Question: What is the tool that uses the concept of the Internet of Things?

Internet for Everything

With barcodes we do not need to be difficult — it is difficult to calculate products manually.


Question: What is the tool that uses the concept of the Internet of Things?

Internet for Everything

Another example when we go to Singapore.


Question: What is the tool that uses the concept of the Internet of Things?

Internet for Everything

If we want to travel using public transport such as MRT or bus we simply use or buy an EZ-link card.


Question: What is the tool that uses the concept of the Internet of Things?

Internet for Everything

EZ-link card is usually used by tourists visiting Singapore in lieu of money to pay for transportation services that have been used.


Question: What is the tool that uses the concept of the Internet of Things?

Internet for Everything

While Singapore citizens themselves use ID cards or student cards as a means of paying for them.


Question: What is the tool that uses the concept of the Internet of Things?

Internet for Everything

This way is more efficient and fast than we use cash.


Question: What is the tool that uses the concept of the Internet of Things?

Internet for Everything

If we use cash, we still have to wait in line to pay, not to mention if we pay at face value big money, we have to wait to get our change.


Question: What is the tool that uses the concept of the Internet of Things?

Internet for Everything

IoT applications in B2B and government: Advertising and connected marketing.


Question: What is the tool that uses the concept of the Internet of Things?

Internet for Everything

Cisco believes that this category (Internet-connected Billboards) will be the three largest IoT categories, along with smart factories and telecommuting support systems.


Question: What is the tool that uses the concept of the Internet of Things?

Internet for Everything

Waste management system.


Question: What is the tool that uses the concept of the Internet of Things?

Internet for Everything

In Cincinnati, community trash volumes dropped 17% and recycling volumes increased by up to 49% through utilization of IoT technology-based “pay as you throw” programs to monitor who disposes of trash over the limit.


Question: What is the tool that uses the concept of the Internet of Things?

Internet for Everything

Smart power grids that adjust tariffs for peak energy use.


Question: What is the tool that uses the concept of the Internet of Things?

Internet for Everything

This power grid represents a savings of US$200 billion with US$500 billion per year until 2025 based on the McKinsey Global Institute.


Question: What is the tool that uses the concept of the Internet of Things?

Internet for Everything

Intelligent water system.


Question: What is the tool that uses the concept of the Internet of Things?

Internet for Everything

The cities of Doha, Sao Paulo, and Beijing reduce water leakage 40-50% by putting sensors on pumps and other water infrastructure.


Question: What is the tool that uses the concept of the Internet of Things?

Internet for Everything

Uses in industry include connected factories and warehouses, internet managed assembled networks, and so on.


Question: What is the tool that uses the concept of the Internet of Things?

Internet for Everything

Category Reference:Internet


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The periodic table is the display of chemical elements in the form of tables.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The elements are arranged by atomic number (number of protons in an atomic nucleus), electron configuration, and repetition of chemical properties.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The table also splits into four blocks: blocks -s, -p, -d, and -f.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In general, in one period (row), on the left is metallic, and on the right it is non-metallic.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Rows in the table are called periods, while columns are called groups.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Six groups (columns) have names other than numbers: for example, the element of class 17 is halogen, and class 18 is a noble gas.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The periodic table can be used to derive the relationships between elemental properties, and estimate properties of new elements that have not been discovered or synthesized.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The periodic table provides a framework for performing chemical behavioral analysis, and is widely used in chemistry and other sciences.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Despite the presence of his predecessors, Dmitri Mendeleev's periodic table was the most trusted, in its publication, in 1869, as the first widely recognized periodic table.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

He developed his table to describe periodic trends based on the properties of the elements already known.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Mendeleev also estimated some properties of the as-yet unknown elements that would fill empty spaces in such tables.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Most of his predictions proved correct when those elements were revealed later in life.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Mendeleev's periodic table has been developed and supplemented by the discovery or synthesis of new elements and the development of new theoretical models to explain chemical behavior.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

All elements from atomic number 1 (hydrogen) to 118 (oganesson) have been discovered or synthesized, with the most recent additions (nihonium, moscovium, tennessine, and oganesson) confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on December 30, 2015 and officially named on 28 November 2016: they completed the first seven rows of the periodic table. [1] [2] The first ninety-four elements are naturally contained, although some were found in renic quantities and were synthesized in laboratories before being discovered in nature. [n 1] Elements ranging atomic number 95 to 118 are synthetic elements created in the laboratory.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Evidence suggests that elements number 95 s/d 100 were once found in nature, but are not currently encountered again. [3]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The synthesis of elements with larger atomic numbers is still being developed.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

A number of synthetic radionuclides or elements located in nature have been produced in the laboratory.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The standard periodic table provides basic information regarding an element.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

There are also other ways to display chemical elements by loading captions over or from different persepectives.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Overview The general form of the periodic table as follows Each element has a unique atomic number indicating the number of protons in its core.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Most elements have different numbers of neutrons for different atoms.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

This kind of thing is known as an isotope.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

For example, carbon has three natural isotopes: all atoms have six protons and most have six neutrons as well, but about one percent have seven neutrons, and some renik have eight neutrons.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Isotopes are not presented separately in the periodic table.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

They are always grouped together as a single element.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The atomic masses of elements that do not have stable isotopes are taken from the most stable isotopes, written down in brackets. [4]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Some presentations include zero. that is, elements composed only from neutrons alone.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

For example in Space Chemistry.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In the standard periodic table, elements are arranged according to the increment of atomic number (the number of protons in the atomic nucleus).


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The new line (period) begins when the new electron skin has its first electron.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The column (group) is determined based on the electron configuration; elements that have the same number of electrons in a given subskin are in the same column (for example: oxygen and selenium are in the same column because they have four electrons in their outer p-subskin).


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Elements with similarity in chemical properties usually fall into the same class on the periodic table, although in block-f, and some found in the d-block, elements in the same period tend to have similarity chemical properties.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Therefore, it is relatively easy to estimate the chemical properties of an element if it is known the properties of the elements around it. [5]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

As of 2016, there are 118 confirmed elements on the periodic table, including elements 1 (hydrogen) to 118 (oganesson), with recent additions (nihonium, moscovium, tennessine, and oganesson) confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in dated December 30, 2015 and officially named on November 28, 2016: they completed the first seven rows of the periodic table. [1] [2] A total of 94 elements are naturally contained; the remaining 20 elements from amerisium to coopernisium and flerovium and livermorium, exist only if synthesized in the laboratory.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Of the 94 natural elements, 84 are primordial (ancient elements).


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The other ten appear if there is a decay of the primordial element. [3]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

No element heavier than einsteinium (element 99) is encountered in large numbers and pure form.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Even astatin (element 85); fransium (element 87) is detected only in the form of light emission of microscopic quantities (300,000 atoms). [6]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Other view Periodiclandes and actinides are separated (left; 18columns) and included in the main table (right; 32columns) The most common view of the periodic table, the main table consists of 18 columns and lanthanide and actinides are shown as two additional rows below the table main, [7] with two empty spaces shown in the main table, namely between barium and hafnium, and radium and rutherfordium.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

These empty spaces can be asteric-marked, or diminutive descriptions of elements (“57—71").


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The convention is purely solely a practical format.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The same table structure can be presented in a 32-column format, with lanthanide and actinide inside rows 6 and 7 of the main table.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

However, based on the chemical and physical properties of the elements, many alternative table structures have been created.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Group grouping method or family is a vertical column in the periodic table.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Classes usually have periodic trends that are more meaningful than periods and blocks, which will be explained later.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The modern quantum mechanics theory of atomic structure explains that elements that are in the same group have the same electron configuration on their valence skin. [8]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

As a result, elements within the same group tend to have clear traits as well as trends along with the rise in atomic number. [9]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

However, in some parts of the periodic table, such as the d-block and the f-block, the horizontal similarity is more important, or more obvious than the vertical similarity. [10] [11] [12] At international tatanama conventions, the groups are given numerical numbers from 1 to 18 from the leftmost column (alkali metal) to rightmost column (noble gas). [13]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Previously, it was known numbering using Roman numerals.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In America, Roman numerals are followed by the letter “A” if the class is in block-s or p-blocks, or “B” if it is on the d-block.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Roman numerals are used to refer to the last number of current naming conventions (for example: the previous element of class 4 is IVB, and the previous 14 class is class IVA).


