Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Some of the largest chaebol include: Samsung Electronics, POSCO, Hyundai Motor Company, KB Financial Group, Korea Electric Company, Samsung Life Insurance, Shinhan Financial Group, LG Electronics, Hyundai and LG Chem. [36] [37] Transportation Transportation in South Korea consists of trains , buses, ferries and air flights.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

The railway line consists of subways located in six cities: Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Gwangju, Daejon and Incheon.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Railway operator Korail provides railway services almost all major cities in South Korea.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

South Korea has 103 airports with Incheon International Airport as the largest airport.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Incheon Airport was once named the best airport in the world by Airport Council International.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Other international airports located in South Korea include Gimpo, Busan and Jeju.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

The national airline Korean Air was formed in 1962, serving 21,640,000 passengers with 12,490,000 international passengers. [38]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Asiana Airlines, formed in 1988, serves both domestic and international flights.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Other flights such as Hansung Airlines and Jeju Air serve domestic flights at cheaper prices.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Science and technology The development of science and technology in South Korea initially did not develop well due to the problems of division of Korea and the Korean War that occurred after the independence period.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

The progress of science and technology began to be felt in the 1960s when dictator Park Chung-hee's reign where South Korea's economy sped up rapidly.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Robotics has been a major research and development in South Korea since 2003. [39]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

In 2009, the government announced plans to build robotic thematic parks in Incheon and Masan with government or private funding. [40]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

In 2005, the South Korean Institute of Science and Technology developed the world's second humanoid robot capable of walking.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

The Korea Institute of Industrial Technology also successfully developed the first Korean android, Ever-1 in May 2006. [41]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

South Korea's foreign and military relations conduct diplomatic relations of more than 188 countries.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

South Korea has also been incorporated in the United Nations since 1991, [42] in conjunction with the joining of North Korea.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

On 1 January 2007, South Korea's Foreign Minister at the time, Ban Ki-moon officially became UN Secretary-General replacing Kofi Annan.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

In addition, South Korea is also a stratergical partner of ASEAN as a member of Asean Plus 3 and is active in other world economic forums such as G-20, APEC and the East Asia High Level Conference.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

South Korea established close ties with the RRT, especially since South Korea severed ties with the Republic of China. [43]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

The European Union became an important trade partner of South Korea and became the main destination for South Korean exports. [44]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Diplomatic relations with Japan have never been formally registered since World War II, but the Basic Relations Tract between Japan and South Korea signed in 1965 became the main basis for the two countries' relations.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

South Korea and Japan have a dispute over the Liancourt Stone issue, [45] but administratively, the archipelago is owned by South Korea because the South Korean Coast Guard is based on the island. [46]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

The invasion as well as tensions with North Korea have prompted South Korea to allocate 2.6% of GDP and 15% of government spending on military financing as well as requiring all men to follow conscription.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

South Korea's number of active soldiers ranks sixth largest in the world, [47] second in the number of reserve soldiers and top eleven in defense budget affairs.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

South Korea's military forces consist of the Army (ROKA), Navy (ROKN) and Marine Corps (ROKMC). [48]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

These armed forces mostly concentrate in the border areas of the Korean Demilitarized Zone.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

All South Korean men are constitutionally required to follow conscription, generally for a two-year term.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Education Education in South Korea is divided in sections as in general in other countries: playgroups, primary schools, secondary education, and highschools/universities.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Based on the results of a 2006 study on the International Student Assessment Programme of the OECD, South Korea ranks first in problem solving, third in mathematics and eleventh in science.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Educational technology in Korea was also developed throughout the Korean mainland by creating high-speed Internet access networks in elementary and advanced schools. [49]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

The Korean government through the Ministry of Education also provides scholarships for students who come from outside Korea to reach 100,000 students per year. [50]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

The cultures of South Korea and North Korea share the same culture, but since the Division of Korea in 1945, each country has developed different forms of contemporary culture.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Historically, Korean culture was influenced by the RRT, but Korea was able to develop a unique and distinct cultural identity. [51]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

South Korea's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism is active in encouraging traditional culture in modern form through financing and educational programs. [52]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Contemporary music, film, and television Until the 1990s, trot and ballad was the popular music that dominated South Korea.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

The joining of rap group Seo Taiji and Boys in 1992 marked a major change in the South Korean music scene known as K-Pop, the group blended elements of popular music genres such as rap, rock, and techno into their music. [53]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Since the success of Shiri's film in 1999, Korean Film began to gain appreciation internationally.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Local films began to dominate the market especially since the enactment of quotas requiring theaters to show Korean films for at least 73 days a year. [54]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

The demographics of South Korea have a high population density, approximately 487.7 inhabitants/km². [55]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

This is ten times more than the world average.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Most residents live in urban areas due to large migrations — magnitude from the countryside during the rapid economic expansion of 1970, 1980 and 1990. [56]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

In 2005, Seoul was the most populous city in South Korea with more than 9 million inhabitants [57] overtaken by Busan (3.4 million), Incheon (2.4 million), Daegu (2.3 million), Daejeon (1.4 million), Gwangju (1.4 million) and Suwon (1 million). [57]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

In 2008, the birth rate per year amounted to 9 births out of 1,000 people.this rate is the lowest in the world while the average life expectancy is 79.10 years [58] which is the fortieth highest in the world. [59]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Religion Almost most of the people of South Korea choose neither religion nor atheism.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Buddhism is the largest religion in South Korea with 10.7 million inhabitants.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

The largest other religions are Protestant Christianity and Roman Catholicism.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

The largest Christian church in South Korea, Yoido Full Gospel Church is located in Seoul.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

It is estimated that fewer than 35,000 Koreans are Islamic, with 100,000 workers coming from Muslim countries, namely Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Pakistan. [61]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Sports Football, basketball, badminton, and baseball are some of the most popular sports among the South Korean public.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

In football, it has been through the FIFA World Cup qualification round 8 consecutive times — and is the most record in Asia.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Baseball is a sport with a large number of spectators, the owners of baseball clubs are usually South Korean chaebol.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

The South Korean baseball team managed to win the gold medal at the 2008 Olympics.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Badminton has been a concern for the public especially since many South Korean players have won at international level. [62]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Taekwondo is an indigenous sport from Korea that developed rapidly and became an official sport at the Olympic Games since 2000 in Sydney, in addition Korea also has several other martial arts sports such as taekkyeon, hapkido, tang soo do, yoke sool won, kumdo and subak. [63]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

In addition to being successful with the development of its original sports, South Korea has also managed to host various grand sporting events.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

At the Asian level, South Korea once hosted the 1986 Asian Games in Seoul, 2002 in Busan, and will again host in 2014 in Incheon. [64]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

On an international level, South Korea once hosted the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul and along with Japan hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

South Korea's sporting achievements are on the rise.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

South Korea finished fourth in medal gains when it hosted the 1988 Seoul Olympics, as well as being the only Asian team to make it through to the semi-final stage at the 2002 FIFA World Cup hosted in South Korea and Japan.


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

In 2010, South Korea played host to F1 auto racing in Yeongnam for the first time. [65]


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

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Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

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Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

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Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

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Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea


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South Korea

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Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

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Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

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Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea


Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

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Question: when was the Seoul Metropolitan Government first formed?

