Question: What was the first book written by Martin Luther?

Martin Luther

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Question: What was the first book written by Martin Luther?

Martin Luther

Schalk, Carl F. (1988).


Question: What was the first book written by Martin Luther?

Martin Luther

Luther on Music: Paradigms of Praise.


Question: What was the first book written by Martin Luther?

Martin Luther

Saint Louis, Mo.: Concordia Publishing House.


Question: What was the first book written by Martin Luther?

Martin Luther

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Martin Luther

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Martin Luther

Stang, William (1883).


Question: What was the first book written by Martin Luther?

Martin Luther

The Life of Martin Luther.


Question: What was the first book written by Martin Luther?

Martin Luther

Eighth ed.


Question: What was the first book written by Martin Luther?

Martin Luther

New York: Pustet & Co. N.B.:


Question: What was the first book written by Martin Luther?

Martin Luther

This is a work of Roman Catholic polemical nature.


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Martin Luther

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Martin Luther

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Martin Luther

Warren Washburn Florer, Ph.D (1912, 2012)., George Wahr, The Ann Arbor Press, Ann Arbor, Mich. Reprint 2012: Nabu Press, ISBN1278818197 ISBN9781278818191 External link Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What was the first book written by Martin Luther?

Martin Luther

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Martin Luther

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Martin Luther

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Martin Luther

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Martin Luther

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Martin Luther

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Martin Luther

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Martin Luther

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Martin Luther

Manuscript of Luther's first lecture as Professor of Theology at the University of Wittenberg, digital version at the Saxon State and University Library, Dresden (SLUB) Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


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Martin Luther

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Martin Luther Collection: Early works attributed to Martin Luther, (285 titles).


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Category:Bible Translators Category:Protestanism Category:German Christian Figures Category:German Theologi


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Yang Longyan () (897 — June 17, 920), né Yang Ying (), also known as Yang Wei (), honorific name Hongyuan (), formally King Xuan Wu (王), later the posthumous name of Emperor Xuan Wu () with the temple name Gaozu (高), was a Chinese king during the Five Dynasties period and Kingdom of Wu state (also known as Hongnong).


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

He became a ruler and carried the title of Prince of Hongnong after the assassination of his brother Yang Wo in 908, but throughout his regime, the governance of the Hongnong/Wu state was under the effective control of the ruler's guardian Xu Wen.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Yang Longyan's background was born in 897, during the reign of Tang Emperor Zhaozong; he was the second son of Yang Xingmi, who, at the time of his birth, was a major warlord as the military governor (Jiedushi) of Huainan Circuit (州, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). [7]


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

His mother was Yang Xingmi's concubine, Lady Shi, who was also his mother, Yang Wo.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

(Yang Longyan's four brothers were all apparently born to different mothers; Yang Pu was known to be born to Lady Wang, while the mother of the other three brothers was lost to history.) [8] After Yang Xingmi's death in 905, Yang Wo inherited his domains and carried the title of Prince Hongnong. [9]


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

In 908, Yang Wo - whose Hongnong state was effectively an independent state after rival warlord Zhu Quanzhong had usurped the Tang throne in 907 and established the new Late Liang as Emperor Taizu but its legitimacy that Yang Wo and several commander-in-chief Other regional wars refused to acknowledge— killed by officers Zhang Hao and Xu Wen.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

After Yang Wo's death, Zhang positioned himself officially, but was urged not to by the official Yan Keqiu, who then wrote and issued orders on behalf of Yang Lie's mother and Yang Longyan, Lady Shi's widow who named Yang Longyan the military actions of the governor of Hongnong.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Shortly after, Xu killed Zhang and took over the leadership of the ruler's guardians himself, convincing the alarmed Widow Lady, Shi (州, who asked to surrender the seat of power to Xu herself and had the Yang family go home to their ancestral home in Lu Prefecture (州, modern Hefei, Anhui)) that he had no intention of seizing power.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

In fact, the order of the domain was in Xu's hands.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Afterwards, the Wu officials met with Li Yan, the official representative whom Emperor Zhaozong sent to Huainan, and Li, on behalf of the Tang emperor, made Yang Longyan the full military governor of Huainan, the supreme commander of the southeastern circuit, the Prince of Hongnong, and the honorary chancellor (中書門下平), Tong Honghe Menxia Pingzhangshi).


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

As Prince of Hongnong After he ascended the throne, Yang Longyan sent the officer Wan Quangan () to secretly go through hostile territory (i.e., Late Liang) to notify the ascendancy of his nominal tallies Jin and Qi (both of whom also refused to recognize the Late Liang). [10]


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

In 909, Wei Quanfeng, who controlled the territory of Fu Prefecture (州, modern Fuzhou, Jiangxi) rose to challenge Hongnong's control of Zhennan Circuit (南, headquartered in modern Nanchang, Jiangxi).


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

After the Hongnong general Zhou Ben defeated, captured, and surrendered Wei to Hongnong's capital, Guangling (), Yang Longyan relieved Wei on the grounds he had aided Yang Xingmi in one of his campaigns and also gave Wei many gifts.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

In spring 910, Wan returned from his mission to Jin and Qi.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

He also announced that Li Maozhen the Prince of Qi, under the authority of the Tang emperor, bestowed upon him the greater honorary title of Zhongshu Ling (中書門下) and gave him authority to inherit the Yang Xingmi title from the Prince of Wu.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Yang Longyan accepted the title and issued a general pardon.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

As Prince of Wu Xu Wen continued to maintain control of Wu's government.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

This led to resentment by a number of Wu's senior generals - Liu Wei (王) the military governor of Zhennan Circuit, Tao Ya () the governor of () the governor of She Prefecture (州, modern Huangshan, Anhui), and Li Yu (李) the governor of Xuan Prefecture (州, modern Xuancheng, Anhui), and the prefect Li Jian (李) Prefecture (李), and the prefect Li Jian (李), and the prefect Li Jian (李) Chang (州, modern Changzhou, Jiangsu) — each had greater accomplishments and had a higher notch in the army than Xu did when Yang Xingmi was alive.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Li Yu was very displeased, often stating, “Who is this Xu Wen?


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

I don't even remember his face, and now he rules the country!”


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

On one occasion when Xu Jie's officers were on a diplomatic mission to neighboring Wuyue, Xu Wen had Xu Jie stop by Xuan Prefecture to try to persuade Li Yu into showing surrender by going to Guangling to pay homage to Yang Longyan.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Li Yu initially agreed, but Xu Jie inadvertently stated, “If you, Master, don't do it, people will say that you committed treason.”


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Li Yu angrily replied, “You, master, say that I, Li Yu, is a traitor.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Is it not more betraying to kill Shizhong [(i.e., Yang Wo)]?”


