Question: who found the bacteria?

Bacteria

In humans, some types of bacteria that are often the causative agents of the disease are Salmonella enterica subspecies I serovar Typhi which causes typhus disease, Mycobacterium tuberculosis which causes tuberculosis disease, and Clostridium tetani which causes tetanus disease. [58] [59] Pathogenic bacteria can also attack farm animals, such as Brucella abortus which causes brucellosis in cattle and Bacillus anthracis which causes anthrax. [60]


Question: who found the bacteria?

Bacteria

For infections of commonly known plants are Xanthomonas oryzae which attack the shoots of rice stems and amylovorous Erwinia which causes rot in fruits. [61]


Question: who found the bacteria?

Bacteria

Decomposition The process of degradation of the bodies of living beings is carried out by many organisms, one of which is bacteria.


Question: who found the bacteria?

Bacteria

Some types of bacteria, especially heterotrophic bacteria, are able to degrade organic compounds and use them to support their growth. [62]


Question: who found the bacteria?

Bacteria

This decomposition process is aided by several types of enzymes to break down macromolecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, to break down into simpler compounds.


Question: who found the bacteria?

Bacteria

For example, protease enzymes are used to break down proteins into simpler compounds, such as amino acids. [62]


Question: who found the bacteria?

Bacteria

This decomposition process also plays a role in the return of elements, especially carbon and nitrogen, to nature to enter into the cycle again. [63]


Question: who found the bacteria?

Bacteria

The decomposition of the bodies of living beings begins by bacteria that live in the human body, starting from muscle tissues. [63]


Question: who found the bacteria?

Bacteria

This process is accelerated when the body has been buried.


Question: who found the bacteria?

Bacteria

The first reaction in this decomposition is the hydrolysis of proteins by proteases forming amino acids. [63]


Question: who found the bacteria?

Bacteria

Next, amino acids will be converted into acetic acid, hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas, and carbon dioxide so that the environmental pH will drop to 4-5. [63]


Question: who found the bacteria?

Bacteria

This reaction is carried out by acetogen bacteria.


Question: who found the bacteria?

Bacteria

In the final stage, all such compounds are converted into methane gas by methanogens. [63]


Question: who found the bacteria?

Bacteria

Gram-positive and negative bacteria In the administration of antibiotics should be known the type of bacteria whether gram-positive or negative.


Question: who found the bacteria?

Bacteria

Below is a list of such bacteria: Actinomyces (Gram +) Bacillus (Gram +) Clostridium (Gram +) Corynebacterium (Gram +) Enterococcus (Gram +) Gardnerella (Gram +) Lactobacillus (Gram +) Listeria (Gram +) Mycobacterium (Gram +) Mycoplasma (Gram +) Nocardia (Gram +)) Propionibacterium (Gram+ ) Staphylococcus (Gram+) Streptococcus (Gram+) Streptomyces (Gram +) Acetobacter (gram -) Borrelia (gram -) Bortadella (gram -) Burkholderia (gram -) Campylobacter (gram -) Chlamydia (gram -) Enterobacter (gram -) Fusocherhia (gram) Bacterium (gram -) Helicobacter (gram -) Hemophilus (gram - ) Klebsiella (gram -) Legionella (gram -) Leptospiria (gram -) Neisseria (gram -) Nitrobacter (gram -) Proteus (gram -) Pseudomonas (gram -) Rickettsia (gram -) Salmonella (gram -) Serratia (gram -) Shigella (gram -) Thiobacter (gram -) Treponema (gram -) Vibrio (gram -) Yersinia (gram -) Reference Further reading Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) (in English) CS1 maint: Extra text (link) CS1 maint: Extra text (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) Outlinks, an extensive wiki about and — list of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature of bacteria swimming and tumbling, use of optical tweezers and other videos. by Stephen Jay Gould, a Bioinformatics Resource Center for bacterial pathogens, funded by — A web-app that uses several simple algorithms to simulate bacterial chemotaxis. on-line lecture by Bonnie Bassler, and, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.


Question: who found the bacteria?

Bacteria

Summarized in:, LiveScience and BusinessInsider Category:Bacteriology Category:Prokaryotes


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

transl. Race (from French race, itself from Latin radix, “root”) is a classification system used to categorize humans in large and distinct populations or groups through their inherited phenotype, geographical origin, bodily appearance and tribalism.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

In the early 20th century the term was often used in a biological sense to designate a multifaceted human population in genetic terms with members having the same phenotype. [1]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

This meaning of “race” is still used in forensic anthropology (in analyzing bone remains), biomedical research and medicine by origin. [2]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

In addition, in the United States for example, law enforcement uses the term “race” in determining the profile of suspects and the redrawing of residual looks that have not been identified.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Moreover, since in many societies, grouping by “race” follows a pattern of social layering, for social scientists researching social disparities, “race” can be a meaningful variable.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

As a sociological factor, the category of “race” can limitedly reflect a subjective explanation, concerning the identity of self and social institutions. [3] [4] Therefore, the “race” paradigm used in various disciplines suppresses in a multifaceted way on biological traits or in terms of construct social.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Although biologists sometimes use the understanding of “race” to make a distinction between a collection of traits, other scientists have come to the insight that understanding “race” is often used [5] naively [6] or too simplistic.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

“Race” has no taxonomic meaning for humans: all humans are members of the same hominid subspecies that is Homo sapiens sapiens. [7] [8] Social understanding and racial groupings change with time, including lay taxonomy [9] that determines the type of person who is essentialism based on visible traits.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Scientists consider biological essentialism to be outdated, [10] and generally do not support race-based explanations for group differentiation, both in terms of physical and behavioral traits. [6] [11] When people determine and use one particular sense for “race”, they create a social reality in which a particular social categorization is applied. [12]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Therefore “race” is seen as a social construct. [13]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

The construct develops in a variety of legal, economic and socio-political contexts, and may be more a result than a cause of social reality. [14]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Although many scholars believe that “race” is a social construct, most experts agree that “race” has a real material impact in discrimination of attention, legal process, political practice, education etc.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Omi and Winant's theory of race formation says that “race is a concept that typifies and symbolizes social opposition and importance through reference to different human bodily types.” [15] The meaning and intent of the term “race” is generated and used by social institutions through views of a cultural nature.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Since Omi and Winant, academics have conceived and revisited the intent of “race” as a social construction by researching the way the picture, understanding and assumption of “race” is formulated in everyday life.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Angela Davis, [16] Ruth Gilmore, [17] and Imani Perry [18] have traced the relationship between understanding “race” in terms of historical and social production in legal and criminal language, and its impact on policies on Black people in America, and their disproportionate numbers in prison .