South Korea

Category:G20 countries


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Legal entities in Indonesian are interpreted as organizations or associations established by authentic deed and in law are treated as persons who have rights and obligations or also referred to as legal subjects.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

The subject of law in legal science there are two namely, people and legal entities.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Referred to as legal subjects because legal persons and entities bear legal rights and obligations. [1]


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Types of Legal Entities Public Law Entities (publiekrecht) is a legal entity established based on public law or a legal entity that regulates the relationship between the state and or its apparatus with citizens that concerns common/public interests, such as criminal law, tatanegara law, administrative law country, international law and so on.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Examples: State, Local Government, Bank Indonesia.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Private Legal Entity (privaatrecht) is a legal entity established on the basis of civil law or civil law or the association of persons who hold cooperation (forming a business entity) and is a single entity that meets the requirements prescribed by law.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Private Legal Entities aimed at Provit Oriented (example: Limited Liability Company) ATAunon Material (example: Foundation).


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

In Indonesia the forms of business entities (Business organizations) are variegated and are mostly relics of the Dutch government. [1]


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Theory of Legal Entities Theory of Fiction (Fictie Theorie) According to the Theory of Von Savigny mere legal entities — artificial eyes of the state only.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

The body of law is just a fiction, that is something that does not exist, but people live it in the shadow as a subject of law that can do legal acts like a human being.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

This theory was also followed by Houwing The theory was also presented by the German scholar Friedrich Carl von Savigny (1779-1861) in his book entitled System des Hentingen Romischen Recht.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

This theory explains that legal entities are legal fiction, in this theory it is expressed “They have existence but no real personality save that given by law, which regards them as' person '“(They are recognized existence, but not a real person declared by law, which is considered as a person.). [2]


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

It means that only human beings are the subject of law, while the legal entity as the subject of law is only fiction, that is, something that does not actually exist but people bring it to life in its shadow.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

The Legal Entity was created countries/governments whose form is not real, to explain a thing.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

In other words, actually according to Nature, man is always the subject of law, but one creates in his shadow, the body of law as the subject of law is taken into account the same as man.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

So, people behave as if there is another subject of law, but the unreal form cannot do deeds, so that the people do as their representatives.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Theory of Treasure Wealth Aims (doel vermogents theorie) According to this theory only humans can be the subject of law.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

However, says this theory there is wealth (vermogen) which is not a person's wealth, but that wealth is bound to a specific purpose.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

The wealth that no one owns it and which is bound to a particular purpose is what is named a legal entity.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

This theory arises from colltiviteitstheorie and was put forward by the German scholar A. Brinz, and followed by Van der Hayden in his book entitled Lehrbuch der Pandecten.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

This theory explains that a legal entity is merely a body with certain interests, and it is the human being who is the pure subject of the law.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Adherents of this theory;” Only human beings can be considered correctly as'person', the law, but protects other purposes than those concerning the interest of human beings.The property 'owned' by corporations does not 'belong' to anybody.But it may considered as belongings for certain purposes and the device of the corporation is used to protect those purposes”.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

(Only human beings can be considered people, the law however protects the purpose of other purposes than regard for human purpose.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

The wealth of wealth owned by corporations does not belong to every person.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

But it is considered a possession for a definite purpose and is a fixture of the company to protect the purpose of that purpose).


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

This theory is also called Zweckvermogen theory.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Theory of Shared Wealth (Propriete Collective Theorie) This theory was presented by the german scholar Rudolf von Jheering who was later followed by Molengraaft, Marcel Planiol, and Apeeldorn.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

This theory explains that legal entities are nothing but human associations that have their own rights and obligations, this theory does not consider legal entities as abstractions or organisms, therefore what constitutes the rights and obligations of legal entities are rights and obligations its members are together, as well as the wealth of that legal entity is common property, not to be shared.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Therefore, legal entities are suatau juridical constructions only.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

The theory is also called Propriete Collective Theorie (Planiol), Gezmenlijke Vermogenstheorie (Molengraaft), and Gezamenlijke eigendomstheorie/teorie collective (Utrecht). [1]


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Organ Theory of legal entities according to this theory is not abstract (fiction) and not unsubject wealth, but a legal entity is something of a real organism, which incarnates truly — truly in a legal association that can form its own accord with the intercourse of existing tools to him (the caretaker, his members) like an ordinary man, who has five senses and so on.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Followers of this organ theory include Mr. L.C. Polano.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

This theory was also put forward by the german scholar, Otto von Gierke (1841—1921) in his book entitled Das Deutsche Cenossenchtsrecht.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

This theory explains that a legal entity is formed, incarnated in legal promiscuity (eine leiblichgeistige Lebensein Heit), and can fulfill its will from the stewardship (Verbandpersoblich Keit), the intermediary of the tools or organs for example its members or its management. pronounce the will with his mouth intermediary or with his hand if the will is written on paper, as with human organs, so that according to this theory, Legal Entity is real, Example: The stewardship of the head of the legal entity as well as the head of the human Reality Theory Juridical (juridishe realiteitsleere) It is said that, the legal entity is a realiteit, concrete, rill, walcan not be fingered, not hayal, but juridical reality.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

This theory was put forward by Dutch scholar E.M. Meijers and professed by Paul Scolten, according to this theory, Legal entity is a real and concrete form just like a human being, although it cannot be palpable, emphasizing that it should be in equating legal entity with human being limited to field of law only.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

This theory is a subtletion from the Organ theory put forward by Otto von Gierke.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Meijers himself called this theory a simple theory of reality, because the equations given to humans and legal entities are limited only in the field of law. [2]


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Wealth separator theory, this theory explains that the legal entity is from a separate aspect of wealth wealth.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Theory of property because of office, this theory explains that a legal entity is a legal entity that has a price and stand alone, which is owned by the legal entity itself, but this legal entity has a caretaker and a position to take care of the property.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Legal Entities in Indonesia in Indonesia forms of business entities (Business organizations) are multifaceted and mostly a relic of the Dutch government.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

There are forms of business entities that have been replaced by designations in Indonesian (for example: Limited Company/PT derived from the designation Naamlozevennootschap/NV), but there are also those who still use their original name (for example: Maatschap, Firma/Fa and Commanditaire Vennootschap/CV). is a translation of “vennootschap” (e.g. the designation for Firm Company, Comanditer Company and Limited Liability Company) and there is the word “company” which means a general mention of the company. The most appropriate in the use of the word “company” is in the mention of Limited Liability Company because did issue stock/sero. [3]


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Reference Advanced Reading B.Arief Sidharta, Reflections on the Structure of Legal Science, 2000, Syahrani Riduan, Subtleties and Principles of Civil Law, Alumni 2006, Rai Widjaya.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Corporate Law (Revised edition).


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Megapoin: Kesaint Blanc-bonding.


Question: What are the legal entities in Indonesia?

