Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

North Rupat Beach Tanjung Medang Located in North Rupat District, Rupat Island.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Pasir Panjang Beach area consists of Tanjung Medang, Teluk Rhu and Tanjung Punak in Rupat District and directly opposite Dumai City, easily accessible because from Dumai there is sea transportation for public passengers.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

The sand on this beach is white and clean which allows visitors to bathe, sunbathe, water sports, family recreation and relax enjoying the clarity of the sea water with moderate waves.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Ketapang Beach & Makruh Beach Rupat Tengah Located in South Rupat District, Beach Area directly opposite Malacca Strait, consisting of Ketapang Beach, Lohong Beach and Makruh Beach, precisely in Cingam River Village and Makruh Village.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Length of Coastline +/- 4 KM from Morong Strait to Makruh Beach.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Land and sea transportation facilities from Dumai City can be reached 1 Hour. Aek Martua Waterfall Located in Bangun Purba sub-district, Rokan Hulu Regency is a multi-level waterfall, so it is often also called a thousand ladder waterfall, can be reached by road, approximately two by three from the bottom there is a tomb hermit Cipogas with a waterfall level and really awesome to enjoy.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Bono Tourist Attraction is located in the village of Teluk Meranti, along the Kampar River and Rokan River.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Bono is a natural phenomenon that comes before the tide.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Seawater flows in and meets the water of the Kampar river so that waves occur at a fairly high speed, and produce sounds such as thunder and the sound of strong winds.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

In the high tide season, the waves of the Kampar river can reach 4—6 meters, extending from edge to bank covering the entirety of the river body.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

These events occur every day, day and night.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

The thing that attracts tourists to this attraction is swimming, fishing, sampan ride, and other activities.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Maritime Tourism in Siak Regency Bahari Tourism in Siak Regency is the Big Island Lake located in Emerald Village, Siak Sri Indrapura District.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

The lake has an area of about 28,000 Ha, and Dragon Lake on the Apit River.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Lower Lake and Big Island Lake are located near the Emerald oil field, Siak District.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

It has wonderful panoramic views that are awesome and interesting.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

In the vicinity of the lake are still found pristine forests.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

The condition of the lake and forest around the lake has the status of Marga Animal Sanctuary which reaches 2,500 hectares, where there are still various types of rare animals and plants.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Bioresources contained in this lake such as red pinang, arowana fish and Balido fish are protected.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

The diversity of wildlife species in the Marga Wildlife Sanctuary of the Besar Island lake and the Lower lake is a wealth in itself as a tourist attraction in Riau Mainland.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Religious, Cultural and Historical Tourism Riau Province has a variety of religious, cultural and historical tours.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Some famous religious, cultural, and historical tours from Riau area include: Bakar Barge Ceremony in Bagansiapiapi, Rokan Hilir Regency Ceremony of Bakar Barge which is a traditional ceremony of the Chinese community located in Bagansiapiapi is the flagship cultural tourism of the province Riau from Rokan Hilir Regency (Rohil) and has become a national tour even famous to international.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Lunar Celebration in Selatpanjang, Meranti Islands Regency The Lunar Celebration Event has indeed become part of the tradition in the city of Selatpanjang.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Almost every year the Chinese Lunar celebration in the city is celebrated very festive even including the most festive Lunar Celebration in Riau Province.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Moreover, the local government of Meranti Islands Regency has also made ivent Chinese celebration as one of the annual tourist assets entered into the Riau Tourism Calendar.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Tens of thousands of people from inside and outside Selatpanjang, even tourists from abroad such as Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, will flood into Selatpanjang City to participate in the Lunar celebration.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

The highlight of the Lunar New Year Celebration in Selatpanjang took place on the 6th day of the first month of the Chinese New Year which is usually called Cue Lak Hokkien, but the excitement began to be felt on H-7 day, a week before the fall of the Lunar celebration.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Welcoming Chinese New Year in Selatpanjang at the center at the Prosperous Vihara Sakti.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

At the height of the Lunar celebration, coinciding with the birthday ceremony of the deity 东水


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

At this moment, the Chinese people believe that the deity is descending to earth with the intention to drive away the evil elements and provide prosperity and tranquility for the townspeople of Selatpanjang.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

For it was held a special welcoming with a stretcher statue of the god and paraded around the city past several other temples accompanied by the attractions of liong dance (dragon), and lion (lion) accompanied by Javanese cultural art, Reog Ponorogo.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

The celebration of Cue Lak is also attended by the elders or people who are chosen and possessed by the spirit of the gods commonly called Thangkie, which is where the body or body of the person is used as a means of communication or intermediary of the spirit of the deity.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

This culture has similarities with the Singkawang (West Kalimantan) people commonly known as Tatung.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Hoo Ann Kiong Temple/Sejahtera Sakti Selatpanjang Temple Hoo Ann Kiong Temple (more widely known as Prosperous Vihara Sakti/Tua Pek Kong Bio (Hokkien) is the oldest temple in Selatpanjang, and is also the Oldest Temple in Riau Province.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

The temple was established during the Dutch colonial period and to this day it is not known with certainty when it was founded.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Historians predict this temple to be more than 150 years old, after judging by the architectural reliefs of the building.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

This temple is very widely known by the people of Selatpanjang as well as overseas communities, especially for Singaporean and Malaysian tourists as a place of worship of Buddhists, as well as Konghucu.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Mosque Raya Pekanbaru Mosque Raya and Makan Marhum Bukit and Tomb Marhum Pekan.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Mosque Raya Pekanbaru located in Senapelan District has a very interesting traditional architecture and is the oldest mosque in Pekanbaru.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

The mosque was built in the 18th century and as a testament to the Siak Kingdom once stood in this city during the reign of Sultan Abdul Jalil Muazzam Syah and Sultan Muhammad Ali Abdul Jalil Muazzam Syah as the fourth and fifth sultans of Siak Sri Indrapura Kingdom.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

In the area of the Mosque there is a well having a magical value to pay zakat or vows that were spent before.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Still in the area of the mosque complex we can visit the tomb of Sultan Marhum Bukit and Marhum Pekan as the founder of Pekanbaru city.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Marhum Bukit was Sultan Abdul Jalil Alamuddin Syah (4th Sultan of Siak) reigned in 1766 — 1780, while Marhum Bukit around 1775 moved the royal capital from Mempura Siak to Senapelan and he mangkat in 1780.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Istana Siak Sri Indrapura Kingdom of Siak is the largest Islamic Malay kingdom in Riau.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Reached its heyday in the 16th to 20th centuries.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

In genealogy, the sultan of the Siak Kingdom of Sri Indrapura began in 1725 with 12 sultans once enthroned.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Now as a historical proof of the greatness of the Islamic Malay kingdom, we can see the royal relics in the form of the Siak Royal Palace complex built by Sultan Assyaidis Syarif Hasyim Abdul Jalil Syaifuddin in 1889 with the name Assirayatul Hasyimah, complete with equipment empires.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Now the Siak Sri Indrapura Royal Palace is used as a storage place for royal collection objects, among others: royal throne seat clad in gold, duplicate Royal crown, Royal safe, Royal umbrella, Royal spear, comet as rare items and according to the story there are only two in the world, as well as other other items.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Next to the royal palace there is also an inflammatory palace.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Muara Takus Temple Muara Takus Temple is located in Muara Takus Village, District XIII Koto Kampar, Kampar Regency.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

It is approximately 135km from Pekanbaru City.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

The distance between this temple complex and the village center Muara Takus is about 2.5km and not far from the banks of Kampar Kanan River.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

The temple complex is surrounded by walls measuring 74 x 74 meters.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Outside the area there is also an earthen wall measuring 1.5 x 1.5 kilometers that surrounds this complex to the edge of Kampar Kanan River.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

In this complex there are also Old Temple buildings, Bungsu Temple, Mahligai Stupa, and Palangka.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

The building materials of the temple consist of sandstone, river stone, and brick.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

According to a local source, the bricks for this building were made in Pongkai village, a village located downstream of the temple complex.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

The former excavation of land for the brickworks was until recently considered a place of great respect for residents.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

To bring bricks to the place of the temple, it is done in an earring manner from hand to hand.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

This story although it is not certain that the truth gives an idea that the construction of this temple is carried out in cooperation by crowded people.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

In addition to the Old Temple, Bungsu Temple, Mahligai Stupa, and Palangka, in this temple complex were also found mounds that are thought to be the burning site of human bones.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Outside of this complex there are also buildings made of bricks, which cannot be ascertained the type of building.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Muara Takus temple complex, the only historical relic in the form of a temple in Riau.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

