Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Radio waves Radio waves are a single form of electromagnetic radiation, and are formed when the electrically charged object of the oscillator wave (carrier wave) is modulated with an audio wave (superimposed on its frequency) at the frequency contained in the frequency of the radio wave (RF;” radio frequency”)) on an electromagnetic spectrum, and its electromagnetic radiation moves by means of electric or magnetic oscillations.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Other electromagnetic waves that have frequencies above radio waves include gamma rays, X-rays, infrared, ultraviolet, and visible light.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

When radio waves are sent through the cable then emitted by the antenna, oscillations from the electric, and magnetic fields are expressed in the form of alternating current and voltage inside the cable.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

From the radios of these radio waves can then be converted by the radio receiver (radio aircraft) into audio or other signals that carry the broadcast, and information.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Law No. 32 Year 2002 on Broadcasting states that radio frequency is an electromagnetic wave intended for broadcasting, and propagates in air and space without artificial conductivity, is a public sphere, and natural resources are limited.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Like any other electromagnetic spectrum, radio waves propagate at a speed of 300,000 kilometers per second.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

It should be noted that radio waves are different from audio waves.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Radio waves propagate at frequencies of 100,000Hz to 100,000,000,000Hz, while audio waves propagate at frequencies of 20Hz to 20,000Hz.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

On radio broadcasts, audio waves are not transmitted directly but rather superimposed on radio waves that will propagate through space.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

There are two methods of transmitting audio waves, namely through amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM).


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Although the word 'radio' is used for matters related to sound wave receiving devices, but the wave transmission is used as the basis of waves on televisions, radios, radars, and mobile phones in general.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

The discovery of Radio Waves The basic theory of propagation of electromagnetic waves was first described in 1873 by James Clerk Maxwell in his paper at the Royal Society on the theory of electromagnetic field dynamics (English: A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field), based on the results of his research work between 1861 and 1865.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

In 1878 David E. Hughes was the first to transmit, and received radio waves when he discovered that the balance of his induction was causing interference to his artificial telephone.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

He demonstrated his invention to the Royal Society in 1880 but only said it was an induction.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

It was Heinrich Rudolf Hertz who, between 1886 and 1888, first proved Maxwell's theory through experiments, demonstrating that radio radiation has the entire property of waves (now called Hertzian waves), and discovering that electromagnetic equations can be formulated to partial derivative equations are called wave equations.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Radio use Many of the earliest uses of radio were maritime, to transmit telegraph messages using Morse code between ships, and ashore.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

One early user included the Japanese Navy spying on the Russian fleet at the time of the Tsushima War in 1901.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

One of the most remembered uses was at the time of the 1912 sinking of the RMS Titanic, including communications between operators on the sinking ship, and nearby ships, and communications to land stations registering the salvaged.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Radios were used to channel commands, and communications between the Army, and Navy on both sides in World War II; Germany used radio communications for diplomatic messages when its undersea cables were cut by Britain.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

The United States conveyed President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Principles to the Germans by radio during the war.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Broadcasts began to be able to be carried in the 1920s, with the popularity of radio aircraft, especially in Europe, and the United States.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

In addition to broadcasts, point-to-point broadcasts, including telephone, and rebroadcasts of radio programs, became popular in the 1920s and 1930s. The use of radio in prewar times was for the development of aircraft/ship detection and localization with the use of radar.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Today, radio is many of its forms, including cordless networks, mobile communications of all kinds, and also radio broadcasting.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Read radio history for more information.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Before television was well known, commercial radio broadcasts included dramas, sitcoms, diverse shows, and many other entertainment; not just news, and music alone.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

See radio programming.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

See also List of radio stations in Indonesia Community radio List of community radio Amateur Radio (ORARI) Interpopulation Radio/Citizen Band (NEAT) Outside link reference (in Indonesian) (in English) (in Indonesian) Radio in Indonesia Radio at the beginning of independence The development of radio in Indonesia experienced a very long process, namely from the time of Dutch East Indies power, the period of Japanese occupation, and the next time of Independent Indonesia.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Advances in the field of technology greatly accelerate the spread of information.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

At this time the radio has also entered Indonesia., and the broadcast can be received all the way to villages [1].


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Both government radios such as RRI and non-government radios. In the days of Dutch East Indies power, radio began to develop in Indonesia.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

The first radio appeared in Indonesia was Bataviasche Radio Vereeniging (BRV) in Jakarta (Batavia). 16 January 1925 Bataviasche Radio Vereeniging (BRV) conducted the first amateur radio broadcast in the Dutch East Indies.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Since BRV was established, there appeared other broadcast radios such as Nederlandsch Indishce Radio Omroep Mij (NIROM) in Jakarta, Bandung, and Medan.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

In Surakarta stands Solossche Radio Vereeniging (SRV) and in Yogyakarta stands radio Mataramse Vereeniging voor Omroep (MAVRO).


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

SRV can be seen as the pioneer of the emergence of broadcast radio that was attempted by the Indonesian nation.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

SRV was founded by Mangkunegara VII and Sarsito Mangunkusumo on 1 April 1933.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Then on March 29, 1937, upon the efforts of M. Sutarjo Kartohadikusumo and Sarsito Mangunkusumo established the United Association of Radio Kelumuran (PPRK) in Bandung.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

The purpose of PPRK is to seek to advance national arts and culture for the spiritual and physical advancement of the Indonesian people.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

While during the time of the Japanese occupation, the development of radio regressed.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

The Japanese occupation government strictly regulated the organization of broadcast radios.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

The implementation of broadcast radio is regulated by a special secretary named Hoso Kanri Kyoku, and is a broadcast radio based in Jakarta.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

The branches are named Hoso Kyoku, located in Bandung, Purwakarta, Yogyakarta, Semarang, Surabaya, and Malang.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

At that time all radio broadcasts were directed to the benefit of the Japanese military.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

However, during the Japanese occupation culture and arts experienced a very rapid progress.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

People get a lot of opportunities to develop culture and art.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

This opportunity also led to the emergence of artists creators of new Indonesian songs.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

During the time, Indonesia was independent, the development of radio experienced a very rapid progress.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

People who dabble in the field of radio consider it important to organize broadcast radio.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

On 10 September 1945 radio leaders from all over Java gathered in Jakarta to talk about the issue.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

On 11 September 1945, radio leaders agreed to establish a broadcast radio called Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI).


