Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 24September, the final attack by Britain and France on a 4-mile (6.4km) front occurred 2 miles (3.2km) from St. Quentin. [122]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

With broad posts and initial defensive lines The Siegfried and Alberich Positions successfully annihilated, the Germans by this time fully held out on the Hindenburg Line.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

With Wotan's position in that line having been broken through and Siegfried's position threatened with being deflected from the north, it was high time the Allies overran the remaining stretch of the line.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The offensive on the Hindenburg Line began on September 26 and involved the U.S. Army who were still newly experiencing problems with supply for large forces in hostile areas. [125]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The following week, the combined French and American forces rode into Champagne at the Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge, drove the Germans from their command positions, and advanced closer to the Belgian border. [126]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The last Belgian city to be liberated before the armistice was Ghent, which Germany maintained as a combat benchmark until the Allies engaged artillery. [127] [128] German forces had to shorten their fronts and wear the Dutch border as a benchmark for rear-defense attacks.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

As Bulgaria signed a separate armistice dated 29September, the Allies managed to take control of Serbia and Greece.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Ludendorff, after months of stress, suffered from depression.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

It was clear that Germany could no longer afford to make successful defenses. [129] [130] Meanwhile, news of the imminent German military defeat spread throughout the German armed forces.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The threat of desertion is getting bigger.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Admirals Reinhard Scheer and Ludendorff decided to launch a last-ditch effort to restore the “pride” of the German Navy.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Knowing that the reign of Prince Maximilian of Baden would veto any action, Ludendorff decided not to tell him.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Unfortunately, news of the continued attack was known to the marines in Kiel.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Many refused to be part of the sea attack which was perceived to be suicidal and they rebelled and were detained.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Ludendorff was blamed and the Kaiser fired him on 26October.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Balkan collapse means Germany will lose its main oil and food supplies.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Its reserves were exhausted, even as the U.S. army continued to arrive at 10,000 men a day. [131]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Suffering more than 6million casualties, Germany sought peace.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Prince Maximilian of Baden led a new government as Chancellor of Germany to negotiate with the Allies.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Telegraph negotiations with President Wilson began immediately in the hope that he would give better demand than Britain and France.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Those hopes were in vain as Wilson instead asked the Kaiser to resign.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

There was no resistance when Philipp Scheidemann of the Social Democratic Party declared Germany a republican state on 9November.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The German Empire did not stand anymore and a new Germany had been established under the name of the Weimar Republic. [132]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Ceasefire and surrender The collapse of the Central Bloc happened fast.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Bulgaria was the first country to sign an armistice on September 29, 1918 in Saloniki. [134]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 30 October, the Ottoman Sultanate surrendered at Moudros (Truce of Mudros). [134]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On October 24, Italy began a successful movement to re-control the lost territories after the Battle of Caporetto. These events culminated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, which marked the end of the Austrian-Hungarian Army as an effective war force.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

These attacks also prompted the disintegration of the Austria-Hungary Empire.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

During the last week of October, declarations of independence were made in Budapest, Prague, and Zagreb.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 29 October, the imperial authorities requested an armistice with Italy.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

But Italy continued to move forward, reaching Trento, Udine, and Trieste..


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 3 November, Austria-Hungary sent a white flag to request an armistice.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The requirements delivered by telegraph by Allied leaders in Paris were sent to the Austrian commander and accepted.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

An armistice with Austria was signed at Villa Giusti, near Padova, dated 3 November.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Austria and Hungary signed separate armistice after the overthrow of the Habsburg Monarchy.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After the outbreak of the German Revolution of 1918—1919, a republic was proclaimed November 9.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Kaiser displaced to the Netherlands.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 11 November at 05:00, the armistice with Germany was signed on a train carriage at Compiègne.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

At 11:00 on 11 November 1918 — “eleven hours of eleven months eleven” — an armistice was put into effect.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

During the six hours between the signing of the armistice and its application, forces fighting each other on the Western Front began to withdraw from their positions, but continued fighting in a number of front areas as the commanders wanted to annex territory before the war ended.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Canadian soldier George Lawrence Price was shot by a German sniper at 10:57 and killed at 10:58. [135]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

United States soldier Henry Gunther fell 60 seconds before the armistice was applied while on the run overran the surprised German army and knew that an armistice was imminent. [136]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The last British soldier to fall was George Edwin Ellison.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The last casualty in this war was a German, Lieutenant Thomas, who after 11:00 was walking down the front line to tell United States soldiers who had not been informed of the armistice that they would vacate the buildings behind them. [137]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The occupation of the Rhineland occurred after the truce.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The occupation forces consisted of United States, Belgian, British, and French troops.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Allied superiority and legend of treason, November 1918 By November 1918, the Allies had a sufficient supply of servicemen and material to storm Germany.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

But by the time of the armistice, no Allied forces had crossed the German border; the Western Front was still 900mi (1,400km) away from Berlin; and the Kaiser's forces had retreated from the battlefield in a fine manner.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Those factors allowed Hindenburg and other senior German leaders to spread the news that their forces had not been completely defeated.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This culminates in the legend of betrayal, [138] [139] which calls Germany's defeat not because of its inability to continue warfare (although nearly a million soldiers suffered from the 1918 flu outbreak and could not go to war), but the failure of the public to respond to his “patriotic calls” and alleged sabotage international wars, especially by Jews, Socialists, and Bolsheviks.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Treaty of Versailles, June 1919 The formal state of war between the two parties continued for a further seven months until the signing of the Treaty of Versailles with Germany on 28 June 1919.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

However, the United States public rejected ratification of the treaty, mainly because the League of Nations was wrong the treaty was created; the U.S. did not formally end its participation in the war until the Knox-Porter Resolution was signed in 1921.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After the Treaty of Versailles, treaties with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Sultanate were signed.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

However, the final treaty negotiations with the Ottoman Sultanate were followed by a dispute (the Turkish War of Independence), and the last peace treaty between the Allied Bloc and the country that soon became the new Turkish Republic was signed on 24 July 1923 in Lausanne.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

A number of war memorials call the end of the war is when the Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919, which is when many soldiers serving abroad finally returned home to their respective countries; on the contrary, many commemorations of the end of the war are centralized on the armistice dated 11 November 1918.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Legally, a formal peace treaty was not completed until the signing of the last treaty, the Treaty of Lausanne.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

As per its provisions, Allied forces pulled out of Constantinople dated 23 August 1923.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

First World War technology began as a collision of 20th century technology and 19th-century tactics, accompanied by a fall in casualties in large numbers.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

But by the end of 1917, large forces, now numbering in the millions, had modernized and put on telephones, wireless communications, [140] armored vehicles, tanks, [141] and aircraft.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The infantry formations were rearranged, so that the 100-man troop was no longer the main maneuver unit and was replaced by a squad of approximately 10 soldiers, under the command of a junior NCO.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Artillery also underwent a revolution.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The year 1914, the cannons were positioned on the front line and fired directly at the target.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