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Socio and economic factors result from immense suffering in the naked group. [19]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Racial discrimination often coincides with a racist mindset, in which individuals and ideologies of one group see members of another group as a certain morally inferior “race”. [20]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

As a result, groups with little power are often alienated or oppressed, while dominant individuals and institutions are accused of being racist. [21]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Racism resulted from numerous instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide. [22]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

The first modern understanding of “race” It may be that human groups from the past always determine themselves as different from other groups.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

However, such differences are not necessarily necessarily seen as something natural, immeasurable and thorough.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

This kind of view is characteristic of the “race” that is used today. [23]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

At first, the word “race” was used to designate a nation or ethnic group.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Marco Polo for example, in his book written in the 13th century, outlined the “Persian race”. [24]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Present-day “race” appeared only in the 17th century. [25]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

The European understanding of “race”, in line with a number of understandings now attributed to the term, arose at the time of the scientific revolution, where natural research began and took precedence, and a period of European imperialism and colonialism that created political relations between Europeans and peoples who have different cultural and political traditions. [23] [26] With the meeting of Europa people with peoples from different parts of the world, they discuss physical, social and cultural differences among different groups of people.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

The rise of slave commerce in the Atlantic, which gradually replaced the longer trade of slaves around the world, further encouraged to categorize human groups to justify subduing slaves of African origin. [27]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

With reference to their Classical sources and to Europe's own inter-nation relations — for example, the implacable hostility between England and France was highly influential over early European thinking about differences between peoples [28] — Europeans began to rile themselves and other peoples in groups based on physical appearance, and attaching to individuals in the group, behaviors and abilities that are considered deeply entrenched.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

A number of beliefs that attribute bodily differences between inherited groups, with intellectual, behavioral and moral traits that are also thought to be inherited. [29]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

A similar sense is found in other cultures, [30] for example in China, where a concept translated by the term “race” is associated with those believed to be the common descendants of the Yellow Emperor, and is used to affirm the unity of ethnic groups in China.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Violent infighting between ethnic groups has occurred throughout history and around the world. [31]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

The first post-classical classification of humans in a “race” known was the Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent (“The new division of the Earth by the species or races inhabiting it”) by François Bernier of France, published in 1684. [32]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

In the 18th century, differences between human groups became the material of scientific inquiry.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

But scientific classifications of phenotype variation are often accompanied by racist ideas about abilities considered inherent in various groups, which always give the most excellent traits to Europeans or Whites, and increase other “races” in a continuum of traits which gradually becomes less good.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

The classification of Carolus Linnaeus, creator of zoological taxonomy, of 1755 divided the human race Homo Sapiens in varieties “Europaeus”, “Asiaticus”, “Americanus” and “Afer”, each of which was associated with a different disposition: “sanguine”, “melancolis”, “choleric” and “bilious”. [33]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Homo Sapiens Europeaus is said to be active, intelligent and adventurous, while Homo Sapiens Afer is said to be cunning, slacker and reckless. [34]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

In his book entitled The Natural Varieties of Mankind, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published in 1775 put forth five major groups: “Caucasoid race”, “Mongoloid race”, “Ethiopian race” (later named “Negroid race”), “Indian race” and “Malay race”, but he did not propose any level between the races. [34]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

From the 17th to 19th centuries, the melting of layman's beliefs regarding differences between groups, with scientific explanations of these differences, resulted in what one expert called “ideology about race”. [26]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

According to this ideology, race is fundamental, natural, sustainable and separate.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

In the United States, Thomas Jefferson's theory of race was influential.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

He saw Africans as inferior to Whites, specifically in terms of intelligence, and had excess sex lust, but considered Indians to be equal to Whites. [35]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

In the last two decades of the 18th-century polygenism, namely the belief that different “races” had developed separately on each continent and did not have a common ancestor, [36] was put forward in England by historian Edward Long and anatomist Charles White, in Germany by ethnographer Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster, in France by Julien Virey and in the United States by Samuel Morton, Josiah Nott and Louis Agassiz.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Polygenism was popular and most spread in the 19th century, and culminated with the establishment of the Anthropological Society of London during the American civil war, in opposition to the anti-slavery Ethnological Society of London. [37]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

The current debate on Models of human evolution In an article in 1995, Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Jackson stated that any new support for a biological understanding of “race” would most likely come from research into human evolution.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

According to them, the question is about the consequences of human evolutionary models that exist now on the understanding of “race” based on biology. [38]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Currently all humans are classified as members of the species Homo sapiens and subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Yet humans are not the first homininae species.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

The first species of the genus Homo is Homo habilis, which is estimated to have appeared in East Africa at least 2 million years ago.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Members of this species inhabit various parts of Africa in a rather short period of time.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Homo erectus was theorized to evolve more than 1.8 million years ago, and about 1.5 million years ago spread in Europe and Asia.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Almost all physical anthropologists agree that Homo sapiens evolved from African Homo erectus ((sensu lato) orHomo ergaster). [39] [40] Most anthropologists think that Homo sapiens flourished in East Africa, and then migrated out of Africa, replacing H. erectus populations in Europe and Asia (model “the origin of modern man from Africa).


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Recent Human evolutionary genetics (Jobling, Hurles and Tyler-Smith, 2004) support this “Out of Africa” model, however the recent sequencing of the Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes shows some admixture [41] Summary of various biological definitions for “race” “Race” as a social construct anthropologists and other evolutionary scientists are already switching from the term “race” to the term “population” to discuss differences in genetics.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Historians, cultural anthropologists and social scientists re-understand the term “race” as a cultural category or social construction, a particular way people talk about themselves and about others.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Many social scientists have replaced the term “race” with the word “ethnic group” to designate self-identifying groups based on their beliefs about culture, origin and common history.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

In addition to the empirical and conceptual problems brought about understanding “race”, after the Second World War, scientists in the evolutionary and social fields were well aware of how beliefs regarding “race” were used to justify dissrimination, apartheid, slavery and genocide.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

This question grew crowded in the 1960s with the civil rights movement in the United States and the rise of many anti-colonial movements around the world.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Scientists have finally begun to think that “race” is a social construct, an understanding that people believe is an objective reality but actually gain trust because of its social function. [42]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

In 2000, Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health fi United States announced a joint mapping of the human genome.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

After researching the data from the genome mapping, Venter saw that although the amount of genetic variation in the human species is about 1— 3% (i.e. more than 1% originally estimated), the type of variation does not support understanding “race” in a genetic sense.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Venter said that “Race is a social concept.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Open scientific concepts.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

There is no clear line (that would appear), had we compared all the genomes in sequence of all the people on top of the planet.”


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

“When we try to apply science to try to structure these social differences, it collapses everything. “[43]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Stephan Palmié asserts that “race” is “not a thing but a social relationship”; [44] or, by KataKatya Gibel Mevorach, “a metonym,” “a human wreath whose criteria of distinction are not universal and not fixed, but always used to regulate distinction. “[45]


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Thus, the use of the word “race” itself needs to be analyzed.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

More than that, Palmié and Mevorach say that biology will not be able to explain why or how people use “race”.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

What would explain is history and social order.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Note See also Origin of modern man from Africa Multiregional origin of modern man History of evolutionary thought Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza Jared Diamond Stephen Oppenheimer Library Missing pipe in: |location= (help) Cite web requires |website= (help) CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); More than one of |first1= and |first= specified (help) Cite web requires |website= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help) Cite web requires |website= (help) help) Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Cite web requires |website= (help) Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Cite web requires |website= (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |last5= (help) Cite web requires |website= (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) Cite web requires |website= (help) CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help) Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Cite journal requires | journal= (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |last5= (help) Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) More than one of |editor1= and | editor= specified (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help) CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) Cite web requires |website= (help) Outside link Transclusion error: {{ En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. - forum organized by the Social Science Research Council, includes a March 2005 op-ed article by A.M. Leroi from the New York Times advocating biological conceptiosn of race and responses from scholars in a variety of fields.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Steven and Hilary Rose, The Guardian,, April 9, 2005 Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Times Online,, October 27, 2004.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Catchpenny mysteries of ancient Egypt,, Larry Orcutt.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Judy Skatssoon,, ABC Science Online, Wednesday, July 14, 2004.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Michael J. Bamshad, Steve E. Olson, Scientific American, December 2003 Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

OMB Statistical Directive 15,, Federal Register, 30 October 1997.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Sandra Soo-Jin Lee, Joanna Mountain, and Barbara A. Koenig, Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Michael Root, Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Richard Dawkins: (extract from The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life) - On race, its usage and a theory of how it evolved.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

(October 2004) (see also) Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who is the main role of Patterns of Evidence?

