Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Included therein is the search for truth and the desire to establish perfect norms and exemplars for one's behavior. [60]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Conscience as the instinct of community builder Michel Glautier argues that conscience is one of the instincts and drives that make man capable of building society.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Human groups that do not have that drive, or whose level is lacking, will not be able to build society and cannot breed as well as human groups capable of building society. [61]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Charles Darwin argued that conscience evolved within the human species to resolve conflicts between competing natural impulses.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Some of these impulses are related to self-defense, but some are related to family and community safety.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

According to Darwin's view, conscience arises from a “longer duration of impression of social instinct” in the struggle for survival; for example, if a person injures his society because of hunger or fear, social instincts will remain in his mind, while passions such as the hunger will go away just like that.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

He would hereby reflect on what was done and then regret his deed.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Therefore, according to Darwin, conscience is the ability to look back and judge past deeds, which will generate a sense of regret in one's mind. [62]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

An important thing about this view of conscience is that man considers himself to be in a social relationship with something “else”.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Therefore, nationalism was presented in conscience to avoid tribal conflicts, and the concept of Brotherhood of Man was presented to avoid national conflict.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Such outside pressures at the same time will also redefine individual conscience.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Friedrich Nietzsche said that “Communal solidarity will be eliminated by the highest and strongest impulse that (...) can deliver an individual further than the tiers of 'conscience of the horde' at the low tiers. “[63]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Jeremy Bentham writes: Fanaticism never sleeps... it has never been stopped by conscience; for fanaticism has suppressed the conscience to obey its orders. “[64]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Hannah Arendt, in her review of Adolf Eichmann's trial in Jerusalem, noted that Eichmann, just like her other German counterparts, had forgotten about their conscience to the point that they were incapable of recalling her.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

This is not because they have become accustomed to violence or transfer any naturally occurring feelings of pity to themselves because they have to carry out such an unsoothing task; this is precisely due to the fact that at that time, everyone who had heart His conscience is experiencing doubt not being able to see that others have the same doubts.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

“Eichmann need not close his ears to the voice of conscience... not because he has no conscience, but rather because his conscience speaks with the “voice of the honourable”, the voice of the respectable society that resides around him. “[65]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Sir Arthur Keith in 1948 developed the concept of the “comrade-enmity complex”.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Humans evolved in tribal groups surrounded by enemies.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

As a result, conscience has two roles, namely the obligation to save and protect the members of the group (English: in-group), as well as the obligation to hate and be aggressive towards those outside the group (English: out-group).


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

An interesting study related to this context is about the similarities of human relationships and other relationships between animals, whether they are animals that are in human society (pets, animals to help human work, even animals raised as food sources) or wild animals. [66]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

According to one view, when a man or animal realizes the importance of maintaining social relations, his conscience begins to respect that which he had thought differently, and his conscience also encourages him to take care of it. [67] [68] In the same way, the group of birds that territorial and co-operative, for example the Australian magpie, have etiquette, rules, hierarchies, games, chants, and negotiations.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In societies such as these, behavior against the rules is tolerated in circumstances that do not depend on the safety of the individual or group; they also often exhibit behaviors that appear to be affectionate and tenderness. [69]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Evolutionary biology Scientists in the field of evolutionary biology try to explain conscience as a function of the brain that evolved to produce altruism within humans. [70]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

As revealed by Richard Dawkins in his book entitled The God Delusion, a sense of right or wrong in man is generated by evolutionary processes driven by natural selection.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

According to him this can be explained by the concept of “gene-centered evolution”, because the unit of natural selection is not an organism, but a “selfish” gene, and genes can remain viable in nature one of them by encouraging organisms to act altruistically towards their relatives, thus increasing the chance for similar genes to become widespread. [71]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Neuroscience and artificial conscience Various case studies of brain damage show that damage to areas of the brain (e.g., the anterior prefrontal cortex) results in reduced or loss of social self-control, which is accompanied by radical changes in behavior. [72]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

When this damage occurs in adults, they may still be able to exercise moral judgment, but if this damage occurs to children, they may never develop that ability. [73] [74] Neuroscience scientists have tried to look for free will within the brain; concept It is felt necessary so that the conscience can interfere with the unconscious mental process.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Awareness of the intention to do something can be scientifically measured and only emerged 350—400 microseconds after the shot of an electrical impulse known as 'readiness potential'. [75] [76] [77] Jacques Pitrat claims that artificial conscience can be useful for artificial intelligence systems to improve long-term performance and direct their introspective processing. [78]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Philosophically Philosophically, conscience can be interpreted as a kind of “feeling” or “vague guilt” as to what should or should be done.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Based on this sense, conscience does not have to be generated by rational consideration of the moral aspects of a state, but may arise from the indoctrination of parents, friends of the same age, religion, state, or company, which may later be acceptable or unacceptable to their person (“heart” traditional conscience”). [79]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Conscience can also be defined as the practical reason one uses when applying moral beliefs to a state (“critical conscience”). [80]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

For mystical people who are supposedly morally mature and have developed this ability through daily musings or meditation coupled with selfless service to others, critical conscience could be aided by a kind of “spark” of intuitive insight or revelation (called macriphate in Sufi tradition, and synderesis in Christian scholastic moral philosophy). [81] [82] In both, conscience is accompanied by a kind of awareness of the 'light of the heart' or 'darkness of the heart', as well as the belief produced by the process related to rights or obligations. [83]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Medieval Medieval Islamic Scientist, Al-Ghazali, divided the concept of nafs (soul or self) into three categories based on the Qur'an: [48] Nafs Ammarah (QS 12:53) which “encourages one to satisfy passions and prevail bad” Nafs Lawammah (QS 75:2) i.e. “the conscience that Nafs Mutmainnah (QS 89:27) that is “the self that has attained peace.” Medieval Persian philosopher and physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi, argued that there is a close relationship between conscience or spiritual integrity and physical health .


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

According to him, rather than merely fulfilling worldly desires, man should demand knowledge, use his intelligence, and apply justice in his life. [84]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The Medieval Islamic philosopher Ibn Sina, while imprisoned in Fardajan Castle near Hamadhan, wrote down a thought experiment on the isolated but conscious “Floating Man”, to explore the ideas of man's self-consciousness and the power of his soul.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

He suspected that God conveyed the truth to the mind or conscience of man through intelligence. [49]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Meanwhile, according to the Sufis, God is delivering man towards macrifat, which is peace or “light upon light” experienced when a Muslim worships and his soul feels melted in the knowledge of God, who is the shadow of eternal heaven as depicted in the inside Koran. [85]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Some Medieval Christian scholastics, such as Bonaventura, differentiated between conscience as a rational ability to mind (practical reason) and conscience based on internal consciousness, which is a kind of intuitive “spark” to apply well, called synderesis and arises from understanding of absolute goodness.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

When this consciousness is consciously denied (for example, for misbehavior), the person who denies it will feel tormented from within. [82]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Early modern theologians such as William Perkins and William Ames developed a syllogistic understanding of conscience; God's law became the first condition, the act to be judged became the second condition, and the act of conscience (as a rational ability) resulted in its judgment.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

By discussing examples that apply this understanding, conscience can be trained and honed. [86]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In the 13th century, St. Thomas Aquinas viewed that conscience was the application of moral knowledge to certain situations. [87]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Thus, conscience is considered a practical act or judgment of reason that begins with synderesis, the development of our internal awareness of absolute goodness; and we eventually become accustomed to applying moral principles. [50]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