By 1917, indirect gunfire with guns (accompanied by mortars and even machine guns) was commonplace, put on new techniques of searching and measuring, especially aircraft and field telephones which were often overlooked.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Ordinary counter-battery missions were carried out and sound detection was worn to track the whereabouts of enemy batteries.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Germans were much more advanced than the Allies in utilizing indirect heavy fire.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The German Army wore 150 and 210mm howitzers in 1914, while French and British guns were only 75 and 105mm.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Britain has a 6inch (152mm) howiter, but it is so heavy that it must be overhauled first and drawn up on the battlefield.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Germans also wore Austrian 305mm and 420mm guns, and from the beginning of the war already had in reserve various Minenwerfer calibers ideally worn for trench warfare. [142]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Many of the battles involved trench warfare that took casualties of hundreds of soldiers for every contested yard.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Most of the deadliest battles throughout history occurred in the First World War, such as Ypres, Marne, Cambrai, Somme, Verdun, and Gallipoli.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Germany used the nitrogen fixation Haber process to provide a fixed supply of gunpowder for its troops, despite Britain's sea blockade. [143]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The artillery resulted in the greatest number of casualties [144] and consumed an awful lot of explosives.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The large number of head wounds from grenade explosions and fragmentation prompted the countries involved developing modern steel helmets, led by the French who introduced the Adrian helmet in 1915.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This development was followed by Brodie helmets worn by British Imperium and U.S. soldiers, and in 1916 by the German Stahlhelm with design improvements still worn today.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

“Gas!


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Gas!


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Quick, boys!...


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling, And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime...


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light, As under a green sea, I saw him drowning. “-


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Wilfred Owen, DULCE ET DECORUM EST, 1917 [145] Extensive use of chemicals was a distinct feature in this conflict.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Gases used include chlorine, mustard gas, and fosgin.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Few war casualties fell as a result of the gas, [146] because effective defenses against gas attacks were soon created, such as gas masks.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The discharging of chemical warfare and small-scale strategic bombing were not permitted by the 1907 Hague Convention, and both proved not so effective, [147] although successful in capturing public attention. [148]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The strongest ground guns were railway guns weighing hundreds of tons per unit.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This weapon was named Big Bertha, although the owner of the name was not a railroad gun.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Germans developed the Paris Gun capable of bombing Paris from a distance of 100 kilometres (62mi), although the grenade was relatively light at 94kilograms (210lb).


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

When the Allies also had chariot guns, the German model was far more advanced and sophisticated than the Allies.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Flight The first fixed-winged aircraft was worn militarily by the Italians in Libya dated 23 October 1911 in the Italian—Turkish War for spy purposes, and in the following year was followed by grenade drops and aerial photography.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The year 1914, their military utilization was evident.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The aircraft were initially worn for spying and ground attack.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

To shoot down enemy aircraft, antiaircraft guns and fighter aircraft were developed.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Strategic bombers were created, mainly by Germany and Britain, although the Germans also wore the Zeppelin. [150]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Towards the end of the conflict, aircraft transports were worn for the first time, with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a raid to destroy the 1918 Zeppelin hangar at Tondern. [151]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Manned monitoring balloons, hovering far above trenches, were worn as stationary spy platforms, reporting enemy movements and directing artillery.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Balloons are generally two-man manned, parachute-equipped, [152] so that in the event of an enemy air attack, the balloon crew can plunge safely.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In those days, parachutes were so heavy for aircraft pilots to wear (alongside their marginal power output), and small parachute versions had not been developed until the end of the war; parachutes were also rejected by British leaders who feared it would create a cowardly nature. [153]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Recognized for their usefulness as a monitoring platform, balloons became important targets for enemy aircraft.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

To defend it from air attack, balloons were heavily protected by antiaircraft guns and patrolled by friend aircraft; to attack the enemy, uncommon weapons such as air-to-air rockets were worn.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Because of that the spy value of beacon lights and balloons contributed to the development of aerial combat between all types of aircraft, and created trench deadlock, as it was impossible to move large numbers of soldiers undetected.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Germans conducted air raids on Britain throughout 1915 and 1916 with airships, hoping to topple British morale and result in aircraft being diverted from the front lines, and ultimately creating a panic that prompted the transfer of some fighter aircraft scadron from France. [150] [153] The German marine technology update delivered U-ships (submarines) after the war began.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Being between limited and borderless submarine warfare in the Atlantic, Kaiserliche Marine deployed these ships to break the vital supply chain of the British Islands.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The demise of Britain's merchant seamen and the prowess of U-boats prompted the development of underwater mines (1916), hydrophones (passive sonar, 1917), beacon lights, hunter submarines (HMS R-1, 1917), antisubmarine guns, and dipping hydrophones (the last two fittings ceased to be used again in 1918). [154]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

To expand their operations, the Germans designed supply submarines in 1916.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Most submarines were abandoned in the interwar period until World War II gave rise again to the need for submarines.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The updating of Trench ground warfare technology, machine guns, air spies, barbed wire, and modern artillery with fragmentation grenades helped create a standoff on the line of battle of World War I. Britain and France sought a solution by creating tanks and mechanized warfare.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Britain's first tanks were worn at the Battle of the Somme of 15 September 1916.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Mechanical dependence was a problem, but trials proved its reliability.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In one year, Britain engaged hundreds of tanks in battle and the tanks demonstrated their permissibility at the November 1917 Battle of Cambrai by breaking through the Hindenburg Line, while combined arms teams captured 8,000 enemy soldiers and 100guns.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

France introduced the first tank with a rotating cannon, the Renault FT-A7, which became the most decisive fixture of the war victory.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This conflict also prompted the introduction of light automatic weapons and submachine weapons, such as the Lewis Gun, the Browning automatic bedil, and the Bergmann MP18.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Flamethrowers and subterania transports Another new weapon, the flamethrower, was first worn by German troops and later adopted by other forces.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Although not of high tactical value, the flamethrower is a powerful weapon with demoralizing abilities that result in terror on the battlefield.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

It is a dangerous weapon because its heavy weight makes its carriers easy targets for enemies.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Trench railroads evolved for shipping large quantities of food, water, and ammunition needed to meet the needs of armies in areas where conventional transportation systems had been demolished.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Deep combustion engines and updated traction systems for cars and trucks/lori eventually made trench railroads out of date.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

War crimes Genocide and ethnic cleansing Ethnic cleansing of the Armenian population in the Ottoman Sultanate, including deportations and mass executions, when the last years of the Ottoman Sultanate were classified as genocide. [155]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Ottomans viewed the entire Armenian population as enemies [156] who chose to side with Russia since the beginning of the war. [157]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In early 1915, a number of Armenians joined the Russian forces, and the Ottoman government used this excuse as the basis for the attestation of the Tehcir Law (Deportation Law).