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

When established, RRI had 8 broadcast radio stations contained in eight cities in Java (former Hoso Kyoku).


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Post-New Order radio The wind of reform blowing in Jakarta's state Palace has brought down the power of New Order's authoritarian regime.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Soeharto stepped down on 21 May 1998 from the wind sii was gusty to the office of the minister of lighting, where the broadcasting media is controlled, In a tempo of no more than six months out of Decree mempen No. 134/1998 which removed all strict rules of radio broadcast materials.in 1999 lighting was liquidated by president Abdurrahman Wahid on the grounds lighting was a community affair.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

This liquidation motomatically revoked all the authority that the institution had in Law No. 24/1997 on broadcasting.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Since then began the times of freedom without regulation in the world of broadcasting until the law No. 32/2002 on broadcasting.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

In those days the number of radio stations especially commercial radio increased sharply, as sharply as the information material it presented.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Radio has a golden age as a “market-oriented media.” Radio reform means a fundamental change of ownership structure, vision, mission, orientation, and radio broadcast format in three cears: the release of socioeconomic and political control of radio from the full authority of the government to the parties The recognition and provision of more open access to the public as frequency owners to become listeners, interactive participants, to broadcast radio owners. medium of social empowerment through the establishment of alternative radios outside commercial radio and RRI, with broadcast programs that are more characterful, critical, and educational. These three have their own characteristics and equal legal power. since late 1998, radio broadcasts in Indonesia experienced” modernization” and the strengthening of socio-political role is very significant.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Like the internet, newspapers, magazines, and television, radio is a medium of mass communication that everyone can use for a specific purpose.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

In Indonesia there are three dominant goals of radio establishment: the service needs of the establishment listeners begins with audience research to know how the listener needs to radio media both broadcast content, broadcast time, and the packaging of the show actualization of the interests of the manager.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Everyone who takes part in the field of justice must have personal motivations for example: want to be popular, expand relations, or want to strengthen their existence in the political struggle scene.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

There is no mistaking that motivation, but if it is too dominant then what happens is the personification of the entire radio broadcast program. Earning economic revenue, this is the most popular destination, radio has become an object of seeking profit and employment that requires owners locates its profits for employee salaries.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Radio is the center of interaction between advertisers and managers, advertisers are interested in having their commercial products stocked to audiences as well as seeking profit from the purchase of these products after broadcast on the radio. meanwhile radio managers need finance from advertising so that able to continue to develop and improve the quality of events and human resources.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

All three goals can chime in a radio establishment, though the latter goal is generally more dominant.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

The rise of noncommercial radio establishment rests on the first goal, yaiyu the needs of listeners medium actualization and social interaction between them.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

The main purpose of radio establishment is actually the service of the needs of listeners.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Only, often what seems to stand out more is the commercial side.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

The astute entrepreneur captured opportunities by strengthening his business base through radio establishments.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

The negative impact of radio commercialization makes all broadcasts tend to always be positioned as a commodity, firstly, the entire broadcast event is managed according to the principle of profit-seeking with certain standards so as to reiterate programs that creatively serve the needs of the public, but in the short term has not provided an economic advantage. [2]


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Radio as an industry that is in capital puts itself in a position as an industry that competes for profit for its survival.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Listeners are commodities (commodified audience) offered to advertisers, rating a high show identic with economic advantages, although the show is not necessarily informative and educative.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

The commercial face that appears dominant in the management of broadcast radio since the reform of 1998 until the next ten years will always place information and public broadcast events as a complementary instrument only of broadcast programs.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

According to R. Franklin Smith, there are five criteria for modern radio irradiation stations: 1. radio broadcasts transmitted with cordless technology 2. radio broadcast interaction takes place via telephone comonication 3. radio programs are intended for public 4. radio programs take place consistently and 5. Radio has permits issued by the government or indenpendent institutions on behalf of the public in the United States represented by the federal communication commission (PCC) and in Indonesia represented by the Indonesian broadcasting commission (KPI).


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

These five criteria will continue to change as radio technology develops.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

The period between 1930 to 1948 referred to the period of radio packaging as the medium of the primary source of news and entertainment in the United States until television present replaced it.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

In Indonesia the golden age had occurred between 1998-2000, but now broadcast radio is re-entering.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Competition between stations occurs in two scopes, namely internal, and external.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

The internal scope includes production quality on air, record rotation system or music selection, commercial space, and promotion through on air.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

While the external scope includes new collections of music, actual coverage of events, and the labor market.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Bittner suggested that ideally a radio should always be local and serve each of its comonaries with special programs.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Radio is local media more mainstream yet radio is social media.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

The period between 1998 to 2005 was a transitional period of broadcast radio guided by better regulation through broadcasting Law No. 32/ 2002, shifting from purity as a commercial institution to a commercial institution present at the same time as a social institution.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Being an HR on broadcast radio in a situation that is still transitional of this kind really requires a consistent and firm attitude in determining the orientation of engagement from the beginning.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Radio management in a “contemporary” form is still new in Indonesia.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Contemporary means that technologically adopt the network model (networking) and digital realm, free radio to use for community empowerment, without control and control of rulers.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

The existence of contemporary radio began to be felt post-reform 1998.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

The purpose of broadcasting programs on radio broadcasts is to provide information to the community (to inform), provide education (to educate), provide entertainment (to entertain), provide self change, and provide sensation (giving sensation).


