Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

The treaties signed at the same congress also accounted for the development of new commercial routes linking Hungary with Western Europe.


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Károly's efforts to reunite Hungary, along with administrative and economic reforms, as well as formed the basis of the achievements of his successor, Lajos I. The early life of childhood (1288-1300) Károly was the only son of Károly Martell, Prince of Salerno, and his wife, Clemence of Austria. [1] [2 ] He was born in 1288; his birthplace is unknown. [1] [2] [3] Károly Martell was the first son of Carlo II of Naples and his wife, Maria, daughter of István V of Hungary. [4] [5] After the death of his elder, László IV of Hungary, in 1290, Queen Maria announced his heir rights in Hungary, states that the Wangsa Árpád (Hungarian royal family) became extinct with the death of László. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

However his paternal cousin, András was also heir to the throne, although his father, István the Posthumous, was considered an illegitimate son by all members of the royal family. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

For all that, Hungary's maharaja and bishop chose András rather than Mary and he was crowned king of Hungary on 23July 1290. [4] [6] He transferred his heir rights in Hungary to Károly Martell in January 1292. [1]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Wangsa-wangsa Babonić, Frankopan, Šubić and the bansawan families of Croatia and Slavonia seem to recognize Károly Martell's inheritance rights, but in reality their allegiance was indecisive among Károly Martell and András III. [7] [8] Károly Martell died in the autumn of 1295, and his aged son seven years old, Károly, became his heirs in Hungary. [9] [3] Károly would also be the legitimate heirs of his grandfather, Carlo II of Naples, according to the principles of primogenitur. [9] [3] However, Carlo II, who preferred his third son, Roberto than his grandson, granted the rights of the eldest son, granted the rights of the eldest son to Roberto on February 13, 1296. [3]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Pope Bonifasius VIII confirmed Carlo II's decree on 27 February 1296, excluding Carlo's son from succeeding his grandfather in the Kingdom of Naples. [3]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Dante Alighieri wrote “several schemes and frauds that would attack" [10] Károly Martell's family in reference to Roberto's alleged maneuvers to acquire the right to inherit Naples. [9]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Historian in the 14th century, Giovanni Villani also notes that his contemporaries argued that Roberto's inheritance in Naples was weaker than that of his nephew. [9]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

The jurist Baldus de Ubaldis refrained from establishing his position on the legitimacy of Roberto's rule. [9]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

The struggle for Hungary (1300—1308) András III of Hungary made pamanda on the part of his mother, Alberto Morosini, Duke of Slavonia, in July 1299, which caused the nobles of Slavonia and Croatia to revolt. [11] [8] A most powerful Croatian baron, Pavao Šubić, sent his brother, Juraj, to Italy early in 1300 to convince Carlo II of Naples to send his grandson to Hungary to demand the throne personally.


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

The King of Naples agreed to the suggestion and borrowed 1,300 ounces of gold from Firenze's bankers to finance Carlo's journey. [1] [3] A Napolitan knight of French origin, Philippe Drugeth, accompanied the twelve-year-old Károly to Hungary. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

They landed at Split in Dalmasia in August 1300. [1] [4] From Split, Pavao Šubić escorted him to Zagreb where Ugrin Čak swore allegiance to Károly. [1]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Károly's opponent, András III of Hungary, died on 14January 1301. [3]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Károly hurried away to Esztergom where the elector archbishop, Gergely Bicskei, crowned him with a temporary crown before the date of 13May. [4] [11] However many Hungarians considered Károly's understanding invalid due to the existence of customary law stating that the understanding legitimate had to do with the Holy Crown of Hungary in Székesfehérvár. [4] [1] The years of Károly's reign count since this understanding, but Hungary has been split into about a dozen autonomous provinces, each of which is ruled by a powerful maharaja, or oligarchy. [1] [4] [12] Among them were Máté Csák who dominated the northwestern part of Hungary (which now forms the eastern region that is now Slovakia), Amadeus Aba controlling the northeastern lands, Iván Kőszegi ruling Transdanubia, and László Kán governing Transilvania. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Most of the maharaja refused to recognize Károly's reign and proposed the crown to the son of Vaclav II of Bohemia whose namesake was with him, Vaclav III, and his spouse, Erzsébet, the only daughter of András III. [5] [4] Although Vaclav was crowned with the Holy Crown at Székesfehérvár, His legitimate coronation was also questioned because János Hont-Pázmány, archbishop of Kalocsa, placed the crown over Vaclav's head, although customary law allowed the archbishop of Esztergom to carry out the ceremony. [11]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

After Vaclav was crowned, Károly retreated to the territories of Ugrin Čak in the southern regions of the kingdom. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Pope Bonifasius sent his deputy, Niccolo Boccasini, to Hungary. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Boccasini convinced most of Hungary's bishops to recognize Károly's rule. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

However, most Hungarian maharaja continued to oppose Károly because according to the illumination Chronicles, [13] they feared that “free people in the kingdom would lose their freedom by accepting a king appointed by the Church”. [14]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Károly besieged Buda, the royal capital, in September 1302, but Iván Kőszegi relieved the siege. [11]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Carter Károly suggests that he mainly lived in the southern part of the kingdom during his later years although he also visited Amadeus Aba at the fortress of Gönc. [1]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Pope Bonifasius who considered Hungary to be the vasal of the Holy See declared Károly the rightful king of Hungary on 31 May 1303. [11] [3] He also threatened Vaclav with excommunication if he continued to endear himself king of Hungary. [3]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Vaclav left Hungary in the summer of 1304, and took the Holy Crown with him. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Károly met his cousin, Rudolf I of Bohemia, in Pressburg (now Bratislava in Slovakia) on 24 August. [4] [1] After signing an alliance, they jointly invaded Bohemia in the autumn. [4] [1] Vaclav replaced his father in Bohemia and renounced his heir rights in Hungary for Otto III, Duke of Bayern on 9 November 1305. [11]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Otto was crowned with the Holy Crown at Székesfehérvár on 6 December 1304 by Benedict Rád, Bishop of Veszprem, and Anton, Bishop of Csanád. [11] [4] [1] He was never able to strengthen his position in Hungary, as only the Kőszegis and Sachsen Transilvania supported him. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Károly seized Esztergom and many fortresses in the northern part of Hungary (now in Slovakia) in 1306. [4] [1] His partisans also occupied Buda in June 1307. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

László Kán, Voivode of Transilvania, arrested and imprisoned Otto in Transilvania. [11] [15] A partisan parliament of Károly confirmed Károly's heir right to the throne on 10 November, but three rulers— Máté Csák, László Kán, and Iván Kőszegi— were absent from the meeting. [4] [1] In 1308, László Kán freed Otto, who then left Hungary. [15]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Otto never ceased to endear himself King of Hungary, but he never returned to the country. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Pope Klemens V sent his new deputy, Gentile Partino da Montefiore, to Hungary. [4] [11] Montefiore arrived in the summer of 1308. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In the next few months, he persuaded the strongest rulers one by one to accept Károly's rule. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

At the Parliament held in the Dominican monastery, Pest, Károly was proclaimed unanimously as king on 27 November 1308. [11] [1] The delegates sent by Máté Csák and László Kán were also present in the assembly. [1]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Ruled the War against the oligarchy (1308-1323) The papal deputy convened a diocesan synod of Hungary, which declared that the king was inviolable in December 1308. [11] [1] They also urged László Kán to surrender the Holy Crown to Károly. [1]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

After Kán refused to do so, the deputy deputy consecrated the new crown for Károly. [11]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Tamás II, archbishop of Esztergom crowned Károly with a new crown at the Church of Mathias in Buda on 15 or 16 June 1309. [11] [6] However, most Hungarians considered his second coronation invalid. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

The papal deputy excommunicated László Kán, who eventually agreed to grant the Holy Crown to Károly. [11]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

