Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Nelson Publications. de Rivera, José Antonio Primo. 1971.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Textos de Doctrina Politica.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Madrid.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Mussolini, Benito. 1998.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

My Rise And Fall.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

The Da Capo Press.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

ISBN 0-306-80864-1 Ciano, Galezzo. 2001.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

The Ciano Diaries, 1939—1943.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Simon Publications.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

ISBN 1-931313-74-1 Mussolini, Benito. 2006.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

My Autobiography: With “The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism”.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Dover Publications.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

ISBN 0-486-44777-4 Second Source Blamires, Cyprian.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Santa Barbara, California, US: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2006.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Costa Pinto, Antonio, ed. Rethinking the Nature of Fascism: Comparative Perspectives (Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 287 pages Evans, Richard J, The Third Reich in Power: 1933—1939, The Penguin Press HC, 2005 De Felice, Renzo. 1976.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Transaction Books.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

ISBN 0-87855-619-2 De Felice, Renzo. 1977.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Harvard University Press.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

ISBN 0-674-45962-8.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Kitsikis, Dimitri. 2005.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Pour une étude scientifique du fascisme.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Ars Magna Editions.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

ISBN 2-912164-11-7.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Kitsikis, Dimitri. 2006.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Jean-Jacques Rousseau et les origines françaises du fascisme.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Ars Magna Editions.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

ISBN 2-912164-46-X. Ben-Am, Shlomo. 1983.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Oxford University Press.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

ISBN 0-19-822596-2 Payne, Stanley G. 1987.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

University of Wisconsin Press.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

ISBN 0-299-11070-2 Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J. 1988.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Routledge.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

ISBN 0-7146-4869-8 Payne, Stanley G. 1995.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

University of Wisconsin Press.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

ISBN 0-299-14874-2 Costa Pinto, António. 1995.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Social Science Monographs.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

ISBN 0-88033-968-3 Golomb, Jacob; Wistrich, Robert S. 2002.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Nietzsche, godfather of fascism? : on the uses and abuses of a philosophy.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Griffiths, Richard. 2001.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Duckworth.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

ISBN 0-7156-2918-2 Gregor, Anthony James. 1979.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Young Mussolini and the intellectual origins of fascism.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, US; London, England, UK: University of California Press.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

ISBN 978-0-520-03799-1 Lewis, Paul H. 2002.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Greenwood Publishing Group.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

ISBN 0-275-97880-X Payne, Stanley G. 2003.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Textbook Publishers.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

ISBN 0-7581-3445-2 Paxton, Robert O. 2005.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Vintage Books.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

ISBN 1-4000-3391-8 Eatwell, Roger. 1996.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Fascism: A History.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

New York: Allen Lane.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Nolte, Ernst The Three Faces of Fascism: Action Française, Italian Fascism, National Socialism, translated from the German by Leila Vennewitz, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1965.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Reich, Wilhelm. 1970.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

The Mass Psychology of Fascism.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Seldes, George. 1935.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Caesar's Sawdust: The Untold History of Mussolini and Fascism.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

New York and London: Harper and Brothers.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Seldes, George. 1943, reprinted 2009.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Facts and Fascism.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

New York: In Fact.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

ISBN 0-930852-43-5. p.288.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Sohn-Rethel, Alfred Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism, London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 Kallis, Aristotle A.,


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

“To Expand or Not to Expand?


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Territory, Generic Fascism and the Quest for an 'Ideal Fatherland'” Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 38, No. 2.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

(Apr., 2003), pp.237—260.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Fritzsche, Peter. 1990.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

New York: Oxford University Press.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

ISBN 0-19-505780-5 Griffin, Roger. 2000.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

“Revolution from the Right: Fascism,” chapter in David Parker (ed.) Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition in the West 1560—1991, Routledge, London.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Laqueur, Walter. 1966.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Fascism: Past, Present, Future, New York: Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

ISBN 0-19-511793-X Sauer, Wolfgang's “National Socialism: totalitarianism or fascism?”


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Pages 404—424 from The American Historical Review, Volume 73, Issue #2, December 1967. + — Sternhell, Zeev with Mario Sznajder and Maia Asheri. [1989] 1994.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

The Birth of Fascist Ideology, From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution., Trans. David Maisei.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. + Baker, David.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

“The political economy of fascism: Myth or reality, or myth and reality?”


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

New Political Economy, Volume 11, Issue 2 June 2006, pp.227—250 Baker, David.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

New Political Economy, Volume 11, Issue 2 June 2006, pages 227— 250 Griffin, Roger. 1991.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

The Nature of Fascism.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

New York: St. Martin's Press.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Weber, Eugen. [1964] 1985.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Varieties of Fascism: Doctrines of Revolution in the Twentieth Century, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, (Contains chapters on fascist movements in different countries.)


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Gentile, Emilio. 2005.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

The Origins of Fascist Ideology, 1918—1925: The First Complete Study of the Origins of Italian Fascism, New York: Enigma Books, ISBN 978-1-929631-18-6 De Grand, Alexander J. Routledge, 2004.


Question: Who created the far-Right ideology?

Fascism

Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: the 'fascist' style of rule Readings on Fascism and National Socialism by Various— Project Gutenberg — Umberto Eco's list of 14 characteristics of Fascism, originally published 1995.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The Holy Supper, Holy Supper, Easter Supper, or Eucharist (English: eucharist) is a rite viewed by most Churches in Christianity as a sacrament.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

According to some New Testament books, the Eucharist was instituted by Jesus Christ during the Last Night Supper. [1]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Jesus gave his disciples bread and wine at the Passover meal, and commanded his followers: “Do this a warning of Me” while referring to the bread as “My body” and the wine as “My blood”. [2]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The term “Eucharist” comes from the Greek ευχαριστω, which means to thank or be grateful; the term is more commonly used by the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Lutheran Church.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

While the term “Holy Supper”, especially in Indonesia, is commonly used by most Protestant Churches. [1]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

But the word “Eucharist” refers not only to the rites alone (Holy Supper or Holy Mass), but also to the bread — whether leavened or unleavened — and the wine consecrated (consecrated) in the rite.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Eucharistic terms The Greek noun εχαριστία (eucharistia), meaning “thanksgiving”, is not used in the New Testament as the name of a ritual. [3]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

But a related verb is found in 1 Corinthians 11:23-24 in the story of the Last Supper: [3] [4] [5] For what I have passed to you, I have received from the Lord, that the Lord Jesus, at night when He was handed over, took bread and after that He gave thanks to it; He broke down- And he said, “This is My body, which is handed over to you; do this a warning of Me!”


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The term “Eucharist” (thanksgiving), which refers to the rite, is referred to by the Didache (late 1st or early 2nd century), [6] [7] [8] [9] Saint Ignatius of Antioch (estimated to have died in 98-117), [9] [10] and Saint Justine the Martyr (writing years 147-167). [7] [9] To date term” Eucharist” is still used among Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, Presbyterian, and Lutheran circles.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The Lord's Supper of the Lord's Supper (English: the Lord's Supper), in Greek: Κυριακύν δεύπνον (Kyriakon deipnon) was used in the early 50s, [3] [4] as seen in 1 Corinthians 11:20-21: When you gather, you are not gathered to eat the Lord's Supper.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

For at the banquet, each man eats his own food, so that one is hungry and the other is drunk.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The term “Lord's Supper” is commonly used among Baptists, as well as in part Methodists and evangelical Anglicans.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

And in Indonesia most Protestants use the term “Holy Supper”.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Communion/Holy Communion of Communion comes from Latin: communio (mutual sharing or communion), by translating the Greek term κοινωνία (koinōnía) in 1 Corinthians 10:16: Isn't the cup of thanksgiving pronunciation, upon which we give thanks, be communion with the blood of Christ?


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Isn't the bread we break is communion with the body of Christ?


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The term “Communion”, or “Holy Communion” (Holy Communion), is used by some circles dating back to the Protestant Reformation to decipher the entire Eucharistic rite.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Others, such as the Catholic Church, do not use this term for its rites.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

But Catholics interpret it as an act of taking part in the reception of bread (hosti) and/or wine that has been consecrated; receiving Holy Hosti is as meaningful as receiving Holy Communion.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The other term Mass Mass (Mass), referring to its celebration or rite, is used by Latin Rite circles within the Catholic Church, some Anglican (Anglo-Catholicism), some Lutheran and Western Christianity.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Other terms used in the Catholic Church are “Holy Mass”, “Anniversary of the Miserable, Death and Resurrection of the Lord”, “Holy Sacrifice of the Mass”, and “Holy Mysteries”. [11] [12] The term “Mass” itself originally came from Latin: missa (literally meaning dissolution), that is, a word taken from the closing cry at the end of the Eucharistic celebration: Ite, missa est (in Indonesia translates so: “Go, you are sent”). [13]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The Sacred Liturgy of the Holy Liturgy (Divine Liturgy) is used in the Byzantine Rite tradition namely among the Eastern Orthodox Church, partly the Eastern Orthodox Church, and partly the Eastern Catholic Church, to refer to its rites.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

While the term “Sacred Mysteries” (Divine Mysteries) is commonly used to refer to already consecrated bread and wine.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Other parts of the Oriental Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches use the term “Holy Sacrifice” (Holy Qurbana) to refer to the Eucharistic Celebration.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The Holy Sacrament of the Holy Sacrament (a common Indonesian translation of “Blessed Sacrament”) is a term commonly used among Catholics, Lutherans, and some Anglicans (Anglo-Catholicism) to refer to consecrated bread and wine, especially those kept in tabernacles or charted in monstrance (related to the Adoration of the Holy Sacrament).