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

According to Law No. 32/2002 on broadcasting, there are three forms of radio that can operate in Indonesia: 1.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Public broadcast radio, namely RRI 2.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Commercial Siran Radio 3.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Community broadcast radio differs among the three community radio is distinguished by public radio because community radio serves communities that geographically encompass the entire national, fund ownership and community radio management are done by themselves, while public radio gains support formal from the State in the form of a routine budget.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Community radio is distinguished by commercial radio because (1) all community radio broadcasts are not to seek commercial gain as commercial radio; (2) community rado emerges from the community due to local needs, whereas commercial radio can be established by capable individuals financially as a legitimate form of business.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

The concept of a new public radio is in Law No. 32/2002.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Previously public radio known as the concept of RRI government radio is the oldest public radio in Indonesia.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Commercial radio was present earlier in Indonesia than community radio.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

In Indonesia, for political purposes RRI became the pioneer of national networked radio.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Overtaken in the 1990s by Trijaya, Sonora, CPP Radionet, SMART, and Elshinta radios.


Question: What is the mechanism that determines frequence on the radio?

Radio

Category:Telecommunications


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The history of Christianity is inseparable from the History of the Christian church that carries the teachings of Christianity, nurtures its adherents and bears witness to the development of the work that has been carried out throughout the two millennia, since the first century AD, from the land of Israel to Europe, America, and all over the world, including Indonesia.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The history of the church is very interesting to look at, influenced by unspelled church figures, and also caused events that changed the course of world history.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The most important dates in the history of the church and Christianity can be seen in the subsections of this article.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Christianity emerged from the Levant region (present-day Palestine and Israel) starting in the middle of the first century AD.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Its origin Christianity began in the city of Jerusalem and began to spread to the regions of the Near East, including to Syria, Assyria, Mesopotamia, Phoenicians, Asia Minor, Jordan and Egypt.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

About 15 years after Christianity began to enter Southern Europe and flourish there.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Meanwhile there was also a spread in North Africa as well as South Asia and Eastern Europe.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

By the 4th century Christianity had been made a state religion by the Arsakid Dynasty in Armenia in 301, the “Caucasian Iberia” (or Republic of Georgia) in 319, [1] [2] the Aksum Empire in Ethiopia in 325, [3] [4] and the Roman Empire in 380 A.D. Christianity became common to the whole Europe in the Middle Ages and expanded throughout the world during the Exploration Period of European countries from Renaissance times until it became the world's largest religion. [5]


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

There are now more than 2 billion Christians, which is one-third the number of human beings in the world. [6]


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Christianity split into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church on East-West Schism or Great Schism in 1054.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The Protestant Reformation broke up the Roman Catholic Church into various Christian denominations.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The life of Jesus this period began from the birth of Jesus to the death and resurrection of Jesus, approximately from 4 BC to 33 A.D. Jesus Christ was born around 4 BC in Bethlehem, Judea, and grew up in the city of Nazareth, Galilee. [7]


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

After he was about thirty years old, Jesus' ministry began over three years including recruiting twelve apostles, performing miracles, casting out demons, healing the sick, and raising the dead.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Jesus died punished by being crucified by incitement of Jewish religious leaders who disliked Jesus' teachings that were considered contrary to their teachings.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

He was crucified on Golgotha Hill, Jerusalem between 29-33 AD by order of the Roman Provincial Governor of Judea, Pontius Pilate. [8]


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

After dying crucified, Jesus was buried in a stone cave.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Christians believe that Jesus rose from the dead on the third day after his death and appeared to more than five hundred eyewitnesses.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Forty days later he ascended to heaven with many people witnessed.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Christians also believe that frightened Jewish priests bribed the tomb guards to spread the news that Jesus did not rise but his corpse was stolen by his disciples. [9]


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

These five things in the life of Jesus Christ (birth, ministry, death, resurrection, ascension to heaven) are the quintessence of Christianity.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The main information about Jesus' life comes from the four Gospels and the writings of Paul as well as the other disciples of Jesus collectively called the New Testament book.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The early church of the Church began 50 days after Jesus' resurrection (around 30—34 AD).


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Jesus had promised that He would establish His church (), and with the coming of the Holy Spirit on Pentecost (), the “Church” (“assemblage called out”) officially began.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Three thousand who received Simon Peter's sermon on that day and chose to follow Christ by being baptized. [10]


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The first converts to Christianity were Jews or adherents of Judaism, and the church, which is the fellowship of those who claim the Lordship of Jesus, is centered in Jerusalem.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Therefore Christianity was originally seen as a Jewish sect, just like the Pharisees, Sadducees, or Esseni.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

However, what the apostles preached was radically different from what other Jewish groups taught.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Jesus was preached as the “Messiah” or Savior of the Jews, the Anointed King, who had been prophesied for his coming to fulfill the Law [11] and establish the New Testament based on his Death. [12]


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

This news, and the accusation that they had killed their own Messiah, angered many Jewish leaders, and some, such as Saul, later known as Paul, of Tarsus, took action to exterminate the “Way”. [13] before he himself finally became a very persistent adherent of Christ.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The period of the early church began in approximately 33 years with the ministry of apostles Peter, Paul and others in preaching the story of Jesus until the repentance of Emperor Constantine I in 325.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In this period the church and Christians experienced persecution, especially physical persecution, but the church Fathers began to write the first Christian writings and the interfering teachings that sprang up overcome.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Not long after Pentecost, the doors of the church opened to the Gentiles.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The evangelist Philip preached to the Samaritans, [14] and many of them who believed in Christ.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The Apostle Peter preached to the household of Cornelius who were not Jewish [15] and they also received the Holy Spirit.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The Apostle Paul (a former persecutor of the church) preached the gospel throughout the Greco-Roman world, all the way to Rome itself [16] and perhaps even to Spain. [17]


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

By 70, the year in which Jerusalem was destroyed, the books of the New Testament were complete and circulating among the churches.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

For the next 240 years, Jews were persecuted by Rome, sometimes randomly, sometimes at the behest of the government.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In the second and third centuries, the leadership of the church became more hierakis along with the increase in numbers.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Some heresy was expressed and rejected in this age, and the canon of the New Testament was agreed upon.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Persecution continues to rise. |} After Jesus' death and resurrection, the Apostles were given the task of preaching the gospel and telling the news of salvation to all “to the ends of the earth”.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The Roman Empire at that time hated and feared the Christian teachings that called on everyone not to fear the temporary earthly government, but rather fear the heavenly government that would come.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Emperor Nero together with his predecessors and later persecuted, killed, imprisoned, tortured Christians to bait lions in the collosseum; but these things did not discourage the intention of the early church to expand and grow in number people who believe in Jesus.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In the end, Nero burned down the city of Rome and blamed it on the Jews he called radicals thus making the Roman population even more angry towards Jews. |} In 66, when a riot against Gessius Florus - the representative of Rome who deprived the silver of the temple - broke, he sent troops to Jerusalem to crucify and massacre a number of Jews.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

