumi Du Fu (712—770) among other Tang poets, while in his time Du Fu was regarded by his colleagues as an anti-traditional rebel. [208]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Classical Prose movement was sparked by the writings of Liu Zongyuan (773—819) and Han Yu (768—824).


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

This new prose style is different from the tradition of 'piantiwen' poetry dating back to the time of the Han Dynasty.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although the authors of the Classical Prose Movement imitate 'piantiwen', they criticize it for its vague content and not use colloquialism, so the Classical Prose Movement focuses attention on the clarity and rigor of their writing. [209]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

This style of guwen (ancient prose) can be recast to Han Yu, and will be associated with orthodox Neo-Confucianism. [210]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Short stories were also popular during the Tang Dynasty, such as the Biography of Yingying by Yuan Zhen (779—831) which was widely spread during his lifetime and later made a Chinese opera during the Yuan Dynasty (1279—1368). [211] [212] Timothy C. Wong places this story in the context of a Tang love story that more broadly, which often has storylines about desire, societal pressure that requires one to abandon love, which is followed by a sense of pilu. [213]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Wong stated that in this storyline, there was no theme of the 'promise that will never die' and 'complete commitment to love' typically encountered in Western romances such as Romeo and Juliet; however, the traditional Chinese value of one's tactlessness from Its environment (including the community) was used as a tool for making romance in stories. [214] JMPL|left|Little Wild Goose Pagoda, built in 709, is located near Dajianfu Temple in Chang'an, where monks from India and elsewhere came to translate Sanskrit texts into Chinese. [215]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

There are several major encyclopedias published in Tang.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Yiwen Leiju's encyclopedia was compiled in 624 by chief editor Ouyang Xun (557—641) and also Linghu Defen (582—666) and Chen Shuda (death 635).


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Encyclopedia of Treatise on Astrology in the Kaiyuan Era was completed in 729 by Gautama Siddha (ministered in the 8th century), an Indian astronomer, astrologer, and ethnically expert born in Chang'an. Chinese geographers such as Jia Dan wrote accurate details regarding places located far abroad.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In his work written between 785 to 805, he described the sea lanes leading to the mouth of the Persian Gulf, and he noted that the Iranians (whom he called the people of Luo-He-Yi) had erected 'ornamental pillars' in the sea which acted as beacons for possible ships got lost. [216]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

A century after Jia wrote his report, Arab Arab writers such as al-Mas'udi and al-Muqaddasi also described the same structure, thus ensuring the veracity of Jia's writings.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Meanwhile, Chinese diplomat from the Tang Dynasty period Wang Xuance ventured to Magadha (present-day northeastern India) in the 7th century. [217]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Afterwards, he wrote the book Zhang Tianzhu Guotu (Pictorial Notes of Central India), which contains a lot of information on geography. [218]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The histories of the dynasties before Tang were compiled between 636 to 659 by palace officials during and sometime after Emperor Taizong of Tang's reign.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The results were Liang Books, Chen Books, Northern Qi Books, Zhou Books, Sui Books, Jin Books, History of Northern Dynasti-Dynasties, and Southern Dinasti-Dynasties.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although not included in the official Twenty-Four History compilation, Tongdian and Tang Huiyao are also important historical works from the time of the Tang Dynasty.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Meanwhile, Shitong written by Liu Zhiji in 710 contains about the history of Chinese historiography before his lifetime.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Greater Tang Records concerning the Western Regions, compiled by Bianji, tell the story of the journey of Xuanzang, a monk from the time of the Tang Dynasty.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Another important literary work from the Tang Dynasty period is Duan Chengshi's Youyang Zazu (death 863), which is a collection of foreign legends and rumors, reports on natural phenomena, short anecdotes, mythical and worldly tales, and also notes on various subjects.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

However, experts and historians still debate the exact classification for Duan's work. [219]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