On 27 August 1310, Archbishop Tamás of Esztergom placed the Holy Crown over Károly's head at Székesfehérvár; thus, Károly's third coronation was implemented in full according to customary law. [4] [11] [6] However, his reign remained nominal in most of his kingdom. [ 4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Máté Csák besieged Buda in June 1311, and László Kán refused to assist the king. [15] [11] Károly sent an army to attack the domein of Máté Csák in September, but to no avail. [1]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In the same year, Ugrin Čak died, which allowed Károly to take over the deceased domein located between Požega in Slavonia and Temesvár (now Timișoara in Romania). [4] [13] The merchants from Kassa (now Kosice in Slovakia) murdered Amadeus Aba in September 1311. [13]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Károly's envoy brokered an agreement among Aba's sons and the city, which also determined that the withdrawal of Abas from the two counties and allowed the nobles living in their domein free to join Károly. [13]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

However, Abas soon made an alliance with Máté Csák against the king. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

The combined forces of Abase and Máté Csák besieged Kassa, but Károly directed them into the Battle of Rozgony (now Rozhanovce in Slovakia) on 15 June 1312. [13] [6] Almost half of the nobles serving Amadeus Aba fought on Károly's side in that battle. [13]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In July, Károly captured many of Abas's strongholds in the counties of Abaúj, Torna and Sáros, including Füzér, Regéc, and Munkács (now Mukacheve in Ukraine). [11]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Thereafter he launched an attack on Máté Csák, capturing Nagyszombat (now Trnava in Slovakia) in 1313 and Visegrad in 1315, but was unable to win landslide. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Károly moved his residence in Buda to Temesvár early in 1315. [1] [4] László Kán died in 1315, but his sons did not surrender to Károly. [12] [15] Károly launched a campaign against the Kőszegis in Transdanubia and Slavonia in the first half of 1316. [4] Nobility local joined the royal forces who soon razed the rule of the Kőszegis in the southern part of their domein. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Meanwhile, Borsa Kopasz had an alliance against Károly with the sons of László Kán and other bigwigs. [15]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

They offered the crown to Andriy of Galisia. [15] [4] Károly's forces under the orders of Borsa's former supporter, Dózsa Debreceni, defeated the combined rebel forces in Debrecen in late June. [11] [13] In the next two months, many of the fortresses of Borsa and its allies fell into the hands of royal forces in the districts of Bihar, Szolnok, Borsod and Kolozs. [11]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

No primary source writes references to Károly's bravery or heroic actions, indicating that he rarely fought himself in battles and sieges. [1]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

However, he had a very strategic skill: it was always Károly who appointed the fortresses to be besieged. [1]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Stefan Dragutin, who controlled Szerémség, Macsó and other areas along Hungary's southern border, died in 1316. [11] [8] Károly asserted the right of Stefan Dragutin's son, Vladislav, to replace his father and declare Vladislav the rightful ruler of Serbia against Stefan Milutin. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

However, Stefan Milutin captured Vladislav and invaded Szerémség. [4] [11] Károly launched a counter-campaign across the river Száva and captured the fortress of Macsó. [11]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In May of 1317, Károly's army suppressed Abase's rebellion, seizing Ungvár and Nevicke Castle (present-day Uzhhorod and Nevytsky Castle in Ukraine) from them. [1]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Afterwards, Károly attacked the domein of Máté Csák and captured Komárom (now Komarno in Slovakia) on 3 November 1317. [3]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

After his ambassador, King Roberto of Naples, granted the Kingdom of Salerno and the domein of Monte Sant'angelo for his brother (Károly's young pamanda), Giovanni, Károly protested and demanded the domein, previously held by his father. [4] [4] After Károly neglected to reclaim it Church property which had been seized by force by Máté Csák, the bishops of the kingdom in alliance at the beginning of 1318 against all that would harm their interests. [11]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

At their request, Károly convened Parliament in the summer, but refused to confirm the Golden Bulla of 1222. [1] [11] Before the end of the year, the bishops complained against Károly because he had taken possession of Church property. [8]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In 1319, Károly fell so seriously ill that the pope allowed his confession to absolve him of all sins before he died, but Károly recovered from his illness. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In the same year, Dózsa Debreceni, who was made Károly voivode of Transilvania, successfully launched an expedition against the sons of László Kán and their allies, and the royal Judge of Károly, Alexander Köcski, captured the six fortresses of Kőszegis. [6]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In the summer, Károly launched an expedition against Stefan Milutin, in which he seized Belgrade and recovered tha Banate from Macsó. [6]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

The last parliament during Károly's rule was convened in 1320; thereafter, he failed to convene a public judicial session, in defiance of the provisions of the Golden Bulla. [11] Sfn1Bartl2Čičaj3Kohútova4Letz52002Máté Csák died on 21 March 1321. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

The royal army attacked the province of the deceased, which soon disintegrated as many of the former castellan surrendered without a fight. [11] [4] Károly personally led the siege of Csák's former seat, Trencsén (now Trenčín in Slovakia), which fell on August 8. [11] [15] About three months later, the new voivode of Károly in Transilvania, Thomas Szécsényi, seized Csicsó (now Ciceu-Corabia in Romania), the last stronghold of László Kán's sons. [8] [11] In January 1322, the two Dalmasian towns Sibenik and Trogir, rebelled against Mladen II Šubić, who is the son of one Károly's partisan, Pavao Šubić. [8] The two cities also accepted the suzerainty of the Venetian Republic even though Károly had urged Venice not to intervene in the conflict of its people. [8]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Many croatian maharaja (including his own brother, Pavao II Šubić) also turned against Mladen, and their coalition defeated him in Klis. [8]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In September, Károly marched to Croatia where the entire Croatian nobility who opposed Mladen Šubić surrendered to him in Knin. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Mladen Šubić also visited Károly, but the king imprisoned the powerful maharaja. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Consolidation and reform (1323-1330) As concluded in one of his charters, Károly had “taken possession” of his kingdom by 1323. [11]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In the first half of the year, he moved his capital from Temesvár to Visegrád in the center of his kingdom. [4] [16] In the same year, the Duke of Austria left Pressburg (now Bratislava in Slovakia), which they had controlled for decades, in exchange for support that had they received from Károly against Ludwig IV, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1322. [16]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

The king's power was restored only nominally within the lands between the Carpathia Mountains and the lower Danube, which had been united under a voivode, known as Basarab, as early as 1320. [8]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Although Basarab was willing to accept Károly's suzerainty in a peace treaty signed in 1324, he refrained from relinquishing control of the lands he occupied in Banate from Severin. [8]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Károly also sought to restore royal authority in Croatia and Slavonia. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

He sacked the Ban of Slavonia, János Babonić, and replaced him with Mikcs Ákos in 1325. [8] [8] Ban Mikcs invaded Croatia to subdue local kings who had seized the former fortress of Mladen Subić without the king's consent, but one of the croatian maharaja, Ivan I Nelipac, routed Ban's forces in 1326. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

As a result, royal power remained nominal in Croatia during Károly's rule. [4] [11] Babonić and the Kőszegis rose up inside open revolt in 1327, but Ban Mikcs and Alexander Köcski were able to defeat them. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In reply, at least eight fortresses of the rebellious maharaja were seized in Slavonia and Transdanubia. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Through his victory over the oligarchs, Károly gained about 60% of Hungary's castles, along with their owned territories. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In 1323, he arranged a revision of earlier land grants, allowing him to reclaim former royal territories. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

During his reign, special commissions were set up to detect royal territories that had been legitimately acquired by their owners. [12]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Károly was reluctant to make perpetual grants to his partisans. [5]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Instead, he implemented a system of “vasal offices” (or honours), whereby entitled officials enjoyed all the income earned from their offices, but only as long as they worked in those offices. [12] [4] The system assured the dominant of royal power, allowing Károly to rule “with full power”, which he revealed in one of his charters in 1335. [4] [4] He even ignored customary law: for example, “promoting a daughter to a son”, which made him entitled to inherit his father's territory and not to his cousin the male. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Károly also assumed control of the administration of the Church in Hungary. [17]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

He appointed Hungarian bishops by testament, without allowing the cathedral chapter to elect them. [17]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

He promoted the spread of the culture of immortality in his kingdom. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

He regularly held tournaments and introduced new ranks of courtyards “palaces” and “knights of the royal court”. [17] [5] Károly was the first king to create an order of secular mischief by establishing the Order of Saint George in 1326. [17] [4] He became the first Hungarian king to gave helmet crests for his faithful followers to distinguish themselves from the rest “by their own insignia”, as he expressed in one of his charters. [12] [4] Károly reorganized and increased the revenue of the administration of the kingdom. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

During his reign, five new “chambers” (administrative bodies headed by German, Italian or Hungarian merchants) were established to control and collect royal revenues from currency, monopolies and import duties. [12]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In 1327, he abolished part of the royal monopoly of gold mining, granting one-third of the kingdom's revenue from gold extracted from the newly opened mines to the landowners in which the mine was found. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In the next few years, newly opened gold mines in Körmöcbánya (now in Kremnica, Slovakia), Nagybánya (now Baia Mare, Romania) and Aranyosbánya (now Baia de Arieș in Romania). [4] [12] Hungary's mines produced about [4] gold in about 1330, comprising more of 30% total production.