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This law permitted the deportation of the Armenian population from the eastern provinces of the Sultanate to Syria between 1915 and 1917.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The exact number of dead is not known.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Although Balakian gave a range between 250,000 to 1.5 million Armenians, [158] The International Association of Genocide Scholars estimates more than 1 million lives. [155] [159] The Turkish government has still rejected accusations of genocide by arguing that those killed were victims interethnic warfare, famine, or plague during the First World War. [160]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Other ethnic groups that the Ottoman Sultanate also attacked at the time included the Assyrians and Greeks, and a number of scholars consider the events to be part of the same policy of extermination. [161] [162] [163] of the Russian Empire Many pogroms occurred with the 1917 Revolution Russia and the Russian Civil War. 60,000—200,000 Jewish civilians were killed in violence that occurred throughout the territory of the former Russian Empire. [165]”


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Rape of Belgium” The German invaders regarded any resistance—such as sabotaging rail rails—as illegal and imoral acts, and shot offenders and burned buildings in return.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In addition, they tended to regard most civilians as potential “franc-tireurs”, and captured and sometimes killed prisoners from among civilians.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

German forces executed more than 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914, usually in near-random large-scale shelling of civilians ordered by German junior officers.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The German Army destroyed 15,000—20,000 buildings—including the university library in Louvain—and created a wave of refugees amounting to one million people.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

More than half of the German regiments in Belgium were involved in major incidents. [166]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Thousands of workers were sent to Germany to work in factories.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

British propaganda dramatizing “The Rape of Belgium” attracted much attention in the United States, while Berlin declared the act legitimate and necessary because of the threat of “franc-tireurs” (guerrillas) as it did in France in 1870. [167]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Britain and France exaggerated the report and disseminated it domestically and the United States, where they played a large role in removing support for Germany. [168] [169] The experience of British Army soldiers was initially volunteer, but ultimately it became mandatory military.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Imperial War Museum in Britain has collected more than 2,500 recordings of soldiers' personal testimonies, and selected transcripts edited by military writer Max Arthur have been published.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The museum believes that historians have not made full use of these materials, and it manages to have a complete archive of recordings for writers and researchers. [170]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Veterans who survived and went home tended to only be able to discuss their experiences with his fellow colleagues.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

They came together and formed a “veterans' association” or “Legion”.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Prisoner of war JMPL|250px|German prisoners in French prison camps About 8 million soldiers surrendered and were interned in prisoner-of-war camps during World War I. All countries pledged to follow the Hague Convention on the good treatment of prisoners of war.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The safety level of prisoners of war was generally higher than that of their counterparts on the front lines. [171]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Individual surrenders tend to be unusual; troops in large numbers that usually surrender en masse.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

At the Battle of Tannenberg 92,000Russian soldiers surrendered.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

As the besieged garrison of Kaunas surrendered in 1915, about 20,000Russian soldiers surrendered.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

More than half of Russian losses (in comparison against those captured, wounded, or fallen) had captive status; for Austria-Hungary 32%, Italy 26%, France 12%, Germany 9%; Britain 7%.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Captives from the Allied forces numbered 1.4million men (excluding Russia, whose 2.5-3.5 million soldiers were taken captive).


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

From the Central Bloc, about 3.3million soldiers became prisoners of war. [172]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Germany held 2.5million troops; Russia held 2.9million troops; while Britain and France about 720,000 troops.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Most of them were captured just before the armistice.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The U.S. held 48,000 troops.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The most dangerous moments were the act of surrender, when surrendered soldiers were sometimes shot at once. [173] [174] After the captives arrived at the camp, conditions were generally satisfactory (and better than World War II), thanks to the efforts of the International Red Cross and state inspections- neutral country.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

However, in Russia it was worse: starvation was common among captives and civilians; about 15— 20% of all captives in Russia died.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In Germany, food was scarce, but only 5% died. [175] [176] [177] The Ottoman Sultanate often treated prisoners of war poorly. [178]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

About 11,800 soldiers of the British Imperium, mostly Indian, were taken captive after the Siege of Kut in Mesopotamia in April 1916; 4,250 died in prison. [179]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Although many were in poor condition when captured, the Ottoman officers forced them to walk 1,100 kilometres (684mi) to Anatolia.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

One survivor said: “We were herded like wild animals; getting out of there means dead. “[180]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The survivors were then forced to build railroads across the Taurus Mountains.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In Russia, as captives from the Czech Legion of the Austrian-Hungarian Army were liberated in 1917, they rearmed themselves and briefly became a military and diplomatic power in the Russian Civil War.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Although Allied captives in the Central Bloc were immediately sent home after the end of the war, the same treatment was not given to Central Bloc captives in Allied countries and Russia.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Most of those Central Bloc captives were made forced laborers, for example in France until 1920.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

They were only released after the Red Cross approached the Allied Supreme Council many times. [181]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

German captives were still held in Russia until 1924. [182]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Military attachés and war correspondents Military and civilian monitors of every major power followed intently the course of the war.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Many were able to report an event from a point of view similar to “patch” positions inside enemy land and sea forces.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

These military attachés and other monitors prepare firsthand testimonies on the war accompanied by analytical writings.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

For example, former U.S. Army Captain Granville Fortescue followed the development of the Gallipoli Campaign from the point of view of a patch within the Turkish defense area; and his reports were forwarded through the Tukri censors before they were printed in London and New York. [183]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

However, this monitoring role was ignored when U.S. entered the war scene, while Fortescue immediately re-enlisted into the military and was wounded in the Argonne Forest in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, September 1918. [184]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Narratives of the war by monitors in depth and narrower professional journal articles were written immediately after the war; and these postwar reports generally illustrated the devastation of the battlefield in these conflicts.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This was not the first time trench positioning tactics for infantry armed with machine guns and artillery had become so important.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Russo-Japanese War was also closely monitored by military attachés, war correspondents, and other monitors; but, from the point of view of the 21st century, it seems clear that a series of tactics lessons were ignored or not worn in preparation for war in Europe and the entire Great War. [185]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Support and opposition to war Support In the Balkans, Yugoslav nationalists such as leader Ante Trumbić in the Balkans strongly supported this war and dreamed of the free Yugoslav nation of Austria-Hungary and other foreign powers, as well as the establishment of an independent Yugoslav. [186]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Yugoslav Committee was established in Paris dated 30 April 1915, but later moved its offices to London; Trumbić chaired this Committee. [186]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In the Middle East, Arab nationalism flared up in Ottoman territories as a response to rising Turkish nationalism throughout the war.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Arab nationalist leaders voiced the establishment of a pan-Arab state. [187]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In 1916, the Arab Revolt occurred in the Middle Eastern territories belonging to the Ottomans in order to achieve independence. [187]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Italian nationalism was encouraged by the outbreak of war and was initially strongly supported by various political factions.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

One of the most techrenal supporters of the Italian nationalist war was Gabriele d'Annunzio, who promoted Italian iredentism and helped convince the Italian public to support war intervention. [188]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Italian Liberal Party under the leadership of Paolo Boselli promoted war intervention on the Allied side and utilized the Dante Aligheri Society to promote Italian nationalism. [189]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

A number of socialist parties initially dukugn war when it broke out in August 1914. [190]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

But European socialists were divided on the national side, with the concept of conflicting classes held by radical socialists such as Marxists and syndicalists emerging as a result of their patriotic support of the war. [191]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After the war began, socialists Austria, Britain, Germany, France, and Russia followed the rising nationalist stream by supporting war intervention by their countries. [192]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Italian socialists were divided into supporters of the war and its opponents; some of them were militant supporters of the war, including Benito Mussolini and Leonida Bissolati. [193]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

