Question: When was Butch Vig born?

Dave Grohl

Used for Stacked Actors, Grohl owns many more Firebirds. 1965 Gibson Trini Lopez - Used during the One By One era 1967 Gibson Trini Lopez - Used for Walk video, Finished in rare “Pelham Blue”. 1990 Gibson Les Paul Custom (x2) - Used from 1995—1999, two black, one white. from 1995—2000, two white, one black, one sunburst. 1992 Gibson Explorer (x4) - Used from 1994—2001, three in black, one in white. 2002 Ampeg Lucite “Clear” Dan Armstrong (x4) - Main guitar used during the One By One era. [1] 1972 Fender Telecaster Deluxe Classic series. [2] 1979 Gibson RD - Used during the early 2000's, in sunburst, also has a Boss DM-2 Analog Delay attached to the bottom.


Question: When was Butch Vig born?

Dave Grohl

It was primarily tuned to A, for use in the song 'Stacked Actors'.


Question: When was Butch Vig born?

Dave Grohl

Amps Fender Tonemaster (x2) Custom Audio Electronics 100 watts Custom (x2) Hiwatt Custom 100 Mesa Boogie Road King (x2) Mesa Boogie Dual Rectifier (x2) Vox AC-30 Cabinets Fender Tonemaster 4x12 (x2) Mesa Road King 4x12 (x2) Boss Effects DD3 Delay Boss TU2 Tuner (x2) MXR 90 MXR Smart Gate (x2) Voodoo Labs PedalPower Voodoo Labs Amp Switcher Shure UR4 Wireless ProCo Rat Distortion Discography Filmography Film Reference Notes Outlinks (Foo Fighters) on IMDb at ArtistDirect.com Category:Musicians United States Discography Category:Singers United States Category:Director USA Category:Grammy Award Winners Category:Brit Award Winners Category:NME Award Winners Category:Songcreators United States


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Template:Box campaign of World War I (PDI) was a centralized global war in Europe that began on July 28, 1914 until November 11, 1918.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The war was often called the World War or the Great War from the time it occurred until the start of World War II in 1939, and the First World War or World War I after that.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This war involved all the great powers of the world, [5] which split into two conflicting alliances, namely the Allies (based on the Entente Three consisting of Great Britain, France, and Russia) and the Central Bloc (centralized on the Alliance Three consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy; but when Austria-Hungary went on the offensive while the communion was defensive, Italy did not join the war). [6]


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

These two alliances reorganized (Italy was on the Allied side) and expanded themselves as many countries took part in the war.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

More than 70million military soldiers, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. [7] [8] More than 9million soldiers were killed, mainly due to technological advances that increased the lethality of a weapon without considering improved protection protection or mobility.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

World War I was the sixth deadliest conflict in world history, thus paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in some of the countries involved. [9]


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The long-term causes of this war included the imperialist foreign policies of the great European powers, including the German Empire, the Austria-Hungary Empire, the Ottoman Sultanate, the Russian Empire, the British Imperium, the French Republic, and Italy.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The June 28, 1914 assassination of Grand Duke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by a Yugoslav nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina was the originator of this war.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The assassination led to a Habsburg ultimatum against the Kingdom of Serbia. [10] [11] A number of alliances formed over the previous decades were shaken, so that in a matter of weeks all the great powers were involved in the war; through their colonies, this conflict soon spread to the rest of the world.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 28 July, this conflict opened with the invasion of Serbia by Austria-Hungary, [12] [13] followed by German invasions of Belgium, Luxembourg, and France; and Russian incursions into Germany.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After the German march on Paris faltered, the Western Front conducted a battle of static attribution with trench lines that changed little of the atmosphere until 1917.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In the East, the Russian army managed to defeat forces of the Ottoman Sultanate, but was forced to retreat from East Prussia and Poland by the German army.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Other fronts opened after the Ottoman Sultanate took part in the wars of 1914, Italy and Bulgaria of 1915, and Romania of 1916.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Russian Empire collapsed in March 1917, and Russia withdrew from the war after the October Revolution later that year.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Following the German offensive along the western front of 1918, the Allies forced German forces to retreat in a series of successful attacks and United States forces began to enter the trenches.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Germany, troubled by the revolution at the time, agreed to an armistice on 11 November 1918 which would come to be known as Armistice Day.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This war ended in victory on the Allied side.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Events on the British front were as rib as the front, as the parties involved sought to mobilize their human power and economic resources to wage total war.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

At the end of the war, the four great imperial powers—the German Empire, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Ottomans—broke up.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The substitute countries of the first mentioned two empires just now lost a lot of territory, while the last two broke up completely.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Central Europe is split into several small countries. [14]


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The League of Nations was formed in the hope of preventing conflicts like this one further.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

European nationalism that arose as a result of war and the dissolution of the empire, the impact of Germany's defeat and problems with the Versailles Tract are believed to be factors causing the outbreak of World War II. [15]


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Name In Canada, Maclean's Magazine in October 1914 wrote down, “A number of wars are given and named themselves.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This war is called the Great War. “[16]


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

A history of the origin and first months of the war was published in New York in late 1914 under the title The World War. [17]


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

During the interwar period, it was more commonly called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, the term World War I or First World War became standard, with British and Canadian historians preferring the First World War, and America World War I. Both terms were also worn during the interwar period.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The phrase “First World War” was first worn September 1914 by the German philosopher Ernest Haeckel, who claimed that “there is no doubt that the grooves and figures of the 'European War' feared... would be the first world war in the fullest sense. “[18]


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The First World War (First World War) is also the title of a 1920 history book by officer and journalist Charles à Court Repington.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Background In the 19th century, the great powers of Europe strived to maintain the balance of power throughout Europe, giving rise to a complex network of political and military alliances on the continent. [6]


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

It began in 1815 with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Then, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors (German: Dreikaiserbund) between the monarchies of Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This treaty failed because Austria-Hungary and Russia disagreed on Balkan policy, thus leaving Germany and Austria-Hungary in one alliance formed in 1879 named Alliance Two.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This was seen as a method of countering Russian influence in the Balkans as the Ottoman Sultanate continued to weaken. [6]


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In 1882, this alliance extended to Italy and became the Alliance of Three. [19]


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After 1870, European conflicts were spared through a carefully planned network of treaties between the German Empire and the rest of Europe devised by Bismarck.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

He sought to hold Russia from remaining on Germany's side to avoid a two-front war with France and Russia.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

When Wilhelm II ascended the throne as German Emperor (Kaiser), Bismarck was forced to retire and his alliance system was slowly phased out.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

For example, the Kaiser refused to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1890.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Two years later, the French-Russian Alliance was signed to counter the forces of the Three Alliance.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In 1904, Great Britain signed a series of treaties with France, the Entente Cordiale, and in 1907, Great Britain and Russia signed the British-Russian Convention.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Although these agreements did not formally establish Great Britain with France or Russia, they allowed Britain to enter into any conflict that would later involve France and Russia, and this bilateral treaty lockdown system was later known as Entente Three. [6]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Germany's industrial and economic power grew rapidly after the unification and founding of the Empire in 1871.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

From the mid-1890s onwards, Wilhelm II's reign wore on this industrial base to exploit large amounts of economic resources to build the Kaiserliche Marine (German Imperial Navy), formed by Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, to rival the Force The Sea of the United Kingdom of Great Britain for the supremacy of the world's seas. [20]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