Legal entity

Bekasi West Java.2002, Category:Legal Category:Legal Terms


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Crusades (Latin: Expeditio Sacra, Holy Cruising) were a series of religious wars that infused the Latin Church in the Middle Ages.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

According to common presumptions, the Crusades are a designation for wars in the eastern Middle Sea aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land from Islamic powers, but indeed the term “Crusade” is also used as a designation for wars that the Church infused in other regions.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Crusades were organized on various grounds, both to eradicate idolatry and heresy, to resolve infighting among parties who were equally Catholic Christians, or for the sake of achieving political intentions and territorial control.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

When it first flared, these kinds of wars were not yet called “Crusades”.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The term “Crusade” only came to the fore around 1760.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In 1095, Pope Urbanus II called on the Christian world to inflame the First Crusade in his sermon at the holding of the Council of Clermont.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

He appealed to the audience to deploy military force to help the Byzantine Empire and the Byzantine Emperor, Aleksios I, who at that time needed additional troops to deal with the Turks who had migrated west and had colonized Anatolia.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

One of the goals that Sri Pope wants to achieve is guaranteed flexibility and security for Christian pilgrims to make pilgrimages to Christian holy sites in the eastern Middle Sea occupied by Muslims, but experts disagree on whether access guarantees For pilgrims this is the main motive of Sri Pope himself or the main motive of the parties responding to his call.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

It is possible that Sri Pope actually intended to reunite the separate Eastern and Western hemispheres of the Christian World since the events of East-West Schism in 1054, as well as to make himself the head of all the Church.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The early victories achieved by Christian soldiers in the Crusades resulted in the establishment of the first four Crusader States in the eastern region of the Middle Sea, namely the Regency of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and the Regency of Tripoli.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The bubbling response to Pope Urbanus' calls from across the peoples of Western Europe set a precedent for later Crusades.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Volunteers become Crusaders by casting vows in public advance and receiving plenary indulgences from the Church.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Some volunteers expect to be raised to heaven from Jerusalem or get forgiveness from God for all their sins, while others participate to become Crusaders for feudal obligations, for glory and honor, or for economic gain and politics.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

A two-century attempt to liberate the Holy Land from the colonization of the Muslims ended in failure.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

After the First Crusade, still blazed again six great Crusades and many small Crusades.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

After the last leading strongholds of Catholic Christians were conquered in 1291, there were no more Crusades, but the gains that were successfully amassed lasted longer in the northern and western areas of Europe.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Wendi Crusade and the crusades dissolved by the Archbishop of Bremen succeeded in uniting the entire northeastern area of the Baltic Peninsula as well as the tribes of Mecklenburg and Lausitz under the control of Catholic Christians at the end of the 12th century.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

At the beginning of the 13th century, the Teuton Knight Tarecat established a Crusader State in Prussia, and the French monarchy took advantage of the Albigensian Crusade to expand its territory of power all the way to the Middle Seas.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The lunge of the Turkish-Osmanli Sultanate at the end of the 14th century was responded to Catholic Christians with the crusades that ended with the defeat of the Crusaders in Nikopolis in 1396 and in Varna in 1444.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Europe under the control of the Christian Catholics fell into disarray, and the final chapter in the Christian-Islamic feud was marked by two thrilling events: the fall of Constantinople into the hands of the Turkish-Osmanli Sultanate in 1453, and Spain's final victory over the Moro peoples with his destiny of Granada in 1492.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The idea of the Crusades continued to live on, at least in the form of the Tarekat Knights Hospitalis, until the end of the 18th century, but the pedestal of interest of Western Europeans had shifted to the New World.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Modern historians differ in opinion about the Crusaders.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

For some historians, the Crusaders' lunge is not in line with the noble goals that were originally buzzing, and is not in harmony with the attitude of the papal institution as a guide to the morals of the Christian World, as evidenced by the fact that the Pope did not impose punishment. exclusion of the Crusaders.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Crusader reinforcements in his movement often carried out pillaging actions, and in general the Crusader commander-in-chief held out control of the territories that had been successfully captured, instead of returning them to the Byzantine Empire.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

During the blazing of the People's Crusade, thousands of Jews were killed in a cruel action now referred to as the Rheinland Massacre.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Constantinople was plundered all-out during the Fourth Crusade.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Nonetheless, the Crusades had a great impact on the civilization of the Western World: these wars reopened the waters of the Middle Sea to commercial and shipping activities (enabling the development of Genova and Venice); pitted the collective identity of the Latin Church under the leadership of Sri Pope; and became the source of the tales of heroism, chivalric behavior, and piety that animate the romances, philosophies, and literature of the Middle Ages.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Crusades also strengthened intervals between the Western Christian World, feudalism, and militarism.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Perislahan The term “Crusade” in Indonesian is a translation of the Arabic term “hurubul salibiyah” (Arabic: حروب الصليبية, war-crusade).


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

This translation term is the equivalent of the Dutch term “kruistochten” (cruciform exploring) or “kruisvaarten” (cruciform voyage) which connotates “war” or “military action”.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

When Pope Urbanus called for the deployment of armies to the Holy Land, there was no term “Crusade” yet.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The term used at that time was “iter” (lawatan), or “peregrinatio” (pilgrimage).


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

These wars with the blessing of the Church are newly associated with the term “cross” after the word “crucesignatus” (the person with the sign of the cross) from Latin came into use at the end of the 12th century. [1]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the etymology of the word “crusade” (the English term for “Crusade”) relates to the word croisade in modern French, croisée in old French, crozada in Provençal, cruzada in Portuguese and Spanish, and crociata in language Italy.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

All of these words are derivatives of the word cruciāta or cruxiata in Medieval Latin, which originally meant “to torture” or “crucify”, but since the 12th century also meant “to make the sign of the cross”. [2]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Although the term “Crusade” has been used by historians as a designation for the holy wars committed by Christians since 1095, the events referred to as the “Crusades” are so many and varied that the use of this term may lead to incorrect understand, especially related to the inaugural war-crusades. [1]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The crusades in the Holy Land were usually sorted into nine different wars, ranging from the first Crusade (1095—1099) to the ninth Crusade (1271—1272).


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

It was this sorting into nine wars that historian Charles Mills used in his written work entitled History of the Crusades for the Recovery and Possession of the Holy Land (1820), and was often used as the easiest form of sorting, although in fact it was still still is debatable.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The fifth and sixth crusades led by Emperor Friedrich II can be regarded as one-time wars, as well as the eighth and ninth Crusades led by King LouiSix. [3]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The term “Crusade” could have been interpreted differently, depending on the view of the author using it.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Giles Constable lays out four different points of view among historical examiners as follows: [4] Traditionalist viewpoints.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Traditionalists limit the understanding of the Crusades as wars carried out by Christians in the Holy Land from 1095 to 1291, “both to help the Jews in the land or to free Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulchre from colonization”. [5]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The point of view of the pluralists.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Pluralists use the term Crusade as a designation for all sorts of military actions publicly condoned by the pope in office. [6]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Such a meaning reflects the view of the Roman Catholic Church (including Medieval figures of the Crusades such as Saint Bernardus of Clairvaux) that any war condoned by the Pope can legitimately be called a Crusade, without distinguishing cause, reason, nor its place.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

This broad definition includes acts of assault on idolaters and heretics such as the Albigensian Crusade, the Northern Crusade, and the Husite Crusade.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

This definition also includes wars for political gain and control of territories such as the Aragonese Crusade in Sicily, the Crusade that Sri Pope Inocensius III promulgated against the Markward of Anweiler in 1202, [7] and those expelled against the people of Stedingen, some Wars The cross that was proclaimed (by different popes) against Emperor Friedrich II and his sons, [8] two crusades incurred against the opponents of King Henry III of England, [9] and the act of reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Christians. [10]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The point of view of the generalists.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Generalists viewed the Crusades as all sorts of holy wars related to the Latin Church and which were carried out as martial acts.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Popularist viewpoint.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Popularists limited the understanding of the Crusades as wars characterized by a crowded audience movement on religious grounds, namely only the first Crusade, and perhaps the People's Crusade. [4]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The term used as a common designation for Muslims at the time was “Sarasen”; before the 16th century, the terms “Muslim” and “Islam” were rarely used by Europeans. [11]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The term “Sarasen” in Greek (Σαρακηνοή, Sarakēnoí) and Latin (Saraceni) comes from a designation in the first millennium for non-Arab peoples inhabiting the desert areas around the Province of Arabia Petrea. [12]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

This term was also used as a designation for Arab tribes, and in the 12th century became a tribal marker of nations and religions synonymous with the word “Muslim” in Medieval Latin literature. [13]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The terms “Franka” (Faranji or Faranggi) and “Latini” (Latini) were used as designations for Western Europeans during the Crusades, to distinguish them from “Greeks” (Eastern Christians). [14] [15] Muslim chroniclers of the Middle Ages such as Ali ibn al-Athir calls the Crusades the “wars of the Franka people” (Arabic: حروب الفرنجة, hurubul faranjah).


