Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Inscriptions found throughout the Empire inscribe the veneration of women as benefactors who funded public works, indicating that Roman women could amass and spend their own wealth; as an example, the construction of the Arch of the Sergii was funded by Salvia Postuma , a woman member of a noble family, and the largest building in the forum in Pompeii was funded by Eumachia, a female priest of Venus. [95]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Slaves and laws By the time Augustus came to power, as many as 35 percent of Italy's citizens were slaves, [96] thus making Rome one of the five historic “slave cities”, of which slaves amounted to at least one-fifth of the total population and played an important role in the economy. [97 ]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Slavery was a complex institution that supported traditional Roman social structures as well as contributed to economic utility. [98]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In urban areas, slaves may be just as professional as a teacher, doctor, chef, and accountant, in addition to most untrained and skilled slaves working in households or factories.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Agriculture and industry, such as milling and mining, relied heavily on the exploitation of slaves.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Outside Italy, the number of slaves was estimated at 10 to 20 percent of the population, less common in Roman Egypt but more concentrated in some areas of Greece.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The expansion of agricultural and industrial land by the Empire influenced slavery practices already in Roman provinces. [99]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Although the institutions of slavery were considered already fading in the 3rd and 4th centuries, slavery remained an integral part of Roman society well into the 5th century.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Slavery ceased gradually in the 6th and 7th centuries along with the decline of urban centers in the West and the disintegration of the Empire's economy leading to reduced demand for slave labor. [100]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The laws governing slavery in the Roman Empire were “very complicated”. [101]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Under Roman law, slaves were considered property and had no individual law.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

They could be subject to unusual corporal punishment imposed on citizens, sexual exploitation, torture, and lightning executions.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

A slave legally could not be raped, as rape could only be committed against independent persons; a slave rapist could be prosecuted by the owner for having damaged his “property”, in accordance with the Law of Aquilia. [102]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Slaves did not have the right to legally marry (conubium), but the relationship between a pair of slaves was sometimes recognized, and if both slaves were freed, then they could legally marry. [103]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

After the Slave Wars in Republican times, laws during the reign of Augustus and his successors further suppressed and limited the number of slave unions, and orders to hunt down fugitive slaves. [104]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Technically, slaves were not allowed to own property, [105] but a slave working to run a business had access to one's property or funds (peculium) whose profits he could use as if his own property.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

These terms of “possessions” varied, depending on the level of trust and cooperation between the owner and the slave: a slave who had business prowess could more easily make a profit, and might be allowed to have a peculium that he could use to pay other slaves. [106]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Slaves also have hierarchies at home or at work, which is when a slave also acts as master for other slaves. [107]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Over time, the legal protections that slaves acquired were increasing, including the right to file complaints against their masters.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In the memorandum of purchase, there is a clause explaining that slaves should not be employed as prostitutes, since most prostitutes in ancient Roman were slaves. [108]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The flourishing of the eunuch slave trade in the late 1st century led to the issuance of laws prohibiting the castration of slaves if it was against his wishes. “[109]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Slavery in the Romans was not based on “race” in the modern sense. [110]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

When slavery was being widespread during the time of the Republic, prisoners of war were the main source of being made slaves.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Among the prisoners of war who were made slaves, the Greek conquers had brought a number of highly skilled and educated slaves to Rome.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Slaves were also trafficked in markets, and sometimes sold by Sicilian pirates.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The neglect of infants and selling oneself as slaves were common among poor citizens were other sources of slavery. [111]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Vernae, by contrast, were “native Roman” slaves born to female slaves in urban households, in plantations, or agricultural regions.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Although they have no special legal status, owners who persecute or fail to keep these vernae will receive a social sneer, since the vernae are already considered part of the familia, family household, or in some cases may in fact be children of independent men within the family. [112]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Slaves who were gifted and possessed of business prowess were probably able to accumulate a peculium large enough to free themselves from slavery (manumission).


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

This manumission was frequent enough that in the 2nd century BC, a law (Lex Fufia Caninia) was passed to limit the number of slaves that the owner may emancipate at his own will. [113]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Rome's former slaves differed from Greek city-states in allowing slaves who had been freed to become citizens.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Once freed, a slave once owned by a Roman citizen not only enjoyed passive freedom from his owner, but also gained active political freedoms (libertas), including the right to vote. [114]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The slave who had acquired libertas was called a libertus (“free man,” for woman: liberta), whereas the former master would be a patron (patronus, protector): both parties still remained customary and legal obligations to each other.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In social classes, slaves who had been free were referred to as libertini, although in later times writers preferred to use the terms libertus and libertinus. [115]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

A libertinus was not entitled to hold public office or the highest priesthood of the state, but he could play a priestly role in the cult of the emperor.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

A libertinus may also not marry a woman from a senator-ranking family, or attain the rank of senator legitimately, but during the early Empire, many former slaves held key positions in the government bureaucracy, so Emperor Hadrianus limited their participation legally. [116]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Children born to former slaves would be in independent status with full citizenship rights.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The success of the former slaves—both in terms of political influence or in terms of wealth—was characteristic of early Imperial society.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The prosperity of high-achieving groups derived from former slaves is mentioned in inscriptions throughout the Empire, and through the ownership of a number of mansions in Pompeii, for example the House of the Vettii.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The existence of the former slave nouveau riche is narrated through the character Trimalchio in the Satyricon by Petronius, written during the reign of Nero.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Social class The Latin word order (plural: ordines) refers to social differences that can be translated in a variety of words such as “class”, “order”, and “rank”, although none of them really come close to their true meaning.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

One of the purposes of the Roman census was to determine into which order a person should be classed.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The two highest ordines in Rome were the order of senators and horsemen.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Outside Rome, decurions, also known as curiales (Greek: bouleutai), were the highest order in each city. jmpl|left|sarcophagus fragments depicting Gordianus III and the senate (3rd century) “Senators” were not elected positions in ancient Roman; one obtained permission to enter the Senate after he was appointed and served for one period as executive magistrate.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

A senator must also qualify for ownership of property worth 1 million sestertii, which is determined through the census. [117]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Emperor Nero gifted large sums of money to several would-be senators from ancient families who were too poor to qualify for appointment as senators.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Not all qualified men of the order of senatorius could be elected to fill Senate seats, which also entailed the law of domicile in the territory of Rome.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Emperors often filled the vacancies of positions of 600 members of the Senate through certain agreements. [118]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The senator's son automatically enters the senatorial order, but he must also have the ability and fulfill the requirements to be elected as the Senate.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

A senator could be impeached for violating moral standards; for example, he was forbidden to marry a former slave or fight in an arena. [119]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In Nero's time, most senators came from Rome and other Italian regions, with a small part of the Iberian peninsula and southern France; men from the Greek-speaking provinces of the East began to join the Senate during the reign of Vespasianus. [120]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The first senator of the Easternmost province, Cappadocia, was appointed by Emperor Marcus Aurelius. [121]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