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

While the term “Sacrament of the Altar” is also commonly used among Lutherans.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The Breaking of Bread can be found in Luke 24:35, Acts 2:42 ,46 in a context where, according to some circles, refers to the celebration of the Eucharist. [14]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The term is used by the Plymouth Fraternal Union. [15]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Basic History of the Bible The story of how Jesus set the Eucharist on the night before the Crucifixion (Last Supper) is recorded in 4 books of the New Testament: the three Synoptic Gospels (Matthew 26:26-28, Mark 14:22-24, Luke 22:17-20) and 1 Corinthians 11:23-25. [2]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The versions in the Gospels of Matthew and Mark are almost the same, while Luke's version is very similar to Paul's version in 1 Corinthians which appears more fully explaining the earlier part of the Supper. [16]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

In the Gospel of John, the story of the Last Supper does not allude to Jesus taking the bread and cup and calling it his body and blood; rather he recounts the simple act of washing the feet of the disciples, prophesiing the betrayal He would experience, the events that would be led him to the cross, and a long dialogue in response to some of the disciples' questions —in which He spoke of the importance of their unity with Him and each other. [17]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Another early source of the Didache (from the Greek word meaning: teachings) is an early Church treatise one of which contains the Eucharist.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Most experts consider the writing to date back to the 2nd century, [18] and make a distinction over the 2 traditions of the Eucharist, the early tradition written down in chapter 10 and later written down in chapter 9. [19]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The Eucharist is then alluded to again in chapter 14.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

St.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Ignatius of Antioch (lived between the years 35 or 50 — 98 or 117), one of the Church Fathers, in his Letter to the Church of Smirna chapter VI alludes to those who do not want to welcome the Eucharist for not acknowledging it as “the flesh of our Savior Jesus Christ”. [20]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Then in the Epistle to the Church of Philadelphia chapter IV, St. Ignatius reveals a similar thing that attributes the Eucharist to Holy Communion. [21]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

St.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Yustinus Martyr (lived years 100 — 165) in his first apology (First Apology) speaks of the ordinance of the ministry of this sacrament (chapter LXV-LXVII), that this unusual “food” is called Εχαριστία (Eucharist, literal meaning: thanksgiving) which is the flesh and blood of Jesus who has become man (chapter LXVI). [22]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Theological view Many traditions of Christianity teach that Jesus was preferentially present at the celebration of the Eucharist or Holy Supper.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

But there are differences of opinion regarding its essence, place, or time of presence. [2]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Assyrian Churches believe that the reality or essence of bread and wine is transformed into the Body and Blood of Christ (through consecration), but its appearance (species) remains.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The Roman Catholic Church calls this change by the term “transubstance”, and does not explain how such a change can occur because it goes far beyond human notions. [23] :1333 Lutherans believe that the body and blood of Christ are present “on, with, and in” the form of bread and wine, a concept known by the term “sacramental union” (sacramental union).


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Calvinists believe in the presence of Christ spiritually, non material, in sacramental actions, not in the elements of the Holy Supper. [2]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Anglicans adhere to a variety of views, but in the teachings written in the “Articles of Religion” it is said that His presence is in spiritual means only. [24]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

While some other streams of Christianity only believe the Eucharist as a ceremonial or commemoration of Christ's death.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

By and large most denominations in Christianity view the Holy Supper or Eucharist as a sacrament.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The World Council of Churches (“World Council of Churches”), in the document “Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry”, tries to present a common understanding of the meaning of the Eucharist for the understanding of all Christians in general, namely as: “Gratitude to the Father”, “Anamnesis or Commemoration of Christ”, “Epiclesis or Appeal to the Spirit”, “Fellowship of the Faithful”, “The Supper of the Kingdom of Heaven”. [25]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

In the same document in the section “Eucharist” it is also mentioned that the Eucharist is essentially a sacrament of gift (His giving) that makes one stay in Christ through the power of the Holy Spirit (II.2), the unique sacrament of Christ's sacrifice and living to become an intermediator of man (II.B.8 ), the sacrament of Christ's body and blood and the true sacrament of His presence (II.B.13).


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The Roman Catholic rite and liturgy of the Catechism of the Catholic Church (KGK) 1407 and 1409 states that the Eucharist is the center and pinnacle of the life of the Church, the Easter commemoration of Christ being presented in liturgical activities.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

For in it Jesus Christ included His Church and all His members with the sacrifice of praise and gratitude which He offered once for all eternity on the cross to His Father; where through these sacrifices Jesus poured out the grace of salvation upon the people as members of His Body, The Church (see: The Body of Christ). [26] [27] So that the people who receive it (through Holy Communion) have their relationship with God, His mild sins (which he has regretted) are forgiven, and are further enabled to resist severe sinful temptations. [27] :1416 Through the Eucharist, the people also gain spiritual and bodily gifts from God and being able to offer them to those who have died. [27] :1414 The results of the Council of Trente, written back in KGK 1376, affirm that bread (usually called hosti) and wine that have been consecrated in celebration of the Eucharist experience the change of its whole nature (transubstantiation) into the Body and Blood of Christ, in which Jesus Christ is present fully with His soul and divinity. [28] [29] So that the bread and wine that has been reconsecrated in essence are not bread and wine anymore, but the Body and the real Blood of Christ.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Blood itself is also in the likeness of bread, and His Body is also in the likeness of wine; so welcoming His Body (Holy Communion) means welcoming His Body and Blood.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

One of the foundations of the Catholic Church's teachings regarding transubstance and the Eucharist is the Gospel of John 6:51 ,54,56: [27] :1406 Jesus said: “I am the living bread that has come down from heaven.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

If a man eats from this bread, he will live forever...


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Whoever eats My flesh and drinks My blood, he has eternal life... he lives in Me and I in him” According to KGK 1412, consecration was carried out by the priest in celebration of the Eucharist (Holy Mass) by saying the words “This is My body handed over to you...


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Here is the trophy of My blood... “[27]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The consecration is spoken in the Great Prayer of Gratitude, at which time a priest (priest) — through his priesthood — acts as Christ Himself (in persona Christi).


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The Pastor, or another minister, will then give the consecrated hosti to the communicant (the recipient of communion) while saying “Critical Body”, a statement that the real and real Body of Christ is being given; then the communicant replies “Amen” as a sign of approval and his faith.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

But those who are allowed to receive Holy Communion in celebration of the Eucharist are only people who are in a state of mercy, meaning not in a state of severe sin (see: Weight of Sin); so people who are aware of having committed severe sins must receive absolution first in the Sacrament of Reconciliation before may welcome Communion. [27] :1415 Eastern Christianity Similar to Roman Catholicism, the Eucharist is a central point in the community of Eastern Christians—both Orthodox and Eastern Catholic.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The Eastern Orthodox Church confirms the manifest presence of Christ in the Holy Mysteries (consecrated bread and wine) which it believes is truly the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Such changes in essence (bread and wine being the Body and Blood of Christ), or transubstantiation, are listed in the Catechism of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catechism of St. Philaret; and in the Catechism of St. Philaret it is written that the term “transubstantiation” is not used to determine how The way that change can occur. [30] [31] But the Eastern Orthodox Church prefers to use the simple term “change” (Greek: Μεταβολή) to describe the change of bread and wine into the true Body and Blood of Christ. [32]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

If within the Roman Catholic Church, the words of consecration are regarded as the time of transubstantiation, the Eastern Orthodox Church — and some Eastern Catholic Churches — adheres to a different view.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

They do not define exactly when change occurs, and believe that the process of change begins to occur during the Preparatory Liturgy and is completed at the time of the Epiclesis (prayer or call to the Holy Spirit to sanctify bread and wine). [33]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

In the Byzantine Rite (which Eastern Orthodox and some Eastern Catholics use), and some other Eastern traditions, the Epiclesis is performed after the Anamnesis (the call for the imposition of the miserability, death, and resurrection of Christ); while in the Latin Rite the other way around.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The Byzantine Rite is the most widely used among Eastern Churches, and its Eucharistic celebrations are known by the name Holy Liturgy.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Such liturgical celebrations consist of two main parts: the first is the Liturgy of the Catechumens (covering litanies, antiphones, Scripture readings, and homilies), the second is the Liturgy of the Faithful (includes Eucharistic offerings, consecrations, and reception of Holy Communion).