This Buddhist temple is a testament to the development of Buddhism in the region several centuries ago.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Even so, ancient experts have not been able to determine exactly when this temple was established.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Some say eleventh century, some say fourth century, seventh century, ninth century and so on.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

The Seven-Layer Fortress of Seven-Lapis Fort is located in Dalu-Dalu area, Tambusai District, Rokan Hulu Regency.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

This land fort was made by Dalu-Dalu people during the Paderi War on the petuah of Tuanku Tambusai.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

The former fort was abandoned Tuanku Tambusai on 28 December 1839.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Around this Dalu-Dalu area there are also several fortresses called Kubu Gedung, Kubu Propeller and Kubu Talikemain.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

The fort which was originally named Kubu Aur Duri was also used by Sultan Zainal Abidin to fight against Dutch invaders.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Intsiawati figure Ayus, Riau senator Basrizal Koto, owner of Basko Group Cherly, Cherry Belle Darwin personnel Zahedy Saleh, politician Herman Abdullah, 13th Pekanbaru mayor Ippho Santosa, businessman Jeremy Thomas, actor and model Jimmy Napitupulu, football referee Kaharuddin Nasution, governor of Riau 2nd Mario Lawalata, soap opera player, model and presenter Muhammad Lukman Edy, politician Nadia Vega, actress Momo, vocalist Geisha band Rusli Zainal, governor of Riau Sandiaga Salahudin Uno, businessman Jarwo Kwat, comedian Sutardji Calzoum Bachri, poet Sultan Syarif Kasim II, sultan Siak Sri Indrapura My lord Tambusai, the national hero of Ust.


Question: Where is Riau located?

Riau

Abdul Somad, Ulama Koko Liem, Ulama Nadia Vega, Artist Jeremy Thomas, Actor and Politician David Chalik, Politician, and Actor Iyeth Bustami, Singer and Politician See also List of Indonesian Provinces Outside Links Referral Gallery (in Indonesian) (in Indonesian) Coordinates:


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Krav Maga (Hebrew: קרבמגעי meaning “contact fight”) is an empty-handed military martial art developed in Israel.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Techniques from Krav Maga emphasize on maximum threat neutralization in a “real life” context.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

The system is recognized for its excellence as it has been adopted by the Israel Defense Forces as well as other international law enforcement agencies such as FBI, Mossad, SWAT, and others [1].


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Etymology The name is generally derived from Hebrew meaning “Close Fighting”.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

The word maga (מגר) means “contact” or “close” and the word krav (קרבי) means “fight”.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

The word means combat involving physical contact as the opposite of combat using remote weapons - although Krav Maga also teaches modern weapons used in everyday life such as shotguns, pistols, and similar objects which is combined with martial arts techniques [2].


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Basic Principles There are no raw rules in the Krav Maga fight.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Both men and women undergo the same method of exercise (drill) [3].


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Krav Maga does not have a sporting body as well as an official uniform, although some organizations introduce different rank or level systems in its training system [4].


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

There are no raw rules in Krav Maga as a self-defense technique in a fight, but Krav Maga essentially emphasizes the self-safety of its users while attempting to immobilize its opponent in any way it can.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Some general principles ain Krav Maga are as follows [5]: Do not get hurt Neutralize the attacker as quickly as possible Make the transition from defending technique to attack technique as quickly as possible Exploitation of all natural reflexes in the body Exploitation of all easily attacked body parts (including eyes, throat, groin, etc.) The use of all existing objects as an aid Basic exercises in Krav Dragon include both aerobic and anaerobic exercises.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Protective gear such as pads and helmets could have been used during fight training.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Scenarios are also used to train Krav Maga users to use their martial arts skills in certain situations on the ground, such as during street patrols.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Scenario-wearing exercises teach users of Krav Maga to ignore distractions or other situations that can distract him and stay focused in combat, for example by wearing loud music or steam engines in training [6].


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Other training methods to give the impression as cerealistic as possible in real-world situations include the technique of obscuring the enemy's view (blindfolding), training to reach the limit of fatigue before encountering a simulated fight, as well as various other exercises performed outdoors.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

In addition to physical combat exercises, Krav Maga also teaches users to increase vigilance of the surrounding conditions so that they can take anticipation measures before the assault occurs.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Krav Maga also teaches verbal methods so that its users can avoid violent situations that endanger their safety as much as possible.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

History of Development in Israel Krav Maga was first developed in Czechoslovakia in the 1930s by Imi Lichtenfeld [5], also known as Imi Sde-or (Sde-or means “bright field” which is a direct translation of its eventual name “light field” being Lichtendfield).


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

He first taught his martial methods in Bratislava with the aim of protecting the Jewish community from Nazi militias.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

After arriving in the area of the “British Mandate for Palestine”, he began to teach the system to the Haganah Forces, an army of the Jewish underground army.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Only after the state of Israel stood down did Imi become head of physical training and Krav Maga in the Israel Defense Forces.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

He served in the IDF for roughly 20 years and during that time, he continued to develop and perfect his empty hand fighting methods.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

In 1978 she founded the Israeli Krav Maga Association which is non profit (not for-profit oriented) alongside a number of her senior instructors [2].


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

He died in 1998 in Netanya, Israel [7].


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Development in the United States In 1980, Krav Maga experts lived in Israel and practiced under the Israeli Krav Maga Association.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

The year was also marked by the contact of the Israeli Krav Maga Association with enthusiasts in the United States.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

In 1981, instructors conducted Krav Maga demonstrations in the United States, including FBI headquarters.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

As a result, 22 people went to Israel to attend the Krav Maga Instructor Basic Course.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

After that the participants returned to their home area and developed schools in their respective areas.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Additional pupils at that time went to Israel in 1984 and again in 1986.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

At the same time, instructors from Israel also visited the legal agencies of the United States to introduce Krav Maga.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Annually, certification to become a Krav Maga instructor is offered in Netanya, Israel, to those who meet the qualifications [8].


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Development in Indonesia Krav Maga in Indonesia was brought to Indonesia by 2 organizations, namely Indonesian Command and Self Defense Indonesia.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Especially for Self Defense Indonesia, since January 2009 the core curriculum of SDI changed from KM Core to Defensive Tactics along with the development and form of solidarity against the resistance of the Palestinian people and people.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Indonesian Commando Indonesia is an Organization that trains KAPAP - Krav Maga in Indonesia.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Founded by Mr. David and his team in 2007, he is an experienced security advisor in various conflict areas such as: Kabul, Baghdad, Yala (South Thailand), Sudan, and Ulan Bataar and also domestic conflict fields such as in Papua, Poso, Atambua, and Aceh.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

In September 2008, Indonesian Command officially affiliated with Commando Krav-Maga and September 2009, officially as Training Center Avi Nardia Kapap Combative also known as Kapap Indonesia [9].


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Use now In 1964, Imi completed his devotion to the IDF and taught Krav Maga to civilians.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

In Israel, Krav Maga is taught by Haim Gidon at the Wingate Institute which is one of the best fitness centers in the world.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Krav Maga itself became the IDF's official empty-handed martial and taught to every israeli soldier as part of their exercise.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Krav Maga is also the official martial system used by the Israeli police force [10], intelligence agencies, and other Security bodies.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Currently, Krav Maga is taught in Israel to civilian, military, legal apparatus, and security agencies [11].


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

There are several recognizable central organizations: The Israeli Krav Maga Association - (IKMA) The first and oldest Krav Maga organization founded by Imi in 1978 and headed by Haim Gidon The International Krav Maga Federation (IKMF) - Headquartered in Israel, founded by some disciples of Imi and headlined by Eyal Yanilov The Krav Maga Federation/Krav Maga International-Kapap - Founded by Grandmaster Haim Zut who was one of the founders of IKMA.


Question: where did krav maga come from?