However, the Italian Socialist Party decided against the war after anti-military protesters were killed and resulted in a mass strike called Red Sunday. [194]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Italian Socialist Party purged itself of pro-war nationalist members, including Mussolini. [194]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Mussolini, a syndicalist who supported the war on the basis of Iredentis claims of Italian-populated territories in Austria-Hungary, formed the pro-interventionist organizations Il Popolo d'Italia and the Fasci Riviluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista (“Fasci Revolution for Internaisonal Action”) in October 1914 which later developed into the Fasci di Combattimento of 1919, the origin of fascism. [195]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Mussolini's nationalism allowed himself to fundraise from Ansaldo (an arms firm) and other companies to form Il Popolo d'Italia to convince socialists and revolutionists to support the war. [196]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In April 1918, the Congress of the Oppressed Nations of Rome held a meeting, including representatives of the Czechoslovak, Italian, Polish, Transylvanian, and Yugoslav peoples asking the Allies to support national self-determination for the people living within Austria-Hungary. [190]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The opposition of trade unions and socialist movements have long since waged a war that they thought meant that workers would kill other workers in the interests of capitalism.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After war was declared, apparently many socialists and trade unionists were instead helping their government.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Among the exceptions were the Bolsheviks, the Socialist Party of America, and the Italian Socialist Party, and individuals such as Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg, and his followers in Germany.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

There are also a number of antiwar groups in Britain and France.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Benedict XV, elected Pope less than three months after World War I, made the war and all its aftermath the main focus of his first papal task.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In contrast to his predecessor, [197] five days post-election, he spoke of his duty to do his best to create peace.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

His first encyclical, the Ad Beatissimi Apostolorum, read out November 1, 1914, broached the issue.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Seen as a biased figure who sided with one side and hated for weakening national morals, Benedict XV saw his unique ability and position as an ambassador of religious peace ignored by the countries involved. jmpl|left|Sackville Street (now O'Connell Street), Dublin, after the 1916 Easter Uprising the 1915 Treaty of London between Italy and the Entente Three encompassed a secret requirement namely the Allies agreed with Italy to ignore the Pope's call in order to make peace with the Central Bloc.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

As a result, the issuance of the August 1917 Memorandum of Peace of Benedict's seven-point proposal was ignored by all parties, except Austria-Hungary. [198]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In Britain, in 1914, the Public Schools Officers' Training Corps annual camp was held at Tidworth Pennings, near Salisbury Plain.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Chief of the Army of the Exchequer Lord Kitchener intended to review his cadets, but the outbreak of war derailed the task.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

General Horace Smith-Dorrien replaced him.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

He surprised two by three thousand cadets by saying (quoting Donald Christopher Smith, a Bermudian cadeta present), “that war should be avoided at almost all costs, that war solves nothing, that the whole of Europe and otherna will fall apart, and that the sum of the death toll would be so large that the entire population would shrink drastically.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

As a result of our teledorance, I, and many of us, felt almost ashamed of a British General who issued these infuriating and unpatriotic sentiments, but for the following four years, among us who survived this massacre—perhaps no more than a quarter—learns tnetang how correct the General's estimate is and how boldly he states it. “[199]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Issuing a word of sentiment like this did not destroy Smith-Dorien's career or even prevent him from doing his duties in World War I at his best.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Many countries imprison people who speak out against this conflict.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

They cover Eugene Debs in the United States and Bertrand Russell in Britain.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In the U.S., the Espionage Act 1917 and the Sedition Act 1918 made denial of military recruitment or making any statement deemed “disloyal” a crime.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Publishing critical of the administration was withdrawn from circulation by postal censors, [102] and many were long imprisoned as a result of their statements deemed unpatriotic.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

A number of nationalists opposed intervention, especially within countries that nationalists disliked.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Although most of the Irish population was willing to participate in the wars of 1914 and 1915, a minority of advanced Irish nationalists refused to take part in the war. [200]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The war occurred despite the emerging crisis of Home Government in Ireland that resurfaced 1912, and by July 1914 there appeared a serious possibility of the outbreak of civil wars in Ireland. [201]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Irish nationalists and Marxists attempted to pursue Irish independence which led to the Easter Rebellion of 1916, with Germany sending 20,000 bedil arms to Ireland to create unrest in Great Britain. [201]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Government of the Exchequer imposed a military emergency in Ireland in response to the Easter Rebellion, although after the threat of revolution diminished the authorities tried to calm nationalist feelings. [202]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Another rejection came from the opponents of ostracism— half socialist, half religious— who refused to fight.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In Britain, 16,000 people asked for the status of opposers. [203]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Some of them, most notably the best-known peace activist Stephen Henry Hobhouse, refused military service and alternatives. [204]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Many were imprisoned for years, including self-confinement and a diet of bread and water.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Even after the war, in Britain many job advertisements were marked “Except for opponents of urani”.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Central Asian uprising broke out in the summer of 1916, when the Russian Imperial government ended the exclusion of Muslims from military service. [205]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In 1917, a series of uprisings in the French AD body led to the execution of dozens of soldiers and the detention of a large number of other soldiers.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In Milan in May 1917, the Bolshevik revolutionists conceived and organized an uprising demanding the end of the war, and sought to close factories and stop public transport operations. [206]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Italian troops were forced to enter Milan with tanks and machine guns to confront the Bolsheviks and anarchists, who fought all-out until 23 May when the Army successfully took over the city.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Nearly 50 people (including three Italian soldiers) were killed and more than 800 were detained. [206]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The 1917 Conscription Crisis in Canada occurred when conservative Prime Minister Robert Borden ordered compulsory military service over the objections of French-speaking Quebec citizens. [207]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Of the 625,000 Canadian soldiers who served, 60,000 of them were deciduous and another 173,000 wounded. [208]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In 1917, Emperor Charles I of Austria confidentially entered peace negotiations with the Allied countries, with his half-brother Sixtus as a breeder, unbeknownst to his ally, Germany.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Unfortunately he failed as a result of the Italian rebellion. [209]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In September 1917, Russian soldiers in France began to question why they were fighting for France and eventually rebelled. [210]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In Russia, the rejection of war prompted the soldiers to set up its own revolutionary committee, which helped start the October Revolution of 1917, with demands for “bread, land, and peace”.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Bolsheviks agreed to a peace treaty with Germany in the form of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk despite being in poor condition.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In Northern Germany, the German Revolution of 1918—1919 occurred in late October 1918.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

