Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

Five ministers are new faces in the cabinet, two ministers are rotated, and five ministers are dismissed. 7 - China's important family planning agency warns that the country's population levels may again surge as rich people ignore population control laws and due to marriage at a young age in the countryside. 6 - An airplane carrying 9 peace-keeping troops crashed in Sinai, about 80 km from the nearest town of El-Nakhl. 6 - The Liberal Democratic Party rejected the offer of a coalition with the Scottish National Party to form a new government Scotland. 6 - Nicolas Sarkozy, pro American conservative figure elected as France's new president for a five-year term. 6 - Cameroon found the Kenya Airways plane that crashed with its 114 passengers in a swamp not so far from Douala airport.


Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

It is not known if there are any survivors in the calamity. 6 - The development of science in Russia under President Vladimir Putin was driven solely by profit.


Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

Even in the time of Josef Stalin, government interference was not so great, said Vitaly Ginzburg, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics from Russia. 6 - Abdullah Gul, presidential candidate of the ruling party in Turkey withdrew after opposition lawmakers boycotted second vote for his candidacy. 6 - President Bush's popularity reaches its lowest level.


Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

Some 62% of the American people believe that Bush is “stubborn and unwilling to admit that he made a mistake.”


Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

5 - Israeli Defense Minister Amir Peretz will resign after a commission of investigators criticized his way of handling the war in Lebanon last summer.


Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

The commission found that Peretz did not perform his duties properly among other things because he was inexperienced in military matters. 5 - Prince Abdul-Majid bin Abdul-Aziz, governor of the holy city of Mecca, died after a long illness. 5 - Forensic teams exhumed 211 bones- Dozens of mass graves near a town in southern Colombia in the past 10 months.


Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

Most victims, allegedly murdered between 1999-2001, had been dismembered before being buried. 5 - The U.S. Coast Guard has halted the search for more than 40 Haitian immigrants whose boat sank the day before after local officials expressed that hope for rescue more victims have vanished. 5 - Abimael Guzmán, founder of the Bright Path guerrilla movement in Peru will marry his subordinate, Elena Iparraguirre on an unannounced date.


Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

Guzman and Iparraguirre are being held for life on terrorism charges in separate prisons. 5 - Ayman al-Zawahiri, deputy to Osama bin Laden, the number 2 man in Al-Qaeda, mocked President Bush and Congress demanding the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq.


Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

The draft Act, he said, would deprive this group of the opportunity to kill more Americans. 5 - a Kenya Airways Boeing 737-800 with flight number 507 crashed after takeoff in Cameroon.


Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

The fate of the plane and its 114 passengers is not yet known. 4 - The Scottish National Party managed to defeat the Labour Party which has dominated Scottish politics for 50 years.


Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

This defeat poses problems for Gordon Brown, the chancellor of the exchequer who is almost certain to replace PM Tony Blair. 4 - Paul Wolfowitz is accused of failing to raise issues of corruption and human rights abuses while being ambassador to Indonesia. 4 - Two journalists Azerbaijanis were found guilty and thrown in jail, four and three years respectively, for being accused of stirring up hatred through their articles criticizing Islam.4 - The new leftist government in Ecuador has established a truth commission to investigate allegations of abuses human rights carried out in the last 27 years, in particular during the right-wing government of President León Febres Cordero Rivadeneira. 4 - A ship with about 160 passengers of the Haitian nation capsized in the waters of the Turks and Caicos Islands. 78 people survived, 16 remains with shark bites successfully found, 60 others are still being searched. 4 - President Robert Mugabe warns his country's Roman Catholic bishops that they have chosen a “dangerous path” by blaming himself for the country's political and economic chaos. 4 - A Buddhist fresco along 7 meters from the 14th century were discovered in a cave in northern Nepal when a shepherd was resting there.


Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

The cave was thought to have been used for religious intents. 3 - Several members of the Cuban army who tried to flee the country by hijacking a plane about to leave for Miami, Florida, United States, managed to kill a lieutenant colonel they were hostage, but an attempt the escape itself failed. 3 - Since 2000 more Mexican folk have moved to the United States than the number of those who died.


Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

Currently an estimated 11 million Mexicans are living in the United States both legally and illegally. 3 - Sudan rejects cooperation with the International Criminal Court on Darfur and thus is likely to face further sanctions and isolation from other countries.3 - Scotland commemorates 300 years of its unification with England to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain.


Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

But the people of the region are ready to give victory to the party seeking to dissolve the unification. 3 - Turkey's ruling party and opposition parties agreed to speed up elections to July 22 as the only avenue to overcome their confrontation about Islam politics. 3 - Myanmar PM General Soe Win returns to his homeland after being admitted to a hospital in Singapore.


Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

Soe Win, who reportedly suffered from leukemia, was immediately taken to a military hospital in Yangon upon his arrival in Myanmar. 2 - Russian youths protesting in Moscow denounced Estonia who removed the Soviet war memorial from its capital. 2 - Attorney General Alberto Gonzales called forcibly to hand over any mail-e he may have from White House political advisor, Karl Rove, in connection with a Congressional inquiry into the dismissal of 8 federal prosecutors.2 - PM Ehud Olmert insisted on staying in his post despite Minister Tzipi Livni urging him order to retreat.


Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

This action by Olmert has the support of his party, Kadima. 2 - Former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori detained in Chile denies that he plans to request political asylum at the Japanese Embassy in Santiago to avoid extradition to Lima. 2 - Hundreds of Argentine military officers from all forces undergo basic exercises in human rights.


Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

The initiative was taken by Defence Minister Nilda Garré, the veteran leftist politician and ritician of the 1970s military junta. 2 - The tomb of Hungary's last communist leader, János Kádár, a divandal and his bones are likely to have been stolen.


Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

Near the tomb is also graffiti that reads “murderers and traitors must not rest on sacred ground.”


Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

1 - United States and Iraqi officials are trying to ascertain the death of Abu Ayyub al-Masri, the Al-Qaeda figure who was reportedly killed at the hands of his opponents. 1 - Peak ice in the Arctic is melting 30 years earlier than previously accounted for.


Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

This will accelerate the increase in temperatures on earth. 1 - The leader of the French extreme-right, Jean-Marie Le Pen, is advocating for his supporters against voting either to Nicolas Sarkozy or Ségolène Royal in the second round of the presidential election next Sunday. 1 - Cuban leader Fidel Castro did not appear in front of his people to celebrate Labor Day, stirring fresh doubts about his health and speculation about his return to power. 1 - Turkey's Constitutional Court annulled a vote in parliament for the country's presidential candidate.


Question: what is the number of children of Thaksin Shinawatra?