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In Europe, alphabetic usage is also the same, except: “A” is used if class is before class 10, and “B” is used for group 10 and so on.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In addition, groups 8, 9, and 10 are treated as one class of three, it has been commonly known to be marked class VIII.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In 1988, the new IUPAC naming system was used, and the old class names were rendered obsolete. [14]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Some of these classes have had trivial (non-systematic) names, as seen in the table below, although they are rarely used.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Classes 3—10 do not have trivial names and refer only to their class number or the name of the top element in the group (e.g., “scandium group” for Class 3), because they have little in common vertical trends. [13]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Elements in the same group tend to exhibit certain patterns in terms of atomic radii, ionization energy, and electronegativity.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

From top to bottom in one group, the radius of atoms increases.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Because more energy levels are filled, valence electrons are found farther away from the atomic nucleus.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

From top to bottom, each successive element has a lower ionization energy because it is easier to release electrons as a result of less strong atomic bonds.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Similarly, from top to bottom its electronegativity is also progressively smaller as a result of the addition of the distance between the valence electrons and the atomic nucleus. [15]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

There are exceptions to this trend, for example, those occurring in class 11 where electronegativity increases in one group from top to bottom. [16] VTGroups in the Periodic table IUPAC group1a23bn/AB456789101112131415161718Mendeleev (I—VIII) IAIIAIIIbivbvbvibvibviibviibviibviiibiibiibiibviibccas (US, A-B-A) iaiiaiiibivbvbvbvibviibvbviiaviaviaviiaviiaviiaviiaviiaviiaviiaviiaviiaviiaviiaviiaviiaviiaviiaviiavAVIAVIIAVIIIAOLDIUPAC (Europe, A-B) IAIIAIIIAIVAVAVIIAVIIAVIIIBIIBIIBIIBIVBVBVBVIBVIIB0Trivial NameH and Alkali MetalsRalkaline earth MetalsRcoinage MetalStrielStetRelspnictogensRchalcogensrhalogensrNoble GaseSRName by ElementRlithium GroupBeryllium GroupScandium GroupTitanium GroupChromium GroupChromium GroupManganese GroupIron GroupCobalt GroupNickel GroupCopper GroupZinc GroupBoron GroupCarbon GroupNitrogen GroupPoxygen GroupFluorine GroupHelium or Neon GroupPeriod 1HhePeriod 2LibeBCNOfnePeriod 3NamgalSipsClarPeriod 4KCasctivCrMnFeconicuzngageAsseBR KRPeriod 5rBsRyzRnbMotCrurhPdagcdInsBTEixePeriod 6CsBalace—LuhFtaWreOirPtaUHGTlPeriod BipoaRnPeriod 7frraacth—lrrfdbsgbhhsmtdsrgcnnhflmclvtsog Group 1 is composed of hydrogen (H) and the alkaline metals.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Elements of the group have one s-electron in the outer electron shell.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Hydrogen has no analogs and is not considered to be an alkali metal as it rarely exhibits behaviour comparable to that of the alkali metals.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

This makes the group somewhat exceptional.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Do not have a group number Group 3 has scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y).


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

For the rest of the group, sources differ as either being (1) lutetium (Lu) and lawrencium (Lr), or (2) lanthanum (La) and actinium (Ac), or (3) the whole set of 15+15 lanthanides and actinides.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

IUPAC has initiated a project to standardize the definition as either (1) Sc, Y, Lu and Lr, or (2) Sc, Y, La and Ac. [17]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Group 18, the noble gases, were not discovered at the time of Mendeleev's original table.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Later (1902), Mendeleev accepted the evidence for their existence, and they could be placed in a new “group 0", consistently and without breaking the periodic table principle.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Group name as recommended by IUPAC.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Period Periods are horizontal rows in the periodic table.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Although the group rather describes periodic trends, but there are parts where the horizontal trend is more significant than the vertical trend.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

As in the f-block, where lanthanide and actinide form two substantial horizontal elemental series. [18]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Elements in the same period exhibit trends in atomic radii, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

From left to right in the same period, the radius of an atom usually shrinks.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

This occurs because each of the elements successively adds to protons and electrons, which causes electrons to be attracted closer to the atomic nucleus. [19]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

This decrease in the radius of atoms also causes the ionization energy to increase from left to right in one period.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The stronger the bond of an element, the more energy it takes to unwind an electron.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Electronegativity increases as per rise in ionization energy as electrons are attracted to atomic nuclei. [15]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Electron affinity also shows similar tendencies within the same period.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Metals (left-hand periods) generally have lower electron affinities than non metals (right-hand periods), with exceptions in noble gases. [20]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Blocks Certain sections on the periodic table can be referred to as blocks according to the order of filling electron skins of its elements.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Each of the blocks is named after the sub skin where the last electron resides. [21] [n 2] S-blocks consist of the first two classes (alkali metals and soil alkalils) plus hydrogen and helium.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

P-blocks consist of the last six groups, namely groups 13 to 18 as per IUPAC (3A to 8A as per the American naming), and contain, mostly, metaloids.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

D-blocks consist of groups 3 to 12 (or 3B to 2B groups in the American system class) and are entirely transition metals.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

F-blocks, often placed below the main table, do not have a group number and consist of lanthanide and actinide. [22]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Metals, metaloids, and nonmetals According to their physical and chemical properties, elements can be classified into three broad categories namely metals, metaloids and nonmetals.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Commonly shiny metals, solids with high conductivity, can form aloy with other metals and form salt-like ion compounds with nonmetals (other than noble gases).


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Most nonmetals are either colored or colorless gases; nonmetals that form compounds with other nonmetals bind covalently.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Among metals and nonmetals there are metaloids, which have properties between metals and nonmetals or a mixture of both. [23]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Metals and nonmetals can be further classified into subcategories that exhibit gradation of properties from metal to nonmetal, for elements within the same period.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Metals divide into reactive alkali metals, less reactive earth alkali metals, lanthanide and actinides, transition metals, and lastly post-transition metals with the weakest physical and chemical properties.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Nonmetals are divided into polyatomic nonmetals, which are more similar to metaloids; diatomic nonmetals, which are essential nonmetals; and monoatomic noble gases, which are nonmetallic and almost perfectly inert.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Specialized classifications such as refractory metals and precious metals, which are (in this case) transition metals, are also known [24] and sometimes listed. [25]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Grouping elements into categories and subcategories based on trait similarity is not perfect.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

There is a spectrum of traits within each category and it is not difficult to determine a ride on the border, as in the case of most classification schemes. [26]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Beryllium, for example, is classified as a soil alkali metal, although it has chemically amphoteric tendencies and mostly forms covalent compounds are two things that weaken its position as a metal.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Radon is classified as a nonmetal and is a noble gas but has a tendency to form metal-like cations.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

It is possible that there are other classifications such as the division of an element into the category of its mineralogical abundance, or its crystal structure.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The categorization of mutilated elements since Hinrichs, [27] in 1869 wrote that simple boundary lines could be described on the periodic table to indicate elements with similarity of properties, such as metals and nonmetals, or gaseous elements.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Periodic trend Electron configuration The electron configuration or organization of electrons orbiting a neutral atom indicates pattern repetition or periodicity.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Electrons occupy a series of electron skins (numbered skin 1, skin 2, etc).


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Each of the skins contains one or more subskins (called s, p, d, f and g).