German Navy forces refused to set sail for the last large-scale operation of the war which they saw as tantamount to suicide; these events started the rebellion. The sailing uprisings that later occurred in the ports of Wilhelmshaven and Kiel spread throughout Germany in a matter of days and culminated in the proclamation of the republic dated 9 November 1918 and shortly afterwards the resignation of Kaiser Wilhelm II.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Conscription After this war slowly turned into a war of attribution, conscription was enforced in a number of countries.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The issue became a furor in Canada and Australia.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In Canada, conscription gave rise to a political divide between French Canadian citizens, who believed their allegiance was only to Canada and not the British Imperium, and the majority British citizens, who viewed war as a duty for Britain as well as Canada.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Prime Minister Robert Borden passed the Military Service Act, thereby precipitating the 1917 Conscription Crisis.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In Australia, a pro-conscription campaign by Prime Minister Billy Hughes resulted in a split in the body of the Australian Labor Party, so Hughes formed the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917 to promote this rule.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Even so, the labour movement, the Catholic Church, and Irish nationalist expatriates successfully opposed Hughes's rule, which was subsequently rejected at two plebiscites.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Conscription applied to every physically capable man in Britain, six out of ten million decent men.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Of those, about 750,000 were knocked out and another 1,700,000 injured.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Most of the dead were unmarried young men; however, 160,000 wives lost their husbands and 300,000 children lost their fathers. [211]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Impacts Health and economic impacts No war has managed to dramatically change the map of Europe.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Four empires disappeared: Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottomans, and Russia.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Four dynasties, alongside its ancient aristocracy, fell after the war: the Hohenzollern, the Habsburgs, the Romanovs, and the Ottomans.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Belgium and Serbia were badly destroyed, as was France, with 1.4million troops deciduous, [212] excluding other casualties.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Germany and Russia were similarly affected as well. [213]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This war gave profound economic consequences.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Of the 60million European soldiers mobilised from 1914 to 1918, 8million of them were deciduous, 7million permanently disabled, and 15million severely injured.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Germany lost 15.1% of its active male population, Austria-Hungary 17.1%, and France 10.5%. [214]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Some 750,000 German civilians were killed as a result of starvation caused by Britain's blockade during the war. [215]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

By the end of the war, the famine had killed about 100,000people in Lebanon. [216]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The best estimate for the number of dead from the 1921 Russian famine is 5million to 10million people. [217]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In 1922, there were 4.5 million to 7 million children without homes in Russia due to a decade of destruction since World War I, the Russian Civil War, and the 1920—1922 famine. [218]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

A number of anti-Soviet Russian residents were displaced to other countries after the Revolution; in the 1930s, the northern Chinese city of Harbin housed 100,000Russian citizens. [219]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Thousands more moved to France, England, and the United States.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In Australia, the impact of war on the economy was not particularly severe.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Prime Minister Hughes wrote to Prime Minister of the Exchequer Lloyd George, “You have assured us that you could not have got better terms.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

I deeply regret that, and now hope that there is some way to establish an agreement of requesting repair costs equivalent to the extraordinary sacrifices made by the British Imperium and its Allies. “[220]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Australia received war reparations worth ₤5,571,720, but Australia's immediate war costs amounted to ₤376,993,052, and by the mid-1930s the cost of pensions, war prizes, interest, and sunk funds amounted to ₤831,280,947. [220]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Of the approximately 416,000 Australian troops in service, 60,000 of them were injured and another 152,000 wounded. [221]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The plague spread in chaotic wartime.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In 1914 alone, an outbreak of tick-carried typhoid killed 200,000 people in Serbia. [222]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Starting from 1918 to 1922, Russia experienced 25million infections and 3 million deaths from typhoid plague. [223]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

While before World War I Russia had 3.5 million cases of malaria, the country had more than 13 million cases in 1923. [224]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In addition, large influenza outbreaks spread around the world.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Overall, the 1918 flu pandemic killed at least 50 million people. [225] [226] Lobbying by Chaim Weizmann and fears that the Jewish population of America would force the U.S. to support Germany ended with the 1917 Balfour Declaration by the British government which established the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. [227]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

More than 1,172,000 Jewish soldiers served in the Allied and Central forces in World War I, including 275,000 in Austria-Hungary and 450,000 in the Russian Empire. [228]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Social disruption and widespread violence in the 1917 Revolution and Russian Civil War resulted in the occurrence of 2,000 pogroms in the former Russian Empire, mostly in Ukraine. [229]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

About 60,000—200,000Jewish civilians were killed in this violence. [230]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After World War I, Greece fought against the Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal, a war that ended in massive population exchanges between the two countries under the Treaty of Lausanne. [231]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

According to various sources, [232] a hundred thousand Pontic Greeks were killed during those times of the war. [233]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Peace treaties and state boundaries After the war, the Paris Peace Conference imposed several peace treaties against the Central Bloc.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The 1919 Treaty of Versailles officially ended this war.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Signed at Wilson's 14th Point, the Treaty of Versailles also precipitated the founding of the League of Nations on June 28, 1919. [234] [235] In the signing of the treaty, Germany claimed responsibility for this war and agreed to pay large sums of war reparations and provide a number of territories to the winning party.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The “Guilt Thesis” became a controversial explanation of recent events among analysts of the United Kingdom and the United States The Treaty of Versailles raised tremendous discontent in Germany, which exploited nationalist movements, especially the Nazis, with their conspiracy theories call Dolchstosslegende (legend of treason).


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Weimar Republic lost its colonial colonies and was burdened with charges of guilt for the war, as well as paying reparations due to the war.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Unable to pay with exports (as a result of lost territory and the postwar recession), [236] Germany paid by borrowing from the United States.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The sustained inflation of the 1920s contributed to the economic collapse of the Weimar Republic, and delayed repair payments of 1931 after the 1929 Stock Market Fall and the onset of the worldwide Great Depression.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Austria-Hungary was divided into several replacement countries, including Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia, although not entirely within ethnic borders.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Transylvania was transferred from Hungary to Greater Romania.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The details are listed in the Treaty of Saint-Germain and the Treaty of Trianon.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

As a result of the Treaty of Trianon, 3.3 million Hungarians came under foreign rule.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Although the population of Hungary made up 54% of the population of the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary, only 32% of its territory was imposed for Hungary.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Between 1920 and 1924, 354,000 Hungarians exited the former territories of Hungary controlled by Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Russian Empire, which had withdrawn from World War I in 1917 after the October Revolution, lost most of its western territories and the independent states of Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland stood there.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Bessarabia re-joined Greater Romania because it had been a Romanian territory for more than a thousand years. [237]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Ottoman Sultanate broke apart, and most of its non-Anatolian territories were given to various Allied states in the form of protectorts.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Turkey itself was rearranged into the Republic of Turkey.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Ottoman Sultanate was broken up by the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This treaty was never ratified by the Sultan and was rejected by the Turkish republican movement, giving rise to the Turkish War of Independence and ending with the Treaty of Lausanne of 1923.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Inheritance...” Strange, friend,” I said, “Here is no cause to mourn.”


