Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

He succeeded in forcing his enemies, the mercenary captain Memnon of Rhodes and the Persian satrap at Karia, Orontobates, to retreat to the sea. [74]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

After conquering Karia, Aleksander assigned Ada to head government affairs in Karia.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Ada himself adopted Aleksander as his son. [75]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

From Halikarnassos, Aleksander advanced into the Lykia mountains and the plains of Pamphylia.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

He conquered all coastal cities with the aim of making it difficult for the Persian sea fleet.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

If cities on the coast are controlled by Aleksander, then Persian ships will not be able to dock.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Starting dai Pamphylia, on the coast there was no longer an important port and Aleksander continued his campaign to the inner land.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In Termessos, Aleksander pardoned the city of Pisidia. [76]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In the city of Gordium, the ancient capital of Phrygia, Aleksander encountered Gordia's notoriously unopenable bond.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

According to legend, the one who is able to open it will become the “king of Asia”. [77]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander felt that it did not matter how the bond was opened, and he cut it with his sword. [78]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Levant and Syria After spending its winters conducting campaigns in Asia Minor, Aleksander's forces crossed the Gate of Cilicia in 333BC, and defeated the main Persian forces under the lead of Darius III in the Battle of Issus in November. [79]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Darius fled the battle so that his army was chaotic.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

He left his wife, two daughters, his mother Sisygambis, as well as a large amount of property. [80]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Afterwards he offered a peace deal to Aleksander.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Darius offered would surrender the entire territory that had been conquered by Aleksander as well as a ransom of 10,000 talen to ransom his family.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander replied that since he was now king of Asia, then only he himself had the right to govern the issue of division of territory. [81]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander moved forward to take control of Syria, as well as much of the coast of the Levant. [82]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

But a year later, in 332BC, he was forced to invade Tyre, which he ultimately conquered through a famous siege. [83] [84] After conquering Tyre, Aleksander, slaughtered all its male inhabitants, and sold all the women and children as slaves. [85]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Egypt After Aleksander destroyed Tyre, most of the cities on the route to Egypt surrendered, except Gaza.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Gaza has a strong fortress on a hill and very sheltered. [86]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

At the beginning of the Siege of Gaza, Aleksander made use of the tools he had previously worn when attacking Tyre.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

After three failed attempts to attack, the fort was ultimately successfully breached, but Aleksander had to receive a wound on his shoulder.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

As was the case in Tyre, all male inhabitants were massacred, while all women and children were made slaves. [87]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

On the other hand, Jerusalem opened its gates and surrendered to Aleksander.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

According to Josephus, Aleksander was shown Daniel's book of divination, probably chapter 8, the content of which was that a powerful Greek king would come and conquer the Persian Empire.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

After seeing the contents of the book, Aleksander pardoned Jerusalem and continued to advance into Egypt. [88] [89] Aleksander entered Egypt in 332BC, there he was seen as a liberator. [90]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

He acquired the title of “new ruler of the universe” and son of the god Amun at the Orakel Oasis of Shiva in the Libyan desert. [91]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Since then, Aleksander was sometimes referred to as the original son of Zeus-Ammon, and the currency that later appeared depicted him with a goat horn ornament as a symbol of his manhood. [92] [93] During his stay in Egypt, he founded Aleksandria (Alexandria), which would later become the capital of the Ptolemaic Kingdom after Aleksander's death. [94]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Assyrians and Babylonians Departing Egypt in 331BC, Aleksander went east into Mesopotamia (now northern Iraq) and again defeated Darius in the Battle of Gaugamela. [95]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Again Darius is forced to escape and leave the battle arena, Aleksander pursuing him all the way to Arbela.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Gaugamela would prove to be the last and most decisive battle between Aleksander and Darius.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander then moved towards Babylonia and conquered the city. [96]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Persian From Babylonia, Aleksander drove to Susa, one of the Persian capitals, and seized its legendary treasure. [96]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander sent most of his army to the Persian ceremonial capital, Persepolis, via the Royal Road, and he himself led his chosen armies through a direct route to the city.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander had to attack the entrance to the Persian Gate (in modern Zagros Mountains) which had been blocked by Persian forces under the leadership of Ariobarzanes and then destroy Persepolis before his garrison could secure the possessions. [97]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

When mamsuki Persepolis Aleksander allowed his troops to plunder the city and then told them to stop. [98]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander lived in Persepolis for five months. [99]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

During his stay in the capital, a fire broke out in the eastern palace of Xerxes and spread throughout the city.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

There is much conjecture regarding whether the fire occurred by accident, or as an act of retaliation for the burning of the Athenian Acropolis during the Second Greco-Persian War. [100]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Arrianus, in one of his criticisms regarding Aleksander, stated, “Nor do I feel that Aleksander showed good sense in this action or that he could punish the Persian people for past actions. “[101]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander's fall of Persia then went after Darius again, first to Media, and then to Parthia. [102]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The Persian king was no longer able to control his fate, and he was taken captive by Bessus, his satraps in Bactria and his relatives. [103]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

When Aleksander comes, Bessus and his men have stabbed Darius to death.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Bessus then declared himself the successor of Darius under the name Artaxerxes V, before retreating to Central Asia to launch a guerrilla attack against Aleksander. [104]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Darius' corpse was buried by Aleksander near the tombs of other leaders of Akhemeniyah with a sacred funeral ceremony. [105]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander implied that before his death, Darius had appointed Aleksander as successor to the throne of Akhemeniyah. [106]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The Akhemeniyah Empire or Persian Empire is generally considered to have collapsed with the death of Darius. [107]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Central Asian Aleksander, now considering himself the rightful successor of Darius, saw Bessus as a rebel who threatened the throne of Akhemeniyah.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander also made an attack to defeat him.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

This military campaign, originally planned to fight Bessus, ultimately became Aleksander's adventures in Central Asia.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander founded new cities, and all were named Aleksandria, including modern-day Kandahar in Afghanistan, and Aleksandria Eskhate (“The Farthest”) of modern Tajikistan.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The campaign took Aleksander through Media, Parthia, Aria (western Afghanistan), Drangiana, Arachosia (Central and Southern Afghanistan), Bactria (Central and Northern Afghanistan), and Scythia. [108]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Bessus was betrayed in 329BC by Spitamenes, who held an obscure position in Sogdiana's vigilantes.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Spitamenes surrendered Bessus to Ptolemaios, one of Aleksander's trusted associates, and Bessus was put to death. [109]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

However, when, at one time, Aleksander was busy in Jaxartes in order to deal with the invasion of horse-riding nomads, Spitamenes instead led a rebellion in Sogdiana.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander defeated Scythia's forces in the Battle of Jaxartes and immediately waged a military campaign against Spitamenes.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander managed to defeat him in the Battle of Gabai.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

After losing, Spitamenes was killed by his own men, who then pleaded for peace on Aleksander. [110]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Problems After taking control of Persia, Aleksander assumed the Persian title of “King of Kings” (Shahanshah) and adopted some distinctive Persian traits in terms of dress and customs in his court.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The most famous is the custom of proskynesis, likely the custom of kissing hands symbolically, or prostrating themselves on the ground, which Persians used to do in front of their superiors. [111] [112] The Greeks considered that such gestures should only be made to gods and they believed that Aleksander intend to deify her by telling people to do that to her.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