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The term used as the equivalent of “Crusade” in modern Arabic is “crusading campaigns” (Arabic: حملات صليبية, hamalāt ṣalībiyah).


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

This modern Arabic term is actually an uptake and translation of the term “Crusade” used in Western historiography. [16]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Historical writing During the time of the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation in the 16th century, historians viewed the War-Crusades through the spectacles of their respective religious beliefs.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Protestants view it as a form of papal evil, and Catholics view it as a coercion of force for good. [17]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Historians of the Enlightenment Ages tend to view the Middle Ages in general, and those Crusades specifically, as various efforts from barbaric cultures driven by fanaticism. [18]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

At the beginning of the Romantic period in the 19th century, the harsh view of the Crusades and its era had softened; [19] later science in the century emphasized specificity and detail. [20]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The academics of the Enlightenment Ages from the 18th century and modern Western historians expressed moral outrage at the conduct of the crusaders.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In the 1950s Steven Runciman wrote, “The lofty ideals are tarnished by cruelty and greed...


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Those Holy Wars are nothing more than an act of intolerance long in the name of God”. [21]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The 20th century produced three important historical writings on the Crusades: by Runciman, René Grousset, and a work by various authors edited by K. M. Stetton. [22]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

During that century, two definitions of the War-Crusades were developed; one of which included all the efforts led by the pope in West Asia and Europe, [23] but historian Thomas Madden wrote, “The crusade, first and foremost, was a war on the Jews for the sake of defending Christian faith...


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

They started it as a result of the Muslim conquest of the territories of the Jews.”


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Madden wrote that the aim of Pope Urbanus was that “Christians from the East should be freed from the humiliating and cruel conditions under Muslim rule. “[24]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

After the fall of Akko in 1291, European support for the War-Crusades continued despite criticism from various peoples of the times (for example Roger Bacon, who believed that the wars were ineffective: “Those who survive, together with their children, is more and more hurt to his heart against the Christian faith”). [25]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

According to historian Norman Davies, the War-Crusades contradicted the Peace and Truce for God's sake espoused by Pope Urbanus and strengthened links between militarism, feudalism, and the Western Christian world.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The establishment of military religious orders surprised the Orthodox Byzantines, and the crusaders plundered the countries they travelled through on their way to the east.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

By breaking their oath to return territory to the Byzantines, they often defended the territory for their own dimilki. [26] [27] [28] The onset of the People's Crusade initiated a pogrom in the Rhineland and the massacre of thousands of Jews in Central Europe; During the late 19th century, these crusades were used by some Jewish historians to support Zionism. [29]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Fourth Crusade resulted in raiding over Constantinople, thus effectively ending any chance of reconciling East—West Schism and causing the fall of the Byzantine Empire to Ottoman power.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Historians of the Enlightenment Ages criticized the mistarget of the wars—particularly the Fourth Crusade — which attacked a Christian power (the Byzantine Empire) instead of Islamic power.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

David Nicolle mentions the controversy of the Fourth Crusade in his “betrayal” of his work Byzantine, [30] and in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Edward Gibbon wrote that the efforts of the crusaders would have been more effective if they improved their countries own. [26]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Background After Muslim forces defeated the Byzantines in the Battle of Yarmuk in 636, Palestine came under the control of the Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbasids, and the Fatimiyads. [31] [32] [33] The political relations, trade, and tolerance between the Arab and Christian states of Europe experienced the tides ebbed until 1072, when the Fatimiyads lost control of Palestine and passed to the rapidly expanding Greater Seljuk Empire. [34]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Although the Fatimiyah caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ordered the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, his successors allowed the Byzantine Empire to rebuild it. [35]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Muslim rulers allowed pilgrimage by Catholics to holy places.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Christian settlers were considered dzimmi and interfered marriages were not uncommon. [36]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Cultures and beliefs coexist and compete with each other, but the conditions of the border regions are hostile to Catholic merchants and pilgrims. [37]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The disruption of pilgrimage due to the conquest of the Seljuk Turks sparked support for the Crusades in Western Europe. [38]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Byzantine Empire undertook territorial expansion in the early 10th century through Basilius II who exhausted most of his power for half a century by undertaking various conquests.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Although he bequeathed an increase in property, he abandoned domestic affairs and neglected the duty to incorporate the results of his conquests into the Byzantine ecumene.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

None of Basilius' successors had political or military talent, and the task of governing the Empire was increasingly left to the civil service.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Their efforts to restore the Byzantine economy into prosperity even fueled inflation.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

To balance the increasingly unstable budget, Basilius' permanent army was disbanded and his thematic army replaced with tagmata.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

After the defeat of Byzantine forces in 1071 in the Battle of Manzikert, the Seljuk Turks controlled almost the entirety of Anatolia and the empire often experienced civil war. [39]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the rule of the Muslims began in the 8th century, reaching its turning point with the recapture of Toledo in 1085. [40]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Although in the Council of Clermont of 1095 [41] Pope Urbanus II had compared the wars of Iberia to the First Crusade he described, but the status of a new crusade was obtained through Pope Kallistus II's encyclical of 1123. [42]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

After this encyclical, the papacy declared Iberian crusades in 1147, 1193, 1197, 1210, 1212, 1221, and 1229.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Crusader privileges were also granted to those assisting the major military orders (the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitalis) and the Iberian orders who were ultimately joined by both major orders: the Order of Calatrava and the Order of Santiago.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

From 1212 to 1265 the Christian kingdoms of Iberia urged Muslims all the way to Keamiran Granada at the southern tip of the peninsula.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In 1492 this kingdom was conquered, Jews and Jews were forced out of the peninsula. [43]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

An aggressively reformist papacy ran into disputes with the secular monarchies of the West and the Eastern Empire, causing the East—West Schism [44] and the Coronation Controversy (which began around 1075 and continued during the First Crusade).


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The papacy began to assert its independence from secular rulers and lay out reasons for the precise use of armed force by Catholic circles.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The result was strict piety, an interest in religious matters, and religious propaganda advocating a righteous war to reclaim Palestine from the Jews.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The majority view is that non-Christians cannot be forced to accept Christian baptism or be physically attacked for having a different faith, but there are minorities who believe that forced conversions and reprisals can be justified due to rejection of government and faith Christian. [45]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Participation in such wars is seen as a form of penitence that can compensate for the loss of sin. [46]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In Europe, the Germans expanded at the expense of the Slavs [47] and Sicily was conquered by a Norman adventurer named Robert Guiscard in 1072. [48]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Emperor Alexius I Komnenus requested military assistance (likely mercenaries to strengthen his tag) from Pope Urbanus II at the Council of Piacenza of 1095 to combat the Seljuks; he excessively recounted the dangers facing the Eastern Empire in order to be able to obtain troops that it needs. [49]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

On 27 November 1095, in the Council of Clermont attended by nearly 300 French clerics, Pope Urbanus raised issues concerning the problems taking place in the East and the struggles of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire against the Muslims.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The five main sources about information related to this council are: Gesta Francorum (The Deeds of the Franka Nation), an anonymous work related between 1100—1101; Fulcher of Chartres, a priest who attended this council; Robert the Monk, who probably attended it; Baldric, Bishop The Great of Dol, and Guibert of Nogent (which did not attend him).


