Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

This term is used to distinguish the masyrakat group in the west coast of North Sumatra with the Batak people in the interior.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

According to the geographical space of ethnicity compiled by Collet (1925), Cunningham (1958), Reid (1979) and Sibeth (1991), on the west coast of North Sumatra there are groups of people who are not of Batak ethnicity. [66]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The Mukomuko tribe is part of the Minangkabau family that inhabits the Mukomuko area, Bengkulu. [67]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Indigenous, culturally, and linguistically, Mukomuko is closely related to the South Coast peoples of West Sumatra. [68]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Formerly Mukomuko area included Riak and Badabua area, namely the area along the West Coast Coast from Padang to South Bengkulu.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

However the Mukomuko region since the British colonial period has been incorporated into administrative Bengkulu (Bengkulen).


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Since then the Mukomuko people have been separated from their family communities in West Sumatra and become an integral part of the Bengkulu region.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

This lasted continuously during the Dutch colonization period, Japan, until the period of anger.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Minangkabau in Riau Tribe Kampar or by its people called Ugang Kampar or Ugang Ocu, is an ethnic group that inhabits Kampar Regency, Kampar-speaking Riau.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

They can be found also in most areas of Riau, Serti Siak, Bengkalis, Ujung Batu, Pelalawan, Strait Panjang, and others.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In addition, the people of Kampar have many residing in Malaysia, such as in Kuantan (Pahang), Sabak Bernam, Teluk Intan, and Negeri Sembilan.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

There are 3 opinions about this Kampar tribe.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The first opinion said that the Kampar tribe is a Minangkabau people originating from West Sumatra, this is because the indigenous, cultural, and linguistic people bear resemblance to the people of Payakumbuh and Limapuluh Kota.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The second opinion says that the Kampar tribe is the Malays of Mainland Riau.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

A third opinion, generally coming from the Kamapr people themselves, says that the Kampar tribe is a tribe of its own nation, neither Minang nor Malay. [69]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Kuantan people are a group living in Kuantan Singingi Regency, Riau.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Indigenous, culturally, and linguistically have similarities with the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra, particularly in Sijunjung which is directly adjacent to the Kuantan area.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Kuantan Singingi is a rantau area of Luhak Tanah Datar named Rantau Nan Less Aso Duo Puluah.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

As well as the Kampar tribe, there is still controversy regarding its relation to the Minangkabau Minangkabau people in Malaysia The Minangkabau people have hereditarily inhabited Peninsular Malaya, Malaysia.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Among them most inhabit Negeri Sembilan.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In the early 14th century, Minangkabau people came to Negeri Sembilan via Melaka up to Rembau.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

These Minangkabau people live together with locals namely, Orang Asli peacefully.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Because of this, there was a marriage between Minangkabau people and natives so that their descendants formed a tribe called Biduanda tribe.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The Biduanda tribe is the main heir of Negeri Sembilan and if the election of the leader, then only from the Biduanda tribe will be chosen.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The Minangkabau people who came later formed tribes based on their home area in Minangkabau.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In the initial wave most came from Tanah Datar and Limapuluh Kota.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

It is from the Biduanda tribe that comes from the magnifiers of Negeri Sembilan who are called 'Penghulu” and are termed as Invite.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Before there was the institution of the Yang di-Pertuan Besar, the people of Negeri Sembilan were under the patronage of the Malay Kingdom of Johor.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In their daily life, they speak the language of Negeri Sembilan (baso Nogoghi).


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Another Minangkabau community in Malaysia is Orang Rawa.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Orang Rawa called also as Ugang Rawo or Rawa, is a term that only exists in Malaysia.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The term refers to the community that came from Rao Mapat Tunggul, Pasaman, West Sumatra, between 1773 and 1848 to Negeri Sembilan, between 1857 and 1863 to Pahang, between 1867 and 1873 to Selangor, and lastly between 1875 and 1876 to Perak and partly to Kelantan.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The most populated area of Rawa people is Gopeng, Perak.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The language spoken is the Minang language Rao dialect.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Intellectual monitoring At the end of the 18th century, many Minang students wandered to Mecca to explore Islam, among them Hajj Poor, Hajj Piobang, and Haji Sumanik.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Upon their arrival in the homeland, they became strong supporters of the Paderi movement and disseminated pure Islamic thought throughout Minangkabau and Mandailing.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The second wave of oversight to the Middle East occurred in the early 20th century, which was motorised by Abdul Karim Amrullah, Tahir Jalaluddin, Muhammad Jamil Jambek, and Ahmad Khatib Al-Minangkabawi.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In addition to the Middle East, Minangkabau students are also many who are wandering to Europe.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

They include Abdoel Rivai, Mohammad Hatta, Sutan Syahrir, Roestam Effendi, and Mohammad Amir.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Another intellectual, Tan Malaka, lived wandering in eight European and Asian countries, building a network of Asian independence movements.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

All of these Minang students, who had been wandering to Europe since the late 19th century, became freedom fighters and founders of the Republic of Indonesia. [70]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Because of rampant cultural factors There are many explanations to this phenomenon, one of the causes is the matrilineal kinship system.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

With this system, the control of heirloom property is held by women while the rights of men in this case are quite small.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In addition, after the period of akil baligh the young men will no longer be able to sleep in their parents' house, because the house is only intended for women and their husbands, and children.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The nomads who come home to their hometown, will usually tell the experience of nomading to the children of the village.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The appeal of the life of nomads is very influential among the Minangkabau people as little as possible.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Whoever never tries to go on a rampage, he will always be mocked by his friends. [71]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

This is what caused the Minang men to choose to rampant.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Now Minangkabau women are already prevalent to rampant.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Not only for the reason of joining the husband, but also for wanting to trade, take care of a career and continue education.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

According to Rudolf Mrazek, Dutch sociologist, two typologies of Minang culture, namely dynamism and anti-parochialism give birth to an independent, cosmopolitan, egalitarian, and broad-sighted spirit, this led to the embedded culture in Minangkabau people. [72]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The passion to change fortunes by pursuing knowledge and wealth, as well as a Minang saying Karatau madang anciently, babuah babungo alun, marantau bujang antau, at home paguno balun (better go to merantau because in the village is not useful) resulted in Minang youth to go to rampannomad as young as young.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Another explanation of economic factors is population growth that is not accompanied by the increase in natural resources that can be processed.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

If they used to produce agriculture and plantations, the main source where they live can support the family, then now the natural resources that become their main income is no longer enough to provide results to meet the common needs, because it must be shared with several families.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In addition it is the growth of new opportunities with the opening of plantation and mining areas.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

It is these factors that then drive the Minang people to go to rampant fate in the land of people.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

For their first arrival to the rantau land, usually nomads settle first in the house of dunsanak who is considered landlady.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

These new nomads usually work as small traders.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In addition, the economy of the Minangkabau people since the beginning has been sustained by the ability to trade, especially to distribute their produce.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The inland area of Minangkabau, geologically has reserves of raw materials mainly gold, copper, tin, zinc, mercury, and iron, all these materials have been able to be processed by them. [73]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