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

When Xu Wen heard this, he became enraged and sent the general Chai Zaiyong (), with Xu Wen's adopted son, Xu Zhigao serving as Chai's deputy, to attack Li Yu at Xuan.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Initially Li Yu was able to withstand Chai's attack, but Xu Wen put Li Yu's youngest son, who was serving as an officer at Huainan headquarters, arrested, and exhibited him in the army.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Xu Wen then sent the official He Rao (), to, in Yang Longyan's name, stating to Li Yu: “If you, Lord, plan to rebel, please execute He Rao to show yourself.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Otherwise, follow him out of the city.”


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Li Yu surrendered.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Xu Wen ordered Chai kill Li Yu and slaughter his household, and it was said that after these events, all the generals were afraid of Xu and did not dare to fight him further. [11]


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Meanwhile, Liu was also under suspicion, and Xu Wen considered attacking him.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Liu, knowing this, followed his guest Huang Na's advice and went to Guangling to salute Yang Longyan.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Tao, hearing of Li Yu's death, also became fearful and therefore arrived with Liu.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Xu Wen showed the two very respect, acting as if they were Yang Xingmi, and also gave them additional rewards.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Afterwards, Xu Wen, Liu, and Tao went to meet with Li Yan and asked Li Yan to, under the name Emperor Zhaozong, formally grant Yang Longyan the titles of Taishi (太) and Prince of Wu (apparently about Li Maozhen's devotion to being not formal enough).


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Xu Wen also treated Yang Longyan respectfully.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

However, things changed in 915, when Xu Wen, who was then carrying the titles of military governor of Zhenhai Circuit (海, headquartered in Run Prefecture (州) in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) and Duke of Qi, left Guangling and established it headquarters at Run Prefecture.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

He left his eldest biological son, Xu Zhixun as the commander in Guangling as the guardian of the junior ruler, with Xu Wen himself ruling only over the most important matters. [12]


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

As the guardian of the junior ruler, Xu Zhixun became arrogant, alienating the officials and officers of Wu.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

He didn't even respect Yang Longyan, who was officially his sovereign.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

For example, once he played with himself playing the character of an army officer and with Yang Longyan playing the character of a servant, following him harshly.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

He also once fired a catapult at Yang Longyan when they were both on a river cruise.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

On another occasion, when the two of them were watching flowers in Chanzhi Temple (寺), Xu Zhixun got drunk and became very insulting to Yang Longyan, so the prince became scared and began to cry.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

The prince's servants immediately put him in a boat and left the scene.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Xu Zhixun tried to catch up, and when he couldn't catch up with Yang Longyan, he killed several Yang Longyan people.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Once, when Xu Zhixun heard that Li Decheng had many singing girls in his household, he sent a request to Li that the singer girls would be given to him.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

When Li replied that these singers' girls were too old for Xu and that he would try to find younger and prettier ones for Xu, Xu responded to Li's messenger, “One day I will kill Li Decheng and take even his wife!”


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

However, this unlawful act was reportedly not reported to Xu Wen because the staff members feared the consequences of reporting.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

In 916, Wu's officers Ma Qian (馬) and Li Qiu (李) tried to start a coup against Xu Zhixun.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

They captured Yang Longyan and climbed the tower, ordering the soldiers to attack Xu Zhixun.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Xu Zhixun was about to flee, when the official Yan Keqiu advised him not to, arguing that his escape would cause great panic.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Soon, a relief force launched by Xu Wen of Run Prefecture, commanded by the general Zhu Jin, arrived.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

When Zhu called the rebel army to surrender, they panicked and fled.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Ma and Li were captured and executed.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

In or around 917, there was an occasion when Yang Longyan sent an emissary to Emperor Taizu of Liao, the newly established Khitan Kingdom.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Envoy Yang sent, as a gift, a type of oil which, according to historical records, would make the fire lit using it immune to water.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

The Khitan Emperor was pleased with the gift and immediately considered attacking Jin Prefecture, You (州, modern Beijing), using oil, but was dissuaded by his wife, Empress Shulü Ping.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

In 917, the former vasal of Late Liang, Liu Yan the military governor of Qinghai Circuit (清海, headquartered in modern Guangzhou, Guangdong) declared himself emperor of the new state of Yue (would soon be renamed to Han and hence known as Southern Han in traditional tradition).


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

He sent emissaries to Yang to announce his actions and also to urge Yang to also sue for imperial titles.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Which does not react to this suggestion.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

By 918, Xu Zhixun had also exiled Zhu Jin.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

On one occasion, Xu tried to rape one of Zhu's servant girls.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Furthermore, Zhu, as senior general, at the time carried the high post of deputy supreme commander of the southeastern circuit (with Yang himself carrying the title of commander-in-chief) and therefore formally carried a higher notch than Xu.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Xu was unhappy with this and therefore decided to send Zhu out of the capital.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

He therefore established Jinghuai Circuit () in Si Prefecture (州, in modern Huai'an) and made Zhu the military governor.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Zhu became hateful towards Xu Zhixun as well, but outwardly pretended to continue to respect Xu Zhixun.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

When Zhu (outwardly) prepared to leave Jiangdu, Xu Zhixun went to say goodbye to him.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Zhu threw a feast for him, offered him wine, had Zhu's favorite concubine come out to greet him and sing to him, and presented Zhu's favorite horse as a gift to him.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Zhu then invites him to the middle of Zhu's house, where Zhu's wife, Lady Tao comes out to greet him as well as a sign of respect.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Xu Zhixun was happy and took no further precautions, while Zhu already had his elite guards circling the hall.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

When Lady Tao bowed to Xu Zhixun and she bowed, Zhu hit her and, as she fell to the ground, Zhu's elite soldiers came in and cut off her head.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

After Zhu took the head and showed it to Xu Zhixun's army, they all fled.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Zhu then entered the palace and showed the head to Yang, stating, “I, your servant, have wronged Your Majesty.”


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

However, Yang, fearing the consequences, runs away and declares, “You, Uncle, take care of yourself!


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

I don't know anything about this. '


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

(Yang referred to Zhu as an uncle because Yang Xingmi's first wife, Lady Zhu had the same surname, although she was not related to Zhu Jin.)


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Shortly after, Zhu was cornered by an army under Xu Wen's colleague, Zhai Qian (), and committed suicide.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

After Xu Zhixun's death, Xu Wen initially suspected that many generals and officials were involved in Zhu's plans.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

He put Li Yan and his general Mi Zhicheng () to death and considered carrying out more executions.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

However, Xu Zhigao and Yan Keqiu convinced Xu Wen that Xu Zhixun brought disaster on himself with his inappropriate behavior, and Xu Wen's anger subsided.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Since all of his other biological sons were young, Xu Wen left Xu Zhigao serving in Guangling as the junior regent, replacing Xu Zhixun, while he himself returned to his base (which had been transferred to Sheng Prefecture (州, modern Nanjing, Jiangsu) by this point).