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Along with the rise of atomic numbers, electrons progressively fill this skin and subskin according to Madelung rules or energy order rules, as shown in the figure.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The fluorescent electron configuration, for example, is 1s2 2s2 2p6.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

With atomic number ten, fluorescent has two electrons on its first skin, and eight electrons on the second skin—two on the s subskin and six on the p subskin.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In periodic table terms, the first time an electron occupies a new skin means starting a new period.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

This position in is occupied by hydrogen and alkali metals. [28] [29] Since the properties of an element are largely determined by its electronic configuration, the properties of an element indicate a pattern repeatability or periodic behavior.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Examples are as shown in the figure below for atomic radii, ionization energy and electron affinity.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

It represents the nature of periodicity, the embodiment of the thing that had been stated before the basis of his theory was developed.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

This triggers the exposing of periodic laws (properties of repeated elements at certain intervals) and the first periodic table formulation. [28] [29] The atomic radii of atoms in the periodic table vary in ways that can be estimated and described.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

For example, atomic radii decrease for elements contained in a period, from alkali metals to noble gases; and atomic radii rise for elements in one class from top to bottom.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The radius of atoms rises sharply between noble gases late in the period and alkali metals early in the next period.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The tendency of these atomic radii (and various physical and chemical properties of other elements) can be explained using the electron skin theory of atoms.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The theory presents important proofs for the development and affirmation of quantum theory. [30]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Electrons on subskin-4f, ranging from cerium (element 58) to iterbium (element 70), do not very effectively protect the rise in core charge because subskin-4f is too far from the atomic nucleus.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The elements right after lanthanide have smaller atomic radii than predicted and almost equal to the atomic radii of the elements directly above them. [31]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Hence, hafnium virtually has atomic radii and (chemical properties) like zirconium, and tantalum has the same atomic radii as niobium, and furthermore.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

This is known as lanthanide contraction.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The effect of lanthanide contraction is monitored up to platinum (element 78), after being masked by a relativistic effect known as the inert pair effect. [32]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

D-block-contraction, which has the same influence between d-block and p-block, is less so well known than lanthanide contraction, but gives rise to similar consequences. [31]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Ionization energy The first ionization energy is the energy absorbed to remove one electron from an atom.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The second ionization energy is the energy absorbed to remove the second electron from an atom, and so on.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

For an atom, the successive ionization energy increases according to the increase in the degree of ionization.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Magnesium, for example, has a first ionization energy of 738 kJ/mol and the second by 1,450 kJ/mol. The closer orbital pad electrons experience a greater electrostatic attraction force, so to release them more energy is required.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The ionization energy increases from bottom to top (in one group) and from left to right (in one period) the periodic table. [32]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

A large spike in ionization energy occurs when releasing one electron from a noble gas configuration (complete electron skin).


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Magnesium, for example, the first two ionization energies already described above are used to release two 3s electrons, and the third ionization energy is much larger at 7,730 kj/mol, to remove a 2p electron from a fluorescent Mg2+ configuration.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Similar spikes also occur in the ionization energies of other third-row atoms. [32]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Electronegativity Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons. [33]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The electronegativity of an atom is affected by the atomic number and the distance between the valence electrons and the atomic nucleus.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The greater the electronegativity, the stronger the element attracts electrons.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

It was first put forward by Linus Pauling in 1932. [34]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In general, electronegativity increases from left to right in the same period, and decreases from top to bottom in the same group.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Therefore, fluorine is the most electronegative element, [n 4] while sesium is the weakest of its electronegativity. [16]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

There are some exceptions to this general rule.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Galium and germanium have higher electronegativity than aluminum and silicon due to d-block-contraction.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The elements of period four just after the first row of transition metals have smaller atomic radii because electron-3d does not effectively protect the rise in core charge, and the smaller atam size correlates with higher electronegativity. [16]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The anomalies of the greater electronegativity of lead than thallium and bismuth appear to be due more to data collection (and data availability) —including calculation methods—because Pauling's method does not show any trend deviance for such elements. [35]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Electron affinity The electron affinity of an atom is the amount of energy released when an electron is added into a neutral atom to form a negative ion.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Although the affinity of electrons varies greatly, but there are patterns that can be drawn.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In general, nonmetals have more positive electron affinity values than metals.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Chlorine is the most powerful at attracting electrons.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The electron affinity of the noble gas is not yet fully measured, therefore it may have a slightly negative value. [38]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Electron affinity generally increases throughout the period.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

This is due to the filling of the valence skin of atoms; a class 17 atom frees greater energy than a class 1 atom to attract electrons because the atoms of class 17 have almost full valence skin making it more stable. [38]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The tendency of electron affinity to decrease along the group from top to bottom has been estimated.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Additional electrons will enter an orbital farther from the atomic nucleus.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Because these electrons are less attracted by atomic nuclei, then their energy release is also smaller when added.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Nevertheless, in one class from top to bottom, about a third of elements undergo anomalies, that is, heavier elements have a higher electron affinity than lighter elements.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Mostly, this is a result of the lack of protection from the electrons d and f.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The seragan decrease in electron affinity applies only to the atoms of class 1. [39]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Metal character The smaller the ionization energy, electronegativity, and electron affinity, the stronger the metallic character an element possesses.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In contrast, nonmetallic character increases in proportion to the increase in the above properties. [40]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In accordance with periodic trends of these three traits, metallic character tends to decrease for elements in the same period (or rows) and, with some deviation (mostly) resulting from relativistic effects, [41] tends to increase from top to bottom for elements in the group (or columns) of the same.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Most metallic elements (such as sesium and fransium) are in the lower left half of the traditional periodic table and most nonmetallic elements (oxygen, fluorine, chlorine) in the upper right.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The combination of horizontal and vertical trends in metal characters explains the risers like limiting lines for separating between metal and non-metal that can be found on some periodic tables.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Some practitioners grouped the elements present around those boundary lines as metaloids. [42] [43] The history of the first systematization experiment In 1789, Antoine Lavoisier published a list of 33 chemical elements.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

He grouped them into gases, metals, nonmetals, and soils. [44]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Chemists spent a century searching for a more adequate classification scheme.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In 1829, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner observed that many elements could be grouped into triads based on their chemical properties.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Lithium, sodium, and potassium, for example, are grouped into one triad as soft, reactive metals.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Döbereiner also observed that, if arranged by atomic weight, the second member of each triad has the mean atomic weight of the first and third members. [45]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

This later became known as the Law of the Triad. [46]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

German chemist Leopold Gmelin researched this system, and in 1843 identified ten triads, three groups of four and one group of five.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Jean-Baptiste Dumas published his research in 1857 describing the relationships between different groups of metals.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Although many chemists try to identify relationships between small groups of elements, they have not yet managed to establish a scheme that can accommodate them all. [45]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In 1858, German chemist August Kekulé observed that carbon often coupled with another four carbon atoms.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Methane, for example, has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

This concept will later be known as valence; different elements bind to a number of different atoms. [47]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In 1862, Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois, French geologist, published an early form of the periodic table, which he called telluric helix or screw.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

He was the first to note the periodicity of the elements.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

By composing an element in a spiral on a cylinder according to an increase in atomic weight, de Chancourtois showed that elements with similarity of visible properties appear at certain intervals.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The diagram also lists some ions and compounds in addition, in addition to the elements.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

His paper also used more geological terms than chemistry, and did not display images; as a result his research did not attract many parties until passed on by Dmitri Mendeleev. [48]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In 1864, Julius Lothar Meyer, German chemist, published a table of 44 elements arranged by valence.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The table shows that elements with similarity in chemical properties often have the same valence. [49]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In a separate place, William Odling (English chemist) published a preparation of 57 elements, compiled by their atomic weight.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

With some tactregularity and gaps, he sees what appears to be the periodicity of atomic weight between the elements and that this corresponds to the already ever accepted 'grouping'. '[50] Odling alluded to the idea of periodic law but he did not develop it. [51]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