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

“None,” said the other, “Save the undone years” ... —


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Wilfred Owen, Strange Meeting, 1918 [145] The first tentative attempts to understand the meaning and consequences of modern warfare began in the early stages of the war, and this process continued during and after the end of the war.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Memorial Monuments are built in thousands of villages and towns.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Close to the battlefield, those buried in artificial burial grounds were slowly transferred to official cemeteries cared for by organizations such as the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, the American Battle Monuments Commission, the German War Graves Commission, and Le Souvenir français.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Many of the cemeteries have central monuments dedicated to lost or unknown victims, such as the Menin Gate monument and the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On 3 May 1915, during the Second Battle of Ypres, Lieutenant Alexis Helmer was knocked out.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Next to his tomb, his friend, John McCrae, M.D., of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, wrote a famous poem entitled In Flanders Fields as a tribute to all those killed in the Great War.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Published in Punch magazine on December 8, 1915, the poem is still recited today, especially on Armistice Day and Remembrance Day. [238] [239] The Liberty Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri, is a memorial to the United States dedicated to all citizens The U.S. served in World War I. The Liberty Memorial site was inaugurated on November 1, 1921.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

On that day, the Allied supreme commanders spoke before 100,000 people.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

That was the only time in history when those leaders gathered in one place.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The luminaries present include Lieutenant General Baron Jacques of Belgium; General Armando Diaz of Italy; Marshal Ferdinand Foch of France; General Pershing of the United States; and Admiral D. R. Beatty of Great Britain.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After three years of construction, the Liberty Memorial was completed and President Calvin Coolidge delivered a special speech before 150,000 people in 1926.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Liberty Memorial is also home to The National World War I Museum, the only World War I-specific museum in the United States.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The cultural memory of the First World War exerted a great influence on social memory.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This war is seen by many in Britain as a sign of the end of an age of stability that has existed since Victorian times, and across Europe many people consider it a threshold. [240]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Historian Samuel Hynes explains: Generations of innocent young men, their heads filled with lofty abstractions like Honour, Glory and Britain, went to war to make this world safe for democracy.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

They were killed in stupid battles designed by stupid generals anyway.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The survivors were shocked, subjected to delusion and bitterness by their war experiences, and saw that their original enemy was not the Germans, but the old men in the hometown who had lied to them.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

They reject the values of the society that sends them to war, and in doing so they separate their own generation from its past and cultural heritage. [241]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This has become the most common perception regarding the First World War, sprung by art, cinema, poetry, and stories published afterwards.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Films such as All Quiet on the Western Front, Paths of Glory, and King & Country have created this thought, while wartime films such as Camrades, Flanders Poppies, and Shoulder Arms show that most contemporary views of war as a whole are much more positive. [242]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Similarly, the artworks of Paul Nash, John Nash, Christopher Nevison, and Henry Tonks in Britain paint a negative view of the conflict along with growing perceptions, while famous wartime artists such as Muirhead Bone paint more peaceful and soothing interpretations which was later rejected for being inaccurate. [241]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

A number of historians such as John Terriane, Niall Ferguson, and Gary Sheffield have challenged any of these interpretations as partial and polemical views: These beliefs are not shared entirely because they only provide accurate interpretations of events in the age of war.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

With all due respect, war is precisely more complicated than they say.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In recent years, historians have argued persuasively against almost every popular cliché regarding the First World War.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

It's been shown that, while the losses are tremendous, their greatest impact is socially and geographically limited.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The diversity of emotions in addition to the horror experienced by soldiers inside and outside the front lines, including brotherhood, boredom, and even enjoyment, has been recognized.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The war is now not seen as a “battle of nonsense', but as a war of thought, a struggle between aggressive militarism and more or less liberal democracy.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

It was well known that British generals were men capable of facing difficult challenges, and that under their command that the British Army played an important role in the German defeat of 1918: a great forgotten victory. [242]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Although historians consider any perception of war a “myth”, [241] [243] it is common.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Those perceptions dynamically change according to contemporary influences, reflecting on the perception of the 1950s war as' unintentional 'after the contrasting Second World War and major conflicts in the times of class conflict of the 1960s. [242] Much of the addition to its opposite is often rejected. [242]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Social trauma Social trauma resulting from unexpected numbers of victims is formed in various ways, which is always the subject of subsequent historical debate. [244]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

A number of people were burned by nationalism and all its aftermath, and began to strive for the creation of an internationalist world, supporting organizations such as the League of Nations.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Pacifism is gaining popularity.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The other party gave a contrary reaction, feeling that only force and military were able to handle this chaotic and inhuman world.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The anti-modernist views were the result of various changes taking place in society.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The experience of war resulted in a collective trauma felt by most of the countries involved.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The optimism of la belle époque was shattered, and those at war were referred to as the Lost Generation. [245]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Over the postwar years, people mourned the toll of dead, missing, and maimed. [246]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Many soldiers come home with tremendous trauma, experiencing battle shocks (also called neurasthenia, a state associated with posttraumatic pressure disorders). [247]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Other soldiers came home with little postwar impact; however, their silence regarding the war contributed to the growing status of mythology regarding this conflict. [244]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In Great Britain, mass mobilization, high casualty numbers, and the collapse of Edward's age made the public very satisfied.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Although many involved do not share experiences in combat or spend much time on the front lines, or have a positive memory of their merit, the picture of suffering and trauma becomes a constantly developed perception. [244]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Historians such as Dan Todman, Paul Fussell, and Samuel Heyns published numerous written works since the 1990s arguing that the common perception of war was in fact wrong. [244]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Discontent in Germany The rise of Nazism and fascism included the rise of the nationalist spirit and the rejection of various postwar changes.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Equally, the popularity of the legend of betrayal (German: Dolchstoßlegende) is a testament to the psychological state of the defeated Germany and the denial of responsibility for this conflict.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

These treasonous conspiracy theories became common and the German population saw themselves as victims.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The German people's acceptance of Dolchstoßlegende' played an important role in the emergence of Nazism.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

A sense of exaggerated sillusion and cynicism accompanied the growth of nihilism.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Many parties believe this war predates the end of the world due to high casualties among men, the dissolution of governments and empires, and the fall of capitalism and imperialism.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Communist and socialist movements around the world gathered strength from these teroi and enjoyed renewed popularity.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

These feelings were more loudly shouted in areas directly affected by the war.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

From German dissatisfaction with the still controversial Treaty of Versailles, Adolf Hitler managed to gain popularity and power. [248] [249] World War II was also the continuation of the power struggle that was never fully completed by the First World War; in fact, it was common for Germany in the 1930s and 1940s to justify acts of international aggression because of the perception of injustice imposed by the victors of the First World War. [250] [251] [252] The United States historian William Rubinstein wrote that: "The 'Age of Totalitarianism' includes almost all examples of genocide are well known in modern history, led by the Jewish Holocaust, but also consisting of murder and mass extermination in the Communist world, another mass murder by Nazi Germany and its allies, as well as the Armenian genocide of 1915.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

All of these massacres have a common origin, the downfall of elite structures and normal modes of government in much of central, eastern, and southern Europe as a result of the First World War, without which of course Communism or Fascism would not have arisen except in the minds of the instigators and people sinting”. [253]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The founding of the modern state of Israel and the roots of the continuing Israeli-Palestinian Conflict can be found in the unstable power dynamics in the Middle East as a result of World War I. [254] Before the war ended, the Ottoman Sultanate managed to maintain defense and stability throughout Middle East. [255]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

With the fall of Ottoman rule, a power vacuum ensued and claims to territory and nationality sprung into each other. [256]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The political borders set by the victors of the First World War were immediately put into effect, sometimes only after consultation with the local population.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In some cases, this has become an issue in the national identity struggle of the 21st century. [257] [258] While the dispersal of the Ottoman Sultanate at the end of World War I was decisive in its contribution to the modern political situation in the Middle East, including the Arab-Israeli conflict, [259] [260] [261] the end of Ottoman rule also created an as-yet unknown dispute over other waters and natural resources. [262] JMPL|250px|Armistice announcement dated 11 November 1918.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Philadelphia.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The view in the United States of U.S. intervention in this war, including Wilson's own administration, was increasingly unpopular.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This looms from the U.S. Senate's rejection of the Treaty of Versailles and membership in the League of Nations.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In the interwar period, a consensus was agreed that U.S. intervention was a mistake, and Congress passed several laws in an effort to protect U.S. neutrality in subsequent conflicts.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Polling of 1937 and the first months of World War II showed that nearly 60% of respondents stated intervention on the PDI was a mistake, and only 28% opposed that view.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

But in the period between the fall of France and the Pearl Harbor attack, public opinion changed completely and for the first time the majority of respondents rejected the view that World War I was a mistake. [263]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Poland's new national identity was reborn as an independent state after more than a century.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

As a “small Entente nation” and the country with the most casualties per capita, [264] [265] [266] the Kingdom of Serbia and its dynasty became the spine of a new multinational state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later named Yugoslavia).