So the epithet suvarnadvipa (golden island) that appeared in the stories of legends in India before AD, is likely to be referred to the island of Sumatra because of this. [74]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Traders from Arabia in the 9th century, have reported that the people on the island of Sumatra had used a quantity of gold in their trade.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Then continued in the 13th century there are known kings in Sumatra who used crowns from gold.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Tomé Pires around the 16th century mentioned, that the gold traded in Malacca, Panchur (Barus), Tico (Tiku) and Priaman (Pariaman), came from the Minangkabau inland region.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Also mentioned Indragiri area in Batang Kuantan sehiliran on the east coast of Sumatra, is the port center of the king of Minangkabau. [75]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In the inscription left by Adityawarman it is called that he was the master of the golden earth.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

This was one of the causes, prompting the Dutch to build a port in Padang [76] and until the 17th century the Dutch still called the master of gold to the king of Pagaruyung. [77]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Then asked Thomas Diaz to investigate this, from his report he entered the Minangkabau hinterland from the east coast of Sumatra and he managed to encounter one of the Minangkabau kings at that time (Rajo Buo), and the king mentioned that one of his people's work was gold pencilor. [78]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Meanwhile, from the records of Dutch geologists, on the sesehiliran Batanghari there were 42 former gold mining sites with depths of 60 m and in Kerinci at that time, they still found gold holders. [79]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Until the 19th century, legends about the gold content of Minangkabau inland, still prompted Raffles to prove it, so he is recorded as the first European to successfully reach Pagaruyung through the west coast of Sumatra. [80]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The war factor “The Minang people constitute a restless society, with a long tradition of rebellion and resistance.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Always feel proud of their resistance to outside forces, both from Java and Europe”. [81] — The opinion of Audrey R. Kahin.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Several wars also caused a wave of displacement of Minangkabau people especially from conflict areas, after the Padri War, [27] there was a rebellion in Batipuh against Dutch forced planting, followed by Siti Manggopoh rebellion in the Belasting War against belasting and rebellion communists of 1926—1927. [81]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

After independence came PRRI which also led to the onset of a massive exodus of Minangkabau people to other regions. [64]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

From some of this resistance and warfare, exposes the character of the Minang people who dislike oppression.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

They will fight with physical force, but if unable they prefer to leave the hometown (rampant).


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The Sakai people based on the hereditary stories of their elders mention that they came from Pagaruyung. [82]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Kubu people call that people from Pagaruyung are their brothers.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

It is likely that these alienated communities include Minang people who do resistance by leaving their hometowns because they do not want to accept the changes taking place in their land.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

De Stuers had previously also reported that Padangsche Bovenlanden people were very different from those in Java, in Pagaruyung he witnessed the local people so confident and unminder with Europeans.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

He felt for himself, the local people then just went in front of him without getting preferential treatment, instead there were locals asking for his cigarette, and asking him to ignite fire for the cigarette. [50]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Merantau in literature The phenomenon of merantau in Minangkabau society, it is often a source of inspiration for art workers, especially literatures.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Hamka, in his novel Merantau to Deli, tells the story of the life experiences of Minang nomads who go to the Deli and marry Javanese women.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

His other novel Sinking Ship Van der Wijck also tells about the story of Minang nomads who came home village.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In the village, he faced obstacles by the indigenous Minang people who were his own bako brood</i>.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In addition to novels by Hamka, novels by Marah Rusli, Sitti Nurbaya and Salah Abdul Muis's upbringing also tell the story of Minang nomads.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In these novels, it is told about the transiture of Minang nomads youth with Western cultural customs.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Novel Negeri 5 Menara by Ahmad Fuadi, tells Minang nomads who studied at the Java boarding school and eventually became a successful person.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In a different form, through his work entitled Drought, A.A Navis invites the people of Minang to build their hometown that many in the stay of the rampant.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The novel, which tells the story of the Minang nomads, usually contains social criticism from the author to the indigenous Minang culture that is crooked and left behind.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In addition to the novel, the story of Minang nomads is also narrated in the film Merannomad by British director, Gareth Evans.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Minangkabau people and their gait Orang Minang are famous as a learned group, therefore they spread throughout Indonesia and even manca-countries in various professions and expertise, including as politicians, writers, clerics, teachers, journalists, and traders.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Based on a relatively small population (2.7% of Indonesia's population), the Minangkabau are one of the most successful tribes with many achievements. [57]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Tempo Magazine in a special issue in 2000 noted that 6 out of 10 important Indonesian figures in the 20th century were Minangkabau people. [83] 3 of the 4 founders of the Republic of Indonesia were Minangkabau sons. [84] [85] The success and success of the Minang people were achieved while in the oversight.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Since the past, they have been traveling to various regions in Java, Sulawesi, peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei, to Philippines.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In 1390, King Bagindo established the Sultanate of Sulu in the southern Philippines. [56]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In the 14th century the Minang people migrated to Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia and raised the king for the new land from among them.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In the late 16th or early 17th century, some Minangkabau scholars such as Tuan Tunggang Parangan, Dato ri Bandang, Dato ri Patimang, Dato ri Tiro, and Dato Karama, spread Islam in Borneo, Sulawesi, and the Nusa Tenggara Islands.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The arrival of Muslim reformers demanding science in Cairo and Mecca influenced the education system in Minangkabau.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The modern Islamic School of Sumatra Thawalib and Diniyah Putri, spawned many activists who played a role in the independence process, among others A.R. Sutan Mansur, Siradjuddin Abbas, and Djamaluddin Tamin.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In the period 1920—1960, many influential Indonesian politicians were born from the Minangkabau realm.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Being one of the motors of the Asian independence struggle, in 1923 Tan Malaka was elected representative of the Communist International for the Southeast Asian region.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Another Minang politician Muhammad Yamin, became the pioneer of the Youth Pledge which united all the people of the Dutch East Indies.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Inside the Volksraad, it is the politician from Meng-origin who is the most vocal.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

They include Jahja Datoek Kajo, Agus Salim, and Abdul Muis.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Another Minang figure, Mohammad Hatta, became co-proclamator of Indonesian independence.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

After independence, four Minangkabau men sat as prime ministers (Sutan Syahrir, Mohammad Hatta, Abdul Halim, Muhammad Natsir), one as president (Assaat), one as vice president (Mohammad Hatta), one became the leadership of parliament (Chaerul Saleh), and dozens who became ministers, among the quite famous are Azwar Anas, Fahmi Idris, Rizal Ramli and Emil Salim.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Emil even became the longest-serving Indonesian to sit in the Indonesian ministry.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Minangkabau, one of two ethnicities other than ethnic Javanese, who have always had a deputy in every cabinet of the Indonesian government.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Besides in the government, during the time of liberal democracy the Indonesian parliament was dominated by Minang politicians.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

They are incorporated into various kinds of parties and ideologies, islamists, nationalists, communists, and socialists.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In addition to serving as governors of the provinces of Central Sumatra and West Sumatra, the Minangkabau also sat as governors of other provinces in Indonesia.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

They are Datuk Djamin (West Java), Daan Jahja (Jakarta), Muhammad Djosan and Muhammad Padang (Maluku), Anwar Datuk Madjo Basa Nan Kuniang and Moenafri (Central Sulawesi), Adenan Kapau Gani, Mohammad Isa, and Rosihan Arsyad (South Sumatra), Eny Karim (North Sumatra), as well as Jamin Datuk Bagindo (Jambi). [86]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Several Indonesian political parties were founded by Minang politicians.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