May 2007

Because of this, the government stated that it would consider the possibility of holding “as quickly as possible” an early general election. 1 - The African Union peacekeeping force began patrolling the streets of Mogadishu, Somalia, after local authorities declared their victory over the rebels. 1 - Liberia reopens its ex trade after the United Nations lifted its embargo, hoping that the industry would fund the country's rebuilding instead of instead inflicting further bloodshed. 2007-05


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Public transport (also known as public transport or mass transport) is a passenger transport service by a group travel system available for use by the general public, usually managed on schedule, operated on a defined route, and charged for every trip. [1] [2] [3] Public transportation modes include city buses, trams (or light rail) and trains, fast trains (metro/subway/underground, etc.) and ferries.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Inter-city public transit is dominated by airlines, intercity buses, trains, and intercity trains.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

High-speed train networks are being developed in many parts of the world.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Most public transport systems run along fixed routes with stopping points with pre-arranged schedules. [4]


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Sharing taxis offer demand-based services in many parts of the world, and some services will wait until the vehicle is full before the cab departs.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Urban public transportation is very different in Asia, North America, and Europe.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

In Asia, private and publicly owned, profit-driven mass transportation, as well as yasan land conglomerates mostly operate public transit systems. [5] [6] In North America, municipal transportation authorities most often run mass transit operations.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

In Europe, both state-owned and private companies predominantly operate mass transport systems, public transport services can be driven by profit by using fare-based distances or funded by government subsidies where a flat rate rate rate rate is charged to each passengers.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

History The means of transport designed for public hire are as old as the first ferries, and the earliest public transport was water transport: on land people walked (sometimes in groups and on pilgrimages, as recorded in sources such as the Bible and The Canterbury Tales) or (at least in Eurasia and Africa) riding certain animals. [7]


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Ferries appear in Greek Mythology—bodies in ancient Greece were buried with coins under their tongues to pay Kharon ferries to take them to Hades. [8]


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Some historic forms of public transport include postal carriages, fixed route trips between training inns, and horse-drawn boats carrying paid passengers, which were a feature of European canals from their early 17th century.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

The canal itself as a form of infrastructure dates back to ancient times — ancient Egyptians used the canal to carry goods past Aswan waterfalls — and China also built canals for water transportation as far back as the Warring States period [9] beginning in the 5th century BC.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Whether the canals were used for chartered public transportation is still unknown; the Great Canal in China (begun in 486 BC) was used primarily for grain shipments.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

The Omnibus, the first organized public transit system in a city, appears to have originated in Paris, France, in 1662, [10] although the service failed a few months after its founder, Blaise Pascal, died in August 1662; the next Omnibus is known to have appeared in Nantes, France, in 1826.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

The omnibus was introduced to London in July 1829. [11]


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Mode of transport Air transport An airline provides scheduled services by aircraft between airports.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Air travel has a high speed, but gives rise to many waiting times before and after travel, and therefore is often only feasible over longer distances or in areas where lack of ground infrastructure thus makes other modes of transport is impossible to serve as an option.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Bush airlines work more akin to a bus stop; a plane waits for passengers and takes off when the plane is full.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Land transportation Bus JMPL|Ka|Transjakarta Bus.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Bus services use buses on conventional roads to carry passengers many on trips that have short distances.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Buses operate at low capacity (compared to trams or trains), and can operate on conventional streets, with relatively inexpensive buses stopping to serve passengers.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Therefore, buses are public transport used in small cities and large urban areas, in rural areas also equipped with shuttle services to major cities.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Bus rapid transit is an ambiguous term used for buses operating on rail lines. Electric buses are electric power-based buses that use wire on top of the train to get power for traction. [12]


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Rail-based transport (train) Passenger rail freight is the transportation of passengers via wheeled vehicles specifically designed to run on railway lines.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Trains allow loading high-capacity hitters to travel short or long distances, but require rails, signals, infrastructure and stations to be built and maintained.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Urban transit trains consist of trams, rapid trains, commuter trains, monorails and cable cars.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Commuter, intercity, and high speed trains Commuter trains form part of public transportation in urban areas, but provide faster service for suburbs and neighboring towns and villages.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Trains stop at all stations, which are there to serve passengers in suburban or small-town centres.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Stations are often combined with shuttle buses or parking systems and hitchhiking at each station.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

These train frequencies allow up to several times per hour, and commuter rail systems can be either part of national trains, or operated by local transit agencies.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Intercity railways are long-distance passenger services connecting several urban areas.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

They have several stopping stations, and aim at high average speeds, usually making only one of several stops per city.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

The service may also be able to be international, connecting interstate cities.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

In Indonesia, PT Kereta Api Indonesia operates intercity services in many cities, especially on the island of Java.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Intercity trains serve several major cities in Indonesia such as Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Surabaya, Medan, Padang, and Palembang.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

In the Jakarta metropolitan area (or Jabodetabek), KRL Jabotabek operates intercity and commuter trains.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Fast trains are passenger trains that operate significantly faster than conventional rail-lines, typically at least speeds of 200 kilometres per hour (120mph).


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

The most dominant systems have been built in Europe and Japan, and compared to air travel, offer long-distance train travel as fast as air service, have lower prices to compete more effectively and use electricity instead of combustion. [13]


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Trams and light rail Trams are train vehicles that run on city streets or on special tracks.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

They have a higher capacity than buses, but must follow special infrastructure with rails and cables above or below the track, limiting their flexibility.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Light rail is a development (and use) modern of the tramway, with a right-direction infrastructure not shared with other traffic, (sometimes) step-free access and increased speed.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

The light rail line, as such, is essentially a modernized intercity railway.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Rapid transit A system of rapid transit trains (or also referred to as metro, subway or subway) operates in urban areas with high capacity and frequency, as well as class separation from other traffic. [14] [15] This system is able to transport many passengers quickly over short distances with little land use.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Variations of rapid transit include people movers, small-scale light metro and S-Bahn commuter rail hybrids.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

More than 160 cities have rapid transit systems, totaling over 8,000km (4,971mi) of track and 7,000 stations.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Twenty-five cities have systems under construction.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Motorcycles and motorcycles In the Philippines and elsewhere, motorcycles are used as public transport.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Motorcycles may be used singly or with sidecars attached, the latter often referred to as “rickshaws”.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

They can also be hired for private trips, such as taxis, or used for shared trips, with defined routes, such as buses.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

In Indonesia, motorcycle-mode transportation is more commonly known as a motorcycle motorcycle.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Ojek (or ojeg) is an informal public transport in Indonesia in the form of motorcycles or bicycles, but more prevalent in the form of motorcycles.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

It is called informally because its existence is not government-recognized and there is no permit for its operation.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Passengers are usually one person but can sometimes be both.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

With the price specified by bargaining with the driver first after which the driver will drive to the destination desired by the passenger.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Rickshaws and auto rickshaws are a three-wheeled mode of transportation commonly found in Indonesia and also in parts of Asia.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

The normal capacity of the rickshaw is two passengers and a driver.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Becoming a rickshaw driver is one of the easiest ways to earn a living, so the number of rickshaw drivers in areas whose unemployment rate is high will be very high.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Auto-rickshaws carry people and goods in many developing countries.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Also known as three-wheeled vehicles, Samosa, Tempo, Tuk-Tuk, rickshaws, bajaj, rickshaw, motor taxi, babytaxi or lapa in popular parlance, they are motorized versions of traditional towed rickshaws or wheeled rickshaws.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

They are an important form for urban transportation, both as vehicles for hire as well as for personal use, in many developing countries, and a new form of transportation in many Eastern countries.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

A taxi taxi is a type of vehicle for hire with a driver, used by a single passenger or a small group of passengers.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

A taxi delivers passengers to a location of their choice.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

In public transit mode, passenger carriage and drop locations are determined by the service provider, not by passengers, although transportation demand is responsive and taxi stocks provide a hybrid bus/taxi mode.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Water transport Ferry boats are boats or boats, used to carry (or cross) passengers, and sometimes their vehicles, through the waters.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

A passenger ferry with many stops is sometimes called a water taxi.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Ferries form part of the public transport system in the coastal region of the island, allowing direct travel between a single point at a much lower fare versus building a bridge or tunnel, albeit at lower speeds.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Large-scale (long-distance connecting vessels as in the waters of the Mediterranean Sea) may also be referred to as ferry boats.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Marine vessel An ocean liner, is a vehicle carrying passengers and goods at sea as is the case of a sampan or a smaller boat.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Ships are usually large enough to carry small boats such as lifeboats.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

In habit ships can carry boats but boats cannot carry boats.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

The actual size by which a boat is called a ship is always set by local laws and regulations or customs.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

See also Highway Highway Reference Further reading Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help); Check date values in: |accessdate=, |archivedate= (help) Transclusion error outlink: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

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Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

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Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

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Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

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Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

- Knowledge base regarding branding, digital strategy, and graphic standards for public transport, compiled by Stewart Mader.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Contains more than 100 resources and examples, including 30 graphic standard guidebooks from transportation agencies around the world.