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

It was said that Xu Zhigao respected Yang and comforted the people and the officials.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Meanwhile, Xu Wen urged Yang to take the imperial title.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Yang refused, but in 919 assumed the greater title of King of Wu. [13]


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

He changed the Tang era name from Tianyou to the new era name Wuyi, which ultimately ended the subordinate's relationship with the defunct Tang Dynasty.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

He also established an imperial government, honoring his mother Lady Suri Shi as a queen widow, and created her brother and son Yang Jiming (), who would later be renamed dukes Yang Fen ()).


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

As King of Wu Also in 919, Xu Wen had a major victory against the invasion of Wuyue forces in Wuxi.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Xu then sent the Wuyue captives back to Wuyue and agreed to make peace with Wuyue, and it was said that Wu would not engage in war with Wuyue for about 20 years afterward.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Both Yang Longyan and Xu often wrote the prince of Wuyue, Qian Liu, who was at that time a subordinate to the Late Liang, to urge him to declare independence from the Late Liang, but Qian refused.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

It is said that over the years, Yang displayed a serious, generous, and respectful personality.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

He showed no displeasure at Xu and Xu's sons' having actual control of the state, and Xu did not suspect him of intending to seize power personally.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

However, it is said that after the declaration of an independent Wu state, which he himself did not want to see, he became depressed.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

He often drank and ate little, and thus became ill.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

In the summer of 920, he was close to death.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Xu Wen arrived from Run Prefecture to oversee the transition.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Some of Xu's followers urged that he take over the throne himself, but Xu himself reneged on such intentions, stating, “If I had any intention of doing so, I would do it when I killed Zhang Hao and would not wait until today.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Even if the Yangs are out of men, I will support a woman to take the throne.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Anyone who says anything else will be beheaded!”


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

However, while Yang Longyan's eldest brother was Yang Meng, Duke of Lujiang, Xu was often suspicious of Yang Meng's intentions if he ascended the throne because Yang Meng was known to have complained about Xu's lunge against power, and therefore decided to bypass Yang Meng.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Instead, he issued an order on behalf of Yang Longyan summoning his younger brother, Yang Pu, Duke of Danyang, to Guangling to formally serve as guardian, while transferring Yang Meng, who had been made the military prefect of Chu Prefecture (州, modern Huai'an, Jiangsu), to become military the prefect of Shu Prefecture (州, modern Anqing, Anhui).


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Yang Longyan died shortly after, and Yang Pu ascended the throne.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Personal information of Faatheranda Yang Xingmi Imother Queen Shi Son Yang Fen (), né Yang Jiming (), originally Duke of Luling, later Prince of Nanyang (created 928), later Duke of Nanyang in Southern Tang period Records and references History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 134.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 61.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms (十),.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Zizhi Tongjian, Vols. 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271.


Question: How long has Yang Longyan been king?

Yang Longyan

Category:Birth 897 Category:Death 920 Category:King of China


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Culture or culture comes from Sanskrit namely buddhayah, which is the plural form of buddhi (budia or reason) interpreted as things related to budi, and human reason.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Cultural understanding is a way of life that develops, and is shared by a group of people, and passed on from generation to generation. [1]


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Culture is formed from many intricate elements, including religious and political systems, customs, language, tools, clothing, buildings, and works of art. [1]


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Language, as is culture, is such an indispensable part of the human self that many people tend to consider it genetically inherited.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

When one seeks to communicate with culturally different people, and adjust their differences, prove that the culture is learned. [1]


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Culture is an overarching pattern of life.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Culture is complex, abstract, and broad.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Many aspects of culture also determine communicative behavior.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

These socio-cultural elements are scattered, and encompass many human social activities. [2]


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Some of the reasons why people have difficulty communicating with people from other cultures are seen in cultural definitions: Culture is an intricate device of values polarized by an image that contains views on its own idiosyncrasies.” That “pushy image” takes different forms in various cultures such as “rugged individualism” in America, “individual alignment with nature” in Japan and “collective adherence” in China.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Such a compelling cultural image equips its members with guidelines on proper behavior and establishes a world of meaning and logical value that its most unpretentious members can borrow to gain a sense of dignity and belonging to their lives.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Thus, it is culture that provides a coherent framework for organizing one's activities and allowing him to foresee the behavior of others.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The understanding of Cultural Culture is very closely related to the community.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Melville J. Herskovits and Bronislaw Malinowski suggest that everything contained in society is determined by the culture owned by the community itself.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The term for that opinion is Cultural-Determinism.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Herskovits viewed culture as something hereditary from one generation to another, which was later referred to as superorganic.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

According to Andreas Eppink, culture contains a whole sense of social value, social norms, science as well as the entire social structure, religious, etc., in addition to all intellectual, and artistic statements that are characteristic of a society.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

According to Edward Burnett Tylor, culture is a complex whole, which contains knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws, customs, and other abilities that one gets as a member of society.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

According to Selo Soemardjan, and Soelaiman Soemardi, culture is a means of the work, taste, and copyright of society.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

According to M. Selamet Riyadi, Culture is a form of love from our ancestors that was passed down to all their descendants. From the various definitions, a sense of culture is something that will affect the level of knowledge, and includes a system of ideas or ideas contained in the human mind, so that in everyday life, culture is abstract.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

While the embodiment of culture is objects created by humans as cultured beings, in the form of behavior, and objects of real nature, such as patterns of behavior, language, living equipment, social organization, religious, art, etc., all of which are intended for help people in living society.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

There are some expert opinions that suggest about the components or elements of culture, among others as follows: Melville J. Herskovits mentions culture has 4 basic elements, namely: technological tools of family economic system political power Bronislaw Malinowski said 4 The main elements of culture include: a system of social norms that allows cooperation between community members to adapt themselves to the surrounding nature of economic organization of tools, and institutions or officers for education (the family is the main educational institution) power organization (political) C. Kluckhohn suggests there are 7 elements of culture universally (universal categories of culture) namely: language knowledge system technology system, and art system equipment eye system living search religious system kinship system, and organization According to J. J. Hoenigman, cultural forms are distinguished into three: ideas, activities, and artifacts.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Idea (Ideal form) The ideal form of culture is a culture that is in the form of a collection of ideas, ideas, values, norms, regulations, and so on which are abstract that cannot be fingered or touched.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

This form of culture lies in the thinking of the citizens of the community.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

If the community expressed their idea in the form of writing, then the location of the ideal culture was in the garland, and the books of the works of the writers of the community.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Activity (action) activity is a form of culture as a patterned action of human beings in that society.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

This form is often also called a social system.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

This social system consists of human activities that interact with each other, enter into contact, and associate with other humans according to certain patterns based on behavioral customs.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Its nature is concrete, occurs in everyday life, and can be observed, and documented.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Artifact (work) Artifact is a form of physical culture in the form of the activities, deeds, and works of all human beings in society in the form of objects or things that can be fingered, seen, and documented.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Its nature is most concrete among the three forms of culture.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