According to Singer, Aquinas argues that conscience is considered a process of takperfect judgement applied to activity because knowledge of natural law (and all natural virtue-related actions implicit in it) is unknown to most people as a result of education and customs that prioritize selfless than mutual cooperation (Summa Theologiae, I—II, I). [88]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Aquinas also discusses the link of conscience with wisdom to explain why there are those who seem less “morally enlightened” than others.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Their will is not able to balance their own needs with the needs of others. [89]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Aquinas thinks that fighting conscience is a bad act, but a mistaken conscience can only be blamed when the conscience is the result of reproachable ignorance, the ignorance of things that one deserves to know. [88]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Aquinas also argued that conscience needs to be educated to be able to act in the direction of real good (from God), which can advance man, and not just the seeming goodness, namely senseless good. [88]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In his commentary related to Aristotle's Nicomakean Ethics, Aquinas claims that a weak will can create unwise humans who prefer to seek comfort rather than perform actions that require moral self-mastery. [90]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Thomas A Kempis in his classic contemplative work of the Middle Ages, Imitation of Christ (roughly 1418) says that the primacy of good man is adherence to good conscience.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

“Keep a calm conscience, then you will always experience happiness.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

A calm conscience can help you be patient and remain happy under the rush of trouble; on the contrary, an evil conscience is always encompassed by fear and unease. “[91]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The unnamed Medieval author, who wrote the Christian mystical work entitled Clouds of Ignorance, also conveys a similar view, that in deep and long contemplation, the soul can dry out the ever-present “roots and soil” of sin, even after committing confession and having done religious things: “then, whoever wishes to be contemplative, must first clear his conscience. “[92]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The Medieval mystic from Flandria, Jan van Ruysbroeck, also judged that a true conscience had the four aspects necessary to make man just in active and contemplative life: “a free soul, who favors itself out of love”; “an enlightened intelligence with love”; “happiness that produces encouragement”; “the self lost in the whoop... that eternal object, which is the highest and ultimate blessing... wise men understand this, and insert themselves into a certain infinite object. “[93]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Modern Baruch Spinoza, in his work Ethics published after his death in 1677, says that most people, even people who declare themselves free, still make decisions based on impeccable sensory information and with understanding regarding insufficient thoughts, wills, and feelings.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In this view, feeling is considered to be the result of the physical existence of the body and erroneous forms of thought, which arose mainly due to the disturbed desire to maintain oneself. [94]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

According to Spinoza, this error can be corrected by slowly improving our thinking ability for the sake of changing the shape of the mind produced by emotion.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Furthermore, we should like to solve problems that require moral resolution through the perspective of immortality. [95]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

According to Spinoza, to live with a peaceful conscience, one needs to use reason to create decent thoughts, which view the whole world and its conflicts and human desires and passions in a sub specie aeternitatis way, that is, without referencing time. [96 ]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Hegel's work of Philosophy of Mind, which is difficult to read and mystical, argues that the “absolute right of freedom of conscience” confers human understanding with a unity that embraces all things, a rational, real, and real absolute. [97]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Nevertheless, Hegel thought that a well-functioning State always desires to deny conscience as a form of subjective knowledge, similar to how science in general rejects non-objective opinions similar to conscience. [98]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Such idealistic ideas can also be found in the writings of Joseph Butler, who said that conscience is given by God, must always be obeyed, is intuitive, and should be viewed as a “constitutional king” and a “universal moral faculty”: “conscience is not only It gives itself to us to show us the path we must cross.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

More than that, conscience also has authority. “[99]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Butler puts forward ethical speculation; he emphasizes that both regulative principles in human nature, namely “self-love” (the search for individual happiness) and “goodness” (compassion and the search for happiness for the other party), are within the conscience (this is also related to agape in situational ethics). [51]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Butler thinks that conscience tends to be more authoritative in moral judgments; this is due to the fact that conscience is more likely to be clear and definite (inversely proportional to personal passions, which tend to be capricious and easily arrived at varying conclusions). [100]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

John Selden in Table Talk conveys the view that a conscious conscience, however overly curious or poorly rehearsed, can incarcerate a person into practical and solutive action.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Selden likened with horses: “like a horse that is not properly trained, it will chase all the birds that come out of the bush. “[101]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In the 18th and 19th centuries, German translations of ancient Hindu and Buddhist philosophies scriptures became available and began to influence philosophers such as Schopenhauer.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Schopenhauer argues that in a healthy mind, what disturbs the conscience is action, not desire or thought: “only our actions make us reflect ourselves”.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

According to Schopenhauer, the good conscience we will experience after each selfless deed arises from direct awareness regarding our internal independence in the presence of the phenomena of others.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

With this selfless act, we become aware that “our real independence is not only present in the physical self, this manifestation; but also in all living beings.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

With him, this heart feels broader; egoism makes it narrow. “[102]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Immanuel Kant, the main figure of the Enlightenment Ages, claimed that there were two things that filled his mind with awe and amazement, and he grew more and more amazed and more and more deeply he thought: “the starry sky is above me, and the moral law in me... the moral law begins from my invisible self, of my personality, and shows me in an infinite universe, where I realize that myself is present in a universal and important relationship (and, for the starry sky, necessary) . “[103]”


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The universal relation” referred to here is Kant's categorical imperative: “act according to the maxim which at the same time you can desire as a universal law. “[104]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Kant feels that critical conscience is a kind of internal tribunal, in which our minds approve or blame each other.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

He acknowledged that morally mature people often describe a sense of enough or peace in the soul after following his conscience to perform an obligation.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

On the other hand, Kant also argued that in order for such actions to produce virtue, motivation must initially be obligation only, and one cannot expect such pleasant or peaceful feelings. [105]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Rousseau put forward the same view, that conscience in a certain way connects man to a greater metaphytic unity.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

John Plamenatz, in his critical reading of Rousseau's work, argues that the conscience in these works is seen as a feeling that encourages us, although it is buffeted by passion to do the opposite, towards two harmonies: the first harmony is between our thoughts and passions, and the second harmony between society and its members: “the weak may ask for the conscience of the strong, and this request, though sometimes unsuccessful, will always disturb the strong.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

However, to the extent that we have been corrupted by power and wealth, both as owners and as victims, there is something in us that reminds us that this damage is against nature. “[106]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Other philosophers convey more skeptical and pragmatic views regarding the workings of “conscience” in society. [107]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

John Locke in his Essay Concerning Natural Law argues that the widespread existence of conscience suggests that a philosopher can reference the necessity of the existence of objective moral laws that may be counterintuitive to the laws of the state. [108]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Locke puts forward the metaethical issue of whether statements such as “follow your conscience” are more inclined to subjectivist or objectivist conceptions, namely conscience as a concrete morality guideline or a spontaneous revelation of timeless and irreversible principles for the one individual. [109]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Thomas Hobbes also pragmatically suggests that opinions formed on the basis of conscience, with complete and honest confidence, should still be accepted with humble sense because they can be false, and are not necessarily absolute knowledge or truth. [110]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

William Godwin conveys the view that conscience is a memorable consequence regarding “the human perception of each group when they enter into the busy scene of life”, that they have free will. [111]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Adam Smith considers that we can see what relates to us in shape and size precisely only through the development of critical conscience.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Moreover, we can also only make good judgments between our interests and others through critical conscience. [112]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

John Stuart Mill believed that idealism regarding the role of conscience in government should be coupled with a practical awareness that few people in society are capable of directing their thoughts or intentions towards something far in the future or unclear the outcome; towards selfless concern for others; and especially, on their own futures — whether in order to be famous, for the country, or for humanity, and done both out of sympathy and out of conscience. [113]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Mill argues that there may be a certain amount of conscience or selfless public soul that can be seen in citizens of a society that is ripe to achieve representative government, but we “cannot expect that conscience, coupled with intellectual intelligence in such a way, be proof that class interests are subordinate to fairness and the public good. “[113]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Josiah Royce (1855—1916) departed from his transcendental idealism view of conscience.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

He assumed that conscience is the ideal of life that shapes our moral personality and our plan to be ourselves, and is the thing that makes ethical decisions reasonable.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

However, he argues that this opinion is only true when our conscience is faithful to “a higher or deeper self”. [114]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In the modern Christian tradition, this approach was expressed by Dietrich Bonhoeffer, who said that at the time he was imprisoned by the Nazis in World War II, for him conscience was more than practical thought.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