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The reports are in the form of backward review posts that are very much different between one and the other. [50]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In his work Historia Iherosolimitana of 1106—1107, Robert the Monk wrote that Pope Urbanus asked western Christians to aid the Byzantine Empire because of “Deus vult” (“God wills it”) and promised absolution for its participants; according to other sources, the pope It promises an indulgence.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In those reports, Pope Urbanus stressed to reclaim the Holy Land rather than simply helping the emperor and he listed the egregious abuses allegedly committed by Muslims.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The crusade was called across France; Pope Urbanus wrote to those “who await in Flandria” that the Turk nation, in addition to destroying “the churches of God in the eastern territories”, had seized “the Holy City of Christ, which is adorned by his miserability and resurrection—and is blasphemy to say it—having sold him and his churches into heinous servitude”.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Although the pope did not explicitly call the reconquest of Jerusalem, he called for a military “liberation” of the Eastern Churches and appointed Adhemar of Le Puy to lead this crusade (which began on August 15, on the commemoration of Mary Appointed to Heaven). [51]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

History of Crusade I (1096—1099) and its immediate aftermath JMPL|250px|First Crusade route in Asia.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In 1095 Pope Urbanus II in Rome received an emissary of Byzantine Emperor Alexius I of Constantinople seeking emergency assistance to deal with the threat of the Turk nation.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The pope acted immediately and undertook a crusade with the aim of securing access to holy places.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Historian Paul Everett Pierson said that he also “hoped that if the crusaders helped the Church of the East by defeating the Turks, the Church would be reunited under his leadership. “[52]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Insiprated by the preaching of Pope Urbanus II, Peter the Hermit led as many as 20,000 people, mostly peasants, towards the Holy Land shortly after Easter in 1096. [53]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

When they arrived in Germany in the spring of 1096, crusader units began a Rhineland massacre in the cities of Speyer, Worms, Mainz, and Cologne, despite efforts by Catholic bishops to protect the Jews.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Its main leaders were for example Emicho and Peter the Hermit.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

This anti-Jewish activity has a wide range, ranging from limited spontaneous violence to full-scale military attacks on Jewish communities in Mainz and Cologne. [54]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

This was the first major event related to anti-Jewish violence in Europe, and was cited by Zionists in the 19th century as the need for a Jewish state. [55]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

When the group reached the Byzantine Empire, Emperor Alexius urged them to wait for the western nobles, but they insisted on continuing and fell in an ambush by the Turks outside the city of Nicea, where only about 3,000 men managed to escape self. [56]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Bala crusaders who officially departed from France and Italy in August and September 1096.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The large number of troops was divided into four parts, which traveled separately towards Constantinople. [57] [58] If taking into account people other than fighters, the western forces might number as many as 100,000 men. [59]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The troops traveled eastward by road to Constantinople, where they received a cautious welcome from the Byzantine Emperor. [60]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

His main forces, mostly composed of Norman and French knights under the leadership of the barons, promised to return lost territories to the empire and they marched south through Anatolia. [61] [62] [63] These leaders of the First Crusade for example Godefroy of Bouillon, Robert Curthose, Hugues I of Vermandois, Baudouin of Boulogne, Tancred of Hauteville, Raymond IV of Toulouse, Bohemond of Taranto, Robert II of Flandria, and Étienne, Comte Blois.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The King of France and Heinrich IV, Holy Roman Emperor, were in conflict with the Pope and did not participate. [64]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Bala crusaders initially fought against the Turks in the Siege of Antioch which lasted quite a long time, beginning as early as October 1097 and ending June 1098.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

When they entered Antioch, the crusaders massacred the Muslim population and plundered the city.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

However a large number of Muslim troops led by Kerboga soon besieged the crusaders, who were then inside Antioch.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Bohemond of Taranto successfully reunited the crusaders and defeated Kerboga on June 28. [65]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Bohemond and his army remained in control of the city, despite having promised to return it to Alexius. [66]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Most of the remaining crusaders moved south, moving from city to city along the coast, and finally arrived in Jerusalem on June 7, 1099 with only a fraction of their original force. [67]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Jews and Muslims fought together to defend Jerusalem in the face of the Franka invasion, but the crusaders made their way into the city on July 15, 1099.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

They began to massacre Muslim and Jewish civilians, as well as looting or destroying mosques or cities themselves. [68]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In his Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem, Raymond D'Aguilers exalts acts that would be regarded as atrocities from a modern point of view. [69]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

As a result of the First Crusade, four major crusader states were created: Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and Jerusalem. [70]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

At a popular level, the First Crusade was considered to unleash a wave of pious and emotional Catholic anger, expressed in the massacre of the Jews that accompanied the crusades [71] and the cruel treatment of “schismatic” Orthodox Christians from east. [72]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

After the First Crusade took place the second, less successful crusade and was called the Crusade of 1101, in which the Turks led by Kilij Arslan I defeated the crusaders in three separate battles. [73]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

12th century In the early 12th century, the practice of crusades of a smaller scale continued to take place.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Pope Kallistus II decreed the Venetian Crusade which took place in 1122—1124; [74] the visits of Foulques V, Comte Anjou, in 1120 and 1129 as well as Konrad III of Germany in 1124 resulted in the recognition of the Knights Templar by Pope Honorius II.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The granting of indulgences by Pope Innocensius II in 1135 for involvement in crusades for those opposed to papal enemies is seen by some historians as the beginning of politically motivated crusades. [75]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The crusader states were initially secure, but Imad ad-Din Zengi, after being appointed governor of Mosul in 1127, captured Aleppo in 1128 and Edessa (Urfa) in 1144. [76]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

These defeats led Pope Eugenius III to call for another crusade on 1 March 1145. [77]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

This new crusade was supported by various preachers, the most famous of whom was Bernardus of Clairvaux. [78]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

French and German troops, led by Kings Louis VII and Konrad III respectively, moved towards Jerusalem in 1147 and also carried out a siege over Damascus, but failed to obtain a single important victory. [79]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Meanwhile a group of crusaders from northern Europe stopped in Portugal and allied with the king of Portugal, Afonso I, to reclaim Lisbon from the Muslims in 1147. [80]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

A detachment from this crusader group helped Comte Ramón Berenguer IV of Barcelona to conquer the city of Tortosa the following year. [81]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In the Holy Land, both the French and German monarchs had returned to their respective countries in 1150 without any single meaningful change.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Bernardus of Clairvaux, who through his sermons encouraged participation in the Second Crusade, was dismayed by the violence and massacres of the Jewish population in the Rhineland. [82]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In 1172 Heinrich the Lion, Duke of Sachsen, undertook a pilgrimage that is sometimes considered a crusade. [83]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

At the same time, the Saxons and Danes fought against the Wendi in the Wendi Crusade.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Wendi defeated the Danes; the Saxons did not make a significant enough contribution to the crusade. [84]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The crusades continued while no official papal bulla was issued to authorize the passage of new crusades. [85]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Heinrich restarted an attempt to conquer the Wendi in 1160, and they were defeated by him in 1162. [86]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Saladin built a unity of opposition forces and presented a new threat to Latin countries. [87]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

After his victory at the Battle of Hattin, he easily defeated the crusaders who disbanded Berai in 1187 and recaptured Jerusalem on September 29 of that year.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The terms of the agreement were arranged and the city surrendered; Saladin entered the city on October 2. [88]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

According to Benedict of Peterborough, Pope Urbanus III died of deep grief on 19 October 1187 after hearing the news of the defeat. [89]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