In the reality of community life, among the forms of culture one cannot be separated from other cultural forms.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

For example: the ideal cultural form regulates, and gives direction to the actions (activities) and works (artifacts) of man.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Meanwhile, according to Koentjaraningrat, cultural forms are divided into cultural values, cultural systems, social systems, and physical culture.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Cultural Values This term, refers to the mention of cultural elements that are central to all other elements.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Cultural values are ideas that have been learned by citizens from an early age, so it is difficult to change.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

It is this idea that then results in various objects created by man based on his values, thoughts, and behaviors.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Cultural System In this form, culture is abstract so that it can only be known and understood.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Culture in this form is also patterned and based on certain systems.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Social Systems Social systems are patterns of human behavior that describe the form of human behavior that is carried out based on the system.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Culture in this form is concrete so that it can be perpetuated.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Physical Culture This physical culture is the largest manifestation and is also concrete.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

For example, magnificent buildings such as Borobudur temple, moving objects such as tank ships, computers, plates, glasses, buttons, etc. Components Based on the form, culture has several elements or components, according to anthropologist Cateora, namely: Material culture Material culture refers to all real, concrete, creations of society.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Included in this material culture are findings resulting from an archaeological excavation: clay bowls, jewelry, weapons, and so on.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Material culture also includes items, such as televisions, airplanes, sports stadiums, clothing, skyscrapers, and washing machines.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Nonmaterial culture Nonmaterial culture is abstract creations passed on from generation to generation, such as fairy tales, folklore, and traditional songs or dances.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Social institutions Social and educational institutions provide many roles in the context of connecting and communicating in the nature of society.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The social system formed within a state will be the basis and concept that applies to the social order of society.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

For example in Indonesia in cities, and villages in some regions, women do not need high school let alone work in an institution or company.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

But in big cities it's upside down, it's natural for a woman to have a career.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Belief systems How a society develops, and builds a belief system or belief in something will affect the assessment system that exists in society.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

This belief system will affect habits, outlook on life, how to eat, up to how to communicate.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Aesthetics Relate to art and art, music, stories, fairy tales, wisdom, drama, and dance—dance, which prevails, and flourishes in society.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

As in Indonesia every society has its own aesthetic value.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

This aesthetic value needs to be understood in all roles so that the message to be conveyed can achieve the goal and be effective.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Suppose that in some region, and in nature, every building of any type should put yellow fetus, and fruits as symbols, where the symbol has different meanings in each region.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

But in a big city like Jakarta it is rare, perhaps, seen that its people use such means.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Language Language is an introductory tool in communicating, languages for each region, part, and country have very complex differences.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

In communication science language is an elusive component of communication.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Languages have unique and complex properties that only users of that language can understand.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

So the uniqueness, and complexity of this language must be learned, and understood so that communication is better and effective by obtaining the value of empathy and sympathy from others.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The Relationship Between Cultural Elements The components or main elements of culture include: Equipment and equipment (technology) Technology concerns the ways or techniques of producing, wearing, and maintaining all equipment, and equipment.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Technology arises in the ways humans organize society, in ways of expressing a sense of beauty, or in producing artistry results.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Small, sedentary communities or rural communities living from agriculture know the least eight kinds of traditional technologies (also called equipment systems and elements of physical culture), namely: weapons production tools containers shelter and housing transportation equipment Livelihood system The attention of scientists on this livelihood system is focused on traditional livelihood problems only, among them: Hunting and concocting Farming farming in the fields Catching fish Kinship system and Social organization Kinship systems are a very important part in the social structure.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Meyer Fortes suggests that the kinship system of a society can be used to describe the social structure of the society concerned.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Kinships are social units consisting of several families that have blood relations or marital relations.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Kinship members consist of father, mother, son, son-in-law, grandson, older brother, sister, uncle, aunt, grandfather, grandmother, and so on.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

In sociology-anthropological studies, there are several kinds of kinship groups from relatively small to large numbers such as ambilineal families, clans, fatri, and paroh communities.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

In the general public we also know other kinship groups such as core families, extended families, bilateral families, and unilateral families.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Meanwhile, social organizations are social associations formed by communities, both legal and non-legal, which serve as a means of community participation in the development of the nation, and the state.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

As beings who always live together, humans form social organizations to achieve certain goals that they cannot achieve on their own.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Language Language is a tool or cultural embodiment that humans use to communicate with each other or relate, whether through writing, oral, or gestures (sign language), with the purpose of conveying heart intent or will to the interlocutor or others.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Through language, man can adapt himself to the customs, manners, manners of society, and at the same time easily blend himself with all forms of society.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Languages have several functions that can be divided into general functions, and special functions.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The general function of language is as a tool for expression, communication, and a tool for social integration and adaptation.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

While the function of language is specifically to hold relationships in everyday promiscuity, to realize art (literature), study ancient texts, and to exploit science and technology.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Art Art refers to the value of beauty (aesthetic) derived from the expression of human desire for beauty enjoyed with eyes or ears.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

As a creature with a high taste, humans produce various shades of art ranging from simple to embodiment of complex art.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Belief Systems There are times when human knowledge, understanding, and physical endurance in mastering, and uncovering the secrets of nature are very limited.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Simultaneously, there is a belief in the existence of the supreme ruler of this universe system, who also controls man as one part of the universe.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

In connection with that, either individually or living in society, man cannot be released from religion or belief system to the master of the universe.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Religion, and other belief systems are often integrated with culture.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Religion (English: Religion, based on Latin religare, meaning “tether”), is an important cultural element in the history of mankind.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion defines Religion as follows:... an institution with a recognized and ordinary membership gathered together to worship, and received a package of doctrines offering things related to the attitude to be taken by individuals to obtain true happiness. [3]


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Religion usually has a principle, such as “10 Words” in Christianity or “5 pillars of Islam” in Islam.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Sometimes religion is involved in a system of government, as for example in a system of theocracy.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Religion also influences art.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The three major religions, Jews, Christians, and Islam, are often grouped as the Samawi religion [4] or the Abrahamic religion. [5]


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The three religions share a number of traditions in common but also fundamental differences in the core of their teachings.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

All three have given great influence in human culture in various parts of the world.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Jewishness is one of the religions, which otherwise referred to as the first, is a monotheistic religion and one of the oldest religions that still exists today.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

There are values, and the history of the Jewish people that are also referenced in other Abrahamic religions, such as Christianity and Islam.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Today the Jewish people number more than 13 million inhabitants. [6]


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Christianity (Protestantism and Catholicism) is a religion that changed the face of European culture in the last 1,700 years.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The thought of modern philosophers was much affected by Christian philosophers such as St. Thomas Aquinas and Erasmus.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Currently, there are estimated to be between 1.5 to 2.1 billion Christians worldwide. [7]


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Islam has values, and religious norms that affect the cultures of the Middle East, North Africa and parts of Southeast Asia.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

There are currently more than 1.6 billion Muslims in the world. [8]