Krav Maga

Krav Maga World Wide - Founded by Darren Levinne who is a disciple of Imi and Eyal Yanilov Footnotes Outside Category:Israel Category:Martial arts


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

Regional autonomy is the right, authority, and duty of the autonomous region to regulate and take care of its own government affairs and the interests of the local community in accordance with the laws and regulations.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

Literally, regional autonomy comes from the word autonomy and regional.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

He was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the fourth round of the 2016 NFL Draft.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

Autos means own and namos means rules or laws, so it can be interpreted as authority to self-regulate or authority to make rules to take care of one's own household.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

While the region is the unity of the legal community that has the boundaries of the territory. [1]


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

Implementation of regional autonomy in addition to the basis of legal reference, also as the implementation of the demands of globalization that must be empowered by giving the region a wider, more tangible and responsible authority, especially in regulating, utilizing and exploring sources potential existing in their respective areas.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

Legal basis of the Basic Law of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945, Article 18 Paragraph 1 - 7, Article 18A paragraph 1 and 2, Article 18B paragraph 1 and 2.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

Determination of MPR RI Number XV/MPR/1998 on the Implementation of Regional Autonomy, Arrangement, division, and Equitable Utilization of National Resources, as well as Central and Regional Financial Balance within the NKRI Framework.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

The determination of MPR RI Number IV/MPR/2000 on Policy Recommendations in the Implementation of Regional Autonomy.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

Law No. 32 of 2004 on Local Government.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

Law No. 33 of 2004 on Financial Balance Between Central Government and Local Government.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

Law No. 23 of 2014 on local government (Revision of Law No.32 Year 2004) Implementation of regional autonomy is an important focal point in order to improve the welfare of the people.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

The development of an area can be adapted by local governments to the potential and peculiarities of their respective regions.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

Regional autonomy is enforced in Indonesia through Law No. 22 of 1999 concerning Local Government (Gazette Negara Republic of Indonesia Year 1999 Number 60, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3839).


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

In 2004, Law No. 22 of 1999 on Local Government was considered incompatible with the development of circumstances, state, and demands for the implementation of regional autonomy [2] thus replaced by Law No. 32 of 2004 on Local Government (Gazette State of the Republic of Indonesia Year 2004 Number 125, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 4437).


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

Furthermore, Law No. 32 Year 2004 on Local Government until now has undergone several changes, last time with Law No. 12 Year 2008 on Second Amendment to Law Number 32 Year 2004 on Local Government (Gazette State Republic of Indonesia Year 2008 Number 59, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 4844).


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

This is an excellent opportunity for the local government to prove its ability in exercising the authority that is rightfully local.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

The progress or absence of an area is largely determined by the ability and willingness to implement namely local government.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

Local governments are free to create and expression in order to build their area, of course by not violating the legislation. [3]


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

The purpose of granting regional autonomy is as follows Improvement of community services that are getting better.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

Development of democratic life.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

National justice.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

Equalization of the area of the region.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

Maintenance of harmonious relations between the center and the region as well as between regions in the framework of the integrity of the NKRI.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

Encourage community empowerment.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

Cultivate initiative and creativity, increase the role and community, develop the role and function of the Regional House of Representatives.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

Conceptually, Indonesia is based on three main objectives which include: political objectives, administrative goals and economic goals.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

The thing that wants to be realized through political objectives in the implementation of regional autonomy is an effort to realize political democratization through political parties and the Regional House of Representatives.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

The embodiment of administrative objectives that want to be achieved through the implementation of regional autonomy is the division of government affairs between the center and the region, including financial resources, as well as the renewal of the management of the government bureaucracy in the region.


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

While the economic goal that wants to be achieved in the implementation of regional autonomy in Indonesia is the realization of an increase in human development index as an indicator of improving the welfare of the Indonesian people. [4]


Question: What is regional autonomy?

Regional autonomy

The principle of Decentralization Is the granting of authority by the central government to the local government to take care of its own regional affairs Deconcentration Is the distribution of authority by the central government to the central government fittings located in the region to organize affairs A particular task of assistance is the assignment of part of the affairs of the central government or the provincial local government to the regency/city area to carry out part of the government affairs that are the authority of the provincial regions Reference Traits Outside links (in Indonesian) (in English) Category:Indonesia Category:Politics in Indonesia


Question: What is the sense of markets in economics?

Market (economy)

The market, in economics, is where sellers and buyers meet.


Question: What is the sense of markets in economics?

Market (economy)

Purchase transactions that occur do not necessarily require a physical location.


Question: What is the sense of markets in economics?

Market (economy)

The market in question may refer to a country where an item is sold and marketed.


Question: What is the sense of markets in economics?

Market (economy)

The types of Market Markets can be grouped into 5 types, namely goods markets, labor markets, capital markets, and foreign markets.


Question: What is the sense of markets in economics?

Market (economy)

The goods market describes the meeting between demand and supply for goods.


Question: What is the sense of markets in economics?

Market (economy)

A company or individual can operate in the goods market by offering goods produced or also doing demand for products.


Question: What is the sense of markets in economics?

Market (economy)

The labor market is a confluence between the demand and supply of labor.


Question: What is the sense of markets in economics?

Market (economy)

This meeting will result in the concept of wages and the amount of labor required.


Question: What is the sense of markets in economics?

Market (economy)

Usually those who do demand are business entities (companies), institutions, institutions, instations, or individuals, while those who do labor bidding are the labor force available in the job market.


Question: What is the sense of markets in economics?

Market (economy)

Money markets are the confluence between demand and supply of money.


Question: What is the sense of markets in economics?

Market (economy)

In a transacted money market is the right to use money for a certain period of time.


Question: What is the sense of markets in economics?

Market (economy)

In the money market occurs borrowed borrowed funds, which further gives rise to the debt receivable relationship.


Question: What is the sense of markets in economics?

Market (economy)

The parties doing the money bidding are the monetary authorities (Central banks and governments) and financial institutions (banks and not banks), while the parties doing the requests are the public (households and companies).


Question: What is the sense of markets in economics?

Market (economy)

Capital markets are in the narrow sense synonymous with stock exchanges.


Question: What is the sense of markets in economics?

Market (economy)

In a broad sense, capital markets are meetings between those who have funds and those who need funds for business capital.


Question: What is the sense of markets in economics?

Market (economy)

If money markets focus more on short-term use, then capital markets focus more on long-term use.


Question: What is the sense of markets in economics?

Market (economy)

Foreign markets describe the relationship between domestic demand for imported products and overseas supply in the form of export products.


Question: What is the sense of markets in economics?

Market (economy)

Category:Markets


Question: what is the area of the sea area of Japan?

Geography of Japan

Japan is an island nation in East Asia.


Question: what is the area of the sea area of Japan?

Geography of Japan

The Japanese archipelago consists of stratovolcano islands, the four main islands from north to south are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyūshū.


Question: what is the area of the sea area of Japan?

Geography of Japan

Japan is 36°north of the equator and 138°east of the main meridian.


Question: what is the area of the sea area of Japan?

Geography of Japan

Japan is north northeast of China and Taiwan (separated by the East China Sea), east of Korea (separated by the Sea of Japan), and south of Russia Far East.


Question: what is the area of the sea area of Japan?

Geography of Japan

In addition to the 4 main islands, there are 3,000 smaller islands, including Okinawa as well as smaller inhabited or uninhabited islands.


Question: what is the area of the sea area of Japan?

Geography of Japan

As of 2006, the total area of Japan's territory was 377,923.1km², of which 374,834km² were land and 3,091km² waters.


Question: what is the area of the sea area of Japan?

Geography of Japan

About 73% of Japan's territory is mountainous terrain.


Question: what is the area of the sea area of Japan?

Geography of Japan

The total area of Japan is approximately 80% of the area of Sumatra Island, but larger than the area of Germany, Malaysia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.


Question: what is the area of the sea area of Japan?

Geography of Japan

Total Area: 377.835km² [1] Mainland: 374.744km² Waters: 3,091km² Land limits: none Coastline: 29.751km Maritime claims: Exclusive Economic Zone: 200 nautical miles (370km) Territorial seas: 12 nautical miles (22km); inter-3 and 12 nautical miles (6 and 22km) in the international straits of Sōya Strait, Tsugaru Strait, Osumi, and Tsushima Strait.


Question: what is the area of the sea area of Japan?

Geography of Japan

Climate: different, subtropical climate in the south to temperate climate regions in the north.


Question: what is the area of the sea area of Japan?

Geography of Japan

Terrain: mostly mountainous Natural resources: coal (very little), petroleum, iron ore, fisheries, and minerals Land use: Agricultural land: 11% Permanent land: 1% Greenland: 2% Forests: 67% Other: 19% (1993 estimate) Irrigated land: 27.820km² (1993 estimate) Point outlying Northernmost point: Bentenjima () northwest of Cape Sōya () in the town of Wakkanai, Hokkaido.


Question: what is the area of the sea area of Japan?

Geography of Japan

Claim: Cape Kamoiwakka () on Etorofu Island (Iturup).


Question: what is the area of the sea area of Japan?

Geography of Japan

Southernmost point: Okinotorishima in the Philippine Sea ().