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The Liturgy of the Catechumens can be equated with the Liturgy of the Sabda in the Latin Rite Mass, while the Liturgy of the Faithful with the Liturgy of the Eucharist.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Protestants In general all Christian denominations believe that they were instructed by Jesus to repeat the events of this banquet to commemorate him: “... do this a warning of Me!”


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

(1 Corinthians 11:24-25). [34]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Some Protestant Churches emphasize the Holy Supper as a commemoration of Jesus' death and sacrifice for mankind. [35]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The Holy Supper is useful as an encouragement to periodically assess oneself (self correction) in the sense of holding correction of each other's hearts and minds, because the condition to be able to participate in the Holy Supper is a clean heart and mind in such a way that the participation of eating bread and drinking wine from the cup of the Holy Supper was in a spiritual state of proper and unhesitating faith (1 Corinthians 11:28-29). [36]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Lutheran JMPL|Holy Supper altar arrangement at Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) Lutheran believes that the Body and Blood of Christ are truly present in actual reality, and channeled to those who eat and drink the bread and wine of the Lord's Supper. [37]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

This Lutheran doctrine regarding the apparent presence of Christ is officially known by the term “sacramental union” (sacramental union), that is, the union of the bread of the Supper with the Body of Christ and the union of the wine of the Supper with the Blood of Christ (similar to the term “union hypostasis” used to explain the two natures of Jesus in Himself); but many circles misrepresent it and call it “consubstantiation”. [38]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The term is rejected by Lutheran theologians because it creates confusion about the actual doctrine and refers to an unbiblical philosophical concept as well as — in their view — the term “transubstantiation”. [39]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

There is an official movement within Lutheran congregations that celebrates Holy Supper weekly, using formal rites very similar to Roman Catholic and High Anglican; but historically Lutheran congregations generally celebrated Holy Supper on a monthly or quarterly basis. [40]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

In congregations where the Holy Supper is offered weekly, it is not required that every church service be a Eucharistic service nor are all members of the congregation required to receive it weekly. [41]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Reformed/Presbyterian According to the Calvinist view, in accordance with the Westminster Confession of Faith, bread and wine became a means for believers to experience real communion with Christ in His death; the Body and Blood of Christ were present with the faith of those who believed in it, as bread and wine is truly present in their five senses, but the presence is “spiritual”, which is the work of the Holy Spirit. [42]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Many circles follow John Knox in quarterly celebrations of the Lord's Supper, to give sufficient time for each person's inner reflection on the state of his soul and remorse for his sin.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

In recent times Presbyterian and Reformed have considered whether to return to conducting Holy Suppers more frequently, including weekly Supper services within more churches; as the less frequent frequency of Holy Supper today tends to come from the view” memorialism”, that the bread and wine of the Supper is purely a symbolic representation of the Body and Blood of Jesus and the celebration is performed only as a memorial service, instead of John Calvin —who considered the sacrament a means of grace. [43]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Practices and customs of open and closed Communion There are differences among the various Christian denominations in their respective views regarding the reception of bread and wine Supper (Eucharist) among those who do not establish full communion (full communion).


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The term “closed communion” is used to refer to the practice of limiting the reception of the Eucharistic or Holy Supper bread and wine only to people who are in full communion with a particular church, denomination, congregation, or stream.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

While the term “open communion” is the opposite, it allows all baptized Christians to receive the bread and wine of the Supper.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

On the view of closed communion, it can be understood from the writing of St. Yustine the Martyr (circa year 150) which in his first apology (First Apology): “No one is allowed to take part (receive communion) other than one who believes that the things we teach are true. “[22]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The Catholic Church (including all its particular Churches, both Western and Eastern), and the Eastern Orthodox Church practice closed communion under normal circumstances; among all Catholic Churches — including inter-particular Churches — may receive communion each other, as well as in the Orthodox Church Eastern.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

However the Catholic Church permits the reception of communion by parishioners from the Church of the East (Eastern Assyrian Church, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox), or any other Church not in full communion with the Bishop of Rome provided that their sacraments are in equal standing according to the judgment of the Holy See.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The condition for such is that the communicant asks for it willingly and in a decent state to accept it.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Even the Catholic Church also permits the reception of communion by other Christian congregations if there is danger of death or according to the bishop's judgment there is another urgent need; on condition that he requests it willingly, exposing the Catholic faith with respect to this sacrament ( especially the belief that the true Body and Blood of Christ he will receive), and in a decent state. [44] :844 [45] :671 Catholics themselves are not allowed to receive the Sacrament of the Eucharist from another Church; unless: it is in a state of urgency (e.g. death), there is no danger misconduct, physically or morally cannot find Catholic priests, and such sacraments are valid in that Church (for example in Eastern Churches). [44] :844 [45] :671 The Eastern Orthodox Church applies the practice of reception of closed communion more strictly, since they are in no way allow other parishioners — outside the Eastern Orthodox Church—to receive communion within their Church.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

While most Protestant denominations, including also Anglican, implement open communion reception where some require that the recipient must be part of the church that is a partner or enough to have been baptized only.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Elements of the Bread Supper Tradition of Western and Eastern Churches use wheat as the basic ingredient of Eucharistic bread.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The Byzantine Rite, both Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic, uses leavened bread for the celebration of the Eucharist (Holy Liturgy).


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The bread is known as “Prosphora”, or prósphoron (Greek: πρόσφορον), and is made from: white wheat flour, yeast, salt, water. [46]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

While Roman Catholicism, or the Latin Church, uses unleavened bread in Mass; [47] :926 the bread is commonly called “Hosti” (Latin: hostia), and when it is consecrated it is called Holy Hosti.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Canon 924 mentions that hosti must be made of pure grain (without any admixture) and new, so that the danger of decay can be avoided, [47] and necessarily use water for its processing.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The Maronite Catholic Church, Siro-Malabar Catholic Church, Armenian Catholic Church and Armenian Apostolic Church currently implement the use of unleavened bread, much like the Latin Church.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

While in various Protestant denominations there are diverse variations in the use of bread for the Holy Supper, both using yeast and not.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Wine In celebration of the Eucharist, the Catholic tradition uses natural wine (wine) from grapes that have not undergone decay; [47] :924 means that the wine must undergo a natural fermentation process, not yet become sour, and without any additives.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

In certain situations, at the Bishop's discretion and permission, it may be possible to use mustum instead of wine; but in normal situations the use is wine.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Mustum is a grape juice that has fermented, but then suspended so that its alcohol level (usually below 1%) is not as high as the alcohol content of wine in general, processed without changing its natural properties and does not contain any additives; but the use of grape juice that Pasteurized is not allowed. [48]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

The use of mustum, as a substitute for wine (wine), is also widely implemented in many Protestant churches.


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

In addition some other Protestant churches use pasteurized grape juice to stop its natural fermentation process, wine that has reduced alcohol levels (up to 0.5-2% remaining), or water alone. [49]


Question: When is the Holy Supper performed?

Holy Supper

Category:Christian Sacraments Category:Catholic Sacraments


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Kuma-kuma or saffron (saffron) is the name for the spice of the flower Crocus sativus (“henna flower”), as well as a common name for the Crocus sativus plant of the crocus family Iridaceae.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Kuma-kuma flowers have three pistil heads (stigmas) located distal to the fruit leaves.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The peduncle part of the pistil, which connects the stigma with the deepest part of the flower, is often dried and called saffron which is used as a seasoning and coloring ingredient.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The kuma-kuma plant originated in Southwest Asia, [1] [2] and saffron survived as a spice commodity according to the most expensive weight scales in the world for decades. [1] [3] The plant was first cultivated around Greece. [4]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Safron has a characteristic slightly bitter taste and smells good like iodoform or dry grass caused by chemicals named picrocrocin and safranal. [5] [6] Safron contains crocin, one of the carotenoid coloring ingredients that makes food golden yellow.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The bright yellow color of saffron makes it the most sought-after spice for people in the world.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

In folk medicine, saffron is used as a remedy for various diseases.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

In Malay, saffron is called koma-koma and is a spice that makes rice briyani (nasi beryani) yellow.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

In Arabic, this saffron is called Za'faran (زَعفَرَان), which is derived from the word aṣfar (أَصفَر) meaning “yellow”.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

In English it is written as saffron, taken from Old French safran derived from Latin safranum.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Morphological Description kuma-kuma→Pistil head (stigma) (tip of pistil) → Thread thread→Crown→Subang Kuma-kuma as a result of domestication C. sativus is an annual plant (perenial) that flowers in autumn.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The plant does not grow in the outdoors and is a sterile polyploidic mutant of Crocus cartwrightianus of eastern Mediterranean origin that flowers in autumn. [7]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Botanical research revealed C. cartwrightianus originated from the island of Crete, and not from Central Asia as people once thought. [6]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The saffron producing kuma-kuma is the result of artificial selection by cultivators who want a long pistil stalk (stigma).