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Religions and philosophies of the East Religion, and philosophies are often intertwined with each other in Asian culture.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Religion, and philosophy in Asia mostly originated in India, and China, and spread along the Asian continent through cultural diffusion, and migration.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Hinduism is the source of Buddhism, a branch of Mahāyāna that spread along northern, and eastern India to Tibet, China, Mongolia, Japan, and Korea, and southern China to Vietnam.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Theravāda Buddhism spread around Southeast Asia, including Sri Lanka, northwestern parts of China, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Hinduism from India, teaches the importance of nonmatter elements while another Indian thought, Carvaka, emphasizes seeking enjoyment in the world.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Conghucu, and Taoism, two philosophies that originated in China, influenced both religion, art, politics, and philosophy traditions throughout Asia.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

In the 20th century, in both of the most densely populated countries of Asia, two streams of political philosophy were created.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Mahatma Gandhi gave a new sense of Ahimsa, the core of Hindu as well as Jaina beliefs, and provided a new definition of the concepts of antiviolence, and antiwar.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

In the same period, Mao Zedong's philosophy of communism became a very strong secular belief system in China.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Traditional religions Traditional religions, or sometimes referred to as “ancestor religions”, are professed by some inland tribes in Asia, Africa, and the Americas.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The influence is quite large; perhaps it can be considered to have absorbed into culture or even into a state religion, such as Shinto religion.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Like most other religions, traditional religions address human spiritual needs for heart in times of trouble, disasters, disasters, and provide rituals aimed at human happiness itself.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The “American Dream” American Dream, or “American dream” in Indonesian, is a belief, believed by many in the United States.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

They believe, through hard work, sacrifice, and unanimity of determination, without caring about social status, one can earn a better life. [9]


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

This notion has its roots in a belief that the United States is a “city upon a hill” (or city upon a hill”), “a light for nations” (“a light unto the nations”), [10] that has value, and wealth that has existed since the arrival of European explorers to generations next.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Religious marriage often affects marriage, and sexual behavior.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Most Christian churches grant blessing to married couples; churches usually include the occasion of pronunciation of the wedding pledge in the presence of guests, as proof that the community accepted their marriage.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Christians also see a connection between Jesus Christ and his church.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The Roman Catholic Church believes that a divorce is a despicable deed caused by the egoistic attitudes of their respective individuals.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Reasons for divorce are generally diverse ranging from infidelity, incompatible nature, abusive treatment of spouses, fundamentals that are not in line which in the view of the Roman Catholic Church is a far-fetched reason.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The Roman Catholic Church based on the teachings of Jesus Christ supposes that a person who is bound in the intitution of marriage doing divorce is part of the form of indulgence to God, and the people.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Based on this thought, a divorced person cannot be remarried in the church unless divorced because one of his partners has been called before God.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

While the Islamic religion views marriage as an obligation.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Islam advocates not doing divorces, but allowing them.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

System of science and knowledge In simple terms, knowledge is everything that man knows about objects, properties, circumstances, and expectations.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Knowledge is owned by all the tribes of the world.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

They acquire knowledge through experience, intuition, revelation, and thinking according to logic, or empirical experiments (trial and error).


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Such knowledge systems are grouped into: knowledge of nature knowledge of the surrounding plants and animals knowledge of the human body, knowledge of nature, and mannerisms of fellow human beings knowledge of space and time Socio-cultural changes Socio-cultural change is a symptom of changing social structures, and cultural patterns in a society.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Sociocultural change is a common symptom that occurs throughout the lifetime in any society.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The change happens according to the nature, and the basic nature of man who always wants to make change.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Hirschman says that human boredom is actually the cause of the change.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

There are three factors that can influence social change: work pressures in society the effectiveness of communication of changes in the natural environment. [11]


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Cultural changes can also arise as a result of changes in society's environment, new discoveries, and contact with other cultures.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

For example, the end of the ice age led to the discovery of agricultural systems, and then provoke other new innovations in culture.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Cultural penetration What is meant by the penetration of culture is the inclusion of the influence of a culture into other cultures.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Cultural penetration can occur in two ways: Peaceful penetration (pacifique penetration) The entry of a culture with a peaceful path.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

For example, the inclusion of cultural influences Kpop, Hollywood Movies, Bollywood Movies, and others to Indonesia.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Acceptance of this culture does not result in conflict, but enriches the cultural characteristics of the local people.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The influence of these two cultures does not result in the loss of the original elements of community culture. Peaceful spread of culture will result in Acculturation, Assimilation, or Synthesis.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Acculturation is the only two cultures so as to form a new culture without eliminating the elements of the original culture.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

For example, the form of Borobudur Temple building which is a blend of native Indonesian culture, and Indian culture.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Assimilation is the mixing of two cultures thus forming a new culture.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

While Synthesis is a mixture of two cultures that result in the formation of a new culture that is very different from the original culture.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Violent penetration (penetration violante) The entry of a culture by forcing, and destructive.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

For example, the entry of Western culture into Indonesia during the colonial era was accompanied by violence that caused shocks that damaged the balance in society.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The cultural form of the western world, among others, is the culture of the Netherlands that colonized for 350 years.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Dutch heritage culture is still inherent in Indonesia, among others, in the Indonesian system of government.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

A way of view of Culture as a civilization Today, most people understand the idea of “culture” developed in Europe in the 18th, and early 19th centuries.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

This notion of “culture” reflects on an imbalance between European power, and the power of the regions it colonizes.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

They consider 'culture' as “civilization” as opposed to the word from “nature”.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

According to this way of thinking, one culture with another can be compared; one culture is definitely higher than other cultures.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

In practice, the word culture refers to objects, and activities that are “elite” such as wearing classy clothes, fine art, or listening to classical music, while the word culture is used to describe people who know, and partake, of activities at the top.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

For example, if one believes that classical music is “classy”, elite, and artful music, while traditional music is considered a village, and outdated music, then the notion arises that he is a person who is already “cultured”.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

People who use the word “culture” in this way do not believe there are other cultures that exist; they believe that culture exists only one, and is the benchmark of norms, and values around the world.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

According to this perspective, a person who has different habits from those who are “culturally” is referred to as an “uncultured” person; not as a person “from another culture.”


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

People who are “uncultured” are said to be more “natural,” and observers often maintain elements of high culture to suppress the thinking of “natural man” (human nature) Since the 18th century, some social critics have accepted the distinction between cultured, and uncultured, but those comparisons -culturally, and unculturally- can suppress the interpretation of improvement, and the interpretation of experience as a destructive, and “unnatural” development that obscures, and distorts basic human nature.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

In this regard, traditional music (created by working-class society) is considered to express the “natural way of life”, and classical music as a setback, and a slump.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Today many social scientists refuse to compare culture with nature, and monadic concepts that once prevailed.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

They consider that cultures previously considered “unelite” and “elite culture” are the same - each society has a culture that cannot be compared.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Social observers distinguish some cultures as popular culture (popular culture) or pop culture, which means goods or activities that are produced, and consumed by many people.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Culture as a “common point of view” During the Romantic Era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned about nationalism movements - such as for example the nationalist struggle to unite Germany, and the nationalist struggle of ethnic minorities against the Austrian-Hungarian Empire - develop a cultural idea in a “general point of view”.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

This thinking considers a culture with other cultures to have differences, and peculiarities of each.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Therefore, cultures cannot be compared.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Even so, this idea still recognizes a separation between “culturally” and “uncultured” or “primitive culture.”