During the Severanus dynasty (193—235), about half the members of the Senate were Italian. [122]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

By the 3rd century AD, the requirement of having to be domiciled in Rome was no longer considered practical, and the inscriptions found prove that the senators who were active in politics represented their respective homelands (patria). [119]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Senators have an aura of prestige and are a traditional governing class that achieved glory through the cursus honorum, or political career ladder.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Nonetheless, horsemen in the Empire often had greater wealth and political power when compared to senators.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Membership in the equestrian order is based on the amount of possessions held; in Rome, at first equites or knights were classed according to their ability in serving the Empire as equestrian warriors, although cavalry service was a separate function within the Empire. [123]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

If census results show a person has a wealth of more than 400,000 sesterces and three generations born as independent citizens, then that person is considered eligible to be a horseman. [124]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

A census in 28 BC found a large number of eligible men, and in the census of 14 AD, about a thousand horsemen were registered in the regions of Cadiz and Padua. [125]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Horsemen achieved glory through the military career (tres militiae) to become prefects and procurators of high standing in the Imperial government. [126]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The entry of people from the provinces into equestrian orders and senators was an aspect of social mobility in the first three centuries of Imperial rule. [127]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The Roman aristocracy was based on rivalry.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Unlike later European nobility, the Roman family could not bequeath its status hereditarily or through a title. [128]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Being a member of the higher ordines does bring differences and privileges, but on the other hand it also brings great responsibility.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In ancient times, the development of a city depended on its trusted citizens funding public works, events, and services (munera), instead of depending on tax revenue that was generally utilized to support the military.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

To maintain his status, one must expend considerable personal property. [129]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The decurion (city council) was instrumental in carrying out municipal functions in the Empire.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

If the city council position suffered a vacancy, the people in power in the Senate would be dismissed by the central government, give up their seats and return to their respective cities to become city councillors.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

This effort aims to sustain civilian life. [130]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Later in the Empire, the title of dignitas (“worthy, distinguished”) pinned on senators and horsemen was smoothed again with titles such as vir illustris, “luminary man”. [131]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The designation clarissimus (Greek: lamprotatos) is used to refer to the dignitas of a particular senator and his family members, including the women. [132]”


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The ranks” for horsemen are numerous.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Persons serving the Empire were given rank by pay (sexagenarius, 60,000 sesterces per year; centenarius, 100,000; ducenarius, 200,000).


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The title of eminentissimus, “most superior” (Greek: exochôtatos) was conferred on horsemen who had become Praetorian prefects.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The highest rank of horseman is perfectissimi, “most eminent” (Greek: diasêmotatoi), while the lowest is egregii, “extraordinary” (Greek: kratistos). [133]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Injustice After the legal principles of citizen equality during the Republic faded, the social and symbolic rights of Roman society were unofficially divided into two groups, namely those with greater respect (honestiores) and the common people (humiliores).


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In general, honestiores are members of the three highest “orders”, including certain military officer posts. [134]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The granting of universal citizenship rights in 212 is thought to have increased the urge to compete among the upper classes, generally to demonstrate their superiority over other citizens, especially in the judicial system. [135]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The awarding of the sentence depends on the court of the official who assesses the “eligibility” (dignitas) of the defendant: a honestior could pay a fine if convicted of being guilty of a crime, whereas a humilior would receive a lash. [136]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The death penalty, which was rarely handed down to independent men in Republican times, [137] could take place quickly and painlessly on citizens of the Empire deemed “more honorable”, whereas ordinary citizens considered lesser might first be persecuted and imposed torture previously only enforced on slaves, for example crucifixion and being treated like animals before spectators in the arena. [138]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

At the beginning of the Empire, people who converted to Christianity could lose positions as honestiores, especially if they refused to fulfill responsibilities as citizens due to religious aspects, and also became the subject of punishments that created the conditions of martyrdom. [139]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

JMPL|upright=1.2|Forum Gerasa (now Jerash, Jordan), with columns marking a covered walkway (stoa) for vendor stalls, and a semicircular space for public speaking The three main elements in the Roman Empire were central government, military, and provincial government. [140]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The military controlled a region during the war, but after the city or its people became part of the Romans, this military duty passed to the police force, whose function was to protect Roman citizens (after 212 AD all free inhabitants in the Empire), protecting the agricultural lands that gave them meals, and places of worship. [141]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Without modern instruments such as communication and mass extermination, Roman citizens would not have sufficient power or resources to impose their dominion with power alone.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Cooperation with local ruling elites is necessary to maintain order, gather information, and reap revenue.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Roman citizens often took advantage of political divisions by supporting one faction rather than the other: in Plutarch's view, “it was a dispute between factions in cities that led to the retraction of self-governing”. [142]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Societies that showed loyalty to the Romans could enforce their own laws, entitled to collect taxes in a state, and even exempt from Roman taxes.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Legal rights and independence were incentives obtained if it could maintain good relations with Rome. [143]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Roman rule was limited, but efficient in managing available resources. [144]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Central rule The emperor's domination was based on the consolidation of certain powers of a number of Republican officials, including the inviolable tribune of the people and the censor authority to manipulate the hierarchies of Roman society. [145]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The emperor also crowned himself a central religious authority such as Pontifex Maximus, and had a centralized right to declare war, certify treaties, and confer with foreign leaders. [146]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Although this function was very clearly defended during the Principatus period, the emperor's power over time became less constitutional and more monarchical, giving birth to the era of Dominatus. [147]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The emperor had supreme authority in drafting policy and making decisions, but at the beginning of Principatus, he could still relate to people from all walks of life, and handled personally official affairs and petitions.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The bureaucracy that existed around the emperor was formed gradually. [148]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The emperors of the Julio-Klaudian dynasty relied on an official advisory body of not only senators and riders, but also trusted slaves and former slaves. [149]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

After Nero's reign, the unofficial influence of slaves and former slaves was considered suspicious, and a council of emperors (consilium) was formally formed in favor of a more transparent government. [150]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Although the senate played a role as policy-maker until the end of the Antonine dynasty, horsemen or knights played an increasingly important role in the consilium. [151]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The women of the emperor's family often intervened directly in the emperor's decision-making.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Plotina had influence in the decision-making of both her husband, Trajanus and her successor, Hadrianus.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