This action of Florus provoked the bursting of the rebellion which had been a fire in chaff.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In previous centuries, Rome had never handled the Jews well.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

First, Rome had supported Herod the Great, a hated usurper of power.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Archelaus, Herod's son and successor, was such a vile leader that the people asked Rome for help to replace him.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Rome helped them by sending a number of governors in turn — Pontius Pilate, Felix, Festus, and Florus.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Their job is to maintain tranquility in that unstable area.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In Jerusalem, the head of the Temple declared open revolt against Rome by stopping daily offerings for the Emperor.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Not long afterwards all of Jerusalem became riotous; Roman troops were driven out and killed.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Judea rebelled, then Galilee.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

For a time it seemed that the Jews excelled.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Cestius Gallus, Roman Governor for the area set out from Syria with 20,000 soldiers.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

He controlled Jerusalem for six months but failed and returned.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

He left 6,000 dead Roman soldiers and a large amount of weaponry that the Jews levied and put on.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Emperor Nero sent Vespasianus, a general who was awarded many merit stars, to dampen the rebellion.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Vespasianus also crippled the rebel group in turn.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

He started it in Galilee, then in Transyordania, and next in Idumea.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Afterwards, he besieged Jerusalem.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

But before rebutyerJerusalem, Vespasianus was called home to Rome, because Emperor Nero was killed.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The tussle to find a replacement for Nero ended with the decision of the Roman Senate to make Vespasianus Emperor.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

His first imperial command was the appointment of his son, Titus, to lead the Jewish War.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

When the siege of Jerusalem was underway, the inhabitants of the city died one after another of starvation and plagues of disease.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Finally, the Romans knocked down the walls of the outer layer, then the second layer and finally the third.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

But the Jews were still fighting while crawling towards the temple as the last line of defense.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The Roman-Jewish historian Flavius Jocefus (37-100 AD) explains that Titus wanted to protect the temple, but his soldiers were so angry against their enemies that they encouraged them to burn the temple.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

This revolt of the Jews in the first century and the beginning of the 2nd century AD marked the end of the new Jewish state in modern times (in 1948).


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The destruction of the temple (which Herod restored) changed the ordinances of worship of the Jews.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

They no longer offered sacrifices, but chose and gave priority to the synagogues that their predecessors had founded when the Temple (which Solomon founded) was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BC. |} From the beginning, the church played a role in two different worlds, the Jewish world and the Gentile world.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Acts describes the slow and sometimes pain of the development of Christianity among the Gentiles.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Peter and Stephen held the message of the Gospel to the Jews, while Paul to the Athenian philosophers and the Roman rulers.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Towards the middle of the second century, under fair rule by emperors such as Trajanus, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, the church began to open itself to the outside world to assure its existence.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Yustinus became one of the first Christian apologist (one who maintained his stance in argumentation), who explained his faith as a sensible system.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Together other authors, such as Origenes and Tertulianus, he interpreted Christianity in terms easily known to the learned Greeks and Romans of the time.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Yustinus' written work, “First Apology”, was addressed to the Emperor Antoninus Pius (in Greek titled Apologia, that is, a word referring to the logic on which one's belief is based).


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In addition to writing, Yustinus held a considerable journey.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

On his travels he always argued about the faith he believed in.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In Ephesus, he met Tryfo.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In Rome, he met Marcion, the Gnostic leader.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

On one of his trips to Rome, he once behaved unkindly towards someone named Crescens, a Cynic.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

When Yustinus returned to Rome in 165, Crescens disenfranchised him to the ruler on defamatory charges.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Yustinus was arrested, tortured and eventually beheaded together with six other believers. |} The Romans believed that the spirit of the divine emperor existed.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

For the Romans in general, with a number of gods, worshiping emperors was not a problem.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

They see that as a loyalty of nationality.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Yet Christians refuse knowing that it is idolatry.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Polycarpus, the respected bishop of the city, was hunted down by the warriors of Smyrna.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The soldiers had sent other Christians to be killed in the arena, now they willed the leader.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In the presence of the Roman governor who promised to release him provided he blasphemed Christ, he said his famous last sentence, “For eighty-six years I have served Christ and He never hurt me.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

How can I chide the King [Christ] who saved me?”


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The Roman governor countered that he be burned alive. la was tied to a stake and burned.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

However, according to an eyewitness, the body was inedible by fire. “la is in the middle, not like burnt meat, but like bread in the place of roasting, or as gold or silver is purified on the hearth furnace.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

We smell a fragrant scent, like frankincense fragrance or expensive spices.”


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

When an executioner stabbed him, the flowing blood extinguished the fire.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

This story spread to congregations throughout the empire.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In the time of Polycarpus, all it took was loyalty.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

He was faithful to death.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In the span of the next century and a half, hundreds of martyrs headed to their deaths faithfully, and many of them advanced with vigour.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

This was based on the eyewitness report of that bishop of Smyrna. |} Not much is known about Irenaeus, an opponent of Gnosticism at the end of the second century.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Maybe he was born in Asia Minor more or less in 125.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Smooth trade between Asia Minor and Gaul (France) provided opportunities for Christians to bring their religion to France, where they established an established church in the city of Lyons.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Ireneus was appointed bishop to replace the slain bishop.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

At that time there were many people who had adhered to Gnosticism in France.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The spread of this stream was rapid as the Gnosticists used the term Christians — although they gave radically different interpretations.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

After the bishop of Lyons studied the heresy, he wrote “Against Heresy”, a masterpiece exposing the folly of the “teachings mistakenly called Gnostic”.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