Question: What is the first transportation tool in Indonesia?

Public transport

Category:Transportation


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles and are generally written as e-.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The electron has no known basic components or substructure, so it is believed to be an elementary particle. [1]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

An electron has a mass of about 1/1836 the mass of a proton. [2]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The instrinsic angular momentum (spin) of the electron is half the integer value in units of, meaning that it includes fermions.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Electron antiparticles are referred to as positrons, which are identical to electrons, but positively charged.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

When an electron collides with a positron, the two are likely to be scattered or completely wiped out, resulting in a pair (or more) of gama ray photons.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Electrons, belonging to the generation of the first lepton particle family, [3] participate in gravitational interactions, electromagnetic interactions and weak interactions. [4]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Just like all matter, an electron has the properties of particle and wave bath, so it can collide with other particles and diffract like light.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Because electrons belong to fermions, two different electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state according to the Pauli exclusion principle. [3]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The concept of undivisible electric charge was again theorized to explain the chemical properties of atoms by natural philosopher Richard Laming as early as 1838; [5] the name electron was introduced to name this charge in 1894 by Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Electrons were successfully identified as particles in 1897 by J. J. Thomson. [6] [7] In many physical phenomena, such as electricity, magnetism and thermal conductivity, electrons play a very important role.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

An electron moving relative to the observer will produce a magnetic field and the trajectory of that electron will also be warped by an external magnetic field.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

When an electron is accelerated, it can absorb or emit energy in the form of photons.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Electrons together with atomic nuclei composed of protons and neutrons, form atoms.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

However, electrons take up only 0.06% of the total mass of an atom.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Coulomb's tensile force between electrons with protons causes electrons to be bound in atoms.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The exchange or conversion of electrons between two or more atoms is the main cause of chemical bonding. [8]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

According to his theory, most electrons within the universe were created at the event of the Big Bang (big bang), but he can also be created through beta decay of radioactive isotopes as well as in high-energy collisions, for example at the time when cosmic rays enter the atmosphere.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Electrons can be destroyed through annihilation with positrons, or can be absorbed during stellar nucleosynthesis.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Modern laboratory equipment can be used to load or monitor individual electrons.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Electrons have many uses in modern technology, for example in electron microscopy, radiation therapy, and particle accelerators.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

History The Ancient Greeks noticed that amber can attract small objects when rubbed with animal hair.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In addition to lightning, this phenomenon is one of man's earliest records regarding electricity. [9]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In his 1600 work [De Magnete] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help), English physicist William Gilbert coined a new term [electricus] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help) to refer to the nature of withdrawal of small objects after being rubbed. [10]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The English for the word electric is derived from the Latin Ēlectrum, which comes from the Greek ήλεκτρον (Ēlektron) for amber.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In 1737, C. F. du Fay and Hawksbee independently discovered what they believed to be two types of frictional electricity; one produced from glass-rubbing, the other produced from resin rubbing.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

From here, Du Fay theorized that electricity consists of two electrical fluids, namely “vitreous” and “resinous”, which are separated by friction and neutralize each other when joined. [11]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

One basicwasa later, Benjamin Franklin proposed that electricity does not come from a manifold electrical fluid, but comes from the same electrical fluid under different pressures.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

He gave a tatanama of positive and negative charges for these different pressures. [12] [13] Between 1838 and 1851, the British natural philosopher Richard Laming developed the idea that atoms consist of core matter surrounded by subatomic particles that have an electric charge. [14]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Early in 1846, German physicist William Weber theorized that electricity consists of a fluid that is both positively and negatively charged, and its interaction obeys the inverse square law.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

After examining the phenomenon of electrolysis in 1874, Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney put forward the theory that there is a “certain unit of electrical quantity” that is the charge of a monovalent ion.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

He successfully estimated the value of this elementary charge e using Faraday's Law of electrolysis. [15]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

However, Stoney believes that these charges are permanently bound to atoms and cannot be released.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In 1881, German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz argued that both positive and negative charges are divided into elementary parts, which “behave like atoms from electricity”. [5]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In 1894, Stoney coined the term electron to represent this elementary charge. [16]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The word electron is a combination of the word electric with the suffix on, which is used now to refer to subatomic particles such as protons and neutrons. [17] [18] The discovery of electrons German physicist Johann Wilhelm Hittorf conducted a study on electrical conductivity in gases.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In 1869, he invented a beam emitted from a cathode whose size increases with decreasing gas pressure.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In 1876, German physicist Eugen Goldstein showed that these radiant rays produce their shadows, and he named them cathode rays. [20]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

During the 1870s, British chemist and physicist William Crookes developed the first cathode tube to vacuum. [21]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

He then showed the fluorescent rays that appear to be inside those tubes carrying energy and moving from the cathode to the anode.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Furthermore, using a magnetic field, he was able to deflect the beam and demonstrate that this beam behaved as if it were negatively charged. [22] [23] In 1879, he proposed that these properties could be explained using what he termed as 'matter' radian' (radiant matter).


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

He proposed this is the fourth state of matter, consisting of negatively charged molecules projected at high velocity from the cathode. [24]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

German-born British physicist Arthur Schuster expanded on Crookes' experiments by fitting two metal plates in parallel against a cathode ray and providing an electrical potential between the two plates.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This field then deflects the ray towards a positively charged plate, providing further evidence that these rays contain negative charges.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

By measuring the magnitude of the beam defection according to a given electric current, in 1890, Schuster managed to estimate the ratio of mass to charge of the components of the rays.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

However, this calculation yielded a value that was one thousand times greater than predicted, so this calculation was not believed at the time. [22] [25] In 1896, the British physicist J. J. Thomson, along with his colleagues John S. Townsend and H. A. Wilson, [6] conducted experiments which indicates that the cathode ray is really a new particle and is not a wave, atom, or molecule as previously believed.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Thomson made quite good estimates in determining charge e and mass m, and found that cathode ray particles, which he called “corpuscles” were probably masses one-thousandth the mass of the smallest ions ever known (hydrogen). [7]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

He showed that the nisbah of mass to charge, e/m, does not depend on the material of the cathode.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

He further demonstrated that negatively charged particles produced by radioactive materials, heated materials, or fluorescent materials are universal. [26]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The name electron was later proposed to name this particle by Irish physicist George F. Fitzgerald, and so on gained universal acceptance. [22]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

While examining fluorescence minerals in 1896, French physicist Henri Becquerel discovered that the mineral emits radiation without exposure to external energy sources.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This radioactive material attracted the attention of many scientists, including New Zealand scientist Ernest Rutherford who discovered that these particles emit particles.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

He labeled these particles alpha particles and beta particles based on their ability to penetrate matter. [27]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In 1900, Becquerel showed that beta-ray emission by radium can be deflected by an electric field, and the ratio of its mass to charge is equal to the ratio of the mass to charge of the cathode ray. [28]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This evidence corroborates the view that electrons are components of atoms. [29] [30] The charge of electrons was later measured even more carefully by American physicist Robert Millikan in an oil droplet Experiment in 1909.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The results of this experiment were published in 1911.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The experiment used an electric field to prevent charged oil droplets from falling as a result of gravity.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The equipment used in this experiment can measure electric charges from 1—150 ions with an error limit of less than 0.3%.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Experiments similar to previous Millikan experiments had been conducted by Thomson, using charged water cloud droplets resulting from electrolysis, [6] and by Abram Ioffe in 1911, who independently obtained the same results as Millikan using microparticles charged metal.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