Question: what is the area of the sea area of Japan?

Geography of Japan

The 7.8km² island is under the administration of Tokyo (1,740km south of Tokyo).


Question: what is the area of the sea area of Japan?

Geography of Japan

Easternmost island: Minami Torishima, 1,848km from Tokyo () Westernmost point: Cape Irizaki () on Yonaguni Island, Okinawa Prefecture Footnotes


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Paro Taktsang (Dzongkha:), also known as Taktsang Palphug Temple and Tiger's Nest), [1] is a sacred place and famous Himalayan Buddhist temple complex located on the cliff side of the upper Paro valley in Bhutan.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The temple complex was built first in 1692, around the Taktsang Senge Samdup cave where the so-called Guru Padmasambhava had meditated for three years, three months, three weeks, three days, and three hours in the 8th century.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Padmasambhava is known as a spreader of Buddhist teachings to the people of Bhutan and the patron deity of the country.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Today, Paro Taktsang is particularly known for its thirteen taktsang cave or “tiger's den” where he meditates.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The temple dedicated to Padmasambhava (also known as Gu-ru Mtshan-brgyad Lhakhang, “Master Temple with Eight Names”) is an elegant building structure built around the cave in 1692 by Gyalse Tenzin Rabgye.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The temple has become a cultural icon of Bhutan. [2] [3] [4] A popular celebration, known as Tsechu and held in honour of Padmasambhava, is celebrated in the Paro valley around March or April.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

History Background and legends Based on legends related to Taktsang (which in Tibetan is spelled stag tshang), which literally means “Tiger's lair”, the community believes that Padmasambhava (Master Rinpoche) flew to this location from Tibet on the back of a tiger female of Khenpajong. [5]


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

This place was ordained to tame the Tiger demon.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Another legend mentions that an ex-wife of an emperor, known as Yeshe Tsogyal, wanted to be a disciple of Guru Rinpoche (Padmasambahva) in Tibet.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

She incarnated into a tigress and carried the Guru over her back from Tibet towards Taktsang's current location in Bhutan.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

In one of the caves, the Master then performs meditation and appears in eight incarnate forms (manifestations) and the place becomes sacred.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Later, the place became better known as “Tiger's Nest” (“Tiger's Nest”). [5]


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The popular legend of the Taktsang monastery is further reinforced with a story concerning Tenzin Rabgye, who built the temple in 1692.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

It has been mentioned by the authors that in the 8th century the teacher Padmasmabhava had again been reincarnated into the form of Tenzin Rabgye.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The strong evidence discussed is: that Tenzin Rabgye was seen (by his friend) inside and outside the cave simultaneously; even little ate enough to give to all visitors; no one was injured during prayers (although the pathway to the monastery was dangerous and slippery); and the community Paro valley sees various animal forms and religious symbols in the sky including flower beds that appear and also disappear in the air without touching the earth. [2]


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Development as a place of meditation As previously listed, the monastery was built around the Taktsang Senge Samdup cave (stag tshang seng ge bsam grub), in the belief that Guru Padmasambhava of India meditated in the 8th century.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

He flew from Tibet over the back of Yeshe Tsogyal, whom he had turned into a tigress and landed on a cliff, which he “ordained” as a place for the building of the monastery.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

He spread Buddhism and built a Mahayana Buddhist school in Nyingmapa, Bhutan; as well as being recognized as “the patron of Bhutan.”


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

In later life, Padmasmbahva visited the district of Bumthang mastering the power of a god attacked by the local king.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Padmasambhava's body mold is called to have formed on the walls of the cave near the Kurje Lhakhang temple.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

In 853, Langchen Pelkyi Singye came to the cave to meditate and presented the name Pelphug as the name of the cave, “Pelkyi cave”. [5]


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

After his death in Nepal, his body is thought to have miraculously returned to the monastery with the blessing of the deity Dorje Legpa; his body is currently thought to have been sealed in a chorten in a chamber on the left of the entrance steps. [5]


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Chorten was restored in 1982—83 and again in 2004. [5]


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

From the 11th century, many famous saints and figures from Tibet came to Taktsang to meditate, including Milarepa (1040—1123), Pha Dampa Sangye (died 1117), Tibetan yogini Machig Labdrön (1055—1145), and Thangton Gyelpo (1385—1464). [5]


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

At the end of the 12th century, the Lapa School was built in Paro. [6]


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Between the 12th and 17th centuries, many Lamas came from Tibet to build monasteries in Bhutan.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The first sanctuary built in this area dates to the 14th century when Sonam Gyeltshen, a Nyingmapa lama of the Kathogpa branch came from Tibet. [5]


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The painting he carried can still be seen faintly on a stone above the main building even if there is no original mark. [5]


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Taktsang Ugyen Tsemo complex, which was rebuilt after a fire in 1958 called 1408. [5]


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Taktsang survived under the old authority of Kathogpa for centuries until the mid-17th century. [5]


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

17th century to present: Modern Monastery In the 17th century, Pema Lingpa Tertön of Bumthang, who built many monasteries in various parts of Bhutan, was also instrumental in creating a religious and secular dance form from the image of 'Zandog Pelri' (copper-colored mountain), which is residence of Guru Padmasambahva (which is also in the same place as Paro Taktsang or Tiger's nest).


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The dance is performed in Paro as a celebration of Tsche.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

However, the celebration was carried out during the time of Ngawang Namgyal of the Drukpa subsect, who fled Tibet to avoid persecution by the opposing sect of the Gelugpa sangha (which controlled Tibet under the Lama Dalai), which then established a mechanism of governance in Bhutan.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

At the time, he made himself a 'model of power' in Bhutan and was known as “Shabdrung” with full authority.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

He wanted to build a large building in Taktsang Pel Phuk.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

During the Tibetan storming of Bhutan in 1644—46, Shabdrung and his Nyingmapa teacher Tibetan Gter-ston Rig-'dzin Snying-po had pleaded with Padmasambhava and the patron deity at Taktsang to grant them victory over the invader.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

He performed the ritual bka' brgyad dgongs' dus relating to Tshechu celebrations.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Bhutan won the war over Tibet.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

However, Shabdrung was unable to build a shrine at Takstsang to celebrate the victory, although he wanted so much. [2] [6] [7] [8] Shabdrung's desire to build a temple was fulfilled during the time of the 4th Druk Desi Tenzin Rabgye (1638—96), the first and only successor of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel (Zhabs-drung Ngag-dbang Rnam-rgyal), “a distant cousin of the collateral line descended from the 'crazy saint' Drukpa Kunley from the 15th century.”


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

During his visit to the sacred grotto from Taktsang Pel Phuk in the Tshechu season of 1692 he laid the foundation of the temple building dedicated to Guru Rinpoche called 'Temple of the Master with Eight Names' (gu ru mtshan brgyad lha-khang).


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

This decision was taken by Tenzin Rabgye while in the cave while looking at the Paro valley.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

At that time, she led the celebration of the Tshechu religious dance. [2]


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

At that time also the temples reported to have been built at a height of, were Zangdo Pelri (Zongs mdog dPalri) and Ugyen Tsemo (Urgyan Rtse-mo). [2]


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Fire destruction On April 19, 1998, a fire occurred in the main building of the monastery complex, which contains valuable paintings, artifacts, and sculptures.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

These fires are believed to have been sourced from electrical short-circuits or the blinking of butter lamps that illuminate hanging tapestries.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

A monk also died at the time of the fire.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The rebuilding effort was carried out with an estimated budget of 135 million ngultrum.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The government of Bhutan and the then King of Bhutan, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, escorted the rebuilding of the damaged monastery along with its contents in 2005. [9] [10] [11] The geography of the temple is located 10 kilometres (6.2mi) north of Paro and is located on a steep cliff at an altitude of 3,120 metres (10,240ft), approximately 900 metres (3,000ft) above the Paro valley, to the right of Paro Chu ('chu' in Bhutanese means” river or water”.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The slope of the rock is very steep (almost vertical) and the monastery building is built into the rock surface.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Although it looks very remarkable, the monastery complex has access from several directions, such as the northwestern path through the forest, from the south with the trails used by the followers, and from the north (access through a rocky plain, called the “Hundred Thousand Fairies” and known as Bumda (Hbum-brag).