According to him, conscience, at the time, came from “a depth that lies far from one's will and intelligence; this depth sounds as the call of human existence to fuse with itself. “[115]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

For Bonhoeffer, a guilty conscience (guilty conscience) arises as an awareness of the loss of this unity, and as a warning that one does not lose himself.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The main impulse is not to tell us to do things, but to tell us to incarnate things.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

This impulse protested actions that interfere with man's unity with itself. [52]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

For Bonhoeffer, conscience, in contrast to shame, provides no judgment for the morality of its owner's life.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Conscience acts only on certain obvious actions: “the conscience can remember the long-lost, and portray this intelligibility as something that has already happened and cannot be repaired. “[116]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

According to him, a person with a conscience struggles alone with the “unavoidable and powerful force of the situation” that necessitates a moral choice, although there remains the possibility of adverse consequences for him. [116] Simon Soloveychik also once said that the truth exists in the world, as a statement related to human self-esteem as well as an affirmation of the boundaries between good and bad, living within man as conscience. [117]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

On the other hand, as Hannah Arendt points out — following in the footsteps of the utilitarian, John Stuart Mill: a bad conscience doesn't necessarily mean one has a bad trait.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In fact, only people who commit to giving moral judgment will feel remorse, shame, and guilt, for feeling themselves to have a bad conscience and need to reconquer their integrity and self-unity. [118] [119] Arendt describes the soul or real self as home, and he analogized that “conscience is waiting for a friend — when and will you come back home?” [120]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Arendt believed that people who were not used to reflecting critically on what they were saying and doing, would not be afraid to commit an immoral or criminal stunt, because they “could believe that the action would soon be forgotten”.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Bad people are not full of remorse. [120]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Arendt also wrote very clearly on the subject of language that contrasts consciousness with conscience.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

One reason is that conscience, as understood in the moral and legal sphere, is something that should always exist within us, exactly like consciousness.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

“This conscience should also inform us of what we should do, and should we repent; before becoming the lumen naturale or practical sense of Immanuel Kant, conscience is the voice of God. “[121]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Albert Einstein, as someone who purports to adhere to humanism and rationalism, also assumed that a religiously enlightened person is a person who “as strong as his strength seeks to free himself from the chain of selfish desires and has thoughts, feelings, and feelings, which it is held because of its suprapersonal value. “[122]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Einstein often described the “voice within the self” as a source of moral and physical knowledge: “Quantum mechanics is very interesting indeed.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

However, there is a voice inside me saying that quantum mechanics is not the real thing.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

There are many that the theory manages to give us, but we are not getting closer to the secrets of the Old One.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

I'm sure as hell that He didn't play dice. “[123]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Simone Weil, who fought in the French resistance, wrote in her last book The Need for Roots: Prelude to a Declaration of Duties Towards Mankind (Cultural Root Needs: A Precursor to the Declaration of Obligations to Humanity) that society could be more just and can further safeguard freedom, political philosophy should precede obligations rather than rights.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Spiritual awakening must also appear in the conscience of society.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Thus, slowly social obligations will be perceived as having transcendental sources and the fulfillment of social obligations will have a positive impact on human character. [124] [125] Simone Weil in the same work also conveys a psychological explanation of mental peace that is attributed to good conscience: “The freedom of a man of good conscience, though the actions he can do are limited, is sufficient within the scope of said conscience.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

They have put rules into their souls, and all possible prohibited actions are no longer important, and these restrictions need not be resisted. “[126]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Views other than metaphytic and idealistic opinions regarding conscience arise from realist and materialist perspectives, for example those conveyed by Charles Darwin.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Darwin argued that “any animal, possessing clearly witnessable social instincts (including parental and fraternal affection), will eventually attain a moral sense or conscience, if its intellectual capacity has or is close to reaching the level of development human intelligence. “[127] Émile Durkheim argued that the soul and conscience are impersonal forms of principle scattered over a particular group and communicated through totemic ceremony. [128]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

AJ Ayer is more of a realist; he argues that the existence of conscience is an empirical question that can be answered by sociological research on the moral habits of a person or a group of people, and what causes these moral habits and feelings.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Such research questions, he said, have already entered the existing social sciences. [129]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

George Edward Moore bridged idealistic and sociological viewpoints regarding 'critical' and 'traditional' conscience.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

He said that ideas regarding abstract 'truth' and various levels of certain feelings that arise because of the idea, for most people are referred to as 'moral sentiment' or conscience.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

On the other hand, for others, an action can apparently be called 'internally right' simply because they have viewed it as a right.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The idea of 'truth' here springs into their minds, but does not necessarily appear as intentionally constructed motives. [130]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The French philosopher, Simone de Beauvoir, in her work The Very Gentle Death (Une mort très douce, 1964) reflects on her own conscience regarding her mother's desire to develop moral sympathy and related understanding of others. [131]”


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Seeing him cry made me sad, but I soon realized that he was crying because of his own failures, and he didn't care what was turbulent inside me...


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

We may still be able to reconcile, it's just that he has to stop asking everyone to pray for me and start giving me a sense of confidence and sympathy.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

I just realized about the thing that made him unable to do that: he had too much debt, too many injuries to treat, to be able to put his foot in someone else's shoes.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In action, he sacrifices a lot, but his feelings do not bring themselves out of oneself.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

After all, will he be able to understand me if he avoids looking into his own heart?”


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

— Simone de Beauvoir.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

A Very Easy Death.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Penguin Books.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

London. 1982. p. 60.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Michael Walzer claims that the growth of religious tolerance in Western countries arises because of several things, among others, the emergence of a general awareness that personal conscience signifies a divine existence within the self, regardless of whatever religion is presented to the other party; as well as from honor, faith, self-control, and sectarian discipline shown by most people who defend conscience. [132]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Walzer also argues that court experiments to define conscience only as personal moral codes or as mere beliefs can give rise to an anarchy of moral egotism, unless such moral codes or motives are aided with moral knowledge that everyone possesses, e.g. which are drawn from individual connections to greater spiritual unity or from general principles that unselfish people have. [133]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Ronald Dworkin said that the constitution's protection of freedom of conscience is central to democracy, but creates a personal obligation to use those freedoms: “Freedom of conscience assumes that we are responsible for self-reflection.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Its meaning becomes lost when those responsibilities are not carried out.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

A good life doesn't need too much reflection; most of the best lives are lived, never learned.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

However, there are times when we have to emphasize our independence, when the mere acceptance of destiny or mechanical policy-making simply because of being willing to respect others or simply willing to live easily becomes a betrayal: betrayal of self-esteem, exchanged for ease . “[134]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Edward Conze says, in order for the moral condition of an individual or a collective to develop, we need to realize the illusion that our conscience lies entirely within the body.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Our conscience and wisdom arise when we act selflessly, and conversely, “suppressed compassion gives rise to guilt experienced unconsciously. “[135]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Philosopher Peter Singer says that, usually when we critically describe that an action is done on good conscience, that depiction we do for the sake of denying that the agent in question is actually motivated by selfish desires, such as avarice or ambition, or mere whims or impulses. [136]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Moral antirealists argue over whether the moral facts necessary to activate conscience occur after natural facts, with a priori imperative; or vice versa, arise a priori because moral facts have primary intentions and the same natural worlds can be said morally identical. [137]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