This influence was shown through his officially published letters, as a sign that the emperor's authority was influenced and listened to by his people. [152]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The people could meet the emperor in daily events such as receptions (salutatio), traditional events of tribute performed by former slaves to his patrons; public banquets held in palaces; and religious ceremonies.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Ordinary folk who did not have this opportunity could channel their respect or dissatisfaction with the emperor in groups in the events held in large arenas. [153]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In the 4th century, after urban centers had decreased, Christian emperors became the main figures issuing general rules, and no longer responded to individual petitions. [154]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Although the senate could carry out assassinations and open rebellion to defy the emperor's will, this never happened in the time of the Augustusan restoration and even in the tumultuous times known as the Year of the Four Emperors, and thus retains political centrality symbolic at the time of Principatus. [155]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The senate was tasked with legislating the emperor's rule, and the emperor required an experienced senate as legate (legatus) to fill the positions of general, diplomat, and administrator. [156]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The success of a person's career is determined by his competence as an administrator, and the rest is determined by the emperor. [157]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The practical source of the emperor's power was the military.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The legionaries were salaried by the Imperial treasurer, and swore annually to be loyal to the emperor (sacramentum). [158]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The death of an emperor often creates uncertainty and crisis.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Most emperors self-appointed their replacements, usually members of the next of kin or adopted an heir.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The new emperor must be able to obtain recognition quickly related to his status and authority to stabilize the political landscape.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

No emperor expected to live, let alone be able to rule, without the support and loyalty of the Praetoria Guard and legions.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

To gain their loyalty, some emperors even paid donativum, which is a gift in the form of money.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In theory, the Senate was entitled to elect a new emperor, but this right was limited by the acclamation of the soldiers and the Praetoria Guard. [159]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Military Soldiers of the army of the Roman Empire were professional men who actively served voluntarily for 20 years and five years as reserve servicemen.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The transition to being a professional military officer had begun at the end of the Republican term, and was one of many that underwent a shift in republicanism, for which servicemen who had undergone conscription had to carry out their responsibilities as citizens to defend the homeland in warfare against certain threats.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In the Roman Empire, the military itself was a full-time career. [160]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The main mission of the Roman military at the beginning of the empire was to maintain the sustainability of Pax Romana. [161]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The three main divisions of the Imperial military were: the Garrison in Rome, which included the Praetoria Guard and vigiles serving as police and firemen; the provincial army, composed of Roman legions and auxiliary troops provided by the provinces (auxilia); the navy.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The spread of military garrisons throughout the Empire was a major influence in the process of cultural change and assimilation known as “Romanization,” especially in the political, economic, and religious spheres. [162]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Knowledge of the Roman military was obtained from sources such as Greek and Roman literary texts, coins with military themes, papyri containing military writings, monuments such as the Column of Trajanus and the gate of the triumphal arch, all of which feature artistic images of men in combat or military equipment, archeology of military cemeteries, battlegrounds, encampments, and inscriptions, including military diplomas, epitaphs, and dedications. [163]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Through his military reforms, which included melting or disbanding military units whose loyalty was in question, Augustus transformed and reregulated legions, including setting a pattern of shoe spikes on the soles of soldiers' shoes. [164]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

One legion was divided into ten cohorts, each consisting of six centuria, with one centuria divided into ten squads (contubernia).


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The exact number of Imperial legions measured based on logistics is estimated to range from 4,800 to 5,280 legions. [165]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In the 9th century, Germanic tribes managed to sweep away three full legions in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

This adverse event reduced the number of legions to 25.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The overall number of legions then increased again and over the following 300 years, the number was always above or below 30. [166]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The army had about 300,000 warriors in the 1st century, and under 400,000 in the 2nd century, “significantly smaller” when compared to the combined forces from the territories they conquered.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In reality, no more than 2% of adult men in the Empire served in the Roman army. [167]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Augustus also formed the Guard of Praetoria: nine cohorts whose task was to maintain the general peace and were stationed in Italy.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

With a greater salary than the members of the legion, the Praetoria Guard only served for sixteen years. [168]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Auxilia (auxiliary troops) were recruited from among non-citizens.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Placed in units smaller than cohort units, these auxilia warriors were salaried fewer than legionaries, and after serving for 25 years, the soldiers were granted Roman citizenship status, which could be passed down to their sons.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

According to Tacitus, [169] the number of auxilia was roughly equal to the number of legions.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

If counted as a whole, these Auxilia numbered about 125,000, which were divided into 250 auxilia regiments. [170]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Roman cavalry during the early Empire was generally stationed in the territories of Keltic, Germanic, or Roman Spain.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Some training equipment and weaponry, such as the four-horn-saddle, are of Keltic origin, as recorded by Arrian and demonstrated through archaeological evidence. [171]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The Roman navy (Latin: classis, “fleet”) not only helped supply and transport the legions, but also helped protect the borders along the Rhine and Danube rivers.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Another task was to protect important maritime trade routes from pirate threats.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The navy patrolled the Central Seas, parts of the North Atlantic coast, and the Black Sea.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Nonetheless, the army remains considered a more senior and prestigious branch. [172]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Provincial administration Conquered territories can be a province through three stages, namely creating a list of cities, conducting population censuses, and urveying land. [173]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Further record-keeping included the recording of births and deaths, housing, transactions, taxes, and juridical proceedings. [174]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In the 1st and 2nd centuries, the central government sent about 160 officials annually outside Italy. [175]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Among these officials included “Roman governors”, or also referred to as elected magistrates in Rome who ruled the senatorial provinces on behalf of the Roman people; or governors, usually from among horsemen, who ruled their imperium on behalf of the emperor in the province whose was outside the control of senators, especially Roman Egypt. [176]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

A governor must have access to the people he commands, although he can lavish various duties. [177]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In addition, the governor's staff has minimal duties: official officers (apparitors), including lictors, heralds, messengers, scriba, bodyguards, legatus, both from civilian and military circles (usually horsemen), as well as friends of the governor, who come from diverse ages and accompanying experiences governor unofficially. [177]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Other officials were appointed as government financial supervisors. [175]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Separating fiscal responsibility from legal and administrative responsibilities was a reform undertaken during the time of the Empire.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Under the Republic, provincial governors and tax collectors could more freely tap the local population to dredge up personal gain. [178]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The procurator, whose authority was originally in the form of “extra-constitutional and extra-judicial”, also co-administered the property of the state and personal property of the emperor (res privata). [177]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Since the number of officials of the Roman administration was few, provinces requiring assistance on matters of legal disputes or criminal cases could seek assistance from Roman citizens deemed to have official capacities, for example procurators or police officers, as well as lowly senturion officials and military police. [179]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Roman law The Roman Court held original jurisdiction over cases involving Roman citizens throughout the empire, but there were also some judicial functionaries who imposed Roman law uniformly on the provinces.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Most regions of the Eastern empire have had well-composed legal codes and judicial procedures. [180]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In general, it had been Roman policy to respect the mos regionis (“regional tradition” or “customary law”) and to regard local law as a source of legal precedent and social stability. [181]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The existence of compatibility between Roman law and local law is thought to reflect ius gentium, the “law of nations” or international law comparable to the mix of common law and customary law in various world societies. [182]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