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The donkey trails that traverse the pine forest are decorated with moss and prayer flags.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

On some days, clouds envelop the monastery and give a sinister feeling of remoteness. [12] [13] Near the base of the path is a water-powered prayer wheel, driven by a stream of water.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The water touched by the wheel is believed to have blessings and purifying powers for all creatures in the oceans and lakes. [14]


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

When approaching the monastery, there is a Lakhang (rural monastery) and Urgyan Tsemo temple (“U-rgyan rtse-mo”) which, like the main monastery, are located on a rugged projecting rocky plain from a few hundred feet above the valley.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

From this location, the monastery building is located in the opposite ravine, known as “Nirvana of the Copper Colored Mountain of Padmasambhawa”.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The location is an eyesore for visitors and there is a cafeteria that provides food and soft drinks. [15]


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The path passing through this place is embellished with the sound of water breaking the silence. [16]


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Along the path of pine trees, prayer flags, and stalls selling prayer supplies (such as prayer wheels, temple bells, and jemala) are also visible.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The lane is surrounded with many temples.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

On this course, a large waterfall, which flows from a height of 60 metres (200ft) into a sacred pool, is passed by a bridge.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The path ends at the main monastery featuring colored paintings.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Guru Rinpoche's cave where to meditate is also visible.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The cave is opened to the public only once a year. [17]


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Exterior Structure The monastery building consists of four main temples of residence ideally designed by utilizing stone fringes (granite), caves, and rocky land.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Of the eight caves, four of them are easily accessible.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The cave that Padmasmabhava first entered while riding a tiger, was known as 'Tholu Phuk' and the cave where he settled and performed meditation was known as 'Pel Phuk'.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

He guided spiritually tutored monks to build monasteries.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The monastery is built on such a steep cliff that it is said that: “This temple is attached to the side of the mountain like a gecko”.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

The main cave has entry access via a narrow pathway.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

This dark cave holds dozens of images of Bodhiwildlife and butter lights flashing in the presence of these idols.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Elegant images of Awalokiteswara are also adored here.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

In a small adjoining cell, the scripture is placed; the importance of the book is because it is written with gold dust and pulverized bone powder from the purified Lama.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

It is also said that monks who follow the Buddhist teachings of Wajrayana (the official state religion of Bhutan) in this cave monastery stay for three years and rarely descend into the Paro valley. [4] [18] [19] All buildings are connected through streets and staircases made of stone.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

There are several wooden bridges swaying along the paths and staircases that also cross.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Temples on the highest level have Buddhist wall decorations.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Each building has a balcony, which offers panoramic views of the Paro valley.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

Some monasteries have a history of monk hermitage. [4] [18] Further reading reference Guide to Taktshang: Restored Taktshang, Department of Culture, Thimphu, Bhutan 2005.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

ISBN99936-617-1-6 Seeds of Faith: A Comprehensive Guide to the Sacred Places of Bhutan vol. 1, p. 121—125, KMT Publishers, Thimphu, Bhutan 2008.


Question: What is the area of the Paro Taktsang complex?

Paro Taktsang

ISBN99936-22-42-7 Outlink Media related to Paro Taktsang at Wikimedia Commons Category:Coordinates in Wikidata


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Bacteria (from the Latin word bacterium; plural: bacteria) are a group of organisms that do not have a cell nucleus membrane. [4] These organisms belong to the domain of prokaryotes and are very small in size (microscopic), and have a large role in life on earth. [4]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Some groups of bacteria are known as causative agents of infection and disease, while others can provide benefits in food, medicine, and industry. [5]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

The structure of bacterial cells is relatively simple: without nucleus/cell nuclei, cell skeleton, and other organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. [5]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

This is the basis for the difference between procariot cells and more complex eucariot cells. [6]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Bacteria can be found in almost any place: in soil, water, air, in symbiosis with other organisms as well as parasitic agents (pathogens), even in the human body. [7] [8] [9] [10] In general, bacteria are 0.5-5 μm in size, but there are certain bacteria that can be up to 700 μm in diameter, namely Thiomargarita. [11]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

They generally have cell walls, like plant and fungal cells, but with very different forming materials (peptidoglycan). [12]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Some types of bacteria are motile (capable of movement) and their mobility is due to flagellum. [13]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

History Bacteria is a microscopic organism. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

This causes these organisms to be very difficult to detect, especially before the discovery of microscopy. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

It was only after the 19th century that the science of microorganisms, especially bacteria (bacteriology), began to develop. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

As science progresses, various things about bacteria have been successfully traced. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

However, the development is inseparable from the roles of various important figures such as Robert Hooke, Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Ferdinand Cohn, and Robert Koch. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

The term bacterium was introduced at a later date by Ehrenberg in 1828, taken from the Greek word βακτηριον (bacterion) which has the meaning of “small stems”. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Knowledge of bacteria developed after a series of experiments conducted by Louis Pasteur, which gave birth to a branch of microbiological sciences. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Bacteriology is a branch of microbiology that studies bacterial biology. [6]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Robert Hooke (1635-1703), an English mathematician and historian, wrote a book called Micrographia in 1665 containing the results of observations made using simple microscopes. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

However, Robert Hooke is still unable to emulate the structure of bacteria. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

In the book, the results of his discovery about the fruit body mould. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

However, it is this book that is the source of the initial description of microorganisms. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632—1723) lived in the same era as Robert Hooke where observation with a microscope was still very simple. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Inspired by the work of Robert Hooke, he made an excellent microscope of his own design to observe these microscopic creatures on various natural media in 1684. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek managed to discover bacteria for the first time in the world in 1676. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

The results of his findings were submitted to the Royal Society of London then published in 1684. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

The discovery soon received much confirmation from other scientists. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Since then, not only the science of bacteria but also microorganisms in general began to develop. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898) was a botanist of Breslau (now Poland). [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

The results of his discovery revolve around bacteria that are resistant to heat. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

His interest in this group of bacteria led him to the discovery of a group of endospore-producing bacteria resistant to high temperatures. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Ferdinand Cohn also managed to explain the life cycle of Bacillus bacteria which at the same time explains why these bacteria are heat-resistant. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Subsequently, he also made the basis for classification of bacteria simple and developed several methods to prevent contamination in bacterial cultures, such as the use of cotton as a cover on the thakar flask, erlenmeyer, and test tubes.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

This method was later used by another scientist, Robert Koch. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Robert Koch (1843-1910), a German physicist, did a lot of research on diseases caused by bacterial infections. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Scientists initially studied anthrax disease that affects many farm animals. [15]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

The disease is caused by Bacillus anthracis, one of the endospore-producing bacteria. [15]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Robert Koch was also the first to successfully obtain a pure isolate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium causing the disease of tuberculosis. [14] [16] Based on two studies on the disease, Robert Koch managed to create the Koch Postulate, a theory regarding specific microorganisms for spesphic diseases. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

He also managed to find a method to obtain pure isolates from bacteria. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Another discovery was the use of dense culture media to grow bacteria in the area of their native habitat. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

At first he used potato pieces and later developed using the nutrient gelatin. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

The use of gelatin nutrients still has many drawbacks that eventually its use is replaced with agar (a type of polysaccharide) initiated by Walter Hesse's wife who also worked with Robert Koch. [14]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Robert Hooke Antony van Leeuwenhoek Ferdinand Cohn Robert Koch Cell structure Like procariots (organisms that do not have a core membrane) in general, all bacteria have a relatively simple cell structure. [17]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

In connection with the absence of the core membrane, genetic metheria (DNA and RNA) bacteria hover in cytoplasmic regions named nucleoids. [17]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

One important bacterial structure is the cell wall. [18] Bacteria can be classified in two large groups based on their cell wall structure, namely gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria. [17]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Gram-positive bacteria have a cell wall composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan (a type of polysaccharide molecule) and teicoic acid, while gram-negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer and have a thick lipopolysaccharide structure. [6] [17] used to distinguish these two types of bacterial groups was developed by Danish scientist, Hans Christian Gram in 1884. [17]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Many bacteria have structures beyond other cells such as flagellum and fimbria that are used to move, cling and conjugate. [18]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Some bacteria also have capsules that play a role in protecting bacterial cells from dryness and phagocytosis. [17]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