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Purple kuma-kuma flowers do not produce seeds because they are sterile, and plant reproduction depends on human assistance.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

After the plant has finished flowering, the subang must be dug up and separated for the next growing season.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Subang also only survives annuals and cleaves into up to 10 subang children to later grow into new plants. [7]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Subang is globular (onion-like), 4.5cm in diameter, and sheathed in fibers that cross each other on the outside.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

After undergoing a period of estivation in summer, from the subanges emerge about 5—11 slender green leaf strands growing upwards.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The length of the leaf strands can reach 40cm.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

In autumn come out purple flower buds.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Kuma-kuma only flowering in October after most of the flowering plants have already produced seeds.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Flowers are brilliantly colored, ranging from bright purple to pink prophetic purple. [8]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

During flowering, the average plant height is 30cm. [9]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

From the inside of the flower come out three peduncles of pistil at the end of which there is a dark red pistil head measuring 25—30mm long.. [7]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Kuma-kuma cultivation thrives in climates similar to Maquis shrubland in the Mediterranean or chaparal in North America, with dry summer winds gusting past arid or semi-arid soils.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

However, the plant can survive freezing winters, withstand frost to approximately −10°C or covered with snow for a while. [7] [10] When not planted in wet temperate regions such as in Kashmir (places with average rainfall per year of 1,000—1,500mm), kuma-kuma needs to be made irrigation.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Planting kuma-kuma in less rainfall regions such as in Greece (500mm per year rainfall) and Spain (400mm) uses irrigation systems.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Kuma-kuma is most suitably grown in areas that have a lot of rain in spring but are relatively dry in summer.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

In addition, rains that fall before the flowering season can add to the kuma-kuma harvest.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Conversely, rain or cold weather during the flowering period increases the likelihood of the plant being affected by disease and reduces yields.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Constantly hot or damp weather also reduces crop yields, [11] as well as bully animals, such as: rabbits, rats, and birds.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Parasites such as nematodes, leaf rust disease, and subang decay are also threats to this plant.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The yield of saffron harvests per ha [*] CountryHarvest (kg/hectare) of Spain—29Italy10—16Greece—7India2—7Morocco2.0—2.5Source:Deo 2003, p.3 [*] —Wet weight of crop yields instead of dry heavy saffron.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Plants thrive in places that are heavily exposed to the sun, and do not grow well in shaded places.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Kuma-kuma should be planted in soil that has a slope so that it can get a lot of sun.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

In the northern hemisphere, planting time is best in June.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Subang is planted in the soil about 7—15cm.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

In addition to climate, depth and distance when planting subang greatly affect the yield.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Deeper planted subang produces high quality saffron, but fewer subang flowers and children are produced.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Italian farmers are increasing production of pistil stalks by planting subangs 15cm deep in rows 2—3cm apart.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

When you want to increase subang and flower production, subang is planted with a depth of 8—10cm.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Greek, Moroko, and Spanish farmers also each have their own theories about the depth of the subang when planted that is adapted to the local climate. [11]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Kuma-kuma thrives on loose soils, enough water, and calcareous soils with a high content of organic matter.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Plants are usually grown on beds with small gutters around the perimeter for drainage channels.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The organic content of the soil can usually be increased by the addition of about 20—30tons of manure per hectare.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

After that, the subang can be planted immediately without further fertilization. [12]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

After a dormant period throughout the summer, slender leaf strands come out of the subang and flower buds begin to appear in early autumn.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Flowers begin to bloom around mid-autumn.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Defloration should be done as soon as the flowers bloom at dawn, as the flowers quickly become wilted. [13]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Furthermore, kuma-kuma continues to flower for 1—2 weeks [14] About 150 florets can produce 1gram of dried saffron.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Based on this calculation, 1kilogram of flowers is required to produce 12grams of dried saffron (72grams when freshly harvested).


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

A freshly picked flower on average yields 0.03grams of fresh saffron, or 0.007grams of dried saffron. [12]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Chemical compounds Crocin Formation The esterification reaction of crocetin with gentiobiose.— β-D-gentiobiose— Crocetin Picrocrocin and SafranalThe chemical structure of picrocrocin. [15] — Safranal group— β-D-glucopiranose derivative of Safron contains more than 150 volatile (volatile) compounds producing aroma plus various nonvolatile (non-volatile) active compounds, [16] and many of them are carotenoids, including zeaksanthine, lycopene, and various α- and β-carotene.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The golden-orange yellow color in saffron comes from α-crocin which is a trans-crocetin ester di- (β-D-gentiobiosyl) (systematic name (IUPAC): 8,8-diapo-8,8-carotenoic acid).


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

While crocin that is the source of saffron aroma is the digentiobiose ester of crocetin. [16]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Crocin is a series of carotenoids that are hydrophilic (attracting water), and can consist of polyene esters of crocetin that are monoglycosyl or diglycosyl. [16]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Crocetin is otherwise a dicarboxylic acid-conjugated polyene that is hydrophobic (does not like water) so soluble in oil.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The result of esterification of crocetin with two water-soluble gentiobioses (carbohydrates) is water-soluble α-crocin.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

More than 10% of saffron's dry weight is α-crocin which is a carotenoid pigment, so saffron is ideal as a dye for various rice dishes, [4] such as rice briyani and paella.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Chemical Composition SafronComponents% Weight Kercarbohydrat12.0—15.0air9.0—14.0Polypeptida11.0—13.0Cellulosa4.0—7.0lipid3.0—8.0mineral1.0—1.5othernNonnitrogen40.0Source:Dharmananda 2005 Proximate Analysis on SafronComponent% Dry Weight Water-soluble Component53.0→ GOM10.0→pentosan8.0→pectin6.0→pati6.0→α—Crocin2.0→Other Carotenoid1.0Lipid12.0→Nonvolatil6.0→Oil Volatil1.0protein12.0Non-organic material (“ash”) 6.0→soluble ash HCl0.5air10.0Fiber (coarse) 5.0Source:Goyns 1999, p.46 bitter glucoside rocrocin.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Picrocrocin (chemical formula: C16H26O7; systematic name: 4- (β-D-glucopyranosyloxy) -2,6,6- trimethylcyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxaldehyde) is an aldehyde sub-elemental bond called safranal (systematic name: 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-dien-1- carboxaldehyde) with carbohydrates.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Picrocrocin is both an insecticide and a pesticide, and its level can reach 4% of the dry weight of saffron.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Picrocrocin is precisely a fraction of the carotenoid zeaxanthine and is a glucoside of the safranally conceived aldehyde terpene.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

When harvested saffron is dried, hot air and enzymatic reactions break down picrocrocin into D-glucose and one safranal free molecule. [15]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The characteristic aroma of saffron comes from safranal which belongs to the class of essential oils. [5] [17] Safranal is not so bitter than picrocrocin, and its level in some samples can reach 70% of the volatile component of dried saffron. [18]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The second compound that causes saffron to smell as good as “saffron or dry grass” is 2-hydroxy-4,4,6-trimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one, [19] which produces a predominant aroma although its level is less than safranal. [19]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Dry saffron is very sensitive to pH levels that fall up, and it is irritable to decompose due to rays and oxidizing agents, although it is somewhat more resistant to heat.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Therefore, saffron should be stored in tightly closed containers to avoid contact with oxygen.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The history of Safron was already cultivated more than 3,000 years ago.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The saffron plant that people cultivate today comes from the species Crocus cartwrightianus which originated in the outdoors.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The species C. sativus that appeared in the late bronze age on the island of Crete is a sterile mutant of C. cartwrightianus, as a result of the selection by farmers by growing only saffron plants that have long pistil stalks. [20]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Safron was first recorded in a botanical manuscript of 7th century BC origin collected by order of Ashurbanipal.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Since then for 4,000, saffron continues to be touted as a drug that can treat more than 90 types of diseases. [21]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Mediterranean The use of saffron in medicine has already been described on frescoes in the court of the Minoans from 1500—1600 BC. [21] [22] Furthermore, saffron is mentioned in Greek legends about the voyage to Cilicia.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Adventurers go to discover the world's most valuable saffron. [10]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Another legend about Crocus and Smilax tells the bewitched Crocus to be a saffron-producing kuma-kuma plant. [23]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Safron was widely used by Mediterranean people in ancient times, including fragrant oil traders in Egypt, physicians in Gaza, city people in Rhodes, [24] and comfort women (hetaerae) in Greece as a mixture of perfumes, medicinal ointments, [25] potpuri, mascara, sesajen, and traditional medicine. [25]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