If the decision of provincial law conflicted with Roman law or custom, the Roman court would make an appeal, and the emperor held the authority to take the final decision. [183]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In the Western Empire, law was administered on a religious or tribal basis, and the right of private ownership may have been a novelty in the Roman era, especially among the Keltics.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Roman law facilitated the collection of private wealth by pro-Roman elites who had privileged as citizens. [184]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The granting of universal citizenship status on all independent residents throughout the Empire in 212 led to the uniform implementation of Roman law, replacing the customary code of law previously enacted upon non-citizens.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Emperor Diocletianus' efforts to stabilize the Empire after the Crisis of the Third Century include by issuing two major legal compilations within four years, namely the Gregorianus Codex and the Hermogenianus Kodex, aimed at guiding provincial officials in setting legal standards which is consistent. [185]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The application of Roman law throughout Western Europe engendered an enormous influence on the Western legal tradition, which is reflected in the use of Latin legal terminology in modern law.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Taxation Taxation at the time of the Roman Empire was worth 5 percent of gross product. [31]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The tax rate paid by a person generally ranges from 2 to 5 percent. [186]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The Roman tax code was “confusing and complicated” when viewed from the direct and indirect tax system; some people paid taxes with money and partly with goods.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Taxes for provinces are more specific, or for business types such as fisheries and salt evaporation ponds; taxes for these undertakings may be enforced for a limited time. [187]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Tax collection was justified by the need to maintain a wartime force, [188] and taxpayers sometimes got a refund if soldiers earned surplus from war booty. [189]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Taxes in the form of goods (natura) were enforced in money-producing territories, especially for people supplying food or goods to army encampments. [190]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The main source of direct tax revenue is individuals, who pay levy taxes and taxes on land ownership. [186]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Certain eligible persons could obtain tax breaks, for example Egyptian farmers could register land owned by them as vacant land, depending on the flood pattern of the Nile. [191]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Taxpayers are determined through a census, which counts the number of family members and the number of possessions held by a household, including ownership of farmland and dwellings. [191]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The main source of indirect tax revenue is portoria, levies and duties imposed on export and import activities, including in the provinces. [186]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Special taxes were imposed on slave trading activities.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Towards the end of his reign, Augustus established a slave trade tax worth 4 percent, [192] which Nero later diverted his collectors from buyers to slave suppliers, who responded to it by raising slave prices. [193]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The owner who freed his slaves was also required to pay an “exemption tax”, whose value was 5 percent of the slave's price. [194]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

An inheritance tax that amounted to 5 percent of net worth was enacted when a Roman citizen bequeathed his estate to another person who was not a member of his immediate family.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The revenue from the luxury housing tax and from the sales tax of the size of one percent is used to pay the money of retired veterans (aerarium militare). [186]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Low taxes helped the Roman nobility increase their wealth, the amount of which equaled or even exceeded the sum of the revenues of the central government.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

An emperor sometimes filled the coffers of his personal possessions by confiscating mansions belonging to “super-rich” citizens.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In later periods, the resistance of wealthy citizens who refused to pay taxes became one of the factors contributing to the Empire's collapse. [33]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Economist Moses Finley was a major proponent of the primitive view which held that the Roman economy was “undeveloped and undeveloped”, characterised by subsistence agriculture; urban centers that were more consuming than producing in terms of industry and commerce; low-status craftsmen; sluggish technological development; and “lack of economic rationality”. [195]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Whereas the current views regarding the condition of the Roman economy are more complex.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Conquering the territory triggered a large-scale reorganization of land use, resulting in surpluses and agricultural specialization, especially in North Africa. [196]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Few cities are known for industrial or mercantile activities, and the scale of buildings in urban areas indicates significant industrial construction. [196]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Papyri from the Roman period contain complex accounting methods reflecting elements of economic rationalism [197] and a very revenue-oriented Empire. [198]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Although means of communication and transportation were limited in ancient times, transportation in the 1st and 2nd centuries developed rapidly, and trade routes interconnected the economies between regions. [199]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The bidding contracts for servicemen, which spread across the Empire, were utilized by local suppliers around military bases (castrums) throughout the provinces and along the borders. [200]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was considered advanced in terms of the regional economic network, which was based on a form of “political capitalism”, with the state supervising and regulating trade activities to rake in revenue. [201]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Economic growth, though not comparable to the modern economy, was more advanced than most of the rest of society before industrialization. [197]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Socially, economic dynamism paved the way for social mobility in the Roman Empire.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Social status does not depend on birth, patronation, luck, or even extraordinary skills.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Although the value of aristocracy is inherent among traditional elite societies, a strong tendency towards plutocracy can be seen in the form of wealth requirements when conducting a census.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Prestige could be gained through the investment of wealth in the form of large estates, housing, luxury items such as jewelry and silver, public entertainment, memorial monuments for family members or co-workers, and places of adoration such as altars.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Trade unions (collegia) and corporations (corpora) provide support for individual success through networking, teaching sound business practices, and willingness to work. [202]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Currency and banking Currency denominations 27 BC—212 M: 1 gold aureus (1/40lb. gold, down to 1/50lb. in 212) = 25 silver denarii = 100 bronze sestertii = 400 copper asses 294—312:1 gold aureus solidus (1/60lb. gold) = 10 silver argentei = 40 bronze folles = 1,000 metals debas denarii 312 and above: 1 gold solidus (1/72lb. ) = 24 silver siliquae = 180 bronze folles The Empire in the early days was very productive to make money to near universal levels, in the sense that the use of money in terms of price and debt. [203]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Sestertius (plural: sestertii, denoted by HS) was the basic unit for calculating prices in the 4th century, [204] while the silver denarius, which is equivalent to four sestertii, began to be used in accounting during the reign of the Severanus dynasty. [205]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The smallest coins circulating in Roman times were bronze aces (plural: asses), or the equivalent of a quarter sestertius. [206]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Bullion and ingots do not count as pecunia, “money,” and are used only within the limits of business transactions or land purchases.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Roman citizens in the 1st and 2nd centuries counted the number of coins, instead of weighing—which suggests that a coin was worth because of its shape, not because of its metal content.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The trend towards the use of fiat money among Roman citizens led to a decline in the value of Roman currency which impacted the economy of the Empire later on. [207]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Money standardization across the Empire promoted trade and market integration. [208]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The high number of metal currencies in circulation increases the supply of money to spend and save. [209]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Rome does not have a central bank, and the regulation of the banking system is minimal.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Banks in classical times typically held less reserve money than the total amount of customer deposits.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Banks typically have limited capital, and often have only one principal capital, although there are also banks that hold six to fifteen principal capital.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Seneca stated that anyone engaged in trading activities needed credit assistance. [210]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