It is this capsule structure that is often the virulence factor that causes diseases, as found in Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae. [17]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Bacteria also possess chromosomes, ribosomes, and some other species have food granules, gas vacuoles, and magnetosomes. [17]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Some bacteria are able to form themselves into endospores which makes them able to survive in extreme environments. [19]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Clostridium botulinum is one example of endospore-producing bacteria that are highly resistant to high temperature and pressure, where this bacterium also belongs to a group of poisoning bacteria in canned food. [19]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Bacterial morphology Based on its shape, bacteria are divided into three large groups, namely: Coccus (Coccus) is a bacterium that is round like a ball and has several variations as follows: [20] [21] Micrococcus, if small and single Diplococcus, jka two-two Tetracoccus, if join four and form a square of Sarcina, if clustered to form a cube of Staphylococcus, if clustered Streptococcus, if joined together to form a chain Basil (Bacillus) is a group of bacteria that is rod-shaped or cylindrical, and has the following variations: [20] [21] Diplobacillus, if two-two Streptobacillus, if joined together to form a Spiral chain (Spirilum) is a bacterium that is curvilinear and has the following variations: [20] [21] Vibrio, (comma shape), if the arch is less than semicircular (comma shape) Spiral, if arch more than a semicircle Spirochete, if the arch forms a flexible structure. [21]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Bacterial body shape/morphology is affected by environmental state, medium, and age.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Although morphologically different, bacteria remain single cells that can live independently even when separated from their colony. [21]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Motion tools Many species of bacteria move using flagellum. [22]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Bacteria that do not have a motion device usually only follow the movement of their growth medium or the environment in which the bacteria are located. [22]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Just like the structure of the capsule, the flagellum can also be the causative agent of disease in some bacterial species. [22]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Based on the place and number of flagellum, bacteria are divided into five groups, namely: [22] [23] Atric, has no flagellum. [22] [23] Monotric, has one flagellum at one end. [22] [23] Lofotric, has a number of flagellum on one end. [22] [23] Amphitrics, has a number of flagellum on one end. [22] [23] Amphitrics, has a number of flagellum on one end. [22] [23] one flagellum on both ends. [22] [23] Peritric, has flagellum on its entire surface. [22] [23] Bacterial habitat is a ubikuotus microorganism, which means it is abundant and widely found in almost all places. [4]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Its habitat is very diverse; aquatic environment, soil, air, leaf surface, and can even be found within living organisms. [4]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

It is estimated that the total number of microorganism cells inhabiting the face of this earth is 5x1030. [4]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Bacteria can be found in the human body, especially within the digestive tract whose cell count is 10 times more than the total number of cells of the human body. [24]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Therefore, bacterial colonization greatly affects the condition of the human body. [25] jmpl|ka|200px|Thermus aquaticus, a thermophilic bacterium widely applied in biotechnology.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

There are various types of bacteria that are able to remove the area of the human gastrointestinal tract, especially in the large intestine, including lactic acid bacteria and enterobacter groups. [6]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

An example of bacteria commonly found is Lactobacillus acidophilus. [6] [26] In addition, there is also another group of bacteria, namely probiotics, which are beneficial because they can support health and are even able to prevent the formation of colon cancer. [27]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

In addition to within the digestive tract, bacteria can also be found on the surface of human skin, eyes, mouth, and feet. [25]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

In the human mouth and feet there is a group of bacteria known as methylotrophs, a group of bacteria capable of using a single carbon compound to support its growth. [28] [29] [30] In the oral cavity, these bacteria use dimethyl sulfide compounds that play a role in causes odor in the human mouth. [7] [31] Some groups of these microorganisms are able to live in environments that do not allow other organisms to live. [32]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

These extreme environmental conditions demand a unique tolerance, metabolic mechanism, and cell durability. [4] [33] [34] For example, Thermus aquaticus is one type of bacteria that live in hot springs with a temperature range of 60-80 oC. [4]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Not only in high-temperature environments, bacteria can also be found in very cold environments. [35]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Pseudomonas extremaustralis is found in Antarctica with temperatures below 0 oC. [35]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

In addition to the influence of temperature extremes, bacteria can also live in a variety of other environments that hardly allow life (sterile environments). [36]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Halobacterium salinarum and Halococcus sp. are examples of bacteria that can live in very high saline (NaCl) conditions (15-30%). [36] [37] There are also some types of bacteria that are able to live in high sugar levels (osmophile group), low moisture content (xerophile group), acidity degree The pH is very high, and low. [4]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Some bacterial communities can survive inside clouds with ketingian up to 10 kilometers.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

A team of researchers using a modified old DC-8 aircraft as a flying laboratory successfully sampled a number of bacteria in clouds in stormy conditions.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Bacteria living in ice nucleation are carried by storms and survive cloud ionization. [38]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Environmental influence on bacteria Supportive environmental conditions can spur bacterial growth and reproduction. [39]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Environmental factors that have an effect on bacterial growth and reproduction are temperature, humidity, and light. [39]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

In general, there are several tools that can be used to perform bacterial cell observations of various parameters, such as optical microscopy, electron microscope, and atomic force microscope (AFM). [39]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Temperature Temperature plays an important role in regulating the course of metabolic reactions for all living things. [4]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Particularly for bacteria, ambient temperatures that are higher than tolerable temperatures will cause denaturation of proteins and other essential cell components so that cells will die. [4]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Similarly, when the temperature of its environment is below the tolerance limit, the cytoplasmic membrane will not be liquid, so the transport of nutrients will be inhibited and the process of cell life will be stalled. [4]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Based on the temperature range of their activity, bacteria are divided into 4 groups: Psychrophilic bacteria, that is, bacteria that live in a temperature area between 0°— 30°C, with an optimum temperature of 15°C.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Mesophyll bacteria, that is, bacteria that live in a temperature area between 15° — 55°C, with an optimum temperature of 25° — 40°C.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Thermophile bacteria, which are bacteria that can live in high temperature areas between 40° — 75°C, with an optimum temperature of 50 - 65°C. Hyperthermophile bacteria, that is, bacteria that live in the temperature range of 65 - 114°C, with an optimum temperature of 88°C. [4]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Relative humidity In general bacteria require a fairly high relative humidity (RH), approximately 85%. [4]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Relative humidity can be defined as the water content contained in the air. [4]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Reduction in the moisture content of protoplasm causes metabolic activities to stop, for example in the process of freezing and drying. [4]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

For example, the bacterium Escherichia coli will experience a decrease in the durability and elasticity of its cell walls when the environmental RH is less than 84%. [39]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Gram-positive bacteria tend to live at higher air humidity compared to gram-negative bacteria associated with changes in the structure of their cell membranes containing bilayer lipids. [40]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Light Light is one of the factors that affect the growth of bacteria. [41]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

In general, bacteria and other microorganisms can live well on normal light exposure. [41]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

However, exposure to light with a high intensity of ultraviolet (UV) light can be fatal to bacterial growth. [41]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

The technique of using UV rays, x-rays, and gamma rays to sterilize an environment from bacteria and other microorganisms is known as irradiation techniques that began to develop since the early 20th century. [6] [41].


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

This method has been widely applied for various purposes, especially in food sterilization to increase shelf life and durability. [6]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Some examples of pathogenic bacteria capable of being inhibited or eliminated include Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and Salmonella. [6]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Radiation radiation at certain forces can cause abnormalities and can even be letal to living things, especially bacteria. [42]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

For example in humans, radiation can cause acute liver disease, cataracts, hypertension, and even cancer. [42]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

However, there are certain groups of bacteria that are able to survive very high radiation exposure, even hundreds of times greater than human resistance to radiation, namely the Deinococcaceae group. [43]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

For comparison, humans in general cannot survive radiation exposure of more than 10 Gray (Gy, 1 Gy = 100 rad), while bacteria belonging to this group can survive up to 5,000 Gy. [43] [44] In general, exposure to radiation energy can lead to gene mutations and breakups DNA chain. [45]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

When it occurs at a high intensity, bacteria may experience death. [45]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Deinococcus radiodurans has the ability to defend against such genetic material destruction mechanisms through adaptation systems and the presence of highly efficient DNA chain repair processes. [45]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Role of the environment The diversity of bacteria and their metabolic pathways cause bacteria to play a big role for the environment. [6]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

For example, saprophytic bacteria decompose dead plants or animals and the remains or feces of organisms. [6]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

The bacteria decompose proteins, carbohydrates and other organic compounds into CO2, ammoniacal gas, and other simpler compounds. [6]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Examples of saprophytic bacteria include Proteus and Clostridium. [6]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Not only do they act as decomposers of organic compounds, some groups of saprophytic bacteria are also opportunist pathogens. [6]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Other groups of bacteria play a role in the nitrogen cycle, such as nitrifying bacteria. [4]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Nitrifying bacteria are a group of bacteria capable of composing nitrate compounds from ammonia compounds that generally take place aerobically in the soil. [46]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

This group of bacteria is chemolyotrophic. [46]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Nitrification consists of two stages, namely nitritation (oxidation of ammonia (NH4) to nitrite (NO2-)) and nitratation (oxidation of nitrite compounds to nitrate (NO3)). [46]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