Human race

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. - bloodbook.com Category:Genetics Population Category:Taxonomy


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

An inductor or reactor is a passive electronic component (mostly in the form of a torus) that can store energy in a magnetic field generated by an electric current passing through it.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

The ability of an inductor to store magnetic energy is determined by its inductance, in Henry units.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Usually an inductor is a conductor wire formed into a coil, the winding helps create a strong magnetic field inside the coil due to Faraday's law of induction.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Inductors are one of the basic electronic components used in circuits whose current and voltage change due to the ability of the inductor to process alternating current.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

An ideal inductor has inductance, but without resistance or capacitance, and does not waste power.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

An inductor is in fact a composite of the inductance, some resistance due to the resistivity of the wire, and some capacitance.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

At a frequency, the inductor can become a resonant circuit due to its parasitic capacity.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

In addition to wasting power on wire resistance, magnet-nucleated inductors also waste power within the core due to hysteresis effects, and at high currents may experience nonlinearity due to saturation.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Physics Inductance (L) (measured in Henry) is the effect of a magnetic field formed around a current-carrying conductor that resists changes in current.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

The electric current passing through the conductor makes the magnetic field proportional to the magnitude of the current.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

A change in the current causes a change in the magnetic field resulting in the opposing electromotive force through the induced GGL which is in the nature of opposing current changes.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Inductance is measured based on the amount of electromotive force evoked for each change in current against time.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

For example, an inductor with 1 Henry inductance gives rise to an electromotive force by 1 volt when the current in the inducutor changes with a speed of 1 ampere each secon.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

The number of windings, the size of the winding, and the core material determine the inductance.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Q Factor An ideal inductor does not incur losses to the current passing through the winding.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

But, inductors in general have a winding resistance of the wire used for winding.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Since the resistance of the winding is seen in line with the inductor, this is often called the resistance of the row.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

The resistance of the inductor series converts the electric current into heat (bahang), which leads to a reduction in inductive quality.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

The quality factor or “Q” of an inductor is the comparison of inductive reactance and series resistance at a given frequency, and this represents the efficiency of the inductor.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

The higher the Q factor of the inductor, the more it approximates the ideal inductor without loss.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

The Q factor of an inductor can be known from the following formula, where R represents the internal resistance and ω L {\ displaystyle\ omega {} L} is the capacitive or inductive resistance at resonance: Q = ω L R {\ displaystyle Q= {\ frac {\ omega {} L} {R}}} By using the core ferromagnetic, inductance can be increased for the same amount of copper, thus increasing the Q factor.The core also gives losses at high frequencies.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Special core materials are selected for best results for those frequency paths.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

At VHF or higher frequencies, air cores are preferably used.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Inductor winding in ferromagnetic nuclei may be saturated at high currents, causing very significant reductions in inductance and Q factor.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

This can be avoided by using air core inductors.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

A well-designed air core inductor can have a Q factor of up to several hundred.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

A near-ideal condensator (Q factor approaches infinity) can be created by making windings from superconducting wire on helium or liquid nitrogen.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

This makes the resistance of the wire to zero. Since superconducting inductors are virtually devoid of losses, these can store large amounts of electrical energy in their winding.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

The use of Inductors is often used in analog circuits and signal processors.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Inductors paired with condensators and other components form a taled circuit.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Inductor usage varies from the use of large inductors on the power supply to remove the hum of the power supply, to small inductors attached to the cable to prevent radiofrequency interference for the parliament through the cable.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

The inductor-condensator combination becomes a tuning circuit in a radio transmitter and receiver.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Two or more magnetically coupled inductors form a transformer.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Inductors are used as energy stores in some switch-mode power supplies.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Inductors are energized during a certain time, and drained on the rest of the cycle.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

This comparison of energy transfers determines the output voltage.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

This inductive reactance of XL is used alongside active semiconductors to maintain voltage accurately.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Inductors are also used in electrical transmission systems, which are used to fasten voltage spikes coming from lightning, and also limit switching currents and fault currents.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

In this field, inducutors are often referred to as reactors.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Inductors that have very high inductance can be simulated using a girator.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Inductor construction An inductor is usually constructed as a winding of conducting material, usually copper wire, rolled on a magnetic core in the form of air or ferromagnetic material.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Core materials that have higher magnetic permeability than air increase the magnetic field and keep it close to the inductor, thereby increasing inductor inductance.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Low frequency inductors are made by using laminated steel to suppress eddy currents.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Soft ferrite is usually used as a core in frequency inductors, because ferrite does not cause power losses at high frequencies such as in iron cores.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

This is because ferrite has a narrow hysteresis arch and its high resistivity prevents eddy currents.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Inductors are made in various shapes.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Most of it is constructed by rolling enamel copper wire around the core material with the legs and times the wire is wound out.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Some types fully seal the wire coils inside the core material, called the enveloped inductor.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Some inductors have a core that can be changed in location, which allows for inductance change.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Inductors used to hold very high frequencies are usually made by winding tubes or ferrite beads on transmission wires.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Small inductors can be printed directly on the printed circuit board by creating a spiral shaped copper path.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Multiple inductors can be formed on a menhan integrated circuit using a planar core.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

But its small shape limits the inductance.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

And girators can be an alternative option.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Types of windings Honeycomb ferrite windings Honeycomb windings are wound in a crisscrossed manner to reduce the effect of distributed capacitance.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

It is often used on tuning circuits in radio receivers in medium wave and long wave range.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Due to its construction, high inductance can be achieved with a small shape.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Toroid core winding A simple winding wound with a cylindrical shape creates an external magnetic field with a north-south pole.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

A toroid winding can be made from a cylindrical winding by connecting it to be doughnut-shaped, thus uniting the north and south poles.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

In the toroid winding, the magnetic field is held on the winding.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

This leads to less magnetic radiation from the winding, and immunity from external magnetic fields.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Construction inductance formula Formula (SI, unless specifically noted) Cylindrical winding L = μ 0 K N 2 π r 2 l {\ displaystyle L= {\ frac {\ mu _ {0} KN^ {2}\ pi r^ {2}} {l}}} L = inductance μ0 = vacuum permeability K = Nagaoka coefficient N = number of turns r = winding radius l = length of winding Straight wire L = 200 l (ln 4 l d − 1) 10 − 9 {\ displaystyle L=200\, l\ left (\ ln {\ frac {4l} {d}} -1\ right) 10^ {-9}} L = inductance l = wire length d = diameter of air-core short cylindrical wire 2 N 2 9 r + 10 l {\ displaystyle L= {\ frac {r^ {2} N^ {2}} {9r+10l}} L = inductance (µH) r = radius of winding (in) l = length of winding (in) N = number of air-nucleated multilayered windings L = 0.8 r 2 N 2 6 r + 9 l + 10 {displaystyle L= {\ frac {0.8r^ {2} N^ {2}} {6r+9l+10d}}} L = inductance (µH) r = average radius of winding (in) l = length of winding (in) N = number of windings d = winding thickness (in) Aerial nucleated flat spiral winding L = r 2 N 2 (2 r + 2.8 d) × 10 5 {\ displaystyle L= {\ frac {r^ {2} N^ {2} (2 r + 2.8 d} (2} {2} (2r_} +2.8d)\ times 10^ {5}}}} L = inductance r = average spiral radius N = number of windings d = thickness of windings. Toroid core L = μ 0 μ r N 2 r 2 D {\ displaystyle L=\ mu _ {0}\ mu _ {r} {\ frac {N^ {2} r^ {2}}} {D}}} L = inductance μ0 = vacuum permeability μr = relative permeability of core material = winding r = radius of roll D = overall diameter In an electric circuit An inductor resists changes in current.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