By narrating images from the Old and New Testaments, he proves that the teachings they spread are wrong and not biblical.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Throughout his life, Ireneus gleefully reminisced about his introduction to Polycarpus, once familiar with the Apostle John.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Thus, it is not surprising that he held on to the validity of the apostles when he rejected Gnostic understanding.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The bishop asserted that the apostles taught in public places and not a single one was kept secret.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Throughout the empire, churches held to teachings that only the apostles of Christ had conveyed, and only this was the only basis for belief.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Ireneus states that bishops who are protectors of the Christian faith are the successors of the apostles.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In doing so, he had raised the dignity of bishops.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In his book “Against Heresy”, Ireneus set the standard for church theology.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

All the truths we need are already listed in the Bible.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

He also proved that he was the greatest theologian since the Apostle Paul.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

His widespread argumentation was a major blow to the Gnostic flow of his time. |} Tertulianus was born in Carthage, under the name of Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, he was raised in a family of pagan culture and trained in classical literature, oration writing, and law.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In 196 when he transferred his intellectual skills to Christian subjects, he changed the mindset and literature of the church in the West.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

He introduced the term “Trinity” (from the same word in Latin) in the Christian word treasury; at once likely, formulating “One God, Three Persons”.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

When Greek Christians were still quarreling about the divinity of Christ as well as his Relation to God the Father, Tertulianus had sought to unify that belief and explain the orthodox position.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

So, he also pioneered the formula that to this day we still hold: God is one essence consisting of three persons.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

When he prepared what became the doctrine of the Trinity, Tertulianus took not his terminology from philosophers, but from the Court of Rome.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The Latin word substantia does not mean “material” but “property rights”.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The meaning of the word persona is not “private”, as we usually use, but is “a party in a case” (in court).


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Thus, it is clear that three personae can share one substantia.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Three persons (Father, Son and Holy Spirit) can share one essence (divine sovereignty) . |} In the beginning, Christianity was derided as the religion of the poor and unlearned, and indeed many of its adherents came from the low.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

But towards the third century, the greatest scholar of that time was a Christian.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Both disbelievers, heresy and Christians, all admire the scholar named Origenes.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

He had extensive knowledge and high knowledge, which was important to Christian thought later in life.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Origenes was born in Alexandria in 185.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

He came from a pious Christian family.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

After his father was martyred, Origenes began to tackle the situation by working as a teacher of Greek literature and a copy of manuscripts.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Because hanyak among senior scholars had left Alexandria in a wave of torture, Christian catechization schools were in desperate need of teaching personnel.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

At the age of eighteenth, Origenes also held the position of principal at the catechization school and began his long teaching career, including studying and writing.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

As a very prolific writer Origenes could keep his seven secretaries busy with his dictation.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

He has produced more than two thousand works, including interpretations of every book in the Bible as well as hundreds of dispositions.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Among his notable works are Heplaxa, “Against Celsus”, “On First Principles”, as well as other works.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Origenes was also not detached from error, the most glaring being Plato's teachings which he took up much.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Because of these kinds of mistakes, then Bishop Demetrius of Aleksandria held a hearing excommunicating Origenes from the church.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Although the Church of Rome and the West accepted this excommunication, the Church in Palestine and most of the Church of the East did not accept it.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

They still seek Origenes for his knowledge, wisdom and scholars. |} Siprianus, a rich and cultured man, who was born, around the year 200 in a family of pagans.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

When he became a Christian, he stripped away his old pattern of life, handing out his money and property to the poor, as well as vowing a holy life.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In the midst of a church that did not yet have unity, he tried to unite Christians through the power of bishops.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

As a result of the strict rules of the church forbidding the re-admittance of Christians who had “lapsed”, a priest named Novatus started a rival church that provided opportunities for those apostate people-oring to be members.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Siprianus formulated this as a system of scale — the greater the sin, the longer the period of regret.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The idea got a welcome and became the Church's most powerful discipline — which was sometimes abused.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Siprianus disagreed with this parting.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

He was convinced that a true believer should serve a sentence to atone for sin, to prove his faith.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In 251 Siprianus held a council in Carthage and it was where he recited his work, “Unity within the church”, his famous work and which was very influential in church history.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The church, he says, is a divine institution, that is, the bride of Christ, and there is only one bride.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Only in the church will man gain salvation, beyond that all there is darkness and confusion.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Outside the church, the sacraments and the spirituals — even the Bible — are meaningless.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

A person, personally, cannot run a Christian life through direct contact with God; he needs a church.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

With the acceptance of this idea, of course, the bishops got greater power.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Siprianus also decried the idea that the mass was the sacrifice of Christ's body and blood.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Because priests perform their functions in worship in the name of Christ, this also increases their power.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

As it was threatened with schism, the church in the time of Cyprianus held to its ideas.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The bishop certainly did not suspect that as a result of his pioneered ways to unite the church, eventually in the Middle Ages some voracious and unscrupulous bishop used his power for personal benefit rather than for spiritual matters.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The hierarchical structure that created “unity” has also caused a rift among the spiritualists and the laity. |} Antonius was born in Egypt around the year 250, in a wealthy family.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

When he was twenty years old, his parents died, leaving all the property to him.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Following Jesus' lead, he distributed his estate to the hoards, sold other possessions and donated his money to the poor.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

He revelled in a Christian of age, and learned of the joy of self-denial.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Antonius ate only one meal a day, consisting of bread and water, as well as sleeping on the floor ungrounded.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

As one of the most important founders of the monastery community actually had no idea to establish anything.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

He cares only for his own spiritual condition and spends most of his time single-handedly.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Antonius died at the age of 105 and until the end of his life, he was in a healthy state of mind and body.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