In agriculture, nitrification is very advantageous because it produces compounds required by plants that are nitrates. [46]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Once the nitrification reaction is completed, there will be a dinitrification process carried out by denitrification bacteria. [46]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Denitrification itself is an anaerobic reduction of nitrate compounds into free nitrogen (N2) which is more easily absorbed and metabolized by various living things. [4]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Examples of bacteria capable of this metabolism are Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Paracoccus denitrificans. [47]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

In addition, this reaction also produces nitrogen in other forms, such as dinitrogen oxide (N2O). [4]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Such compounds can not only play an important role for the life of various organisms, but also can play a role in the phenomenon of acid rain and ozone destruction. [4]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

The compound N2O will be oxidized to compound NO and further react with ozone (O3) forming NO2- which will return to earth in the form of acid rain (HNO2). [4]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

In agriculture, there is a group of bacteria that are able to symbiosis with plant roots or live freely in the soil to help soil fertilization. [6]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

This group of bacteria is known by the term nitrogen-binding bacteria or for short nitrogen bacteria.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Nitrogen bacteria are a group of bacteria capable of binding nitrogen (N2-) freely in air and reducing it to ammonia compounds (NH4) and nitrate ions (NO3-) by the aid of the enzyme nitrogenase. [48] [49] This group of bacteria usually symbioses with legume plants and pods to form a symbiosis of mutualism in the form of nodules or root nodules to bind free nitrogen in the air which is generally not directly usable by most organisms. [4] [49] In general, this group of bacteria is known as rhizobia, including the genus of bacteria Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Photorhizobium, and Sinorhizobium. [4]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

An example of nitrogen bacteria living in symbiosis with leguminous plants is Rhizobium leguminosarum, which live in the roots forming nodules or root nodules. [4]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Food field There are several groups of bacteria capable of fermentation process and this has been widely applied to the processing of sharing types of food. [6]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Fermented foods in general will have a longer shelf life, can also enhance or even impart new and unique flavors to the food. [6]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Some fermented foods and microorganisms that play a role: No.Product name or foodRaw IngredientsBacteria role1.Yoghurtsulactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus Thermophilus2.mentegasusuStreptococcus lactis3.TerasiikanLactobacillus sp.4. Sauerkraut fruitsLactobacillus sp.5.sausagepediococcus cerevisiae6.kefirsusulactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus lactis Some species of decomposing bacteria and pathogens can grow in food. [50]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

This group of bacteria is able to metabolize various components in food and then produce toxic side metabolites. [50]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Clostridium botulinum, producing botulinin toxin, is often found in canned foods and now the compound is used as a botox base. [50]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Some examples of food-destroying bacteria: Burkholderia gladioli (sin.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Pseudomonas cocovenenans), producing bongkrek acid, contained in tempeh bongkrek [51] Leuconostoc mesenteroides, the cause of food removal, decreased pH, and gas formation. [52]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Bacteria can also cause disease in plants.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the bacteria that causes wilt in tomato plants.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Stricken plants showing symptoms of sudden wilting can even cause death. [53]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

One of the diseases that affects orchid plants is soft rot rot caused by the bacterium Erwinia carotovora.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

In the development of its pathogen, the symptoms caused will quickly expand and can turn off the growing point of the plant. [54]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Swings et al. 1990) is a plant pathogenic bacterium that causes leaf blight in rice, also known as crackle disease. [55]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Bright blight of stem bases in soybean plants by Sclerotium rolsfii can lead to low production of soybeans.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

The disease is often found in soybean crops both dry land, rain cisterns and tides with an attack intensity of 5— 55%.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Attack rates of more than 5% in the field can already be economically detrimental. [56]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) causes fusarium wilt in banana plants.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

The infection will interfere with the process of absorption, transport of water and food substances in the soil, so that the plants become withered and eventually die. [57]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Health field Not only in the field of environment and food, bacteria can also provide benefits in the field of health.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Antibiotics are substances produced by microorganisms and have an inhibition against the activities of other microorganisms and these compounds are widely used in curing a disease. [6]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Some bacteria that produce antibiotics are: Streptomyces griseus, produces antibiotic streptomycin [4] Streptomyces aureofaciens, produces antibiotic tetracycline [4] Streptomyces venezuelae, produces antibiotic chloramphenicol [4] Penicillium, produces antibiotic penicillin [6] Bacillus polymyxa, produces the antibiotic polymixin. [6]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Regardless of their role in producing antibiotics, many types of bacteria are precisely pathogenic. [58]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

In humans, some types of bacteria that are often the causative agents of the disease are Salmonella enterica subspecies I serovar Typhi which causes typhus disease, Mycobacterium tuberculosis which causes tuberculosis disease, and Clostridium tetani which causes tetanus disease. [58] [59] Pathogenic bacteria can also attack farm animals, such as Brucella abortus which causes brucellosis in cattle and Bacillus anthracis which causes anthrax. [60]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

For infections of commonly known plants are Xanthomonas oryzae which attack the shoots of rice stems and amylovorous Erwinia which causes rot in fruits. [61]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Decomposition The process of degradation of the bodies of living beings is carried out by many organisms, one of which is bacteria.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Some types of bacteria, especially heterotrophic bacteria, are able to degrade organic compounds and use them to support their growth. [62]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

This decomposition process is aided by several types of enzymes to break down macromolecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, to break down into simpler compounds.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

For example, protease enzymes are used to break down proteins into simpler compounds, such as amino acids. [62]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

This decomposition process also plays a role in the return of elements, especially carbon and nitrogen, to nature to enter into the cycle again. [63]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

The decomposition of the bodies of living beings begins by bacteria that live in the human body, starting from muscle tissues. [63]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

This process is accelerated when the body has been buried.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

The first reaction in this decomposition is the hydrolysis of proteins by proteases forming amino acids. [63]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Next, amino acids will be converted into acetic acid, hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas, and carbon dioxide so that the environmental pH will drop to 4-5. [63]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

This reaction is carried out by acetogen bacteria.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

In the final stage, all such compounds are converted into methane gas by methanogens. [63]


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Gram-positive and negative bacteria In the administration of antibiotics should be known the type of bacteria whether gram-positive or negative.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Below is a list of such bacteria: Actinomyces (Gram +) Bacillus (Gram +) Clostridium (Gram +) Corynebacterium (Gram +) Enterococcus (Gram +) Gardnerella (Gram +) Lactobacillus (Gram +) Listeria (Gram +) Mycobacterium (Gram +) Mycoplasma (Gram +) Nocardia (Gram +)) Propionibacterium (Gram+ ) Staphylococcus (Gram+) Streptococcus (Gram+) Streptomyces (Gram +) Acetobacter (gram -) Borrelia (gram -) Bortadella (gram -) Burkholderia (gram -) Campylobacter (gram -) Chlamydia (gram -) Enterobacter (gram -) Fusocherhia (gram) Bacterium (gram -) Helicobacter (gram -) Hemophilus (gram - ) Klebsiella (gram -) Legionella (gram -) Leptospiria (gram -) Neisseria (gram -) Nitrobacter (gram -) Proteus (gram -) Pseudomonas (gram -) Rickettsia (gram -) Salmonella (gram -) Serratia (gram -) Shigella (gram -) Thiobacter (gram -) Treponema (gram -) Vibrio (gram -) Yersinia (gram -) Reference Further reading Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) (in English) CS1 maint: extra text (link) CS1 maint: extra text (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Links outside, an extensive wiki about and — list of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature of bacteria swimming and tumbling, use of optical tweezers and other videos. by Stephen Jay Gould, a Bioinformatics Resource Center for bacterial pathogens, funded by — A web-app that uses several simple algorithms to simulate bacterial chemotaxis. on-line lecture by Bonnie Bassler, and, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Bacteria

Summarized in:, LiveScience and BusinessInsider Category:Bacteriology Category:Prokaryotes


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

Koes Plus is an Indonesian music group formed in 1969 as a continuation of the group Koes Bersaudara.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

The famous musical group in the decade of the 1970s is often considered the pioneer of pop and rock 'n roll music in Indonesia.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

Until now, this music group sometimes still performs on music performances performing their old songs, although only live Yon active.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

Their songs are widely performed by other musicians with new arrangements.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

For example, Lex's Trio made an album that specifically re-sang the songs Koes Plus, Cinta Tamu T'lah Passed, sung by Chrisye, and Sweet and Sayang performed by Kahitna.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