An ideal inductor shows no resistance to a flat current, but only a superconducting inductor that actually has zero resistance. Generally, the relationship between changes in voltage, inductance, and current changes in the inductor is determined by the differential formula: v (t) = L d i (t) d t {\ displaystyle v (t) =L {\ frac {di (t)}} {dt}} If there is an alternating current of sinusoides through an inductor, the sinusoide voltage induced.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Voltage amplitude is proportional to current amplitude and current frequency. i (t) = I P sin (2 π f t) {\ displaystyle i (t) =I_ {P}\ sin (2\ pi ft)\,} d i (t) d t = 2 π f I P cos (2 π f t) {\ displaystyle {\ frac {in (t)} {dt} =2\ pi Fi_ {P}\ cos (2\ pi ft)} v (t) = 2 π f L I P cos (2 π f t) {\ displaystyle v (t) =2\ pi fli_ {P}\ cos (2\ pi ft)\,} In this situation, the phase of the current wave lags 90 from the phase of the voltage wave.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

If an inductor is connected to a direct current source, priced “I” through a resistance “R” and a zero-impedance current source, the above differential equation shows that the current through the inductor will be exponentially discharged: i (t) = I (1 − e − t R L) {\ displaystyle\ i (t) =I (1-e^ {\ frac {-tR} {L}})} Laplace circuit analysis (s-domain) When using Laplace transform circuit analysis, the displacement impedance of the ideal inductor with no previous current is indicated in domain s by: Z (s) = L s {\ displaystyle Z (s) =Ls\,} where L is the inductance s is the complex frequency If the inductor has had a starting current, this can be indicated by: adding a voltage source in line with the inductor at a price: L I 0 {\ displaystyle LI_ {0}\,} (Turn off that the voltage source must be polar opposite to the starting current ) or by adding a current source lined with inductors, at a price: I 0 s {\ displaystyle {\ frac {I_ {0}} {s}}} where L is inductance I 0 {\ displaystyle I_ {0}} is the initial current Inductor network Inductor in snapper configuration has a potential difference that same.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

To find the total equivalent inductance (Leq): 1 L e q = 1 L 1 + 1 L 2 + + 1 L n {\ displaystyle {\ frac {1} {L_ {\ mathrm {eq}}}} = {\ frac {1} {L_ {1}} + {\ frac {1}} {L_ {2}} cdots + {\ frac {1} {L_ {n}}}} The current in the series inductor is the same, but the voltage stretching each inductor can be different.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

The summation of the potential difference of several series inductors is equal to the total voltage.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

To determine the total todu used formula: L e q = L 1 + L 2 + + L n {\ displaystyle L_ {\ mathrm {eq}} =L_ {1} +L_ {2} +\ cdots +L_ {n}\,\!}


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

The relationship is only true if there is no magnetic coupling between the coils.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

Stored energy The energy stored in the inductor is equivalent to the effort required to flow the current through the inductor, as well as the magnetic field: E s t o r e d = 1 2 L I 2 {\ displaystyle E_ {\ mathrm {stored}} = {1\ over 2} LI^ {2}} Where L is the inductance and I is the current that goes through the inductor.


Question: What is an Electrical Inductor?

Inductors

See also Electronic Components Condensator Resistor Memristor Electronics Girator Inductance Magnetic core Magnetic motion force (GGM) Solenoid Transformer RL Circuit Reactance RLC Circuit Synonyms Coil Choke Reactor Note Outside Category:Energy storage


Question: Do fish have liver organs?

Buntal fish

Tetraodontidae is a family of estuarine and marine fishes originating in the order Tetraodontiformes.. [1]


Question: Do fish have liver organs?

Buntal fish

Morphologically, similar fishes belonging to this family are similar to porcupine fishes that have a large broad spine (unlike the thinner, hidden, and visible spine of the Tetraodontidae when these fish are self-inflating).


Question: Do fish have liver organs?

Buntal fish

This scientific name refers to the four large teeth attached to the upper and lower jaws used to crush the shells of crustaceans and mollusks, their natural prey.


Question: Do fish have liver organs?

Buntal fish

Buntal fish are generally believed to be the second most poisonous vertebrate in the world after the golden poison frog.


Question: Do fish have liver organs?

Buntal fish

Internal organs such as the liver and sometimes their skin are highly toxic to a number of animals if eaten, but the meat of some species of these fish is used as food in Japan (called 河, pronounced fugu), Korea (called bok), and China (called 河he2 tun2) and prepared by cooks who know which parts of the body are safe to eat and how much it levels.


Question: Do fish have liver organs?

Buntal fish

Tetraodontidae comprise at least 121 species of pufffish divided into 20 genera. [1]


Question: Do fish have liver organs?

Buntal fish

This fish is widely varied in tropical waters and is not common deep in temperate zone waters and is absent in cold waters.


Question: Do fish have liver organs?

Buntal fish

They are small to medium in size, although some species are more than 100 centimeters (39 inches) long. [2]


Question: Do fish have liver organs?

Buntal fish

Also check out Fugu, a Japanese cuisine that contains puffed fish meat and is famous for its poison potential.


Question: Do fish have liver organs?

Buntal fish

Neurotoxin Tetrodotoxin Shimonoseki Reference Library Materials Arreola, V.I., and M.W. Westneat. 1996.


Question: Do fish have liver organs?

Buntal fish

Mechanics of propulsion by multiple fins: kinematics of aquatic locomotion in the burrfish (Chilomycterus schoepfi).


Question: Do fish have liver organs?

Buntal fish

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 263:1689—1696.


Question: Do fish have liver organs?

Buntal fish

Ebert, Klaus (2001): The Puffers of Fresh and Brackish Water, Aqualog, ISBN 3-931702-60-X. Gordon, M.S., Plaut, I., and D. Kim. 1996.


Question: Do fish have liver organs?

Buntal fish

How puffers (Teleostei: Tetraodontidae) swim.


Question: Do fish have liver organs?

Buntal fish

Journal of Fish Biology 49:319—328.


Question: Do fish have liver organs?

Buntal fish

Plaut, I. and T. Chen. 2003.


Question: Do fish have liver organs?

Buntal fish

How small puffers (Teleostei: Tetraodontidae) swim.


Question: Do fish have liver organs?

Buntal fish

Ichthyological Research Footnotes Outside Category:Commercial fish Category:Poisonous fish


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

The Boston Molasses Disaster, also known as the Great Molasses Flood and the Great Molasses Tragedy of Boston, occurred on January 15, 1919, in the North End area of Boston, Massachusetts, United States.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

There were bursts from large storage tanks of molasses, and waves of molasses flowed rapidly through the streets at speeds of about 35miles/h (56km/h), killing 21 people and injuring 150.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

This tragedy has entered local folklore, and for decades afterward, residents confessed that on hot summer days, the area still smells of molasses. [1]


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

The catastrophic flood occurred on the facilities of the purely refining company on January 15, 1919.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Temperatures have risen above 40°F (4.4°C), rising rapidly from the cold temperatures of previous days. [2] :91.95 At that time, molasses was the standard sweetener in the United States.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Molasses can also be fermented to produce rum and ethanol, active ingredients in other alcoholic beverages and key components in the manufacture of ammunition. [2] :11 The stored molasses are awaiting being ushered to the Purity plant located on Willow Road now named Evereteze Way, at Cambridge.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

At about 12:30 p.m. near Keany Square, [3] at Commercial Street No. 529, a molasses tank with 50ft (15m) tall and 90ft (27m) diameter containing as much as 2,300,000 US gallons (8,700 m3) was destroyed.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Witnesses stated that after the tank was destroyed, there was a loud roar, like a rivet bulleted machine gun streaking out of the tank, and that the ground shook as if a train was passing. [4]


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

The collapse gave rise to molasses waves with their peak height of 25 feet (7.6m), [5] moving at speeds of 35 miles per hour (56km/h). [1]


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

This molasses wave had enough force to damage the buffer of the adjacent Boston Elevated Railway Atlantic Avenue structure and the railroad out of its path.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Author Stephen Puleo describes how nearby buildings were swept from their foundations and destroyed.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Some blocks were inundated to a depth of 2 to 3 feet (60 to 90cm).