In Egypt, Cleopatra mixed saffron into the bath water to be more passionate about making love. [26]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Traditional medicine experts in Egypt use saffron as a remedy for all gastrointestinal diseases. [27]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Safron is also used as a fabric dye in Middle Eastern cities such as Sidon and Tyre. [28]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The Romans were so happy with saffron that it was necessary to take it south of Gallia while opening colonies and massively planted there until the time of Rome's fall.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Some conflicting opinions say Safron was only known back in France in the 8th century or in the days of Papal Avignon [29] Asia People of antiquity origin 50,000 years ago already used dye pigments from saffron to draw wild beasts in what is now known as Iraqis. [23] [30] The Sumerians also used wild-growing saffron for traditional medicine. [31]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Safron was already a trading commodity in the culture of the Minoans around 2,000 years BC.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Safron is also referred to in the Book of the Great Kidung [32] In the 10th century BC, the ancient Persians already cultivated Persian saffron (Crocus sativus' Hausknechtii ') in Derbena, Isfahan, and Khorasan for use as a dye material for cloth, perfume, medicine, and a kind of soap [33] In addition, saffron thread mixed into the weave [23] to serve as an offering item to the deity.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Safron is also spread over the bed or mixed into warm tea as a depressive symptom remedy.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Alexander the Great mixed saffron in drinks, food, bathwater, and even as a remedy for wounds sustained as a result of battle.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The troops he led also participated as saffron users and the habit of mixing saffron into the bathing water was brought back to Greece. [34]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Some theories estimate a time when South Asians began to know saffron, but tinged a mismatch.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

According to historical accounts of the Kashmir people and the Chinese, saffron has only been known since 900—2,500 years ago. [35] [36] [37] Instead historians studying ancient Persian script, saffron began to be known in South Asia around 500 BC, [4] based on evidence the Persians had already moved the subang to parks and gardens were new around that time [38], as well as the Persian invasion and colonization of Kashmir.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The Phoenicians marketed saffron of Kashmir origin as a fabric dye and depression medicine. [25]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Since then, the use of saffron in food and fabric-dying materials spread throughout South Asia.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

After the death of Siddharta Gautama, Buddhist priests in India began to wear robes stained with saffron. [39]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

An account of China written by an Armenian writer Anania from Shirak from the 7th century tells “an unlimited amount of saffron is present there, to the point that if anyone goes hunting on a white horse, and dresses in white while carrying white tools, that person When you get home will be covered in yellow.”


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

In addition, saffron was also touted in manuscripts of ancient Chinese medicine, including in the 42-volume farmacopeia titled Shennong Bencaojing (神本


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The manuscript is referred to as the work of Emperor Shennong and documents 252 medicinal herbs based on phytochemistry for various diseases. [39] [40] [41] Manuscripts written in the 3rd century instead record Kashmir as the place of origin of saffron.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The Chinese medicine expert named Wan Zhen wrote “Safron came from Kashmir, people planted it there to be dedicated to the Buddha.”


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The use of saffron at that time wrote Wan Zhen, “The flower withered after a few days, and then the saffron was taken away.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Safron is favored for its yellow color and can be used to give aroma to wine. “[37]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

European JMPL|Ka|200px|Paintings from the 13th century depict the events of the assassination of Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket, one example of European ornate manuscripts from medieval times using yellow and orange color pigments from saffron The cultivation of saffron in Europe declined dramatically after the fall Roman Empire.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Safron was reintroduced when Moorish culture spread to Andalusia, France, and Italy. [42]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

As Europe was hit by the Black Death pandemic, demand for saffron raw medicines increased dramatically until they had to be imported by Venetians and Genoese from the Mediterranean region [43] such as from Rhodes.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The theft of a boatload by the nobility triggered the “Safron War” which lasted for 14 weeks. [43]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Concerns of disruption of saffron supply due to pirates encouraged saffron planting in Basel and found it thrives [44] The planting and trade of saffron then spread to Nuremberg.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The Nuremberg government had to issue the Safranschou law regulating saffron trade as a result of merchants who wanted to make a profit by falsifying saffron or mixing saffron with other ingredients.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Infringing merchants could be fined, or imprisoned, with the maximum threat of the death penalty [45] Not long afterwards, saffron cultivation spread to England, specifically in Norfolk and Suffolk.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

One of the towns in Essex named Saffron Walden is the number one centre of saffron planting and trading in the UK.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The planting and use of saffron in Europe only regressed after Europe was flooded with exotic spices from the Eastern part of the world, such as cocoa, coffee, tea, and vanilla. [46] [47] Saffron plantings persist only in southern France, Italy, and Spain. [48]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Immigrants of European origin came to America carrying saffron.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Schwenkfelder Church congregations were successful as saffron farmers in Europe and brought with them a full batch of subang when immigrating to America. [49]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

By 1730, the Pennsylvania Dutch were already planting saffron throughout the eastern part of Pennsylvania.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Various Spanish colonies in the Caribbean gave American saffron production in large quantities, so the price of saffron on the Philadephia commodity exchange was pegged at par with the price of gold. [50]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Trade with the Spanish colonies came to a standstill after the War of 1812 as merchant ships that contracted saffron many were destroyed. [51]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Nevertheless, the Pennsylvania Dutch continue to grow saffron in limited quantities for sale in local markets and used as ingredients for cakes, noodles, and chicken or fish dishes. [52]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Safron gardens in the Americas have persisted today in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. [49]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Benefits and trade.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

For fans of saffron, saffron has a honey-like aroma with a slight hay fragrant feel.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Arabic, Indian, Central Asian, Iranian, European, Moroccan, and Cornish cuisine often use saffron as a food coloring as well as an aroma enhancer.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Safron is also often used on pastries, sweets, and liquors.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Safflower flowers (Carthamus tinctorius) sold under the name “Portuguese saffron” (assafroa) and saffron are often used instead of the expensive prized saffron.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Modern medical science has successfully revealed the various efficacy of saffron, such as anticarcinogenic (cancer preventer), [16] anti-mutagenic (mutation prevention), immunomodulation (improving the immune system), and antioxidants [16] [53] [54] Safron-planting world map of saffron producing countries— Major planting areas— Major producing countries— Little planted saffron region— Producing countries in limited quantities— Major trade centers (now) —Major trade centers (old times) Most saffron is grown in areas stretching from the west in the Mediterranean region to the east in the Kashmir region.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

From production centers around the world, about 300tons of saffron annually produce. [6]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The order of the main saffron producing countries by production amount is: Iran, Spain, India, Greece, Azerbaijan, Morocco, and Italy.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

One pound (450grams) of dried saffron comes from 50,000—75,000 florets planted on grounds as large as a football field [55] [56] The harvest of 150,000 florets requires 40 hours of daynight work. [57]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Once taken from the flower, the pistil stalk easily becomes dry and (preferably) stored in an airtight container. [58]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The price of saffron at the wholesale and retail level ranges from 500 US dollars per pound to 5,000 US dollars per pound (US$1,100—US$11,000 per kilogram).


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

In Western countries, the average retail price is $1,000 per pound (US$2200 per kilogram). [1]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

A pound of saffron consists of 70,000 to 200,000 pistil stalks.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

A distinctive feature of fresh saffron is a bright red color, slightly damp, elastic, and not easily crushed.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Cultivars Worldwide there are several cultivars of saffron plants.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Cultivars of Spanish origin with the trademarks “Spanish Superior” and “Creme” are notable for their softer colors, flavors, and aromas.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Safron grown in Italy has a sharper color, taste, and aroma, but is still inferior to the Greek cultivars of Macedonia, Iran, and Kashmir.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The Italian cultivar “Aquila” (zafferano dell'Aquila) is famous for its light-colored saffron and sharp odor due to its high safranal and crocin content.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

This type of saffron is grown only on 8 hectares of land in the Navelli Valley, Abruzzo region, near L'Aquila.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The largest saffron planting center in Italy is in San Gavino Monreale, Sardinia.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

In this area, saffron is grown on 40 hectares of land and makes up 60% of Italy's total saffron production.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

San Gavino Monreale's saffron has a very high content of crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The “Mongra” or “Lacha” variety saffron of Kashmir origin is difficult to reach the hands of consumers and is very expensive as a result of disease, crop failure, drought, and ban on exports of high quality saffron by the Indian government.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Kashmir saffron is dark purplish red with the sharpest flavor, aroma and color.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Quality Minimum value of saffron color according to quality standard (ISO 3632) ISO quality (category) Absorbance value (A λ {\ displaystyle A_ {\ lambda}}) specific Crocin (at λ=440 nm) I > 190II150—190III110—150IV80—110Source:Tarvand 2005b The quality of saffron is determined based on measurement crocin (color), picrocrocin (flavor), and safranal (aroma).