As a result he lost much sympathy from his men, [112] and in the end he abandoned the custom. [113]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

One day an assassination plan against him was revealed and one of his guardians, Philotas, was put to death for not being able to overcome the murder plot quickly.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The death of a son required his father also to die, and thus Parmenion, tasked with guarding property in Ecbatana, was secretly killed on Aleksander's orders, lest he be able to avenge his son's death.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander had also directly killed the man who had saved his life in Granikos, namely Kleitos the Black, when they were drunk and arguing in Maracanda. [114]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

At a later date, in the campaign in Central Asia, a second assassination plan was revealed, this time initiated by his own male servant. his official historian, Kallisthenes of Olynthos (who was no longer favored by Aleksander for leading the opposition to his attempts to introduce proskynesis), was accused of involvement in the murder plot; however, there was never agreement among historians regarding his involvement in the conspiracy. [115]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Macedonia When Aleksander went to Asia, he assigned his general Antipatros, a leader with political and military experience and part of the “Old Guard” who had served Philip, to take care of Macedonia. [71]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander's destruction of the city of Thebes had kept the rest of the cities silent so that Greece was assured of remaining safe as long as Aleksander was absent. [71]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The problem that arose was a threat from the king of Sparta, Agis III, in 331 BC, which was fortunately able to be resolved by Antipatros.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Agis was defeated and killed by Antipatros in a battle at Megalopolis a year later. [71]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Antipatros then asked Aleksander to punish Sparta, but Aleksander preferred to spare them. [116]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Another issue was the dispute between Antipatros and Aleksander Olimpias's mother.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Each of them both complained to Aleksander regarding the others. [117]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In general, Greece experienced a period of peace and prosperity during Aleksander's military campaigns in Asia. [118]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander also sent back a large amount of treasure from his conquests, which succeeded in improving the economy and developing inter-regional trade in his empire. [119]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

But in the process, Aleksander constantly requested additional troops as well as residents from Greece to populate various areas in his empire.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

This action severely weakened Macedonia many years after his death, and would culminate in the defeat and occupation of Macedonia by the Romans. [120]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Campaign in India Invasion into the Indian subcontinent Aleksander was married to Roxane (Roshanak in the Bactria language) to strengthen his relationship with steadfastness in Central Asia.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Thereafter Aleksander turned his attention to the Indian subcontinent.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

He invited all the chieftains of the former gentry of Gandhara, in the northern areas of modern Pakistan, to come and submit under his authority.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Omphis, the ruler of Taxila, whose kingdom stretched from the Indus to the Hydaspes, was willing to submit, but the chieftains of several hilly clans, including the Aspasioi and Assakenoi parts of the Kambojas tribe (known also in Indian texts as Ashvayanas And Ashvakayanas), refused to surrender. [121]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In the winter of 327/326BC, Aleksander directly led an army to confront clans unwilling to submit to him, among others, the Aspasioi tribe from the Kunar valley, the Guraeus tribe from the Guraeus valley, and the Assakenoi tribes of the Swat and Buner valleys. [122]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

A fierce battle ensued against Aspasioi's forces when Aleksander himself was wounded his shoulder by an arrow.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

However the Aspasioi forces were ultimately successfully defeated.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander then faced the Assakenoi forces, who provided overwhelming resistance from the forts of Massaga, Ora and Aornos. [121]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The fort of Massaga was successfully conquered after going through bloodshed for several days and Aleksander was again wounded in part of his ankle.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

According to Curtius, “Aleksander not only massacred the entire population of Massaga, but also destroyed its buildings”. [123] [124] A similar massacre took place in Ora, another fort belonging to the Assakenoi tribe.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

After the events of Massaga and Ora, many Assakenoi people saved themselves to the fortress of Aornos.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander followed them and managed to conquer the fortress on the hill after a very bloody battle for four days. [121]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

After conquering Aornos, Aleksander crossed the Indus river and fought against a local Punjabi ruler named Raja Puru, who controlled the area in Punjab.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander defeated Puru through a fierce battle, the Battle of Hydaspes in 326BC. [125]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander was very impressed by Puru's bravery in the battle and therefore after the battle Aleksander established cooperation with him and appointed him as one of the satraps in his kingdom.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander even added territory not previously controlled by the Puru.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The other reason is likely to be more political, which is because in order to control areas far from Greece, Aleksander needs help and cooperation from local people. [126]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander founded two new towns on either side of the Hydaspes river, and one of which he named Bukephala in tribute to the horse that had brought him to India.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

His horse died in battle. [127]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The other city is named after Nikaia (Glory) at the archaeological site of Mong. [128] [129] The rebellion of troops in the east of the Puru kingdom, near the Ganges River, stood the Nanda Empire in Magadha and the Ganggaridai Empire in Bengali.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The two empires are very powerful.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander's forces then rebelled because it was no longer willing to face the strong Indian forces.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In addition, they have also been tired after fighting for many years.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

They rebelled on the Hyphasis River, refusing to advance further east.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Thus, this river became the easternmost limit of Aleksander's conquests. [130] [131] “They roughly opposed Aleksander when he insisted on wanting to cross the river Ganges, whose width, as they knew, was thirty-two furlong, its depth reaching one hundred depa, whereas his bouts on the opposite side have been met by many warriors and horsemen and enemy elephants.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

For they had already been informed that an army of Ganderites and Praesii had awaited their arrival by preparing eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand troops of walkers, eight thousand chariots of war, and six thousand war elephants.” — [130] Aleksander addressed his troops and attempts to persuade them to walk further into India but Koinos, one of his generals, pleads with Aleksander to change his mind and go home.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Koinos said: “The soldiers have longed to meet back with their parents, wives and children.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander realized the state of his army and he finally agreed.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

He and his army then turned south and went along the Indus River. On his way, they conquered the Malli clans (in modern Multan), and several other Indian tribes. [132]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander sent a large number of his troops to Carmania (modern southern Iran) along with his general Krateros, and also sent a sea fleet to explore the coast of the Persian Gulf under admiral Nearkhos.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

While he himself led his army to retreat to Persia through a more difficult southern route along the Gedrosian and Makran Deserts (now part of southern Iran and southern Pakistan). [133]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Alekander reached Susa in 324 BC, but he lost many warriors to harsh desert conditions. [134]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Last years in Persia Knowing that many of his satraps and military governors had acted intently during his absence, Aleksander also condemned some of them to death on his way to Susa as an example for others. [135] [136] As an expression of gratitude to his army, Aleksander paid paid off the salaries of his soldiers, and announced that he would send the elderly and disabled warriors back to Macedonia led by Krateros.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

However, his troops misunderstood Aleksander's intentions.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

They also rebelled in the city of Opis, refusing to be sent back and harshly criticizing its attempts to agdopise Persian customs and clothing, and the attempted entry of Persian officers and soldiers into Macedonian military units. [137]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander executed the leaders of the revolt, but pardoned his soldiers.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

After three days, Aleksander realized he was unable to persuade his troops.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander no longer included Persian commandos into the Macedonian army, instead Macedonian military titles could now be given to Persian war units.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