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

By the end of the 19th century, anthropologists had used the word culture with a broader definition.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Contrary from the theory of evolution, they assume that every human being grew, and evolved together, and it was from evolution that culture was created.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

In the '50s, subcultures - groups with slightly different behaviors from their parent culture - began to be made the subject of research by sociologists.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

In this century, there was a popularization of corporate cultural ideas - differences, and talents in the context of organizational workers or places of work.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Culture as a stabilization mechanism The theories that exist today assume that (a) culture is a product of the stabilization inherent in the evolutionary pressure towards togetherness, and shared awareness in a society, or commonly referred to as tribalism.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Culture among communities A large culture usually has a sub-culture (or commonly referred to as a sub-culture), that is, a culture that has little difference in terms of behavior, and trust from its parent culture.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The emergence of sub-cultures is due to several things, among them due to differences in age, race, ethnicity, class, aesthetics, religion, occupation, political views and gender. There are several ways that society does when dealing with immigrants, and cultures that are different from native cultures.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The way people choose depends on how much the parent culture differences with minority cultures, how many immigrants come, the disposition of the native population, the effectiveness, and intensification of intercultural communication, and the type of government in power.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Monoculturalism: The government seeks the assimilation of culture so that different cultures become one, and work together.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Leitkultur (core culture): A model developed by Bassam Tibi in Germany.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

In Leitkultur, minority groups can maintain, and develop their own culture, without contradicting the parent culture that existed in the native society.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Melting Pot: Immigrant/foreign culture mingles, and joins native culture without government interference.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Multiculturalism: A policy that requires immigrants, and minority groups to maintain their respective cultures, and interact peacefully with the parent culture.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Culture by region Along with the advancement of technology, and information, relationships, and interconnectedness of cultures in the world today is very high.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

In addition to advances in technology, and information, it is also influenced by economic, migratory, and religious factors.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Africa Some cultures on the African continent were formed through European colonization, such as Sub-Saharan culture.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Meanwhile, the North African region is more heavily affected by Arab culture, and Islam.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

American Culture on the American continent was influenced by the Native tribes of the American continent; people from Africa (especially in the United States), and the European immigrants especially Spanish, English, French, Portuguese, German, and Dutch.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Asia Asia has various cultures that differ from each other, however, some of these cultures have a prominent influence on other cultures, such as the influence of Chinese culture on Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese cultures.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

In the field of religion, Buddhism and Taoism influenced the culture of East Asia a lot.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

In addition to these two religions, the norms and values of Islam also affect culture especially in South and Southeast Asia.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Australia Most cultures in Australia today have their roots in European and American cultures.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The culture of Europe, and the Americas was then developed, and adapted to the Australian continent, and integrated with the indigenous cultures of the Australian continent, Aboriginal.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Europe European culture is widely affected by the culture of the countries it once colonized.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

This culture is also known as “western culture”.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

This culture has been absorbed by many cultures, this is evident by the large number of users of English, and other European languages around the world.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

In addition to being influenced by the culture of the once colonized country, it was also influenced by ancient Greek, ancient Roman, and Christian culture, although belief in religion has regressed many years.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Middle East and North Africa Culture in the Middle East and North Africa today is mostly influenced by the values, and norms of Islam, although not only the Islamic religion developed in this area.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Reference List of Colombian libraries Arnold, Matthew. 1869.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

New York: Macmillan.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Third edition, 1882, available online.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Retrieved: 2006-06-28.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Barzilai, Gad. 2003.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

University of Michigan Press.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Boritt, Gabor S. 1994.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

University of Illinois Press.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

ISBN 978-0-252-06445-6.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Outline of a Theory of Practice.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Cambridge University Press.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

ISBN 978-0-521-29164-4 Cohen, Anthony P. 1985.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The Symbolic Construction of Communities.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Routledge: New York, Dawkins, R. 1982.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Paperback ed., 1999.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Oxford Paperbacks.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

ISBN 978-0-19-288051-2 Forsberg, A. CCSF Cultural Geography course notes.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Retrieved: 2006-06-29.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Geertz, Clifford. 1973.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

New York.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

ISBN 978-0-465-09719-7.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

“Ritual and Social Change: A Javanese Example”, American Anthropologist, Vol. 59, No. 1. — 1957.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Goodall, J. 1986.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

ISBN 978-0-674-11649-8 Hoult, T. F., ed. 1969.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Dictionary of Modern Sociology.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Totowa, New Jersey, United States: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Jary, D. and J. Jary. 1991.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The HarperCollins Dictionary of Sociology.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

New York: HarperCollins.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

ISBN 0-06-271543-7 Keiser, R. Lincoln 1969.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The Vice Lords: Warriors of the Streets.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

ISBN 978-0-03-080361-1.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Kroeber, A. L. and C. Kluckhohn, 1952.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum Kim, Uichol (2001).


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

“Culture, science and indigenous psychologies: An integrated analysis.”


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

In D. Matsumoto (Ed.), Handbook of culture and psychology.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Oxford: Oxford University Press Middleton, R. 1990.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Studying Popular Music.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Philadelphia: Open University Press.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

ISBN 978-0-335-15275-9.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Rhoads, Kelton. 2006.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Tylor, E.B. 1974.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Primitive culture: researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, art, and custom.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

New York: Gordon Press.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

First published in 1871.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

ISBN 978-0-87968-091-6 O'Neil, D. 2006., Behavioral Sciences Department, Palomar College, San Marco, Calif.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Retrieved: 2006-07-10.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Reagan, Ronald., January 14, 1989.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Retrieved June 3, 2006.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Reese, W.L. 1980.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

New Jersey U.S., Sussex, U.K.: Humanities Press.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

UNESCO. 2002., issued on International Mother Language Day, February 21, 2002.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Retrieved: 2006-06-23.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

White, L. 1949.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

The Science of Culture: A study of man and civilization.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Wilson, Edward O. (1998).


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Vintage: New York.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

ISBN 978-0-679-76867-8.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Wolfram, Stephen. 2002.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Wolfram Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1-57955-008-0 Template:EndDiv See also Subculture Intersection Indonesian Culture Anthropology Sociology Sociology Socialization Outlink (in Indonesian) (in Indonesian) Traditions Typical Indonesian Child Culture - There are many typical traditions of Indonesian children that are still still performed as a cultural relic of ancestors as well as a child culture of Indonesia Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

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Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

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Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. “culture” and “civilization” in modern times.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

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Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

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Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Essay on globalization, migration, and its effects on world culture Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

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Question: What are cultural norms?