He then proposed (in 1870) a classification of valency-based elements. [52]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The English chemist John Newlands published a series of papers from 1863 to 1866 noting that when elements were arranged based on an increase in atomic weight, the same chemical and physical properties would repeat at intervals of eight; it seems that he equated periodicity with musical octaves. [53 ] [54] Hence it is called the Law of the Octave.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In any case, this idea caused Newlands to be derided by his colleagues, and the Chemical Society refused to publish his handiwork. [55]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

However Newlands was able to design a table of elements and use it to estimate the presence of undiscovered elements, such as germanium. [56]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The Chemical Society finally recognized the significance of the Newlands discovery five years after the recognition of Mendeleev. [57]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In 1867, Gustavus Hinrichs, the Danish-born academician chemist who settled in America, published a periodic system of spirals based on atomic spectra, atomic weight and semblance of chemical properties.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The results of his work are considered idiosyncratic, ungrounded and convoluted. [58] [59] Mendeleev tables of Russian chemistry professor Dmitri Mendeleev and German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer separately published their periodic tables in 1869 and 1870. [60]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Mendeleev's table was his first published version, while Meyer was a developed version of the 1864 version of Meyer's table. [61]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Both build the table by arranging the elements in rows or columns according to their atomic weight and starting new rows or columns when the characteristics of the elements begin to repeat. [62]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The recognition and acceptance that Mendeleev's table obtained came from two decisions he made.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

First he left some holes in the table when he considered that related elements had not been discovered. [63]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Mendeleev was not the first chemist to do this, but he was the first to recognize using trends in his periodic table to predict the properties of missing elements, such as gallium and germanium. [64]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The second decision is to sometimes ignore sequences made by atomic weight and replace with elements next to them, such as tellurium and iodine, in order to achieve better classification into their chemical family.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Finally, in 1913, Henry Moseley discovered the experimental value of the nucleus charge or atomic number of each element, and showed that the sorting of Mendeleev's model actually referred to an increase in atomic number. [65]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The importance of atomic numbers on the preparation of the periodic table is not appreciated until the existence and properties of protons and neutrons are understood.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Mendeleev's periodic table uses atomic weight instead of atomic number to compose its elements.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Precision measured information in Mendeleev's time.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Atomic weight is by far suitable for most cases, being able to present predictions of the properties of missing elements more accurately than other known methods.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The replacement of the method to atomic number, gave a sequence of elements by integer, and Moseley estimated that the missing elements (in 1913) between aluminum (Z=13) and gold (Z=79) were Z=43, 61, 72 and 75, which were eventually discovered.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Atomic number sequences are still used today, even as a basis for research and manufacturing new synthetic products. [66]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The second version along with its development In 1871, Mendeleev published his periodic table in a new form, by grouping elements that had similarities in columns, no longer in rows, and these columns were given numbers I to VIII according to the degree of elemental oxidation- the element.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

He also gave detailed forecasts of the properties of elements that had been mentioned earlier as missing, but actually according to him existed. [67]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

These intersections slowly filled in as chemists discovered additional elements that existed naturally. [68]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

It is often stated that the last natural element discovered was fransium (referring to Mendeleev as eka-sesium) in 1939. [69]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

However, plutonium, produced synthetically in 1940, was identified to exist in nature in renic quantities as a primordial element in 1971. [70] [n 5] A popular view of the periodic table, [71] also known as the general form or standard form (as shown in this article), was the handiwork of Horace Groves Deming.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In 1923, Deming, the American chemist, published a short () and medium () form periodic table. [72] [n 6] Merck & Co. prepared a leaflet containing an 18-column table of Deming's version in 1928, which was then widely circulated in schools in America.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In the 1930s, Deming's tables appeared in guiding books and chemical encyclopedias.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

It was also distributed for several years by the Sargent-Welch Scientific Company. [73] [74] [75] As the modern theory of quantum mechanics developed about the configuration of electrons in atoms, it became increasingly clear that each of the periods (rows) in the table corresponds to the charging of electrons on the skin quantum.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The larger the atom, the more sub electron skins it has, finally, the longer the period to be listed in the table. [76]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In 1945, Glenn Seaborg, American scientist, gave a suggestion that actinide elements, as with lanthanide, fill the f sub-level.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Previously, actinides were inserted into the fourth row of D-blocks.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Seaborg's colleagues advised against publicizing this kind of radical proposal because it could adversely affect his career.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

After considering that cooking did not bring any adverse impact on his reputation or career, Seaborg finally published his proposal.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Seaborg's proposal was declared correct and Seaborg won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1951 for his research into the synthesis of actinide elements. [77] [78] [n 7] Although there are small amounts of transuranium elements present naturally, [3] but all of them were first discovered in the laboratory.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Its production has expanded the periodic table significantly.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The first transuranium to be synthesized was neptunium (1939). [79]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Since most transuranium elements are highly unstable and decay rapidly, the challenge is to detect and perform characterization as soon as they are produced.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

There is controversy over competition of discovery claims for some elements.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

It requires an independent review to determine which party has priority, and is entitled to the claim.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The most current accepted elements are flerovium (element 114) and livermorium (element 116), both inaugurated on 31 May 2012. [80]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In 2010, a Russia—US collaboration in Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russia, claimed to have synthesized six atoms of unseptium (element 117), making it an up-to-date recognition. [81]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

As of December 30, 2015, elements number 113, 115, 117, and 118 are officially recognized by the IUPAC, thus completing the 7th row of the periodic table. [82]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Official names and symbols for each of these elements, which will substitute names and temporary symbols such as ununpentium (Uup) for element number 115, are expected to be announced later in 2016.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Different periodic tables Variations of common forms There are three main variants of the periodic table of common or 18-column forms.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

They differ in their depiction in the group 3 column. [83]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

For the purposes of this article three variations are expressed as type I, type II and type III.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Type I: Sc, Y, La and Ac.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Lanthanum and actinium are in the main table, in group 3, below scandium and itrium.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The fourteen elements of the lanthanide class and the actinides that follow it are written as footnotes, to save space.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

There are two lines containing fourteen elements, the first line begins with Ce and ends with Lu, the second line begins with thorium and ends with lawrensium.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

This is the most common variant. [84] [n 8] It emphasizes the similarity in the downward periodic trend in groups 1, 2 and 3, by breaking down lanthanide and actinides. [n 9] Type II: Sc, Y, Lu and Lr.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Lutesium and lawrensium are in the main table, in group 3, below scandium and itrium.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Footnotes are 14 elements of the next class of lanthanide and actinides starting with lanthanum and actinium and ending with iterbium and nobelium.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

This variant is based on alternative arguments with regard to periodic tendencies of the physical and chemical properties of lanthanum and lutesium, as well as maintaining a fixed f-block-width of 14 columns, while still breaking down lanthanide and actinides.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

It emphasizes the similarity of periodic trends between group 3 and subsequent groups at the expense of discontinuities in periodic trends between groups 2 and 3. [n 10] Type III: Sc, Y, and marker.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The two positions below the scandium are emptied or given footnote marks in some way.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The footnotes of lanthanide and actinides begin with lanthanum and actinium as well as end with lutesium and lawrensium, forming two rows of fifteen elements.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

This variant emphasizes the chemical similarity of 15 lanthanide elements (La—Lu), at the expense of ambiguity for elements occupying class 3 at two positions below scandium and itrium, and visible block width f to be 15 columns (in reality only 14 elements per row can be accommodated in block-f). [n 11] All three variants stem from the historic difficulty in placing lanthanide in the periodic table, and the argument of the initial and final position of the block-f element. [85]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

It has been stated that such an argument is proof that, “it is a mistake to break down [periodic] systems into blocks with sharp restrictions. “[86]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Equally, some versions of the type III table have been criticized for implying that all 15 lanthanide occupy a single box or place it under itrium, [n 12] violating the basic principle of one place, one element. [87] [n 13] The controversy about viable elements occupies a Class 3 position in Under scandium and itrium are discussed further in the section Open questions and controversies of this article.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Table type II, as a general variant, is shown the overview section of this article.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

When compared to the type I variant, “there are fewer noticeable exceptions to regular 4f orbital series fills among subsequent members. “[88] [n 14] Unlike the type III variant, there is no ambiguity on the composition of group 3.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Alternative structures There are many periodic tables with other structures than the standard form.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

During the 100-year presence of Mendeleev tables since 1869, he had estimated that about 700 different versions of the periodic table would be published. [89]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Just like its four-faceted variations, other periodic table formats have also sprung up, for example, [n 15] circular, cubical, cylindrical, edificial (like building) forms, helical, lemniscate, octagonal prism, pyramidal, separate, spherical, spiral, and triangular.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Alternatives of this kind are often developed to highlight or emphasize the physical or chemical properties of elements that cannot be presented in the traditional periodic table. [89]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

A popular alternative structure [90] is Theodor Benfey's version (1960).