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Gold coins minted under the patronage of Károly in the northern lands of the Alps in Europe. [5]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

His floral, modeled like a gold coin from Firenze, was first issued in 1326. [4] [4] Domestic peace and increased royal revenues strengthened Hungary's international position in about the 1320s. [12] [12] On February 13, 1327, Károly and Jan Lucemburský entered into an alliance in Nagyszombat (present-day Trnava in Slovakia) against the Habsburgs, whom Pressburg had occupied. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In the summer of 1328 Hungarian and Bohemian troops invaded Austria and routed the Austrian army to the banks of the Leitha River. [6]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

On 21 September 1328, Károly signed a peace treaty with three Austrian dukes (Friedrich the Handsome, Albrecht II, and Otto of Austria), who surrendered Pressburg Muraköz (now Međimurje in Croatia). [11] [4] the following year, serb forces besieged Belgrade, but Károly liberated the fortress. [11]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Fellowship with his father-in-law, Władysław the Short, King of Poland, became a permanent element of Károly's foreign policy in the 1320s. [4] After being defeated by the combined forces of the Teutonic Knights and Jan Lucemburský, Władysław sent his son and heirs, Kazimierz to Visegrád at the end of 1329 to seek help from Károly. [18]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

During his stay at Károly's palace, the nineteen-year-old Kazimierz was seduced by Claire Záh, who was one of Károly's puppeteers and his wife, Elżbieta of Poland, according to an Italian writer. [18] [4] [18] On April 17, 1330, the young woman's father, Felician Záh, stormed into the dining room of the royal palace in Visegrad with a sword in his hand and attacked the royal family. [18]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Záh wounded both Károly and the queen in their right hands and attempted to kill their two sons, Lajos and András, before the royal guards killed him. [3]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Károly took his revenge brutally: except for Klara, Felician Záh's children were tortured to death; Klara's lips and eight fingers were cut off before he was dragged by horse through the streets of many cities; Felician's entire other relatives belong to the third degree of kinship (including son-in-law men and sisters) were executed, and for those belonging to the seventh degree sentenced to slavery for life. [4] [4] Sfn1Knoll21972Sfn1Knoll21972 Active foreign policy (1330-1339) In September of 1330, Károly launched a military expedition against Basarab of Wallachia that attempted got rid of his suzerainty. [1] [1] After seizing the fortress of Severin (present-day Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Romania), he refused to reconcile with Basarab and marched towards Curtea de Argeş, which was the seat of Basarab. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

The Wallachians implemented scorched earth tactics, urging Károly to hold a truce with Basarab and withdraw his army from Wallachia. [16]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

While royal troops were marching through a narrow gap in the South of Carpathia on November 9, the Wallachia Nation ambushed them. [16]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Over the next four days, the royal army was destroyed; Károly was only able to flee the battlefield after changing his clothes with one of a knight, Desiderius Héder, who sacrificed his life to allow the king to escape. [4] [16] Károly made no attempt to invade returned Wallachia, which later developed into an independent principality. [16] [16] Sfn1Sălăgean22005In September of 1331, Károly made an alliance with Otto, Duke of Austria to fight against Bohemia. [16]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

He also sent reinforcements to Poland to fight the Teutonic and Bohemian Knights. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In 1332 he signed a peace treaty with Jan Lucemburský and mediated a truce between Bohemia and Poland. [16] [4] In 1332 Károly allowed the collection of papal tithes (income one-tenth part of the Church) in his kingdom only after the Holy See agreed to give one third of the money collected to him. [11]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

After years of negotiations, Károly visited his ambassador, Roberto, in Naples in July of 1333. [18] [11] Two months later, Károly's son, András, was betrothed to Roberto's granddaughter, Giovanna, who was made his grandfather's heir. [18] [4] Károly returned to Hungary at the beginning of the year 1334. [11] in retaliation for earlier Serbian plunder, he invaded Serbia and captured the fortress at Galambóc (now Golubac in Serbia). [3]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In the summer of 1335, a delegation of Jan Lucemburský and the new King of Poland, Kazimierz III, negotiated in Trencsén to end the conflict between the two countries. [3]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

With Károly's mediation, a compromise was reached on August 24: Jan Lucemburský renounced his claim in Poland and Kazimierz recognized Jan Lucemburský's suzerainty in Silesia. [4] [11] On September 3, Károly signed an alliance with Jan Lucemburský in Visegrad, who mainly formed to fight against the Duke of Austria. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

At Károly's invitation, Jan Lucemburský and Kazimierz of Poland met in Visegrád in November. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

During the Congress of Visegrád, two ruling lords confirmed a compromise that their delegation had worked in Trencsén. [18]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Kazimierz III also promised to pay Jan Lucemburský the amount of 400,000 groschen, but part of the indemnity (120,000 groschen) was eventually paid by Károly rather than by his brother-in-law. [18]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

The three rulers had agreed together a combined defense against the Habsburgs, and new commercial routes were established to allow merchants travelling between Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire to pass through Vienna. [4] Sfn1Engel22001Sfn1Knoll21972Sfn1Knoll21972Sfn1Engel22001 Babonić and Kőszegis made an alliance with the Duke of Austria in January 1336. [4] [11] Jan Lucemburský, who demanded Kärnten from the Habsburgs, invaded Austria in February. [11] [18] Kazimierz III of Poland who came to Austria to assist him at the end of June. [18]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Károly soon joined them in Marchegg. [18]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

The dukes attempted to econciliate and signed a peace treaty with Jan Lucemburský in July. [11]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Károly signed an armistice with them on 13 December, and a new expedition was launched against Austria the following year. [11]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

He forced Babonić and the Kőszegis to surrender, and the latter was also forced to surrender their fortresses to him along the border in exchange for distant castles. [4] [11] Károly's peace treaty with Albrecht and Otto of Austria, signed on dated 11 September 1337, forbade both the dukes and Károly from giving protection to other rebellious parties. [11] Sfn1SolyMosi2Körmendi31981Sfn1SolyMosi2KörMendi31981Sfn1Engel22001Sfn1SolyMosi2KörMendi31981Sfn1SolyMosi2KörMendi31981Sfn1Knowl21972Sfn1Knowl21972Sfn1SfN11972Sfn1Knowl21972Sfn1SFN11972SfN1N1FN11972SfN1SFN11972FNKnoll21972Sfn1Solymosi2Körmendi31981Sfn1Solymosi2Körmendi31981Sfn1Engel22001Károly continued currency reform at the end of the 1330s. [4] On In 1336, he abolished the compulsory exchange of ancient coins for newly issued coins for the people of the village, but introduced a new tax, kadin profits, to compensate for the loss of royal revenue. [12] [4] Two years later, Károly ordered the printing of silver cents forbidding payments made with overseas coins or silver bars. [4] Sfn1Engel22001Sfn1Engel22001Sfn1Kontler21999Sfn1Engel22001Heirs of Jan Lucemburský, Karl IV, Markgraf of Moravia, visited Károly in Visegrád at the beginning of 1338. [18]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