PARI and Murba were founded by Tan Malaka, Indonesian Socialist Party by Sutan Sjahrir, New PNI by Mohammad Hatta, Masyumi by Mohammad Natsir, Perti by Sulaiman ar-Rasuli, and Permi by Rasuna Said.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In addition to founding political parties, Minang politicians also produced many books that became compulsory readings of movement activists.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Minang writers influenced the development of Indonesian language and literature a lot.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

They developed the language through a wide variety of written works and craftsmanship.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Marah Rusli, Abdul Muis, Idrus, Hamka, and A.A. Navis worked through the writing of novels.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Nur Sutan Iskandar another Minang novelist, noted as Indonesia's most prolific novel writer.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Chairil Anwar and Taufik Ismail worked through poetry writing.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

As well as Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana and Sutan Muhammad Zain, two grammars who modernized Indonesian language so that it could become a language of national unity.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Minang literary novels such as Sitti Nurbaya, Salah Auhan, Sinking of Van Der Wijck's Ship, Layar Terbang, and The Collapsing of Surau Kami have become mandatory reading materials for school students in Indonesia and Malaysia.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Besides through literary works, Indonesian language development is done by Minang journalists.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

They include Djamaluddin Adinegoro, Rosihan Anwar, and Ani Idrus.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In addition to Abdul Rivai who was dubbed as Perintis Pers Indonesia, Rohana Kudus who published the Malay Editor, became the first female newspaper owner in Indonesia.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In addition to being a politician and writer, Minang's gait is also quite prominent in the field of intellectualism. [87]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The habits of those who like to think and study, have spawned several experts in medicine, humanities, law, and economics, all of whom made great donations to the Indonesian nation.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Among those who are quite well known are Ahmad Shafii Maarif, Hazairin, Syahrir, Taufik Abdullah, and Azrul Azwar.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In Indonesia and Malaysia, in addition to the Chinese, Minangs are also famous as top entrepreneurs.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Many successful Minang entrepreneurs do business in the fields of textile trade, dining houses, hospitality, education, finance, and health.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Among the figures of successful entrepreneurs are, Abdul Latief (owner of AlaTief Corporation), Basrizal Koto (owner of Southeast Asia's largest cattle farm), Hashim Ning (Indonesia's first car assembly entrepreneur), and Tunku Tan Sri Abdullah (owner of Melewar Corporation Malaysia).


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Many Minangs are also successful in the entertainment world, both as directors, producers, singers, and artists.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

As directors and producers there are Usmar Ismail, Asrul Sani, Djamaludin Malik, and Arizal.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Arizal even became the director and producer of films that produced the most works.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

At least 52 movies and 8 soap operas in 1,196 episodes have been produced.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Famous Minang cast and singers some of them are Afgan Syah Reza, Dorce Gamalama, Marshanda, Eva Arnaz, and Nirina Zubir.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Another art worker, quiz queen Ani Sumadi, became a pioneer in the world of perquizzing in Indonesia.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In addition to them, Soekarno M. Noer and his son Rano Karno, became perhaps the most successful entertainment workers in Indonesia, both as actors and film directors.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In 1993, Karno's Film a film company owned by the Soekarno family, produced the highest-rated film series throughout the history of Indonesian film, Si Doel Anak Schoollahan.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In Malaysia and Singapore, the contribution of Minangkabau people is also considerable.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In 1723, Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmad Syah I, sat as the sultan of Johor before finally establishing the Kingdom of Siak on the mainland of Riau. [88]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In the early 18th century, Nakhoda Bayan, Nakhoda Intan, and Little Nakhoda visited Pinang Island. [89]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In 1773, King Melewar sent Pagaruyung to lead the Negeri Sembilan rantau.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

He also propagated Indigenous Perpatih and Adat Tumenggung, which until recently still prevailed in the Malaya Peninsula.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Towards the independence period some Minang politicians founded political parties.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Among these were Ahmad Boestamam who founded Parti Rakyat Malaysia and Rashid Maidin who decried the Parti Communist Malaya.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

After independence Tuanku Abdul Rahman became Malaysia's first Yang Dipertuan Agung, while Rais Yatim, Amirsham Abdul Aziz, and Abdul Samad Idris, sat in cabinet seats.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Some of the other quite meritorious names are Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor (Malaysia's first astronaut), Muhammad Saleh Al-Minangkabawi (great kadi of the Kingdom of Perak), Tahir Jalaluddin Al-Azhari (prominent cleric), Adnan bin Saidi (Malaysian freedom fighter), and Abdul Rahim Kajai (pioneer of Malaysian press ).


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In Singapore, Mohammad Eunos Abdullah and Abdul Rahim Ishak emerged as prominent Singaporean politicians, Yusof bin Ishak became Singapore's first president, and Zubir Said created Singapore's national anthem Majulah Singapore.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Some Minang figures also have international reputations.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Among these, Roestam Effendi who represented the Communist Party of the Netherlands, and became the first Indies person to sit as a member of the Dutch parliament. [90]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In Saudi Arabia, Ahmad Khatib Al-Minangkabawi, became the only non-Arab to have served the high imam of the Masjid al-Haram, Mecca.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Mohammad Natsir, one of the leading Islamic figures, once held the position of president of the World Muslim League (World Moslem Congress) and chairman of the World Council of Mosques.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Azyumardi Azra meanwhile, became the first person outside a Commonwealth citizen to be granted the title Sir of the British Empire. [91]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

See also the list of Minangkabau figures of the Aneuk Jamee Yang Dipertuan Besar Negeri Sembilan Reference Advanced reading (Erlebnisbericht).


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Outlinks (in English) (in English) (in English) (in English) Category:Tribes in Indonesia


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Zhao Feiyan (Chinese:, 45 BC — 1 BC), [1] formally Empress Xiaocheng (), was an empress consort during the Han Dynasty.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Her husband was Emperor Cheng. [2]


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

She was known in the Chinese popular mindset more for her beauty than for the palace intrigues that she and her sister, the also beautiful Empress Zhao Hede engaged in, but unlike most of the most famous beautiful women in Chinese history (such as the Four women beautiful), she is often vilified by her own sisters.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

She was often compared and contrasted with Yang Guifei, the beautiful concubine of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang dynasty, because she was known for her slender body shape while Yang was known for her syntal body.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

This led to the Chinese idiom huanfei yanshou (, literally “which contains Huan, the slender Fei”), which describes different types of beauty, then also used as a figurative expression on literary styles that can be either verbose or sparse but both equally effective. [3]


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Early life The actual birth date of Zhao Feiyan is unknown but is estimated to be 45 BC.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

According to historical records, his personal name may have been Yi Zhu ().