As a result, each country is trying to outdo other countries in terms of capital ships.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

With the<i>1906 launch of HMS Dreadnought, the British Imperium expanded its lead against its German competitor. [20]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The arms race between Britain and Germany eventually extended to the rest of Europe, with all the great powers utilizing their industrial bases to manufacture supplies and weapons necessary for a pan-European conflict. [21]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Between 1908 and 1913, the military spending of European powers increased by 50percent. [22]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Austria-Hungary began the 1908—1909 Bosnian crisis by formally annexing the former Ottoman territories of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which it had occupied since 1878.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

These events made the Kingdom of Serbia and its patron, the Pan-Slavik and Orthodox Russian Empire. [23]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Russia's political maneuvering in the region is destabilizing an already divisive peace treaty what is referred to as “Europe's gunpowder barrel”. [23]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The years 1912 and 1913, the First Balkan War broke out between the Balkan League and the fractured Ottoman Sultanate.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Treaty of London thereafter reduced the area of the Ottoman Sultanate and created the independent state of Albania, but enlarged the territories of Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

When Bulgaria overran Serbia and Greece on June 16, 1913, it lost most of Macedonia to Serbia and Greece and Southern Dobruja to Romania in the 33-day-long Second Balkan War, thus destabilizing in the region even more be-so. [24]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb student and member of the Bosnian Youth, assassinated the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, Grand Duke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo, Bosnia. [25]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

These events began a month of diplomatic maneuvering among Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France, and Britain, called the July Crisis.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Wanting to end Serb intervention in Bosnia, Austria-Hungary sent a July Ultimatum to Serbia, namely ten requests that were deliberately made unreasonable with the aim of starting a war with Serbia. [26]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

When Serbia only agreed to eight of the ten requests, Austria-Hungary declared war on 28 July 1914.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Strachan argued: “The doubtful and initial response by Serbia being able to make changes to Austria-Hungary's behaviour could be doubtful.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Franz Ferdinand was not a crazy figure of popularity, and his death did not make this empire grieve deeply”. [27]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Russian Empire, not wanting Austria-Hungary to remove its influence in the Balkans and supporting its old protégé Serbia, ordered a partial mobilization a day later. [19]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The German Empire made a mobilization on 30 July 1914, ready to implement the “Shlieffen Plan” in the form of a rapid and massed invasion of France to defeat the French Army, then moved east to fight the Russians.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The French cabinet unmoved against military pressure regarding rapid mobilisation, and ordered its soldiers withdraw 10km from the border to avoid any incident.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The new French mobilized on the night of 2 August, when the Germans overran Belgium and attacked the French army.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Germany declared war on Russia on that day as well. [28]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Great Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914, after an “unsatisfactory reply” to Britain's ultimatum that Belgium should be left neutral. [29]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Theater of conflict The opening attack Confusion Central Bloc Strategy Central Bloc suffered from miscommunication.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Germany had pledged support to Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia, but the interpretation of his point differed.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The previously tested troop stationing plan had been replaced in early 1914, but the replacement was never tested in exercises.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Austria-Hungary's leaders are confident Germany will protect its northern border from a Russian invasion. [30]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Even so, Germany expected Austria-Hungary to direct most of its soldiers towards Russia, while Germany dealt with France.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This confusion prompted the Austrian-Hungarian Army to divide its forces between the Russian and Serbian fronts.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 9 September 1914, the Septemberprogramm, an enabling plan that enumerated Germany's specific war objectives and the terms that Germany imposed on the Allied Bloc, was made by German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This plan was never formally implemented.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

African Campaign A number of the first battles of the war involved colonial powers Britain, France, and Germany in Africa.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 7 August, French and British armies stormed the German protectorate of Togoland.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 10 August, German forces in South-West Africa invaded South Africa; sporadic and fierce fighting continued until the end of the war.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

German colonial forces in German East Africa, led by Colonel Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck, conducted a campaign of guerrilla warfare during World War I and only surrendered two weeks after the armistice was imposed in Europe. [31]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Austrian Serbian campaign overran and fought Serbian forces at the Battle of Cer and Battle of Kolubara beginning on 12 August.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Until the next fortnight, the Austrian offensive was broken with heavy losses, which signified the Allied first major victory of this war and nurtured Austria-Hungary's hopes of a smooth victory.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

As a result, Austria had to put adequate troops on the Serbian front, thus weakening its efforts to open war with Russia. [32]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Serbia's defeat in the 1914 invasion of Austria-Hungary is classified as the great reverse victory of the last century. [33]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

German forces in Belgium and France At the beginning of the outbreak of the First World War, the German army (to the west consisting of seven field troops) carried out a modified version of the Schlieffen Plan, designed to attack France rapidly through neutral Belgium before turned south to besiege French troops on the German border. [10].


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Since the French had stated that they would “act freely in case of war between Germany and Russia”, the Germans estimated the possibility of attacks on two fronts.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In the event of such a thing, the Schlieffen Plan stated that Germany should try to defeat France quickly (as happened in the 1870-71 French-Prussian War).


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This plan suggested that in order to repeat the quick victory in the west, the Germans should not attack through Alsace-Lorraine (which had a direct border west of the Rhine), but tried to sever Paris quickly from the English Channel (cut off with Great Britain).


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Then German forces were moved east to storm Russia.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Russia is believed to need long preparations before it can become a major threat to the Central Bloc.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Germany wanted to move freely across Belgium (and the Netherlands as well, despite being denied by Kaiser Wilhelm II) to meet France at its borders.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The answer from neutral Belgium is of course “no”.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Germans then felt the need to invade Belgium, because this was the only plan in case of a two-front war in Germany.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The French also wanted to move their army across Belgium, but the Belgians refused to avoid the outbreak of any war on Belgian soil.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In the end, after the German invasion, the Belgians tried to merge their forces with the French (but most of the Belgian forces retreated to Antwerp where they were forced to surrender when all hope of aid pupus).


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This plan requested that the German right flank move to Paris, and initially the Germans were successful, especially at the Battle of the Frontiers (14—24 August).


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 12 September, the French, with assistance from British forces, impeded German movement east of Paris at the Battle of the First Marne (5—12 September) and pushed German forces 50km to the rear.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The last days of this battle signified the end of warfare moving in the west. [10]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The French offensive into Southern Alsace, beginning on 20 August with the Battle of Mulhouse, experienced little success.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

To the east, only one field force, namely the 8th, moved quickly through the railway across the German Empire.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This once-reserve force in the west was led by General Paul von Hindenburg to defend East Prussia, having successfully made an initial invasion into Russia with two units of troops.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Germans defeated the Russians in a series of battles collectively called the First Battle of Tannenberg (17 August— 2 September).