So the Macedonian troops immediately apologized, and Aleksander forgave them.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In the evening, Aleksander staged a meal attended by several thousand of his soldiers, and they dined together. [138]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In an attempt to create an enduring peace between the Macedonians and the Persian people, Aleksander held a mass wedding in Susa between his embodiers with Persian noblewomen.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

However, few of these marriages last more than a year. [136]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Meanwhile, upon arriving at his palace, Aleksander learns that some people have desecrated the tomb of Koresh the Great.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander quickly sentenced them to death, as they were actually tasked with guarding the tomb of the aforementioned Koresh, which Aleksander greatly respected. [139]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

After Aleksander went to Ekbatana to retrieve the lion's share of Persian wealth, his closest companion and possibly lover, Hephaistion, died of an illness, or perhaps as a result of being poisoned. [140] [141] Arrian found many dubious sources about the reaction of bereavement Aleksander over that death, though almost all opinions agree that Hephaistion's death sufficiently riled Aleksander.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

He ordered the execution of his companion's funeral to be held expensively in Babylonia.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In addition, Aleksander also ordered the execution of a period of mutual mourning. [140]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

After returning to Babylonia, Aleksander planned a new military campaign contention, which would begin with an invasion of the Arab Peninsula.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

But he did not have time to realize the plan because he died not long after returning to Babylonia. [142]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Death On 10 or 11 June 323BC, Aleksander died at the court of Nebuchadnezzar II, in Babylonia at the age of 32. [143]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Details regarding these deaths vary slightly.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Plutarch's account recounts that about 14 days before his death, Aleksander entertained his admiral, Nearkhos, and spent the night and the next day drinking with Medios from Larissa. [144]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander then had a fever, which got worse and worse, to the point that he could no longer speak.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The soldiers became very anxious when Aleksande was only able to ignore his hand on them. [144] [145] [146] Two days later, Aleksander died. [144] [145] While Diodoros recounted that Aleksander suffered pain after straining a large bowl of unmixed angur in honor of Herakles, and died after experiencing some kind of pain, [147] which is also mentioned as an alternative by Arrian, but Plutarch specifically refutes this claim. [144]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Considering that the Macedonian aristocracy had a tendency to commit murder, [148] it appears alleged that Aleksander died as a result of being killed.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Diodoros, Plutarch, Arrian and Yustinus all mention the theory that Aleksander was poisoned.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Plutarch considered it a forgery, [55] whereas Diodoros and Arrian said that they mentioned it only for the sake of completeness. [147] [149] Nonetheless, their records are quite consistent in suspecting the suspects behind Aleksander's murder, among whom were Antipatros, who had just been dismissed from his post as viceroy of Macedonia, and the other suspect strangely was Olimpias.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Perhaps coming to Babylonia to await the death penalty, [150] and having seen the fate that befell Parmenion and Philotas, [151] Antipatros also drew up a plan for Aleksander to be poisoned by his son Iollas, who was Aleksander's wine. [55] [149] [151] There is even a guess that Aristotle was involved in the conspiracy. [55] [149] In contrast, the strongest argument against the poison theory is the fact that there were twelve days between the beginning of his illness and his death; in the ancient world, such a long-reacting poison was likely unavailable. [152]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

However, in 2010, a theory was proposed that indicated that the circumstances of Aleksander's death corresponded to poisoning by the water of the river Styx (Mavroneri) containing calicheamicin, a harmful ingredient produced by bacteria present in its water. [153]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Several natural causes (illnesses) have been put forward as the cause of Aleksander's death; malaria or typhoid fever are obvious candidates.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

An article tin 1998 in the New England Journal of Medicine mentioned Aleksander's death was caused by intestinal punching and ascending paralysis, [154] whereas other recent analyses put forward spondylitis pyrogenis or meningitis as the cause. [155]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Other diseases can also be the cause, including acute pancreatitis or West Nile Virus. [156] [157] Natural causes theory also tends to emphasize that Aleksander's health may be declining further as a result of drinking and suffering injuries in war (including injuries in India that nearly took his life).


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Furthermore, the sorrow felt by Aleksander after Hephaestion's death may have worsened his health. [154]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Another cause that allegedly resulted in Aleksander's death was an overdose of drugs containing hellebore, a type of plant that is dangerous if taken in large doses. [158] [159] The funeral of Aleksander's remains were stored in a gold sarcophagus in the shape of his body (anthropoid) and filled with honey, which was then put again into a golden coffin. [160]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Based on Aelianus, an astrologer named Aristandros predicted that the land on which Aleksander rested “will be happy and unconquered forever”. [161]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

More likely, his successors probably considered ownership of Aleksander's remains as an emblem of legitimacy (it is the royal special right to spoil previous monarchs). [162]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In any case, Ptolemaios stole the funeral motorcade, and took it to Memphis. [160] [161] His successor, Ptolemaios II Philadelphos, transferred the sarcophagus to Aleksandria.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The sarcophagus was there until at least Late Antiquity.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Ptolemaios IX Lathyros, one of Ptolemaios I's successors, replaced Aleksander's golden sarcophagus with a sarcophagus from glass.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

His gold sarcophagus he melted down to was later made into coin money. [163]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Pompeius, Julius Caesar and Augustus all once visited Aleksander's tomb in Aleksandria.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Augustus allegedly interfered with the nose of Aleksander's remains.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Caligula is said to take Aleksander's breastplate from the tomb for his own sake.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In 200 AD, Emperor Septimius Severus closed Aleksander's tomb to the public.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

His son and successor, Caracalla, was a heavy admirer of Aleksander.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

He had visited Aleksander's tomb during his reign.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

After that, the fate of the tomb became unknown. [163]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The sarcophagus called “Aleksander's Sarcophagus” was found near Sidon and is now in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The sarcophagus is so named not because inside is Aleksander's remains, but because on the outside there is a relief depicting Aleksander and his comrades hunting and fighting against Persian troops.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Originally it was thought to be the sarcophagus of Abdalonymos (died 311BC), king of Sidon who was appointed by Aleksander soon after the battle of Issus in 331. [164] [165] [166] However, it has recently been conjectured that the sarcophagus was from an earlier time than Abdolymos's death.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Diodoros Sikolos's bequest wrote that Aleksander had given detailed written instructions to Krateros before he died. [167]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Although Krateros had already begun to carry out some of Aleksander's orders, but his successors chose not to carry them out further, arguing it was impractical and wasteful.. [167]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Nonetheless, Aleksander's will was read to his troops by Perdikkas after Aleksander's death. [71]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The bequest told to undertake imilitary expansion into the western and southern Mediterranean, building monuments, and mixing the inhabitants of East and West.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Its contents are: Building a monumental tomb for his father Philip, “to equal the largest pyramid in Egypt" [71] Erecting temples at Delos, Delphi, Dodona, Dium, Amphipolis, Kirnos, and a monumental temple to the goddess Athena in Trojan [71] Conquering the Arabian Peninsula and the whole Mediterranean [71] Sailing encircling Africa [71] Establishing cities and “sending inhabitants from Asia to Europe and vice versa from Europe to Asia, with the aim of uniting the two continents and friendship by way of inter-nation marriage and family ties. “[168]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The division of the empire Aleksander's death was so sudden that when the news reached Greece, people did not immediately believe. [71]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander had no legitimate and obvious heirs, his son Aleksander IV from his relationship with Roxane was born after Aleksander died.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