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The elements are arranged in a continuous spiral, with hydrogen being at the center of the spiral and transition metals, lanthanide, as well as actinides located at their cementations. [91]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Most periodic tables are two-dimensional; [3] however, three-dimensional tables have been known since at least 1862 (before Mandeleev's two-dimensional table of 1869).


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Current examples include the Periodic Classification of Courtines version (1925), [92] Wringley's Lamina System (1949), [93] Giguère's Periodic Helix (1965) [94] [n 16] and Dufour's Periodic Tree (1996). [95]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

A step further, Physicist Stowe's Periodic Table (1989) [96] has been described as a four-dimensional table (having three spatial dimensions and one color dimension). [97]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The diverse forms of the periodic table can be considered the laying of the basis of the chemical-physics continuum. [98]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Towards the end of the chemical continuum, there can be found, for example, the Periodic Table of the 'recalcitrant' inorganic chemist version [99] Rayner-Canham (2002), [100] which emphasizes tendencies and patterns, as well as uncommon chemical properties and relationships.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Towards the end of the physics continuum, appeared Janet's Left-handed Periodic Table (1928).


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

This version has a structure that shows a close relationship to the order of electron skin filling with quantum mechanics. [101]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In the middle of the continuum are various variations of general or standard forms of the periodic table.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

It is considered an expression of better empirical trends in terms of physical states, electrical and thermal conductivity, as well as oxidation numbers, and other properties easily deduced from traditional techniques of chemical laboratories. [102] VTLEFT-step periodic table (by Charles Janet) f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9f10f11f12f13f14d1d2d3d4d5d5d6d7d8d9d10p1p2p3p4p5p6s1s21shhe2slibe2p 3sbcnofnenamg3p 4salsipsclarkca3d 5sscp TiVCrmnFeconicuzngageAssebr Krrbsr4d 5p 6syzrnbmotcruhpdagcdinsnsbteixecsba4f 5d 6p 7slaceprndpmsmeugdtbdyhoertmybluhftawreosirptauhgtlpbbipoaRnFrra5f 6p 8sacthpaunppuamcmbkcfesfmmdnolrrfdbsgbhhsmtdsrgcnnhflmclvtsog119120f-blockd-blockp-blocks-block This form of periodic table is congruent with the order in electron shells are ideally filled according to the Madelung rule, as shown in the accompanying sequence in the left read from top to bottom, left to right).


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The experimentally determined electron configurations of the elements differ from the configurations predicted by the Madelung rule in twenty instances.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The last two elements shown, elements 119 and 120, have not yet been synthesized.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Open question and controversy Unknown element of its chemical properties Although all elements up to oganesson have been found, for the above elements hassium (element 108), only copernicium (element 112) and flerovium (element 114) have known chemical properties.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Other elements can behave differently from what is predicted extrapolately, due to relativistic effects.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

For example, flerovium is predicted to exhibit properties such as noble gases, even though it lies within the carbon class. [103]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Recent experiments have proven that, flerovium has chemical properties like lead, as estimated from its position in the periodic table. [104]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Development of the periodic table It is not yet clear whether the new elements will follow the pattern that has existed on the current periodic table as period 8, or require further adjustment.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Seaborg estimates the eighth period to follow the existing pattern, so that: (1) will include two block-s elements for elements 119 and 120, (2) there is a new block that is a g-block for the next 18 elements, and (3) 30 additional elements continue the current block-f, -d, and -p. [106]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In recent news, physicists such as Pekka Pyykkö have made the theory that these additional elements do not follow the rules or rules of Madelung, which predicts how the electron skin is filled and therefore will affect the current view of the periodic table. [107]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Prediction of the element with the largest atomic number The number of possible elements is not yet known.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

An early estimate made by Elliot Adams in 1911, based on the preparation of the elements in each row of the periodic table was: an element with an atomic weight greater than 256± (which may lie between elements 99 and 100 for the current term) is unlikely to exist. [108]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The newest estimate is that the periodic table may soon end after the island of stability, [109] which is estimated to be centered around element 126, since the development of nuclide and periodic tables is limited by the drip lines of protons and neutrons. [110]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Other predictions of the expiration of the periodic table revolve around element 128 by John Emsley, [3] on element 137 by Richard Feynman, [111] and on element 155 by Albert Khazan. [3] [n 17] The Bohr model of the Bohr model shows the difficulty for atoms with atomic numbers greater than 137, since any element with an atomic number over 137 would require its 1s electrons to move beyond the speed of light, c. [112] Therefore, Bohr's non-relativistic model is inaccurate if applied to elements of this kind.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Dirac relativistic equations The Dirac relativistic equation faces problems for elements over 137 protons.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

For an element of this kind, the wave function of the Dirac base condition is oscillating, and there is no gap between the positive and negative energy spectra, as in Klein's paradox. [113]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

More accurate calculations account for the influence of limited size on atomic nuclei signifying that the first energy bond exceeds the possible limitation for elements over 173 protons.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

For heavier elements, if the innermost orbital (1s) is unfilled, the electric field of the core will pull electrons out of the vacuum, which results in spontaneous positron emission. [114]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Nevertheless, this is not the case if the innermost orbital is filled, so element 173 is not the end of the periodic table. [115]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Placement of hydrogen and helium If following the electron configuration, hydrogen (electron configuration 1s1) and helium (1s2) should lie in groups 1 and 2, above lithium ([He] 2s1) and beryllium ([He] 2s2). [21]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

However, such placements are rarely used outside the context of electron configurations: When noble gases (later called “inert gases”) were first discovered around 1900, they became known as “class 0", reflecting the absence of any known chemical reactivity of these elements on at that time, and helium is put at the top of the class, because it has the same inert-an as the entire group.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Because the class changes its formal numbering, most authors still put helium just above neon, in class 18; one of them is the current IUPAC table. [116]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The chemical properties of hydrogen are not very close to those of alkali metals, which occupy group 1, and based on this, sometimes hydrogen is laid elsewhere: the most common alternative is in class 17; one of the factors of consideration is the nonmetallic properties of hydrogen monovalent, and that fluorine (an element located at the apex of class 17) is also a monovalent nonmetallic.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Sometimes, to show that hydrogen has properties both like alkali metals and halogens, hydrogen is displayed in two columns at once. [117]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Another way of presentation is to put hydrogen in carbon atsa in class 14: by putting it in such a way, it fits perfectly with the tendency to rise in the ionization potential value and electron affinity, and does not deviate greatly from the electronegativity trend. [118]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Lastly, hydrogen is sometimes laid apart from any group; this is based on the properties of hydrogen that are very different from any group: unlike hydrogen, other Class 1 elements exhibit highly metallic properties; Class 17 elements generally form salts (therefore it is no term “halogen”); elements of other classes exhibit multivalent chemical properties.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Another period 1 element, helium, is sometimes also laid apart from any group. [119]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The properties that distinguish helium from other noble gases (although helium's inert properties are very close to fluorescent and argon [120]) are that in its closed electron skin, helium has only two electrons on its outermost orbital, while other noble gases have eight electrons.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The class that belongs to transition metals The definition of transition metals, as given by IUPAC, are elements whose atoms have an incomplete sub-skin d, or that can experience an increase in the oxidation rate to cation so that the sub-skin d becomes incomplete. [121]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Based on this definition, all elements in groups 3—11 are transition metals.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The IUPAC definition causes Class 12, among others zinc, cadmium and mercury, to drop out of the transition metal category.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Some chemists treat the categories of “block-d elements” and “transition metals” interchangeably, so that classes 3—12 belong to transition metals.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In this case, the elements of class 12 are treated as special cases of transition metals where its electron-electrons d are not commonly involved in chemical bonding.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The recent discovery that revealed mercury can use its d electrons in the formation of mercury (IV) fluoride (HgF4) has prompted some commentators to suggest that mercury may be accepted as a transition metal. [122]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Other commentators, such as Jensen, [123] have argued that the formation of compounds such as HgF4 can only occur under abnormal conditions.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Therefore, mercury cannot be accepted as a transition metal based on any interpretation in terms of general scientific meaning. [123]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Other chemists further removed the class 3 elements from the definition of transition metals.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