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Czechoslovakia, merged the Kingdom of Bohemia with part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and became one new nation.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Russia became the Soviet Union and lost Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia, which became independent countries.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The Ottoman Sultanate was directly replaced by Turkey and several other countries in the Middle East.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In the British Imperium, this war unleashed a new form of nationalism.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In Australia and New Zealand, the Battle of Gallipoli is increasingly well known as the “Baptism of Struggle” of those countries.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This was the first major war involving newly established nations, as well as for the first time Australian soldiers fought as residents of Australia, rather than subjects of the Kingdom of Great Britain.


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Anzac Day commemorates the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps and celebrates those defining moments. [267] [268] After the Battle of Vimy Ridge, where Canadian divisions fought together for the first time as one single corps, Canadians began to call themselves as a nation that was “forged from fire”. [269]


Question: When was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Succeeding on the same battlefield where the “mother country” failed before, Canadians were for the first time internationally honoured for their own successes.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Canada entered the war with the status of the Dominion Imperium of Great Britain and remained that way, although it rose up with a greater sense of independence. [270] [271] When Britain declared war in 1914, its colonies automatically also joined the war; in the end, Canada, Australia, Zealand New, and South Africa became signatories to the Treaty of Versailles separate from the United Kingdom. [272]


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Economic impact One of the most dramatic effects after the war was the expansion of governmental powers and responsibilities in Britain, France, the United States, and the colonies of the British Imperium.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

To harness all the power of their society, the government formed new ministries and powers.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

New taxes were set and laws passed, all designed to support the war effort; many still exist today.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This war also limited the capabilities of a number of large and bureaucratized former governments, such as Austria-Hungary and Germany; however, any analysis of the long-term impact did not apply as a result of the defeat of those countries.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Gross domestic product rose in the three Allied countries (Britain, Italy, and the U.S.), but fell in France and Russia, the neutral Netherlands, and three major Central countries.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

GDP declines in Austria, Russia, France, and the Ottoman Sultanate reached 30 to 40%.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In Austria, for example, many pigs were cut, so there was no more meat by the end of the war.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In all countries, the government's share in GDP increased, surpassing 50% in Germany and France and barely reaching that level in Britain.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

To pay for the purchase in the United States, Britain made a massive investment in the United States railroad industry and began borrowing large sums of money from Wall Street.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

President Wilson was on the verge of cutting loans in late 1916, but allowed a large increase in U.S. government loans to the Allied nation.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After 1919, the U.S. requested repayment of the loan.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

These payments were partly funded by a German repair fund, which, on the contrary, was helped by a United States loan to Germany.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This circular system collapsed 1931 and those loans were never paid off.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In 1934, Britain owed US$4.4 billion [275] in World War I debt. [276] Macro- and microeconomic impacts occurred after the war.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Many families changed after the menfolk went to war.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

After the death or absence of the main breadwinner, women are forced to work in large numbers.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

At the same time, the industry wants to replace the labourers lost by joining the war.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

This helped the struggle to demand the granting of voting rights for women. [277]


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

World War I steadily increased the gender imbalance, giving rise to the phenomenon of excess women.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The deaths of nearly a million men during the war widened the gender gap by a million people; from 670,000 to 1,700,000.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The number of unmarried women seeking economic security is growing rapidly.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In addition, demobilization and economic deterioration after the war resulted in high unemployment.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The war increased the number of women workers, but the return of demobilized men displaced many women from their work, accompanied by the closure of various wartime factories.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Because of this women who worked during the war were eventually forced to struggle to find work and women approaching working age did not get a chance.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

In Britain, rationing was finally enacted in early 1918 for meat, sugar, and fat (butter and oleo), but not bread.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The new system is running smoothly.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

From 1914 to 1918, trade union membership doubled from four million people to eight million.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Labor strikes became more frequent in 1917—1918 as the unions were disaffected about prices, alcohol control, pay disputes, exhaustion from overwork and working on Sundays, and unfit homes.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Britain sought help to its colonies in acquiring important war material whose supplies were increasingly scarce in traditional sources.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Geologists such as Albert Ernest Kitson were tasked with searching for new sources of valuable minerals in African colonies.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Kitson discovered a new manganese deposit on the Gold Coast used for munition making. [278]


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (the “war guilt” clause) declared Germany and its allies responsible for all “loss and damage” suffered by the Allies throughout the war and gave the basis for postwar reparations.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The total improvement demanded was worth 132 billion gold marks, more than Germany's total gold or foreign exchange.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The economic problems sticking out of such payments, and German pique over their position, are usually regarded as one of the important factors driving the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of Adolf Hitler's dictatorship.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Setelha German defeat in World War II, payment of reparations was not resumed.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Germany finished paying for postwar repairs in October 2010. [279]


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

See also European Civil War List of World War I veterans who survived by country List of figures associated with World War I List of World War I veterans who survived List of wars and human disasters by number of casualties List of wars List of World War I topics Medal abbreviations World War I Media invasion list JMPL|thumbtime=3|alt=World War I era biplanes on bombing runs, captioned “Captain 'Eddie' Rickenbacker, American 'Ace of Aces, 'over the lines— looking for a scrap.”


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

then “Bombing the German lines.” |Allied bombing on German linesJMPL|thumbtime=12|alt=Primitive tanks advance over empty fields and berms, captioned “The tanks advance to do their bits.” |Allied tanks move forward at Langres, 1918 JMPL|"We're All Going Calling on the Kaiser” staged by Arthur Fields and the Peerless Quartet.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

The work of James Alexander Brennan.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Edison Records, May 1918.jmpl|"The Makin's of the U.S.A.” (Von Tilzer; Peerless Quartet.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Columbia Records, A2522 side B, released March 1918) Footnotes Reference For a comprehensive bibliography see List of books about World War I (translated from the German), reviewed in Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help).


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Check date values in: |date= (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |series-editor= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |series-title= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help), Wilson's maneuvering U.S. into war, general military history Unknown parameter |seriestitle= ignored (help) also published by Harper as “Ludendorff's Own Story, August 1914— November 1918: The Great War from the Siege of Liege to the Signing of Liege the Armistice as Viewed from the Grand Headquarters of the German Army” OCLC (original title Meine Kriegserinnerungen, 1914—1918) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) cites “Cf. signed articles XXX in La Revue de Deux Mondes, 1 and 15 March 1920" Deals with technical developments, including the first dipping hydrophones, major reinterpretation: the major scholarly synthesis.