As a result there arose great questions as to who would lead this newly conquered and yet unsettled empire. [169]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Based on Diodoros, Aleksander's colleagues briefly asked Aleksander, who was then dying, as to whom Aleksander bequeathed his kingdom.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander replied briefly, “tôi kratistôi” (“to the strongest”). [147]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Given that Arrianus and Plutarch state that when that Aleksander was already unable to speak, the story somewhat doubted its truth. [170]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Diodoros, Curtius and Yustinus also have a more plausible story that Aleksander gave his seal to Perdikkas, one of his bodyguards and a peer cavalry troop leader.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander did so in front of a number of witnesses, and thus it is possible that Aleksander nominated Perdikkas as his successor. [147] [169] In any event, Perdikkas initially explicitly refused to claim power.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

He instead wants Roxane's son to become king, if Roxane gives birth to a baby boy.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

While he, Krateros, Leonnatos, and Antipatros would become the king's guardians.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

However, infantry troops, under the command of Meleagros, rejected this on the grounds they were not included in his discussions.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Instead, they supported Aleksander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaios.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In the end, the twelve parties reconciled, and after Aleksander IV was born, he and Philip III were appointed kings together, though that was a title only. [171]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Not long after that, strife and rivalry began to afflict the Macedonians.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The ruthlessness handed over by the Commission through the Babylonian Division became a power base for each general to make his bid for causation.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

After Perdikkasn was killed by dark assassins in 321 BC, the Macedonian union collapsed and there was a forty-year-long war between the “Successors” (Diadokhoi).


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Thereafter Aleksander's empire was split into four stable separate regions of power, namely the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt, the Seleucian Empire in Persia, the Kingdom of Pergamon in Asia Minor, and the Kingdom of Macedonia in Greece.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In the process, both Aleksander IV and Philip III were killed. [172]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The character of Aleksander's military expertise acquired the title “the Great” due to his unparalleled success as a military commander. [70]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

He never lost a battle, though was often outnumbered in the many battles he did. [70]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

This success was due to his success taking advantage of the state of the battlefield, his mastery of phalanx and cavalry, his bold strategy, and especially his ability to arouse tremendous loyalty among his soldiers. [173] [174] The Macedonian phalanx, armed with sarissa, i.e. The six-meter-long lance, had been developed and refined by Philip II through hard practice, [174] and Aleksander used his speed and maneuverability to great effect against more but more detached Persian forces. [174]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander was also able to understand the potential divisions among his army, which had a distinct language and weapons, and he overcame that by engaging directly in battle, [175] by ordinance as king of Macedonia. [173] [174] In his first battle in Asia, namely at Granikos, Aleksander deployed only a small amount of his army, likely 13,000 infantry with 5,000 cavalry.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

While the Persian forces he faced numbered 40,000 warriors.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander placed phalanx troops in the central section and cavalry as well as archers in the flank section, thus his ranks became the same length as the ranks of the Persian cavalry he faced, which was about 3km (1,86mi).


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The Persian infantry troops themselves were positioned behind the cavalry.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

With the scheme, Aleksander ensured that his army would not be clamped down, whereas his phalax forces, armed with long spears, had a great advantage against the scimitar and javelin of the Persian troops.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In the end, the losses experienced by the Persian forces were far greater than the losses of the Macedonian forces. [176]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

At Issus in 333 BC, Aleksander first came face to face with Darius.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

At that time he used the same positioning method, and again the phalanx at the centre managed to push forward because it had the advantage of their long spear guns. [176]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

This allowed Aleksander directly to lead the attack in the central part of the row against Darius.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In the end Darius fled and the Persian forces retreated chaotically. [173]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In the decisive battle at Gaugamela, Darius had equipped his war-chariot with a scythe on its wheel section to break up the ranks of Aleksander's phalanx and cavalry.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Facing this, Aleksander composed a double phalanx formation, with the middle forming an angle.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

When the Persian war chariots attacked, the ranks of this phalanx would secede and then re-group.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander's plan was successful and the central part of the Persian row was successfully breached.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Darius lost and he escaped again. [176]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

When dealing with enemies who fought with techniques he was unfamiliar with, as for example in Central Asia and India, Aleksander was quickly able to adapt the combat style of his troops.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Thus, in Bactria and Sogdiana, Aleksander successfully deployed his javelin throwers and archers to prevent enemy encirclement, and at the same time he piled cavalry in the middle of the ranks. [173]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In India, when fighting against King Puru's elephant corps, Macedonian troops could prevail by opening ranks and caging enemy elephants.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Then by pointing their sarissa spears towards and knocking down his elephant riders. [138]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The physical appearance of the Greek biographer Plutarch (ca. 45—120 AD) describes Aleksander's appearance thus: “Aleksander had light skin, blond hair, and blue eyes capable of melting hearts.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

A natural fragrant smell came out of his body, so strong that his clothes were also perfumed.” — [177] Another Greek historian Arrianus (Lucius Flavius Arrianus' Xenophon 'ca. 86 - 160 AD) described Aleksander as: “A handsome and strong commander with eyes one as black as night and The other eye is as blue as the sky” — [178] Many depictions and sculptures depict Aleksander in an S-shaped posture, with a paddle towards the top.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Some historians assume that this indicates Aleksander had a physical disability.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Yet it is also a concept of traditional Contrapposto art often used by ancient and modern sculptors to demonstrate beauty, elegance, and social dominance. [179] [180] [181] [182] Those historians argue that Aleksander's father, Philip II, and his brother Philip Arrhidaios may also suffer from physical disabilities, which gave rise to the conclusion that Aleksander suffered from congenital scoliosis disorders (familial neck and spinal defects).


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

For example, modern British historian Peter Green (born in 1924) submitted an opinion regarding Aleksander's physical appearance, based on his review of statues and some ancient documents: “Physically, Aleksander is not charming.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Even for Macedonian standards he was very short, although stocky and tough.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

His beard was slight, and he stood before the Macedonian barons in a clean-shaven state.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

His neck was in some way slightly twisted, so that he seemed to be staring towards the top.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Her eyes (one blue, one brown) expose a feminine and dewy quality.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

He had a high complexion and a rough voice.” — [183] There is even an opinion from the surgeons of the Ashrafian Forest that the scoliosis suffered by Aleksander played a part in Aleksander's death, [155] but the ancient Greek historian Arrianus of Nicomedia states that Aleksander died as a result of fever. [184]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Ancient writers note that Aleksander the Great was so sennag with his portrayal by Lysippos that he made the decision that the sculptors should no longer make statues of him. [185]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Lysippos had often used Contrapposto's sculptural scheme to depict Aleksander and other figures such as for example Apoxyomenos, Hermes and Eros. [181] [186] [187] Lysippos sculptures noted for its lifelike naturalism, which reversed with stiff static poses, is believed to be the most accurate depiction of Aleksander's likeness. [188]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Personality Some of Aleksander's traits were formed as a response to his parents. [183]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