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

According to historical records, she was the daughter of two descendants of the prince's servant or imperial princess.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

The note says that when she was born, her parents were so poor that they abandoned her, but they saw that she was alive after three days, so they took her back and raised her.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

After his father died, he and his sister were appointed by servants of the wealthy family household. [4]


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Their adoptive father was named Zhao Lin () and they took the name of his clan.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

When he was growing up, he was assigned to the household of Princess Yang'a (陽阿公), the sister of Emperor Cheng.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

She became a showgirl there, and she received the name Feiyan (literally, flying hovering) because she was so slim and so agile in dancing that she was like flying a swallow.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Empress consort to Cheng In about 19 BC, Emperor Cheng visited Princess Yang'a when he saw her and her sister Hede, and became enamored with them.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

He sent the two to the palace, and they became favorites within the imperial harem, and they seized the affections of Empress Xu and Empress Ban.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

In 18 BC, they were accused of using witchcraft by Empress Xu and Empress Ban; Empress Xu was deposed, and while Empress Ban successfully pleaded her case, she did not want to return to the same environment and instead became a dayang Empress Dowager Wang.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Zhao sisters now dominate the palace. [5]


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Emperor Cheng wanted to make Feiyan the new empress, but Empress Dowager Wang complained about her low birth status and previous job as a showgirl.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

In 16 BC, he finally gave in to his son's wishes, and in preparation, Emperor Cheng first elevated Feiyan's father, Zhao Lin as the Markis of Chengyang, so that he was no longer seen as being of low birth.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

In the summer of that year, she was elevated to empress.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Empress. After Feiyan was appointed empress, she began to lose the support of Emperor Cheng, while her sister She received almost exclusive affection from Emperor Cheng, while the sisters were initially envious of each other, they later reconciled, and continued dominate the palace together.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

However, neither of them could become heir to the empire—something that greatly troubled Emperor Cheng (who had previously favored Empress Xu and Empress Ban also had no children, and no other wife is known to have had children).


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

It is alleged that Empress Zhao, with her sisters protecting her, often committed acts of adultery with males known to have fathered many children, in hopes of becoming pregnant.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Empress Zhao and her sister Hede would also be accused of being involved in something more nefarious around this period.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Based on investigative reports later written in 6 BC (after Emperor Cheng's death), Emperor Cheng had two sons—one born to Empress Cao in 12 BC and one born to Empress Xu (a relative of the deposed Empress Xu) in 11 BC.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

However, both children were murdered in their infancy by order of Empress Zhao Hede, with at least a tacit agreement from Emperor Cheng; Empress Cao was forced to commit suicide after her son was assassinated.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

The report further alleged that the Zhao sisters engaged in many tactics, such as forced abortions, murder, and poisoning, to ensure that no other concubine would bear the imperial heir.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

In 9 BC, still without an heir, Emperor Cheng decided to become his younger brother, Prince Liu Xing Zhongshan (中山王) or his nephew Prince Liu Xin of Heze as his heir.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Emperor Cheng became convinced that Prince Xin was the more capable, and at the same time, Prince Xin's grandmother, Empress Fu devoted herself to Empress Zhao, her sister Hede, and Emperor Cheng's uncle, Wang Gen with lavish gifts, both Zhao and Wang Gen praised Prince Xin as well.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Emperor Cheng made Prince Xin his Crown Prince in 8 BC.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Emperor Cheng's Queen Mother died suddenly in 7 BC, allegedly stricken with a stroke (though historians also report a possible overdose from stimulating drugs given to her by Empress Zhao Hede).


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Soon there were many rumors that he had in fact had concubines who bore him sons, But that their sons and mothers were killed by Empress Zhao Hede (out of jealousy) and possibly Emperor Cheng himself, complaining of her husband and apparently afraid of the judgement, Empress Zhao Hede suicide.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Crown Prince Xin ascended the throne as Emperor Ai.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

The rumors were largely centered around Hede and because of his role in Emperor Ai becoming Emperor Cheng's heir, Empress Zhao was personally unharmed, and Emperor Ai honored her with the title of queen mother.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

However, he would have little or no political influence during Emperor Ai's reign.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

After an investigative report commissioned by Empress Dowager Wang was published in 6 BC, accusing Empress Zhao Hede of cruelty against other imperial empresses and their children (and implicitly, though not directly, accused Empress Dowager Zhao of the thing that similarly), the family of Empress Dowager Zhao was exiled, and the title of markist given to her brother and nephew was dislodged.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

However, Empress Dowager Zhao herself was saved, mainly because she had a very friendly relationship with the ruling Emperor Ai's grandmother, Empress Fu (who now insisted on, and accepted, the title of grand widow empress as well).


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Some of his relatives, instead of going into exile, were hidden by Empress Wang's Widow, Wang Ren (王), but after they were discovered, Wang was punished by being sent back to his handler.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Death In 1 BC, In a decisive act, Empress Dowager Wang reclaimed power from Emperor Ai's favorite, Dong Xian and elevated his nephew Wang Mang as a throne holder to the future Emperor Ping.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Wang Mang, who wanted to quell all dissent (and had previously held a grudge against Emperor Ai for having demeaned him and held out grudges to those who supported Emperor Ai) had Empress Dowager Zhao demoted from her position as empress to Empress Xiaocheng.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

A few months later, she was demoted to the status of a commoner and ordered to guard her husband's grave, that day, she committed suicide.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Included in Lienü zhuan Her biography is included in the classical Confucianism Biographies of Exemplary Women (Lienü Zhuan), compiled by the Han Dynasty scholar, Liu Xiang.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Zhao Feiyan's biography is part of Scroll 9, titled Additional Biographies (新


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

In popular culture Zhao is portrayed as one of the Chinese characters of the television series Love Weaves Through a Millennium, played by Niki Yi.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Reference Notes Book of Han, vol. 97, part 2.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 31, 32, 33, 34, 35.


Question: who is Dong Xian's old man?

Zhao Feiyan

Category:Pages with no title Category:Death 1 BC Category:Birth 32 BC Category:Women 1st Century BC Category:Empress of the Han Dynasty


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is a federation-shaped state in Western Europe.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The country has a very important economic and political position in Europe as well as in the world.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

With an area of 357,021 square kilometres (roughly two and a half times the island of Java) and a population of around 82 million inhabitants, this country with 16 states (Bundesland, plural: Bundesländer) becomes a key member of the European Union organization (most population), the interstate transport link of goods and services seawasan, as well as being the country with the third largest immigrant population in the world. [1]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Although the modern German nation-state was only formed in 1871 after the French-Prussian War, political units in the region have long played an important position in the era of monarchy in Europe from the time of control by the Roman Empire towards the modern era (AD) until the end of the War Napoleon.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The unification of Central Europe during the time of Karl the Great (Charlemagne), the leader of the Kingdom of Franka, in the 8th century became the stub of the formation of a nearly 1000 year old confederative imperium known as the Holy Roman Imperium.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

This imperium heavily coloured feudal culture throughout Europe as well as being central to the Reformation of the christian church in the 16th century which gave birth to Protestantism.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

When the Holy Roman Imperium was dissolved in 1806 as a result of the divisions brought about by the Napoleonic wars, there had grown a sense of one nationality as a like-speaking (German-language) society.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

However, the modern state formed later was unable to unify the ideals of nationality because Austria formed a common ally of Hungary into a separate state from the modern German state.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In 1949, Germany, with much reduced territory as a result of two major wars in Europe, split into two separate countries: West Germany [2] and East Germany.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

This separation ended 3 October 1990 (becoming Germany's national day now) when East Germany officially unified itself with West Germany.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany (West) was the founding country of the European Economic Community (later becoming the European Union in 1993).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The country has also been a member of the Schengen zone and a user of the Euro currency since 2002.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

As an important country, Germany is a member of the G8, G20, ranked fourth in Gross Domestic Product and fifth in the Balance of Shopping Capabilities (2009), the second order of exporting countries [3] [4] [5] and the second order of goods importing countries (2009), and ranked second in the world in the value of development assistance in its annual budget (2008). [6]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany is also known as a country with a good social safety network system and has a very high standard of living.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany is known as a country with a mastery of advanced science and technology in various fields, both natural and social and humanitarian sciences, [7] in addition to being a country that scores many achievements in the field of sports, such as Formula One, football, and others.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany is considered a country that very much animates the world.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In other words, Germany is also a country that influences the state of the world's economy/stock exchanges.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The natural state of Germany is located in central Europe and is directly adjacent to nine countries.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