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Puleo cited a Boston Post report: Molasses, waist-high, covered roads, circled, and inflated rubble...


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Here and there fighting something—whether it's an animal or a human that is impossible to tell.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Just an upheaval, thrashing around in a sticky mass, showing where life is...


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Dead horses like so many flies on sticky flytrap paper.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

The more they struggle, the deeper they become entangled.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Humans and women suffered as well. [2] :98 The Boston Globe reported that people “were lifted up by a puff of air and threw them up to several feet high.”


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Others have thrown debris from the rush of fragrant air.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

A truck was lifted off and catapulted into the Port of Boston.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

About 150 people were injured; 21 people and several horses away—partially destroyed and drowned by molasses.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Injured included people, horses, and dogs; cough became one of the most common diseases after the initial explosion.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

In a 1983 article from the Smithsonian, Edwards Park wrote of a child's experience:... Anthony di Stasio, walking home with his brothers and sisters from the Michelangelo School, was lifted by a wave and carried him, falling at his peak, almost as if he were surfing.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Then he grounded molasses and pushed it like a pebble when the waves dwindled.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

She heard her mother calling her name and could not answer, her throat so clogged with an encapsulation of sticky liquid.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

He fainted, then opened his eyes and found three of his four brothers staring at him. [1]


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

As a result Yang first parachuted onto the scene of 116 cadets under the direction of Lieutenant Commander H. J. Copeland of the USS Nantucket, the training ship of the Massachusetts Training School (now named the Massachusetts Maritime Academy), which was anchored near the site on the playground pier. [3]


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

They ran several blocks in the direction of the crash.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

They worked to keep a curious person on the path of rescue while others got into the knee-deep sticky mess that drew the victims.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Soon Boston Police, Red Cross, Army and other Navy personnel arrived.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Some nurses from the Red Cross plunged into molasses, while others tended to the injured, keeping them warm and keeping out exhausted workers.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

A lot of these people work through the night.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

The wounded were so much that doctors and surgeons set up a makeshift hospital in a nearby building.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Rescuers found it difficult to make their way through the molasses to help the victims.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

It took four days before they stopped searching for victims; many of the dead were coated in molasses, they were difficult to identify. [1]


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Local residents brought a group lawsuit, one of the first held in Massachusetts, against the United States Industrial Alcohol Company (United States Industrial Alcohol Company or USAH), which had purchased Purity Distilling (Pure Distilling) in 1917.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Despite the company's attempts to claim that the tank had been attacked by anarchists [2] :165 (as some of the alcohol produced was for use in the manufacture of ammunition), court-appointed auditors found the USIA liable after three years of hearings.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

The United States Alcohol Industry Company ended up paying $600,000 out of court (at least $10,700,000 dollars in 2012). [6]


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

The death toll reportedly received about $7,000 per casualty (about $125,000 dollars in 2012). [1]


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Cleaning officers use brine from fire ships to wash molasses, and use sand to try to absorb it. [7]


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

The port is tan with molasses until summer.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Cleanup in the area surrounding the disaster took “several weeks”, [8] with over 300 people contributing to the cleanup effort. [2] :132—134, 139 The cleanup throughout Boston and surrounding areas would take unspecified time.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Rescue workers, cleaning workers and travelers have tracked molasses through the streets and spread to subway foyers, seats inside trains and trams, pay phone handsets, to homes [1] [2] :139 and many other places.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

“The whole of Boston was touched sticky. “[1]


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Fatalities Source: [2] :239 [3] Causes Multiple factors that occurred on that day and previous days may have contributed to this disaster.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

The tanks are poorly made and poorly tested.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Due to fermentation taking place in the tank, carbon dioxide production may have raised internal pressure.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

The local rise in temperature that occurred over the previous day has also helped in building this pressure.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Records show that air temperatures rose from 2°F to 41°F (-17°C to 5.0°C) during that period.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Damage occurs from the manhole cover near the base of the tank, and it is possible that there are fatigue cracks that develop to a critical point.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

The greatest circular voltage occurs near the base of the filled cylindrical tank.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

The tank has only eight times fully loaded since it was created a few years earlier, putting the wall under a perch of cyclical loads.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Some authors say that purely refining companies are (or may be) attempting to violate Prohibition in the United States; [9] [10] [11] The Constitution of the United States The 18th Amendment was ratified the next day (January 16, 1919), and would take effect one year later. [12]


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

An investigation after the disaster revealed that Arthur Jell, who oversaw its manufacture, ignored basic safety tests, such as filling tanks with water to check for leaks.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

When filled with molasses, the tank leaked so severely, and that the tank was painted brown to hide its leaks.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Locals collect spilled molasses to keep in their homes. [6]


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

An investigation first published in 2014, applying modern engineering analysis, found that the steel was not only half the thickness of the supposed tank, even by clearance standards, but also lacked manganese, and was made more fragile as a result. [ 13]


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

The current territory of the United States Alcohol Industry Company did not rebuild the tank.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

The property was formerly occupied by a molasses tank and the North End Paving Company became a yard for the Boston Elevated Railway (predecessor of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority).


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

It is currently the site of a city-owned recreation complex, officially named Langone Park, which features a Little League Baseball field, playground, and bocce field. [14]


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

To the east is the larger Puopolo Park park, with additional recreational facilities. [15]


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

A small plaque at the entrance to Puopolo Park, placed by the Boston Society, in memory of this disaster. [16]


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

The plaque, titled “Boston Molasses Flood”, reads: On January 15, 1919, a molasses tank at 529 Commercial Street exploded under pressure, killing 21 people.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

A 40-foot wave of molasses bent railroad tracks, destroyed buildings and soaked neighborhoods.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Structural disability in the tank combined with warm temperatures did not by season contribute to this disaster.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

One of the DUKW amphibious tourist vehicles operated by Boston Duck Tours, aptly painted dark brown, is named after Molly Molasses in memory of this disaster, per the company's practice of naming their DUKW after occupying notable Boston locations, activities and other pieces of local culture. [17]


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

See also London Beer Flood Spill Molasses Honolulu (September 2013) Outside Links Reference.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Photos related to the event on Flickr.


Question: What are the number of victims from Boston's Great Molasses Tragedy?

Boston Molasses Disaster

Many phrases are direct quotes., four-minute audio story at The American Storyteller Radio Journal with Stephen Puleo, author of the book listed in References section above, present-day pictures and list of 1919 inhabitants, at archive.org, from the Washington Times, January 18, 1919 Category:United States within 1919 Category:United States within the 1910s Category:Disasters of 1919 Category:Floods in United States Category:Historical Boston, Massachusetts Category:Industrial accidents and incidents Category:North End, Boston


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Buni fruit (Latin 'bacca, Ing. berry) in the botanical sense is a fleshy fruit formed from a single fruit (ovary).


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Morphologically, all of its wrapping layers (pericarp) are soft: the outermost layer (exocarp or epicarp) is thin and soft, its inner layer (mesocarp and endocarp often indistinguishable) is thick, soft, and aqueous.