His mother had great ambitions for Aleksander, and encouraged him to believe that it was his destiny to conquer the Persian Empire. [183]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

And indeed, Olyympias may have acted to the extent of poisoning Philip Arrhidaios with the purpose of making him defect, and preventing him from becoming Aleksander's rival. [55]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The influence of Olimpias instilled great ambition and a feeling of destiny in Aleksander, [189] and Plutarch recount that Aleksander's ambition “kept his spirits serious and high as he grew older”. [190]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander's relationship with his father produced a competitive side in his personality; he must surpass his father, therefore he sometimes behaves reckless in battle. [183]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

While Aleksander was dismayed that his father would not bequeath to him “a great and brilliant achievement to show to the world”, [13] he still tried to downplay his father's achievements in front of his peers. [183]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander's most obvious trait was his grumpy, rude, and impulsive attitude, [190] [191] which undoubtedly became influential to several decisions in his life. [183]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Plutarch argues that it was this trait that made Aleksander addicted to alcohol. [190]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Although Aleksander was stubborn and did not respond well to his father's orders, he was easily persuaded through obvious reasons. [20]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

And indeed, in addition to having a fiery temper, there is also a calm side in Aleksander.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

He is astute, logical, and takes into account all possibilities.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

He had a great passion for knowledge, he loved philosophy, and he was a devoted reader. [25]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Those traits undoubtedly date back to the time of his guidance by Aristotle, who made Aleksander an intelligent and quick learner. [20] [183] The story that he managed to “complete” the Golden Knot shows his cleverness.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander's intellect and rational side can be seen from his ability and success as a general. [191]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

He was able to restrain his desire for bodily enjoyment, for example sexual intercourse, but he was less able to control himself over alcohol. [190] [192] Aleksander was undoubtedly a learned man, and was very fond of art and science. [25] [190] But he less interested in sports, or the Olympics, unlike his father.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander only sought glory and fame based on the ideas of Homeros. [189] [190] He had great charisma and a strong personality, all those characteristics made him a great leader. [169] [191] This was further strengthened by the inability of his generals to united Macedonia and maintained the empire after his death.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Only Aleksander has the personality and ability to do so. [169]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Megalomania In the last years of his life, and especially after Hephaistion's death, Aleksander began to show symptoms of megalomania and paranoia. [150]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

His remarkable achievement, coupled with his indescribable feelings regarding the destiny as well as the flattery of his colleagues, may have been the cause. [193]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

His delusions about majesty can be seen from the testaments he told Krateros to carry out, also we can see from his passion for conquering the known world. [150]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander seems to believe that he is a god or at least wants himself deified. [150]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Olimpias always instilled in him that he was the son of Zeus. [2]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander also increasingly felt as a descendant of gods thanks to the statement of the oracle of Amun in Shiva. [92]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

He has since viewed himself as the son of Zeus-Ammon. [92]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander adopted several elements of Persian dress and customs in his court, the most famous of which was the custom of proskynesis, a practice not approved by his Makedonian men, who were unwilling to do so. [111] [112] The behavior made Aleksander lose much sympathy from the people his men. [112]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Personal relationship Aleksander's greatest emotional connection throughout his life was with his best friend, general, as well as his bodyguard Hephaistion, the son of a Macedonian nobleman. [140] [183] [194] Hephaistion's death was very mentally devastating to Aleksander, and made Aleksander grievous. [140 ] [195] The incident also had an effect on the decline of Aleksander's health, and his weakened mental state in the last months of his life. [150] [154] Aleksander was married twice, first to Roxane, daughter of nobleman Bactria Oxyartes, out of love, [196] and secondly with Stateira II, a Persian princess and daughter of Darius III, the reason is more political. [197]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander had two sons, Aleksander IV of Macedonia, of Roxane, and likely Herakles of Macedonia of Stateira.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander lost one child when Roxane suffered a miscarriage in Babylonia. [198] [199] Aleksander's sexuality has been the subject of speculation and controversy. [200]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

It is not mentioned in any ancient manuscript that Aleksander had a homosexual relationship, or that Aleksander's relationship with Hephaistion constituted sexual intercourse.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aelianus, however, wrote that Aleksander had visited Troya.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

There Aleksander placed a wreath on the tomb of Akhilles whereas Hephaistion placed a wreath on the tomb of Patroklos.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

This gave rise to the conjecture that they were a pair of lovers, as did Akhilles and Patroklos. [201]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Keep in mind that the word eromenos (beloved) does not always have a sexual meaning, Aleksander could be a bisexual, which in his time was not strange. [202] [203] Green argues that there is very little evidence in ancient manuscripts telling that Aleksander had interest in women, in addition Aleksander only had children at the end of his life. [183]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

However, Aleksander was still relatively young when he died, and Ogden argues that Aleksander's marriage record is more impressive than that of his father at the same age. [204]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In addition to wives, Aleksander also had many concubines.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander collected harems in the style of Persian kings but he did not enjoy his harem very often; [205] which thus suggests that Aleksander was able to control his sexual desires. [192]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

It is possible that Aleksander was a person who was not very fond of sex.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

However, Plutarch describes that Aleksander was infatuated with Roxane while punishing himself for successfully limiting his lust to Roxane. [206]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Green put forward the opinion that, in the context of that time, Aleksander had a lot of close contact with a number of women, including Ada of Karia, who adopted Aleksander, and even Darius' mother, Sisygambis, who allegedly died as a result of grief after Aleksander died. [183]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Relics of Hellenistic Kingdoms The most obvious relics of Aleksander is the introduction of Macedonian dominion in Asia.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Many of these areas remained in Macedonian immortality or under Greek influence for the following 200-300 years.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander's emerging successor states were, at least initially, the dominant power in these epics, and 300 years into that time is often referred to as the Hellenistic period. [208]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander's eastern boundary had begun to collapse even when he was alive. [169]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

However, the power vacuum he left in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent directly gave a chance at the emergence of one of the most powerful Indian dynasties throughout history.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander's successors did not care much about this area and tended to ignore it, so Chandragupta Maurya (in European sources called Sandrokotto) managed to take control of the Punjabis and made it his power base.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

From there he was able to conquer the Nanda Empire in northern India. [209]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In the know 305BC, Seleukos, one of Aleksander's successors, led troops into India to seize the region.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In the end Seleukos instead made an exchange with Chandragupta.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Seleukos ceded the territory and Chandragupta gave him 500 war elephants.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

These events in turn played an important role in the Battle of Ipsus, which also had much effect on the division of the empire. [209]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Hellenization of Hellenization is a term put forward by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The term refers to the spread of Greek language, culture, and population into areas that Aleksander successfully conquered. [208]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Historians agree that this spread did occur, since the evidence can be seen in major Hellenisttic cities, for example Aleksandria (one of about twenties cities founded by Aleksander [210]), Antiochian [211] and Seleucia (south of modern Baghdad). [212]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

However, as to how widespread and how deep this spread was, and to what extent the process was a deliberate policy, is still much debated.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander had already clearly undertaken deliberate steps to incorporate Greek elements into Persa culture and in some ways he sought to combine Greek and Persian cultures, culminating in his ideal of uniting the Asian and European inhabitants.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