There is also an argument that there is a kind of moral luck in the way the situation creates obstacles that conscience must face to apply moral principles and human rights.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Furthermore, property rights and rules of law, access to universal health care and the absence of high adult and infant mortality from diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and hunger, have ensured that people living in developed and wealthy countries have been kept away from pain of conscience associated with the physical necessity of stealing food, bribing tax inspectors or police, and killing people in guerrilla wars against corrupt government forces or rebel armies. [138]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Scrutton also claims that the true understanding of conscience and its relation to morality becomes intangled with the “premature” belief that questions of philosophy can be solved analysis of language, and this happens in places that require obscurity, namely when clarity threatens previous interests. [139]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Susan Sontag also said that the inability to realize that most morally immature people are capable of experiencing a form of good feeling when penetrating a taboo erotically, or when watching violence, suffering and pain imposed upon the other party, is a symptom of psychological immaturity. [140]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Jonathan Glover writes that most of us “do not spend life maintaining the garden of the heart constantly” and our conscience does not seem to be shaped by heroic struggle, but rather by the selection of spouses, friends, careers, and also the selection of places of life. [141]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Garrett Hardin in a famous article titled the tragedy of shared ownership argued that when society asks an individual who is exploiting a common property to stop in the public interest - on grounds of conscience - that's when society is the same creates a system that actually removes the conscience from society.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

This occurs because such systems transfer societal power and physical resources to people with no conscience, while creating guilt, for example unease regarding the individual contributions of people who have such conscience is related to overpopulation . [142] [143] John Ralston Saul conveyed his view in the Taksadar Civilization that in contemporary developed nations, many people have submitted their sense of right or wrong, their critical conscience, to technical experts.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

They consciously tie their own freedom of choice to the limited, logic-led consumerist actions of free market ideology.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

On the other hand, people's participation in public affairs became limited only in isolated actions, namely elections.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In the end, the private lobby was able to encourage the representatives of the people chosen to fight the public interest. [144]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Some parties use religious or philosophical grounds to argue that action against conscience can be blamed even if the judgment of conscience is closer to fallacy (perhaps because it has not gained sufficient or unconscious information about the norm (humanist or religious), professional, ethical, legal, or prevailing human rights). [145]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The inability to realize and accept that judgments of conscience may be erroneous can make one's conscience manipulated others into justifying selfish and unwise actions.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

If it is done only to lorify things of an ideological nature and with a high degree of ideological fidelity, without altruistic external justification and regard to norms, conscience may be morally blind and harmful to the individual concerned and humanity in general. [146]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Langston argued that philosophers of virtue ethics have so far neglected conscience unnecessarily because of the already trained conscience in order to argue that the principles and rules they use are rules and principles that everyone should use, in practice then rules and The principle becomes growing and developing in that society.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In a community that is considered to be the highest moral development, there is very little debate about how to act. [9]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Emmanuel Levinas assumed that conscience was a divine encounter with resistance to our self-egoism.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

With it, we develop morality by questioning our naive sense of freedom of will in using power or violence.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The more we want to control ourselves, this process becomes more difficult. [147]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In other words, the acceptance of the Liyan, for Levinas, is the essence of true conscience.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

With this acceptance, our ego can accept that we can even be wrong when looking at others.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

We also become aware that selfish freedom of will is “not binding” and awareness of this has a transcendent purpose: “I am not alone... in conscience, I have an experience that does not relate to any rides of a priori, an experience that unconceptualized. “[147]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Acts based on conscience and conscience in advance of the law The British humanist lawyers in the 16th and 17th centuries interpreted conscience as a set of universal principles given to man by God at the time of creation, to be used with reason.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

This slowly reformed the legal system originally based on Roman Law, replacing it with forms of action, written defense, use of the jury system, and patterns of litigation such as Demurrer and Assumpsit indicating a greater attention to the elements wrong and true in actual occurrence. [148]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In parliament, conscience elections allow legislators to vote without restrictions on political party membership. [149]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In his trial in Jerusalem, the Nazi war criminal, Adolf Eichmann, claimed that he was only following a legal order under paragraph 48 of the German Military code which says that: “the value of condemnation of an action or inaction cannot be abolished on the basis that the person did so by based on his conscience or religious commandments. “[150]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN DUHAM), which is part of the international custom specifically refers to the word conscience in Articles 1 and 18. [5]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In addition, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights also calls conscience in Article 18.1.Everyone is born independent and has equal dignity and rights.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

They are endowed with reason and conscience and should associate with each other in brotherhood. —United Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1 Everyone has the right to freedom of mind, conscience and religion; in this case including freedom to change religion or belief, with freedom to declare religion or belief by means of teaching it, do it, worship and obey it, both alone and together with others, in public and alone. —United Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 18 Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, belief and religion.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

This right includes the freedom to establish religion or belief of its own choice, and the freedom, either alone or jointly with others, whether in public or closed places, to exercise religion and its beliefs in worship, observance, practice, and teaching. —United Nations, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 18.1 It says that the articles provide an international legal obligation to protect persons who refuse to participate in conscription on grounds of conscience. [151]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

John Rawls, in Theory of Justice, describes a person who refuses to participate in conscription on conscience grounds as an individual who is prepared to commit acts of civil disobedience in public (and usually in the presence of massive resistance) to resist a legal rule that justified by violating basic social virtues (such as for example justice, liberty, or equality), as well as the principles of morality and law taken from it. [152]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Rawls thought that civil disobedience should be viewed as a kind of attempted appeal or warning against a rule of law that went against the fundamental virtue of society, namely justice.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Civil disobedience still shows respect and loyalty to the rule of law demonstrated by its non-violent and transparent methods. [152]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

On the other hand, Rawls theory is incapable of accommodating conscience based resistance to basic judgments of society related to justice or with recently arising moral or ethical principles (such as for example respect for environmental rights) and has not been part of the judgement those societies.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In addition, it is very difficult for people to consistently predict and determine that a majority decision is fair or unjust. [153]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Resistance based on conscience, which is when someone refuses to obey the law, should not arise unthought or from a naive “traditional conscience”; it will only facilitate the attitude that does not want to equalize the law with moral or human rights norms and does not want to distancing the law from disrespect for democratic institutions. [154]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Such resistance must be based on a “critical conscience”, that is, a truly deep and conceptually mature moral or religious belief, which is considered fundamentally opposite (not just because it is incompatible with selfish desires or impulses) for example with all laws conscription or legal obligation to help the State war financially. [155]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

One famous example is when Henry David Thoreau, author of Walden, was imprisoned because he refused to pay taxes after disagreeing with a government policy, and was extremely frustrated with the corruption and injustice of the democratic machinery of the country. [156]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In the United States, the most recent case is Kimberly Rivera, a U.S. Army soldier and mother of four children who after fighting 3 months in the Iraq War, said the war was immoral and sought asylum in Canada in 2012.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

He was later deported and detained in the US. [157]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In World War II, Great Britain granted conscience clerk status not only to pacifists, but also to people who refused to fight in certain wars.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

This was partly implemented out of respect, partly for the sake of avoiding abusive and failed persecution against the perpetrators based on conscience as happened in World War I. [158] Amnesty International held a campaign to protect imprisoned people as inmates of conscience because of their conscience beliefs related to intellectual, political, and artistic freedom. [159]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Aung San Suu Kyi of Burma was the winner of Amnesty International's Ambassador of Conscience Award in 2009.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In law, a conscience clause is a provision within a rule of law that permits a health professional to fight the law (e.g. surgical or medicinal abortion), if the law is incompatible with the religious beliefs or conscience of the person concerned. [ 160]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

There are many excuses used to disobey the law out of conscience.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Many princesses based on conscience are against the law for religious reasons, for example members of peaceful churches who are indeed pacifist doctrine.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Other resistance may be based on a deep feeling of responsibility to humanity in general, or from a belief that the concept of conscription must be lost before the world can become secure for the sake of real democracy. [161]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

On the other hand, a clergyman based on conscience has no primary purpose to change the law.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

John Dewey argues that courtiers based on conscience are often victims of “moral sinlessness” and failed moral training; he says, “the power of a constantly moving situation, always alone cannot be dealt with conscience. “[162]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Its handling is not by voicing the evil of those who manipulate power in the world, but rather by associating conscience with forces moving in a better direction, for example, setting up institutions and social environments based on the rule of law.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Only then, “conscience can have compulsive power and not be forever martified and imposed. “[162]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Albert Einstein who advocated conscience resistance in the First World War and was a long-term supporter of the international organization of war warriors, stated that “radical pacifism” could not be justified when the Nazis were rearming.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

He then advocated a world federalist organization that had its own professional army. [163]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Samuel Johnson points out that attempts to appeal on grounds of conscience do not allow the law to give suffering unjustly to others.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

For Johnson, conscience is nothing more than the conviction we feel regarding something to do or avoid.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Regarding simple, non-confusing morality, conscience can be a kind of trustworthy guideline. [164]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

On the other hand, before conscience can conclusively determine what to do morally, it thinks that the issue must be known in depth. [164]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

According to Johnson, “no one's conscience should be allowed to “deprive the rights of another”... a conscience that robs one person's rights for the convenience of another is a deeply misdirected conscience.”