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Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

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Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

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Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

- Definition of culture.


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture


Question: What are cultural norms?

Culture

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. by Michael Parenti Category:Society Category:Classification of main topics


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

transl. Race (from French race, itself from Latin radix, “root”) is a classification system used to categorize humans in large and distinct populations or groups through their inherited phenotype, geographical origin, bodily appearance and tribalism.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

In the early 20th century the term was often used in a biological sense to designate a variegated human population in terms of genetic terms with members having the same phenotype (outward appearance). [1]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

This meaning of “race” is still used in forensic anthropology (in analyzing bone remains), biomedical research and medicine by origin. [2]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

In addition, in the United States for example, law enforcement uses the term “race” in determining the profile of suspects and the redrawing of residual looks that have not been identified.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Moreover, since in many societies, grouping by “race” follows a pattern of social layering, for social scientists researching social disparities, “race” can be a meaningful variable.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

As a sociological factor, the category of “race” can limitedly reflect a subjective explanation, concerning the identity of self and social institutions. [3] [4] Therefore, the “race” paradigm used in various disciplines suppresses in a multifaceted way on biological traits or in terms of construct social.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Although biologists sometimes use the understanding of “race” to make a distinction between a collection of traits, other scientists have come to the insight that understanding “race” is often used [5] naively [6] or too simplistic.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

“Race” has no taxonomic meaning for humans: all humans are members of the same hominid subspecies that is Homo sapiens sapiens. [7] [8] Social understanding and racial groupings change with time, including lay taxonomy [9] that determines the type of person who is essentialism based on visible traits.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Scientists consider biological essentialism to be outdated, [10] and generally do not support race-based explanations for group differentiation, both in terms of physical and behavioral traits. [6] [11] When people determine and use one particular sense for “race”, they create a social reality in which a particular social categorization is applied. [12]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Therefore “race” is seen as a social construct. [13]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

The construct develops in a variety of legal, economic and socio-political contexts, and may be more a result than a cause of social reality. [14]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Although many scholars believe that “race” is a social construct, most experts agree that “race” has a real material impact in discrimination of attention, legal process, political practice, education etc.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Omi and Winant's theory of race formation says that “race is a concept that typifies and symbolizes social opposition and importance through reference to different human bodily types.” [15] The meaning and intent of the term “race” is generated and used by social institutions through views of a cultural nature.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Since Omi and Winant, academics have conceived and revisited the intent of “race” as a social construction by researching the way the picture, understanding and assumption of “race” is formulated in everyday life.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Angela Davis, [16] Ruth Gilmore, [17] and Imani Perry [18] have traced the relationship between understanding “race” in terms of historical and social production in legal and criminal language, and its impact on policies on Black people in America, and their disproportionate numbers in prison. .


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Socio and economic factors result from enormous suffering in the naked group. [19]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Racial discrimination often coincides with a racist mindset, in which individuals and ideologies of one group see members of another group as a certain morally inferior “race”. [20]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

As a result, groups with little power are often alienated or oppressed, while dominant individuals and institutions are accused of being racist. [21]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Racism resulted from numerous instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide. [22]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

The first modern understanding of “race” It may be that human groups from the past always determine themselves as different from other groups.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

However, such differences are not necessarily necessarily seen as something natural, immeasurable and thorough.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

This kind of view is characteristic of the “race” that is used today. [23]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

At first, the word “race” was used to designate a nation or ethnic group.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Marco Polo for example, in his book written in the 13th century, outlined the “Persian race”. [24]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Present-day “race” appeared only in the 17th century. [25]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

The European understanding of “race”, in line with a number of understandings now attributed to the term, arose at the time of the scientific revolution, where natural research began and took precedence, and a period of European imperialism and colonialism that created political relations between Europeans and peoples who have different cultural and political traditions. [23] [26] With the meeting of Europa people with peoples from different parts of the world, they discuss physical, social and cultural differences among different groups of people.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

The rise of slave commerce in the Atlantic, which gradually replaced the longer-dated slave trade around the world, further encouraged to categorize human groups to justify subduing slaves of African origin. [27]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

With reference to their Classical sources and to Europe's own inter-nation relations — for example, the implacable hostility between England and France was highly influential over early European thinking about differences between peoples [28] — Europeans began to rile themselves and other peoples in groups based on physical appearance, and attaching to individuals in the group, behaviors and abilities that are considered deeply entrenched.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

A number of beliefs that attribute bodily differences between inherited groups, with intellectual, behavioral and moral traits that are also thought to be inherited. [29]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

A similar sense is found in other cultures, [30] for example in China, where a concept translated by the term “race” is associated with those believed to be the common descendants of the Yellow Emperor, and is used to affirm the unity of ethnic groups in China.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Violent infighting between ethnic groups has occurred throughout history and around the world. [31]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

The first post-classical classification of humans in a “race” known was the Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent (“The new division of the Earth by the species or races inhabiting it”) by François Bernier of France, published in 1684. [32]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

In the 18th century, differences between human groups became the material of scientific inquiry.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

But scientific classifications of phenotype variation are often accompanied by racist ideas about abilities considered inherent in various groups, which always give the most excellent traits to Europeans or Whites, and increase other “races” in a continuum of traits which gradually becomes less good.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

The classification of Carolus Linnaeus, creator of zoological taxonomy, of 1755 divided the human race Homo Sapiens in varieties “Europaeus”, “Asiaticus”, “Americanus” and “Afer”, each of which was associated with a different disposition: “sanguine”, “melancolis”, “choleric” and “bilious”. [33]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Homo Sapiens Europeaus is said to be active, intelligent and adventurous, while Homo Sapiens Afer is said to be cunning, slacker and reckless. [34]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

In his book entitled The Natural Varieties of Mankind, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published in 1775 put forth five major groups: “Caucasoid race”, “Mongoloid race”, “Ethiopian race” (later named “Negroid race”), “Indian race” and “Malay race”, but he did not propose any level between the races. [34]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

From the 17th to 19th centuries, the melting of layman's beliefs regarding differences between groups, with scientific explanations of these differences, resulted in what one expert called “ideology about race”. [26]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

According to this ideology, race is fundamental, natural, sustainable and separate.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

In the United States, Thomas Jefferson's theory of race was influential.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

He saw Africans as inferior to Whites, specifically in terms of intelligence, and had excess sex lust, but considered Indians to be equal to Whites. [35]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

In the last two decades of the 18th-century polygenism, namely the belief that different “races” had developed separately on each continent and did not have a common ancestor, [36] was put forward in England by historian Edward Long and anatomist Charles White, in Germany by ethnographer Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster, in France by Julien Virey and in the United States by Samuel Morton, Josiah Nott and Louis Agassiz.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Polygenism was popular and most spread in the 19th century, and culminated with the establishment of the Anthropological Society of London during the American civil war, in opposition to the anti-slavery Ethnological Society of London. [37]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