JMPL religion and philosophy|Bodhisattwa statues from the time of the Tang Dynasty.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Since ancient times, Chinese people have adhered to traditional beliefs that incorporate many gods.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Chinese believe that the afterlife is a world that aligns with the world of the living, and the afterlife has its own bureaucracy and currency for deceased ancestors. [220]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Therefore, at the funeral, the adherents of this belief try to provide various needs in the afterlife.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

This belief is depicted in the art of the Tang Dynasty, [116] and also in Tang short stories concerning a person accidentally in the world of the dead, and then comes back and recounts his experience. [220]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Buddhism originating in India in the time of Confucius continued to flourish during the Tang Dynasty and was professed by the imperial family; Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty underwent a process of sinization and became part of traditional Chinese culture.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Before the rise of Neo-Confucianism and figures such as Zhu Xi (1130—1200), Buddhism began to flourish in China during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and became the dominant religion by the time of the Tang Dynasty.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Buddhist monasteries play an important role in society by offering lodging for travelers in remote areas, schools for children throughout the country, and places where social events and societies are held in the city. [221]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The monasteries are also engaged in economic activity because the property and servants of the monastery give benefits that can be utilized to establish milling or other businesses. [222] [223] [224] Although these monasteries have 'servants', the servants who are entangled to these monasteries can have own property and employ others to help him, including being able to own their own slaves. [225]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Buddhism began to regress as the Tang central government also regressed in the late 8th century and 9th century.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Buddhist monasteries that had not previously been subject to sudden taxes were taxed by the government.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 845, Emperor Wuzong of Tang finally closed 4,600 monasteries along with 40,000 temples and altars, so 260,000 monks had to return to secular life; [31] [226] this event was later dubbed one of the Four Suppressions of Buddhism in China.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although prohibition would be lifted a few years later, Buddhism no longer became as dominant as before. [31] [226] [227] [228] This also resulted from the rise of interest in native Chinese philosophies, such as Confucianism and Taoism.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Han Yu (786—824) was one of the first people in Tang to denounce Buddhism. [229]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although his peers considered Han Yu rude and irritating, his thinking would overshadow the suppression of Buddhism in Tang and the restoration of Confucian theory with the rise of Neo-Confucianism during the Song Dynasty. [229]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Nonetheless, Chán Buddhism became popular among the educated elites. [31]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

There are also many famous Chan monks from the Tang period, such as Mazu Daoyi, Baizhang, and Huangbo Xiyun.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In addition, the sect of Pure Land Buddhism initiated by Huiyuan (334—416) was as popular as Chan Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty. [230] JMPL|left|wooden hall built in 857, [231] is located at Foguang Temple on Mount Wutai, Shanxi.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The temple is a Buddhist temple.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

A rival to Buddhism at the time of the Tang Dynasty was Taoism, a native Chinese belief system entrenched from the Daodejing books (attributed to Laozi from the 6th century BC) and Zhuangzi.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The ruling Li family in the Tang Dynasty claims to be descendants of Laozi. [232]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

As Tang princes would become crown princes or Tang princesses would become priests of Taoism, sometimes their former mansions were converted into monasteries and places of worship of Taoism. [232]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Meanwhile, many adherents of Taoism are associated with alchemy because they try to find the elixir of life or make gold from a mixture of ingredients. [233]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although they never succeeded, they accounted for new knowledge by inventing new mixtures of metals, porcelain products, and dyes. [233]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Historian Joseph Needham considers the alchemical work of Daoist followers to be “proto-science rather than pseudo-science. “[233]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

However, the linkage between Taoism and alchemy is rejected by Nathan Sivin, who states that alchemy is more often practised in the secular realm and is also performed by laymen. [234]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Tang dynasty also officially recognized other foreign religions.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Eastern Assyrian Church or Nestorian Christian Church was recognized by the Tang court.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 781, the Nestorian Inscription was created with the intention of honoring the achievements of their community in China.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