They do so based on that the elements of class 3 do not form any ions with the skin d partially filled, and therefore do not exhibit the chemical characteristics of transition metals. [124]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

In this case, only groups 4—11 are accepted as transition metals.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The elements of period 6 and 7 in class 3 Although scandium and itrium are the first two elements in group 3 the identity of the next two elements has not yet been completed.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

They are lanthanum and actinium; or lutetium and lawrencium.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

There are strong chemical and physical arguments in favor of the final drafting [125] [126] but not all authors have been convinced. [87]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Most chemists are unaware that there is controversy. [127]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Hydrogenheliumlithiumberylliumboroncarbonnitrogenoxygenfluorineneonsodiummagnesiumaluminumsiliconphosphorussulfurchlorineargonpotassiumcalciumscandiumtitaniumvanadiumchromiummanganeseironcobaltnickelcopperzincgalliumgermaniumaricseleniumchromiummanganeseironcobaltnickelcopperzincgalliumgermaniumaricseleniumchromiummanganeseironcobaltnickelcopperzincgalliumgermaniumaricseleniumbrominekrukdiumstrontiumyttriumzirconiumniobiummolyb denumtechnetiumrutheniumrhodiumbarladiumsilvercadmiumindiumtinantimonytelluriumiodinexenoncaesiumbariumlanthanumceriumpraseodymiumneodymiumpromethiumsamariumeuropiumgadoliniumterbiumdysprosiumholmiumerbiumthuliumtIumtBiumThuliumtBiumThuliumtBiumThuliumtBiumThuliumtBiumThuliumtBiumThuliumtBiumThuliumtBiumumlutetiumhafniumtantalumtungstenrheniumosmiumiridiumplatinumGoldMercury (element) ThalliumLeadBisMuthPoloniuMastatIneradonFranciumRadiumActiniumThoriumProtactiniumuraniumNeptUniUmplutoniumAmericiumCuriumCaliforniumeInsteiniumFermiumMendeleViumNoBeliumLawrenciumRutherForDiumDubNiumSeaborgiumBohRiumSiumHaSeniumLawrenciumRutherFordiumDubNiumSeaborgiumBohRiumSiumhRitumHaSeniumRutherFordiumDubNiumSeaborgiumBohMeItNeriumDarmStadtiumRoentGeniumCoperniciumNihoniumFleroviumMoscovi UMlivermoriumTennessIneoganesson Lanthanum and actinium have traditionally been described as members of class 3. [128] [129] It has been posited that this layout dates back to the 1940s, with the advent of the periodic table based on the electron configuration of its elements and the idea of electron differentiating.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The sesium, barium and lanthanum configurations are [Xe] 6s1, [Xe] 6s2 and [Xe] 5d16s2.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Lanthanum has a 5<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[87794,87799,2,2]}'>d differentiating electron and this indicates it “deserves to be in group 3 as the first member of the d-bloc for period 6. “[130]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

A consistent set of electron configurations is further seen in group 3: scandium [Ar] 3d14s2, itrium [Kr] 4d15s2 and lanthanum [Xe] 5d16s2.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Still in period 6, iterbium has electron configurations [Xe] 4f135d16s2 and lutetium [Xe] 4f145d16s2, “yielding a 4<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[88563,88568,2,2]}'>f differentiating electron for lutetium and confirming it as the last member of block-f for period 6. “[130]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

It has been known since the early 20th century that, “itrium and (to a lesser extent) scandium have chemical properties closer to lutetium and other rarer earth elements [namely lanthanide] than to lanthanum. “[130]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

By that reason, some chemists in the 1920 and 1930s had more lutetium to be put in class 3 than lanthanum.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Recent spectroscopic research found that the iterbium electron configuration turned out to be [Xe] 4f146s2.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

This means that iterbium and lutetium—with configuration [Xe] 4f145d16s2—both have 14 f electrons, “have a differentiating electron d instead of f” for lutetium and make them “equivalent candidates” to [Xe] 5d16s2 lanthanum, for the group 3 periodic table at positions below itrium. [130]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Some physicists in the 1950s and 60s preferred lutetium, in terms of comparison of some properties of physics with those possessed by lanthanum. [130]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

This arrangement, in which lanthanum is the first member of the f-bloc, is refuted by some authors because lanthanum lacks a single f electron.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

However, there have been rebuttals that this is nothing to worry about given the presence of other anomalies in the periodic table—the thorium, for example, does not have an f electron but is part of an f-block. [132]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

As for lawrencium, the confirmed electron configuration in 2015 was [Rn] 5f147s27p1.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Configurations representing another anomaly of the periodic table, regardless of whether lawrensium is located block-f or block-d, since the position of the most possible p-block-position has been “ordered” for ununtrium by approximate electron configuration [Rn] 5f146d107s27p1. [133]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Some tables, including the tables on the IUPAC web, [134] [n 18] add footnotes for the two positions below scandium and itrium, and display both, lanthanum and lutetium, as well as actinium and lawrencium as part of the anthanide and actinide series elements.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

This arrangement emphasizes the similarity of the chemical properties of 15 element lanthanide (La-Lu) more important than the argumentation of electron configurations.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The elements in the actinide series have a more diverse behavior.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The elements at the beginning of the series show some similarities to transition metals; actinium and subsequently are more like lanthanide. [135]


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Optimal form The multiplicity of different forms of the periodic table triggers the question: is there an optimal or definitive (definitive) form of the periodic table?


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The answer to this question is to depend on how to see the truth of chemical periodicity that arises in those elements, whether absolute truth, or simply human interpretation adapted to the needs, beliefs and tastes of the observer.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

The objective basis of chemical periodicity will answer questions about the location of hydrogen and helium, as well as the composition of group 3.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

This kind of fundamental truth, if any, is likely yet to be discovered.


Question: What is the periodic table?

Periodic table

Without such fundamental truths, the multiplicity of differences in the form of the periodic table can be thought of as variations of the theme of chemical periodicity, each of which explores and gives emphasis to different aspects, properties, perspectives and relationships between elements. [n 19] The existence of an official periodic table of standard or medium and estimated length versions is the result of setting a layout with a good balance of features in the sense that it is easy to create and of decent size, and can describe atomic sequences and periodic trends. [51] [136] See also Note foot Reference Library List Outside Links Category:Chemistry


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Italy (Italy), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana [1] [2] [3] [4], is a unitary state parliamentary republic in Europe [note 1] Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Italy borders France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and the Vatican.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Italy covers an area of 301.338 km² (116,347 mi²), and is influenced by the temperate climate and mediterranean climate.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Judging by the shape, maps of Italy are shaped like boots or in Italy are often called lo Stivale [5] [6].