To the west it borders the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

To the south it borders Switzerland and Austria.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

To the east it borders Czechs and Poles, and to the north it borders Denmark.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

If neighbors across the sea (Baltic Sea) are also counted, then Germany is also neighbouring Sweden.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The country has a total area of 357,021km2 (137,847sqmi), comprising a land area of 349,223km2 (134,836sqmi) and an ocean area of 7,798km2 (3,011sqmi).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany is the seventh widest country in Europe and the 62nd in the world. [8]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The territory of the country is now the result of World War II and previously had a much wider coverage, covering parts of Poland, the Czechs, as well as Kaliningrad (or Königsberg, now Russian-controlled).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Its territory was politically divided from October 7, 1949 to October 3, 1990, when the eastern part of the country was controlled by the communist regime and named the German Democratic Republic (East Germany, or Deutsche Demokratische Republik abbreviated as DDR).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In general, German topography is a lowland in the north and a hilly region in the southern part.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Its highest peak is the 2,962 meters high Zugspitze, which is part of the Alps system on the border with Austria.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The lowest point of Germany is the Wilstermarsch (Wilster Swamp), near Steinburg in the northern part, which is -3.54 meters dpl.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Mountains in Germany are of average medium to moderately high height, which is between 500-1000 meters.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Some of the important ones are the Alps, Schwarzwald (“Black Jungle”), Erz Mountains, Rhoen, Rothaargebirge (Rothaar Mountains), Rhein Mountains (covering the regions of the Eifel Hills, Bergisches Land, Sauerland, Siegerland, Westerwald, and Taunus), Thüringischer Wald, and the Harz Mountains.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The flowing rivers are large enough that some are navigable by medium-sized vessels up to far upstream, such as the Rhein River, Elbe River, Donau River, Weser River, and Main River.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The widest lake is in the south, namely Lake Konstanz (Bodensee) with three small islands: Mainau, Reichenau, and Lindau.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In addition there are many other lakes, such as Chiemsee and Lake Mueritz.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany has a coast dealing with the Baltic Sea to the east and the North Sea to the west.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

On the western coast there are vast swathes of gumuk (sand dune) protected by the North Frisian Islands and Kep.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

East Frisia; in addition there is the tourist island of Helgoland.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Several smaller islands off the east coast became tourist attractions, such as Ruegen Island, Fehmarn Island, and Usedom Island.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Widely found natural resources are iron ore, coal, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, nickel, and water. [8]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The governance and administrative division of Germany is a parliamentary democratic state.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Day-to-day government is held by a chancellor, who plays a role like a prime minister in any other country with a similar form of government.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In addition to Germany, Austria also has a chancellor.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The position of chancellor is achieved automatically by the main candidate of the winning party of the federal general election.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

There are six main political parties in Germany, with the three largest (two of which form permanent coalitions), the SPD (social democrat, progressive left) and the CDU/CSU (Christian democrat/socialist conservative right).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The other parties are the FDP (liberal democrats), Bündnis 90/Die Grüne (green left), and Die Linke (left-leaning, an amalgam of the communist party and a spD fraction).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The office of president is more ceremonial, though he can approve or disapprove of some important matters.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The parliament is known as the Bundestag, whose members are elected.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The governing party is the party with the dominant coalition inside this parliament.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In addition to the Bundestag there is also the Bundesrat, whose members are representatives of the government of the states.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The Bundesrat is often equated with the senate, although in reality it has different powers.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Administratively, Germany is a federated state (Bundesland) with 13 states (Flächenland; namely Baden-Württemberg, Freistaat Bayern or Bavaria, Brandenburg, Hessen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Freistachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, and Freistaat Thüringen) and three state-level cities (Stadtstaaten or Stadtländer, namely Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

These states were formed gradually since the end of World War II as a simplification of the boundary lines of the more feudalistic relics of the German Reich period.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The state is ruled by a prime minister (Ministerpräsident) complete with his cabinet.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

There is also a state level parliament.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Each state sent its representatives (cabinet members, not directly elected) to the Bundesrat.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Lower Saxony Bremen Hamburg Mecklenburg- Vorpommern Saxony- Anhalt Saxony Brandenburg Berlin Thuringia Hesse NorthRhine- Westphalia Rhineland-Palatinate Bavaria Baden- Württemberg Saarland Schleswig-Holstein The lowest community unitary unit (first cears) is Gemeinde, which can constitute amalgamation of several villages or small towns.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Some Gemeinde will form a larger community unit called Kreis (translated as district) as second cears.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

A number of Kreis form the state, but in Bayern there is a unit of a third cedar community known as Bezirk.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

To launch its administration, administrations in many states formed Regierungsbezirk to assist with administration administration.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In the municipal state (Stadtländer), the division of territory is only administrative, not representative of the community.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

German names See also Names for the country of Germany.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Because of its location in the middle of Europe and its long history as different posters before finally unifying, Germany has many names.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The name “German” used in Malay is taken from the English German name meaning “German” or German.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The country's name in English, Germany, comes from the Latin name used by the Romans for the region around the Rhein River, namely Germania since the 3rd century BC.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

It is unclear its etymology, but it is possible that the Romans adopted from the Kelt people appellation in the Gauls for the peoples there meaning “neighbor”. [9]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Allemania (with its variations, used for example in French, Spanish, and Arabic), Saksa (used in Finnish), Tedesco (used in Italian) also Deutsch (with variations, used for example in German, Swedish, and Dutch), and Niemcy (Polish and Dutch), and Niemcy (Polish and variations of it in some of its neighbors) refers to different Germanic peoples, as well as indicating a variety of Germanic origins.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Deutsch (read /doit/) comes from the Old Upstream German word diutisc; there is also one Germanic puak in the northern part (Jutland Peninsula) named Teutoni.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Allemani is a poak living in the southern part.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Sakson (Sachsen) is a poak that once lived in the lower reaches of present-day Germany; his descendants spread anyway to the Netherlands and England.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The Puak Nemeti once inhabited the region now known as Alsace.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The historical history of Germany as a nation-state began since the formation of the German Confederation in 1815 which was motorised by the Kingdom of Prussia.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

However, the occupancy of the area east bank of the Rhein River, now the site of most of the German state, has lasted since prehistoric times, far up to the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In places near the flow of several large, hilly rivers (e.g. Rhein and Neckar River) since hundreds of thousands of years have been the dwellings of various peoples.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Fossils of Homo heidelbergensis and Homo neanderthalensis were found in this kind of place.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In the more modern period were found relics from the Cro-Magnon humans of the last Ice Age.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Relics of New Stone Age (Neolithic) and Trade Age (both Bronze Age and Iron Age) civilizations are also found in many places.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Caused by its fertile territory, various tribes of arrivals inhabited the region.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The relics of the first civilization come from the Kelt peoples from the last millennium before the modern era (AD) who came from the east.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Slavic people also inhabited the eastern part (around the Elba River).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Then came the Germanics from the north who inhabited the same region and slowly urged the Kelts westward towards France and England although interfering between the two different groups of languages was widely thought to occur.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