The markgraf recognized the right of Károly's son, Lajos, as heir to Poland if Kazimierz III died without male descendants in exchange for Károly's promise to persuade Kazimierz III not to invade Silesia. [18]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Two prominent maharaja in Poland, Zbigniew, chancellor of Krakow, and Spycimir Leliwita, also supported this plan and persuaded Kazimierz III, who lost his first wife on May 26, 1339, to begin negotiations with Károly. [18]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In July, Kazimierz came to Hungary and appointed his adin (Károly's wife), Erzsébet, and his sons as his heirs. [18] [11] On behalf of his sons, Károly promised that they would make every effort to reclaim all the lost Polish lands and that they will refrain from employing foreigners in Poland. [18] [11] Sfn1Solymosi2Körmendi31981Sfn1Knoll21972Sfn1Solymosi2Körmendi31981Sfn1Knoll21972Sfn1Knoll21972 (Last years 1339-1342) Károly obliged the Kőszegis to leave the castle -their last stronghold at along the western border of the highway in 1339 or 1340. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

He divided the territory of Zólyom (now in Slovakia), which had been dominated by the powerful local maharaja, Donch, into three counties in 1340. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In the following year, Károly also urged Donch leave his two fortresses in Zólyom exchanged for a single castle in the distance of Kraszn territory (in what is now Romania). [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

At around the same time, Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia, attacked Sirmium and captured Belgrade. [4] [5] Károly was unwell during the last years of his life. [2]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

He died in Visegrád on 16 July 1342. [1]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

His remains were first sent to Buda where a Mass was held to pray for him. [1]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

From Buda, his remains were taken to Székesfehérvár. [1]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

He was buried in the Basilica of Székesfehérvár one month after his death. [4] His brother-in-law, Kazimierz III of Poland, and Karl, Margrave of Moravia, were present at his funeral, yng signifying the prestige of international Károly. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Family al=A crowned woman with two crowned children on her right and three children on her left|ka|jmpl|192x192px|Károly's wife, Elżbieta of Poland and her five children depicted in The Anonymi descriptio illumination chronicle: Europae orientalis (“Anonymous Remarks from Eastern Europe”) wrote, in the first half of 1308 “the strapping daughter of the Duke of Rutenia, Lev, was recently married to Károly, King of Hungary”. [19] [20] Károly also stated in a charter of 1326 that he had travelled to “Rutenia” (or Halych-Volynia) in order to bring a wife his first return to Hungary. [19] [20] A charter issued on 23 June 1326 calls Károly's wife, Queen Mary. [19]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Historian Gyula Kristó says, all three documents indicate that Károly was married to a daughter of Lev II of Galisia at the end of 1305 or early in 1306. [19]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Historian Enikő Csukovits accepts Kristó's interpretation, but he writes that Mary of Galisia is thought to have died before marriage. [2]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

The Polish scholar, Stanisław Sroka, rejected Kristó's interpretation, stating that Lev who was born in 1292, according to him—could hardly have been the father of Károly's first wife. [20]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In accordance with previous academic consensus, Sroka says that Károly's first wife was Maria of Bytom, the Silesian branch of the Piast Wangsa. [20]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

The illumination chronicle states that “Károly's first consort, Maria... was of Polish origin” and she was “the daughter of the Duke of Kazimierz”. [21] [19] Sroka proposes that Maria of Bytom marry Károly in 1306, but Kristó writes that their marriage was probably held in the first half of 1311. [20] [19] The illumination chronicle records that she died on December 15, 1317, but from a royal carter issued on July 12, 1318 states that her husband made land grants with her consent. [19]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Károly's next, second or third wife—Beatrice of Luxembourg, who was the daughter of Heinrich V, Holy Roman Emperor, and adinda of the king of Bohemia, Jan Lucemburský. [19]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Their marriage took place before the end of February in 1319. [19]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

He died in labor in early November of the same year. [19] Károly's last wife, Elżbieta, daughter of Władysław I, King of Poland, [18] was born in about 1306. [18]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Their marriage took place on 6 July 1320. [18]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Most Hungarian chroniclers of the 14th century wrote that Károly and Elżbieta of Poland had five children. [19]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Their first son, Károly, was born in 1321 and died the same year according to the Chronicles of illumination. [19]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

However, from a carter in June of 1323 states that the boy had died in this month. [19]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

The second son of Károly and Elżbieta, László, was born in 1324. [19]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

The marriage of László and Anne, daughter of King Jan Lucemburský, was planned by their parents, but László died in 1329. [19]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

The third son of Károly and Elżbieta, Lajos, who was born in 1326, lived to adulthood and succeeded his father as King of Hungary. [19]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

His younger brothers, András and István, who were born in 1327 and 1332, also lived to adulthood. [19]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Although there are no sources or nearly as secure as mentioning later children, Károly may have been the father of two daughters, according to historians Zsuzsa Teke and Gyula Kristó. [19] [22] Zsuzsa Teke writes that they were born to Mary of Bytom, but Peter of Zittau writes that he died without offspring. [22] [19] Gyula Kristó proposes that a miniature in the Chronicle of illumination, depicting Elżbieta of Poland and her five children, implies that she bore Károly two daughters, since Kristó identifies two of the three children standing next door Her right is her daughters. [19]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Both of Károly's older daughters allegedly were, Katalin, who was born in the early 1320s, was the wife of Heinrich II, Duke of Świdnica. [19] Their only daughter, Anna, grew up in the kingdom of Hungary after the death of her parents, implying that Károly and Elżbieta of Poland were grandfathers- his grandmother. [19]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Historian Kazimierz Jasiński says that Erzsébet, wife of Boleslaus II Troppau, was also Károly's daughter. [19]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

If she really was Károly's daughter, she should have been born in about 1330, according to Kristó. [19]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Károly was also the father of an illegitimate son, Kálmán, who was born early in 1317. [20] [23] His mother was the daughter of Gurke Csák. [23]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Kálmán was elected Bishop of Gyor, in 1336. [23]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Károly's relics often state that its main purpose was “restoring the ancient to good condition” in the kingdom. [12]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

On his emblem, he united the “Árpád stripes” with the motif of the coat of arms on the part of his father, emphasizing kinship with the kingdom of Hungary. [12]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In his reign, Károly reunited Hungary and introduced administrative and fiscal reforms. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

He bequeathed to his son, Lajos, “an effective financial and taxation system”, according to scholar Bryan Cartledge. [5]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Nevertheless, Lajos's achievements were overshadowed by Károly's reputation. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

The only existing record of Károly's deeds was made by a Franciscan monk hostile to the king. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Rather than emphasising Károly's achievements that reunited the country, the monk described in detail the negative episodes of Károly's reign. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

In particular, the extraordinary cruelty shown by the king after the attempted assassination committed by Felician Záh against the royal family contributed to a negative image of Károly's personality. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Franciscan monks attribute Károly's defeat by Basarab of Wallachia as punishment from God for the king's vengeance. [4]


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

First Source Reference The Divine Comedy: The Inferno, the Purgatorio, and the Paradiso — Dante Alighieri (Translated by John Ciardi) (2003).


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Penguin Books.


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

ISBN 0-451-20863-3.


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970).


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Corvina, Taplinger Publishing.


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

ISBN 0-8008-4015-1.


Question: Who are Roberto's parents from Anjou?