However, his successors blatantly rejected such a policy after Aleksander's death.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

However dimikian, Hellenisas nonetheless occurred throughout the territory of Aleksander's former dominion, and moreover, followed by Orientalization, a process by Aleksander's successor states that differed and opposite to Hellenization itself. [211] [213] Based on its origin, the core of the culture Hellenistic is essentially Athenian. [211] [214] The Athenian Koine dialect had been adopted for official purposes long before the time of Philip II, and with deimikian had spread throughout the Hellenistic world, as well as becoming a lingua franca through Aleksander's conquests.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Furthermore, urban planning, education, local government, and art in the Hellenistic period were all subverted to Classical Greek ideas, and evolved into new and distinct forms, which are generally grouped as Hellenistic. [211]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aspects of Hellenistic culture remained in the tradition of the Byzantine Empire until the mid-15th century. [215] [216] Some unusual influences of Hellenization can be seen from India, in the area where the founding of the Greco-Indian Kingdom, whose emergence was relatively late. [217]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

There, in places far from Europe, Greek culture seemed mixed with Indian culture, and in particular with Buddhism.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The first realistic depiction of Buddha appeared during this time.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Buddha is depicted based on statues of the Greek god Apollo. [217]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Some traditions of Buuddha are likely to have been affected by ancient Greek religion, for example the concept of the Bodhisattva is an imposition towards the heroes of the Greek gods, [218] and some Mahayana ritual practices (burning incense, giving flowers, and putting food on the altar) are similar to those performed by the ancient Greeks.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Zen Buddhism takes some ideas from Greek stoics, for example Zeno. [219]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

A Greek king, Menander I, likely became a Buddhist adherent, and was enshrined in Buddhist literature as 'Milinda'. [217]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The influence on Roman Aleksander and all he has done is admired by many Romans.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

They associate themselves with Aleksander's achievements.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Polybius began his History by satirizing the Roman people of Aleksander's actions.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Afterwards Roman leaders saw Aleksander as an example and source of inspiration for them.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Julius Caesar reportedly broke tears in Spain when he saw a statue of Aleksander, because he felt that his accomplishments were too little when compared to Aleksander, who managed to conquer Persia at the same age. [220]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Pompeius the Great explored his destiny regions in the east in search of Aleksander's 260-year-old cloak.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Pompeius then put on the robe as a sign of his majesty.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Augustus was once too passionately respectful of Aleksander to the point that he broke a nose on Aleksaner's corpse that had been grounded.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Augustua did so when he was placing a wreath at Aleksander's tomb in Aleksandria.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The Macriani family, a Roman family whose member, Macrinus, was once emperor, often featured images of Aleksander, either in jewelry, or in embroidery on the clothes they wore. [221]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In the summer of 1995, a statue of Aleksander was discovered in the excavation of a Roman house in Aleksandria, which was full of decorations and marble roads and was likely built in the first century AD and occupied until the 3rd century. [222]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Legends There are many legendary stories regarding the life of Aleksander the Great.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Many of those stories appeared during his lifetime, likely sprung by Aleksander himself.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Historians at Aleksander's palace, Kallisthenes, describe that seawater in Sicily receded in homage to Aleksander by the ordinance of proskynesis.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Writing not long after Aleksander's death, the other author, Onesikritos, even came to writing that Aleksander made an appointment to meet with the Thalestris, the Amazonian tribe's ratua in mitoloig.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

When Onesikritos read the story to his superior, one of Aleksander's generals and later became king, Lysimakhos mentioned quipping him by saying, “I wonder where I was. “[223]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In the first centuries after Aleksander's death, likely in Aleksandria, a number of tales of the legend were collected into a manuscript known as Roman Aleksander, which in later life erroneously mentioned that it was written by the historian Kallisthenes and thus known also as Pseudo-Kallisthenes.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The manuscript underwent numerous additions and revisions during the Ancient and Middle Ages. [224]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

There is also an Iranian or Persian script concerning Aleksander the Great in the “Shahnameh” or “Epic of the Kings” by Ferdowsi.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Nskah terebut titled Eskandarnameh. [225]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

There it is told that Aleksander was the son of Nahid (Lydia) and was sent back to Philip in Macedonia because his mother had bad breath.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Then it is told that the name Eskandar was given because of the medicine given for his mother.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Arab historians later referred to Aleksander by the name Al-Iskandar.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In ancient and modern culture JMPL|straight|statue of the head of Seleukos I Nikator, who passed on Aleksander's eastern conquests.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The achievements and relics of Aleksander the Great have been preserved and depicted in many ways.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander appears in many cultural works both in ancient times and modern times.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In the Middle Ages, Aleksander was included as a member of the Nine Knights, that is, a group of heroes who are considered to fulfill the qualities of the values of mischief.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

In Punjabi, the last land conquered by Aleksander, many children are named “Secondary” even today.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

This was due to respect and admiration for Aleksander, also as a reminder that the ancient Punjabi forces could leave Aleksander's troops exhausted to the point of finally revolting on Aleksander.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

There is a saying in Punjabi language that is jit key jung, secunder jay haar, which means “Aleksander won so many trips that he lost the war”.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

This saying refers to a person who often wins but never takes advantage of his victory.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Historiography of ancient manuscripts written by people who knew directly Aleksander or who collected information from those who served on Aleksander much is missing except for the few inscriptions and fragments that survive. [14]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander's contemporaries who wrote about him among them were his personal historian Kallisthenes; generals Aleksander Ptolemaios and Nearkhos; Aristobulos, a young officer who took part in Aleksander's military kampaye; and Onesikritos, chairman of Aleksander's helmsman.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The works written by them have been lost, but the works on which those original works exist have survived.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The five major extant manuscripts include manuscripts written by Arrianus, Curtius, Plutarch, Diodoros, and Yustinus. [226]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander the Great and Dhul Qarnain See also: Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain Aleksander the Great is one of the figures considered as Dhul Qarnain who can also be found in the Qur'an scripture, Surah Al Kahfi 83-101.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

It is said that it was he who locked the people of Ya'juj and Ma'juj (Gog and Magog) - according to which the Hadith of Saheeh, the people will come out in the last days.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

This history bemula from the moment he was going to conquer an area, the inhabitants of the area were unexpectedly willing to follow him.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Provided that the Yajuj and Majuj peoples are locked up.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

So Dhul Qarnain confined the two peoples.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

So the people are willing to be conquered with pleasure.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

The presumption comes from the story of Roman Aleksander which already existed before Islam.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Some Muslim allamahs reject the notion that Aleksander the Great is Dhul Qarnain, because Aleksander the Great is not a monotheist, while Dhul-Qarnain is a worshiper of God and only a ruler, who lived during the time of the Prophet Abraham.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