A professional banker (argentarius, coactor argentarius, or nummularius) receives and holds deposits for a specified or indefinite period, and lends money to third parties. [212]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The senators' elite also engaged in banking activities, either as creditors or debtors, who lent their personal property on the basis of social relations. [213]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Debt holders can use borrowed money as a means of payment by transferring it to another party, without any cash changing hands.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Although in ancient Rome it was rare for documentary or “paper” transactions, banking systems throughout the Empire also permitted the exchange of large amounts of money in the absence of physical transfers of coins, generally to avoid the risk of displacement of large amounts of cash, especially by sea.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The only serious credit righteousness known to have ever occurred at the beginning of the Empire was the credit crunch in 33 AD, which resulted in a number of senators being in risky conditions; the central government saved the market by borrowing money as much as 100 million HS to various banks (mensae ), conducted by the emperor Tiberius. [214]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In general, the available capital exceeds the amount required by the borrower. [215]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The central government itself does not borrow money, and has no state debt to fund the deficit from its cash reserves. [216]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Emperors of the Antonine dynasty and Severanus as a whole had lowered the value of coinage, especially the denarius, due to pressure to pay off military salaries. [217]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The sudden inflation that occurred during Commodus' reign endangered credit markets. [215]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

By the middle of the 2nd century, the money supply of coins increased sharply. [218]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Various conditions during the Third Century Crisis—such as declining long-distance trade, disruption of mining operations, and the transfer of gold coins out of the empire by enemies invading Roman territories—reduced the amount of money in circulation and weakened the banking sector by the year 300 M. [219] Although long ago Roman currency took the form of fiat money or fiduciary currency, economic malaise began to take fore during the reign of Aurelianus, and bankers lost confidence in the official coin money issued by the central government.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Diokletianus introduced the gold solidus and made monetary reforms, but the Empire's credit markets never fully recovered. [215]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Mining and metallurgy The main mining regions in the Roman Empire were Spain (gold, silver, copper, tin, lead); Gauls (gold, silver, iron); Britain (iron, lead, tin); the Province of Danubia (gold, iron); Macedonia and Thrace (gold, silver); as well as Asia Minor (gold, silver, iron, tin ).


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Mining on a large scale—from alluvial deposits and through open pit mining and underground mining—was carried out during the reign of Augustus to the 3rd century AD, before the instability of the Empire disrupted mining production.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The gold mines of Dacia for example, which the Romans could no longer exploit after the province revolted in 271.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Mining re-intensified to some extent in the 4th century A.D. [220] Hydraulic mining, dubbed by Pliny with ruina montium (“mountain ruins”), caused base metals and precious metals to be extracted on an industrial-proto-scale. [221]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Total iron production per year is 82,500tons. [222]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Copper produced as much as 15,000 tons per year, [223] and lead 80,000tons, [224] the largest amount of production unmatched until the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. [225]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Spain alone contributes about 40 percent of the world's share of tin production. [226]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

High lead production is a by-product of silver mining whose production reaches 200tons per year. [227]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

At its peak in the middle of the 2nd century AD, Roman silver supplies were estimated at 10,000 tons, or five to nine times greater than the combined production of silver in medieval Europe and the time of the Caliphate in 800 AD. [228] As a sign of the development of the Roman metal industry, Lead pollution in the Greenland ice sheet during the Empire was fourfold more severe when compared to prehistoric times, and declined again after the collapse of the Empire. [229]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The transport and communications of the Roman Empire controlled the territories around the perimeter of the Middle Sea, which they referred to as “our sea” (mare nostrum). [231]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Roman sailing ships waded across the Middle Sea and major rivers throughout the Empire, including the Guadalquivir, Ebro, Thames, Rhône, Rhine, Tiber and Nile. [232]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Water transport is preferred because transporting merchandise by land is more difficult. [233]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The existence of means of transport such as horse-drawn carriages, wheels, and sailing ships indicates the presence of a large number of skilled carpenters. [234]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Land transport made use of the advanced Roman road system.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Taxes paid by the community, among others, are used for the provision of personnel, animals, or vehicles for the cursus publicus, state-owned transportation and postal services established by Emperor Augustus. [190]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Relay stations were established along the road every seven to twelve miles, and later developed into villages or trading posts. [235]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Mansio (plural: mansiones) is a franchise of privately owned service stations set up by the imperial bureaucracy to assist with the tasks of the cursus publicus.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Support staff employed at the mansio include mule owners, secretaries, blacksmiths, wagon makers, veterinarians, and a small number of military police and couriers.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The distance between mansiones is determined by how far a cart can travel in a day. [235]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Mules are the animals most often used to pull carts, capable of traveling up to 4 miles per hour. [236]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

As an example of the rapid communication process, a message conveyer takes at least nine days to travel to Rome from Mainz in the province of Germania Superior, even for urgent matters. [237]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In addition to mansiones, some taverns also offer lodging services as well as food and beverages; one record at the inn indicates a fee for ordering wine, bread, mule feed, and prostitute services. [238]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Trade and commodities In addition to inter-provinces, trade in the Roman Empire also extended beyond the borders to regions such as China and India. [239]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The main commodity traded is wheat. [240]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Trade with China was generally done by land along the Silk Road; trade with India was also conducted by sea from Egyptian ports on the Red Sea.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Other goods traded were olive oil, various foodstuffs, garum (fish sauce), slaves, ores and processed metal objects, fibers and textiles, wood, pottery, glassware, ceramics, papyrus, spices and materia medica, ivory, pearls, and gemstones. [241]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Although most provinces are able to produce wine, regional varietal is preferred and wine is the main item traded.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Shortages of vin ordinaire supplies are rare. [242]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The main wine suppliers for the city of Rome are the west coast of Italy, the southern Gauls, the Tarrakonensis region of Spain, and Crete.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Aleksandria, the second largest city, imports wine from Laodikea in Syria and the Aegean. [243]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

At the retail level, drinking houses or specialty wine shops (vinaria) sell wine in jugs that can be drunk directly on the premises, at prices according to quality. [244]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Labor and work Inscriptions-inscriptions record 268 different occupations in the city of Rome, and 85 in Pompeii. [245]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Professional associations or trade unions (collegia) were formed for diverse professions and occupations, including fishermen (piscatores), salt merchants (salinatores), olive oil retailers (olivarii), entertainers (scaenici), cattle sellers (pecuarii), goldsmiths (aurifices), transporter labourers (asinarii or muliones), and stone cutters (lapidarii). [246]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Some collegium exists that are specially formed for certain occupations, for example one collegium in Rome is restricted only to craftsmen of ivory and citrun wood. [247]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The work that slaves performed was divided into five general categories, namely domestic work, there were at least 55 different household occupations recorded by epitaphs; public or imperial servants; servants and craftsmen in urban; agriculture; and mining. [248]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Inmates were utilized as laborers in mining or quarrying, with notoriously brutal employment conditions. [249]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In practice, there was little occupational separation between slaves and former slaves, [250] and most workers were illiterate or lacked special skills. [251]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