When the Romans began to expand northward in the last century before AD came written records about this region.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Written accounts of the region now called Germany (the protohistoric era) begin from the time of Roman and Greek written reports of the “Barbarians” (meaning “savages”) inhabiting the northern part of the Alps.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

This period is commonly referred to by historians as the Antique Period


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In the time leading up to the Roman expansion, the territory of Germany was inhabited by various Germanic poacs competing with each other.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

This weakness was exploited by the Romans to conquer territories east of the Rhein River and establish the province of Germania Magna.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In the first century AD, Roman troops could again be urged to retreat up to the west bank of the Rhein and south of the River Main and Donau River.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Slowly, these Germanic tribes began to expand their territory westward after Roman power faded.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Although the Romans were politically not strong, culturally the Germanic tribes were greatly affected by Roman culture.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Alternately sprung up the dominating puak-puak and began to form dynasti/powerful wangsa, such as Meroving and Salian wangsa.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The process of Christianization and culture of feudalism also began to take shape in this period.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The historical era began as early as the 5th century, commonly named the Middle Ages by European historians, with the discovery of Old German-language documents, Latin written by the locals themselves, or other languages.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In the 8th century there appeared one German tribe sticking out and establishing the imperium, following the example once shown by the Romans before, namely Franka, with the first ruler Karl Martel (Charles Martel) of Wangsa Meroving.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

He founded the Kingdom of Franka, which dominated western and central Europe until several centuries afterward.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The peak of the kingdom's glory occurred during the reign of Karl the Great (Charlemagne; reigned 800-843) while also establishing the Wangsa of Karoling.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Late in his reign, he divided his vast territory into three, corresponding to his three grandsons, known as the Treaty of Verdun.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The western region was reserved for Karl (Charles) who later became the Kingdom of France, the central region was ruled by Lothar, and the eastern region was reserved for Ludwig (Louis).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Furthermore, the historical stage was dominated by a loose federation of various feudal dynasties known as the Holy Roman Empire as a result of the reunification of the eastern and central regions of the Kingdom of Franka, as well as the pretension of northern Italy in the hands of the German puak, which spanned during 8.5 or nearly 10 centuries depending on where people count them from, from the 9th or 10th century until 1806, and led by an emperor.


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Germany

In its heyday, the territory of this empire included the modern territories of Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Czech, Polish, eastern France, Switzerland, and northern Italy.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

This long period experienced various turmoil such as the Investiturat Rivalry, the Great Famine of 1315—1317, the Black Plague (The Black Death) 1347-1351, and the passing of the Golden Charter of 1356 (Die Goldene Bulle) as the first constitution of this empire.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In the 16th century, when it had lost many territories of non-German peoples, the empire was briefly referred to as the “Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation”.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

This century witnessed also the start of the Protestant Reformation, begun by Martin Luther in 1517 in Wittenberg, now located in Sachsen-Anhalt.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

As a result of this new stream of Christianity by various king members of the Empire came internal tensions within the Empire, which culminated with the occurrence of the Thirty Years' War (1618—1648).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

This series of wars ended with the cessation of the Peace of Westfalia.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The war further overhauled the political order of the Empire because some time later marked an era of competition between two political powers, namely the Habsburg Wangsa of the Kingdom of Austria who adhered to Catholicism as a traditional power and the Hohenzollern North branch of the ruler Kingdom Prussians who adhered to Protestant Christianity gradually gained ground.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The Napoleonic Wars changed the plot of history, from the orientation of feudalism to a militaristic state, with the formation of the German Confederation of 1815—1866.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Due to the repressive role of the state, the emergence of the liberalism movement in Europe, as well as the February Revolution of 1848 in France, there was a revolution in 1848 which was motorized by students and laborers.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Although muted, this revolution resulted in Germany's first parliament, the Frankfurt Parliament, the maturity of national symbols (the flag and the national anthem), and became the impetus for the formation of the German Empire in 1871—1918 after the French-Prussian war (1870-1871).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

From this time Germany adopted a parliamentary system with the chancellor as head of government.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The first chancellor was Otto von Bismarck.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

World War I ended with the collapse of the German Empire (as well as the Austria-Hungarian Empire, its rival) while simultaneously marking the republican era with the 1919 founding of the Weimar Republic.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany lost the territory of Alsace-Lorraine (which it capsized in 1871) and parts of its territory in Poland, especially the port city of Danzig.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

This democratic period lasted relatively short and ended 1933.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

After Adolf Hitler-led Nazi Germany authoritarian rule of 1933—1945 that brought the nation's destruction in World War II, there emerged the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) as symbols of the Cold War since 1949.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Defeat in World War II had seen Germany lose the eastern territories that fell into Polish and Russian hands.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

There were also revenge actions in Poland and Czechoslovakia in the form of forced expulsion of Germans from their territory (Zwangsvertreibung).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In Russia, people of German descent are many banished to the eastern regions (Siberia).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The Weimar Republic and the Nazi Regime At the beginning of the German Revolution of November 1918, Germany declared itself a republic.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Nevertheless, the radical communist power of the left persisted.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

This revolution ended on August 11, 1919, when the Weimar Constitution was signed by President Friedrich Ebert. [11]


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Germany

Germany in this era enjoyed a very liberal cultural life with economic prosperity - called the Golden Twenties.


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Germany

The aftermath of the Great Depression of 1929 plus the resulting difficult conditions dictated by the Treaty of Versailles resulted in the administration becoming unstable dii the early 1930s. This was coupled with accusations on the Weimar government that they considered betraying the country for signing the Treaty of Versailles.


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Germany

In 1932, the Communist Party of Germany and the Nazi Party controlled the majority of Parliament, which continuously opposed the policies of the Weimar government.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

After a persistent cabinet failure, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler as Chancellor on January 30, 1933. [12]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

A moment later the state situation grew chaotic and Hitler gained unlimited power. [13] [14] Using his power to avoid threats to the state, Hitler then established a centralized totalitarian state within a few months.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Industry was later revitalized for military needs. [15]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In 1935, Germany regained control of the Saar and 1936 also gained the Rhineland, both territories lost to the Treaty of Versailles. [16]


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Germany

In 1938, Austria was annexed, and in 1939, Czechoslovakia was also under German control.


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Germany

An invasion of Poland was prepared through the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact and Operation Himmler.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

On 1 September 1939 the German Wehrmacht launched a flash offensive into Poland, then later annexed by Germany and the Soviet Red Army.


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Germany

Britain and France declared war on Germany, and World War II broke out. [17]


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Germany

The war continued, Germany and its allies quickly took control of almost the entire continent of Europe and North Africa.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Even so, the German plan to take control of Britain suffered a failure.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

On 22 June 1941, Germany violated the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact and invaded the Soviet Union.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The Japanese attack on the United States gave rise to a German declaration of war on the United States.


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Germany

The Battle of Stalingrad forced the German army to move to the eastern front. [17]


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Germany

The month of September 1943, Italy, an ally of Germany, suffered a defeat, and the German army was forced to hold out in aid of Italy.


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Germany

The Normandy landings opened the western front and the allied armies managed to urge entry inside German territory.