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Other measurements include flower waste content (such as flower parts other than pistil stalks) and inorganic matter.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The saffron quality standard is established by the International Organization for Standardization in ISO 3632 which classifies saffron into four empirically determined quality levels based on color intensity: Grade IV (worst), Grade III, Grade II, and Grade I (best quality).


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Saffron samples are classed after being examined for crocin content based on absorbance rate using spectroscopy.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Absorbance according to Beer-Lambert's Law is written as A λ = − log (I/I 0) {\ displaystyle A_ {\ lambda} =-\ log (I/I_ {0})} In saffron, absorbance is determined based on the specific photon of crocin having a wavelength of 440 nm. [59]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

A large absorbance value (A λ {\ displaystyle A_ {\ lambda}}) states a high level of crocin concentration as well as a high intensity of staining.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

These data are based on spectrophotometric measurements in various certified testing laboratories around the world.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Color quality ranges from an absorbance value of less than 80 (saffron class IV) to an absorbance value of 190 or more (saffron class I).


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The best saffron samples in the world (containing selected pistil stalks taken from the best flowers) have absorbance values above 250.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Market prices of different types of saffron are directly determined according to ISO values. [59]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

However, farmers, traders, and consumers often reject the results of laboratory tests because they believe more in holistic methods by taking samples from batches of pistil stalks to check their taste, aroma, weakness, and other distinctive features as wine tasters do. [60]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Spanish government quality standardClassISOCoupe> 190La Mancha180—190Rio150—180Standard145—150Sierra< 110Source:Tarvand 2005b Although there has been quality control and standardization, saffron quality falsification runs continuously since medieval times in Europe until now.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The most common counterfeiting methods include mixing filler materials such as beet bulbs, pomegranate fibers, red gilded silk fibers, or yellow pistil stalks that are flavorless and devoid of smell.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

The classic way to increase the weight of unground saffron is to dip it in honey or vegetable oil.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Compared to unground saffron, saffron powder is precisely easier to adulterate its purity with a mixture of turmeric, paprika, and other fillers.


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

Counterfeiting is also done by placing labels that do not match the quality of saffron. [39]


Question: can grow coffee in the lowlands?

Kuma-kuma

In India, high-grade Kashmir saffron is often mixed with imported goods from Iran and then sold as native Kashmir saffron. [61] [62] Gallery Illustration from Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen (1897) Plants C. sativus Flowers C. sativus Saffron, a type of C. sativus dried Breeding C. sativus Navelli, Italy Harvest Saffron, Torbat-e Heydarieh, Iran See also Kidung Great 4 Reference Library Category:Iridaceae Category:Flowers


Question: Has Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn ever been a lecturer?

List of European-Indonesian figures

Below is a list of notable Indonesian figures of European descent, including Europeans who live (or have lived) in Indonesia (also the Dutch East Indies). [1].


Question: Has Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn ever been a lecturer?

List of European-Indonesian figures

This list only contains figures of European descent who have been and or are residents of Indonesia (not necessarily Indonesian citizens), or have large donations to the Indonesian.


Question: Has Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn ever been a lecturer?

List of European-Indonesian figures

Please refer to the List of foreign figures of Indonesian descent for those who do not settle in Indonesia or more active outside Indonesia.


Question: Has Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn ever been a lecturer?

List of European-Indonesian figures

The list is never guaranteed to be complete.


Question: Has Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn ever been a lecturer?

List of European-Indonesian figures

Anyone can put the names here.


Question: Has Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn ever been a lecturer?

List of European-Indonesian figures

If this list is misused, by entering an unsuitable name, it will be deleted.


Question: Has Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn ever been a lecturer?

List of European-Indonesian figures

The list is sorted by first name or commonly known name.


Question: Has Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn ever been a lecturer?

List of European-Indonesian figures

An index by surname can be viewed on the page.


Question: Has Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn ever been a lecturer?

List of European-Indonesian figures

A Aaron Ashab; actor, singer, Dutch blasteran Abdul Qodir Jaelani; musician and singer, German blasteran (third son of Ahmad Dhani) Aryani Fitriana; actress, Portuguese blasteran Abadi Soesman; musician, bloody Dutch Abdul Hamid Arief; actor, bloody Dutch Adjie Massaid; actor, model, member DPR, Dutch blasteran Adolf Heuken; priest, linguist and historian, author of German-Indonesian bilingual dictionary Adrien-Jean Le Mayeur de Merpres; painter, Belgian origin Ahmad Dhani; musician, German blasteran (father Al, El, Dul) Airis Emiliana; actress, Dutch blasteran Al Ghazali; musician and singer, German blasteran (eldest son Ahmad Dhani) Alain Compost; photographer, French native Alexandra Gottardo; model, host, and cast, Italian blasteran Alice Iskak; cast, Dutch blasteran Alice Norin; model, cast, Norwegian blasteran Andrew Ralph Roxburgh; cast, Scottish blasteran Andovi da Lopez; cast, YouTubers, Portuguese blasteran Angel Pfaff; dancer, bloody Dutch Angela Gilsha; actress, Italian blasteran Angelica Simperler; cast, Austrian blasteran Angika Bolsterli; actress, model, Swiss blasteran Anna Gilbert; actress, American blasteran Anna Shirley; model, cast , English blasteran Annika Kuyper; model, cast, Dutch origin André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans; botanist Andhika Pratama; singer, Dutch bloody Antonio Blanco; international artist living in Bali Anya Dwinov; model Ari Wibowo; actor, German blasteran.


Question: Has Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn ever been a lecturer?

List of European-Indonesian figures

Arie Smit; painter, Dutch origin Arief Yusmita; model, emcee.


Question: Has Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn ever been a lecturer?

List of European-Indonesian figures

Asmirandah; cast, bloody Dutch Ashraf Sinclair; cast, English blasteran (of Malaysian origin) Attar Syah; model, actor, bloodied German Atalarik Syah; model, cast, bloody German Aubry Beer; TV presenter, Italian blasteran Aurellie Moeremans; cast, Belgian blasteran Anthony Fokker; aviator Dutch-born Kediri B Barry Prima; cast, Dutch blasteran Bertrand Antolin; model, cast, French blasteran.


Question: Has Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn ever been a lecturer?

List of European-Indonesian figures

Bianca Adinegoro; model Btari Karlinda; model, cast, German blasteran Budi S. Schwarzkrone; cast, German blasteran C Carl Ludwig Blume, Dutch East Indies botanical figure, curator of Bogor Botanical Garden Caspar Georg Karl Reinwardt; founder and first leader of Bogor Botanical Garden, German origin Cassandra Lee; Elovii member, English-Irish-French blasteran Catherine Wilson; model, cast, English blasteran Cathy Sharon; model, French blasteran Celine Evangelista; cast, Italian blasteran Cemal Faruk Urhan; cast, Turkish origin Cempaka Blanco; artist, Spanish blasteran Chantiq Schagerl; cast, singer, Austrian blasteran Chelsea Islan; cast, American blasteran Chelsea Olivia; cast, singer, model, American blasteran Chintami Atmanegara; cast, model, singer, German blasteran Christian Gonzales; national football athlete, Uruguayan origin Christopher Bollemeyer; musician guitarist band Neutral, German blasteran Ciccio Manassero; cast and singer in the 2000s; Italian blasteran Claudia Hidayat; cast, Czech blasteran C.L. Coolen Christian Sugiono; cast, self-employed, German blasteran Love Laura; model, soap opera cast, German blasteran Cole Gribble Wilson; actor little, Australian blasteran Constant van de Wall; Indo composer during the Dutch East Indies Conrad Helfrich; AL officer of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Semarang-born Cornelia Agatha; cast and theatre performer, Dutch-German blasteran Cornelis Chastelein; landlord, founder of Weltevreden (Gambir) and Depok.


Question: Has Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn ever been a lecturer?