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

However, the failed Russian invasion was more due to the cessation of the German offensive in the west and the tactical defeat by the French Army at the Marne.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The German forces grew weary and its reserve forces were redeployed to deal with the invasion of Russia.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The German General Staff under General Helmuth von Moltke the Younger had also taken into account that the utilization of fast army transport via rail was not proceeding as expected outside the German Empire.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Central Bloc failed to gain a quick victory in France and was forced to fight on two fronts.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

German forces took good defensive positions inside France and managed to permanently cripple the mobilization of 230,000 French and British troops.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Even so, communication problems and questionable command decisions derailed the dream of an early German victory. [34]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Asia and Pacific New Zealand occupied German Samoa (later Western Samoa) on 30 August 1914.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 11 September, the Australian Marine and Military Expeditionary Force landed on the island of Neu Pommern (later New Britain), which was the territory of German New Guinea.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 28 October, the cruising ship SMS Emden sank the German cruising ship Zhemchug at the Battle of Penang.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Japan captured the German colony of Micronesia and, after the Siege of Tsingtao, the German coal port of Qingdao on the Shandong peninsula, China.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Within months, Allied forces had captured all German territory in the Pacific; only isolated trading posts and little territory in New Guinea survived. [35] [36] The Western Front Early of trench warfare (1914—1915) Military tactics before World War I failed to match technological advances.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

These advances enabled the creation of advanced defense systems that were incapable of equalling old military tactics throughout the war.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Barbed wire was an effective barrier against massed infantry movement.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Artillery, much more lethal than in the 1870s, plus machine guns, made movement in the open land very difficult. [37]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Germans introduced poison gas; this technique was later used by both parties, although it never proved decisive in winning a battle.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The impact was sadistic, leading to long and painful deaths, and poison gas became one of the worst things most feared and remembered in this war. [38]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Commanders on both sides failed to develop tactics of breaking trench positions with without heavy losses.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Meanwhile, technology began to create new offensive weapons, such as tanks. [39]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After the Battle of the First Marne (5—12 September 1914), both Entente and German forces began a series of besieging manoeuvres in events called the “Race to the Sea”.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Britain and France later realized that they were facing German trench forces from Lorraine to the Belgian coast. [10]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Britain and France attempted an offensive, while Germany retained the occupied territories.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

As a result, German trenches were more staunch than their enemy's, British-French trenches were only “temporary” before their forces broke German defences. [40]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Both sides are trying to break the impasse using advances in science and technology.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 22 April 1915 at the Second Battle of Ypres, the Germans (in violation of the Hague Convention) put on chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Algerian Army retreated when gassed so that a six-kilometre (four-mile) gap formed open in the Allied lines which the Germans immediately exploited, holding the Battle of Kitchener's Wood, before being closed by the Canadian army. [41]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The first tanks were worn in combat by Britain at the Battle of Flers-Courcelette (part of the larger Somme offensive) on 15 September 1916 with little success; the French introduced the Renault FT rotary cannon in late 1917; the Germans made use of Allied tanks which captured and a small number of their own tanks.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Continuation of trench warfare (1916—1917) Neither side was able to deliver a decisive blow over the following two years.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

About 1.1 to 1.2 million soldiers of British troops and their colonies were on the Western Front at any one time. [42]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

One thousand battalions, occupying a sector of the line from the North Sea to the River Orne, undertook a four-stage rotation system for one month, unless an attack was afoot.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This front has a 9,600 kilometres (5,965mi) long ditch.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Each battalion occupied its sector for a week before returning to the support line and continuing to the reserve line before a week out of line, usually in the Poperinge or Amiens region.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Throughout 1915—17, the British and French Imperium suffered more casualties than Germany, due to the stance of strategy and tactics chosen by its side.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Strategically, as the Germans made only one single attack on Verdun, the Allies made numerous attempts to break the German line.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 1 July 1916, the British Army experienced the deadliest day in its history, with casualties of 57,470 lives, including 19,240 falls, on the first day of the Battle of the Somme.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Most casualties fall in the first hour of the attack.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The entire Somme offensive involved half a million British Army servicemen. [43]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The persistent German offensive at Verdun throughout 1916, [44] plus the Somme (July and August 1916), brought weary French troops on the brink of a split.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Vain attempts at frontal assault took many casualties for British and French poilu and prompted the massive mutini occurrence of 1917, after the failed Nivelle Offensive (April and May 1917). [45]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Tactically, German commander Erich Ludendorff's doctrine of “elastic defense” was suitable for trench warfare.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

These defenses consisted of a front position that was minimal in defense and the main position far behind the range of stronger artillery, which was from which a quick and powerful counterattack could be waged. [46] [47] Ludendorff wrote about the battle of 1917, 25 August ending the second phase battle of Flandria.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

These events took a lot of casualties on our part...


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The deadly August battles in Flandria and Verdun brought heavy pressure to Western armies.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Although under the protection of concrete, all seemed less powerful facing the overwhelming artillery of the enemy.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

At some moments, they no longer had the assertiveness that I, along with the local commanders, had hoped for.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Enemies attempt to adapt themselves to the kakmi method of carrying out retaliatory attacks...


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

I myself was subjected to tremendous pressure.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The atmosphere in the West seemed to prevent our plans anywhere.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The number of victims was so numerous that we did not have time to bury them feasibly, and exceeded all our expectations. [48]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

At the battle of Menin Road Ridge, Ludendorff wrote, Another major attack was waged against our lines on date20 September...


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The enemy attack on the 20th troop was successful, which proved the superiority of the attack to the defenses.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Their force did not engage the tanks; we saw them so uncomfortable, but continued to deploy everything.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The force of the attack lay in the artillery, and in fact our artillery was not able to make enough impact to break up the infantry as they continued to unite at that point either. [49]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

At the 1917 Battle of Arras, Britain's only major military success was the conquest of Vimy Ridge by the Canadian Corps under the leadership of Sir Arthur Currie and Julian Byng.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The invading army, for the first time, was able to defeat, unite quickly, and defend the mountains that demarcated the coal-rich plains of Douai. [50] [51] Sea warfare At the beginning of the war, the German Empire had cruising ships scattered around the world, some of these were worn to attack Allied merchant ships.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Britain's Royal Navy systematically hunted them down, though gracefully embarrassed by its inability to protect Allied ships.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

For example, the German light cruising ship SMS Emden, part of the East Asian scadron centered at Tsingtao, captured or destroyed 15 merchant ships, as well as sinking a Russian cruising ship and a French destroyer.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

However most of the German East Asia—consisting of the armored cruising ships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, the light cruising ships Nürnberg and Leipzig and two freights—were not given orders intercepting the shipping lines and were instead ordered back to Germany when it met the battleship Britain.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The German and Dresden fleets sank two armored cruising ships at the Battle of Coronel, but were almost destroyed at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914, with Dresden and several auxiliary ships managing to escape, but at the Battle of Más a Tierra the ships were finally destroyed or captured. [52]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Shortly after the outbreak of fighting, Britain began a sea blockade of Germany.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This strategy proved effective, severing military and civilian supplies, although this blockade violated international law governed by several international treaties over the past two centuries. [53]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Britain dumps mines in international waters to prevent any ships from entering the entire ocean, endangering even neutral ships. [54]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

As there was little response to ni tactics, Germany expected the same tactics against her unimpeded submarine warfare. [55]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Battle of Jutland (German: Skagerrakschlacht, or “Battle of Skagerrak”) 1916 turned into the largest naval battle of the war, the only large-scale battleship battle of World War I, and one of the largest in history.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The battle occurred on 31 May— 1 June 1916 in the North Sea off the coast of Jutland.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Kaiserliche Marine High Seas Fleet, led by Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer, fought against the Great Fleet of the Royal Navy, led by Admiral Sir John Jellicoe.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The battle was stalemated, as the Germans, outnumbered by the British fleet, managed to escape and resulted in more damage to the British fleet than they received.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Strategically, Britain controlled the seas, and most of the German surface fleet was still kept in port during the war. [56]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