A large number of laborers work in the agricultural sector; in the Italian agricultural industry system (latifundia), most of the workers are slaves, but in other regions of the Empire, the peasantry that comes from among slaves is not so important when compared with skilled labor that is technically not enslaved. [250]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Textile and clothing production is one of the main sources of employment.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Textiles and finished clothing were traded among the people throughout the Empire.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Textile products are often named after specific entrepreneurs or cities, unlike fashion “labels”. [252]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Ready-made clothes of better quality are exported by businessmen (negotiatores or mercatores) who are generally townspeople in production centers. [253]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Finished clothing is channeled by sales agents to potential customers, or by vestiarii, clothing dealers who are mostly former slaves; or may also be peddled by itinerant merchants. [253]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In Egypt, textile manufacturers could open small businesses by hiring apprentices, free wage-paying workers, and slaves. [254]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Labourers who dye (coloratores) and clean clothes (fullones) have their own union. [255]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Centonarii is a trade union specifically reserved for the production of textiles and recycling old clothes into patchwork. [256]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

GDP and income distribution Economic historians give diverse calculations of Roman gross domestic product (GDP) in the time of Principatus. [257]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Using samples of years 14, 100, and 150 AD, estimates of the Roman Empire's GDP per capita range from 166 to 380 HS.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The GDP per capita of Italy is estimated to be 40 [258] to 66 percent [259] higher than the GDP of other regions in the Empire due to tax transfers from the provinces and the size of income of elite citizens in the capital.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Based on the Scheidel—Friesen economic model, the total annual revenue collected by the Empire reached 20 billion HS, with about 5 percent generated by central and local governments.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Elite households, which amount to 1.5 percent of the entire population, contribute about 20 percent of state income. The remaining 20 percent is generated by 10 percent of the population classified as a non-elite middle class group.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Of the remainder, the “vast majority” of the population contributes more than half the total income of the state, although it is subsistence. [260]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Architecture and engineering JMPL|Ka|350px|Amphitheatre of the Roman Empire.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Romanesque's main contributions in the field of architecture were the arch gates, aisles, and domes.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Even after 2,000 years had passed, some Roman structures still stood staunchly due to sophisticated methods of making cement and concrete. [261] [262] The Roman road was considered the most advanced type of road up to the 19th century.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The road system helps facilitate military policing, communications, and commerce.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The streets are resistant to flooding and other environmental disturbances.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Even after the collapse of the central government, some roads were still in use for over a thousand years.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The Roman bridge was one of the first bridges built with a large and durable structure, which was made of stone with an arch gate as the basic structure.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Most bridges also use concrete.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The largest Roman bridge was the Trajanus Bridge on the Danube river, which was built by Apollodorus of Damascus and became the longest bridge ever built for more than a millennium. [263]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The Romans built many dams and reservoirs to contain water, for example the Subiako Dam, which became the source of water for the Anio Novus, one of Rome's largest aqueducts. [264]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The Romans built 72 dams on the Iberian Peninsula, and many more throughout the Empire, some of which are still in use today.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Several notable embankment dams were built in Roman Britain, including at Longovisium (Lanchester).


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The Romans built a number of aqueducts (aqueducts).


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In the treatise written by Frontinus, a curator aquarum (water commissioner) during the reign of Nerva, it is mentioned regarding the importance of administration in maintaining the water supply.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Stone pipes drain water from distant springs and reservoirs by simply utilizing gravity.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

After passing through the aqueduct, water is accommodated in tanks and flowed through pipes to public fountains, baths, toilets, or industrial places. [265]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The main aqueducts in the city of Rome are Aqua Claudia and Aqua Marcia. [266]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The complex system built to supply water to Constantinpel has a 336km long aqueduct. [267]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The Roman aqueduct was built with excellent tolerances, and with technological standards unmatched up to modern times. [268]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The Romans also used the Aqueur in mining operations throughout the empire, for example at Las Medulas and Dolaucothi in South Wales. [269]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Glass insulators (or “double glazing”) are used in the construction of public baths.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Houses of elite residents in cold weather times are equipped with a hypocaust, a type of central heating.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Roman society was the first society to assemble all the essential components of the steam engine, which had begun since Hero built the aeolipile. [270]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Everyday life City and country In the ancient world, a city was seen as a place where civilizations were “properly designed, composed and decorated”. [271]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Augustus initiated a massive building program in Rome, building exhibitions of artworks showcasing imperial ideology, and reorganizing the city into neighborhoods (vici) staffed at a local level by police and fire officers. [272]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The focus of monumental architecture in the time of Augustus was Campus Martius, an open space outside the city centre originally reserved for equestrian sports and physical training for young people.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The altar of Augustusan Peace (Ara Pacis Augustae) is located there, as well as an obelisk brought in from Egypt that serves as a directional pointer (gnomon) of the horologium.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