Question: when was Marshal Philippe Pétain born?

World War I

Thorough coverage of 1914 Unknown parameter |orig-title= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |series-title= ignored (help), reviewed at JSTOR Unknown parameter |series-title= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |doi_brokendate= ignored (help), tells of the opening diplomatic and military manoeuvres Outside links Online film archive containing extensive coverage of World War I Wiki, Brigham Young University covering the history of World War I at omniatlas.com (Crowd-sourcing project) Animated map Category:Global conflicts Category:French Third Republic Category:Historical United States (1865—1918) Category:Historical Austria-Hungary Category:Historical Montenegro Category:Modern Serbian history Category:Russo-Ottoman War Category:Wars involving the United States Category:Wars involving South Africa Category:Wars involving Armenia Category:Wars involving Australia Category:Wars involving Austria Category:Wars involving Belgium Category:Wars involving Brazil Category:Wars involving Great Britain Category:Wars involving Bulgaria Category:Wars involving Czechoslovakia Category:Wars involving Guatemala Category:Wars involving Haiti Category:Wars involving Hungary Category:Wars involving British India Category:Wars involving Ireland Category:Wars involving Italy Category:Wars involving Japan Category:Wars involving Germany Category:Wars involving Canada Category:Wars involving the Ottoman Sultanate Category:Wars involving Costa Rica Category:Wars involving Croatia Category:Wars involving Liberia Category:Wars involving Montenegro Category:Wars involving Nicaragua Category:Wars involving Oceanian countries and peoples Category:Wars involving Panama Category:Wars involving France Category:Wars involving Portugal Category:Wars involving China Category:Wars involving China Category:Wars involving France Category:Wars involving Portugal Category: Romania Category:Wars involving Russia Category:Wars involving New Zealand Category:Wars involving Serbia Category:Wars involving Sri Lanka Category:Wars involving Thailand Category:Wars involving Greece


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Chemical analysis is the study of separation, identification, and quantification of chemical components in natural as well as artificial materials. [1]


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Qualitative analysis gives an indication of the identity of the chemical species within the sample.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

While quantitative analysis determines the number of certain components in a substance.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Separation of components is often performed before performing the analysis.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Methods of analysis can be divided into classical and instrumental. [2]


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

The classical method (known also as the wet chemistry method) uses separations such as precipitation, extraction, and distillation as well as qualitative analysis based on color, odor, or melting point (organoleptists).


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Classical quantitative analysis is carried out by determining the weight or volume.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Instrumental methods use an apparatus to determine the physical quantity of an analyte such as light uptake, fluorescence, or conductivity.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Separation is carried out using the methods of chromatography, electrophoresis or fractionation of the field flow.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Analytical chemistry also focuses on improving experimental design, chemometry, and manufacturing new measuring instruments in order to provide better chemical information.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Analytical chemistry has been applied in the fields of forensics, bioanalysis, clinic analysis, environmental analysis, and materials analysis.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

The Chemical History of analysis became important since the beginning of the existence of chemical science.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

This field provides methods for determining elements and chemicals present inside questionable objects.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

During this period, analytical contributions to chemical science included the development of systematic elemental analysis by Justus von Liebig and systematic organic analysis based on cluster-specific reactions of function.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

The first instrumental analysis was flame emission spectrometry developed by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff by discovering rubidium (Rb) and caesium (Cs) in 1860. [3]


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Most developments within the field of analytic chemistry occurred post 1900.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

During this period, instrumental analysis became increasingly dominant.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

In particular, the growing number of basic techniques of spectroscopy and spectrometry were discovered in the early 20th century and refined in the late 20th century. [4]


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Separation science follows the development pattern of analytical chemistry and also transforms towards high-performance equipment. [5]


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

In the 1970s many of these techniques began to be used together to solve the complete characterization of samples.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Since about the 1970s to the present day, analytical chemistry has been increasingly inclusive to answer questions of biology (chemical bioanalysis), where during this time strongly focused on inorganic or organic molecules renic.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

The use of lasers in the field of chemistry continues to increase as an analytical aid and influenser for various chemical reactions.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

In the late 20th century, there was also a remarkable expansion in the application of analytical chemistry, from answering academic questions to solving forensic, environmental, industrial, medical, and even histological problems. [6]


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Modern analytical chemistry is dominated by instrumental analysis.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Many chemical analysts focus on one type of instrument.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Academics tend also to focus on new applications and development or on new methods of analysis.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

The discovery of the presence of chemicals in the blood that increase cancer risk paved the way that chemical analysts could engage in it.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

The new method under development is to involve the use of adjustable lasers to improve the specificity and sensitivity of spectrometry methods.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Many methods, one of which is being developed, to archive data so that it can be used as a reference for a long time.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

This is required primarily for industrial Quality Assurance (QA) purposes, as well as forensic and environmental applications.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

The role of analytical chemistry is increasingly important in the field of the pharmaceutical industry, in addition to QA, in terms of the development of new drugs and their clinical applications to understand the interactions between drugs and patients.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Classical methods Although modern analytical chemistry is dominated by advanced instruments, the roots of analytical chemistry and the principles used in those instruments come from traditional techniques that are still widely used today.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

These techniques are also the basis for most analytical chemistry education laboratories.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Qualitative analysis The qualitative analysis determines the presence or absence of a compound, but not its mass or concentration.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Qualitative analysis does not count the amount.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Chemical tests There are various qualitative analysis chemical tests, for example: the acid test for gold and the Kastle-Meyer test for testing the presence of blood.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Flame test Qualitative analysis of inorganic basically refers to a systematic scheme to ascertain the presence of certain ions or elements (usually) in solution by performing a number of reactions that eliminate a number of possibilities and ascertain suspected ions with a proof-test.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

It is not uncommon for small amounts of carbon containing ions to be included in this scheme.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Using modern instruments, these tests are rarely used but are beneficial for the benefit of education and field work, or other situations that do not allow using advanced equipment.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Quantitative analysis Gravimetric analysis determines the mass of an analyte by weighing the sample before and/or after some changes.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

A common example is to determine the mass of water in a hydrate by heating its sample to remove existing water, so that there will be a mass difference because the water molecules will come off.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Volumetric analysis At titration there is the addition of reactants to the solution being analyzed until the equivalent point is reached.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

The most common type is acid-base titration which uses a wide variety of indicators indicating color changes.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

There are several kinds of titrations, for example potentiometric titration.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

The types of indicators used vary to detect the reach of equivalents.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Instrumental method Spectroscopy Spectroscopy measures the interaction of molecules with electromagnetic radiation.


Question: Who needs to do Asymmetric Correlation Analysis?

Chemical analysis

Spectroscopy includes several different applications such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, UV & visible beam spectroscopy, X-ray phosphorescent spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, dual polarization interferometry, magnetic nucleus resonance spectroscopy, spectroscopy photoemission, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and so on.