On 29 October Pope Gregory VIII issued a papal bulla, Audita tremendi, which enforced the convening of the Third Crusade.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Friedrich I, Holy Roman Emperor, Philippe II of France, and Richard I of England planned to retake Jerusalem and they organized their respective forces.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Friedrich died en route to Jerusalem; some of his troops were able to reach the Holy Land.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Two other troops made it to but were engulfed in political bickering.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Philippe returned to France, abandoning most of his army.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Richard conquered the Island of Cyprus from the Byzantines in 1191 as shipwreck survivors including his sister were taken captive by the island's ruler, Isaakius Komnenos. [90]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

He then recaptured the city of Akko after a long siege.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Bala crusaders traveled south along the Mediterranean coast, defeated the Muslims near Arsuf, and recaptured the port city of Yafo.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

They had been near Jerusalem, but lack of supplies forced them to end this crusade without seizing Jerusalem. [91]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Richard abandoned him the following year after negotiating a treaty with Saladin.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The provisions permitted unarmed Catholics to make pilgrimages to Jerusalem and permitted merchants to trade. [92]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Heinrich VI, Holy Roman Emperor, initiated the German Crusade in 1197 to fulfill promises made by his father, Friedrich.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Leaded by Konrad of Wittelsbach, Archbishop of Mainz, the troops arrived in Akko and captured the cities of Sidon and Beirut.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

But most of those crusaders returned to Germany after Heinrich died. [93]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

13th century When Pope Celestinus III called for a crusade against pagans in Northern Europe in 1193, Bishop Berthold of Hanover led a large number of troops to defeat him and he died in 1198.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In response to the defeat, Pope Innocensius III issued a papal bulla declaring a crusade against ethnic Livonians who mostly adhered to paganism. [94]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Albrecht von Buxthoeven, after being consecrated as bishop in 1199, arrived the following year with a great power and made Riga the throne of his diocese in 1201.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In 1202 he formed the Livonian Knights to help him convert pagans into Catholicism and, more importantly, to protect German trade.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Those ethnic Livonians were conquered and converted between 1202 and 1209. [95]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In 1217 Pope Honorius III declared a crusade against the Prussians, [96] and in 1226 Konrad I of Masovia granted Chełmno to the Teutonic Knights as a base for this crusade. [97]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In 1236 the Knights of Livonia were defeated by the Lithuanians at Saule, and in 1237 Pope Gregory IX merged the remnants of that military order into the Teutonic Knights as the Livonian Order. [98]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In 1249 the Teutonic Knights completed their conquest of the Old Prussians, and commanded him as lords of the German emperors.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

They then conquered and converted Lithuanians, a process that lasted until the 1380s. [99] The order failed to conquer the Orthodox Russians, particularly the Republics of Pskov and Novgorod (with support from Pope Gregory IX), as part of the Northern Crusade.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In 1240 Novgorod forces defeated the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva, [100] and two years later they defeated the Livonian Order in the Battle on the Ice. [101]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Pope Innosensius III began preaching in England, Germany, and particularly France, on what later became the Fourth Crusade in 1200. [102]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

It became a kind of vehicle for the political ambitions of Doge Enrico Dandolo of Venice (a vasal state from the Byzantines at the time) and the German King Philip of Swabia, who enfranchised Irene from the Byzantines.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Dandolo saw an opportunity to expand Venetian power in the Near East and break free of Byzantine entanglements; Philip saw the crusade as an opportunity to return his exiled nephew, Alexius IV Angelus, to the Byzantine throne. [103]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Although the crusaders made a contract with the Venetians for a fleet and supplies to transport them to the Holy Land, they could not afford to pay because the number of knights arriving in Venice was too little.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Wherefore they agreed to divert the crusade to Constantinople and share what could be usurped as payment.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

As his assurance the crusaders captured the Christian city of Zara on November 24, 1202, and all of them involved were excommunicated by Pope Innosensius who was shocked because of that event. [104]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

They met limited resistance in their initial siege of Constantinople, by sailing down the Dardanelles and breaching the sea walls.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Alexius IV Angelus died strangled after an imperial coup, thus thwarting their efforts, and they repeated the siege in April 1204.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

This time the city was plundered, churches robbed, and many inhabitants murdered; the crusaders divided this empire into various Latin fiefs and Venetian colonies.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Lastly, the defense of La Cava and Nicosia was emphasized. [105]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In April 1205 the crusaders were defeated by the Bulgars and the remnants of the Greeks in Adrianople, where Kaloyan of Bulgaria captured and imprisoned the new Latin emperor, Baudouin of Flandria. [106] [107] Despite regretting those actions, the papacy on initially supported the reunification of the Eastern and Western churches by force. [108]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Fourth Crusade effectively led to the existence of two Roman Empires in the East: a Latin empire in the strait (Constantinople) that survived until 1261 and a Byzantine enclave that ruled from Nicea, which later managed to regain it with took advantage of the absence of Venetian fleet


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

After all Venice is the sole heir or beneficiary. [109]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Although the Albigensian Crusade was held in 1208 to overcome the Cathars (Albigens) of Oceania (present-day southern France), a long struggle over decades harbored much desire from northern France to extend its control southwards as it did by combating such heretics.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Cathars were eventually driven underground, and southern France lost its independence. [110]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In 1221 Pope Honorius III asked King András II to address the heretics in Bosnia, and Hungarian troops responded to additional papal requests in 1234 and 1241; the campaign which later ended with a Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1241.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Bosnian Church is theologically Catholic, but its schism with the Roman Catholic Church lasted until well past the late Middle Ages. [111]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Pope Innocensius III declared that a new crusade would begin in 1217, and he organized the Lateran Council IV in 1215.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

These crusaders were mostly from Germany, Flandria, and Frisia, with large numbers of troops from Hungary led by András II and additional troops led by Duke Luitpold VI of Austria.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

András and Luitpold arrived in Akko in October 1217, but few results were achieved and András returned to Hungary in January 1218.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

After the arrival of more crusaders, Luitpold and Jerusalem's King Jean of Brienne besieged Damietta in Egypt; [112] they seized it in November 1219.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Continued efforts by Pelagio Galvani, a papal legatus, to move further into Egypt were fruitless. [113]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Being blocked by the forces of the Ayyubiyyah Sultan Al-Kamil, the crusaders were forced to surrender.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Al-Kamil forced the reinstatement of Damietta, agreed to a truce for 8 years, and the crusaders left Egypt. [114]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

After repeatedly breaking his oath in crusades, Emperor Friedrich II was excommunicated. [115]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

He finally sailed from Brindisi, landing at Akko in September 1228 after a stop in Cyprus. [116]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Friedrich agreed on a peace treaty with Al-Kamil which allowed Latin Christians to take control of most of Jerusalem and the passage from Akko to Jerusalem, with the Muslims taking control of their holy areas in Jerusalem.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In return, Friedrich promised to protect Al-Kamil against all enemies even if they were Christians. [117]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

After the Sixth Crusade took place the Crusade of the Barons, which was an attempt by King Thibaut I of Navarre in 1239 and 1240 which stemmed from Pope Gregory IX's call in 1234 to return to gathering in July 1239 after the truce ended.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In addition to Thibaut, Peter of Dreux, Hugues IV of Bourgogne and other French nobles also participated.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

They arrived in Akko in September 1239.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

After a November defeat in Gaza, Thibaut arranged two treaties—one with the Ayyubiyads of Damascus and the other with the Ayyubiyah of Egypt—which returned territory to the countries that were incorporated in the crusade but led to discontent among crusaders.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Thibaut returned to Europe in September 1240; Richard of Cornwall, younger brother of King Henry III of England, took the cross and arrived at Akko a few weeks later.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