German U-ships attempted to cut supply lines between North America and Britain. [57]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The nature of submarine warfare meant that an attack bawha could come without warning, thus giving the crew a small chance of congratulations. [57] [58] The United States issued a protest, and Germany changed the rules of battle.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After the 1915 sinking of the passenger ship RMS Lusitania, Germany promised no longer to attack passenger ships, while Britain armed its merchant ships and placed them outside the protection of “cruising ship rules” requesting warnings and the placement of crews in “safe places “(a standard that lifeboats do not have). [59]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Finally, in early 1917, Germany implemented a policy of unlimited submarine warfare, realizing that the United States was going to go to war. [57] [60] Germany attempted to impede Allied sea lanes before the United States could move large numbers of troops out of the country, but was only able to deployed five long-range U-ships with little impact. [57]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The threat of U-ships diminished in 1917, when merchant ships began sailing in convoy form and escorted destroyers.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This tactic proved difficult for U-ships to search for targets, thus reducing losses; once hydrophones and underwater mines were introduced, escort destroyers could attack submarines with the possibility of success.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The convoy slowed the supply flow, as ships had to wait as the convoy was formed.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The solution to these delays is a massive new transport ship building programme.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Army ships were too fast to chase submarines and did not sail the North Atlantic in convoys. [61]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

U-ships have sunk more than 5,000 Allied ships with losses of 199 submarines. [62]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

World War I also became an event when aircraft transports were first worn in combat, with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels aircraft in a successful attack on a Zeppelin hangar in Tondern in July 1918, as well as a blimp for antisubmarine patrols. [63]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Southern Theater of War in the Balkans JMPL|250px|Austria-Hungary army executed Serbian prisoners of war.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Serbia lost 850,000 men throughout the war, a quarter of its population before the war. [64]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Facing Russia, Austria-Hungary was only able to spare a third of its army to invade Serbia.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After suffering heavy losses, Austria temporarily managed to occupy Serbia's capital, Belgrade.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Serbian retaliatory attacks at the battle of Kolubara succeeded in driving them out of the country by the end of 1914.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

During the first ten months of 1915, Austria-Hungary made use of most of its military reserves to go to war with Italy.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

However, Jermen and Austria-Hungary diplomats proposed a coup by persuading Bulgaria to join Serbia.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The provinces of Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia provided army reinforcements for Austria-Hungary, storming Serbia while facing Russia and Italy.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Montenegro sided with Serbia. [65]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Serbia was overrun in the space of a month less, after the Central Bloc, now encompassing Bulgaria, dispatched 600,000 troops.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Serb forces, fighting on two fronts and facing crushing defeats, retreated to northern Albania (which they had already occupied since the beginning of the war).


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Serbia lost at the Battle of Kosovo.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Montenegro protected Serbia's retreat to the Adriatic coast at the Battle of Mojkovac of January 6—7, 1916, but Austria ultimately occupied Montenegro. The remaining 70,000 Serb soldiers were evacuated by ship to Greece. [66]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In late 1915, one French-British troop landed in Salonika, Greece, to aid and pressure local authorities to declare war on the Central Bloc.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Unfortunately for the Allies, the pro-German King Constantine I dissolved the pro-Allied government of Eleftherios Venizelos, before the Allied expeditionary force arrived. [67]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The opposition between the Greek and Allied monarchs continued to culminate with the occurrence of National Schism, effectively splitting Greece into territories loyal to the king and Venizelos' provisional government in Salonika.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After intensive diplomatic negotiations and armed confrontation in Athens between Allied and royalist forces (the Noemvriana incident), the Greek king retreated and his second son, Alexander, succeeded him.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Venizelos went home to Athens on 29 May 1917 and Greece, once united, formally joined on the Allied side.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The entire Greek forces were mobilized and began participating in military operations against the Central Bloc on the Macedonian front.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After the conquest, Serbia was divided between Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In 1917, Serbia waged the Toplica Uprising and briefly liberated the territory between the Kopaonik mountains and the South Morava river.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This uprising was quelled by the combined forces of Bulgaria and Austria in late March 1917.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Macedonian Front at first tended to be static.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

French and Serbian forces reoccupied little Macedonian territory by conquering Bitola dated 19 November 1916 as a result of the Monastir Offensive which brought stability on this front.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Serbian and French armies finally made inroads, after most of the German and Austrian-Hungarian armies were withdrawn.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The breakthrough was important in defeating Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary, culminating in the final victory of the PDI.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Bulgaria suffered its only defeat of the war at the Battle of Dobro Pole, but a few days later they managed to defeat the British and Greek forces at the Battle of Doiran in order to avoid occupation.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After Serbia broke through the Bulgarian border, Bulgaria surrendered on September 29, 1918. [68]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Hindenburg and Ludendorff concluded that the balance of strategy and operation had now turned against the Central Bloc and the day after Bulgaria's fall, at a meeting of government officials, they sought a peaceful settlement as quickly as possible. [69]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The loss of the Macedonian front signified that the road to Budapest and Vienna was open to 670,000 troops led by General Franchet d'Esperey after the surrender of Bulgaria gave the Central Bloc losses of 278 infantry battalions and 1,500 guns (equal in size to 25 to 30 German divisions) which previously maintained the border. [70]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The German high command responded by sending seven infantry and one cavalry division alone, but these troops were too far from the front and it was too late. [70]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Ottoman Sultanate of the Ottoman Sultanate joined the Central Bloc in this war, the secret Ottoman-German Alliance was signed in August 1914. [71]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This alliance threatened Russia's Caucasus territory and Britain's communications with India through the Suez Canal.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Britain and France opened a front across the sea through the Gallipoli Campaign (1915) and Mesopotamia.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

At Gallipoli, the Ottoman Sultanate succeeded in driving out Britain, France, and the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC).


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In Mesopotamia, by contrast, after the devastating Siege of Kut (1915—16), British Imperium forces reorganized and occupied Baghdad in March 1917.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Far to the west, the Suez Canal was successfully defended from the Ottoman offensives of 1915 and 1916; in August, the combined German and Ottoman forces were defeated at the Battle of Romani by the Anzac Equestrian Troops and the 52nd Infantry (Lowland) Division.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Following this victory, the Egyptian Expeditionary Force of the British Imperium advanced across the Sinai Peninsula, pushing out Ottoman forces at the December Battle of Magdhaba and the Battle of Rafa on the border between the Egyptian Sinai and Ottoman Palestine of January 1917.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Russian army is in its prime in the Caucasus.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Enver Pasha, supreme commander of the Ottoman armed forces, was ambitious and dreamed of retaking control of Central Asia and previously Russian-occupied territories.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

However, he is not a smart commander. [72]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

He launched an offensive against Russia in the Caucasus in December 1914 with 100,000 troops; as a result of imposing a frontal attack on the Russian mountainous region in winter, he lost 86% of his troops at the Battle of Sarikamish. [73]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