Károly Róbert

Second Source Next reading Outlinks (France) Armorial de la maison d'Anjou-Sicile (France) Catégorie:Maison d'Anjou-Sicile Category:Birth 1288 Category:Death 1342 Category:Figures from Naples Category:King of Hungary Category:King of Croatia Category:Figures 13th century Hungarians Category:14th-century Hungarian figures


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

For the Province of Turkmenistan, see Balkan Provinces is a historical and geographical name used to describe southeastern Europe.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

The county has a combined area of 550,000 km² and a population of about 53 million.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

The area derives its name from the Balkan mountains that cross central Bulgaria into eastern Serbia.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

The Balkan translations, also referred to as the Balkan Peninsula, have names in regional languages as follows: Albanian = Gadihulli Ballkanik Bosnian language = Balkansko Poluostrvo Bulgarian language = Балкански Полуостров (Balkanski Poluostrov) Croatian language = Balkanski Poluotok Macedonian = Балкански Полуостров (Balkanski Poluostrov) Romanian = Peninsula Balcanică Serbian language = Балканско Полуострво (Balkansko Poluostrvo) Slovenian = Balkanski Polotok Turkish language = Balkan Yarmadası Language Greek = Βαλκανική Χερσόνησος (Valkanikí Chersónisos) Definition and Sometimes Balkan Peninsula Border refers to the Balkan peninsula surrounded by the Adriatic, Ionian, Aegean, Marmara and Black Sea seas from the southwest, south and southeast.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

When there is no peninsula model because it does not have an isthmus to connect it to the main mainland of Europe, this definition is often used to indicate a larger area.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Balkans The clear introduction of the Balkans provides as much a general, broken down and often harsh history as to its mountainous geography.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

This area is perennially on the edge of the great empire, its history dominated by war, upheaval, invasion and aggression between empires, since the Roman Empire until the Yugoslav Wars on this last day.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

His tendency on secession into competition political entities engenders coined the term Balkanization (or reversing).


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

The term Balkan generally contains the meaning of connection with violence, religious strife, the close unification of ethnicity and the sense of the hinterland.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Southeastern Europe Due to the connotation of the term “Balkans”, many people prefer Southeast Europe.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Slowly the use of the term is growing; the EU initiative in 1999 was called the Stability Pact for Southeast Europe, and the Balkan Times online newspaper named itself Southeast European Times in 2003.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

The use of this term to decipher the Balkan Peninsula (and that's it) technically ignores the geographical presence of Romania and western Ukraine, which are also located in the southeastern part of continental Europe.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Ambiguity and Controversial The northern border of the Balkan peninsula is generally considered to be the line formed the rivers Donau, Sava and Kupa and the segment connecting Kupa with the Gulf of Kvarner.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

There is also another definition regarding the northern border of the Balkans: line Krka (river in Slovenia) - Vipava — northern border of Gulf of Trieste line Dniester — Timișoara — Zagreb — Triglav (mountain range). Sava line — Ljubljansko polje — Idrijca river — Soča River.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

The most common use of the Danube-Sava-Kupa northern border is changeably used on physiographic characteristics, can be easily recognized on the map.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Historically justifiable cause the so-called regions (along with Romania and negate Montenegro, Dalmatia, and the Ionian Islands) constituted most European territorials of the Ottoman Sultanate from the late 15th - 19th centuries.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

The Kupa forms the natural border between Slovenia and southeastern Croatia, the Sava divides 2 Croats and Serbs and the Donau, which is the second largest river in Europe (after the Volga), forms the natural border between Bulgaria, Serbia and Romania.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

North of the course lay the plain of Pannonia and (in Romanian terms) the Karpathia Mountains.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Although Romania (with the exception of Dobrudja) is not part of the Balkan geography, it is conventionally included as a 'replacement state' of the ancient Ottoman Sultanate.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Romanian culture contains many elements of the Balkan and the Romanian language including the Balkan linguistic union.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

According to the borders commonly used, Slovenia sprawls to the north of the Balkans and is considered part of Central Europe.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Historically and culturally, it is also more connected with Central Europe, although Slovene culture also incorporated cultural elements of the Balkan people.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

In any case, as already established, the northern border of the Balkan peninsula could just as well be drawn on the contrary, which after all at least parts of Slovenia and a small part of Italy (Province of Trieste) might also include the Balkans.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Slovenia is sometimes also considered a Balkan country due to its associations with the former Yugoslavia.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

As the Balkans were described as a geopolitical area of the 20th century, the whole of Yugoslavia was included (hence, Slovenia, Istria, the Dalmatia Islands, northern parts of Croatia and Vojvodina entered as well).


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Such historical justifications for the northern border of Sava-Kupa used to preclude including Croatia (whose area was by and the largest part of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Republic of Venice during the conquest of the Ottomans).


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Other causes including previous history and culture also bind Croats, such as Slovenia, to Central Europe and the Middle Sea area more than they are bound to the Balkans.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

However, its distinctive geographic form has become a nature that groups it with areas Bosnia and Herzegovina is part of, such as the current history with Yugoslavia etc.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Common Definitions Current In most English speakers, the western world, countries that generally belong to the Balkan regions include: Albania Bulgaria Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Republic of Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia Turkey, but only the European part of it includes Istanbul ( traditionally called Rumelia or Eastern Thrace) Romanian Greeks sometimes enter this list as well.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Many areas of the country that are registered as Balkan countries can become in many ways quite clear of the rest of the area, hence the country where the boundary line is (often far away from the Balkan mountains themselves) is usually referred to is not to be called a Balkan country.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

The main examples are Romania and Slovenia, sometimes also Croatia and Greece.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Related Countries Other countries do not include areas of the Balkans that are close to it and/or have played an important role in regional geopolitics, culture and history: Cyprus (Southern Europe) Hungary (Central Europe) Austria (Central Europe) Italy (Southern Europe) Russia (North Asia/Eastern Europe) Nature and natural resources Most of these areas are mountain ranges that stretch from southwest to northeast.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

The main ranks are the Dinaric Alps in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia, the Šar mountains spread from Albania to the Republic of Macedonia and the Pindus range, stretching from southern Albania to central Greece.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

In Bulgaria there are ranks that stretch from east to west: the Balkan mountains and the Rhodope mountains on the border with Greece.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

The highest mountain range is Musala (2925 m) on Mount Rila in southwestern Bulgaria.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

In coastal parts the climate is subtropical wet, Mediterrania and oceanic, in moderate continental hinterland.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

In the northern part of the peninsula and mountains, the snow season is frosty and snowy, while the spring is hot and dry.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

In the southern part the winters are cooler.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Over the centuries much of the wood has been cut down and replaced with shrubs.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

In the southern and coastal parts there is green-leaved tree vegetation.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

In the interior there is a Central European type of wood (oak, and in the mountains, spruce). 3 paths in the mountains lay with an altitude of 1800-2300 m.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Generally the soil is barren, except on the mainland where areas with natural grasses, fertile soil and warm summers provide opportunities for praying.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Elsewhere, tillage is mostly unsuccessful because of the mountains, hot summers and barren soil, even though other plants such as olives and grapes are flowering.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Energy sources are sparse.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

There are several coal deposits, in particular in Bulgaria, Serbia and Bosnia.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Young coal deposits are more widespread.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Petroleum is sparse, although there are small amounts of deposits in Serbia, Albania and Croatia.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Natural gas deposits are also sparse.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Water-power stations are massively worn in energy.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Metallic ores are more commonplace than other raw materials.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Iron ore is rare but in some countries there are numerous amounts of copper, zinc, tin, chrome, manganese, magnets and bauxite.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Some metals were exported.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

The Historical and Geopolitical Meaning of the Balkan Region was the first region of Europe to experience the arrival of agricultural culture during the Neolithic period.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

The practice of growing rice grains and livestock rearing came in the Balkans from the Fertile Crescent through Anatolia, and spread west and north into Pannonia and Central Europe.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

In pre-classical and classical antiquity, the area was the seat of the Greeks, Illyrians, Paeonians, Thracians, and other ancient groups.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Later the Roman Empire conquered this whole area and spread Roman culture and the Latin language but a significant part remained under classical Greek influence.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

During the Middle Ages, the Balkans became the stage of a spate of wars between the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria and Serbia, as the countries struggled to establish control over this key area.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

From the end of the 16th century, the Ottoman Sultanate became a supervisory force in this area, despite being surrounded by Anatolia.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Passing 550 years, due to the many times that the Ottoman Turks went to war in Europe in and around the Balkans, and comparisons of Ottoman Turkey's isolation from the main stream of economic continuation (representing a shift of Europe's heavier trade and political center toward the Atlantic), the Balkans have been part A less developed Europe.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

The Balkan nation began to regain its' independence 'in the 19th century, and between 1912—1913 the Balkan League reduced the area of Turkey from its present extent in the Balkan Wars.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

PD I erupted in 1914 as a result of the assassination in Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina) of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

After PD II, the Soviet Union and communism played a very important role in the Balkans.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

During the Cold War, most countries in the Balkans were overrun by Soviet Union-backed communist rule.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

In any case, although under communist rule, Yugoslavia (1948) and Albania (1961) were separated from the Soviet Union.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Yugoslavia, led by marshal Josip Broz Tito (1892—1980), first rejected the idea of merging with Bulgaria, and instead came into close contact with the West, then steadily became a member of many third-world countries within the GNB.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Albania on the other hand leaned towards the Communist Tiong Koq, then took a position of isolation.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Non-communist countries were Greece and Turkey, which were (and remain) parts of NATO.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

In the 1990s, the area was painstakingly affected by armed conflict in the former Yugoslav Republic, leading to the intervention of NATO forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and the Republic of Macedonia.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

The status of Kosovo and ethnic Albanians in general remains unresolvable.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

The Balkan country oversees a direct land route between Western Europe and Southwest Asia (Asia Minor and Timteng).