A Christian monastery was established in Shaanxi province at the site of the establishment of the Daqin Pagoda containing Christian-themed arts.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although this religion died out after the Tang Dynasty, Nestorianism emerged again during the Mongol invasion in the 13th century. [235]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Tang women The understanding of women's rights and social status during the Tang Dynasty was considered quite liberal at that time.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

However, this only applies to city women of the elite class, as men and women in the countryside work hard doing different tasks; wives and daughters are usually responsible for household tasks such as weaving textiles and taking care of silkworms, while men worked in the fields. [49]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

There were many women during the Tang period who were priests of Taoism. [232]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

On the other hand, the mistress who became the head of the brothel in Chang'an gained wealth and power. [236]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Their upper-class women, who probably influenced geisha in Japan, [237] were respected by society at the time.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

They are singers and poets, supervise feasts, know all the rules of drinking alcohol, and are trained in the most respectable eating ordinances. [236]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although known for their polite behavior, these women dominated the conversation among upper-class people, and were not afraid to denounce or criticize male guests who spoke too much or loudly, showed off too much of their achievements, or messed up dinner by their abusive behavior (even a woman once beat a drunk man who had insulted her). [238]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

When singing to entertain guests, these women compose their own song lyrics, and they mobilize new styles by singing sentences spoken by famous figures in Chinese history. [203]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

During the Tang Dynasty, women were considered fashionable when the body contained.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Men tend to like women who are assertive and active. [239] [240] The sport of polo from Persia became popular among the elite, and women often played this game (as illustrated by the statues from the time). [239]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Women's preferred hairstyles are those that bring their hair together such as “elaborate building over the forehead," [240] while rich women wear ornaments, combs, pearl necklaces, face powder, and perfume. [241]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

A law established in 671 attempted to force women to wear hats with veils to encourage chivalry, but the law was ignored, and some women began wearing male riding clothes and shoes as well as tight-sleeved clothing. [242]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

There were several important court women after Maharani Wu, such as Yang Guifei (719—756), who successfully asked Emperor Xuanzong to give important posts to his brothers and cronies. [42]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Food, tea, and daily necessities In the early days of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420—589), or perhaps even earlier, tea (Camellia sinensis) became a popular drink in southern China.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In those days tea was considered a drink with a pleasant taste and had properties. [203]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

At the time of the Teng Dynasty, tea was associated with cultural advancement in society.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Much of the poetry by poet Lu Tong (790—835) deals with his love of tea.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The author Lu Yu from the 8th century even wrote a treatise on the art of drinking tea called Chajing. [243]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Meanwhile, although the use of paper for wrapping has existed in China since the 2nd century BC, [244] during the Tang Dynasty the Chinese people folded paper into box-shaped bags to store and maintain the taste of tea leaves. [244]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Before the Tang dynasty period, the use of toilet paper was first recorded in 589 by Yan Zhitui (531—591). [245]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 851, an Arab Muslim traveler commented on how they felt the Tang people were unclean for not cleaning defecation feces with water in the bathrooms; he instead observed that the Chinese people used paper only. [245]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In ancient times, the Chinese people had outlined their five staple foods: sesame, beans, wheat, jawawut, and bergluten milet. [246]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The encyclopedia compiler from the Ming Dynasty Song Yingxing (1587—1666) noted that rice was not included in the five ancient staples because at that time the areas of southern China that were wet and humid enough to grow rice were still not settled by Chinese people. [246]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

During the Tang Dynasty, in addition to the mentioned staples, there were also ingredients such as barley, garlic, salt, turnip, soy, pear, apricot, peach, apple, pomegranate, jujube, rhubarb, hazel nut, pine nut, castu, walnut, yam, taro, and others. [247]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Various types of meat eaten include pork, chicken, lamb (especially in the north), sea otter, bear (which is difficult to catch, but there are recipes for boiling, steaming, and putting bear meat in a marinade), and even bacterial camel. [247]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