General Yudenich, the Russian commander in 1915 to 1916, drove the Turks out of much of the southern Caucasus with a series of victories. [73]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In 1917, Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia took over command over the Caucasus front.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Nicholas planned to build railroads from Russian Georgia to the conquered territories, so that fresh supplies could be delivered to the new offensive of 1917.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Unfortunately, in March 1917 (February in the pre-revolution Russian calendar), the Tsar was dropped in the February Revolution and the Russian Caucasus Army began to split.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Started by the Arab bureau of the Department of External Affairs, the Arab Revolt began with Britain's June 1916 assistance at the Battle of Makkah, led by Sherif Hussein of Makkah and ended with the surrender of Damascus by the Ottomans.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Fakhri Pasha, the Ottoman commander in Medina, held out for more than 2.5 years during the Siege of Medina. [74]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Along the borders of Italian Libya and British Egypt, Senussi tribesmen, driven and armed by Turks, waged a small guerrilla war against the Allied armies.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Britain was forced to deploy 12,000 of its soldiers to confront them in the Senussi Campaign.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Their rebellion was broken in mid-1916. [75]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Italian participation Italy had been allied with the German Empire and Austria-Hungary since 1882 as part of the Alliance of Three.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

However, the nation has its own claim to the Austrian territories of Trentino, Istria, and Dalmatia.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Rome had a secret pact with France of 1902, thus effectively negating this alliance. [76]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

At the beginning of the war, Italy refused to send an army on the grounds that the Alliance of Three was defensive and Austria-Hungary was the aggressor.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The government of Austria-Hungary began negotiating to secure Italian neutrality by rewarding a French colony in Tunisia.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Allies made a counteroffer that Italy could acquire South Tirol, Julian Padang and the coastal territory of Dalmatia after the defeat of Austria-Hungary.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The offer was unveiled by the Treaty of London.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Boosted by the Allied invasion of Turkey of April 1915, Italy joined the Entente Three and declared war on Austria-Hungary on 23 May.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Fifteen months later, Italy declared war on Germany.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Militarily, Italy has a superiority of numbers.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This advantage was eventually lost, not only because of the difficult battlefield, but also because of the strategies and tactics used.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Field Marshal Luigi Cadorna, a vehement supporter of frontal attacks, was eager to advance up to the Slovenian plato, occupying Ljubljana and threatening Vienna.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Cadorna's plan did not include the difficulty of the mountainous terrain of the Alps, or the technological changes that created trench warfare, giving rise to a series of deadly, dead-end attacks.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On the Trentino front, Austria-Hungary took advantage of the mountainous terrain that benefited the Italian forces.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After the first strategic setback, this front still did not change drastically, while Kaiserschützen and Standschützen Austria faced Alpini Italians in alot battles throughout the summer.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Austria-Hungary counter-attacked at Altopiano Asiago, facing Verona and Padua, in spring 1916 (Strafexpedition), but made little progress.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Beginning in 1915, the Italians under the leadership of Cadorna held eleven raids on the Isonzo front along the Isonzo River, northeast of Trieste.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

All eleven attacks were thwarted by Austria-Hungary, which controlled the higher ground.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In the summer of 1916, the Italians occupied the city of Gorizia.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After this small victory, the front remained static for a year although the Italians made several attacks.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In the fall of 1917, thanks to the improved situation on the Eastern front, the Austrian-Hungarian army received an awful lot of assistance, including Stormtrooper and elite troops of the German Alpenkorps. 210px|left|JMPL|250px|Overview of the Battle of Doberdò, occurred in August 1916 between Italian and Austrian forces- Hungary.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Central Bloc launched a devastating offensive on 26 October 1917 led by Germany.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

They won in Caporetto.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Italian Army was diverted and retreated for more than 100 kilometres (62mi) for reorganisation, thus stabilising the front on the Piave River.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Because at the Battle of Caporetto AD Italy suffered heavy losses, the Italian government held a conscription called '99 Male (Ragazzi del '99): that is, all men aged 18.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In 1918, Austria-Hungary failed to break through the Italian defences in a series of battles on the Piave River, and was finally defeated at the Battle of Vittorio Veneto of October that year.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Dated 5—6 November 1918, Italian troops were reported to have reached Lissa, Lagosta, Sebenico, and other settlements on coastal Dalmatia. [77]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

By the end of the war in November 1918, the Italian military was in control of all Dalmatia that had been promised to Italy by the London Pact. [78]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In 1918, Admiral Enrico Millo declared himself Governor of Italian Dalmatia. [78]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Austria-Hungary surrendered in early November 1918. [79] [80] Romania's participation had been allied with the Central Bloc since 1882.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

When the war began, the country instead declared neutral on the grounds because Austria-Hungary single-handedly declared war on Serbia, Romania was not obliged to take part in the war.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

When the Entente Bloc promised Romania large territories in eastern Hungary (Transylvania and the Banat) which had large Romanian populations in exchange for Romania declaring war on the Central Bloc, the Romanian government declared it no longer neutral.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 27 August 1916, the Romanian Army launched an attack on Austria-Hungary with little help from Russia.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Romanian offensive was initially a success, hitting the Austrian-Hungarian army in Transylvania, but a retaliatory attack by Central Bloc forces hit back Russian-Romanian forces.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

As a result of the Battle of Bucharest, the Central Bloc occupied Bucharest on 6 December 1916.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Warfare in Moldova continued in 1917 and ended in an adverse stalemate for the Central Bloc. [81] [82] Russia withdrew from the war in late 1917 as a result of the October Revolution which meant Romania was forced to sign an armistice with the Central Bloc on December 9 1917.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The month of January 1918, Romanian forces took control of Bessarabia after AD Russians left the province.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Through a treaty signed by the Romanian and Russian Bolshevik governments post-meeting of 5—9 March 1918 on the withdrawal of Romanian troops from Bessarabia within the span of two months, on 27 March 1918 Romania incorporated Bessarabia into its territory, formally based on resolutions passed by local territory assemblies on unification with Romania.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Romania formally made peace with the Central Bloc by signing the Treaty of Bucharest of May 7, 1918.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Romania was obliged to end the war with the Central Bloc and make little consension of territory to Austria-Hungary, give control of a number of gaps in the Carpathia Mountains, and give oil concessions to Germany.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In return, the Central Bloc recognized Romania's sovereignty over Bessarabia.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This treaty was removed October 1918 by the Alexandru Marghiloman administration, and Romania re-entered the war scene on November 10, 1918.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The following day, the Treaty of Bucharest was ulified according to the terms of the Armistice of Compiègne. [83] [84] Total Romanian casualties from 1914 to 1918, military and civilian on the old border were estimated at 784,000 lives. [85]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

India's role In contrast to Britain's fears of a rebellion in India, the outbreak of World War I instead gave rise to loyalty and goodwill towards the United Kingdom. [86] [87] Indian political leaders from the Indian National Congress and other groups were willing to support the war effort Britain because it was convinced that strong support for the war would prompt the approval of Free Reign of India.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Indian Army outnumbered the British Army at the start of the war; about 1.3million Indian soldiers and workers were spread across Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while the central government and princely state delivered large quantities of food, money, and ammunition supplies.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In all, 140,000soldiers were stationed on the Western Front and nearly 700,000 troops in the Middle East.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Total casualties from the Indian army throughout World War I amounted to 47,746 deciduous and 65,126 wounded. [88]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The suffering from the war as well as the failure of the British government to grant free reign to India after the war ended gave rise to delusion and prompted a campaign for full independence which would later be led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and his friends.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Eastern Front Early actions As the Western Front reached deadlock, war continued in Eastern Europe.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Russia's original plan was to carry out a concurrent invasion of Austrian Galisia and German East Prussia.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Although Russia's initial invasion into Galisia was a great success, Russia was repulsed from East Prussia by Hindenburg and Ludendorff at Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes in August and September 1914. [89] [90] Russia's less advanced industrial base and its ineffective military leadership also played a role in later events.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In spring 1915, Russia retreated to Galisia, and in May, the Central Bloc made a remarkable breakthrough on Poland's southern front. [91]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 5 August, they occupied Warsaw and expelled the Russians from Poland.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Russian Revolution JMPL|straight|250px|alt=A man in a business suit holds up his right hand with palm open. |Vladimir Illyich Lenin Although successful at the Brusilov Offensive of June 1916 in eastern Galisia, [92] discontent over the Russian government's war operations arose.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The success of this offensive was undermined by the reluctance of other generals to dispatch their troops to support this victory.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Allied and Russian forces were temporarily resurrected by Romania's entry into the World War on 27 August.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