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Civil disobedience as nonviolent protest or civil resistance is also an act of conscience.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

However, actions like this are designed by people who aim to change government laws or policies that are seen as incoherent with basic social virtues and principles (such as justice, equality, or respect for human self-esteem), by affecting people majority and democratic process. [165]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Civil disobedience, in a democracy that runs as it should, can accommodate minorities who feel that a product of law interferes with their feelings of fairness (but are incapable of making legislative amendments or referendums), in order to inform the majority who do not care or do not know, regarding the intensity of their views. [166]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

An example of civil disobedience or satyagraha (in Sanskrit, “satya” means “truth and compassion”, “agraha” means “constancy of will”) was when Mahatma Gandhi made salt in India when the act was forbidden by the laws of Great Britain, to create moral pressure for the sake of reforming the law. [167]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Rosa Parks also acted with conscience in 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, United States, when she resisted legal compulsion to give her bus stool to a person of color.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

His actions, and similar actions that once also performed by Claudette Colvin who was only 15 years old, ultimately led to a boycott of the Montgomery bus. [168]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Rachel Corrie was a United States citizen who was purportedly killed a bulldozer operated by the Israel Defense Forces (PPI) when engaged in direct action (which was based on the nonviolent principles of Martin Luther King and Mahatma Gandhi) to save the home of a Palestinian pharmacist, Samir Nasrallah. [169]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Al Gore once said that “If you are a young boy who cares about the future of the planet, and sees what is being done now and has not been done, I believe we have reached the stage when you have to do civil disobedience to prevent development new coal fired power plants that are not technologically carbon capture and sequestration. “[170]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In 2011, NASA climate scientist, James E. Hansen, leader of the environmental movement, Phil Radford, and Professor Bill McKibben, were arrested for fighting the oil sands pipeline [171] [172] and Canadian professor of renewable energy, Mark Jaccard, was arrested for countering mountaintop coal mining [173].


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In his book, Storms of My Grandchildren, Hansen exclaims about the need for civil disobedience similar on a global scale, to help replace the Kyoto Protocol system that he initiated letting business run as usual, with a progressive carbon tax on sources of oil, gas industry emissions , and coal.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The result then needs to be paid as a devident to families with a low carbon footprint. [174] [175] [176] Resistance based on conscience that is well known in history, in a professional context, for example the manipulation of the visa process in 1939 by the General Consul of Japan, Chiune Sugihara, in Kaunas (the provisional capital of Lithuania located between Germany and the Soviet Union) and by Raoul Wallenberg in Hungary in 1944. [177]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

They allowed the Jews to escape almost certain death. [178]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Ho Feng-Shan, Chinese Consul-General in Vienna in 1939, refused the order of the Chinese ambassador in Berlin, in favor of granting Shanghai visas to Jews. [179]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

John Rabe, a German member of the Nazi Party, also saved thousands of Chinese citizens from mass murders committed by Japanese soldiers in Nanjing. [180]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The German student movement against the Nazis, the White Rose, declared in their 4th leaflet: “We will not be silent. We are your guilty conscience.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The White Rose will never let you dwell in peace!” [181]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Conscience based resistance may be the only practical option for citizens who wish to affirm the existence of international moral rules or 'core' historical rights (such as the right to life, the right to a fair trial, and freedom of expression) in countries that repress protest nonviolence or civil disobedience by arbitrary detention, torture, forced disappearance, murder, or persecution. [182]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The controversial Milgram experiment, which tried to understand compliance and was implemented by Stanley Milgram, showed that many people lacked the resources to resist authority, even when they were ruled to have acted cruelly and inhumanely on an innocent victim . [183]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

World conscience Global conscience or world conscience is a universalist concept that states that with instant global communication, all people in this world will no longer be morally separated from each other, based on culture, ethnicity, or geographical scope.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Those people will create ethics from a utopian perspective regarding the universe, immortality, or eternity, and not base their rights and obligations from powers that exist within limits such as heredity and territory. [6]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

This usually arises from a spiritual or legal perspective of nature.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

That perspective says, in order to achieve world peace, true conscience cannot be attributed to fundamentalistic religious ideologies, but as an aspect of universal consciousness, accessible through the shared heritage of mankind. [184]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

This way of thinking about global conscience development is easily found in the members of the Global Ecovillage Network, such as the Findhorn Foundation, international conservation organizations such as Fauna and Flora International, and world music actors such as Alan Stivell. [185]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Non-governmental institutions, especially through their work in the creation of agendas as well as the development and implementation of policies related to human rights, were once referred to as the conscience of the world. [186]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Edward O Wilson developed the idea of consilience to advance the coherence of global moral and scientific knowledge.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

He stated that “only unified learning, unified universally, can enable appropriate future review and wise decisions. “[187]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Thus, global conscience is a concept related to the Gaia hypothesis.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Its links are in advocating a balance of moral, legal, scientific and economical solutions, related to modern transnational problems such as global poverty, climate change, using strategies such as environmental ethics, climate ethics, nature conservation, ecology, cosmopolitanism, sustainability , sustainable development, biosequestration, and legal protection for the biosphere and biodiversity. [188] [189] [190] [191] [192] For example, the NGO 350.org attempts to develop global awareness related to the problem of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. [193] [194] Credit initiative micro conducted by Nobel Peace Prize winner Muhammad Yunus, supposedly inspired a “war on poverty that combines social conscience with cleverness in business”. [195]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Green party politician, Bob Brown (who was arrested by the Australian state police, Tasmania, for an act of civil disobedience based on conscience during a Franklin Dam demonstration) described the conscience of the world thus: “the universe, through us, evolved in the direction of experience, understanding, and the selection of decisions for his future”.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

One example of a policy that emerges from such thinking is a global tax (see Tobin tax) to reduce global poverty and protect the biosphere.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The amount amounts to 1/10 of 1% of the existing taxes in the world's currency speculation market. [196]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In such an approach, the world's conscience is most easily conveyed through political reforms that promote democracy-based globalization or planetary democracy (e.g. the election of global governance organizations over the internet) which will slowly change globalization based that market is now happening. [197]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The United States cardiologist, Bernard Lown, and Russian cardiologist, Yevgeniy Chazov, were moved to his conscience while studying public-health disasters as a result of nuclear war.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

They founded the International Society of Physicists for the Prevention of Nuclear War.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The organization was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985 and continues to help “heal an ailing world”. [198]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The worldly expression of conscience led to the French government's decision to cancel atmospheric nuclear tests at Mururoa, Pacific Ocean, in 1974, after 41 explosions (although underground nuclear tests continued to run there well into the 1990s). [199]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The concept of a world conscience gained a challenge from a 1968 article published by Garrett Hardin.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The article analyzes critically the dilemma that occurs when some individuals, acting independently after rationally taking personal interests into account, ultimately destroy finite common resources, even though they know each other that output such is not in anyone's long-term interest. [142]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Hardin's conclusion is that practical shared areas can only be reached at situations of low population density (and state-restricted continuation of reproduction).