To prevent the development of veneration at his grave, he requested that he be buried secretly. The practice of a community of monks living together had been pioneered by Pachomius, a friend of Antonius.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Like the strong and tenacious Antonius, most of his followers chose to be monks.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Antonius had conveyed the idea that the true religious person would resign himself from the life of the world by distancing himself from surnamed life and worldly enjoyment.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Until the Reform era, this idea never came under serious challenge. |} The Church under the Roman Empire This period began since the conversion of Emperor Constantine I and made Christianity the official religion of the Romans, until the start of the Middle Ages, which is when the last Roman Emperor, Romulus August was dropped, roughly the years 313 to 476.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In this period the Papacy began to develop, Christians were not persecuted as cruelly as they used to be anymore, religion and politics began to mix together, and Latin Bibles containing the Old and New Testaments were canonized. |} Church in the Middle Ages This period began from the end of the rule of the Western Roman Emperors until the crowning of Charlemagne became Emperor of Western Europe, approximately 476 until Christmas day 800.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In this period the church, especially the Papacy, suffered a moral setback.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The Popes were forced to engage even more deeply in politics, which was often dirty, and had to counterbalance the wishes of the Eastern Roman Empire and the rule of the barbarians in the West.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Although most Christians in this period lived in Asia Minor, the spread of the gospel continued to various corners of Europe which would affect the history of the Middle Ages.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

During the Middle Ages in Europe, the Roman Catholic Church continued to hold power, with the Pope as the holder of power over all levels of life and living like a king.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Corruption and avarice in church leadership are common.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

From 1095 to 1204 the Popes supported a series of bloody and costly crusades in an attempt to expel the Jews and liberate Jerusalem. |} Church at the beginning of Europe This period began from the ordination of Karel the Great as Emperor of Western Europe until the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire with the seizing of Constantinople by the Turks (1453) and the Protestant Reformation, roughly the years 800 to 1500.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In the beginning, almost all of Western Europe was under the rule of the Christian Emperor, Karel the Great.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Missionaries began to be sent to Eastern Europe and Russia, monks began to make changes from the ground after seeing the deteriorating state of the church, and the Crusades with the Asians began, but universities began to be opened so that not only monks but the common people could also read and write.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In addition there was a breakup between the Western Catholic church in Western Europe and the Eastern Orthodox church in Asia Minor.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Church history |} Protestant Reformation in Europe This period is coloured by figures bringing updates in the Roman Catholic church, roughly the years 1517 to 1600.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Reformation figures such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, John Knox, ultimately ended the dominance of bishops and monks in the study of the Bible.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The Protestant Reformation led to the Counter-Reformation and other reforms in Western Europe, while the discovery of the American continent caused persecuted Protestants in Europe, especially England, to flee to America and start a new country based on Christianity.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Within a hundred years, there were more important events than previous centuries, and the whole of Western Europe was threatened with civil war.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

In England, France, Spain, Switzerland, Scotland, opposition between the nobility and Christian and Catholic rulers led to bloodshed.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Church history |} Church in Ages of Exploration and Ages of Illumination Since the 17th century, explorers from Europe explored the whole world and at the same time brought their faith to the whole world.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Sometimes the natives they came to were forced to accept their faith under the threat of muskets, but the majority of conversions that took place outside Europe were thanks to the services of nameless missionaries both Christian and Catholic, who lived and taught the local people.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Church history |} The Modern Church Today the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church have taken steps to repair their broken relations, as did Catholics and Lutherans.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The evangelical church stands alone and is deeply rooted in Reformed theology.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The church also witnessed the rise of Pentecostalism, the Charismatic movement, oicumenism and various heresy.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Even if we learn only one thing from the history of the Church, we need to recognize the importance of “Let Christ's words dwell with all its riches (Colossians 3:16).


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Every one of us is responsible for knowing what the Bible says and to live by it.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

When the church forgets what the Bible taught and ignores Jesus' teaching, chaos is rampant.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Today there are many churches, but only one gospel.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

It was “maintaining the faith that has been conveyed to the saints.” (Judas 3).


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Let's carefully defend that faith and carry on with it without changing it.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

And may God continue to fulfill His promise to build His church.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Church in Indonesia See also Church History (Eusebius) History of the Catholic Church History of Protestanism Doctoral Church Church of the Church of the Church of Christianity Timeline Reference Additional libraries A. Kenneth Curtis, J. Stephen Lang & Randy Petersen, 100 Important Events in Christian History, Immanuel, 1999. (translation of the English-language book: “100 Most Important Events in Church History”) Introduction to the special issue of Christian History magazine #28:100 Most Important Events in Church History Bowden, John.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Encyclopedia of Christianity (2005), 1406pp Carrington, Philip.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The Early Christian Church (2 vol. 1957); Endsjø, Dag Øistein.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Greek Resurrection Beliefs and the Success of Christianity (2009).


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

; Holt, Bradley P. Thirsty for God: A Brief History of Christian Spirituality (2nd ed. 2005) Johnson, Paul.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

History of Christianity (1979); Livingstone, E. A., ed.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2nd ed. 2006) is online at MacCulloch, Diarmaid.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (2010) McLeod, Hugh, and Werner Ustorf, eds.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The Decline of Christendom in Western Europe, 1750-2000 (2003) 13 essays by scholars; McGuckin, John Anthony.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The Orthodox Church: An Introduction to its History, Doctrine, and Spiritual Culture (2010), 480pp McGuckin, John Anthony.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity (2011), 872pp Stark, Rodney.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

The Rise of Christianity (1996) Schaff, Philip.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

History of the Church (1882) Tomkins, Stephen.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

A Short History of Christianity (2006) Outlinks (in English) (in English) (in English) (Indonesia) Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

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Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

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Question: When was the first church built in Rome?

History of Christianity

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Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

German cuisine (German: Deutsche Küche) varies from region to region. [1] [2] The Bayern region and Swabia have similar culinary traditions to their southern neighbours, Switzerland and Austria.


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Pork, cattle and poultry are the main meats consumed in Germany.


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Among poultry, chicken is the most common, although duck, goose and turkey are also eaten.