He published the results of his experiment in 1913. [31]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

However, oil droplets are more stable than water droplets due to the slower evaporation rate of oil, making them more suitable for experiments over long periods of time. [32]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Around the beginning of the 20th century, it was discovered that under certain conditions, fast-moving charged particles can cause condensation of saturated passing water vapor along the trajectory of such particles. In 1911, Charles Wilson used this principle to construct fog chambers, revels tracking of charged particles such as fast-moving electrons to be photographed. [33]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Atomic theory In 1914, experiments conducted by physicists Ernest Rutherford, Henry Moseley, James Franck and Gustav Hertz in outline have successfully built a model of the structure of atoms as positively charged atomic nuclei surrounded by small-mass electrons. [34]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In 1913, Danish physicist Niels Bohr postulated that electrons were in a quantized energy state, with their energy determined based on the angular momentum of the electron's orbit around the nucleus.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Electrons can move from one state to another (or orbit) by emitting emission or absorbing photons at a certain frequency.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Using this quantized orbit model, he accurately managed to explain the lines of the spectrum of hydrogen atoms. [35]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

However, Bohr's model fails to explain the relative intensity of these spectrum lines and fails anyway in explaining the spectra of more complex atoms. [34]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Interatomic chemical bonding was described by Gilbert Newton Lewis, who in 1916 submitted that a covalent bond between two atoms is guarded by a pair of electrons shared between two atoms to which they bind. [36]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Later, in 1923, Walter Heitler and Fritz London gave a full explanation of electron pair formations and chemical bonds based on quantum mechanics. [37]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In 1919, American chemist Irving Langmuir lays out further the static model of Lewis atoms and proposes that all electrons are distributed in “concentric spherical skin, the tingling of which is the same thickened”. [38]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The skin is then divided by it into a number of cells that each cell contains a pair of electrons.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

With this model, Langmuir managed to qualitatively explain the chemical properties of all elements in the periodic table. [37]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In 1924, Austrian physicist Wolfang Pauli noticed that the structure like the skin of this atom can be explained using four parameters that determine each quantum energy state as long as each state is occupied by no more than one single electron.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The prohibition of the existence of more than one electron occupying the same quantum energy state is known as the Pauli exclusion principle.) [39] A physics mechanism explaining the fourth parameter, which has two different values, was given by Dutch physicists Abraham Goudsmith and George Uhlenbeck when they submitted that an electron, in addition to the angular momentum of its orbit, can also have its own intrinsic angular momentum. [34] [40] This feature later became known as spin, which explains the separation of the monitored lines of the spectrum on high-resolution spectrometers.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This phenomenon is known as fine structure separation. [41]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Quantum mechanics In his 1924 dissertation entitled Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Research on Quantum Theory), French physicist Louis de Broglie hypothesized that all matter has De Broglie waves similar to light. [42]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This means that under the right conditions, electrons and all matter can exhibit particle-like as well as wave-like properties.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The corpuscular properties of a particle can be demonstrated when it can be shown to have a localized position in space along its trajectory at any time. [43]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The wave-like properties can be monitored when a beam of light is passed through parallel cracks and produces interference patterns.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In 1927, this interference effect was successfully demonstrated to also apply to electron beams by British physicist George Paget Thomson using thin metal films and by American physicists Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer using nickel crystals. [44]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The success of de Broglie's predictions helped Erwin Schrödinger who in 1926 published the Schrödinger equation that successfully described how electron waves propagate. [45]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Rather than producing a settlement that determines the location of an electron as time passes, this wave equation can be used to predict the probability of discovery of an electron near a position.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This approach was later referred to as quantum mechanics, which gives a very precise calculation of the energy state of a hydrogen atom's electrons.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

When spin and interactions between many electrons are taken into account, quantum mechanics allows the configuration of electrons in higher atomic numbered atoms than hydrogen precisely predicted. [46]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In 1928, based on the work of Wolfgang Pauli, Paul Dirac produced an electron model, the Dirac equation, consistent with the theory of relativity, by applying considerations of relativity and symmetry into the Hamiltonan formulation of quantum mechanics of electro-magnetic fields. [47]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In order to be able to solve various problems in his relativistic equations, in 1930, Dirac developed a model of vacuum as a negatively energized ocean of infinity particles (known as the Dirac sea).


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This ushered in Dirac predicting the existence of positrons, the antimatter of electrons. [48]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The positron particle was discovered in 1932 by Carl D. Anderson, who called for the naming of the regular electron as the negatron, and electron was used as a generic term to refer to both particles.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The use of the term 'negatron' can sometimes still be found now, and can be shortened to 'negaton'. [49] [50] In 1947, Willis Lamb, collaborating with his graduate pupil Robert Retherford, discovered that certain quantum states of hydrogen atoms, supposedly energized same, shifting relative to each other.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This shift is referred to as Lamb's sliding.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

At the same time, Polykarp Kusch, working with Henry M. Foley, found that the magnetic moments of electrons were slightly larger than those predicted by Dirac's theory.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This small difference was later referred to as the electron magnetic dipole moment anomaly.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

To solve this problem, a theory called quantum electrodynamics was developed by Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger and Richard P. Feynman at the end of the 1940s. [51] Particle acceleration With the development of particle accelerators during the first half of the 20th century, physicists began to examine more in the properties of subatomic particles. [52]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The first successful attempt at accelerating electrons using electromagnetic induction was made in 1942 by Donald Kerst.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Betatron initially reached an energy of 2.3 MeV, when betatron-betatron subsequently managed to reach 300MeV.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In 1947, synchrotron radiation was discovered using 70MeV electron synchrotrons at General Electric.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This radiation is caused by the acceleration of electrons moving close to the speed of light through the magnetic field. [53]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

With a beam energy of 1.5GeV, ADONE's high-energy particle pounder began its operation in 1968. [54]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

It accelerates electrons and positrons in opposite directions, effectively doubling the impact energy compared to when mashing electrons with a silent target. [55] The Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP) at CERN which operated from 1989 until 2000 was successful achieved an impact energy of 209GeV and successfully made measurements for the Standard Model of particle physics. [56] [57] Classification Characteristics In the Standard Model of particle physics, electrons belong to a class of subatomic particles called leptons, which are believed to be elementary particles.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Electrons have mass that are lowest among other charged leptons and belong to first-generation elementary particles. [58]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The second and third generations contain charged leptons, namely muons and tauons, which are identical to electrons in terms of their charge, spin, and interaction, except that they are both larger in mass.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Leptons differ from other constituents of matter such as quartic in that leptons do not have strong interactions.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

All members of the lepton class are fermion termasks because they all have a spin of 1⁄2. [59]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Fundamental characteristics The invariant mass of an electron is approximately 9.109 × 10−31 kilograms, [60] or equivalent to 5.489 × 10−4 atomic mass units.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Based on Einstein's mass-energy equivalence principle, this mass is equivalent to a rihat energy of 0.511 MeV.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The ratio between the mass of the proton to the mass of the electron was about 1836. [2] [61] Astronomical measurements showed that the ratio of the mass of the proton to the electron remained the same value for at least half the age of the universe, as predicted by the Standard Model. [62]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The electron has an electric charge of −1.602 × 10−19 coulomb, [60] which is used as a standard unit for subatomic particle charge.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Below the threshold of accuracy of experiments, the charge of an electron is the same as the charge of a proton, but has a positive sign. [63]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Since the symbol e is used to refer to the elementary charge, the electron is generally symbolized as e−, with the minus sign indicating a negative charge.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The positron is symbolized as e+ because it has the same traits as an electron but is positively charged. [59] [60] The electron has an intrinsic angular momentum or spin worth 1⁄2. [60]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This property is usually expressed by referring to the electron as a spin-1−2 particle. [59]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