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

This conclusion is increasingly controversial as Hardin degrades the value of conscience to reach individual decisions, policies, and rules that help justice, peace, sustainability, and global sustainable development in a place of public interest as depicted in policy United Nations. [200]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The areas specified as the shared heritage of mankind, in international law, are the Moon, outer space, the seabed, Antarctica, areas of cultural and natural heritage, as well as the human genome. [201]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The world's conscience will reach its greatest challenge when oil, coal, mineral, timber, agriculture, and water resources are exhausted and this creates pressure to exploit humanity's shared heritage areas for commercial benefit. [202]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Philosopher Peter Singer argues that the UN Millennium Development Goals describe the emergence of ethics based not on national boundaries, but on the unity of the world. [203]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Ninian Smart also predicts that increasing global travel and communication will slowly lead world religions towards transcendental and pluralistic humanism, which is characterized by an “open soul” full of empathy and compassion. [204]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Noam Chomsky argues that one of the forces against the development of the world's conscience is a free-market ideology that puts forward corporate covetousness in nominal electoral democracy.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In such ideologized societies, advertising, shopping malls, and debt, turn citizens into apathetic consumers related to information and access needed for democratic participation. [205]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

John Passmore says that mystical considerations about the global development of human consciousness should heed the claim that if we as a species succeed in developing something greater than our present state, it will be generated by conscience.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Especially, a conscience that succeeds in advancing moral perfection as a common goal, and succeeds in keeping us uneasy, dissatisfied, and vying for love and affection. [206]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The Committee on Conscience at the Holokaus Memorial Museum of the United States says that the various genocides that occurred in Rwanda, Bosnia, Darfur, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Chechnya, are a challenge to the conscience of the world. [207]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Oscar Arias Sanchez criticized the global arms industry, calling it a failure of conscience: “when a country decides it will invest in weapons instead of in education, housing, the environment, and health services for its people, the country complicates the right of happiness and wealth one generation.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

We have produced one firearm for every ten inhabitants of the earth, but we have never cared about eliminating world hunger even if it is capable of achieving it.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Such a condition is not a necessity or something that cannot be avoided, but a conscious choice. “[208]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The Speaker of the United States Consultative Assembly, Nancy Pelosi, after meeting with the 14th Dalai Lama during bloody demonstrations in Tibet in 2008, said that: “The situation in Tibet is a challenge to the conscience of the world. “[209]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Nelson Mandela, by his actions and words, is said to have changed the shape of the world's conscience. [210]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The Righteous Life Award is given annually in Sweden to motivated people of conscience who make exemplary practical contributions to solving the great problems of planet Earth and humanity. [211]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Avaaz is one of the largest global (on-line) in-network organizations launched in January 2007 that aims to promote conscience based activism addressing issues related to climate change, human rights, animal rights, corruption, poverty, and conflict, for the sake of “closing the gap that exists between the world we've got and the world most people around the world want. “[212]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Famous examples of acts based on conscience One example of a contemporary act of conscience is that of a Christian bushwalker, Brenda Hean, who protested flooding from Lake Pedder despite being threatened and eventually died. [213]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Another example is Ken Saro-Wiwa's campaign against oil extraction by multinational corporations in Nigeria, which ended on death row. [214]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

There was also an action taken by a Tank Man who was photographed holding a shopping bag in the tank line at a protest in Tiananmen Square, on June 5, 1989. [215]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The UN Secretary-General, Dag Hammarskjöld, who tried to create peace in the Congo even though he was threatened to be killed, was highly motivated by conscience, as indicated in his diary, Vägmärken (Omens). [216]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Another example is the actions of soldier Hugh Thompson, Jr. who tried to prevent the My Lai Massacre in the Vietnam War. [217]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Evan Pederick confessed and was later convicted of the Sydney Hilton bombing, saying his conscience was very guilty.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

He said: “It seems to me not like any other inmate.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

I continue to prove that I am guilty, while other people say they are innocent. “[218]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Vasili Arkhipov was a Russian navy soldier who was being cut off from radio links in a Soviet B-59 submarine.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

When attacked by a United States warship in the Cuban missile crisis, its resistance to the decision of two other armies to launch nuclear torpedoes (required full approval of all members of the ship), may have prevented nuclear war. [219]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In 1963, Buddhist priest Thich Quang Duc carried out a notorious self-arson action to protest the persecution of his trust by the Ngo Dinh Diem regime. [220]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Conscience was instrumental in the actions of anaestetist Stephen Bolsin, who reported the incompetent paediatric heart surgeon who was at Bristol Royal Hospital. [221]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Jeffrey Wigand was motivated by conscience when he revealed the Giant Tobacco scandal and showed that tobacco company executives knew the addictive properties of cigarettes and allowed the addition of carcinogenic compositions to cigarettes. [222]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

David Graham, a clerk at the United States Food and Drug Administration, moved his conscience when he reported that his arthritis painkiller, Vioxx, increased the risk of cardiovascular death and the drugmaker tried to cover-up this information. [223]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Muntadhar al-Zaidi, a journalist of Iraqi origin, was jailed and supposedly tortured for his act of conscience throwing shoes at George W. Bush. [224] Mordechai Vanunu, a former nuclear technician of Israeli origin, acted on conscience when he described the detail of the nuclear weapons program Israel to the British press in 1986.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

He was later kidnapped by Israeli agents, transferred to Israel, convicted of treason, and spent 18 years in prison, including more than 11 years in detention himself. [225]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

W.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Mark Felt, a Federal Bureau of Investigation agent in the United States who retired in 1973 as assistant director of the office, felt compelled by conscience when he provided information related to the Watergate Scandal to journalists Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein. [226]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Conscience was also a major factor for U.S. Public Health Services officer, Peter Buxtun, who revealed the Tuskegee syphilis experiment. [227]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Israel's 2008 military offensive on Palestinian civilian areas of Gaza was described as a “stain on the world's conscience”. [228]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Conscience played an important role when Aung San Suu Kyi refused to leave Burma despite being imprisoned at home and a military dictatorship within the country. [229]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Conscience also played a role when Peter Galbraith criticized election manipulation in Afghanistan in 2009 and cost him a career at the United Nations. [230]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Journalist Anna Politovskaya gave examples related to her conscience when she fought the Second Chechen War and protested against the then Russian president, Vladimir Putin. [231]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Neda Agha-Soltan was killed while protesting Iran's 2009 presidential election based on conscience. [232]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Female Muslim lawyer and 2003 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, Shirin Ebadi, was described as 'the conscience of the Islamic Republic' because she helped protect the human rights of women and children in Iran. [233]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Rights lawyer Gao Zhisheng, who is often called 'Chinese conscience' and was once imprisoned and supposedly tortured by the Chinese regime for being perceived as defending Falun Gong members, was subsequently kidnapped by Chinese security agents on February 4, 2009 and until now has not appeared to pulbic. [234]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

2010 Nobel Peace Prize winner, Lu Xiaobo, in his final statement before being convicted in a closed court in China and jailed for more than a decade as an inmate of political conscience, said: “Hatred is more corrosive on wisdom and heart one's conscience; the mentality of hostility will poison the soul of a nation. “[235]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Sergei Magnitsky, a Russian lawyer, was arrested, held without trial for nearly a year, and died in custody.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

He revealed corruption cases. [236]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In October 2012, the Taliban tried to kill Malala Yousafzai, a teenage girl who campaigned for women's education in Pakistan, despite being threatened by the Taliban. [237] In December 2012, the Delhi 2012 rape case purportedly moved India's collective conscience to move India's collective conscience into motion with civil disobedience and general protest over the lack of legal action against the rapists in the country. [238] [239] In literature, art, film, and music of the Indian kuna epics, the Mahabharata, written by Wiyasa, contains two famous moments of conscience.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The first moment is when Arjuna, who is flooded with affection and does not want to combat his brother who is at odds with him, receives advice from Krisna regarding the spiritual task he must perform: “work as if you were making sacrifices for the greater good. “[240]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The second moment is at the end of the story, when Judistira manages to complete the moral test of life alone, he is offered eternal pleasure.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Judistira rejected him because a dog loyal to him was not allowed to participate, based on heavenly laws and rules. [241]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The French writer, Montaigne (1533-1592), in one of his essays, About Experience, described his delights living with a clear conscience: “We are in charge of upholding character; not writing books, not winning wars and provinces, but rather achieving neatness and peace in our behavior.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Our foremost and most powerful masterpiece is true life. “[242]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In his famous travel diary, Oku no Hosomichi (Narrow Road to the North), Matsuo Basho (1644-94) wrote haiku and prose.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