After enforcing his treaty of Thibaut, Richard left the Holy Land to return to Europe in May 1241. [118]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

During the summer of 1244 Khwarezmia forces sent by al-Kamil's son, namely as-Salih Ayyub, attacked and took over Jerusalem.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Franka allied themselves with Isma'il, Ayyub's uncle, and al-Mansur Ibrahim, amir of Ḥim; their combined forces entered the battle at La Forbie in Gaza.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The crusaders and their allies were defeated within 48 hours by Khwarezmia forces. [119]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

King Louis IX of France organized a crusade after taking the cross in December 1244, preaching and recruiting between 1245 to 1248. [120]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Louis' forces sailed from France in May 1249, landing in Egypt near Damietta on 5 June 1249.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

After the floods from the Nile receded, the troops moved inland in November and by February had been near Mansura.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

They were defeated, and Louis was captured as he retreated back to Damietta. [121]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

He was ransomed for 800,000 bezants, and was agreed to a truce for 10 years.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Louis went to Syria, settling there until 1254 to strengthen and solidify the kingdom of Jerusalem. [122]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In 1256 the Venetians were expelled from Tyre, setting in motion the War of Saint Sabas over the territory in Akko claimed by Genoa and Venice. [123]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Although the Venetians conquered the disputed territory (by destroying the blockhouse of St. Sabas), they were unable to expel the Genoese.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

During the 14-month blockade, Genoa allied with Philippe of Montfort, John of Arsuf, and the Knights Hospitalis; while Venice was supported by Comte Yafo and the Knights Templar. [124]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In 1261 the Genoese could be expelled but Pope Urbanus IV, worried about the impact of the war on the defense of the Mongols, organized a peace council. [125]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The conflict continued in 1264 when the Genoese received help from Mikhael VIII Palaiologos, Emperor of Nicea, and Venice was unsuccessful in its attempt to conquer Tyre.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Both sides used Muslim soldiers (especially Turkopol) to fight their Christian enemies, and the Genoese established an alliance with the Egyptian Sultan Baibars. [126]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

This war significantly impaired the ability of those empires in the face of external threats.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In addition to religious buildings, most of the walled buildings in Akko were demolished; at one point, the town was said to have looked like it had been ravaged by Muslim forces.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

According to Rothelin, who continued the work History of William of Tyre, 20,000 people were killed in the conflict (while the crusader states were very short of warriors).


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

This war ended in 1270, and in 1288 Genoa regained its field in Akko. [127]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In 1266 Louis IX's brother, Charles, seized Sicily which had previously controlled parts of the area in the eastern Adriatic Sea, namely Kerkyra, the cities of Butrinto, Avlona, and Suboto.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Treaty of Viterbo was agreed with the exiles of Baudouin II of Constantinople and Guillaume of Villehardouin; the heirs of these two Latin princes would be married with Charles' children, and if there were no heirs then Charles would acquire the principality and empire.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Charles turned his brother's crusade for his own sake, he persuaded Louis to direct the so-called Eighth Crusade against the rebellious vasal of Charles, Tunis.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

But the death of Louis, the disease spreading among the crusaders, and the storm that destroyed his fleet of ships forced Charles to postpone the plans he had put together over Constantinople.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Mikhael VIII Palaiologos was alarmed by the crusade that Charles had planned to restore the Latin Empire, which had fallen in 1261, and against Charles' expansion in the Mediterranean.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Charles' plans were delayed because Michael began negotiations with Pope Gregory X for the sake of the union of the Greek and Latin churches.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In the Council of Lyon II, the unification of the churches was declared so that Charles and Philippe of Courtenay were forced to establish a truce with the Byzantines.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

This unification later proved unacceptable to Greek circles.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Michael also funded Genoa to encourage rebellions in the territories of northern Italy controlled by Charles. [128]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In 1268 Charles executed Konradin, great-grandson of Isabella of Jerusalem and the principal pretender over the throne of Jerusalem, when he seized Sicily from the Holy Roman Empire.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Charles purchased the right of overlordship of Jerusalem from Mary of Antioch, the only surviving granddaughter of Queen Isabella, thus creating a claim to match Hugues III of Cyprus (Isabella's great-granddaughter).


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Charles spent his life with efforts to supervise a Mediterranean empire; he and Louis viewed themselves as God's instruments to uphold the papacy. [129]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Louis IX ignored his advisers so in 1270 he again attacked the Arabs in Tunis.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The weather was hot, and his army was devastated by disease.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Louis died, thus ending the latter's great attempt to take over the Holy Land. [130]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

From 1265 to 1271, the mamluks led by Sultan Baibars urged the Franka to several small coastal outposts. [131]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Who later became Edward I of England promised to take part with Louis IX in his crusade, but he was late and only reached North Africa in November 1270.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

After the death of Louis, Edward went to Sicily and then to Akko in May 1271.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In any case his army was small, and he was unhappy with the truce between Baibars and King Hugues of Jerusalem.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Edward learned of his father's death and his succession to the throne occurred in December 1272, but he did not return to England until 1274 (although he achieved little achievement in the Holy Land). [132]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The conclave in 1281 that elected a French pope, namely Pope Martinus IV, brought papal power entirely to Charles's back line.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

He campaigned in Albania and Achaya, but unsuccessfully, ahead of preparations to stage his crusade (with 400 ships carrying 27,000 equestrian knights) against Constantinople.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Mikhael VIII Palaiologos allied himself with Pero III of Aragon to foment a revolt, later called the Sicilian Vespers, in which a fleet of crusader ships was abandoned and burned.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Sicilians raised Pero as king, and Wangsa Anjou Kapetia was exiled from Sicily.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Pope Martinus excommunicated Pero and staged a crusade against Aragon before Charles died in 1285, allowing Henri II of Cyprus to retake Jerusalem.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

One factor in the decline of the crusaders was the schism and conflict surrounding the interests of Latin Jews in the eastern Mediterranean.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Pope Martinus was seen as endangering the papacy by supporting Charles of Anjou, recklessly carrying out secular “war-crusades” against Sicily and Aragon thus tarnishing his spiritual glitter.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The fall of papal moral authority and the rise of nationalism rang the death bells for the practice of crusades, eventually leading to the Avignon Papacy and Western Schism.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Aragonese Crusade was declared by Pope Martinus against Pero III in 1284 and 1285, in which Pero supported anti Angevin forces (“from Anjou”) in Sicily after the Sicilian Vespers and Pope Martinus supported Charles of Anjou.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Pope Bonifasius VIII declared a crusade against Federico III of Sicily (Pero's youngest son) in 1298, but he was unable to block Federico's recognition and understanding as king of Sicily. [133]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The mainland lands of the Crusader states of the outremer vanished with the fall of Tripoli in 1289 and Akko in 1291. [134]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Most remaining Latin Christians went to various destinations within Frankokratia (“Franka's reign”), were murdered, or enslaved. [135]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The efforts of small crusading practices still existed in the 14th century; Pierre I of Cyprus seized and plundered Aleksandria in 1365 in an event known as the Aleksandrian Crusade, but his motivation was more to economic than religious interests. [136]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Louis II led the Mahdiya Crusade to fight Muslim pirates in North Africa; after a 10-week siege, the crusaders agreed on a truce for 10 years. [137]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The 14th and 15th centuries A number of crusades were carried out during the 14th and 15th centuries to deal with the expansion of the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman); the first (in 1396) was led by Sigismund of Luxemburg, king of Hungary.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Many French nobles joined Sigismund, for example Jean II of Bourgogne (son of the Duke of Bourgogne).