For a particle like this, the spin magnitude is √3−2[ cat 1] when the result of measuring the spin projection on any axis can only be of ±2.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In addition to spin, electrons also have intrinsic magnetic moments along their spin axis. [60]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The magnetic moment of an electron is approximately equal to one Bohr magneton, [64] [cat 2] with a physics constant of 9.274 009 15 (23) × 10−24 joules per tesla. [60]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The orientation of spin to the momentum of the electron determines the helicity of the particle. [65]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The electron has no known substructure. [1] [66] Therefore, it is defined or assumed to be a point particle or point charge and does not bear. [3]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Monitoring on one single electron in the Penning trap showed a limitation over the particle radius of 10−22 meters. [67]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

There is a physics setting called the “classical electron radii” which is worth 2.8179 ×10−15 m.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

However this terminology comes from simple calculations that ignore the effects of quantum mechanics.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In reality, the radius of the classical electron has no relation whatsoever to the basic structure of the electron. [68] [cat 3] There are elementary particles that spontaneously decay into lighter particles.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

An example is a muon that decays into electrons, neutrinos, and antineutrinos, with an average half-life of 2.2 × 10−6 seconds.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

However, electrons are estimated to be theoretically stable: electrons are the lightest charged particles, so their decay will violate the immutability of charge. [69]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The experimental lower threshold for the average half-life of electrons is 4.6 × 1026 years, with a level of confidence of 90%. [70]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Quantum properties Like all particles, electrons can behave like waves.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This is referred to as wave-particle duality and can be demonstrated using the double slit experiment.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The nature of the electron wave bath allows it to pass through both parallel slits simultaneously instead of passing through only one slit.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In quantum mechanics, the wave-bath properties of a particle can be described mathematically as a complex-valued function called a wave function (ψ).


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

When the absolute value of this function is squared, this squaring value will give the probability of monitoring a particle near a location, referred to as probability. [71]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The electron one with the electron of the other is indistinguishable due to its intrinsic physics properties.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In quantum mechanics, this means that a pair of interacting electrons should be able to exchange positions without any change in the state of the monitored system.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The wave function of fermions, including electrons, is antisymmetric, meaning that it changes sign when two electrons interact; namely ψ (r1, r2) = −ψ (r2, r1), with variables r1 and r2 being the first and second electrons.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Since the absolute value does not change when the sign changes, this means that there is an immutable probability.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Unlike the fermions, the photon-like boson has a symteric wave function. [71]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In the case of antisymmetry, the completion of the wave function for the interacting electrons results in a zero-value probability for each pair of electrons occupying the same location or state.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

It is known by its exclusion principle name Pauli.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This principle explains many properties of electrons.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Virtual particles Physicists believe that empty space may continuously create many pairs of virtual particles such as positrons with electrons, which quickly annihilate each other once created. [72]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The combination of energy variations required to create these particles along with the time of existence of these particles is within the detection threshold as stated by the Heisenberg uncertainty Principle, Δ<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[47557,47562,2,2]}'>E·Δ <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[47564,47569,2,2]}'>t≥.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The energy required to create this virtual particle, Δ<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[47650,47655,2,2]}'>E, can be “borrowed” from the vacuum state for a period of time Δ<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[47718,47723,2,2]}'>t, such that the multiplication of the two is no more than the value of the reduced Planck constant, ≈ 6.6 × 10-16 EV·s.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

So for a virtual electron,<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[47885,47890,2,2]}'>its longest Δ t is 1.3 × 10−21 s. [73]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

When a virtual electron-positron pair is formed, the coulomb force of the electric field around the electron causes the created positron to be attracted to the initial electron when the created electron experiences a repulse force.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This causes vacuum polarization.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Essentially, the vacuum state behaves like a medium that has a dielectric permittivity greater than one.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

So the effective charge of an electron is usually smaller than the original value, and the charge will decrease with increasing distance from the electron. [74] [75] This polarization was experimentally confirmed in 1997 using a Japanese particle accelerator. [76]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Virtual particles cause a reviewing effect for electron mass. [77]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Interactions with virtual particles also explain the deviation of the intrinsic magnetic moment of the electron by 0.1% from the Bohr magneton. [64] [78] The very precise congruence between this predicted difference with the value of the experiment is seen as a major achievement of quantum electrodynamics. [79]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In classical physics, the angular momentum and magnetic moment of an object depend on its physical dimensions.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Therefore, the concept of a dimensionless electron having angular momentum and magnetic moment seems inconsistent.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This paradox can be explained using the formation of virtual photons in an electric field generated by electrons.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

These virtual photons cause electrons to shift bitterly (called Zitterbewegung), [80] resulting in circular motion with precession.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This motion generates magnetic moment and electron spin. [3] [81] In atoms, the creation of these virtual photons explains Lamb sliding monitored on the lines of the spectrum. [74]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Electron interactions produce an electric field that attracts positively charged particles such as protons and rejects other negatively charged particles.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The strength of this tensile/reject force is determined by Coulomb's Law. [82]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

When an electron moves, it generates a magnetic field. [83]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Ampère—Maxwell's law relates a magnetic field to the mass motion of an electron (electric current) towards an observer.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The electromagnetic field of moving charged particles is expressed using the Liénard—Wiechert potential, which applies even to particles moving close to the speed of light.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

When an electron moves through a magnetic field, the Lorentz force will affect the direction of the electron trajectory perpendicular to the magnetic field field and the electron velocity.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This centripetal force causes a helical electron trajectory.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The resulting acceleration of this curved motion induces electrons to emit energy in the form of synchrotron radiation. [84] [85] [cat 4] This energy emission can then mentalize the electron, known as the Abraham—Lorentz-Dirac Force, which creates friction that slows down the electrons.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This force is caused by the backlash of the electron field against itself. [86]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In quantum electrodynamics, electromagnetic interactions between particles are mediated by photons.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

An isolated electron that is not accelerated cannot radiate or absorb a photon; when it absorbs or emits a photon, this means a violation of the laws of eternity of energy and momentum.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

However, virtual photons can transfer momentum between two charged particles.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

It is this virtual photon exchange that generates the Coulomb force. [87]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Energy emission can occur when a moving electron is deflected by a charged particle such as a proton.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The acceleration of electrons produces a beam of Bremsstrahlung radiation. [88]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The impact of lenting between a photon (light) with a free electron is referred to as Compton scattering.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This collision results in momentum transfer and energy transfer between particles, which changes the photon wavelength of a number of Compton sliding numbers. [cat 5] The maximum shear magnitude of this wavelength is h/mec, known as the Compton wavelength. [89]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

For an electron, this is worth 2.43 × 10−12 m. [60]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

When the wavelength of light is long (for example, the wavelength of visible light is 0.4—0.7μm), the wavelength shear becomes very small.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This interaction between light with free electrons is referred to as Thomson scattering. [90]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The relative strength of the electromagnetic interaction between two charged particles such as electrons with protons is given by the fine structure constant.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The value of this constant has no dimensions and is two energies: the electrostatic energy of the pull (or repulsion) at the separation of one Compton wavelength with the energy of the charge.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

It is worth α≈7,297353 × 10−3, or approximately equal to 1−137. [60]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

When electrons and positrons collide, they will both annihilate each other, producing two or more gama photon rays.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

If the electron and its positron have negligible momentum, positronium atoms can form before annihilation, producing two or three gama ray photons energized as large as 1.022MeV. [91] [92] On the other hand, high-energy photons can transform into electrons and positrons back in a process called pair production, but only occurs with the presence of nearby charged particles, such as atomic nuclei. [93] [94] Electron atoms and molecules can be bound to atomic nuclei through the attraction force of Coulomb.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