He described that the immortal thing in this rapidly lost world tends to move in conscience, for example the rest of the dreams and ambitions of the struggle of ancient warriors is now just a plot of summer grass. [243]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Critic A. C. Bradley describes that the main problem of Shakespeare's tragic character, Hamlet, is the problem of conscience that arises in the form of moral whispers that disturb the young Prince to “act righteously” by obeying his father's ghost and killing the King who being betrayed. [244]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Anton Chekhov in various scripts of his plays such as the Seagull, Uncle Vanya, and the Three Sisters described the various emotional conditions of doctors tormented by ignoring conscience. [245]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In his various short stories, Chekhov also explored the theme of people failing to understand the tormented voice of conscience.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

For example, a doctor who examined the cries of affection experienced by the daughter of a factory owner in From A News Event described conscience as “an unknown and mysterious force... very close and watching it. “[246]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Chekhov's own conscience then made him leave for Sakhalin to record and try to ease the poor condition of the convicts on the island.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

As Irina Ratushinskaya wrote in her introduction to the book: “She left everything behind and went to the distant island of Sakhalin, the very feared island of disposal and forced labor in Russia at that time.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Perhaps you ask the reason; simply, because the fate of the people there is very bitter, because no one really knows about the lives and deaths of the wasted, because he feels that they are more in need of help than all others.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

This reason sounds strange, but in fact it is not strange for a writer who became the pinnacle of the Russian literary tradition.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Russian literature has always focused on questions of conscience; and thus, literature has become a great force in the formation of public opinion. “[247]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

E.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

H.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Carr criticizes Dostoyevsky's character, Raskolnikov, who in the novel Crime and Punishment decides to kill an 'evil and annoying' old moneylender woman because he thinks he has managed to transcendence conventional morals: “this sequel shows us no pain a restless conscience (which would probably be written down by a less astute writer), but a failed tragic thought struggle for belief that does not match the nature of human nature. “[248]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Hermann Hesse wrote down his novel, Siddharta, to describe a man who in Buddhist times followed his conscience and ventured to find a transcendent inner space, where all things could be brought together and understood.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

He understood these personal truths when he fought selflessly as a ferry guard. [249]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

J.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

R.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

R.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Tolkien in his epost, The Lord of the Rings, describes that only the hobbit Frodo has a pure enough conscience to carry the ring of power through the wartime regions of Middle-earth to reach the Cracks of Doom.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

At the end, Frodo was forced to continue his journey unarmed, and he only survived due to his initial decision to let Gollum stay alive. [250]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Harper Lee, in To Kill a Mockingbird, portrays Atticus Finch, a lawyer who obeys his conscience and sets an example for his children and the community. [251]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The script of Robert Bolt's play, A Man For All Seasons, focuses on the conscience of the Catholic lawyer, Thomas More, in his struggle to face King Henry VIII. [252]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

George Orwell wrote his novel, 1984, on the Island of Jura, Scotland, which tells the story of the struggle of a man, Winston Smith, who is about to develop a critical conscience in a totalitarian nation that pays attention to every movement of the people and manipulates their minds with a mix propaganda, endless war, and mind control through the control of language, to the point that the inmates admire and love their torturers. [253]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

In the Ministry of Love, torturer Winston (O'Brien) says: “You are imagining that there is something called human nature, who would be outraged by what we did and would protest against us.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

We are precisely the party that created human nature.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Humans can be shaped indefinitely. “[254]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

A tapestry print of Picasso's painting Guernica, depicting the mass murder of innocent women and children in the Spanish Civil War, is displayed on the wall of the United Nations building in New York, at the entrance to the Security Council.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

This was done in order to raise the conscience of the representatives of each nation. [255]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Albert Tucker's painting, Head of Man, captures the moral disintegration and absence of conscience in the heart of a person who kicks a dog to death. [256]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The Impressionist painter, Vincent van Gogh, wrote in a letter to his brother, Theo, in 1878, that “one must not allow the fire in the soul to die, for one day that fire will be needed.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

He who chooses poverty for himself, and loves poverty, has a great fortune and will hear the voice of his conscience more clearly.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

He who listens to the voice, the greatest gift of God, in his soul and obedient to it, will finally find a friend, and he will never be alone! ...


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

That's what all the great people know in their respective works, all those who've ever thought a little deeper and sought and worked and loved more deeply than anyone else.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

They have dived deep once in the sea of life. “[257]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Ingmar Bergman's film, Seventh Seal (1957), depicts the journey of a Medieval knight (Max von Sydow) who is returning home from the Crusades.


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

He came home with a heart restless about his faith (“what will happen to a man who wants to believe but is unable?”)


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

He wandered through disease-filled landscapes, playing chess with the personification of Death, until finally he was able to carry out one altruistic act of conscience, which was to turn over the chessboard to interfere with Death's attention until a family could escape with a cart them. [258]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The film Casablanca, released in 1942, is themed on the development of conscience in a cynical United States citizen, Rick Blaine (played by Humphrey Bogart), who is facing Nazi oppression and paying attention to the example of the leader of the resistance, Victor Laszlo. [259]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The script of David Lean and Robert Bolt's play, Doctor Zhivago (an adaptation of Boris Pasternak's novel), focuses on the conscience of a poet doctor in the midst of the Russian Revolution (1917).


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

At the end, there is the inscription: “the walls of his heart are like paper”. [260]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Ridley Scott's 1982 film, Blade Runner, is themed on the struggle of conscience within the souls of a treasure seeker (Rick Deckard, played by Harrison Ford) and a replicant android (Roy Batty, played by Rutger Hauer) in a future that rejects that artificial intelligence can have a conscience. [261]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Johann Sebastian Bach wrote his final choral composition, Mass in B minor (BWV 232), to describe the feelings of solitude, despair, happiness and rapture that arise when conscience imagines a dead life. [262]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Ludwig van Beethoven's thoughts related to the existence of disease, conscience, and mortality, inspired one of the opuses in the Final Friction Quartet, namely the Quartet of Friction A Minor (1825) Opus 132 (Quartet Swipe No. 15), as “The Hymn of Gratitude to God a Patient Who Is Healing. “[263] [264] John Lennon's work entitled “Imagine” became popular because it reminded conscience related to war crimes, religious fundamentalism, and politics. [265]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The Beatles' song, which George Harrison wrote, “The Inner Light”, contains lyrics taken from Dao Dejing, described in Indian raga music, that “without going out the door, thou shalt know the heavenly way. “[266]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

The Ambassador of Conscience Award, Amnesty International's most prestigious human rights award, inspired a poem written by an Irish Nobel laureate poet, Seamus Heaney, entitled “The Republic of Conscience”. [7]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

Included in the award winners are Malala Yousafzai, singer and social justice activist Harry Belafonte, [267] musician Peter Gabriel (2008), Nelson Mandela (2006), Irish rock band U2 (2005), [[Mary Robinson and Hilda Morales Trujillo (Guatemalan women's rights activists, 2004), and author as well as public intellectual, Václav Havel (2003). [7]


Question: What is meant by conscience?

Conscience

See also Intellect Altruism Ethics Ethics Ethics Evolution of morality Philosophy of mind Social conscience Free will Consciousness Complex friends-enmity Problems of budi—body Morality Morality The moral value of the Student based on conscience Rationality and power Rationality Synderesis Reference:Personality Category:Philosophy of mind Category:Ethical


Question: What is the name of Israel's currency?