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

With a population of 61 million people, Italy is the fourth most populated EU member state.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Since the Classic Era, Italy has been inhabited by various peoples and civilizations.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Like the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and the ancient Greeks who established settlements in the south of Italy, the Etruscans and Kelts inhabited central and northern Italy, as well as Ancient Italian tribes and Italic peoples scattered throughout the Italian Peninsula and Insular Italy (Sardinia and Sicily).


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The Italic tribes or known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom which eventually worked into a republic that successfully conquered and assimilated other nearby civilizations.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Rome eventually emerged as the dominant power in the mediterranean basin, successfully conquering much of the ancient world and becoming the leading cultural, political and religious center in Western civilization.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Relics of the Roman Empire are widespread and can be seen in the global distribution channels of civil law, republican rule, Christianity and Latin writing.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

During the Middle Ages, Italy suffered a sociopolitical collapse amid adverse barbarian invasions, but by the 11th century many Italian city-states and maritime republics rose to achieve prosperity through shipping, trade, and banking, laying the foundation for capistalism modern [7].


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The independent statelets [note 2], which acted as Europe's main trading centre with Asia and the Near East, enjoyed a greater degree of democracy and wealth compared to the feudal monarchies consolidating throughout Europe at the time.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Most of Central Italy remained under the control of the theocratic Papal States, while Southern Italy was feudal until the 19th century, as a result of a succession of Byzantine, Arab, Norman, Spanish, and Bourbon conquests in the region. [8]


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The Renaissance began from Italy and spread throughout Europe, by bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration and art.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

At this time Italian culture was flourishing, and produced well-known scholars, artists and polymatists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo, and Machiavelli.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Also famous Italian explorers such as Marco Polo, Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci and Giovanni da Verrazzano who discovered new routes to the Far East and the New World, which aided the European Age of Exploration.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Nevertheless, Italy's commercial and political power diminished with the opening of the Atlantic trade route and the route to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope crossing the Middle Sea. [9] [10] [11] And again, Italian city-states continued to engage in bloody warfare, culminating in The Italian wars of the 15th and 16th centuries, which eventually left them exhausted, with no one emerging as the dominant power.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Weakened rulers soon fell victim to the conquests of European powers such as France, Spain and Austria.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

In the mid-19th century, there arose a movement in support of Italian nationalism and independence from foreign control.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

This movement led to a revolutionary political upheaval called the Risorgimento to unite the countries in Italy.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

After various failed attempts, finally the Italian War of Independence and the Expedition of the Thousand succeeded in unifying the countries of Italy in 1861, and is now a great power after centuries of foreign domination. [12].


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Italian New Kingdom rapidly industrialized, especially in the north, and colonial empires, [13] while in the south most were still poor and excluded from industrialization, and fueled a large and influential diaspora. [14]


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Despite being one of the main cast in World War I, Italy experienced a period of economic crisis and social chaos, leading to the rise of a fascist dictatorship in 1922.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in military defeat, economic destruction, and Italian civil wars.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

After liberation and rise of resistance, Italy abolished the monarchy and restored democracy, enjoyed a prolonged economic boom, freed from sociopolitical chaos (such as, Anni di Piombo, Mani pulite, Second Mafia War, Maxi Trial and assassination of anti-mafia officials) and became a major developed country. [15] [16] [17] Currently, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and the eighth largest in the world.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Has a very high rate of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The country plays an important role in regional as well as global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, and is a regional power [18] [19] and a great power. [20] [21] Italy is a founder and leading member of the European Union and a member of various international institutions such as the United Nations, NATO, OECD, OSCE, WTO, G7/G8, G20, Union for the Mediterranean, European Assembly, Uniting for Consensus, and more.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

As a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, is the most numerous, and is the fifth most visited country in the world.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The etymology of “Italian” etymology assumptions are numerous, and the collection of solutions written by historians, and the language is very long. [22]


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

According to one of the more general explanations, the Italian term, from Latin: Italian [23], is borrowed through Greek from Oska Víteliú meaning “land of the calf” (compare: Latin vitulus “calf”, Umbrian language vitlo “calf”) [24].


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The bull or cow was once a symbol of tribes in southern Italy, and was often depicted butting Roman wolves as a symbol of unwillingness to cede Italian independence during the Social War.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The Greek historian Dionysios of Halikarnassos states a treatise together with the legend that Italy was named so in honor of Italus [25] as mentioned Aristotle [26], and Thukidides [27].


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The Italian name was originally used only to refer to the region that is now called Southern Italy, according to Antiokus of Syracuse, the southern part of the Bruttium Peninsula (now Calabria, the Province of Reggio, and part of the Province of Catanzaro and the Province of Vibo Valentia).


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

But in this time of Antiocus Enotri and Italian became synonyms, and this name also applies to most of Lucania.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Greeks over time applied the name “Italy” to a larger area, but in the time of Emperor Augustus (late 1st century BC) this term extended to the entire peninsula until the Alps. [28]


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Prehistoric History and Antiquity The results of excavations throughout Italy have successfully revealed the presence of Neanderthals that have existed since Paleolithic times, approximately 200,000 years ago, [29] Modern humans were present at roughly 40,000 years ago.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The ancient peoples of pre-Roman Italy — such as the Umbrians, the Latins (the origin of the Romans), the Volskians, the Samniums, the Kelts, and the Ligurians who inhabited northern Italy, and many others — constituted the Indo-Europeans; the main historical societies that did not including Indo-Europeans were the Etruscans, the Elimi people, the Sikani people of Sicily and the prehistoric people of Sardinia.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Between the 17th and 11th centuries BC the Mykenai Greeks established relations with Italy [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] and in the 8th and 7th centuries BC Greek colonies established along the coast of Sicily and the southern part of the Italian Peninsula became known as Great Greece.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Also the Funisians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The Ancient Romans were originally a small farming community discovered in roughly the 8th century BC, which developed over the centuries into a magnificent empire covering the entire area of the Middle Sea, where the cultures of Ancient Greece and Ancient Romans melted into a single civilization.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

This civilization is quite influential and its relics can be felt all over the world.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Ancient Roman was highly influential for, and left its imprint on government, law, politics, administration, cities, engineering, philosophy, architecture, and modern art, becoming the foundation for Western civilization.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

A collapse that progressed slowly since the late 2nd century AD, the empire ultimately broke into two parts by 395 AD: the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The western passage — under the pressure of the Franka, Vandals, Huns, Goths, and other nations of Eastern Europe — finally broke apart in 476 AD, when the last emperor of Western Roman was overthrown by the leader of the Barbarians, Odoaker.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Middle Ages After the collapse of Rome, Italy was conquered by Germanic tribes (Ostrogoths), but in the 6th century the Eastern Roman/Byzantine Emperor (Justinianus) conquered it.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The invasion of other Germanic tribes (namely the Langobardians) at the end of the same century narrowed the Byzantines to just one land strip of Ravenna and Rome, plus other lands in the south of Italy, destroying the unity of the Italian peninsula until 1870.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The rulers of Langobardi in northern and central Italy were absorbed into the Kingdom of Franka by Charlemagne in the late 8th century.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The Franka kings also aided in the establishment of papal states in central Italy, stretching from Rome to Ravenna, although during most of the Middle Ages the Papacy effectively controlled only Latium.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The existence of this theocratic state stretched out through centuries of peninsular unification.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Until the 13th century, Italian politics was dominated by relations between the German Holy Roman Emperors and the popes with most Italian cities siding with the former (Ghibellini) or to (Guelfi) for the sake of momentary convenience.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

In this period of power vacuum Italy witnessed the emergence of a prevalent institution, the medieval commune.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

In the anarchic conditions that often prevailed in various city-states in medieval Italy, societies organized their own to restore order and disarm hostile elites.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