A multi-electron system bound to an atomic nucleus is referred to as an atom.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

If the number of electrons differs from the electric charge of the nucleus, the atom is named as an ion.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The wave-like behavior of bound electrons is described using a mathematical function called the atomic orbital.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Each atomic orbital has its own set of quantum numbers, namely energy, angular momentum, and angular momentum projection.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

According to Pauli's principle of exclusion, each orbital can only be occupied by two electrons, which must differ in the quantum number of the spin.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Electrons can move from one orbital to another through emission or absorption of photons whose energy corresponds to the potential difference between orbitals. [95]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Other orbital displacement methods include collision with another electron particle and the Auger effect. [96]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In order to break away from atoms, the energy of electrons must be increased beyond their binding energy.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This occurs in the photoelectric effect, in which photons that are of higher energy than the ionization energy of the atom are absorbed by electrons. [97]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The orbital angular momentum of the electron is quantized.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Since the electron is charged, it produces an orbital magnetic moment that is propositional to the angular momentum.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The overall magnetic moment of an atom is a seal with the vector sum of the orbital magnetic moment and the overall spin magnetic moment of the electron and atomic nucleus.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

However, the magnetic moment of the nucleus is very small and negligible when compared to electrons.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The magnetic moments of two electrons occupying the same orbital (called paired electrons) will negate each other. [98]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Interatomic chemical bonding occurs as a result of electromagnetic interactions, as described by the laws of quantum mechanics. [99]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The strongest bonds are formed through electron conversion and electron transfer between atoms, allowing the formation of molecules. [8]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In molecules, the movement of electrons is affected by multiple atomic nuclei and electrons occupy the orbital of the molecule, similarly to electrons occupying the atomic orbital on free atoms. [100]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

A fundamental factor on the molecular structure is the presence of electron pairs.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The two paired electrons have opposite spins, permitting both to occupy the same molecular orbital without violating the Pauli exclusion principle.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Different molecular orbitals have different spatial distributions of electron density.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

For example, in paired electrons involved in bonding, electrons can be found with a high probability around a narrow region of certain atomic nuclei, when in paired electrons that are not involved in bonding, they can be distributed over a large space in around atomic nuclei. [101]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Conductivity If an object has electrons that are excess or less than necessary to balance the positive charge of the atomic nucleus, it will have an electric charge.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

When there are excess electrons, they are said to be negatively charged.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

When there are electrons that are less than the number of protons in the atomic nucleus, they are said to be positively charged.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

When the number of electrons and the number of protons are equal, the charges both negate each other and the object is said to be neutrally charged.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Macro objects can become electrically charged through rubbing and produce triboelectric effects. [105]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

A single electron moving in vacuum is termed as a free electron.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The electrons in metals also behave as if they are free.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In reality, particles commonly termed electrons in metals and other solids are quasi-electron-quasi-particles, which have the same electric charge, spin, and magnetic moment as the original electron, but are of different mass. [106]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

When an electron freely moves in a vacuum or in a metal, it generates a flow of charge referred to as an electric current.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This electric current will then generate a magnetic field.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Conversely, currents can be created anyway by changing the magnetic field.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This interaction is expressed mathematically using Maxwell's equations. [107]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

At a certain temperature, each material has an electrical conductivity that determines the value of its electric current when the electric potential is transmitted to it.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Examples of objects that have good electrical conductivity (called conductors) are for example gold and copper, while glass and teflon are poor conductors.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In a dielectric material, electrons remain bonded to their constituent atoms and the material behaves like an insulator.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

We recommend that the metal has an electronic tape structure containing a partially filled electronic tape.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The existence of such bands permits electrons in the metal to behave as if they are free (electrons are delocalized).


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

These delocalized electrons are not bound to any atoms, so when electrified, they will move freely like gas (fermi gas) [108] through the material like free electrons.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Due to the collision between electrons and atoms, the drifting speed of electrons in the conductor has a range of millimeters per second.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

However, the velocity of electron propagation usually is about 75% the speed of light. [109]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This happens because the electric signal propagates as a wave, the speed of which depends on the dielectric constant of the material or material. [110]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Metals are good conductors of heat, mainly due to delocalized electrons that are free to transport thermal energy between atoms.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

However, in contrast to electrical conductivity, the thermal conductivity of metals is almost independent of temperature.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Thermal conductivity is expressed mathematically according to the Wiedemann—Franz law, [108] which states that the ratio of thermal conductivity to electrical conductivity is directly proportional to temperature.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Thermal fidelity in metal lattices increases the electrical resistivity of the material, so it makes the electric current depending on the temperature. [111]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

When cooled below critical temperatures, the material can undergo a phase transition causing it to lose all electric current resistivity.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

It is called superconductivity.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In BCS theory, this behavior is modeled by electron pairs entering the quantum state of the Bose—Einstein condensate.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This Cooper pair has motion coupled by the surrounding matter via vibrations of the lattices called phonons, so that electrons can avoid collisions with the atoms of the material creating electrical resistance. [112] (


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The Cooper pair has a radius of about 100nm, so it can be lapped with each other.) [113] Even so, the mechanism of how high-temperature superconductors work is still not solved.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

An electron residing in a conducting solid, which itself is also a quasiparticle, when tightly enclosed at a temperature close to absolute zero, will behave as if it split further into two quasiparticles: a spinon and a holon. [114] [115] The spinon has spin and magnetic moment, while the holon has an electric charge.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Motion and energy According to Einstein's theory of special relativity, as the speed of electrons approaches the speed of light, the relativity mass of electrons will increase according to the monitors, making it even more difficult to accelerate themselves from the monitor's frame of reference.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The speed of an electron can approach, but cannot reach, the speed of light in a vacuum worth c.However, when an electron moving close to the speed of light c is fed into a dielectric medium such as water, the local speed of light is significantly less than c, so the electron moves beyond the speed of light in that medium.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

When electrons interact with the medium, this interaction will result in a light luminescence called Cherenkov radiation. [116]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This special relativity effect is based on the Lorentz factor, defined as γ = 1/1 − v 2/c 2 {\ displaystyle\ scriptstyle\ gamma =1/ {\ sqrt {1- {v^ {2}}/{c^ {2}}} with v being the particle velocity.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The kinetic energy To an electron moving at velocity v is: K e = (γ − 1) m e c 2, {\ displaystyle\ displaystyle K_ {e} = (\ gamma -1) m_ {e} c^ {2},} with me is the mass of the electron.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

For example, Stanford's linear accelerator can accelerate electrons to reach 51GeV. [117]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

A number has a value γ equal to almost 100,000, since the mass of an electron is 0.51 MeV/c2.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The relativistic momentum of this electron is 100,000 times greater than the momentum predicted by classical mechanics for an electron moving at the same speed. [cat 6] Therefore since an electron can behave like a wave, it will have de Broglie wavelength characteristics.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This value is λe=h/p with h is Planck's constant and p is momentum. [42]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

For 51GeV electrons above, the wavelength is about 2.4 × 10−17 m.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This value is small enough to explore the smaller structure of an atomic nucleus. [118]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The formation of the Big Bang Theory is the most widely accepted scientific theory as an explanation for the various early stages of the evolution of the universe. [119]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

A few milliseconds after the Big Bang, the temperature of the universe was over 10billionkelvin and photons had an average energy of more than a million electronvolts.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