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Germany

On May 8, 1945, the German army suffered a defeat after the Red Army successfully occupied Berlin. [18]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

East Germany and West Germany After the loss of Germany in World War II, the remaining areas of Germany and Berlin were divided by the Allies into 4 military zones.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

These four zones received more than 6.5 million ethnic Germans expelled from the eastern regions. [19]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The western sector, controlled by France, Britain, and the United States, merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland); and on 7 October 1949, the Soviet-controlled eastern sector became the German Democratic Republic (Deutsche Demokratische Republic, DDR).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In general, they are known as “West Germans” and “East Germans”.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

East Germany chose East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose Bonn. [20]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

West Germany emerged as a federal parliamentary state with a “social market economy” system, allied with the United States, the United Kingdom, and France.


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Germany

West Germany enjoyed tremendous economic growth starting in the 1950s ([Wirtschaftswunder] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help)).


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Germany

West Germany also joined NATO in 1955 and became a founding country of the European Economic Community of 1957.


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Germany

East Germany was an Eastern Bloc country with military and political control of the Soviet Union and later joined the Warsaw Pact.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Although East Germany claimed a democratic state, political power was completely controlled by the (Politbüro) under the control of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), which was supported by the Stasi, secret agents, [21] and various other sub-organizations that controlled every aspect of life.


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Germany

Although East German propaganda took much from the advantages of their social programs and the condemnation of the West German invasion, many East citizens still wanted to go to the West in search of freedom and prosperity. [22]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The Berlin Wall, built in 1961 to stop the population of East Germany from fleeing to West Germany, became a symbol of the Cold War, [23] so its fall in 1989 became a symbol of the Fall of Communism, Germany's return, and Die Wende.


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Germany

Tensions between East Germany and West Germany began to ease early in the 1970s with the policy [Ostpolitik] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help) Chancellor Willy Brandt.


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Germany

In 1989 Hungary (a member of the Eastern Bloc) opened its border with Austria (a member of the Western Bloc) resulting in the flow of thousands of East German refugees into West Germany via Hungary.


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Germany

This caused chaos in East Germany and a wave of demonstrations gained support.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

This crisis forced the East German government to lay down its powers and agree to unification with the Federal Republic of Germany, officially signed October 3, 1990 (now the Day of German Unity, Tag der Deutschen Einheit). [23]


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Germany

German and EU reunification of the Capital was then agreed moving to Berlin again in 1994 (based on the Berlin/Bonn Deed).


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Germany

The relocation of the new government was completed in 1999. [24]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Bonn itself gained status as a Bundesstadt (federal city) due to being the place of several ministries. [25]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Since unifying, Germany has become more active in its membership of the European Union and NATO.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany sent peace forces to maintain stability in the Balkans and sent army troops to Afghanistan as an effort to dampen Taliban forces. [26]


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Germany

This troop reduction became controversial because according to their domestic rules, the Germans sent troops only for defense roles. [27]


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Germany

In 2005, Angela Merkel became the first female German Chancellor with a grand coalition in government. [23]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The German economy has a social market economy with a highly capable workforce, a large market capitalization, a low level of corruption, [29] and a high level of innovation. [30]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany is Europe's largest and strongest economy, the world's fourth-largest GDP, [31] the world's fifth-largest gross national income, [32] and the largest contributor to the European Union in 2011. [33]


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Germany

The service sector contributes to 71% of total GDP, industry 28%, and agriculture 1%. [8]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The average unemployment rate of the country (May 2012) is 6.7%. [34]


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Germany

The official unemployment rate in the country also includes people working part-time who are looking for full employment. [35]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The country's unofficial average unemployment rate was around 5.7% in 2011. [8]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany was the originator of European economic and political integration.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Many of Germany's proposed policies are widely used as EU policies.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany introduced the current European common currency, the euro, on January 1, 2002. [36] [37] Its monetary policy is regulated by the European Central Bank, headquartered in Frankfurt.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Until two decades after German Reunification, today the standard of living and per capita income of the states of the former West Germany remained significantly higher than the states of the former East Germany. [38]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Modernization and economic integration of eastern Germany is a long-term process and is scheduled to end in 2019, with transfers from west to east per year reaching 80 billion US dollars. [39]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In January 2009 the German Government agreed to provide an economic stimulus of 50 billion Euros to protect some sectors and reduce unemployment. [40]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Of the 500 largest companies in the world (by revenue) written by the Fortune Global 500, 37 of them are headquartered in Germany.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Famous German companies include Mercedes-Benz, BMW, SAP, Siemens, Volkswagen, Adidas, Audi, Allianz, Porsche, Bayer, Bosch and Nivea. [41]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany is best known for its specialist small and medium-sized companies.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The following is a list of Germany's largest companies by its 2011 earnings: Infrastructure With its position located in the middle of Europe, Germany is a transport link.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

This can be seen from its transport network which is so intricate and modern.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The motorway network (Autobahn) is the third longest toll network in the world and is notable for having no speed limit. [43]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany also has fast rail lines.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The InterCityExpress or ICE network owned by Deutsche Bahn serves major German cities and destinations in neighbouring countries at speeds up to 300km/h (186 miles/hour). [44]


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Germany

Germany's largest airports are Frankfurt Airport and Munich Airport, both being links for Lufthansa.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Some other major airports include Berlin Schönefeld, Hamburg, Cologne/Bonn and Leipzig/Halle.


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Germany

The two airports in Berlin will be united to Berlin Schönefeld and will become Berlin Brandenburg Airport. [45]


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Germany

In 2008, Germany was the world's sixth largest energy consumer, [46] and 60% of the country's energy came from imports. [47]


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Germany

Government policy supports energy conservation and the commercialization of renewed energy.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Efficient energy use has increased since the beginning of the 1970s, the government targets to meet the country's energy needs from 40% of refurbished sources by 2020 and 100% by 2050. [48]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In 2010, energy sources were: oil (33.7%), coal and lignite (22.9%), natural gas (21.8%), nuclear (10.8%), wind and water (1.5%), and some other energy sources (7.9%). [49]


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Germany

In 2000, the government and the nuclear industry agreed to shut down all nuclear power plants by 2021. [50]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany is committed to the content of the Kyoto Protocol and the movement supporting biodiversity, low emission standards, recycling, and sustainable energy use on a global scale. [51]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The German government has initiated emission reduction activities and the country's overall emissions have been reduced. [52]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Even so, the country remains Europe's largest producer of greenhouse gas emissions (2010 data). [53]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Science and technology Germany's achievements in the field of science have had a significant influence and research and development have become part of the economy. [54]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The Nobel Prize has been bestowed on 103 Germans. [55]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

German researchers earned many Nobels in the field of science, including Physics, Chemistry, and physiology or medicine. [56] [57] The work of Albert Einstein and Max Planck was very influential and became the basis of modern physics, which was later developed by Werner Heisenberg and Max Born. [58]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Other notable physicists include Hermann von Helmholtz, Joseph von Fraunhofer and Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Wilhelm Röntgen discovered the X-Ray and became the first Nobel Laureate of Physics in 1901. [59]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Otto Hahn became a pioneer in radioactivity and radiochemistry and discovered nuclear fission. [60] Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch were meritorious in the field of microbiology.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

A number of mathematicians were also German, such as Carl Friedrich Gauss, David Hilbert, Bernhard Riemann, Gottfried Leibniz, Karl Weierstrass, Hermann Weyl and Felix Klein.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Existing research institutions in Germany include the Max Planck Society, the Helmholtz Association and the Fraunhofer Society.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Award is given to 10 researchers and academics each year.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