In the 12th century, a league of communes, the Langobardi League conquered the German emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, and became the starting point for the process of granting effective independence for most cities in northern and central Italy.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Despite the devastation caused by various wars, Italy is still preserved, especially in the northern, and central parts, a more developed urban civilization.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

In the same period, Italy witnessed the emergence of several maritime republics, the most notable being the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Amalfi.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Involved in several Crusades, they took advantage in terms of mercantile, and political opportunities.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Venice, and Genoa soon thereafter became Europe's main gateway for trade with the Eastern World, establishing colonies up to as far as the Black Sea, and often controlling much of the trade with the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) and the Islamic World of the Middle East.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The Savoy area expanded its territory until the peninsula in the Late Middle Ages, while Firenze developed into a highly organized trading and financial city-state, and became the capital of Europe for the commodities of silk, wool, banking, and jewelry.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

To the south, Byzantine Sicily became an Islamic emirate in the 9th century, which flourished until the Norman-Italians conquered it in the late 11th century along with most of the Langobardi and Byzantine states in southern Italy.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Through a complex series of events, southern Italy developed as a united kingdom, first under the Hohenstaufen Wangsa, then under the Wangsa of Kapetia Anjou and from the 15th century, the Aragonese Wangsa (although Sicily was a separate kingdom of the Aragonese people since the late 13th century to the 15th century).


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

In Sardinia, the former Byzantine provinces became independent states recognizable as giudicati (territory of the magistrates), although most of the island was under the control of the Genoese and the Pisans until the Aragonese conquered it in the 15th century.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The pandemic early modern of the Black Death in 1348 left its mark on Italy by killing a third of the population. [37] [38] Nevertheless, the disastrous decency of the Black Death actually triggered the rise of cities, trade, and economy that so great stimulated the stages- stages of Humanism and the Renaissance, cultural movements that were both born on this peninsula, and then spread throughout Europe.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

In the 14th and 15th centuries, central and hulu-southern Italy were divided into a number of warring city-states, while other areas of the peninsula were controlled by Naples and the larger papal states.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The strongest among these city-states annexed the surrounding territories which gave birth to signoria, namely regional states led by merchant families who established local wangsas.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Dominated by merchant oligarchs, they enjoyed the advancement of the arts, maintained academies, and relative freedom.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Inter-state warfare in the region is commonplace, raids from outside Italy caging into sporadic attacks by the Holy Roman Emperors.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

These wars were mainly fought by merchants referred to as the Condottiere, a collection of soldiers from all over Europe, but particularly Germany and Switzerland led by Italian captains. [39]


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Decades of warfare had ushered in the Republic of Florence, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Venice to grow as the dominant players who agreed to the Treaty of Lodi in 1454, which witnessed the relative tranquility present in the region for the first time for centuries.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

This peace proceeded for the next forty years and Venice's undisputed hegemony over the seas had also brought unprecedented peace during the 15th century.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The Italian Renaissance reached its peak in the mid-16th century when foreign raids had plunged the region into the throes of the Italian Wars.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

After all, the idea, and ideal of the Renaissance persisted, and even continued to spread to other European regions, inspiring both the Northern Renaissance and the English Renaissance.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Meanwhile, the Exploration of Kristoforus Colombus, the discovery of new routes to Asia by the Portuguese, and the rise of the Ottoman Sultanate—all factors eroding traditional Italian dominance in trade with the Eastern World—began to rewind the peninsula's economy.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

After the Italian Wars (1494-1559), Italy witnessed a relatively long period of peace, first under the Spanish Habsburgs (1559-1713), and then under the Austrian Habsburgs (1713—1796).


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Repeated plagues came back to haunt Italy in the 14th to 17th centuries.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

In the first paro of the 17th century, a plague of the didaku had claimed 1.7 million victims, or roughly 14% of the Italian population. [40]


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

When Spain went into decline in the 17th century, the same happened to its colonies in Italy, namely Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and Milan.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Southern Italy suffered a fallout, unstuck and broke with key events in Europe. [41]


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Nevertheless, Italy still contributed to European culture, giving birth to the Baroque Style.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

In the 18th century, as an impact of the War of the Spanish Succession, Austria replaced Spain as the dominant foreign power, while the Savoy Wangsa grew as a regional primary power extending all the way to Piemonte and Sardinia.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

In this century, the idea of the Enlightenment influenced the rulers of Italy, hacking the way to reforms that began economic recovery in Tuskani and northern Italy.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

During the War of the Napoleonic era, the northern, and central parts of the country were occupied, and then part of it was annexed into the Empire, and parts were again structured as a new Kingdom of Italian—actually as a puppet state of the French Empire— [42] while the southern paro the peninsula was taken care of by Joachim Murat, Napoleon's brother-in-law, who was tabled as King of Naples.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

In 1814 the Congress of Vienna restored the situation at the end of the 18th century, but the ideals of the French Revolution could not be removed.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The unification of Italy and the Italian Liberal Establishment of the Kingdom of Italy was the result of efforts made by Italian nationalists and royal vassals loyal to the Savoy Wangsa to establish a united state that covered all the territories of the Italian Peninsula.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

In the context of the 1848 liberal revolutions that swept across Europe, a failed war was declared by Austria.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The Kingdom of Sardinia again invaded the Austrian Empire in the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859, with help from France, which had an impact on the liberation of Langobardi.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

In 1860—1861, Giuseppe Garibaldi led the reins towards unification in Naples and Sicily, [43] allowing the Sardinian government led by Camillo Benso to declare a united Italian kingdom on 17 March 1861.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

In 1866, Viktor Imanuel II allied himself with Prussia in the Austrian—Prussian War, fighting in the Third Italian War of Independence that allowed Italy to annex Venice.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Finally, when France, which was in the French-Prussian War in 1870 ignored its garrison in Rome, the Savoy Wangsa was able to fill the vacuum of power by taking over the Papal States.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The Statute of Albertino Sardinia of 1848, enacted extending to the entire Kingdom of Italy in 1861, provides for human freedoms, but electoral laws exclude the uneducated and uneducated from elections.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

The new royal government took place within a framework of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy dominated by liberals.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

In 1913, the age provision of suffrage for males was accepted.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

When Northern Italy was rapidly industrialized, the Southern Italian region, and the Northern countryside were still not awakened, and overpopulated, this state forced millions of people to hijrah, while the Italian Socialist Party strengthened, challenging the safety of conservatives and liberals- traditional.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Since the last two decades in the 19th century, Italy developed into a colonial power by forcing Somali, Eritrean, and later Libyan and Dodecanese to come under its authority. [44]


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

In World War I, Italy was initially tak-impartial, but in 1915 Italy signed a secret treaty, namely the London Tract, entering the Entente Three with the stipulation it would accept Trento, Trieste, Istria, and Dalmasia from Austria-Hungaria—also some parts of the Ottoman Sultanate.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

In World War I, more than 650,000 Italian soldiers fell [45] and the economy fell into disrepair.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Under several peace treaties, namely the Tract of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919), the Rapallo Tract (1920), and the Rome Tract (1924), Italy gained most of the promised territories, including the Hungarian port of Fiume, but not Dalmasia (except Zara), allowing the nationalists to define this glory as “clipped glory”.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Fascist regime The upheaval after the devastation caused by World War I, inspired by the Russian Revolution, leads to melee and chaos.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

Fearing the break-up of the socialist revolution, established liberals began to dent the National Fascist Party led by Benito Mussolini.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

In October 1922 fascists attempted a coup (“Mars in Rome”), supported by King Viktor Imanuel III.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

A few years later, Mussolini banned all political parties and curbed individual freedoms, in other words he imposed a dictatorship.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

In 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia, which resulted in international exclusion, and led to the withdrawal of Italy's membership of the League of Nations.


Question: How wide is the kingdom of Sicily?

Italy

As a consequence, Italy allied itself with NAZI Germany, and the Empire of Japan, and strongly supported Franco in the Spanish Civil War.