With an open garden, Campus is one of the most attractive places to visit in Rome. [273]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Urban planning and urban lifestyle were influenced by Greece from the earliest period, [274] and in the Eastern Empire, Roman power increased and shaped regional development in cities that had had a strong Hellenistic character.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Cities such as Athens, Aphrodisias, Ephesus and Gerasa changed some architectural aspects of urban planning to fit imperial ideas.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In addition, the cities also demonstrate the identity and prominence of their respective regions. [275]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In areas of the Western Empire inhabited by Keltic-speaking inhabitants, Romans encouraged the construction of urban centers by building stone temples, forums, monumental fountains, and amphitheaters, generally built within or near walled settlements named oppida that had existed previous. [276]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Urbanization in Roman Africa extended to cities along the Greek and Punic coasts. [235]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The network of cities throughout the Empire (coloniae, municipia, civitates, or in Greek called poleis) was a major cohesive force in the time of Pax Romana. [277]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, imperial propaganda forced the Romans to “instill customs in times of peace”. [278]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Classical history expert Clifford Ando states: Most notable cultural paraphernalia has to do with imperial culture—public adoration and civic games and banquets, competitions for artists, speakers, and athletes, as well as the funding of most public buildings and art exhibition venues— is financed by private individuals, whose funding aims to help justify their economic and legal power. “[279]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The Christian apologerat Tertulianus states that the world in the 2nd century was more orderly and well preserved than previous times: “Everywhere there are houses, everywhere there are people, everywhere there are res publica, commonwealth, everywhere there is life”. [280]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The decline of cities and community life in the 4th century, which was when upper-class citizens were unable or refused to fund public works, was one of the factors that contributed to the collapse of the Empire. [281] JMPL|Public toilets (latrinae) of Ostia Antica.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In the city of Rome, most residents live in multi-storey apartment buildings (insulae) that are generally rundown and flammable.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Public facilities—such as baths (thermae), toilets equipped with running water (latrinae), fountains (nymphea) derived from fresh water, [282] and large entertainment venues such as chariot racing and gladiatorial combatants—were built especially once for the general people living in insulae. [ 283]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Similar facilities were also built in cities throughout the Empire, and some of Roman's finest structures still stand staunchly in Spain, southern France, and northern Africa.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Public baths have hygienic, social, and cultural functions. [284]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Bathing was the main form of socialization in the daily life of Roman citizens conducted in the afternoon before dinner. [285]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Roman baths are characterized by a series of three-temperature rooms equipped with a variety of amenities, including exercise and weight lifting rooms, saunas, exfoliating spas, ball courts, or outdoor swimming pools. [286]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The bathhouse has a hypokaus heater: the floor is hung over a hot air duct that provides warmth. [287]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Nude and mixed bathing between men and women was commonplace in the early days of the Empire, although some baths had provided separate amenities or bathing hours for men and women.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Public baths were part of urban culture throughout the province, but by the end of the 4th century, private bathrooms began to replace public baths. [288]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Christian teachings advocate going to the baths for health and hygiene, rather than for the sake of purely pleasure, [289] Christians also forbid various matches (ludi), which are part of religious festivals they consider “pagan”.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Tertullianus said that Christians not only withdrew from bathing activities together, but also withdrew from community and trade activities. [290] JMPL|left|reconstruction of the house garden based on the House of the Vettii.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Wealthy families from Rome usually owned two or more houses, a resting place (domus, plural: domūs) and at least one mansions (villa) outside the city.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Domus is a privately owned family home, and usually comes with a private bathroom (balneum), [291] but is not a place to exile yourself from public life. [292]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Although some neighborhoods in Rome have many mansions, wealthy residents do not live in separate complexes.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The homes of wealthy citizens were meant to be viewable and easily accessible.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The atrium serves as a reception room where paterfamilias (heads of households) meet their guests every morning, ranging from rich families to poor families receiving charity assistance. [293]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The private house also serves as a place of family worship, having a shrine decorated with paintings of family ancestors. [294]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Houses located along busy public roads and overlooking the highway are often rented out as shops (tabernae). [295] [296] In contrast, villas are places to escape the bustle of the city, and in literature are described as a balancing lifestyle intellectual civilization and artistic interest (otium) with an appreciation of nature and the agricultural cycle. [298]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Ideally, a villa is located in locations with great views, framed by luxurious architectural design. [299]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Villas are generally located in workers' housing complexes, or in beach-side “resort towns” such as Pompeii and Herculaneum.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The urban renewal program during the reign of Augustus, and the growth of Rome's population to reach one million inhabitants, has been expressed in many works of art.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Many poems extolled the ideal life of peasants and pastoralists.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Home interiors are often decorated with paintings of gardens, fountains, scenery, ornaments of plants, [299] and animals, especially birds and sea animals, which are painted quite accurately. [300]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The poet Augustusan Horace wrote satirical works on the dichotomy of rural and urban values through his fabel The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse, often retold as a children's fairy tale. [301]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

On a more practical level, the central government plays an active role in supporting agriculture. [302]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Producing food is a top priority in land utilization. [303]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Large-scale agriculture (latifundia) achieves economies of scale capable of sustaining urban life and absorbing labor. [302]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Small farmers raked in profits from the development of local markets and trading centers.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Agricultural techniques such as crop rotation and selective breeding were disseminated throughout the Empire, and new crops were introduced from province to province, for example peas and cabbage introduced to Britain. [304]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Maintaining the food supply for the city of Rome had become a major political issue in the late days of the Republic, when the state began giving alms of grain (annona) to citizens registered to receive it. [302]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

About 200,000—250,000 adult men in Rome receive alms of grain, or about 33kg per month and a total of 100,000 tons per year, mainly in Sicily, North Africa, and Egypt. [305]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

This grain alms cost at least 15 percent of the total state receipts, [302] but it was able to improve the living conditions of lower-class families, [306] and subsidize wealthy citizens by allowing workers to spend more of their income to buy wine and olive oil produced on plantations belonging to landlords. [302]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The alms of grain also had symbolic value, affirming regarding the emperor's position as a universal benefactor and the right for all citizens to acquire “fruits of the fruits of conquest”. [302]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Annona, public facilities, and spectacular entertainment worsened the living conditions of Roman lower class society and sparked social unrest.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The satirical writer Juvenal views the term “bread and circus” (panem et circenses) as symbolic of the loss of political freedom in the time of the Republic: [307] The society has long since discarded its sense of concern: people who were once given orders, consuls, legionaries and all others, now no longer interfere and crave only two things: bread and circuses (food and entertainment). [308]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Food and drink Most apartments in Rome do not have kitchens, although some have charcoal stoves that can be used for cooking. [309]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Ready meals are sold in pubs and bars, inns, and food stalls (tabernae, cauponae, popinae, thermopolia). [310]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Restaurant food is available to the lower classes; high-flavored dining can only be encountered at dinner parties held in mansions that have cooks (archimagirus) and trained kitchen staff, [311] or at banquets organized by social clubs (collegia). [312]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Most Roma consume at least 70 percent of their daily calories in the form of cereals and legumes. [313]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Puls (pottage, condensed food) is considered a native Roman food. [314]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Oat pottage can be mixed with chopped vegetables, cutlets, cheeses, or herbs resulting in a dish similar to polenta or risotto. [315]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Urban and military residents prefer to consume wheat in the form of bread. [317]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Milling and oven are usually combined in one bread-making complex. [318]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

During the reign of Aurelianus, the state began distributing annona (food alms) as daily rations in the form of bread produced in the factories of the country, and also added olive oil, wine, and pork as alms food. [319]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The importance of a good diet for health was recognized by Roman medical writers such as Galen (2nd century AD), who spelled out in the treatise On Barley Soup.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Views towards nutrition are influenced by streams of thought such as humoral theory. [320]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Roman literature generally tells about dinner customs among the upper classes, [321] who consider dinner (cena) to have a social function. [322]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Guests in dinner events are entertained in a beautifully ornate dining room (triclinium), often furnished with views of the peristal garden.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Guests sit casually on the sofa, leaning on the left elbow.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

At the end of the Republic, women ate, lay down, and drank wine with the men. [323]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The most famous depiction of Roman food is probably the Trimalchio dinner party in Satyricon, a fictional extravaganza that bears little resemblance to the lives of wealthy class citizens. [324]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The poet Martial describes regarding more detailed dinner dishes, starting with gustatio (“tasting” or “appetizing plant”), consisting of a salad of mallow leaves, lettuce, chopped chives, mint, arugula, mackerel mixed with rue, egg slices, and marinated pork breast.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The main course consists of mutton cutlets, beans, vegetables, chicken, and ham, followed by a dessert in the form of fresh fruits and grapes. [325]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The Latin phrase for a complete dinner dish is ab ovo usque mala, or “from eggs to apples”, similar to the English phrase “from soup to nuts” (“from soup to beans”). [326]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