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Seeds or assemblages of seeds (usually relatively small) gather loose within the inner chamber, often the seeds have a very soft seed salute that closely resembles mucus (technically called pulp).


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Buni fruit is the most common type of fleshy fruit encountered and its flesh is plentiful to eat.


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Buni fruit is a basic type, but many other popular fruits are this type, such as grapes, eggplants (eggplant, tomato, chili), guava fruit (guava, guava), and cocoa fruit.


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Some buni fruits there are poisonous, such as potato fruits (Solanum tuberosum).


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Examples of buni fruit In the botanical definition, berries are those that have seeds and pulp produced from one ovary, both the inferior ovary and the superior ovary.


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Examples of buni fruit include: Oregon grapes (Mahonia aquifolium; Berberidaceae) Grapes, Vitis vinifera Apokat (Persea americana) Arbutus unedo Arctostaphylos spp. Berberis (Berberidaceae) Blueberry Cranberry Empetrum spp. Garcinia gummi-gutta, Garcinia mangostana, and Garcinia indica Goji Gooseberry (Ribes spp.; Grossulariaceae) Persimmon Fruit Coffee Pumpkin Lonicera caerulea Phyllanthus emblica Banana [1] Podophyllum peltatum Ribes spp. (Grossulariaceae) Sambucus niger (Caprifoliaceae) Watermelon Tomato and other species in the family Solanaceae Vaccinium vitis-idaea Viburnum lentago Modified berries Citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, kumquats, are berries with a thick skin and very juicy pulp called with the fruits of hesperidium.


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

The berries that develop from the inferior ovary are often referred to as “pseudo berries”, in contrast to the “true berries” that develop from the superior ovary.


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

In pseudo berries, part of the fruit also includes the part that was once a component of the flower apart from its ovaries.


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

The base of the flower can develop into the flesh together with the development of the ovary into fruit.


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Examples of pseudo are bananas, coffee, members of the genus Vaccinium, and members of the family Cucurbitaceae. [2]”


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Pepo fruit” is another term used in members of Cucurbitaceae that have a hard fruit skin.


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Fruits of the genus Passiflora and Carica are also called pepo fruits. [3]


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Not berries botanically Various fruits are called berries culinary, but they do not meet the definition of berries botanically, but instead enter into the following fruit categry: Drupa Drupa (drupe) or stone fruit is a fruit that comes from a single-seeded ovary with a hard layer that is surrounds the seeds called by the term endocarp.


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Some examples: Olive Plum Peach Cherry Bayberry Coconut Fruits from the genis Celtis family Cannabaceae Pome Pome fruits are produced from plants of the subtribe Pyrinae family Rosaceae, such as apples and pears.


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

The pome fruit has a structure that separates between the seeds and ovarian tissue clearly.


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Fruits of the genus Crataegus and Amelanchier resemble berries but are not berries botanically, but rather pome fruits.


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Aggregate Aggregate or double fruit contain seeds from a variety of different ovaries in a single flower.


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Examples are blackberries and raspberries.


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Plural Plural fruit or compound fruit is the fruit of several different flowers but converges as they develop; usually of compound flowers.


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Mulberry (mulberry) is an example of a fruit that resembles berries but is actually a plural fruit.


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Mulberry develops from a cluster of flowers that coalesce when it develops into fruit. [4]


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Accessories On accessory fruits, the edible part is not the result of the ovary.


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Examples of accessory fruits resembling berries are: Strawberry Gurbir Coccoloba uvifera Gaultheria procumbens Reference Bowling related reading material, B.L. (2005).


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

The Berry Grower's Companion.


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

Timber Press.


Question: How does the pome fruit form?

Buni fruit

ISBN 978-0-88192-726-9 Outlink — Description of berries (2009-10-31) — Differentiation between true berries, pepos, and hesperidia — Scientists working on the health properties of berries Category:Fruits Category:Non-wood Forest Products


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The Russian Federation [1] (Russian:Росси́йская Федера́ция, Tr.Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rˈsijskəjə fɪdɪˈratsjə] (listen)), generally called Russian (Russian:росси́я, Tr.rossian:роси́я, Tr.rossian:роси́я, Tr.rossian:роси́я, Tr.rossian:роси́я, Tr.Ja, IPA: [rˈsijə] (listen)), is a sovereign state extending broadly to the east of Europe and north of Asia.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

With an area of 17,125,200km², [2] Russia is the widest country in the world.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Its territory covers one-eighth of the land area of the earth, [3] [4] [5], its population ranks the ninth most in the world with about 146 million inhabitants (March 2016). [6] [7] Its territory stretches along North Asia and parts of eastern Europe, Russia has 11 time zones and its territory comprises of various types of environment and soil.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

From the northwest to the southeast, Russia borders Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both bordering Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The country borders the sea with Japan on the Sea of Okhotsk and the state of Alaska, United States on the Bering Strait.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The country's history dates back to the Eastern Slav Nation that existed in Europe between the 3rd to the 8th century BC. [8]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Discovered and led by elite troops of Varangia and its descendants, the medieval state of Rus emerged around the 9th century.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In 988 they adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Kingdom of Byzantium, [9] being the beginning of the emergence of Byzantium and Slavik culture that defines Russian culture to the present. [9]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Rus eventually split into small countries, parts of their land were later seized by the Mongols and became colonies of the Golden Hordes in the 13th century. [10]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The Haryapathy of Moscow gradually reunited and gained independence from the Golden Horde, and could again dominate the cultural and political heritage of the Kiev Rus.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In the 18th century, the country expanded tremendously through conquest, annexation, and exploration into the Russian Empire which was the third largest empire in history, extending from Poland in Europe to Alaska in North America. [11] [12] After the Russian Revolution, the Socialist Republic The Russian Soviet Federation became the main and largest part of the Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union, the first country in the world to have a socialist state constitution. [13]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The Soviet Union played a defensive role in the Allied victory in World War II, [14] [15] and later emerged as a superpower and became an opponent of the United States during the Cold War.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In the Soviet Era were the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first man-made satellite and the first human launch in space.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

At the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, the world's largest military power, and the most reserves of weapons of mass destruction. [16] [17] [18] After the dispersion of the Soviet Union in 1991, 14 independent republics split off.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

As the largest, most populated, and economically most developed country, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic named itself the Russian Federation and continued its legal status and successor state of the Soviet Union. [19]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Currently the country is in the form of a semi-presidential federal republic.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Russia's economy ranked 12th largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest according to the balance of shopping capabilities in 2015. [20]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Russia's largest energy and mineral resources in the world, [21] make it the world's major oil producer and natural gas producer. [22] [23] The country is one of five known nuclear weapons states and has the largest reserves of weapons of mass destruction in the world. [24]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Russia is a major country and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, also a member of the G20, Council of Europe, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Shanghai Organization for Cooperation (SCO), Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), World Trade Organization (WTO), a leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of five members of the Eurasian Economic Union, along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The History of Russia begins with the displacement of the Scandinavian nations known as the Varangians led by the semilegendary figure Rurik who crossed the Baltic Sea as well as in 862 AD entered the city of Novgorod and ruled there.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In 882 he took control of Kiev, the Slavic city that developed into a center of trade between Scandinavia and Constantinople.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In 989 Vladimir I expanded his territory up to the Caucasus and Black Sea and took the teachings of the Greek Orthodox Church.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The Russian Kingdom of Kiev came to an end after a Mongol attack in 1237 by Batu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Subsequently the Mongols were defeated by Dimitri Donskoy in 1380 with a victory at Kulikovo.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Later the scattered areas were reunited by Ivan IV; he conquered Kazan (1552), Astrakhan (1516) and took control of Siberia.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The reign was continued by his successors until the Romanov wangsa ascended the throne beginning with his appointment by Michael Romanov as Tsar (1613).