German troops datag assisted Austria-Hungary in Transylvania, and Bucharest fell to the Central Bloc on 6 December.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Meanwhile, riots broke out in Russia while the Tsar was still on the front lines.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Empress Alexandra's increasingly inept reign prompted protests and culminated in the assassination of her favourite figure, Rasputin, in late 1916.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The March 1917, demonstrations in Petrograd culminated with the resignation of Tsar Nicholas II and the drafting of a weak Emergency Government that shared power with the socialist Petrograd Soviet.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This establishment created confusion and chaos both on the front line and domestically.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The army was increasingly ineffective. [91]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The discontent and weakness of the Emergency Government made Vladimir Lenin-led Bolshevik Party increasingly popular, which requested a cessation of the war as quickly as possible.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The successful November Bolshevik armed uprising was followed by an armistice and negotiations with Germany in December.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Initially, the Bolsheviks refused German requests, but when the German army began moving across Ukraine without resistance, this new administration made the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of March 3, 1918.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This treaty ceded many territories, including Finland, the Baltic provinces, parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Bloc. [93]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Although Germany seemed a great success, the human resources needed by Germany to occupy former Russian territories probably contributed to the failure of the Spring Offensive and secure little food or other material.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Through the adoption of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Entente no longer stands.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Allied forces led a small invasion of Russia, first to stop Germany from exploiting Russia's natural resources, and secondly to support the “Whites” (opponents of the “Red Jews”) in the Russian Civil War. [94]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Allied armies landed in Arkhangelsk and Vladivostok.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Central Bloc's plan for peace negotiations In December 1916, after ten deadly months at the Battle of Verdun and a successful attack on Romania, Germany attempted to negotiate peace with the Allies.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson immediately attempted to intervene as a peacemaker and requested that both parties be given notes to state their requests.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Lloyd George's War Cabinet regarded the German offer as a trap to create divisions among the Allies.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After initial outrage and much consideration, they regarded Wilson's record as a separate effort signaling that the U.S. was on the doorstep of war against post-"submarine atrocities” Germany.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

As the Allies discussed a reply to Wilson's offer, the Germans chose to ignore it in favour of a “direct exchange of views”.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Knowing such a German response, the Allied governments were free to make the demand clear in their reply of 14 January.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

They demanded repair of damages, emptying of the territory of the stand, repair costs for France, Russia, and Romania, and recognition of the principle of nationality.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This encompassed the liberation of the Italians, Slavs, Romanians, Czech-Slovak peoples, and the establishment of a “free and united Poland”.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

About security, the Allies demanded guarantees that could prevent or limit subsequent war, complete with sanctions, as a requirement of any peaceful settlement. [95]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

These negotiations failed and the Entente countries rejected the German offer, as Germany did not state any specific requests.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

To Wilson, the Entente states stated that they would not begin peaceful negotiations until the Central Bloc had vacated all occupied Allied territories and awarded redress for all damage done. [96] 1917—1918 JMPL|left|250px|French Army led General Gouraud with their machine guns among the ruins of the cathedral near the Marne attempted to repulse the Germans, 1918 Developments of 1917 The events of 1917 proved decisive in ending the war, although the impact was not felt full until 1918.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Britain's sea blockade began to make serious repercussions against Germany.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In response, in February 1917, the German General Staff convinced Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg to stage unlimited submarine warfare, with the aim of making Britain withdraw from the war.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

German planners estimated that unlimited submarine warfare would cost Britain 600,000 tons of ships per month.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The General Staff acknowledged that this policy might have barely brought the United States into this conflict, but estimated that Britain's shipping losses were so high that they could be forced to ask for peace after 5 to 6 months, before the intervention of the United States had any effect to the conflict.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In reality, the tonnage of sunken ships is above 500,000tons per month from February to July.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This number increased to 860,000tonnes in April.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After July, the new reintroduced convoy system became very effective at reducing the threat of U-ships. Britain survived the absence of a fleet of ships, while German industrial production fell, and the United States army went into battle in large numbers faster than Germany expected.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Dated 3 May 1917, during the Nivelle Offensive, the weary French 2nd Colonial Division, veterans of the Battle of Verdun, refused the orders of its superiors, arriving drunk and without carrying weapons.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Their officers did not dare to punish the entire division and harsh punishments were not immediately imposed.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Later, a military mutiny was experienced by 54 French divisions and 200,000 of its soldiers desertions.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Other Allied forces attacked, but suffered tremendous losses. [97]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

However, calls for patriotism and duty, as well as mass detention and trial, led the soldiers back to defend the trenches, although the French army refused to participate in subsequent offensive operations. [98]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Robert Nivelle was removed from his post on 15 May, replaced by General Philippe Pétain, who delayed a number of large-scale deadly attacks.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Austria-Hungary and German victories at the Battle of Caporetto prompted the Allies at the Rapallo Conference to form a Supreme War Council to coordinate planning.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Previously, British and French forces operated under different commands.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In December, the Central Bloc signed a ceasefire with Russia.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This treaty freed up large numbers of German soldiers to be worn in the west.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

With the help of Germany and a new United States army coming in, the outcome of the war would be determined on the Western Front.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Central Bloc knew that they were incapable of winning a protracted war, but they had great hopes of succeeding based on the last quick offensive.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In addition, the leaders of the Central Bloc and the Allies were increasingly alarmed at social unrest and revolution in Europe.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Because of this, both sides are trying to achieve a decisive victory quickly. [99]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The 1917 Ottoman Sultanate Conflict of March and April 1917, at the First and Second Battles of Gaza, German and Ottoman forces stopped the pace of the Egyptian Expeditionary Forces that had begun in August 1916 in Romani.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In late October, the Sinai and Palestine Campaign resumed after the XX Corps, XXI Corps, and General Edmund Allenby's Desert Equestrian Corps won the Battle of Beersheba.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Two Ottoman forces were defeated a few weeks later at the Battle of Jerusalem.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

At that time, Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein was dismissed from his post as commander of the 8th Army and replaced by Djevad Pasha, and a few months later the commander of the Ottoman Army in Palestine, Erich von Falkenhayn, was replaced by Otto Liman von Sanders.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The participation of the United States Non-intervention When war broke out, the United States took a policy of non-intervention, which was to avoid conflict but tried to create peace.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

When a German U-ship sank the British yacht RMS Lusitania of May 7, 1915 which also killed 128 United States nationals, President Woodrow Wilson asserted that “the United States is too proud to go to war”, but demanded an end to the attack on the ship passengers.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Germans were compliant.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate the settlement.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