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Since 2000, the entire Balkan country has been friendly towards the EU and the United States.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Greece has been a member of the European Union since 1981.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Slovenia and Cyprus since 2004.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Bulgaria and Romania began to become members in 2007.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Croatia was also expected to become a member of that organization, due to little cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in the hunt for people for fugitive general Ante Gotovina, by March 2005 its acceptance had been postponed.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Initially Turkey applied in 1963 and until 2004 additional negotiations had not begun, although some customary approvals had been signed.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Until 2004 Bulgaria, Romania and Slovenia were also members of NATO.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

All the rest of the country has indicated a desire to become a member of the EU but at some time in the future.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Composition of Population with Nationality and Religion Basic Nationality of this area includes Greeks (10.8 million), Turks (9.2 in European Turks), Serbs (8.5 million), Bulgarians (7 million), Albanians (6 million, but about 3.3 million from them in Albania), Croats (4.5 million), Bosniaks (2.4 million), Macedonian Slavs (1.4 million) and Montenegro (0.265 million).


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

When Romanians when Slovenes are included, then also Romanians (26 million) and Slovenes (2 million).


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Practically the entire Balkan country has a minority of Roma (Gypsies) in large or few numbers.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Other fewer stateless minorities include the Gagauz, Gorani, Karakachan, Arvania and Vlach.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

The main religions of the area are Christianity (Eastern Orthodox and Catholicism) and Islam.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Different cultures each belief are practised, with each Eastern Orthodox country having its own national church.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Eastern Orthodox major religions in various countries following: Bulgarian Macedonia Montenegro Romanian Serbian Greek Catholicism constitutes the main religion in the following countries: Croatian Slovene Islam constitutes the main religion in the following countries: Bosnian Albanians and Hergezovina Kosovo Turks Population living in the country the following have minority religions: Albanian: Eastern Orthodoks, Catholics.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Eastern Orthodox, Catholicism.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Kosovo: Catholic.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Macedonia: Islam Montenegro: Serbian Islam: Islam, Protestantism, Catholic Reference Carter, Francis W., ed.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

An Historical Geography of the Balkans Academic Press, 1977.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Dvornik, Francis.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

The Slavs in European History and Civilization Rutgers University Press, 1962.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Fine, John V. A., Jr.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century [1983]; The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest.


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, [1987].


Question: What is the definition of Orthodoxy?

Balkans

CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Lampe, John R., and Marvin R. Jackson; Balkan Economic History, 1550—1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations Indiana University Press, 1982 Király, Béla K., ed. East Central European Society in the Era of Revolutions, 1775—1856. 1984 Outside links —news coverage on Southeastern Europe


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra (Sanskrit; traditional Chinese:) is a Mahayana sutra from India.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

An alternative Sanskrit title of the Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

This sutra contains the preaching of the Buddha regarding a deity's son named Susthita who was supposed to serve his karma sentence as a result of the fruits of his deeds in the past, but thanks to “Usnisa Vijaya Dharani” became liberated.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

This sutra is a translated version of Master Buddhapala in the time of the Tang Dynasty.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

The contents of the sutras are as follows: Such a Sutra I have heard, once upon a time, the Bhagavan Buddha who settled in the city of Shravasti in Jetavana (Jeta Forest), in Anathapindika Park (Benefactor Garden for Orphans and Without Brothers), along with his permanent followers who all numbering one thousand two hundred and fifty distinguished monks and twelve thousand Supreme Bodhisattva Sangha.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

At that time, the gods in Trayastrimsha Heaven were also gathered in the Hall of Virtue of Dharma.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Among them there is a deity son named Susthita, together with the sons of other visible gods, is joyful in the garden and field, enjoying great happiness in the heavenly life.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Surrounded by goddesses, they joyfully — singing, dancing, and entertaining themselves.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Soon nightfall, Susthita putradewa suddenly heard a voice from the sky saying “Susthita putradewa, you have only seven days left to live.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Once you die, you will be born again on Jambudwipa (Earth) as an animal for seven consecutive lives.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

After that, you will go into hell to undergo additional suffering.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Only after the punishment of your karma is fulfilled will you be born again in the human realm, but born in a simple and dissolute family.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

When you are in your mother's womb, you will have no eyes and be born blind.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Hearing this, Susthita putradewa was so scared that her maternal feathers stood up in the end.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Feeling frightened and distressed, he ran to King Sakra's palace.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Bursting into tears and not knowing what to do, he prostrated himself at the feet of King Sakra, telling King Sakra what had happened.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

“When I was reveling in dancing and singing with the goddesses of heaven, I suddenly heard a voice from the sky telling me that I had only seven days, and I would be mired into Jambudwipa (Earth) after I died, living there in nature beast for seven consecutive lives.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Afterwards, I was mired in various hells to live a heavier affliction.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Only after my punishment is fulfilled will I be born again as a human being, and afterward I will be born without having eyes in a poor and humiliated family.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

King of Heaven, how can I escape from this kind of suffering?”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Hearing Susthita putradewa's crying plea, King Sakra was astonished and thought, “In seven successive miserable paths and what form will Susthita putradewa live?”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

King Sakra immediately calmed his mind entering the samadhi and observed intently.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Soon, he saw Susthita go through seven miserable paths in the form of pigs, dogs, wolves, monkeys, rice paddy snakes, crows and vultures, all of which live from garbage and carrion.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

After seeing the seven future forms of Susthita putradewa's rebirth, King Sakra was devastated and very sad, but could not think of any other way to help Susthita.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

He feels that only the Tathagata, Arahat, Samyak-sambuddha can save Susthita from falling into great suffering on the miserable path.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Soon after nightfall, King Sakra prepared an assortment of flower arrangements, fragrances and incense.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Decorating himself with the finest material of the deity cloth and carrying this offering, King Sakra headed to the garden of Anathapindika, the abode of Bhagavan Buddha.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

On arriving, King Sakra first prostrated himself at the feet of the Buddha in tribute, then walked slowly clockwise around the Buddha for adoration, before putting down his grand offering.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

While kneeling before the Buddha, King Sakra explains the ultimate destiny of Susthita putradewa who will be mired into a miserable path with seven successive rebirths into the beast realm with details of his advanced karmic punishment.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Instantly, the Usnisa (crown) of the Tathagata emitted various bright rays, illuminating the world in ten corners, and the light bounced back, circling the Buddha three times before entering His mouth.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Then the Buddha smiled and said to King Sakra.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

“King of Heaven, there is a Dharani known as “Usnisa Vijaya Dharani”.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

This Dharani can purify all miserable paths, eliminating the suffering of birth and death thoroughly.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

This Dharani can also free all the misery and suffering of living creatures in the realm of hell, King Yama and the beasts, destroy all hell, and deliver all living beings to the holy path.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

“King of Heaven, if anyone hears Usnisa Vijaya Dharani just once, all the bad karma of his previous life that should have caused him to be born in hell will be destroyed all.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