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The Romanov dynasty was in power for 304 years until 1917 with Tsar Nikolai II as the last tsar.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In February 1917 was formed Provisional Government under Princes Lyvov and Alexander Kerensky until 25 October 1917, when the administration was replaced the Bolshevik Revolutionary Government by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Russian Empire Under Pyotr the Great, Russia declared itself the Empire of 1721 and became one of the world powers.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In power from 1682 to 1725, Pyotr defeated the Swedes in the Great Northern War, forcing them to cede West Karelia and Ingria (2 territories off Russia during the Period of Chaos), [25] also Estland and Livland, securing Russian access to sea and sea trade. [26]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

On the Baltic Sea, Pyotr found a new capital named after Saint Petersburg.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Pyotr's Reforms the Great brought western European cultural influences to Russia.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Pyotr I's son, Yelizaveta who came to power of 1741—62 got Russia to participate in the Seven Years' War (1756—63).


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

At this war Russia annexed East Prussia and even captured Berlin.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

However, after Yelizaveta's death, this area was returned to the Kingdom of Prussia by the pro-Prussian Pyotr III of Russia.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Yekaterina II (“the Great one”) ruled 1762—96, presiding during the Russian Age of Enlightenment.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

He augmented Russian political control throughout the Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth and merged it all into Russian territory when the Separation of Poland, pushing the Russian boundary into Central Europe.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In the south, after successfully gaining victory in the Russo-Turkish War against the Ottoman Sultanate, Yekaterina added to the Russian boundary until the Black Sea, defeating the Crimean Peculiarity.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Subsequently, after winning against the Qajar Dynasty in the Russo-Persian War, in the middle of the 19th century Russia also added to its regions of power in Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus, forcing the territories that today became the territories of Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan and Armenia to join Russia. [27 ] [28] Aleksandr I (1801—25) took Finland from the Kingdom of Sweden in 1809 and Bessarabia from the Ottomans in 1812.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

At about the same time, the Russians colonized Alaska and even established cities in California, such as Fort Ross.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The year 1820 Russian expedition discovered the continent of Antarctica.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Together with its alliances with several European countries, Russia went to war against Napoleon.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The French invasion of Russia in Napoleon's heyday of 1812 brought complete failure for France.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

A combination of fierce resistance from the Russians plus piercing cold weather when winter left 95% of the Grande Armée's pan-European troops dead. [29]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Led by Mikhail Kutuzov and Barclay de Tolly, Russian forces succeeded in expelling Napoleon from the country and sparking through Europe in the War of the Sixth Coalition.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Alexanderi represented the Russian delegation at the Congress of Vienna that defined the map of post-Napoleonic Europe.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

At the end of the period of the conservative regime of Nikolai I (1825—55), the period of Russian glory in Europe was interrupted as a result of defeat in the Crimean War.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Between 1847 and 1851, about one million people died as a result of cholera in Asia. [30]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Nikolai's successor Aleksandr II (1855—81) made significant changes in the country, including the emancipation reform of 1861.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

These major reforms set in motion the industrialization and modernization of the Russian army, which later succeeded in liberating Bulgaria from the Ottoman Sultanate in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877—78.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Late in the 19th century began to appear socialist movements in Russia.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Aleksandr II was murdered terrorist of 1881, then continued by his son Aleksandr III (1881—94).


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

He was less liberal but pleased peace.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The last Russian Emperor Nikolai II (1894—1917), unable to prevent the 1905 Revolution, triggered by the failure in the Russo-Japanese War and the incident of demonstrations known as Bloody Sunday.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The rebellion was successfully muted, but the government was forced to undertake massive reforms, among them granting freedom of opinion and freedom of assembly, legalization of political parties, and the establishment of an elected legislative body of the Russian Imperial Duma.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Stolypin's agrarian reforms encouraged peasant migration and massive occupation to Siberia.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

More than 4 million people arrived in the region between 1906 and 1914. [31]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In 1914, Russia participated in World War I in response to Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia which was an ally of Russia.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Russia participated in fighting on several fronts despite being separate from their Triple Entente allies.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In 1916, the Brusilov Offensive of the Russian army almost destroyed the military of Austria-Hungary.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

However, great public distrust plus the rising costs of the war, the large number of troops killed, and rumors of corruption eventually spurred the 1917 Russian Revolution.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The Revolution and the Russian Republic the February Revolution forced Nikolai II to abdicate; he and his family were imprisoned and eventually executed in Yekaterinburg at the time of the Russian Civil War.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The powers of the monarchy were replaced by a coalition of political parties that named itself the Provisional Government.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In addition to the provisional government, a group of socialists established its own separate group called the Petrograd Soviet, uniting forces through a democratically elected council called the Soviets.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The new government is only aggravating the country's crisis and not solving it.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Eventually, the October Revolution led by the Bolshevik leader, Vladimir Lenin ejected the Provisional Government and power fell to Soviet power, establishing the world's first socialist state.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Soviet Russia and civil war After the October Revolution, civil war broke out between the anti-communist White movement and the Soviet regime with its Red Army.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Russian Bolshevis lost territory to Ukraine, Poland, the Baltics, and Finland by signing the Brest-Litovsk Tract which ended hostilities with the Central Bloc in World War I. The allied powers launched a military intervention but failed, whose initial purpose was to support the anti- group communist.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

At the same time, both Bolshevik and White groups called for campaigns of deportation and execution of each other, famous by the designations Red Terror and White Terror.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

At the end of the civil war, the economy and infrastructure of this country were completely destroyed.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Millions of people became White émigré, [32] and the 1921 Povolzhye famine disaster took a toll of up to 5 million lives. [33]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The Soviet Union of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republics along with Ukrainian, Byelorussian, and Transcaucasian, formed the Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union or USSR on December 30, 1922.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Of the 15 republics that made up the Soviet Union, the largest in size and whose population was half the Soviet population was the Russian Soviet Republic which later dominated the union for its 69 years of history.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

After Vladimir Lenin's death in 1924, the troika was appointed to run the country.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

However, Joseph Stalin, the elected General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, began to embolden all opposition groups within the party and gather strength in his hands.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Leon Trotsky, the main adherent of the world revolution, was exiled from the Soviet Union of 1929, and Stalin's idea of Socialism in One State became his main line.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Internal conflict within the Bolshevik party reached its peak in the Massive Purge, a period of mass repression of 1937-38, when hundreds to thousands of people were executed, including early members of the party and military leaders for being accused of masterminding the coup d'état. [34]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a planned economy, industrialization of a country whose territory was still rural, and agricultural collectivization.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In this period of rapid economic growth, millions were sent to labor camps, [35] including various political prisoners who fought Stalin; millions more were deported and exiled to remote places. [35]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The transition of state agricultural disorganization, coupled with draconian state policies, led to the Soviet Famine Disaster of 1932—1933. [36]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The Soviet Union, despite having to be paid handsomely, transformed from an agrarian economic state into a major industrialized state in a short period of time.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

After Stalin's death and a short period of collective leadership, the new leader Nikita Khrushchev eliminated Stalin's individual cult and launched a policy of de-Stalinization.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The forced labor system was reformed and many prisoners were released and rehabilitated (many of them posthumously). [37]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

This policy in later life became known as the Khrushchev Thaw.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