Koes Brothers 1960 -1963 group member John Koeswoyo - (Koesdjono): Upright Bass Tonny Koeswoyo - (Koestono): Lead Guitar Yon Koeswoyo - (Koesjono): Vocals, Rhythm Guitar Yok Koeswoyo - (Koesrojo): Vocals, Bass Guitar Nomo Koeswoyo - (Koesnomo) Brothers 1963 - 1968, 1977, 1986 - 1987 Tonny Koeswoyo: Lead Guitar, Yon Koeswoyo vocals: Rhythm Guitar, Yok Koeswoyo vocals: Bass Guitar, Nomo Koeswoyo Vocals: Drums, Vocal Koes Plus 1968 - 1969 Tonny Koeswoyo: Lead Guitar, Keyboards, Yon Koeswoyo vocals: Rhythm Guitar, Totok Adji Rahman vocals: Bass Guitar, (Special Album I - Deg Deg) Murry - (Kasmurry): Drums, Vocal Koes Plus 1969 - 1987 Tonny Koeswoyo: Lead Guitar, Keyboards, Yon Koeswoyo vocals: Rhythm Guitar, Yok Koeswoyo vocals: Bass Guitar, Murry Vocals - (Kasmurry): Drums, Vocal Koes Plus 1989 - 1991 Yon Koeswoyo: Rhythm Guitar, Yok Koeswoyo vocals Murry - (Kasmurry): Drums, Vocal Koes Plus 1991 Yon Koeswoyo: Rhythm Guitar, Yok Koeswoyo vocals: Bass Guitar, Murry Vocals - (Kasmurry): Drums, Angga Koeswoyo Vocals: Guitar Koeswoyo: Guitar Koeswoyo: Lead Guitar, Keyboard Jelly Tobing: Drum Koes Plus 1993 Yon Koeswoyo: Rhythm Guitar, Yok Koeswoyo vocals: Bass Guitar, Murry Vocals - (Kasmurry): Drums, Eternal Soesman Vocals: Lead Guitar, Keyboard Koes Plus 1994 (Album “You Don't Regret”) Yon Koeswoyo: Rhythm Guitar, Yok Koeswoyo vocals: Bass Guitar, Murry Vocals - Kasmurry): Drums, Damon Koeswoyo Vocals: Lead Guitar Bambang Tondo: Keyboards (Photos Not Shown) Koes Plus 1994 - 1996 Yon Koeswoyo: Rhythm Guitar, Yok Koeswoyo vocals: Bass Guitar, Murry Vocals - (Kasmurry): Drums, Najib Usman Vocals: Lead Guitar, Keyboard Koes Plus 1996 Yon Koeswoyo: Rhythm Guitar, Hans vocals “B-Flat”: Bass Guitar, Backing Vocals Murry - (Kasmurry): Drums, Najib Usman Vocals: Lead Guitar, Keyboard Koes Plus 1997 Yon Koeswoyo: Rhythm Guitar, Yok Koeswoyo vocals: Bass Guitar, Deddy Dores Vocals: Lead Guitar Koes Plus 1997 Yon Koeswoyo: Rhythm Guitar, Murry vocals - ( Kasmurry): Drums, Bambang Tondo Vocals: Lead Guitar, Jack Kashbie Keyboards: Bass, Vocals Koes Plus 1998 - 2004 Yon Koeswoyo: Rhythm Guitar, Murry vocals - (Kasmurry): Drums, Andolin Sibuee Vocals: Lead Guitar, Jack Kashbie Keyboards: Bass, Vocal Koes Plus 2004 - 2018 Yon Koeswoyo: Rhythm Guitar, Danang Vocals: Lead Guitar, Keyboards, Sony Vocals: Bass, Backing Vocals Seno: Drum Career Journey The group was formed in 1969, as a continuation of the group “Koes Brothers”.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

The group originated from Sendangharjo Village, Tuban, East Java, is an alumnus of SMK Negeri 1 Tuban and ultimately became a pioneer of pop and rock 'n roll music, even once imprisoned for its music which is considered to represent capitalist political flow.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

At that time it was fierce anti-capitalist movement in Indonesia.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

Old Order Era On Thursday July 1, 1965, a army of soldiers from the Supreme Operations Command (KOTI) captured the brothers Tony, Yon, and Yok Koeswoyo and locked them up in Glodok prison, then Nomo Koeswoyo on his own consciousness, came following, it should be noted Nomo Koeswoyo was very happy ventured into many areas.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

Alm Tony Koeswoyo's sister apparently chose “manganese ora manganese gatherings” rather than split from her beloved brothers.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

As for their fault was for always playing the song - the song The Beatles thought to be poisoning the psyche of the younger generation at the time.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

An accusation without legal basis and inclined to exist, they are considered to play music “ngak ngek ngok” term of the then ruling government, music that tends to pro western imperialism.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

From prison actually produced songs that until now remain thrilling, “Inside Bui”, “make me your sheep”, “to the so called the guilties”, and “room ballad 15". September 29, 1965, the day before the eruption of G 30 S-PKI, they were released for no apparent reason.later The event passed, Koes Brothers who are still alive and stepping old age testimonials in front of viewers of the talk show KICK ANDY (Metro TV) in late 2008 that behind their arrest was actually the Soekarno government assigned them in a Counter Intellejen operation to supported the Malaysian Ganyang movement.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

From Koes Bersaudara to Koes Plus From this group Koes Bersaudara were born very popular songs such as “Bis Sekolah”, “Di Dalam Bui”, “Telaga Silyi”, “Lagu Myself” and many more.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

Koesnomo (Nomo), in addition to music also has a side job while Tonny wants totality in music that makes Nomo have to choose: stay in music with the Koes Brothers or go out.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

Nomo chooses the latter option and is followed by his younger brother Koesroyo (Yok).


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

With the exit of two members of Koes Brothers namely Koesnomo (Nomo) and Koesroyo (Yok), Koes Brothers was over.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

Tonny, who continues to want music to play two musicians each by Kasmuri (Murry) and Totok AR, the bass player of Philon group.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

The band goes by the name Koes Plus, meaning plus two people outside the Koeswoyo dynasty: Totok A.R and Murry.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

The songs of Koes Bersaudara more accentuate vocal harmonization (such as the songs “Telaga Silyi”, “Dewi Rindu” or “Bis Sekolah”) than the songs of Koes Plus.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

The group Koes Plus was motorised by the late Tonny Koeswoyo (the oldest member of the musical group Koeswoyo).


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

Koes Plus and Koes Bersaudara should be noted as pioneers of pop music in Indonesia.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

It's hard to imagine our pop music history without the presence of the Koes Brothers and Koes Plus.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

The tradition of performing songs of one's own creation is a tradition created by Koes Berbrothers.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

Later this tradition continued Koes Plus with serial albums volumes 1, 2 onwards.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

Once formed, Koes Plus did not immediately receive sympathy from Indonesian music lovers.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

His first album LPs were briefly rejected by several cassette stores.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

They even laughed at the actual groovy song “Bats”.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

Then Murry had time to go to Jember while handing out his album LPs for free to his friends.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

He worked in a sugar factory and gentlemen in the band with Gombloh in the musical group Lemon Trees.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

Tonny who then overtakes Murry to be invited back to Jakarta.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

Only after the song “Bats” played on RRI people then rummaged around for Koes Plus's first album.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

Some time later through the songs “Sugeri”, “Kembang ke Jakarta”, “Tonight Ini”, “Bunga di Tebang Jalan” to the song “Cinta Buta”, Koes Plus dominated Indonesian music at that time.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

The Qibla of Indonesian Pop Music With the demands of record company producers, then other groups that “sesek” such as Favourites, Panbers, Mercy's, D'Lloyd make Koes Plus as a “mecca”, so these groups always mimic what Koes Plus does, making albums in outside Indonesian pop, such as malay pop and java pop became the trend of other groups after Koes Plus started it.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

“Had this group been born in the UK or the US instead it was unlikely it would have shifted the popularity of the Beatles” “Songs of the Archipelago I” (Volume 5), “Oh Kasihku” (Volume 6), “Mari-Mari” (Volume 7), “Diana” and “Milk Pond” (Volume 8) rejuvenated the pop music of the time.


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

The peak of Koes Plus's glory occurred when they issued the album Volume 9 with the critically acclaimed song “Muda-Mudi” (which Koeswoyo, the father of Tonny, Yon and Yok created).


Question: When was the Koes Brothers group formed?

Koes Plus

Followed songs “Bachelor” and “Sometime” from volume 10.