List of European-Indonesian figures

D Dahlia Poland; actress, model, American blasteran soap opera player Daniel Sparingga; scientist, teacher Darius Sinathrya; host, cast of Swiss blasteran Deddy Mizwar; film cast, bloody Dutch Goddess Sandra; singer, British blasteran model Dewiq; songwriter and singer, blasteran Dutch Dick Hartoko; priest, culturalist, Dutch origin Dimas Beck; cast, presenter, English blasteran Dina Anjani; actress, Dutch blasteran Dina Mariana; singer, Dutch blasteran Donna Harun; model, cast, advertising star, bloody Dutch Donny Michael; actor, blooded German Doris Callebaute; film cast, bloody French Deasy Bouman; Swiss bloody actress Douwes Dekker; actor, cast, ad Dewer Deryosh; advertisement, cast E Eddy du Perron; literary and author of early 20th century Dutch East Indies Edmund Daniel Halim Mamusung; journalist El Jallaudin; musician and singer, German blasteran ( second son Ahmad Dhani) Elizabeth Karen; Javanese artist from Chicago, based in Tulapang, Malang Ernest Douwes Dekker (Danudirdja Setiabuddhi); independence pioneer, National Hero Evan Sanders; cast, VJ MTV Indonesia F. Carli F.L Anthing Farida Oetoyo (Farida Feisol); dancer, mother of Wong Aksan, bloody Dutch Fariz R.M.; singer and musician, Dutch blasteran Felipe Valdés; Brazilian origin Ferry Sonneville; performer and badminton figure Fifi Young; cast, comedian, bloody French Fortunella; cast, Italian blasteran Frans Mohede; singer, athlete and cast Frans van Bronkhorst; national boxer, Dutch bloody Franz Magnis Suseno; priest, cultural, German origin Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn; naturalist, plantation figure in the time of the Dutch East Indies, German origin Fritz G. Schadt; cast, film director, German G Ivory Marten; cast and host, Dutch bloody Gary Gary Iskak; model, Dutch blasteran cast Ghea Panggabean; fashion designer Gladys Suwandhi; model, cast of Czech blasteran J Jan Alex Jacobus Grashuis; Indonesian automotive racer and figure, Dutch Johann Friedrich Carl Gericke; Javanese literary and biblical expert, German H Hamish Daud Wyllie; cast and presenter, Australian-French blasteran Hannah Al Rashid; cast and model, bloody French Helen Sparingga; singer Henny Purwonegoro; singer, bloody Dutch Hendrick Lucas Cardeel (Prince Wiraguna); landlord, early owner of the Ragunan estate Henri MacLaine Pont; architect, professor ITB pre-independence I Ida Iasha; cast, model, Dutch origin Indra Brotolaras; actor, Canadian blasteran Indra Bruggman; cast, bloody Dutch Indra Lesmana; musician, singer, bloody Dutch Inneke Koesherawati; cast, bloody Dutch Intan Puri Conan; cast, British blasteran Ira Wibowo; model, cast, German blasteran Iryani Levana Taufan Soekarnoputra; widow of Taufan Soekarnoputra, son-in-law of the first Indonesian Soekarno.


Question: Has Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn ever been a lecturer?

List of European-Indonesian figures

Irfan Bachdim; national football athlete, Dutch blasteran J Jack Lesmana; musician, bloody Dutch Jamie Aditya; presenter, Australian blasteran Jason Tedjasukmana; journalist Jennifer Dunn; cast, American blasteran Jeremy Thomas; actor, French blasteran Jessica Veranda; member of JKT48, blasteran Portuguese Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern; Dutch East Indies philology and anthropology expert Johanes Hubertus Eijkenboom (Johny Indo); ex-criminal, cast, Dutch blasteran Johanna Petronella Mossel; Indonesian struggle figure, wife of Ernest Douwes Dekker John Hartman; pastor, Founder of GO Studio National, American origin Jono; musician Gugun Blues Shelter, comedian, presenter, English origin Jovanka Mardova; model, Czech blasteran Jovial da Lopez; cast, YouTubers, Portuguese blasteran Juwono Sudarsono; lecturer and minister Julie Estelle; model photo and cast, French blasteran Jurek Bleszynski; cast, Polish blasteran Joko Pramono; Maj. Gen. Mar Purn, Former Dan Kormar Joko Wiryanto Suwito (Jeanny Stavia); transvestite model, Dutch blasteran Joop Ave; former Minister of Culture and Tourism Juan Felix Tampubolon; lawyer Jeehan JuanSilva Hesalavista; members of metro jaya police, French blasteran K Karel Frederik Holle, plantation magnate in 19th century West Java, Dutch origin Karel Albert Rudolf Bosscha; landowner, observatory founder, Dutch origin Karina Suwandi; cast, model, Czech blasteran Karlina Supeli; astronomer and women's rights fighter Keenan Pearce; businessman, British blasteran Kevin Julio; actor, MC, Dutch blesteran Kevin Kambey; actor, model, Australian blasteran Kiki Maria; singer and actress, bloody Dutch Kimberly Ryder; soap opera cast, British blasteran Kunang Andries; jewelry designer, bloody Dutch L Larasati Ivory; model, national equestrian athlete, German blasteran L.B. Moerdani; general, minister, Dutch bloody L. Heuveldor; Lith, Franciscus Gregorius van; educational figure, priest, Dutch origin Leeuwen, Reinier van Ingwer Ludwig Nommensen; Christian missionary Batak community, German origin Luna Maya; cast, bearer event, Austrian blasteran Lodewijk F Paulus; Maj. Gen., former Danjen Kopassus M M.A.W. Brouwer; priest, columnist, cultural, Dutch origin Maartri Djorghi; fashion designer Mads Johansen Lange; merchant, negotiator, Danish figure (in 19th century Bali) Mama Laurent; clairvoyant, Dutch origin Manohara Odelia Pinot; model, cast, American blasteran Marcel Chandrawinata; actor, German blasteran Marcellino; cast Maria Sabta; actress, presenter, German descent Mariana Renata; model, French blasteran Marini; singer, Dutch blasteran Marissa Nasution; model, German blasteran Mario Blanco; painter, Spanish blasteran Martin Harun Maxime Bouttier; actor, model, French blasteran Meriam Bellina; actress, singer, bloody German-Dutch Michelle Ziudith, actress, bloody Swiss Mieke Wijaya; cast, Australian blasteran Mike Lewis; cast, Canadian origin Mischa Chandrawinata; actor , German blasteran Mischa Fortuna; little actress, English blasteran Minati Atmanegara; model, cast, German blasteran Mohammad Husni Thamrin; Indonesian national hero, Dutch blasteran Monica Gunawanova; model, blasteran Cheko Moch.


Question: Has Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn ever been a lecturer?

List of European-Indonesian figures

Idjon Djanbi (Rokus Bernardus Visser); figure AURI, Dutch origin Monica Oemardi; model, cast, blasteran Cheko Mustafa Daood; singer of the group Dust, American N Nadine Chandrawinata; model, show, German blasteran Nadya Hutagalung; model, television broadcaster, Australian blasteran Nafa Urbach; singer, model, cast, German blasteran Nena Rosier; cast, French blasteran Nia Zulkarnaen; cast, singer, bloody Australian (son Mieke Wijaya) Nick Mamahit; musician, Dutch blasteran Nicholas Saputra; cast, German blasteran Natasha Ryder, Co Host, English blasteran Nadia Vella; cast, model, bloody Dutch O O'Hare, Jez; photographer, English blasteran Okan Cornelius; cast, model, Turkish blasteran Olivia Lubis Jensen; cast, Danish blasteran Ophuijsen, C.A. van; linguist, Malay language figure, Dutch origin P Pah Wongso (Louis Victor Wijnhamer, Jr.); social worker Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), Dutch blasteran Pamela Bowie; actress, actress, American blasteran Pevita Eileen Pearce; cast, English blasteran Pieter Elberfeld; VOC dissident figure in the early 18th century.


Question: Has Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn ever been a lecturer?