However, he has also warned many times that the U.S. will not tolerate unlimited submarine warfare because it violates international law.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Former president Theodore Roosevelt called the German action a “piracy”. [100]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Wilson won narrowly in the 1916 presidential election as his supporters declared that “he kept us out of the war”.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In January 1917, Germany resumed its limitless submarine warfare, realizing that the United States would later participate in the war.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The German Foreign Minister, in the Zimmermann Telegram, invited Mexico to join as Germany's ally against the United States.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In return, the Germans would fund the Mexican war and help them re-annex the territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. [101]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Wilson released Zimmerman's telegram to the public, and U.S. citizens viewed it as a casus belli—the cause of the war.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Wilson called on antiwar elements to end all wars by winning this one and removing militarism from the world.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

He argued that war was so important that the U.S. should have a voice in a peace conference. [102]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

U.S. declaration of war on Germany After the sinking of seven U.S. merchant ships by German submarines and the issuance of Zimmerman's telegram, Wilson declared war on Germany, [103] declared on April 6, 1917 by the U.S. Congress.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The first U.S. active participation of the United States was formally never a member of the Allies, but became a self-named “Associated Power”.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The United States had a small army, but after the ratification of the Selective Service Act, the government obliged the military to 2.8 million men, [104] and in the summer of 1918 the United States sent 10,000 new soldiers to France every day.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In 1917, the U.S. Congress granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Rican citizens when they enlisted to take part in World War I as part of the Jones Act.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Germans had misestimated, believing that it would take several months before the United States army came so that its arrival could be stopped by U-ships. [105] The United States Navy dispatched a group of battleships to Scapa Flow to join the Great British Fleet, a destroyer to Queenstown, Ireland, and submarines to help protect convoys.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Several regiments of U.S. Marines were also deployed to France.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Britain and France wanted U.S. troops to be used to reinforce their soldiers already stationed in the line of battle and not waste empty ships carrying supplies.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The U.S. refused the first request and accepted the second.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Gen. John J. Pershing, commander of the United States Expeditionary Forces (AEF), refused to break up U.S. forces to be used as an aid to the British and French Imperium forces.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

As an exception, he allowed African-American combat regiments to join French divisions.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division, earning the Croix de Guerre for their actions at Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wood, and Sechault. [106]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

AEF doctrine demanded a frontal assault, which was long ago dispensed with the British and French Imperium commanders as it took many casualties. [107]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Austria's separate peace offer In 1917, Emperor Charles I of Austria secretly sought separate peace negotiations with Clemenceau, with his wife's brother Sixtus in Belgium as a breeder, without Germany's knowledge.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

When negotiations failed, his efforts became known to Germany and resulted in diplomatic disaster. [108] [109] German Spring Offensive 1918 German General Erich Ludendorff made plans (dubbed Operation Michael) for the 1918 offensive on the Western Front.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Spring Offensive was intent on breaking up the British and French forces through a series of deceptions and invasions.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The German military leadership hopes to deliver a decisive blow before the U.S. army arrives. The operation began on 21 March 1918 through an attack on British forces near Amiens.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

German forces gained 60 kilometres (37mi) of territory. [110]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The British and French trenches were broken through using a new infiltration tactic, also called the Hutier tactic after General Oskar von Hutier.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Previously, attacks had the hallmark of long artillery bombings and mass attacks.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

However, in the 1918 Spring Offensive, Ludendorff rarely used artillery and inserted a small group of infantry at weak points.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

They attacked command and logistical areas and broke through points of fierce resistance.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Heavily armed infantry then destroyed these isolated positions.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Germany's success depends largely on the element of surprise. [111]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This front moved to the area 120 kilometres (75mi) from the city of Paris.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Three Krupp heavy train guns fired 183bombs into the capital, resulting in many Parisians evacuating.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The initial attack was so successful that Kaiser Wilhelm II designated 24 March as a national holiday.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Many Germans thought victory was imminent.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After fierce fighting, this attack was hampered.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The absence of tanks or motor artillery left the Germans unable to consolidate their successes.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The atmosphere was also exacerbated by the now extended supply lines due to their invasion. [112]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This abrupt stoppage was also the result of four divisions of the Australian Imperium Forces (AIF) “forcefully” attacking and doing what no troops had ever done: stopping the German invasion midway through.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

At that point, the 1st Australian division was hurriedly sent again north to stop the second German invasion.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

General Foch forced wear on newly arrived American soldiers as individual replacements.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Pershing instead sought to place American troop units as independent forces.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The units were placed on the command of France and the increasingly meager British Imperium on 28 March.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Supreme War Council of the Allied Forces was formed during the Doullens Conference of 5 November 1917. [113]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

General Foch was appointed supreme commander of the allied forces.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Haig, Petain, and Pershing maintained tactical control over each of their forces; Foch assumed a coordinating role instead of briefing, and British, French, and U.S. commandos tended to operate independently. [113]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Following Operation Michael, the Germans launched Operation Georgette against ports north of the English Channel.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Allies interrupted the attempt after the Germans had time to control little territory.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The German Army in the south then launched Operations Blücher and Yorck, moving steadily towards Paris.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Operation Marne began on 15 July which attempted to besiege Reims and began the Second Battle of the Marne.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

His counterattack began the Hundred Days Offensive and signified the first successful Allied offensive of the war.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 20 July, the Germans were across the Marne on the starting line of his Kaiserschlacht, [114] failing to win anything.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After the last phase of the war in the west, AD Germany never reachieved its objectives.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

German casualties between March and April 1918 were 270,000 lives, including highly trained assault soldiers.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Meanwhile, Germany is split domestically.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Anti-war protests were increasingly held and military morale fell.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Industrial production reached 53per cent of the 1913 production amount.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

1918 Ottoman Sultanate conflict At the beginning of 1918, the front line of fighting extended up to the continuously occupied Jordan Valley, after the First Transyordania and Second Transyordania attacks by British Imperium forces of March and April 1918, until the summer.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Throughout March, most of the British infantry from the Egyptian Expeditionary Force and Yeomanry cavalry were sent to war on the Western Front as a result of the Spring Offensive.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

They were replaced by units of the Indian Army.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

During several months of reorganization and training in the summer, a number of attacks were waged in parts of the Ottoman front line.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The attack pushed the front line north in positions more favourable to attack preparations and prepared the newly arrived Indian AD infantry.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

It was only in mid-September that these united forces were ready to carry out a massive operation.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The reorganized Egyptian Expeditionary Force, alongside additional equestrian divisions, split up the Ottoman forces at the September 1918 Battle of Megiddo.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Within two days, the British and Indian infantry, aided in creeping tactics, managed to break up the Ottoman front line and annex the headquarters of the Eighth Army at Tulkarm, the joint trench line at Tabsor, Arara, and the Seventh Army headquarters in Nablus.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Desert Riding Corps entered through the frontline gap created by infantry earlier during the operation was carried out relentlessly by the Australian Light Equestrian brigades, the British Riding Yeomanry, the Indian Lancers, and the New Zealand Equestrian Bedil.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In the Jezreel Valley, they occupied Nazareth, Afulah and Beisan, Jenin, and Haifa on the Mediterranean coast and Daraa east of the Jordan River on the Hijaz railway line.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Samakh and Tiberias on the Sea of Galilee were occupied en route north to Damascus.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Meanwhile, Chaytor's army consisting of Australian light riding troops, New Zealand equestrian troops, Indian infantry, British West Indies, and Jews occupied the crossings of the Jordan River, Es Salt, Amman, and most of the Fourth Army at Ziza.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Armistice of Mudros was signed in late October which ended the war with the Ottoman Sultanate, while the war continued to take place to the north of Aleppo.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

New states in the war zone In late spring 1918, three new states stood in the South Caucasus, namely the Democratic Republic of Armenia, the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan, and the Democratic Republic of Georgia, which declared independence from the Russian Empire. [115]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Two other minor entities also stood, namely the Sentrocaspian Dictatorship (liquidated by Azerbaijan in the fall of 1918) and the Southwest Caucasian Republic (liquidated by a joint Armenian-Britanian task force in early 1919).