This opinion narrated by Al-Fakihi of 'Ubaid ibn 'Umair, 'Atha` of Ibn 'Abbas, 'Utsman ibn Saj, Ibn Hisham and Ibn Abi Hatim also narrated from the path of Ali ibn Ahmad.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Then Al-Fakhrurrazi in his interpretation states that Dhul Qarnain was a prophet, whereas Aleksander had a teacher named Aristotle and ruled his country by order of Aristotle. [227]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Genealogy Family of Main Page 4.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Amyntas III of Makedonia2.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Philip II of Makedonia20.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Eurydike I of Makedonia1.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aleksander Agung24.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Alketas I of Epiros6.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Neoptolemos I of Epiros3.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Olimpias See also Chronology of European explorations in Asia Kolossos in Rodos Bukephalos - Aleksander's horse Footnote ^I:By the time of his death, Aleksander had conquered the entire Persian Empire, putting it into the territory of the Macedonian dominion; according to some modern historians, the region Such is most of the world known to the ancient Greeks (Ecumene). [228] [229] An approximation of the known world by Aleksander can be seen in Hekataios's map of Miletos, see. ^II:Hannibal argues that Aleksander was the greatest general; [230] Julius Caesar wept before the statue of Aleksander, because in the same age Caesar's attainments were minuscule compared to Aleksander; [220] Pompeius considered himself the 'New Aleksander'; [231] during his youth, Napoleon Bonaparte also compares oneself to Aleksander. [232] ^III:The name Αλέάανδρος is derived from the verbs “λέάω” (alexō), “parry, prevent, defend" [233] and the noun “νδρός” (andros), the genitive of “ννήρ” (anēr), “people [" 234] thus meaning “protector of the people. “[235] ^iv:" In the early 5th century BC, the Macedonian royal family, Temenidae, constituted the Olympic committee.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Their decision is absolute.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Its kings considered themselves to be descendants of Herakles, son of Zeus. “[236] ^v:" The AIAKIds are descendants of Aiakos, sons of Zeus and Nimfaaigina.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Aiakos' son was Peleus, Akhilles's father.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Which included Aiakid among others Pyrrhos and Aleksander. “[237] ^VI:There is much suspicion that Pausanias was actually paid to kill Philip.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Those suspected of paying Pausanias include Aleksander, Olimpias, and even the eunuch Darius III.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

All three men had motives to kill Philip. [238]


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Arrian Primary Source Reference, Anabasis Alexandri (The Campaigns of Alexander), translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt: Curtius Rufus, Historiae Alexandri Magni (History of Alexander the Great), (in English) Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica, (Library of History), translated by C.H. Oldfather (1989), (in English) Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, translated by Rev. John Selby Watson (1853), (in English) Plutarch, Alexander, translated by Bernadotte Perrin (1919), (in English) Plutarch, Moralia, Fortuna Alexandri (On the Fortune or Virtue of Alexander), translated by Bill Thayer, (in English) Secondary Source Unknown parameter |isbn-status= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |isbn-status= ignored (help) External link in |title= (help) Unknown parameter |isbn-status= ignored (help) Unknown parameter | coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) CS1 maint: Multiple names: editors list (link) Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) Outside link Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

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Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

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Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

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Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great


Question: When did Koresh the Great start the persian empire?

Aleksander the Great

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. (in English) (in English) {{subst: #if: |}} [[Category: {{subst: #switch: {{subst:uc:356}} || UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of birth missing {{subst: #switch: {{subst:uc:323}} ||LIVING =( living people)}} | #default =356 births}]] [[Category: {{{{subst: #switch: {{subst:uc:323}} || LIVING =Living people| UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of death missing | #default =323 deaths}}]] Category:Alexander the Great Category:Ancient Greece Category:Rulers of the Persian monarchy Category:Pharaohs Category:100 Figures according to Michael H. Hart


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Lake Toba is a large natural lake in Indonesia located in the caldera of Super Volcano.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

The lake is 100 kilometres (62 miles) long, 30 kilometres (19mi) wide, and 505 metres (1,657ft) deep.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

The lake is located in the middle of the northern island of Sumatra with a surface elevation of about 900 metres (2,953ft).


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

The lake stretches from to.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

It is the largest lake in Indonesia and the largest volcanic lake in the world. [1]


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Lake Toba was the site of a VEI magnitude 8 super-massive volcanic eruption about 69,000 to 77,000 years ago [2] [3] [4] that triggered global climate change.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Current dating methods establish that 74,000 years ago is more accurate. [5]


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

This eruption was the largest explosive eruption on Earth in the past 25 million years.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

According to the Toba disaster theory, this eruption had a huge impact on human populations around the world; the impact of the eruption killed most humans living that time and is believed to cause population shrinkage in middle east Africa and India thus affecting human population genetics in the rest of the world until now. [6]


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Scientists agree that the Toba eruption triggered a volcanic winter that caused a fall in world temperatures of between 3 to 5°C (5.4 to 9.0°F), and up to 15°C (27°F) in upper-latitude regions.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Continuing research in Lake Malawi, Central Africa, found dust deposits of the Toba eruption, but found no evidence of major climate change in East Africa. [7]


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

On 18 June 2018, a ferry sinking disaster occurred in Lake Toba and drowned more than 190 people. [8]


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

History of Ka|JMPL|180px|View of Lake Toba.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

It is estimated that Lake Toba formed during an explosion about 69,000-77,000 years ago [9] [3] [10] and is the most recent eruption of a supervolcano (super volcano).


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Bill Rose and Craig Chesner of Michigan Technological University estimated that the total amount of material at the eruption was about 2,800km3 -about 2,000km3 from Ignimbrit flowing over the ground, and about 800km3 that fell as ash mainly to the west.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Pyroclastic flows from the eruption destroyed an area of 20,000km2, with ash deposits up to 600 m thick with the main crater.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

These events lead to mass death and extinction in some species of living things.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

According to some DNA evidence, this eruption also shrunk the number of humans to about 60% of the number of Earth's human population at that time, which was about 60 million humans.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

The eruption also led to the occurrence of an ice age, although experts are still debating it.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

After the eruption, a caldera formed which was later filled by water and became what is now known as Lake Toba.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Upward pressure by magma that had not yet exited led to the emergence of Samosir Island.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

An international multidisciplinary research team, led by Dr. Michael Petraglia, revealed in a press conference in Oxford, USA that a fairly spectacular new archaeological site has been discovered by geologists in the south and north of India.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

On the site it was revealed how people survived, before and after the eruption of the Toba volcano (supervolcano) at 74,000 years ago, and evidence of the presence of life under the ash hoard of Mount Toba.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Though the source of the eruption was 3,000 miles away, from the spread of its ashes.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

For seven years, experts from Oxford university researched ecosystem projects in India, looking for evidence of life and living equipment they left behind in denuded paddocks.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

This area with thousands of hectares turned out to be just savanna (meadow).