List of European-Indonesian figures

Poncke Princen; Indonesian national movement figure and human rights fighter, Dutch origin R Rachmat Subagya Radja Nainggolan; Belgian football athlete Rae Sita; cast, Scottish blasteran Rainer Manoch Rafki Chandra Thomast Deandricko; Animator, Italian blasteran Randy Pangalila; cast and singer Rangga Moela; singer, SM*SH member, Dutch-born Rianti Cartwright; cast and model, English blasteran Rionaldo Stockhorst; cast, Dutch blasteran Rita Aaron Rebecca; singer, Dutch origin Regina Ivanova; singer, Bulgarian blasteran Rene Arie Seemann; cast and song creator, German blasteran Rene Louis Conrad; ITB student who was killed shot in 1970 Richard Kevin incident; football athlete, bloodied German Rissanda Princess Tuarissa; artist, former member of JKT48, Dutch blasteran Robby Sugara; cast, Dutch blasteran Robert Sharif; cast, Dutch blasteran Roy Marten; film cast and soap operas, bloody Dutch Rudy Keltjes; football athlete, bloody Dutch Rudy Salam; cast, bloody Dutch Rudy Wowor; cast, Dutch blasteran Ryan Hidayat; cast, Czech blasteran S Sabai Morscheck; cast, German blasteran Sam Brodie; actor, Scottish blasteran Samuel Zylgwyn; cast, German-Dutch blasteran Sandrina Malakiano; emcee and moderator, Italian blasteran Sacha Stevenson, cast, YouTubers, Canadian Shae; singer, Australian blasteran Sandrinna Michelle Skornicki; little actress, American blasteran Sandy Aaron, model Schwaner, Carl; 19th century Borneo scientist and explorer Shafira Umm, presenter, French descendant Siebold, P.F. von; Japanese expert, Southeast Asian nature researcher, German Sherly Malinton, model, cast, English blasteran Sharon Sahertian little actress of Dutch descent Snel, Han; artist, painter of Dutch origin, settled in Bali Spies, Walter; artist who introduced Bali to the world, German origin Sophia Latjuba; model and singer, German blasteran Suzanna; legendary Indonesian actress, German-Dutch blasteran Stefhanie Zamora Husen; Elovii member actress, German blasteran Steve Emmanuel; cast, model, American blasteran Steven William; actor, American blasteran Stuart Collin; cast, British blasteran Sultan Djorghi; cast, fashion T Tamara Bleszynski; model, cast, Polish blasteran Tatjana Saphira; actress, model, bloody German Teddy Shah; model, cast, athlete, bloodied German Terryana Fatiah; singer Teuku Rassya; actor, singer, Polish blasteran (son Tamara Bleszynski) Thomas Djorghi; model, singer Tracy Trinita; model, Brazilian blasteran Thomas Karsten; Indisch streamed architect of the late days of Dutch colonialism Tjalie Robinson; singer, emancipation figure of Indo citizens in Dutch Treub, M.; botanist, curator of Bogor Botanical Garden, Dutch origin Tuuk, H. W. van der, linguistic base of several languages of the archipelago, Dutch origin Tursina Andrijani (Nina Lenz); cast, singer, model, German blasteran Tyson Lynch; actor, comedian, Australian origin U Utrecht, E, politician and politician and scientist, Dutch origin V Vicky Burky, 80s asian aerobics queen, aerobics instructor, soap opera player antagonist role, Dutch blasteran W Wahyu Suparno Putro; presenter, Australian origin Warwick Purser; craft entrepreneur Winter, C.F., 19th century modern Javanese literary figure of Dutch origin Wong Aksan; performer drum group Portrait (formerly a member of Gods 19) Wulan Guritno; film and stage cast, English blasteran Y Yapto Suryosumarno; lawyer, political figure, Dutch blasteran Yasmine Wildblood; model, actress, English blasteran Yessi Gusman; actress, Dutch blasteran Z Zoetmulder, P.J.; Catholic spiritualist, expert on Javanese literature and culture, Dutch origin Zee Zagita Dunker, actress, Norwegian blasteran A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also List of Dutch East Indies Rulers European Records


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

Main Page Origins of the Political Order is a 2011 book by political economist Francis Fukuyama about what keeps the country in a stable state.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

The book used comparisons of political history to develop a theory of stability of political systems.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

According to Fukuyama, a stable state must be modern and strong, in order to comply with the rule of law that governs the country and be accountable. [1]


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

The book The book was the first of two books on the development of political order.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

The book is based on the origin of the French Revolution.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

His next book Political Order and the Politics of Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to Today, published in September 2014, begins with the French Revolution and presents analysis to the present day. [2]


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

Why countries and institutions are failing The book is an attempt to understand why modern state efforts in building institutions in countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, Haiti, Timor-Leste, Sierra Leone and Liberia that have failed in achieving life expectancy . [1]


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

Post-invasion of Iraq in 2003, the U.S. government seemed genuinely surprised when the Iraqi state by itself collapsed in an orgy of looting and civil conflict. [1]


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

The book is about “getting Denmark,” in other words creating a stable, peaceful, prosperous, inclusive, honest society. [3]


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

Fukuyama points out that by the time of writing ninety contemporary 'primitive' societies had engaged in war, [1] suggesting that political order was preferable to social primitive structures if stability was the thing to achieve.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

The author describes how the efforts of countries outside the western world formed failed westernized democracies, and the book is an attempt to find out why, by trying to discover the true origin of the political order, by tracing history from China, India, Europe and some Muslim countries from a three-component point of view. [1]


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

Because the purpose of this book is to understand how institutions and countries develop in different countries, it is also a comparison of historical research.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

The book is a continuation of Samuel P. Huntington' book Political Order in Changing Societies and is similar in scope to Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond. [4]


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

Fukuyama developed his arguments with respect to the history of China, India and the Middle East before focusing on the way European countries developed in various directions. [5]


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

From the pre-origin of man towards the country From chimpanzee hunting tribal groups In his attempt to the origin of political order, he first looks at the social order among chimpanzees, noting that war is more like group hunting, than family, primarily a social group, and claims its the same for humans.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

Humans are further afield: to survive they form tribes, and superior armies to hunt groups of sheer size. [6] [7] [8] [9] He uses recent work in sociobiology and other sources to show that socialization built on kin selection and altruism lead-in is the original social state of man and there is no isolated, presocial human as suggested by Hobbes and Rousseau. [10] [1] He suggests that Hobbes and Locke present a fallacy when they argue humans developed cooperative abilities only as a result of the discovery of the state.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

This is because chimpanzees, genetic ancestors of humans, engage in kin relationships that are based on cooperation, [11] and Hobbes and Locke must show humans were once friendly, lost this instinct and then returned to the country. [1]


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

The challenge of the tribes on the road to the state The next step is to escape beyond the tribalism and tyranny of the “cousins”, to join the tribes into a grand coalition against the state, again due to the army's greater advantage.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

This is done with the help of religion.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

This is because as the group grows in size, maintaining cooperation becomes more difficult as face-to-face interaction with many societies becomes difficult.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

Religion offers an easy way of combining social forces to hold communities together. [1] for example, Fukuyama cites Mohammed as an example of what Weber labels “charismatic leaders” because he uses an idea that is' umma '(community of believers) to bind together- same territory he ruled over. [1]


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

This challenge of overcoming tribalism remains partly today in many parts of the world that lie outside Western civilization, for example in Afghanistan and Somalia.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

Restriction of marriage and inheritance as a strategy against corruption Loyalty to a tribe or family, not to the state, leads to corruption and weakening of the state.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

Various strategies are being used to tackle corruption.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

One such strategy is a prohibition against intermarriage between class official rulings to ensure that loyalties will not lie with family or tribe. [12]


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

Mandarins or scholarly officials, who are ruling from China, are not allowed to pass on lands granted to them by the emperor for their own children and restricted to whom they are allowed to marry. [1]


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

Mamluk slaves, the ruling class of Egypt and the Ottoman Empire, who told slaves who married while their children could not inherit from them. [1] Jannisarries were initially forced celibacy or and forbidden to have families. [1] [1] Pope Gregory VII forced Catholic priests in Europe to become celibate and they are forbidden from having families for the same reason. [1]


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

Spanish administrators in South America were forbidden to marry local women and from establishing family ties in the territories they were sent to. [1]


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

The three components of the political order Book develops the idea of development of the three components of modern political order, which, [1] State building Rule of law The responsible governments of China, India, the Islamic world and Europe each develop three components of political organization in order its different, in different ways and different degrees.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

Denmark and England arrived first in modern equilibrium of the three components in one package, followed by others with the nineteenth century, such as the Netherlands and Sweden. [1]


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

Chinese Chinese is described as the first modern state, [13] by the given definition, has since established educated Mandarin bureaucracy, although Hewson objects to this conclusion since Mandarin bureaucracy was not modern.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

China used extreme violence on the population (especially during the influence of legalism [1]), but had the weakness of the rule of law and the emperor had no accountability to anyone.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

India India is a contrast to China.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

India could not use extreme force on the population because of the traditional power of the priestly brahmin caste, who protested violence against the people and war on neighboring countries, by refusing to perform ancestral rituals for the leader King.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

The power of the Brahmins weakened state power over its people, and effectively forced strong accountability on the leaders for the Indian population through class priesses. [1] an example of Fukuyama exerting religious influence on early Indian rulers is Ashoka (304—232 BC) of the Maurya Dynasty, who under the influence of Buddhism (not Brahmanism) came to regret its conquest in the Kalinga War.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

He vowed to end the empire, and in the end the entire political system collapsed. [1]


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

Certain Muslim Muslim states of the union developed the practice of making importing slaves as the ruling class, as it was with the Mamluks of Egypt and the Soldiers of the Ottoman empire, a process that began around the 8th century.


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

Since this slave ruling class was not beholden to any family or tribe, but depended only on circumstances, it ensured their loyalty to the state. [1] Later examples would be the 16th century Ottoman Kingdom practice of seeking intelligent Christian children for high civil service or military positions, who were cut off from their families during their training. [1]


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

Europe In the 11th century, Europe, not a country that had the upper hand as in China, or Brahmins had the upper hand as in India, there was power conflict between state and church, Coronation Controversy between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. [1]


Question: Where did Francis Fukuyama study political science?

The Origins of Political Order

The party pope began seeking legal sources to strengthen the case for universal jurisdiction of the church.