On the southern coast seafood is the most consumed food, and Chinese people like to cook jellyfish with cinnamon, Sichuan pepper, cardamom, and ginger, as well as oysters with wine, fried squid with ginger and vinegar, cardamom, crab, shrimp, and buntal fish. [248]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Some food sources should also not be eaten.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Tang government invited its people not to eat cows (because it was a valuable working animal), and from 831 to 833 Emperor Wenzong of Tang even forbade the slaughtering of farm animals because of his Buddhism beliefs. [249]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Through the overseas trade path, the Chinese during the Tang Dynasty were able to obtain peaches from Samarkand, dates, pistacios, and figs from Iran, pine nuts and ginseng from Korea, and mangoes from Southeast Asia. [250] [251] During the Tang Dynasty, there was a lot of demand for sugar; as Harsha came to power in North India (606—647), Indian envoys to the Tang court brought two sugar makers who successfully taught the Chinese how to grow sugarcane. [252] [253] The finished cotton products also came from the Bengal region of India, although during the Tang Dynasty the Chinese had already begun to grow and process cotton, and by the time of the Yuan Dynasty cotton had become the main textile raw material in China. [254]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Chinese people during the Tang Dynasty had used food preservation methods.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The most commonly used methods are simple methods such as deep pit digging, soaking with brine, and salting food. [255]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The emperor had large ice holes in the gardens in Chang'an to preserve food, and the rich people also had their own ice holes even though smaller. [256]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Every year the emperor ordered the creation of 1000 blocks of ice from the frozen river in the mountain valleys, and each beam had a size of 0.91 m x 0.91 m x 1.06 m. [256]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In summer, a variety of frozen foods can also be enjoyed, such as refrigerated melons. [256]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Science, technology, and medicine Engineering science JMPL|Wooden tomb guard statues; wood sculptures that are mechanically driven into cup holders, wine pourers, dancers, and other things. [257]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Technology during the Tang Dynasty was based on technology that had been created in the previous time.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In the field of clock machines and punctuality, the mechanical gear systems of Zhang Heng (78—139) and Ma Jun (3rd century) inspired the engineer, astronomer, and priest Tang Yi Xing (683—727) when he created a clock motion regulating mechanism called escapement in 725. [258]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

This method is used in conjunction with water clocks and the use of water wheels to drive armilari balls. [259]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Yi Xing tool also has a bell that has been mechanically designed to sound every hour and a drum that will sound automatically every quarter of an hour. [260]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Yi Xing's designed astronomical clock became famous throughout the country, and at least before 730 people who wanted to pass the civil servant entrance examination had to write an essay on Yi Xing's creation tools. [261]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

However, the most widely used method of timing is clepsydra inflow.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

This method's poison was improved in 610 by Sui Dynasty engineers Geng Xun and Yuwen Kai.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

They use dacin scales to make adjustments to the pressure head which then allow setting the difference for the length of day and night. [262]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

There were various other mechanical inventions during the Tang Dynasty.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

One of them is a 0.91 m high mechanical wine renderer from the early 8th century that is mountain-shaped and made of iron. [263]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

It uses a hydraulic pump that sucks wine from a dragon-headed metal tap.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In this tool there is also a bowl that when filled will pour wine (by utilizing the force of gravity into an artificial lake that has iron leaves that can be used as a tray in banquets. [263]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Moreover, as the historian Charles Benn described it: In the middle of the road in the southern part there was a dragon... the dragon opened his mouth and took out beer into a glass placed over a large [iron] lotus leaf.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

When the glass is 80% full, the dragon stops taking out the beer, and the guest immediately picks up the glass.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

When he was slow in drinking beer and returning the glass to the top of the leaf, the door in the pavilion on the mountain opened and the mechanical wine renderer, in a hat and dress, appeared with a wooden stick in his hand.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

As soon as the guest returns the glass, the dragon fills it back, the wine renderer returns to its place, and the pavilion door closes... A pump sucks beer that flows into the beer pool through a hidden hole and returns the beer to its source inside the mountain. [263]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although the use of seductive mechanical puppets in wine renderers is an original invention, the use of mechanical puppets in China has existed since the Qin Dynasty (221—207 BC), [264] while Ma Jun in the 3rd century created a mechanical puppet theater driven by water ball turnover. [264]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