With a maximum value of 2.5 million euros makes this award one of the most prestigious in the world. [61]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany was also the country of many inventors and engineers, such as Johannes Gutenberg (inventor of the printing press); Hans Geiger (inventor of the Geiger enumerator; and Konrad Zuse (maker of the first automated digital computer). [62]


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Germany

German industrialists and engineers such as Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Otto Lilienthal, Gottlieb Daimler, Rudolf Diesel, Hugo Junkers and Karl Benz greatly contributed to the technology of the world of automotive and air transport. [63]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Aviator engineer Wernher von Braun developed the first space rocket and the Saturn V rocket, which became the way for American success in the Apollo program.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz researching electromagnetic radiation was highly meritorious to the development of modern telecommunications. [64]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany is also an advanced country in the use of environmentally friendly technologies.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The companies that have business in this field generate approximately 200 billion euros.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Important industries in this technology include power generation, transportation, waste handling and recycling, and water management. [65]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Population With a total population of about 81.7 million people (2009), Germany is the 15th most populated country in the world.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Since 2003 Germany's total population is dwindling slowly although the country still accepts immigrants. [66]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The unwillingness of German families to have children and rising mortality rates became often designated causes for this state of affairs.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The German demographics have many large cities, some of which have been more than two millennia old.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Yet only three cities have a population of more than a million people: Berlin with 3.4 million people, Hamburg (1.8 million), and München (1.4 million).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The highest concentration of population lies in the Ruhr basin region (Ruhrgebiet or Ruhrbecken, taken from the name of the river flowing there) in the state of Nordrhein Westfalen, which is inhabited by about 20 million people and becomes one of the most populated megapolitan areas in the world.


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Germany

The region incorporates cities such as Bochum, Dortmund, Duisburg, Essen, and Gelsenkirchen, so practically people do not see boundaries between these cities.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Other large and important cities are Bremen, Duesseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Hannover, Karlsruhe, Koeln, Nuernberg, and Stuttgart.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Ethnic Germans are nation-states for Germans.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The sense of one nation grew in the 19th century after many parties felt that Germans were torn apart as a result of the Napoleonic Wars.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Before the emergence of such a sense of nationality, Germans were distinguished from the main political units that compose this country or dialect differences, such as ethnic Bayern, Swabia, Baden, Sachsen, Köln, and so on.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

This issue of ethnicity sometimes still arises in certain issues in modern Germany, for example interclub matches within the Bundesliga or, somewhat more seriously, in the placement of an important industrial center.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Legally, Germans are those of German nationality.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

With this restriction, there are indigenous ethnic minorities and ethnic minorities arrivals (immigrants).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Native ethnic minorities include ethnic Danes in the north, ethnic Frisians in the northwest, as well as ethnic Sorbians and Kashubians in some places in northeastern Germany.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Jews have long inhabited German cities and, as in other places, were known as merchants.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany now has the 3rd largest Jewish population in Europe.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In 2004, the number of Jews from the former Soviet Union living in Germany doubled compared to those living in Israel, making a total growth of more than 200,000 since 1991.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Now Jews have a voice in German public life through the umbrella institution of the Jewish Council in Germany (Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Under Fascist Nazi Germany there was a genocide against minority groups called the Holocaust, in which 10 million civilians died, including 6 million Jews.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Since the Industrial Revolution, many immigrants from other European countries worked and settled in Germany.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In the 19th century, immigrants from Italy, Poland, and Czechs worked in the coal mine industry and factories in the Ruhr and Rhein areas.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The end of World War II led to the arrival of descendants of Germans who had previously settled in various Eastern European countries (Vertreibung, Expulsion of Germans).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The industrial boom in the 1960s and 1970s also invited immigrants, especially from the Balkan regions and Turkey.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The last major wave of immigration occurred since the Reunification of Germany: after this event, Germany opened itself to descendants of Germans still settling in Eastern Europe.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

As of 2004, about 6.7 million non-citizens lived in Germany.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

With the largest coming from Turkey, followed by Italy, Greece, Croatia, the Netherlands, Serbia, Montenegro, Spain, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria, Portugal, Vietnam, Morocco, Poland, Macedonia, Lebanon and France. [67]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

About 2/3 of him have been in the country for eight years or more, and therefore could be naturalized. [68]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The rush of immigrants entering Germany since the end of World War II led to about 19% of the German population in 2008 having a background of other nationalities. [69]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany is a top destination for political refugees (asylum applicants) and economies from many developing countries, but the number has declined in recent years, reaching around 50,000 in 2003.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

German religion was the birthplace of the Church Reformation begun by Martin Luther in the early 16th century.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Today, Protestants (especially in the north and east) comprise 33% of the population and Catholics (mainly in the south and west) also 33%.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

All there are about 55 million Jews.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Most German Protestants are members of the German Evangelical Church.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Free Churches exist within both large as well as small towns.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The Roman Catholic pope emeritus, Pope Benedict XVI, is also German.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In addition there are several hundred thousand Orthodox (mainly Greek and Serbian) adherents, 400,000 members of the New Apostolic Church, more than 150,000 members of Jehovah's Witnesses, and several other smaller groups.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In the territory of former East Germany, religious life was less developed than in EX-West Germany as a result of the previously reigning communist regime paying less attention to religious life.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

About 30% of the German population admits to having no religion.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In the East this figure can be higher.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Church and state are separate, but there is cooperation in many areas, especially in the social sphere, the Church and the religious community, when they are large, stable and faithful to the constitution, can receive special status from the state as a “corporation under public law” which permits the Church to levying taxes from members called Kirchensteuer (church tax).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

This revenue is collected by the state in lieu of collection fees.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The second largest religion is Islam with 3.8 to 4,300,000 followers estimated (4.6% to 5.2%), [132] followed by Buddhism with 250,000 and Judaism with about 200,000 followers (0.3%); Hinduism has some 90,000 followers (0.1%).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

All other religious communities in Germany have less than 50,000 followers [133] Of about 4 million Muslims, mostly Sunnis and Alevites from Turkey, but there are a small number of Shia and other denominations.. [132]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

German European third largest Jewish population (after France and Great Britain) [134] Approximately. 50% of Buddhists in Germany are Asian immigrants. [135]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germans without religious adherence states make up 34.1% of the population, mainly in the East of the former Germany and major metropolitan areas.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The official language is German.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The raw form is known as Baku German (Hochdeutsch or Standarddeutsch) [71].


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The founder of this language was Martin Luther in the 16th century, so he was also known as the “Father of the German Language”.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Baku German is learned in schools so all Germans practically master it.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

It is also spoken in Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and Lichtenstein as an official language of introduction so that residents of these countries can communicate well with each other.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

German is the most beautiful language heard in all of Europe.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In addition, there are also various local dialects; the most important of them are the dialects of Bavaria, Alemania (spoken in Baden, Swabia, and various places in Switzerland), Koeln, Berlin-Brandenburg, and the Saksen dialect.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The existence of this local dialect is further tempered by the use of raw languages or non-raw variants (colloquial or Umgangsprache).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The language Sachsen Hilir or Plattdeutsch, spoken in the northwestern part, is now considered a language of its own and is a variant of the Downstream German language.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In parts of the eastern corner of the state of Sachsen there are Sorbian-speaking communities that are not Germanic but Slavik languages.