These photons have enough energy so that they can react with each other forming electron and positron pairs, γ + γ e + + e −, {\ displaystyle\ gamma +\ gamma\ leftrightharpoons\ mathrm {e} ^ {+} +\ mathrm {e} ^ {-},} with γ is photon, e+ is positron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and − is an electron.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In contrast, positron-electrons annihilate each other and emit high-energy photons.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The equilibrium between electrons, positrons, and photons was established during this phase of the evolution of the universe.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

After 15 seconds, the temperature of the universe drops below the threshold that permits positron-electron formation.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The remaining electrons and positrons annihilate each other, releasing gama radiation that reheats the universe in no time. [120]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

During the process of leptogenesis, there is a greater number of electrons than positrons.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Until now, it remains unclear why electrons can number more than positrons. [121]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

About one in a billion electrons escapes the annihilation process.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The excess number of protons compared to antiprotons also occurs under conditions of barion asymmetry, causing the total charge of the universe to be zero. [122] [123] Unwiped protons and neutrons then begin to participate in nucleosynthesis reactions, forming hydrogen and helium isotopes, as well as a pinch of lithium.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This process reaches its peak after five minutes. [124]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The remaining neutrons then undergo negative beta decay with a half-life of about a thousand seconds, releasing protons and electrons in the process, n ⇒ p + e − + ν e, {\ displaystyle\ mathrm {n}\ Rightarrow\ mathrm {p} +\ mathrm {e} ^ {-} + {\ bar {\ mathrm {\ nu}}\ mathrm {e}},} with n is a neutron, p is a proton and ν e is an electron antineutrino.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

For the next 300,000-400,000 years, the excess energy of electrons is still very strong that they do not bind to atomic nuclei. [125]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

After that, a period of recombination occurs, as neutral atoms begin to form and the expanding universe becomes transparent to radiation. [126]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Approximately one million years after the big bang, the first generation of stars began to form. [126]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In stars, stellar nucleosynthesis results in positron formation from the merger of atomic nuclei.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

These antimatter particles immediately annihilate electrons and release gama rays.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Therefore, there is a decrease in the number of electrons followed by an increase in the number of neutrons of the same quantity.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

However, the process of stellar evolution may also result in the synthesis of radioactive isotopes.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Some of those isotopes can then undergo negative beta decay and emit electrons and antineutrinos from atomic nuclei. [127]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

One example is the isotope cobalt-60 (60Co) which decays to nickel-60 (60Ni). [128]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

At the end of its lifetime, stars massing more than 20 solar masses may undergo gravitational collapse and form black holes. [129]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

According to classical physics, this very heavy space object generates a huge gravitational pull force so much as no object, including electromagnetic radiation, can escape the Schwarzschild radius.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

However, it is believed that the effects of quantum mechanics permit Hawking radiation to be emitted at this distance.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Electrons (and positrons) are thought to be created in the horizon of black holes.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

When pairs of virtual particles (such as electrons and positrons) are created around the event horizon, the random spatial distribution of these particles allows one of the particles to appear on the exterior; this process is referred to as quantum travelogue.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The gravitational potential of the black hole can then supply energy that converts the virtual particle into a real particle, allowing it to radiate out into space. [130]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Instead, the other pair will gain negative energy, leading to a decrease in the mass-energy of the black hole.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Hawking's radiation rate increases with decreasing mass, eventually causing the black hole to “evaporate” until it eventually explodes. [131]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Cosmic rays are particles that move in space at high energy.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Energies of 3.0 × 1020 eV have been recorded. [132]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

When these particles collide with nucleons in Earth's atmosphere, a rain of particles is generated, including pions. [133]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

More than half the cosmic radiation monitored from Earth's surface consists of muons.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This particle is a type of lepton produced in the upper atmosphere through pion decay.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Muons, in turn, can decay into electrons as well as positrons.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Therefore, for negatively charged pawn π−, [134] π − → μ − + ν μ, {\ displaystyle\ displaystyle\ mathrm {\ pi} ^ {-}\ rightarrow\ mathrm {\ mu} ^ {-} + {\ bar {\ mathrm {\ nu} _ {\ mathrm {\ mu}},} μ − → e − + ν e + ν μ , {\ displaystyle\ displaystyle\ mathrm {\ mu} ^ {-}\ rightarrow\ mathrm {e} ^ {-} + {\ bar {\ mathrm {\ nu}}} _ {\ mathrm {e}} +\ mathrm {\ nu} _ {\ mathrm {\ mu}},} with μ− muon and ν μ are muon neutrinos.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Observation Observations of electrons from afar require tools capable of detecting the radiation energy of those electrons.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

For example, in high-energy environments such as stellar corona, free electrons in the form of plasma radiate their energy due to Bremsstrahlung.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Electron gases can undergo plasma oscillations, which are waves caused by variations in synchronous electron density.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This then results in energy emissions that can be detected using radio telescopes. [136]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The frequency of a photon is directly proportional to its energy.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Electrons bound to atomic nuclei with a certain energy level will absorb or emit photons at the frequency of that energy beam.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

For example, when atoms are irradiated by a wide-spectrum energy source, certain absorption streaks will appear on the transmitted radiation spectrum.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Each element or different molecule will reveal different lines of the spectrum.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Spectroscopic measurements of the strength and width of these spectrum lines allow determining the chemical composition and physical properties of a substance. [137] [138] In the laboratory, individual electron interactions can be monitored using particle detectors, allowing measurement of the properties of physics electrons such as their energy, spin, and charge. [97]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The development of the Paul trap and the Penning trap allowed charged particles to be caught into a certain area for a long period.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This permits careful measurement of the properties and features of particles.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In one experiment, the Penning trap could capture one single electron in a 10-month time period. [139]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The magnetic moment of the electron that has been measured, has reached a measurement precision of up to 11 digits.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

At that time (1980), these measurements were more accurate than other measurements of physical constants. [140]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The first video image exposing the energy distribution of electrons was recorded by a group of scientists at Sweden's Lund University in February 2008.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

These scientists used very short flashes of light, referred to as attosekon pulses (10−18), permitting the motion of electrons to be monitored for the first time. [141] [142] The distribution of electrons in solid materials can be visualized using ARPES (angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy).


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This technique uses the photoelectric effect to measure lead-back space, which is a representation of periodic structures used to suspect the initial structure of the material.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

ARPES can be used to determine the direction, velocity, and spread of electrons in a material. [143]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Application Particle beam Electron beam is used in welding processes, [145] which allows energy density up to 107 W·cm−2 to be applied to narrow targets 0.1—1.3 mm in diameter and usually does not require filling materials.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This welding technique must be performed under vacuum conditions, so that the electron beam does not interact with the gas before reaching the target.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This technique can be used to unite unsuitable conductive materials welded using ordinary welding techniques. [146] [147] Electron beam lithography (EBL) is a method of semiconductor etching with a resolution smaller than one micron. [148]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

This technique is high-cost, slow, and needs to be vacuum-operated and tends to result in the spread of electrons on solids.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Hence this spread, the resolution is limited to 10nm.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Therefore, EBL is mainly used in the production of a small number of specialized integrated circuits. [149]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Electron beam processing is used to irradiate materials so that their physical properties change or for the purpose of sterilization of food and medical products. [150]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

In radiation therapy electron beams are generated by accelerating liners for the treatment of superficial tumors.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Because the electron beam only penetrates a limited depth before being absorbed, usually up to 5cm for electrons energized 5—20MeV, electron therapy is useful for treating skin lesions such as basal cell carcinoma.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Electron beams can be used to supplement the treatment of areas that have been irradiated by X-rays. [151] [152] Particle accelerators use electric fields to deflect electrons and their antiparticles reach high energies.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Because this particle moves through the magnetic field, it emits synchrotron radiation.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The intensity of this radiation depends on spin, leading to polarization of the electron beam (known as the Sokolov—Ternov effect).