On the contrary, he will acquire a good and clean body.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Wherever he is born again, he will remember this Dharani vividly—from one nature to another, from one heavenly realm to another.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Truly, through Trayastrimsha Heaven, wherever he is reborn, he will not forget.”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

“King of Heaven, if someone near death remembers this holy Dharani, even if it is only an instant, his life period will be extended and he will gain sanctity in his body, words and thoughts.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Without suffering and pain and in accordance with his good deeds, he will enjoy tranquility anywhere.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Receiving the blessings of all the Tathagata, and constantly guarded by the gods, and protected by the Bodhisatva, he will be honored and glorified the community, and all obstacles of tribulation will be wiped out.”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

“King of Heaven, if anyone sincerely read and recite this Dharani, even if at a glance, all his karma punishments that will cause him to suffer in the realm of hell, the beast, King Yama, the hungry demon, will be completely destroyed and wiped out without leaving a trace.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

He will be free to go to the holy land of the Buddha and any palace of heaven, all the gates to the Bodhisatva's residence will open for him unhindered.”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Upon hearing this teaching, King Sakra immediately implored the Buddha, “For the sake of all living beings, may the Bhagavan Buddha give teachings on how one's life age can be extended.”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

The Buddha knew the desire of King Sakra and his desire to hear His teachings regarding this Dharani and immediately pronounced this Mantra as such: namo bhagavate trailokya prativiśiṣṭaya buddhāya bhagavate. tadyathā, om, viśodhaya viśodhaya, asamsama samantāvabhāsa-spharana gati gahana svabhāva viśuddhe, abhiṣiňcatu mām. sugata vara vacana amṣta abhiṣekai mahā mantra-padai. āhara āhara āyuh saṃ-dhārṇi. śodhaya śodhaya gagana viśuddhe. sam-codite. sarva tathāgata avalokani ṣaṭ-pāramitā-paripūrani. sarva tathāgata die daśa-bhūmi prati- ṣṭhite. sarva tathāgata hṣdaya adhiṣṭhānādhiṣṭhita mahā-mudre. vajra kāya sam-hatana viśuddhe. sarvāvaraṇa apāya-durgati pari viśuddhe, prati-nivartaya āyuh śuddhe. i maṇi mahā maṇi. tathatā bhūta-koṭi pariśuddhe. visphuṭa buddhi śuddhe. jaya jaya, vijaya vijaya. smara smara, sarva buddha abhiṣṭhita śuddhe, vajri vajragarbhe vajram bhavatu mama śarīram. sarva sattvānām ca kāya pari viśuddhe. sarva gati pariśuddhe. sarva tathāgata siñca me samāśvāsayantu. sarva tathāgata samāgata śvāsa abhiṣṭhite. budhya budhya, vibudhya vibudhya, bodhaya bodhaya, vibodhaya vibodhaya samanta pariśuddhe. Sarva tathāgata hṣdaya adhiṣṭhānādhiṣṭhita mahā-mudre svāhā.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

(This Usnisa Vijaya Dharani is an improved version with some additions to the original manuscript of the Sanskrit translation) Then the Buddha said to King Sakra, “This mantra is known as 'The Who Purifies All the Way of Sistsara Usnisa Vijaya Dharani'.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

This Dharani can remove all hurdles of bad karma and abolish suffering in all miserable paths.” “King of Heaven, this illustrious Dharani was declared simultaneously by the Buddha-Buddhas as many as eighty-eight cities (hundreds of millions) a number of grains of sand in the Ganges River.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

All Buddhas rejoiced and upheld this Dharani which is evidenced by the proof sign of wisdom from Maha Vairocana Tathagata.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

This is because in the path of miserability, to free them from painful punishment in the realm of hell, the beast and the King of Yama; to release all beings who face the danger of permeating into the sea of the circle of birth and death (samsara); to guide weak beings who are short and disadvantaged and to let go of creatures who like to do all evil deeds.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Moreover, since he dwells and is held high in the world of Jambudwipa, this power shown by Dharani will result in all creatures in hell and other demon realms; those who are disadvantaged and navel in the circle of birth and death; people who do not believe in the existence of good and evil deeds and those that deviate from the way of righteousness, to achieve release.”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Back Buddha reminded King Sakra, “I now entrust this holy Dharani to you.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

It's your turn to forward it to Susthita putradewa.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

In addition, you, yourself must accept and uphold, recite, reflect, and appreciate it, memorize and respect it.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

This Mudra Dharani must be disseminated to all living things in the Jambudwipa world.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

I also entrust this to you, for the good of all heavenly beings, where this Mudra Dharani is to be disseminated.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

King of Heaven, you must diligently uphold and protect him, never let this Dharani be forgotten or lost.” “King of Heaven, if one hears this Dharani even if it is an instant, he will not undergo a karmic punishment derived from evil karma and severe sins accumulated from thousands of kalpa ago, which should cause him to navel in the circle of birth and death — in all life forms on the way of miserable — hell, hungry demons, animals, nature King Yama, Asura, Yaksa, Giants, demons and spirits, Putana, Kataputana, Apasmara, mosquitoes, fleas, turtles, dogs, phiton snakes, birds, wild beasts, creeping animals and even ants and other life forms.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

The result of the goodness accumulated from hearing this instant of Dharani, when this mortal life ends, he will be reborn into the land of Buddha, along with all Buddhists and Ekajati-pratibaddha Bodhisatva, or in a family of Brahmins or illustrious knights, or in some another wealthy and respectable family.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

King of Heaven, this human being can be reborn in one of the above prosperous and respectable families only because he has heard this Dharani, and hence reborn in the holy place.”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

“King of Heaven, even obtaining the resounding victory of Bodhimanda is the result of upholding this virtue of Dharani.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Therefore, this Dharani is also known as Sorcerer Dharani, who can purify all miserable paths.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

This Usnisa Vijaya Dharani is just like the Treasure of the Sun's Mani Pearls — pure and flawless, clear as the sky, shining resounding and radiating.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

If any creature upholds this Dharani, they will be brilliant and pure.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

This Dharani resembles Jambunada gold - brilliant, pure, and soft, unable to be sullied by dirt and all who witness it pleases.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

The King of Heaven, these creatures who uphold Dharani are also holy.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

By virtue of pure deeds, they will be reborn on the right path.”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

'The King of Heaven, wherever this Dharani is, if it is written to be disseminated, propagated, received and kept, read and recited, heard and revered, this will result in all miserable paths being purified; the misery and suffering in all hell shall be completely wiped out. '


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Buddha recounted to King Sakra intently, “If one can write this Dharani and put Him on the top of a high ensign, a high mountain or in a tall building or keep it in a stupa; King of Heaven!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

If there is a Bikkhu or Bikkhuni, Upasaka or Upasika, a common man or woman who sees this Dharani on top of the building; or if the shadow of the building hits the creatures approaching the building, or the dust grains of this written Dharani are blown on the body They; King of Heaven: “If the evil karma accumulated from these creatures as appropriate results in them falling into a miserable path like the realm of hell, animals, King Yama, hungry demons, Asuras and others, they will all be removed from the miserable path, and they will not be stained by impurity and dirt.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

King of Heaven!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

On the contrary, all Buddhas will bestow charity (Vyakarana) to beings who will never recede from the path to Anuttara-samyak-sambodhi (perfect illumination).”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

“King of Heaven, however if one gives various offerings such as flower arrangements, fragrances, incense, ensigns and flags, tents decorated with gems, garments, necklaces of precious stones, etc. to adorn and honor this Dharani; And on the main road, if one made a special stupa to house this place of Dharani, and respectfully worshiped hands walked slowly around the pagoda, ducking and asking for protection, King of Heaven, those who made these offerings were called the leading Mahasatva, true Buddha followers, and proponents of the Dharma.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

These stupas can be regarded as the Stupa-Sharira of the whole form of the Tathagata.”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

At that time, late in the afternoon, the lord of the realm of hell — King Yama, came to the residence of the Buddha.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

First of all, using various Gods cloth materials, beautiful flowers, fragrances and other decorations, he made an offering to the Buddha, and walked slowly around the Buddha seven times before prostrating himself before the Buddha's feet for reverence, then said, “I heard the Tathagata give teachings to worship upholding the great Dharani.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