A tome containing various Roman recipes is known as Apicius, written by several figures from ancient times. [327]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Roman culinary experts engaged in wild hunting of fowl such as peacocks and flamingos, large fish such as mullets, and mussels.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The spices of luxurious cuisine were brought by the fleet to the empire from distant lands, from the borders of Parthia to the Strait of Gibraltar. [328]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The filtering of consumed cuisine bodes the progress of civilization or decadent decline. [329]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The imperial historian Tacitus compared the luxury of Rome's dining table to the simplicity of the Germanic peoples' food which was only fresh wild meat, rotten fruit, and cheese, in stark contrast to Roman dishes made from imported spices and high-flavored sauces. [330]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Due to the importance of the role of landowners in Roman culture, peasantry produce such as wheat, beans, vegetables, and fruit were often regarded as more civilized foods than meat.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Mediterranean dishes such as bread, wine, and oil were purified by adherents of Roman Christianity, whereas eating Germanic meat was considered an act of paganism, [331] because it was the result of sacrificing animals.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Some Christian philosophers and leaders reject bodily demands and enjoyment of food, and carry out fasting as an ideal way. [332]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Food became simpler after a slump in urban life in the West, disruption of trade routes, [333] and wealthy residents began to move into suburban housing. [334]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Because urban lifestyles are closely linked to decadence, the Church officially limits gluttony, [334] and hunting and pastoralism are seen as sublime and simple ways of life. [335]


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

See also History of the Roman Empire Italian Imperium Footnotes Reference Source J. A. Crook, Law and Life of Rome, 90 BC—AD 212, 1967 (ISBN 0-8014-9273-4).


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Arther Ferrill, The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation, Thames and Hudson, 1988 (ISBN 0-500-27495-9).


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Goldsworthy, Adrian.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

The Complete Roman Army, Thames and Hudson, 2003 (ISBN 0-500-05124-0).


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Benjamin Isaac, “The Limits of Empire: the Roman Army in the East” Oxford University Press, 1992 (ISBN 0-19-814926-3).


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Andrew Lintott, Imperium Romanum: Politics and administration, 1993 (ISBN 0-415-09375-9).


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Edward Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976/1979 (ISBN 0-8018-2158-4).


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Advanced reading Library resources about Main Page John Bagnell Bury, A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius, 1913, ISBN 978-1-4367-3416-5 Duncan B Campbell, The Rise of Imperial Rome, AD 14-193, Osprey, 2013, ISBN 978-1-78096-280-1 Winston Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, Cassell, 1998, ISBN 0-304—34912—7 Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1776—1789 Adrian Goldsworthy.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire, Weidenfield and Nicholson, 2003, ISBN 0-297-84666-3 Michael Grant, The History of Rome, Faber and Faber, 1993, ISBN 0-571-11461-X Antonio Santosuosso, Storming the Heavens: Soldiers, Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire, Westview Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8133-3523-X Outside links, a BBC website on ancient Rome for children at primary-school level., interactive educational website on ancient Rome for students.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Interactive map of the Roman Empire at showing the expansion of the Roman Empire., learning resources and re-enactments.


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

(PBS).


Question: what are the number of Roman Emperors who have held office?

Roman Empire

Category:Establishment 476 Category:Former Countries in the Italian Peninsula Category:Superpowers Category:Former Countries and territories established 27th century BC Category:Countries in Ancient Africa


Question: who is the creator of Guitar?

Guitars

Guitar is a stringed musical instrument played by plucking, generally using fingers or plectrum.


Question: who is the creator of Guitar?

Guitars

Guitars are formed on a staple body part with a solid neck as a place where strings are generally numbered six.


Question: who is the creator of Guitar?

Guitars

Guitars are traditionally formed from various types of wood with strings made of nylon as well as steel.


Question: who is the creator of Guitar?

Guitars

Some modern guitars are made from polycarbonate material.


Question: who is the creator of Guitar?

Guitars

In general, guitars are divided into 2 types: acoustic and electric.


Question: who is the creator of Guitar?

Guitars

Acoustic guitars, with their perforated parts (hollow body), have been used for thousands of years.


Question: who is the creator of Guitar?

Guitars

There are three main types of modern acoustic guitars: nylon stringed acoustic guitars, steel-stringed acoustic guitars, and archtop guitars.


Question: who is the creator of Guitar?

Guitars

Classical guitar is generally played as a solo instrument using comprehensive fingerpicking techniques.


Question: who is the creator of Guitar?

Guitars

Electric guitars, introduced in the 1930s, rely on amplifiers that are electronically capable of manipulating guitar sounds.


Question: who is the creator of Guitar?

Guitars

At the beginning of its use, electric guitars use a hollow body, but later the use of solid body (solid body) is felt more suitable.


Question: who is the creator of Guitar?

Guitars

The electric guitar is widely renowned as the primary instrument on various musical genres such as blues, country, reggae, jazz, metal, rock, and various forms of pop music.


Question: who is the creator of Guitar?

Guitars

History The word 'guitar' or guitar in English, was originally taken from the name of an ancient petik musical instrument in the Persian region in approximately 1500 BC known as citar or sehtar.


Question: who is the creator of Guitar?

Guitars

This musical instrument later evolved into a wide variety of ancient guitar models known as the general term tanbur.


Question: who is the creator of Guitar?

Guitars

In 300 BC the Persian Tanbur was developed by the Greeks and six centuries later by the Romans (Bellow, 1970:54-55).


Question: who is the creator of Guitar?

Guitars

In 476M this musical instrument was brought by the Romans to Spain and transformed into: (1) the Morisca guitarra serving as the bearer of the melody, and (2) the Latina Guitarra to play chords.


Question: who is the creator of Guitar?

Guitars

Three centuries later the Arabs brought a kind of gambus guitar with the designation al ud to Spain (Summerfield, 1982:12).


Question: who is the creator of Guitar?

Guitars

Based on the Arabic construction of al ud and the two models of guitars from the Romans, the Spaniards then made their own musical instrument called the vihuela.


Question: who is the creator of Guitar?

Guitars

As a result, the vihuela became popular in Spain while the musical instruments of its predecessors were piecemeal abandoned.


Question: who is the creator of Guitar?

Guitars

Nevertheless al ud brought people to Western European countries and rivaled the popularity of vihuela in Spain.


Question: who is the creator of Guitar?

Guitars

In Europe al ud was well welcomed and developed into a variety of European lute models up to roughly the end of the 17th century.