At the same time, tensions with the United States increased when these two eternal rivals clashed over the United States' Jupiter missiles in Turkey and Soviet missiles in Cuba.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, beginning the Space Age.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit the earth, aboard the Vostok 1 spaceride of April 12, 1961.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Following the 1964 overthrow of Krushchev, the state again led collective leadership, until Leonid Brezhnev became leader.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The 1970s and early 1980s era is characterized as the Era of Stagnation, a period in which economic growth slowed and social policy became static.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The 1965 Kosygin reforms aimed at partial decentralization of the Soviet economy and changed attention from heavy industry and weapons to light industry and home supplies but were rejected by conservative communist leaders.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In 1979, broke out of the revolution in Communist-led Afghanistan, Soviet armed forces invaded the country at the request of the new regime.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The occupation of Afghanistan depleted economic resources with no politically meaningful results.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Finally, the Soviet army took up arms from Afghanistan in 1989 as a result of international resistance, continuous guerrilla warfare, and lack of support of the Soviet population.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Starting in 1985, the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who sought to enact liberal reforms in the Soviet system, introduced policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) to try to end periods of economic stagnation and democratize the government.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

However, this led to the rise of nationalist and separatist movements.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Before 1991, the world's second largest Soviet economy, [38] but in its final years the country was hit by its impact marked by scarcity of goods, large budget deficits, and inflation. [39]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In 1991, economic and political turmoil began to boil over, plus the Baltic republics voted to secede from the Soviet Union.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In March, a referendum was conducted, in which most of the participating population voted to turn the Soviet Union into a renewed federation.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In August 1991, there was an attempted coup d'état by members of Gorbachev's government, directed against Gorbachev and aimed at defending the Soviet Union.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

However, this coup failed and instead ended with the dispersal of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

On 25 December 1991, the Soviet Union broke up into 15 separate countries.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Russian Federation in June 1991, Boris Yeltsin was elected as the first president in Russian history when he became President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic which turned into the Russian Federation in December of that year.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Lapse and after the dispersal of the Soviet Union, massive reforms were carried out including privatization and free trade, [40] including radical changes as recommended by the United States and the International Monetary Fund. [41]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

All of these things made the economic crisis extraordinary, marked by a 50% decline in GDP and industrial products between 1990 and 1995. [40] [42] This privatization changed most of the control of various companies from state bodies to individuals with connections to individuals with connections to government.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Many new rich billionaires moved their funds abroad thereby escaping massive capital. [43]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Economic depression led to a loss of social services; the birth rate fell dramatically while the death rate increased significantly. [44]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Millions of people fell poor, the percentage rising from 1.5% in the late Soviet to 39— 49% by the middle of 1993. [45]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In the 1990s corruption was rampant and the number of criminal gangs as well as crime. [46]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Russia was responsible for expropriating the Soviet Union's foreign debt, even though its population was only half the population of the Soviet Union before it broke up. [47]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The high budget deficit led to the 1998 Russian financial crisis [48] and GDP further fell. [40]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

On 31 December 1999, President Yeltsin abruptly resigned and gave up his post to the newly elected Prime Minister, Vladimir Putin, who later won in the 2000 presidential election.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Putin brushed the Chechen insurgency despite sporadic violence lingering in the North Caucasus.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

High oil prices and a weak exchange rate followed by rising domestic demand, consumption, and investment helped the economy grow 9 years in a row, raising Russia's standard of living and influence at the world level. [49]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

However, the world economic crisis starting in 2008 and falling oil prices caused the country's economy to stagnate again and poverty rates rose again. [50]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Many reforms were carried out during Putin's presidency, but he was criticized by Western countries as undemocratic. [51]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Even so, Putin's leadership brings stability and progress to the country that he is widely admired in Russia. [52]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

On 2 March 2008, Dmitry Medvedev was elected President whereas Putin became Prime Minister.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Putin regained the presidency at the 2012 presidential election and Medvedev was appointed Prime Minister.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In 2014, after Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych fled as a result of the revolution, Putin requested and obtained the right from the Russian parliament to field Russian soldiers in Ukraine. [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] After a 2014 Crimean referendum in which many more residents agreed to split, but not internationally recognized, [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] Russian leaders announced Crimea's entry into the Russian Federation.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

On 27 March, the United Nations General Assembly held an eventual vote in favor of a non-binding resolution rejecting the annexation of Crimea with 100 votes in favor, 11 rejecting, and 58 absent. [64]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In September 2015, Russia began a military intervention in the Syrian Civil War, consisting of airstrikes against the militant group ISIS, Jabhat al-Nusra, and the Army of Conquest.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Geography of moscowst.petersburgnovgorodnovosibirskyekaterinburgnizhnynovgorodkazanchelyabinskomsksamararostovufakrasnoyarskpermvoronezhvolgogradarkhangelskastrakhansochiirkutskyakutskkhabarovskvladivostokmagadanyuzhno-sakhalskinskakutskkhabarovskvladivostokmagadanyuzhno-sakhalskinskavavavavladivostokmagadanyuzhno-sakhalskinskakutskkhabarovskvladiLovsk-kamchatsky Russia is the largest country in the world; total its area reaches 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100sqmi). [65] [66] There are 23 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the country, 40 UNESCO biosphere reserves, [67] 41 national parks and 101 natural reserves.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Its territory extends at 41° to 82°N north latitude, and 19° east longitude to 169° west longitude.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The territorial expansion of Russia was largely gained in the late 16th century under Yermak Timofeyevich during the rule of Ivan IV Vasilyevich, a time when states in the western part of Russia united together to form a single state.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Yermak formed an army and managed to gain almost all the territory that was originally the area of the Mongol Empire, defeating its leader Khan Kuchum. [68]


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The topography of the Russian Region is on the European continent, in particular Eastern Europe as well as the Asian continent where the Ural Mountains become the boundary between the two continents.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The most extensive region is Siberia which is generally temperate tundra.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Because it is located in the northernmost hemisphere, Russian waters are generally covered with ice with several ice-free seas, namely the Barents Sea, White Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea which are part of the Arctic or the north pole, as well as the Bering Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk and Sea of Japan which is part of the Pacific Ocean.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

The climate in most regions of Russia is Tundra with long, freezing winters and cool, short summers.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Russia has several islands, including Novaya Zemlya, the Franz-Josef mainland, the New Siberian archipelago, the island of Wrangel in the Arctic Ocean, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin (which is still in dispute with Japan).


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Russia has several rivers, among them the Dnieper River (border of Ukraine) and the Volga River.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

In addition there is the Caspian Sea as well as the Black Sea bordering Turkey.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Through the Bosphorus Strait and the Dardanela Strait, Russian ships from the Black Sea can sail for the Middle Sea and the Suez Canal.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Boundaries Counterclockwise from the Northwest: Bordered by Norway and Finland Bordering Baltic countries namely Estonia and Latvia then Belarus and Ukraine Black Sea, Georgia and Azerbaijan Caspian Sea, Kazakhstan, People's Republic of China, Mongolia and North Korea The northern Pacific Ocean includes the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk, and the Bering Strait (with the island of Big Diomede or Ostrov Ratmanov having a distance of several miles from the island of Little Diomede, part of Alaska (United States) To the north with the Arctic Ocean (North Pole) Has Kaliningrad Oblast with its capital city Kaliningrad bordering Poland and Lithuania as well as the Baltic Sea.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

Politics and government Until 1917 Russia was an empire/empire with a tsar as head of state.


Question: what is the area of Russia?

Russian

During the imperial fragrance, especially during the Romanov Dynasty, Russia experienced political stopovers with European countries, among them conflicts with the French government of Napoleon Bonaparte, the Balkan Crisis for wanting a port free of ice in Europe. called Political Warm Water, Unification of Pan Slavs as well as frequent battles with the Usmani Turks (Ottoman) Turks in fighting over the Caucasus region and Austria-Hungary in World War I.