There was also an automatic wine renderer in the Greco-Roman civilization, the Heron design of Alexandria that used a jambangan with deep valves and levers similar to the tools described above.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Meanwhile, there are various stories of automatically moving tools in the Tang Dynasty, such as the statue of the wooden priest general Yang Wulian who stretched out his hand to collect donations; when the amount of coins reached a certain weight, this mechanical statue moved his hand to put coins in a bag. [265]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

This weight-and-lever mechanism is similar to Heron's created slot machine. [266]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

One example of another tool in the Tang Dynasty is Wang Ju's “wooden otter” which supposedly can catch fish; Needham suspects that the ni tool uses some kind of spring. [265]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In the field of architecture, there is a law regarding building standards, which is described in the book Yingshan Ling (National Building Law). [267]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

A portion of the book still survives in Tang Lü (Tang Act), [268] while Song Dynasty architecture guide Yingzao Fashi (State Building Standards) by Li Jie (1065—1101) is the oldest surviving Chinese architectural treatise fully. [267]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Wooden beam printing Wooden block printing allows the spread of writing for many readers.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

One of the oldest printed documents in the world is the Buddhist religious dharani sutra discovered in Xi'an in 1974 and estimated to date from 650 to 670. [269]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Intan Sutra was the first complete book to be widely printed; it was supplemented by illustrations and texts, and dates back to 868. [270] [271] In addition, one of the first documents printed was Buddhist texts as well as the calendars required to count and mark the day the good and neither. [272]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

With the large number of books scattered for readers, the literacy rate may increase, and the lower classes can acquire books that are cheap to study.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Therefore, there were more people from the lower classes who passed the civil servant entrance examination during the late Song Dynasty. [37] [273] [274] Although Bi Sheng's freelance letter printing in the 11th century was a new invention during the Song Dynasty, the wooden block printing was scattered during the time of the The Tang dynasty would remain the main printing method in China until printing from more advanced Europe came and spread in East Asia. [275]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In the time of Dinati Tang, playing cards were played for the first time, and this was made possible with the presence of printing technology. [276]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Medicine During the Tang Dynasty, there was an effort to classify all medicines used in Chinese pharmacology.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 657, Emperor Gaozong of Tang (ruling 649—683) ordered the issuance of an official materia medica, complete with texts and illustrations for 833 medical substances extracted from stones, minerals, plants, herbs, animals, vegetables, fruits, and cereals. [277]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In addition, the Tang government encouraged the study of medicine by establishing imperial medical colleges, holding state examinations for doctors, and creating forensic guides for physicians. [254]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Some notable authors in medicine during the Tang Dynasty include Zhen Chuan (death 643) and Sun Simiao (581—682); Zhen Chuan was the first to discover that diabetic patients had a high sugar content in his art water, while Sun Simiao was the one who first discovered that diabetic patients had high sugar content in his art, while Sun Simiao was a person first to know that diabetic patients need to avoid alcohol and foods containing amylum. [278]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Meanwhile, Zhen Chuan and other experts during the Tang Dynasty wrote that the thyroid glands of sheep and pigs could be used to deal with goiter disease; a new thyroid extract was used for goiter patients in the West after 1890. [279]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Furthermore, the use of dental amalgam (which is made from tin and silver) was first introduced in the Xinxiu Bencao textbook of medicine written by Su Gong in 659. [280]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Cartography During the Tang Dynasty, there were several advances in the science of cartography.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

When the Tang chancellor Pei Ju (547—627) worked for the Sui Dynasty as Commercial Commissioner in 605, he created a grid map (checkerboard) with a scale based on the tradition of cartographer Pei Xiu (224—271). [283]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Tang chancellor Xu Jingzong (592—672) is also known for his China map drawn in 658. [284]