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

These polarized electron beams can be used in a variety of experiments.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Synchotron radiation can also be used for electron beam cooling, which lowers the spread of particle momentum.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The instant a particle has accelerated to the specified energy, electrons and positrons are preoccupied.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The energy emissions produced by such collisions are monitored using particle detectors and studied in particle physics. [153]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

Low-energy electron diffraction imaging (Low-energy electron diffraction) is a method of showering crystalline materials with electron collimation beams to then monitor the resulting diffraction patterns to determine the structure of the material.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The energy required in general ranges from 20—200eV. [154]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

High energy electron diffraction reflection is a technique that uses electron beam reflection fired at various low angles to characterize the surface of critcality materials.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

The beam energy typically ranges from 8—20keV and the shot angle is 1—4°. [155] [156] The electron microscope directs the focussed electron beam to a specimen.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

At the time the beam interacts with the specimen, some electrons change their properties, for example in the direction of movement, angle, energy, and relative phase of the electrons.


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

By noting changes in the electron beam, scientists were able to produce an enlarged image of the material. [157]


Question: What is an electron?

Electrons

See also Standard Model Proton Neutron Footnotes Reference Outside Category:Particle Physics Category:Atomic Physics Category:Chemistry


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

Uzia (Hebrew: ערירירוו, “YHWH is my power”; Greek: Οωίας; Latin: Ozias); English: Uzziah), or known also by the name Azarya (Hebrew: עררייה, “YHWH has helped”; Greek: Αωρις; English: Azariah) was the 10th king of the kingdom of Judah (791 BC - 739 BC).


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

His father was king of Amaziah [1] [2] and his mother was named Yekholya of Jerusalem. [3]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

He began his leadership at the age of 16 and ruled for 52 years. [2]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

Uzia had occupied the throne with her father, before Amaziah was killed. [2]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

He sought God during Zechariah's life, who taught him to fear God.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

And as long as he sought the LORD, God made all his efforts work. [4]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

During his reign, Judah experienced great prosperity. [2]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

Judah was able to recoup the losses experienced during the reign of the last kings, particularly in matters of agriculture and animal husbandry. [1] [2] He paid great attention to the military field, so he provided special weaponry for defense, alerting a large army complete with most fortified weapons and built fortified cities in strategic places. [2]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

However, in the end the government of Uziah violated the command of God, namely by offering sacrifices for offerings. [1]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

Therefore, God gave punishment to him with leprosy. [1]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

The king of Uziah was leprosy until his death day, and as a leper he lived in a house of exile, because he was excommunicated from the house of the LORD.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

And Jotam, his son, headed the king's court and exercised the rule over the people of the land. [5]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

In the days of the king of Uziah, there appeared a number of prophets who delivered the prophecy of God to the Israelites and Judah: the prophet Amos, one of the sheep breeders from Tekoa.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

At that time Jeroboam, son of Joas, still served as king of Israel.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

The word of God was spoken through the prophet Amos two years before the earthquake. [6]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

This earthquake is also recorded in the book of Zechariah: So the valley of my mountains shall be closed, for the valley of the mountain shall touch its side; and you will flee as you once fled by an earthquake in the time of Uziah, king of Judah.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

Then the LORD my God will come, and all the saints with him. [7] the prophet Hosea the son of Beeri. [8] the prophet Isaiah the son of Amos. [9]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

Isaiah is also noted as the author of the book of life of the king of Uziah. [10]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

The name of Book 2 Kings originally recorded his name as “Azarya” (i.e., in chapter 14 to half chapter 15), and then began to use the name “Uziah” with respect to the name of his son and successor, “Jotam ibn Uziah”, from onwards. [11]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

Book 2 Chronicles always uses the name “Uzia”.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

Similarly the books of the prophets Amos, Hosea and Isaiah.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

Uzia Kaa inscription|200px|Uzia inscription (“Uzziah Tablet”).


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

In 1931, Professor E.L. Sukenik of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, discovered an artifact among the collection of a Russian monastery on the Mount of Olives.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

The origin of the slab later known as the “Uzia Inscription” (Uzziah Tablet) was unknown and not recorded by that monastery.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

The inscription is a stone slab measuring 35cm x 34cm thick by 6cm thick.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

The inscriptions on the inscription were written in Old Hebrew letters in the Aramaic style.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

This style of language is estimated from the period of 30—70 AD, about 700 years after the death of the king of Uzia (died around 747 BC) recorded in Book 2 Kings and Book 2 Chronicles.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

The inscription reads: “Hereby brought the bones of Uziah, king of Judah.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

It must not be opened.”


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

It is still debated whether this inscription is really part of the tomb of the king of Uzia or simply artificial in later times.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

There is a possibility of re-burial of the remains of Uzia during the time of the Second Temple. [12] [13] Earthquakes in the 8th century B.C. Research by geologist Professor Steven A. Austin [14] and colleagues published in 2000 states that a number of separate archaeological excavations- separates in areas of Israel and Jordan contain architecture from the Young Iron Age (Iron IIb) that shows damage due to major earthquakes. [15]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

The traces of earthquakes on six sites (Hazor, Deir 'Alla, Gezer, Lakhis, Tell Judeideh, and 'En Haseva), are stratigraphically closely related to the mid-8th century BC period, with a dating fault range of about 30 years (more or less during the reign of Uzia as mentioned in Amos 1:1 and Zechariah 14:5). [15]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

The excavation by archaeologist Yigael Yadin on Stratum VI in Hazor revealed walls sloping towards the south, inclined pillars, and collapsing houses, even at a number of the strongest architectures, signaling waves of earthquakes coming from the north. [16]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

The excavation of the city of Gezer revealed severe damage from the earthquake, where the outermost city walls showed sculptured stones weighing tons of cracks and moving places several inches from the grounds.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

The lower part of the wall moved outward (away from the city), while the upper part of the wall was still lying layer by layer, indicating that the collapse of the wall was sudden. [17]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

The reckoning time of Uziah (Azaryah) the son of Amaziah ruled the Kingdom of Judah in Jerusalem for 52 years from the age of 16, [3] until his death at the age of 68. [18]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

His father, Amaziah, became king at the age of 25, reigned for 29 years, died at the age of 54 (2 Kings 14:2; 2 Chronicles 25:1). [19] [20] Yotam the son of Uzia began to become king at the age of 25. [21] [22] The reign with Amaziah Uzia began to rule while his father, Amazia, was alive: William F. Albright estimated the reign of Uzia in 783 — 742 BC.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

Edwin R. Thiele reckoned that Uzia was king with his father Amaziah since 792/791 BC for 14—15 years, ruling alone from the age of 39 for 27-28 years in the period 767-740/739 BC. [23] [18] Catholic Encyclopedia gives his reign in 809-759 BC. [24]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

The joint reign between Uziah and his father, Amaziah, is thought to have begun when Jehoas, king of Israel captured Amaziah, king of Judah in Beth-Semes after Amaziah foolishly challenged Joas to war. [25]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

It was then that “all the people of Judah took Azarya, who was only 16 years old and raised him king in place of his father, Amaziah. “[25]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

This is reckoned to the 6th year of Amaziah's reign in Judah coinciding with the 9th year of Joas' reign in Israel (in 789 BC [26] or 792/791 BC [23]).


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

At that time Amazia was 31 years old (2 Kings 14:2). [27]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

Uzia began to rule alone in the 27th year of Jeroboam II's reign in the Kingdom of Northern Israel. [19]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

Jeroboam, son of Jehoas, king of Israel, became king in Samaria, in the 15th year of Amaziah, son of Joash, king of Judah, father of Uziah, and reigned 41 years. [28]