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

While the bones of animals are scattered.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

The team concluded, this fairly large area turned out to be covered with dust from ancient volcanic eruptions.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

The spread of the volcano's dust was extensive, found almost all over the world.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Derived from an eruption of an ancient supervolcano, namely Mount Toba.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

The conjecture leads to Mount Toba, as it was found evidence of the same molecular shape of volcanic dust at 2100 points.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Since the crater caldera that is now Lake Toba in Indonesia, up to 3000 miles, from the source of the eruption.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Even quite surprising, it turned out that the spread of dust was recorded up to the North Pole.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

This reminds experts how devastating the super eruption of Toba volcano was at that time.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Environmental damage In May 2012, Samosir regency issued a decree (SK) of Samosir Regent No. 89 dated May 1, 2012 on the granting of Business Site License for Horticultural Plantation and Animal Husbandry area of 800 hectares in Tele Forest, in Partungkot Nagijang Village and Hariara Pintu, Subdistrict Daily, Samosir Regency, North Sumatra to PT Gorga Duma Sari (GDS) owned by a member of DPRD Samosir Regency, Jonni Sitohang. [11] [12] Then continued with Wood Utilization Permit (GPA) granted by the Head of the North Sumatra Provincial Office through the Decree of the Head of Forest Service and Samosir Regency Plantation Number 005 Year 2013. [11]


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Chairman of the Board of Care Forum Peduli Samosir Nauli (Pesona), Rohani Manalu stated that this permit made PT GDS logging natural wood in the forest without having AMDAL. [11]


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Rohani also stated that another result was the occurrence of landslides and floods that caused casualties. [13] [14] Due to the logging of the Tele forest, the erosion mud on the former logging land has caused siltation of rivers around Lake Toba. [15]


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

The million-tree planting program driven by the North Sumatra provincial government was also said to be ineffective because many trees died because they were not treated.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

This led to three North Sumatran environmental activists, Marandus Sirait, Hasoloan Manik (Kalpataru), and Wilmar Eliaser Simandjorang (Satya Lencana Karya Satya, Toba Award, Wana Lestari) reinstating all award charters ever given by the North Sumatra Provincial government, Ministry Forestry, and the State Palace. [15] [16] Environment Minister Balthasar Kambuaya has presented two letters of recommendation for Samosir Mangindar Simbolon regent as business licensor and person in charge to provide administrative sanctions in the form of closing business activities. [16]


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

After the first letter was not digubris, Regent Samosir replied to the second letter by stating that the company did not violate so that it was not worth closing. [16] [17] Because the Regent did not implement the recommendation, the Ministry of Environment also imposed a Taker of Authority (Second Line) Enforcement) and temporarily shut down PT GDS activities. [16]


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

After the Ministry of Environment went directly to the location based on the findings that the decision was not digubris, [18] [19] then the regency advised PT GDS to comply with the decree.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

PT GDS also stopped all operational activities and withdrew heavy equipment in the region based on the recognition of GDS Director Jonni Sitohang. [12]


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Population Most of the population living around Lake Toba are Batak tribes.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Traditional Batak houses can be recognized by the shape of their roofs (their ends curve upwards like a boat) and bright colors. [20]


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Neighbourhood residents also dangled a lot living by developing freshwater fisheries.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

In the past, Haranggaol village face, Haranggaol Horison Subdistrict known as tourist destination in Simalungun became the center of freshwater fish.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

There, according to a report, dozens of trucks transporting dozens of tons of carp and tilapia paced the village road. [21]


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Flora and fauna The flora of the lake includes various types of phytoplankton, small macrophilites, floating macrophilites, and immersed macrophilites, while the surrounding land is covered in rainforest, including Sumatran tropical pine forest types in the higher mountainous regions. [22]


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Fauna in the lake includes several species of zooplankton and bentos animals.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Because the lake is oligotrophic (not rich in nutrients), its native fish are classified as rare.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

There are only two endemic fish in this lake, namely Rasbora tobana (it can be called almost endemic because it is also found in the rivers that empties into this lake) [23] and Neolissochilus thienemanni, commonly called Batak fish. [24]


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

The last mentioned species is threatened by deforestation (the cause of siltation), pollution, changes in water levels, and new fish species brought into this lake. [24]


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Other native fish species are Aplocheilus panchax, Nemacheilus pfeifferae, Homaloptera gymnogaster, Channa gachua, Channa striata, Clarias batrachus, Barbonymus gonionotus, Barbonymus schwanenfeldii, Danio albolineatus, Osteochilus vittatus, Puntius binotatus, Jacobsoni, Tor tambra, Betta imbellis, Betta taeniata, and Monopterus albus. [25]


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Incomer fish species include Anabas testudineus, Oreochromis mossambicus, Oreochromis niloticus, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio, Osphronemus goramy, Trichogaster pectoralis, Trichopodus trichopterus, Poecilia reticulata, and Xiphophorus hellerii. [25]


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

See also Lake Tōya Toba Disaster theory Around Lake Toba Gallery Boat sightseeing Batak Village around Lake Samosir Island.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

The island in the middle of the lake.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Cross to the island of Samosir.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Lake Toba, seen from Tongging village Lake Toba seen from Samosir Island View of Lake Toba from the air South coastal view; Sibandang Island seen behind Batak traditional house in Ambarita Waterfall Sipiso-Piso Lake Toba in banknote 1,000 rupiah Sculpture of Batak canoe boat Toba Crater Lake Toba with its dome forming Samosir Island A partial panoramic view of Lake Toba from west to southeast Reference Jorge A. Vazquez and Mary R. Reid. Probing the Accumulation History of the Voluminous Toba Magma.Science #305, August 13, 2004, p. 991-994.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Dedi Riskomar., The World's Most Devastated Eruption of Mount Toba, People's Mind General Daily, April 1, 2010, pp.


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba


Question: What is the area of Lake Toba?

Lake Toba

Outlinks (in Indonesian) Toba Category:Caldera in Indonesia Category:Batak Toba Category:Taneh Karo Category:Lakes in Indonesia


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Prejudice means making a decision before knowing the relevant facts regarding the object.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Originally this term referred to a race-based assessment of a person before having relevant information that could serve as the basis for that assessment.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Subsequently prejudice was also applied to other fields besides race.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

His understanding now becomes an absurd attitude unaffected by rational reason [1] John E. Farley classifies prejudice into three categories. [2]


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Cognitive prejudice, referring to what is considered true.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Affective prejudice, referring to what is liked and disliked.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Conative prejudice, refers to how inclined a person is in acting.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Some types of discrimination occur because of prejudice and in most societies are disapproved.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Definition of Social Prejudice According to Worchel and Comrades (2000) the sense of prejudice is restricted as an unjustified negative trait towards a group and its individual members.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Prejudice or prejudice is a negative behavior that leads a group to individualists based on limitations or misinformation about the group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Prejudice can also be defined as something of an emotional nature, which would easily be the motivator for the emergence of a social explosion.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

According to Mar'at (1981), social prejudices are conjectures that have positive or negative value, but are usually more negative.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Whereas according to Brehm and Kassin (1993), social prejudice is a negative feeling towards a person solely based on their membership in a particular group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

According to David O. Sears and Comrades (1991), social prejudice is a judgment against a group or an individual based primarily on membership of that group, that is to say social prejudice is aimed at a person or group of people different with it or his group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Social prejudice has qualities of likes and dislikes in the object it prejudices, and this condition will affect the actions or behaviors of a person who is prejudiced.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Furthermore, Kartono, (1981) elaborates that prejudice is an overhasty judgment, based on overfast generalizations, weighty next door and accompanied by actions that simplify a reality.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Social prejudice according to Papalia and Sally, (1985) is a negative attitude directed at others who differ from his or her group in the absence of reasons fundamental to the person's person.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

It further elaborated that social prejudice comes from the existence of excessive competition between 2 individuals or groups.