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

German cuisine has many original varieties have adapted alongside modern health trends and immigrant flavors. [1]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

German cuisine is known for dairy products, cheeses, sausages (Wurst), pastries, dumplings as well as various types of beer, wine, distillation drinks such as Hacker-Pschorr and Lowenbrau (beer), Asbach Uralt (brandy), Joseph Freiderich (wine), and Fuerst Metternich Sekt (champagne). [1] [2] Variations Modern German cuisine (neue Küche) is also influenced by foreign cuisine. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

People from Turkey and Italy who came as immigrants, add to the taste and variety of German cuisine with their respective countries' specialties. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Many types of German cuisine were created hundreds of years ago to prevent foodstuffs from rotting. [3]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

An example is Sauerkraut, which is prepared from fermented cabbage. [3]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

To preserve meat, the Germans soaked it in vinegar and spices, such as Sauerbraten. [3]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Vegetables and fruits Various types of food crops are produced in Germany, including hops (the second largest producer in the world), sugarcane, barley, wheat, potatoes, oats, and rye. [1]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Cabbage and carrots are the most important vegetable ingredients. [1]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Fruits harvested seasonally include apples, pears, currants, strawberries, and raspberries. [1]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Meat One of the most meat products produced by Germany is sausage. [4]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

There are more than 1500 types of sausages from all over Germany consisting of fresh sausage (Rohwurst), boiled sausage (Brühwurst), cooked sausage (Kochwurst) and ham. [4]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

It was known in 2002 Germans ate 82.1kg of meat a year on average. [5]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Wurst Wurst or German sausage, is a favorite type of food of German citizens that has existed since ancient times.


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Each region makes a typical Wurst type using hereditary methods. [4]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Types of sausages widely eaten include Bratwurst typical Nürnberg, Wurst made from spiced pork, Rotwurst from Thüringen, Weisswurst from München, and Bayern ham. [4]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Germans usually eat Wurst with bread and spread moster. [4]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Although Frankfurt sausage is also called Frankfurter, but in the United States and Germany it is called Wienerwurst (Vienna Sausage) and in Austria itself is called Frankfurter. [4]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Popular types include: German Folk Cheese produces as many as 150 types of cheese such as Limburger, Munster, and Tilsiter named from the origin of the region that made it. [6]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

However, German cheeses are less known for largely imitating the cheeses of other European countries. [6] [7] German cakes have many traditional pastry making recipes. [8] [9] The tradition is that they have enjoyed baking with coffee or tea drinks for centuries, but only until the 1800s, this tradition developed rapidly when cheap sugar processed from sugar beets was sold on the market. [8]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Each region in Germany developed its own cake recipe with a combination of spices. [8]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Pastries are widely served on Christmas day when the pastry shops are filled with various kinds of delicious and interesting pastries. [8] [9] For example, the Thüringen, Bremen, and Sachsen regions (Niedersachsen/Sachsen Under-Sachsen-Sachsen-Anhalt), have “Dresdner Stollen” cakes (sugar sprinkled sponge), “Lebkubkum” Chen” ( gingerbread), “Welfenspeise” (vanilla-flavored dessert made from wine), and so on [1] Another very famous German cake, Pretzel Eating activities German cuisine divided into 2 to 7 parts. [1]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Generally consists of appetizer or appetizer (Vorspeise), soup (Suppe), main meal (Hauptspeise) with one or two side dishes served raw or cooked (Beilagen). [1]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

The main after-meal snack is called Nachpeise. [1]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

The drink is beer, wine, or Sekt (a type of champagne).


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

In addition, young or old people also like Radler (beer mixed with lemon or apple juice) or Limo (sweet water mixed with lemon cider). [1]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Germans usually eat the main meal at lunch with a side dish of veal, pork, beef, or chicken meat with vegetables such as sugar beets, carrots, potatoes, onions and turnips. [3]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Breakfast usually consists of a roll and jam with coffee or milk drinks. [3]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Dinner usually serves light dishes such as bread, cheese and sausage with beer or wine. [3]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

German wines and beers are known to be of high quality. [3]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Germans also like to drink coffee from automatic coffee makers and serve Torte or Kuchen (pastries). [1]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

They always present it to guests who come to visit. [1]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

German coffee has lighter levels of caffeine than Austrian coffee and Italian coffee. [1]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

They call it Bluemchenkaffee (“little flower coffee”) which dates back to the time of warfare, when coffee drinks were replaced with chicory root drinks, which had small blue flowers. [1]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

German families usually spend the afternoon, especially Sundays drinking coffee and eating cake. [3]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

This tradition is called Kaffeeundkuchen or coffee and cake. [10]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

At this time German citizens relax while chatting so this tradition is also called Kaffeklatsch or coffee gossip. [10]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

The types of cakes served are usually cakes from traditional recipes such as Teilchen or Stückchen, Kaffestückchen (mignardise), Gebäckstückchen (petit-fours), Plunderstücke (puff pastry), Kalte Schnauze (cold snout), Kalter Hund (cold dog) and so on. [10]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Regional cuisine German folk cuisine varies greatly by region, produce, as well as flavors of new German citizens living in reunification. [1] [2] Regions such as Nordrhein Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland and Baden-Württemberg have culinary products produced of the Black Forest region and the Rhein River, as well as the wine industry bordering the countries of Belgium, France and Switzerland. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Famous cuisines from this region include Badener Schneckensuepple (thick soup with snails and herbs), Schwarzwalder Kirschtorte” (Black Forest cake), and Rheinischer Sauerbraten (roast beef stewed with wine). [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Bayern and Hessen Regions Bayern (Bavaria) and Hessen have a culinary tradition with beer, meat and dairy products, including Spannferkel (young roasted pork), Handkaes (a distinctive smelling cheese made from sour cream) and Schwaebische Kasespaetzle (dumplings coated with butter and cheese). [1]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

The Franconia area of Bavaria has the cuisine of Leberkäse (ham mixed minced pork, beef and cold heart), Knödel (dumplings or dipping bread), Haxen (pork or veal legs, usually eaten with sauerkraut), Rostbratwürste (small finger sausage), Leberknödel (big liver dumplings with clear broth) and Schweinwurst mit Kraut (pork sausage with sauerkraut). [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Baden-Württemberg In the southern area, around Stuttgart, there are the cuisines of Schneckensuppe (snail soup cuisine), Spätzle (pasta made from eggs), Maultaschen (ravioli iated withminced andaging, spinach and veal brains). [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