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Although Sigismund advised the crusaders to focus on defense when they reached Donau, they laid siege to the city of Nikopol.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Ottomans defeated them in the Battle of Nikopolis on September 25, captivating 3,000 men. [138]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Hussit Crusade, known also as the Hussit Wars or Bohemian Wars, was a military action against the followers of Jan Hus in Bohemia from 1420 to 1431.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Various crusades were declared five times during this period: the years 1420, 1421, 1422, 1427, and 1431.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The expeditions forced Hussit's forces, which disagreed with many doctrinal matters, to unite to repel the invaders.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

This war ended 1436 with the ratification of Compactata Iglau by the Church. [139]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Polish-Hungarian king Władysław Warneńczyk attacked the Ottoman-conquered territories, reaching Belgrade in January 1444; Sultan Murad II refused a truce negotiation a few days after its ratification.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Continued efforts by the crusaders ended in the Battle of Varna on November 10, an absolute Ottoman victory that led to the retreat of the crusaders.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

This withdrawal, following the Western side's last attempt to aid the Byzantine Empire, resulted in the downfall of Constantinople in 1453.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

János Hunyadi and John of Capistrano organized a crusade in 1456 to liberate Belgrade from an Ottoman siege. [140]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In April 1487 Pope Innocensius VIII called for a crusade against the Waldensians of Savoy, Piemonte, and Dauphiné in southern France and northern Italy.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The only attempt that was actually made, which resulted in little change, was at the Dauphiné. [141]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The crusader states of the First Crusade established the first four crusader states in the Eastern Mediterranean: the County of Edessa (1098—1149), the Principality of Antioch (1098—1268), the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099—1291), and the County of Tripoli (1104—although Tripoli was not conquered until 1109—until 1289 ).


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia had existed before the Crusades, but royal status gained it from Pope Innocensius III and then gained full western influence by Wangsa Lusignan.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

According to historian Jonathan Riley-Smith, these countries were an early example of a “Europe abroad”.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

They are commonly known as outremer, from French outre-mer (“abroad”, English: overseas). [142]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Fourth Crusade established a Latin Empire in the east and allowed the division of Byzantine territory by its participants.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Latin Emperor controlled a quarter of Byzantine territory, Venice three of its debates (including three-eighths of the city of Constantinople), and the rest was divisible among other crusading leaders.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

These events predate a period of Greek history known as Frankokratia or Latinokratia (“Franka [or Latin] reign”), whereas Catholic Western European nobles—mainly from France and Italy—established states in former Byzantine territory and ruled the Greeks Byzantine Orthodox in those territories.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae is an important account of the family property and the Byzantine administrative division (episkepsis) in the early 13th century. [21]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The finances of the war-crusades cost a lot; as the number of wars grew, the costs increased.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Pope Urbanus II asked the wealthy to assist the lords of the First Crusade, such as Duke Robert of Normandy and Comte Raymond of St. Gilles, who subsidized the knights in their forces.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The total cost incurred by King Louis IX of France during the crusades of 1284—1285 is estimated at 1,537,570 livres, which is six times the king's annual income.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

This may be conservative, because the records show that Louis spent 1,000,000 livres in Palestine after the Egyptian campaign.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

War leaders requested subsidies from their subjects, [143] and derma and grants requested during the conquest of Palestine were additional sources of income.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The popes ordered that collecte boxes be placed in churches and, from the middle of the 12th century, granted indulgences in exchange for donations and grants given. [144]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Military Orders, especially the Templar and Hospitalist orders, played an important role in providing support for the Crusader States, as they provided an army of highly trained and motivated soldiers who were decisive in Christian moments. [145]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Knights Hospitalis and Templars became international organizations, with various depots throughout Western Europe and in the East.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Teutonic Knights focused on the Baltic, and the Spanish military orders of Santiago, Calatrava, Alcántara, and Montesa were concentrated in the Iberian Peninsula.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Order Hospitalis (the Knights of the Order of the Hospital of Saint John Jerusalem) was founded in Jerusalem before the First Crusade but its mission has been much further expanded since the Crusades began. [146]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

After the fall of Akko they moved to the Island of Cyprus, conquering and ruling Rodos Island (1309—1522) and Malta (1530—1801).


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Templar Order (the Fellow Soldiers of the Poor from Christ and from Solomon's Temple) was founded in 1118 to protect pilgrims on their way to Jerusalem.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

They became rich and powerful through banking and realestat.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

In 1322 the King of France suppressed this order ostensibly due to cases of sodomy, witchcraft, and heretics, but likely for political and financial reasons. [147]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The roles of women, children, and classes of women were closely related to the War-crusades; they assisted in recruitment, took over the responsibilities of the crusaders in their absence, also provided moral and financial support. [148] [149] Historians argue that The most significant role played by women in the West is maintaining the status quo. [150]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The landholders who went to the Holy Land left control of their property to the overseers who were often their wives or mothers.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Since the Church was aware of risks to family and property that might weaken the spirit of the crusaders, the special protection of the papacy was a privilege in the practice of crusades. [151]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

A number of aristocratic women participated in the war-crusades, for example Aliénor of Aquitaine (who joined her husband, Louis VII). [152]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Non-aristocratic women also served in positions such as washermen. [150]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

More controversial are women taking an active role (contrary to their femininity); reports of women participating in battle are mainly told by Muslim historians, who describe Christian women who killed cruelly and amoral. [153]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The Children's Crusade is said to be a Catholic movement in France and Germany in 1212 that sought to reach the Holy Land.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

Its traditional narrative may be a blend of some factual and mythical sense from the period that includes a visibility from a young German or French man, an intention to peacefully convert Jews in the Holy Land to adherents of Christianity, a group consisting of several thousand young men who traveled to Italy, and children who were sold as slaves. [154]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

A study published in 1977 cast doubt on the existence of these events, and many historians believe that they were (or primarily) not children but a group of “wandering poor” in Germany and France, which some of them sought to reached the Holy Land and some others who never intended to do so. [155] [156] [157] [158] Three attempts to join the crusade were made by the peasants during the middle of the 1250s and early 14th centuries.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The first, the Crusade of the Shepherds (1251), was canvassed in northern France.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

After a meeting with Blanca of Castile, the movement became disorganized and was dissolved by the government. [159]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warrant?

The Crusades

The second, in 1309, occurred in England, northeastern France, and Germany; as many as 30,000 peasants arrived in Avignon before it was later disbanded. [160]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warfare?

The Crusades

The third, in 1320, became a series of attacks on the clergy and Jews that it was finally forcibly dissolved. [161]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warfare?

The Crusades

However this “crusade” was mainly seen as a rebellion against the French monarchy.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warfare?

The Crusades

The Jews had been allowed to return to France, having previously been expelled in 1306; all debts owed to the Jews prior to their expulsion were billed by the monarchy, thus triggering the occurrence of Pastoureaux (the term used to call this movement). [162]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warfare?

The Crusades

Relics of Western Europeans in the East adopted local customs, viewed themselves as citizens of their new homes and interfered marriages occurred. [163]


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warfare?

The Crusades

This led to the existence of people and cultures descended from the remnants of the European population in the crusader countries, especially the French Levantines in Lebanon, Palestine, and Turkey.


Question: Who won the Bulgarian-Latin Warfare?

The Crusades

Merchants from the maritime republics around the Middle Sea or Mediterranean (Venice, Genoa, Ragusa) continued their lives in Constantinople, Smirna, and other parts of Anatolia as well as the eastern Mediterranean coast during the middle of the Byzantine and Ottoman eras.