Israeli new shekel

Israeli new shekel (Hebrew: שקל חדת, Shekel Ḥadash) (sign: ₪; acronym: שקלים, code: ILS) (also spelled sheqel; pl. shekalim pronunciation shkalim - שקלים, Arabic: شيقل جديد, shiqel jadid or شيكل جديد) is the currency of the state of Israel.


Question: What is the name of Israel's currency?

Israeli new shekel

The shekel is subdivided into 100 agorot (אגורות) (sing. agora, Hebrew: אגורה).


Question: What is the name of Israel's currency?

Israeli new shekel

The new shekel replaced the old shekel on 1 January 1986.


Question: What is the name of Israel's currency?

Israeli new shekel

Footnotes Outside Category:Currencies


Question: During whose reign did Satya Widya Yudha sit in the House seat?

House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia (2014—2019)

The House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia 2014—2019 period (abbreviated as DPR RI period 2014-2019) is the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia filled by members of the legislative general election held on 9 April 2014.


Question: During whose reign did Satya Widya Yudha sit in the House seat?

Members of the House of Representatives 2014-2019 period were sworn in and taken oath on October 1, 2014 by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia [1].


Question: During whose reign did Satya Widya Yudha sit in the House seat?

The leadership of the DPR RI period 2014-2019 was held by the leadership package carried by the Red and White Coalition, namely Setya Novanto (Golkar) as chairman, and four vice chairmen namely Fadli Zon (Gerindra), Agus Hermanto (Democrat), Taufik Kurniawan (PAN), and Fahri Hamzah, (MCC). [2]


Question: During whose reign did Satya Widya Yudha sit in the House seat?

The National Legislation Programme of the National Legislation Program 2015-2019 is a planning instrument for the formation of a planned, integrated, and systematic legislation program for the period 2015-2019.


Question: During whose reign did Satya Widya Yudha sit in the House seat?

At first the total bill included in the Prolegnas period 2015-2019 amounted to 159 bills. [3]


Question: During whose reign did Satya Widya Yudha sit in the House seat?

But the number was revised to 160 bill due to the addition of the Entrepreneurship Bill proposed by the DPR [4] [5] Plenary Session of DPR-RI is a meeting of members chaired by the leadership of the DPR and is the highest forum in carrying out the authority and duties of DPR-RI.


Question: During whose reign did Satya Widya Yudha sit in the House seat?

See also the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia List of Members of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia period 2014—2019 Reference Donetsk People's Republic API Category:Parliament of Indonesia


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

Italy (Italy), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana [1] [2] [3] [4], is a unitary state parliamentary republic in Europe [note 1] Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

Italy borders France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and the Vatican.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

Italy covers an area of 301.338 km² (116,347 mi²), and is influenced by the temperate climate and mediterranean climate.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

Judging by the shape, maps of Italy are shaped like boots or in Italy are often called lo Stivale [5] [6].


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

With a population of 61 million people, Italy is the fourth most populated EU member state.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

Since the Classic Era, Italy has been inhabited by various peoples and civilizations.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

Like the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and the ancient Greeks who established settlements in the south of Italy, the Etruscans and Kelts inhabited central and northern Italy, as well as Ancient Italian tribes and Italic peoples scattered throughout the Italian Peninsula and Insular Italy (Sardinia and Sicily).


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

The Italic tribes or known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom which eventually worked into a republic that successfully conquered and assimilated other nearby civilizations.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

Rome eventually emerged as the dominant power in the mediterranean basin, successfully conquering much of the ancient world and becoming the leading cultural, political and religious center in Western civilization.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

Relics of the Roman Empire are widespread and can be seen in the global distribution channels of civil law, republican rule, Christianity and Latin writing.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

During the Middle Ages, Italy suffered a sociopolitical collapse amid adverse barbarian invasions, but by the 11th century many Italian city-states and maritime republics rose to achieve prosperity through shipping, trade, and banking, laying the foundation for capistalism modern [7].


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

The independent statelets [note 2], which acted as Europe's main trading centre with Asia and the Near East, enjoyed a greater degree of democracy and wealth compared to the feudal monarchies consolidating throughout Europe at the time.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

Most of Central Italy remained under the control of the theocratic Papal States, while Southern Italy was feudal until the 19th century, as a result of a succession of Byzantine, Arab, Norman, Spanish, and Bourbon conquests in the region. [8]


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

The Renaissance began from Italy and spread throughout Europe, by bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration and art.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

At this time Italian culture was flourishing, and produced well-known scholars, artists and polymatists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo, and Machiavelli.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

Also famous Italian explorers such as Marco Polo, Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci and Giovanni da Verrazzano who discovered new routes to the Far East and the New World, which aided the European Age of Exploration.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

Nevertheless, Italy's commercial and political power diminished with the opening of the Atlantic trade route and the route to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope crossing the Middle Sea. [9] [10] [11] And again, Italian city-states continued to engage in bloody warfare, culminating in The Italian wars of the 15th and 16th centuries, which eventually left them exhausted, with no one emerging as the dominant power.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

Weakened rulers soon fell victim to the conquests of European powers such as France, Spain and Austria.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

In the mid-19th century, there emerged a movement in support of Italian nationalism and independence from foreign control.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

This movement led to a revolutionary political upheaval called the Risorgimento to unite the countries in Italy.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

After various failed attempts, finally the Italian War of Independence and the Expedition of the Thousand succeeded in unifying the countries of Italy in 1861, and is now a great power after centuries of foreign domination. [12].


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Italian New Kingdom rapidly industrialized, especially in the north, and colonial empires, [13] while in the south most were still poor and excluded from industrialization, and fueled a large and influential diaspora. [14]


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

Despite being one of the main cast in World War I, Italy experienced a period of economic crisis and social chaos, leading to the rise of a fascist dictatorship in 1922.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

Subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in military defeat, economic destruction, and Italian civil wars.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

After liberation and rise of resistance, Italy abolished the monarchy and restored democracy, enjoyed a prolonged economic boom, freed from sociopolitical chaos (such as, Anni di Piombo, Mani pulite, Second Mafia War, Maxi Trial and assassination of anti-mafia officials) and became a major developed country. [15] [16] [17] Currently, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and the eighth largest in the world.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

Has a very high rate of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

The country plays an important role in regional as well as global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, and is a regional power [18] [19] and a great power. [20] [21] Italy is a founder and leading member of the European Union and a member of various international institutions such as the United Nations, NATO, OECD, OSCE, WTO, G7/G8, G20, Union for the Mediterranean, European Assembly, Uniting for Consensus, and more.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

As a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, is the most numerous, and is the fifth most visited country in the world.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

The etymology of “Italian” etymology assumptions are numerous, and the collection of solutions written by historians, and the language is very long. [22]


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

According to one of the more general explanations, the Italian term, from Latin: Italian [23], is borrowed through Greek from Oska Víteliú meaning “land of the calf” (compare: Latin vitulus “calf”, Umbrian language vitlo “calf”) [24].


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

The bull or cow was once a symbol of tribes in southern Italy, and was often depicted butting Roman wolves as a symbol of unwillingness to cede Italian independence during the Social War.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

The Greek historian Dionysios of Halikarnassos states a treatise together with the legend that Italy was named so in honor of Italus [25] as mentioned Aristotle [26], and Thukidides [27].


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

The Italian name was originally used only to refer to the region that is now called Southern Italy, according to Antiokus of Syracuse, the southern part of the Bruttium Peninsula (now Calabria, the Province of Reggio, and part of the Province of Catanzaro and the Province of Vibo Valentia).


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

But in this time of Antiochus Enotri and Italian became synonyms, and this name also applies to most of Lucania.


Question: What is the name of the Italian capital?

Italy

Greeks over time applied the name “Italy” to a larger area, but in the time of Emperor Augustus (late 1st century BC) this term extended to the entire peninsula until the Alps. [28]