I came with a view to learning and practicing it.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

I will constantly escort and protect those who uphold, read, and recite this great Dharani, not letting them fall in hell because they have followed the teachings of the Tathagata.”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Today, the four bodyguards of the world — the Caturmaharaja (Four Heavenly Kings) walk slowly around the Buddha three times, very respectfully saying, “Bhagavan Buddha, may the Tathagata describe in detail the path to uphold this Dharani.”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

The Buddha then told the Four Heavenly Kings, “Please listen carefully, for the good of you as good for all living beings of short age, I will now explain how to uphold this Dharani.”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

“On the day of the full moon — the 15th day of lunar dating, one must take a bath first and wear clean clothes, uphold the teaching of perfection and recite this Dharani 1000 times.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

This will cause him longevity, and be forever free from suffering from illness; all impediments of his karma will be completely wiped out.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

A person will be freed from suffering in hell.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

If birds, animals and other living creatures hear this Dharani just once, they will never be reborn into this form of imperfection and rude body when their lives end.”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Buddha continued, “If a person suffering from severe illness hears this Dharani, he will be relieved of his illness.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

All other diseases will also be wiped out, so will the evil karma that will cause it to fall in the path of miserability.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

He will be reborn into the Land of Supreme Happiness after the end of his life.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

From then on and after she will no longer be born from the womb.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

On the contrary, wherever he is born again, he will be born incarnated from the lotus flower and will always remember and uphold this Dharani and gain knowledge of his past life.”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Buddha added, “If a person has done all deeds very evil before his death, according to his sinful deeds, he should fall into the realm of hell, beast, King Yama or hungry demon, or even into the great Avichi hell, or be born again into a creature of water, or in one of the forms of birds and animals.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

If one can get the bone part of the dead body, and grasp a full handful of soil, recite this Dharani 21 times before sprinkling this soil over the bones, then the late one will be reborn in heaven.”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Buddha added back, “If one can recite this Dharani 21 times a day, one has the right to receive all the blessings of abundance and will be reborn into the Land of Supreme Happiness after his death.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

If one recites this Dharani routinely, one will reach Maha Parinirvana and will extend his life life in addition to enjoying great happiness.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

After his life ends, he will be reborn into one of the happy lands of Buddha, always accompanied by the Buddhas.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

All Tathagata will always give lessons regarding true and perfect righteousness over the Dharma and the whole world.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Baghavan Buddha will bestow his charity of perfection.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

The rays that illuminate his body will shine on all the land of the Buddha.”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Buddha explains further, “To recite this Dharani, one first of all, in front of the Buddha image, uses clean soil to make a quadrangular Mandala, measuring it as he wishes.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Above the Mandala, one must scatter different types of grass, flowers and light some of the best incense.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Then while kneeling with your right knee on the floor, full of concentration recite the name of the Buddha and with the hand in the symbol of Mudra, (that is, with both hands, bending the index finger and pressing it down with the thumb and both palms faced and positioned before the chest) for reverence, one must recite this Dharani 108 times.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

The sprinkling of flowers will descend from the clouds and so on will be the offering of the universe to Buddha a number of grains of sand from eighty-eight of the River Ganges.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

These Buddhas will be revered forever, “Well done!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Earnestly rare!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

A true Buddha follower!”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

One will instantly attain Samadhi Wisdom Enlightenment and Samadhi Decorated Mind of Great Raga.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Such is the way to uphold this Dharani.”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Buddha reaffirmed King Sakra, saying, “King of Heaven, the Tathagata uses this simple path to release the creatures who have fallen into hell; purifying all miserable paths and prolonging the life of those who uphold this Dharani.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

King of Heaven, please come back and give this Dharani to Susthita putradewa.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

After seven days, come meet me with Susthita putradewa.”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Thus, in the place of Bhagavan Buddha, the King of Heaven respectfully accepted this deed of Dharani and returned to the heavenly palace to hand it over to Susthita putradewa.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

After receiving this Dharani, Susthita putradewa continuously practiced it as taught for six days and six nights, after which all her wishes were achieved entirely.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

The karma that was supposed to cause him to suffer in all miserable paths was obliterated entirely.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

He remained on Bodhi Street and added age to his life for an infinite period of time.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Thus, he was thrilled, shouting in praise, “Extraordinary Tathagata!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Very nice and rare dharma!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Its efficacy has been proven!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Earnestly rare!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

I really have been let go!”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

When it passed seven days, King Sakra brought Susthita putradewa together with all the heavenly creatures, respectfully bringing the best and best jewelry consisting of flower arrangements, fragrances, incense, jeweled ensigns, tents decorated with precious stones, materials of god's cloth and confinement the first stone, came to the residence of the Buddha and handed over this great offering.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Using heavenly cloth materials and various gemstone containings held offerings to Bhagavan Buddha, then they respectfully walked around the Buddha a hundred thousand times, paid homage to the Buddha, then happily sat in their seats and listening to the Buddha preaching the Dharma.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Bhagavan Buddha then extended his golden hand and touched the crown of Susthita putradewa, to which he not only gave Dharma sermons but also lavished charity to Susthita putradewa to attain Bodhi.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Finally, the Buddha said, “This Sutra will be known as 'The One Who Purifies All the Way of Misery of Usnisa Vijaya Dharani'.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

You must be diligent in upholding his height.”


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

After hearing this Dharma, all members of the meeting were overjoyed.


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

They accept with faith trust and practice this Dharani with respect. ========= translation of Usnisa Vijaya Dharani Dharani The crown of Buddha's victory (Usnisa Vijaya Dharani) Blessed be the highest holy one in the three worlds!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Praise be the Enlightened One, to the Helper! ie: Om! purify, purify!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

O Which Is Always Fair!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

O The all-encompassing Ruler, all the light of illumination, is pure His naturalness, purifying darkness on the five parts of life!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Abhiseka us with nectar, O Blessed One, with an eternal abhiseka consisting of the best words, the expression of the Most Great Truth! eliminate disasters, eliminate disasters, O The Owner of Immortality! purify us, purify us, O Pure Yang is like the sky!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

O Pure one is like the Crown of Triumph Buddha!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

O Which is bubbling with thousands of rays of light!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

O All Tathagata who examine the perfect world in six Paramita!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

O The Stamp Owner who is given power with the inner power emanating from the heart of every Tathagata!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

O The Owner of the Body is as hard and pure as Vajra!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

O Which is completely clean, holy of all obstacles, all fears, and all parts of evil!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Keep us all away from the evil O Yang enjoy the holy life!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

O Yang gave power to us by original agreement!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

O Gem, Jewel, Great Jewel!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

O Like a very limited and very pure!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

O Holy One in the Enlightenment developed!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Be the Victory, Be the Victory, Be the Who Has Won, Be the One Who Has Won!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Keep it in the mind, keep it in the mind!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

O Most Holy One Who has got the Power of All Buddhas!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

O Sang Vajragarbha who holds Vajra!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Allow my body to be like Vajra!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Allow the bodies of all creatures like Vajra too!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

O The Most Holy Owner of the Body!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

O The holiest of all parts of life!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

And let me be entertained by All Tathagata!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

O Who has power with the Entertaining Power of All That Has Come!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Be Enlightened, Be Enlightened, Be the One Who Has attained Perfect Illumination, Be the One Who Has achieved Perfect Illumination!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Enlighten them, Enlighten them, enlighten them, enlighten them!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

O Holiest in the Most Perfect Way!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

O The Stamp Owner who is given power with the inner power emanating from the heart of every Tathagata! Exclaim it!


Question: What does Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Uṣṇīṣa mean?

Usnisa Vijaya Dharani

Abbreviations Other than Dharani long, there is much shorter Usnisa Vijaya heart-mantra: oamta-tejavati svāhā. oamṛta-ayur da de svāhā (tibetan) Reference: Usnisa Vijaya Dharani Sutra（Chinese/English/Malay）Category:Buddhism Category:Mahayana