The current debate on human evolutionary models In an article in 1995, Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Jackson stated that any new support for a biological understanding of “race” would most likely come from research into human evolution.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

According to them, the question is about the consequences of human evolutionary models that exist now on the understanding of “race” based on biology. [38]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Currently all humans are classified as members of the species Homo sapiens and subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Yet humans are not the first homininae species.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

The first species of the genus Homo is Homo habilis, which is estimated to have appeared in East Africa at least 2 million years ago.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Members of this species inhabit various parts of Africa in a rather short period of time.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Homo erectus was theorized to evolve more than 1.8 million years ago, and about 1.5 million years ago spread in Europe and Asia.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Almost all physical anthropologists agree that Homo sapiens evolved from African Homo erectus ((sensu lato) orHomo ergaster). [39] [40] Most anthropologists think that Homo sapiens flourished in East Africa, and then migrated out of Africa, replacing H. erectus populations in Europe and Asia (model “the origin of modern man from Africa).


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Recent Human evolutionary genetics (Jobling, Hurles and Tyler-Smith, 2004) support this “Out of Africa” model, however the recent sequencing of the Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes shows some admixture [41] Summary of various biological definitions for “race” “Race” as a social construct anthropologists and other evolutionary scientists are already switching from the term “race” to the term “population” to discuss differences in genetics.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Historians, cultural anthropologists and social scientists re-understand the term “race” as a cultural category or social construction, a particular way people talk about themselves and about others.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Many social scientists have replaced the term “race” with the word “ethnic group” to designate self-identifying groups based on their beliefs about culture, origin and common history.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

In addition to the empirical and conceptual problems brought about understanding “race”, after the Second World War, scientists in the evolutionary and social fields were well aware of how beliefs regarding “race” were used to justify dissrimination, apartheid, slavery and genocide.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

This question grew crowded in the 1960s with the civil rights movement in the United States and the rise of many anti-colonial movements around the world.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Scientists have finally begun to think that “race” is a social construct, an understanding that people believe is an objective reality but actually gain trust because of its social function. [42]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

In 2000, Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health fi United States announced a joint mapping of the human genome.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

After researching the data from the genome mapping, Venter saw that although the amount of genetic variation in the human species is about 1— 3% (i.e. more than 1% originally estimated), the type of variation does not support understanding “race” in a genetic sense.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Venter said that “Race is a social concept.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Open scientific concepts.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

There is no clear line (that would appear), had we compared all the genomes in sequence of all the people on top of the planet.”


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

“When we try to apply science to try to structure these social differences, it collapses everything. “[43]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Stephan Palmié asserts that “race” is “not a thing but a social relationship”; [44] or, by KataKatya Gibel Mevorach, “a metonym,” “a human wreath whose criteria of distinction are not universal and not fixed, but always used to regulate distinction. “[45]


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Thus, the use of the word “race” itself needs to be analyzed.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

More than that, Palmié and Mevorach say that biology will not be able to explain why or how people use the understanding of “race”.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

What would explain is history and social order.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Note See also Origin of modern man from Africa Multiregional origin of modern man History of evolutionary thought Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza Jared Diamond Stephen Oppenheimer Library Missing pipe in: |location= (help) CS1 maint: Multiple names: editors list (link) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); More than one of |first1= and |first= specified (help) Check date values in: |date= (help) Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |last5= (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) CS1 maint: Multiple names: editors list (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: editors list (link) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |last5= (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) More than one of |editor1= and |editor= specified (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Check date values in: |date= (help) Outlink Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

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Human race

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Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. - forum organized by the Social Science Research Council, includes a March 2005 op-ed article by A.M. Leroi from the New York Times advocating biological conceptiosn of race and responses from scholars in a variety of fields.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

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Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

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Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

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Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Times Online,, October 27, 2004.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

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Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Catchpenny mysteries of ancient Egypt,, Larry Orcutt.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

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Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Judy Skatssoon,, ABC Science Online, Wednesday, July 14, 2004.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

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Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

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Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

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Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

OMB Statistical Directive 15,, Federal Register, 30 October 1997.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

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Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

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Human race

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Human race

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Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

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Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Richard Dawkins: (extract from The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life) - On race, its usage and a theory of how it evolved.


Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

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Question: How many types of races are there in the world?

Human race

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. - bloodbook.com Category:Genetics Population Category:Taxonomy


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The Socialist Republic of Romania (Romanian: Republica Socialistă România, RSR) was a single-party state that existed from 1947 to 1989.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

From 1947 to 1965, the country was known as the People's Republic of Romania (Republica Populară Romînă, RPR).


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The country was a country in alliance with the Soviet Union and an Eastern Bloc country.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The existing government was dominated by the Romanian Communist Party, as written in the constitution.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

After World War II ended, Romania, a former member of the Axis Bloc, was occupied by the Soviet Union, which was the only representative of the Allied side.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

On March 6, 1945, after mass demonstrations by communist supporters and Soviet pressure, a new government was formed, which included also members of the Communist Party of Romania (previously banned).


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Gradually more and more communists took control of the government, but many political leaders before the war age were eliminated from political life.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

In December 1947, King Mihai was forced to abdicate and was born the People's Republic of Romania.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

At first, Romania's scarce resources post-war were drained by “SoVrom”, Soviet-Romanian tax-exempt enterprises that allowed the Soviet Union to control Romania's main source of income. [1]


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Another economic drain, namely paid war appropriations to the Soviet Union.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

But in the 1950s, Romania's communist government began to assert its independence from Soviet influence, isuch as the withdrawal of Soviet communist forces in Romania in 1958.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

In the 1960s—1970s, Nicolae Ceaușescu, a member of the Romanian Communist Party, began to lead Romania by becoming Secretarist General of the Party (1965), Speaker of the State Assembly (1967) and in the role of becoming President of the newly formed in 1974.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Ceaușescu's condemnation of the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 and the brief reduction of internal repression helped give him a positive image both in his country and in the West.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

However, rapid economic growth that tended to be fueled by foreign credit gradually gave way to massive austerity measures and political repression that led to the fall of his totalitarian government in December 1989.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Many people were executed or died in custody during during the time of Communist Romania, especially during Stalinist times (1950s).


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Court rulings in 1945-1964 amounted to 137, [2] deaths in custody were estimated at tens [3] or hundreds, even thousands. [4] [5] Many more were imprisoned for political, economic or other reasons and suffered persecution, torture or death.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

History of the Soviet Occupation and the rise of communists As King Mihai, whom the main political party backed overthrew Ion Antonescu in August 1944, kept Romania out of the Axis Bloc and brought it into the Allied bloc, Mihai could do nothing to dispel the memory of involvement Romania in the German incursion into the Soviet Union.