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Through the withdrawal of Russian troops from the Caucasus front in the winter of 1917—18, the three major republics prepared for the subsequent invasion of the Ottomans, which began in the first months of 1918.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Solidarity was formed temporarily when the Transcaucasian Federative Republic was established in the spring of 1918 and collapsed in May, when Georgia requested and received protection from Germany and Azerbaijan making the Ottoman Sultanate degnan degnan more akin to a military alliance.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Armenia was left to hold its own and fought for five months against the threat of full occupation by the Ottoman Turks. [116]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Allied victory: Summer and fall 1918 The Allied counteroffensive, known as the Hundred Days Offensive, began on August 8, 1918.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Battle of Amiens broke out with the III Corps of the British Fourth Army on the left, the French First Army on the right, and the Australian and Canadian Corps leading the attack midway through Harbonnières. [117] [118] This attack involved 414 Mark IV and Mark V type tanks and 120,000 warriors.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

They moved 12 kilometres (7.5mi) into the territory of the German stand in a span of seven hours.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Erich Ludendorff called the day the “Dark Day of the German Army”. [117] [119] JMPL|250px|Aerial photo of the wreckage of Vaux-devant-Damloup, France, 1918 Australian-Canadians lead at Amiens, a battle that became the beginning of Germany's collapse, [49] helping British forces move north and France to the south.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On Britain's Fourth AD front at Amiens after an advance of 14 miles (23km), German resistance grew fiercer and the fighting ended.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

But the French Third AD extended the Amiens front on 10 August, when the area was simply left on the right of the French First Army, and advanced by 4 miles (6km), relieving Lassigny in a battle that lasted until 16 August.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In southern AD Third France, General Charles Mangin (the Slaughter) advanced the French Tenth AD position at Soissons on 20 August to captivate eight thousand enemy soldiers, two hundred guns, and the highlands of the Aisne overlooking and threatening German positions to the north of the Vesle. [120]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Erich Ludendorff also referred to these events as “Dark Days”.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Meanwhile, General Byng of Britain's Third AD reported that the enemy on his fronts was getting fewer after being withdrawn and ordered to attack with 200 tanks to Bapaume, beginning the Battle of Albert, with the specific command “To break through the enemy front, with the aim of destroying the front battle of the enemy at this time” (opposite Britain's Fourth AD at Amiens). [49]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Allied leaders were now aware that continuing the attack after fierce resistance was consuming many casualties, and it was better to deflect the line than pass it on.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

They begin to launch attacks in quick fashion to benefit from successful movement across the front line, then break them up when each attack loses its initial impetus. [120]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The 15-mile (24km) British Third Army Front to the north of Albert managed to make progress after a one-day stalemate against the main line of resistance which was the limit for the withdrawal of enemy forces. [121]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Rawlinson-led British Fourth Army managed to press its left line until the area between Albert and the Somme, straightening the line between Third Army positions and the Amiens front, which ended with Albert's reconquest at the same time. [120]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 26August, the British First Army on the left of the Third Army engaged in combat, thus extending the front northwards past Arras.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Canadian Corps, already back in the front line of the First Army, moved from Arras eastward 5 miles (8km) past the all-out defended Arras-Cambrai area before reaching the outlying defences of the Hindenburg Line, and successfully breached it on 28 and 29 August.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Bapaume fell on 29August into the hands of the New Zealand Division of the Third Army, and the Australians, still leading the movement of the Fourth AD, were again able to pressure the enemy at Amiens to occupy Peronne and Mont Saint-Quentin of 31August.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Far to the south, French First and Third AD moved slowly, while the Tenth AD, which had now crossed Ailette and was east of the Chemin des Dames, approached Alberich's position on the Hindenburg Line. [122]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Throughout the last week of August, the pressure on the 70-mile (113km) front against the enemy was heavy and unstoppable.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

From German testimony, “Every day was spent in bloody combat against an ever-storming enemy, and nights were spent sleepless in the movement of retreat to new lines. “[120]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Even to the north in Flandria, Britain's Second and Fifth AD during August and September were able to make advances, captivating enemy armies and positions that had previously defeated them. [122] JMPL|250px|United States Army at Vladivostok, Siberia, August 1918 Date 2 September, Canadian Corps broke through the Hindenburg line, by opening a gap in the Wotan Position, thus allowing the Third Army to advance and make an impact across the Western Front.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On the same day, the Oberste Heeresleitung (OHL) had no other choice but to issue orders to six army troops to withdraw to the Hindenburg Line in the south, behind the Canal du Nord on the First AD front of Canada and return to the line to the east of the Lys to the north.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This order without resistance managed to restore the battlefield captured the previous April. [123]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

According to Ludendorff, “We had to recognise the need for action... pulling the whole front from Scarpe to Vesle. “[124] JMPL|left|straight|250px|Portrait of a United States major in the basket of an observation balloon flying over territory near the front line In barely four weeks of fighting that began on August 8, more than 100,000 German personnel were taken captive, 75,000 by the BEF and the rest by the French.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

As the “Dark Day of the German Army”, the German High Command realized they were losing the war and made efforts to reach a satisfactory end.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The day after the meeting, Ludendorff told Colonel Mertz, “We are no longer able to win the war, but we must not lose either.”


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 11 August, he tendered his resignation to the Kaiser and was rebuffed with the reply, “I think we have to strike a balance.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

We are barely reaching the limit of our resistance strength.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The war must end.”


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 13 August at Spa, Hindenburg, Ludendorff, the Chancellor, and Foreign Minister Hintz agreed that the war could not be ended militarily, and on the following day the German Imperial Council decided that victory on the battlefield was no longer possible.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Austria and Hungary warned that they could only continue the war until December, and Ludendorff suggested peaceful negotiations ASAP and the Kaiser responded to it by ordering Hintz request the mediation of the Queen of the Netherlands.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Prince Rupprecht warned Prince Max of Baden: “Our military situation is rapidly once deteriorating to the point that I am no longer sure we can survive the winter; it could have been that a disaster came sooner.”


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 10 September, Hindenburg suggested peace to Emperor Charles of Austria and Germany requested mediation from the Netherlands.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 14 September, Austria sent a note to all parties involved and neutral parties suggesting a peaceful discussion meeting in a neutral area and the next day Germany made a conciliatory offer with Belgium.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Both peace offers were rejected and on 24 September OHL informed state leaders in Berlin that ceasefire talks were no longer inevitable. [122]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In September, the Germans continued to launch rear defense attacks and various retaliatory attacks on lost areas, but few were successful, however temporary.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The contested towns, villages, hills, and trenches on the Hindenburg Line continued to fall into Allied hands, with the BEF itself captivating 30,441soldiers in the last week of September.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Minor eastward movements later followed the victory of the Third Army at Ivincourt of 12September, the Fourth Army at Epheny on 18September, and the achievement of Essigny-le-Grand by the French the next day.