The most popular cuisine is likely Geschnetzeltes (strips of veal in creamy sauce). [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Residents of Stuttgart have Gaisburger Marsch cuisine, beef stew soup. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Another cuisine is Rostbraten, a beef cuisine served with sauerkraut or Linsen mit Saiten, a lentil stew with sausage. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Sachsen and Thüringen Sachsen and Thüringen in the eastern regions of Germany, typical cuisines include Linsensuppe mit Thüringer Rotwurst (lentil soup with typical Thuringian sausages), Rinderzunge (veal tongue) with wine sauce. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Kartoffelsuppe (potato soup) is a favorite type of residents of the region along with a type of appetizer, Quarkkeulchen, which is prepared from curd, boiled potatoes, flour, sugar and raisins, then given cinnamon and applesauce. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Each city also has a distinctive cuisine, for example Leipzig, has Leipziger Allerlei, a mixture of carrots, chickpeas, asparagus, cauliflower, mushrooms, crayfish (a type of freshwater lobster), oxtail, veal and dumplings. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Northwest and north Culinary regions northwest and north, namely in the states of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg and Berlin, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. [1]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

The region is known to have many types of spices and is influenced by the culinary of Scandinavian and Eastern European countries. [1]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Famous cuisines include Rote Grütze (fruit soup), Sauerfleisch (meat soup with fish gelatin), Bulletten (meat ball), Helgolander Krabbensalat (Helgoland shrimp salad), and Soeier (pickled eggs). [1]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Niedersachsen and Schleswig-Holstein Specifically for daearh Niedersachsen and Schleswig-Holstein (northwestern Germany), with its products and seafood features typical cuisines include Aalsuppe, a sweet sour eel soup that is fed with bacon, vegetables, and sometimes served with pears, peaches or fruit else. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Labskaus, is a type of cuisine favored by sailors, which is made from a mixture of pork, salted herring, and beef, with potatoes and sugar beets.


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

These dishes are supplemented fried eggs and cucumbers as a side food. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Bruntes Huhn, is salted beef with pieces of vegetables. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Rollmops are a type of cuisine made from pickled herring rolled with sour cream. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Finkenwerder Scholle, a dish of plaice fish (flatfish) eaten raw or baked with cheese. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Berlin The culinary area of Berlin began a lot of Prussia, among others, various types of warm soups for the winter, namely Kohlsuppe (cabbage soup) and Erbsensuppe (pea soup), then there are black bread, especially pumpernickel from Westfalen. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

For dessert, Berlinists have Kugelhupf, a type of coffee sponge, and Käsekuchen, a cheese sponge.


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

However, Berlin's most famous specialty is Eisbein, a pork leg bone cuisine. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Westfalen The Westfalen area is known as a producer of ham, among others, Sulperknochen, which is made from legs, ears, and pork tail served with pea pudding and pickled cabbage. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Another type of cuisine: Tüttchen, spiced minced meat made from veal brains. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Pickert, is a sweet potato cake with raisins. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Rheinland-Pfalz Rheinland-Pfalz Region has a type of cuisine based on meat, among others Saumagen, pork belly stuffed with pickled cabbage, Schweinepfeffer, minced pork spicy seasoned with pig blood, Hämchen, pork legs with pickled cabbage and potatoes, Sauerbraten, meat Spiced cow and wine vinegar. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Former Chancellor Konrad Adenauer who hails from Rheinland favoured Reibekukchen cuisine, potato pancakes with applesauce or blueberries. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

The preferred drink is Federweisser, a newly partially fermented wine. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Federweisser likes to drink while eating onion tar cakes. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Another type of cuisine: Hase im Topf is a type of pâté (minced meat cuisine) of rabbit.


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Bratwurst, pork sausage.


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Regensburger, spicy pork sausage.


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

German Beer Beer produces beer (Bier) which is varied and quality of quality. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Various regions have a tradition of producing distinctive beers, especially the state of Bayern which has the oldest brewery (brauerei) in the world. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Berlin, Hamburg, Ruhr, Hesse and Stuttgart areas produce the most popular type of beer, namely Pils. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

While Altbier types are produced in all German regions.


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

The standard German beer is Vollbier which has 4%. [2] alcohol content, and the harder ones are Export (5%) and Bockbier (6%). [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

German wine was a producer of wine for centuries, but only after the end of the war, especially in the 1970s did its production increase rapidly. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Today, Germany has many small producers producing fine wines. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Good German wines are known for their mild natural flavors and balance between sweet and sour. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Most vineyards are cultivated in the foothills, especially on the fringes of the Rhine River and Mosel River as well as their children so as to receive reflected sunlight from the river water. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Slow-ripening German wine has an effect on its unique fresh and sour taste. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Germany produces a small amount of red wine and many white and rosé (pink) wines with often trocken (“bitter”) or halbtrocken (“half bitter”) flavors indicated on the label, in contrast to dessert with its ingredients from wines whose taste is always sweet. [2]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Pilsner Beer Kabinett Wine Christmas Day Cuisine There are many special dishes cooked on Christmas Day in Germany, one of which is roasted goose (Weihnachtsgans). [11] [12] This goose is included in a mixture of apples and peaches with potato dumplings, red cabbage and sauce wine. [11] [12] In addition, the buffet table is always provided with various types of sausages. [11]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

The popular types of cakes are baked pastries and stollen. [11]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Oktoberfest Oktoberfest is the largest beer drinking festival in the world that has grown into an eating and drinking party with many hawker huts, music games, and costume shows and marches. [13]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

About 7 million liters of beer were drunk during this 16-day celebration. [13]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

Oktoberfest is held from September 16 or 17 and ends on the first Sunday in October and every year it is visited by more than 7 million tourists. [13]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

In the local dialect, Oktoberfest is also named Wies'n. [13]


Question: What is characteristic of German cuisine?

German dishes

See also Christmas Market Austrian Cuisine German Cheese Swiss Cuisine Polish Cuisine French Cuisine Italian Cuisine Turkish Cuisine Outlink Reference (in Indonesian) (in English) (in English)


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

Sriwijaya (or also called Srivijaya; Javanese: South, Peninsular Malaya, Sumatra, West Java and possibly Central Java. [1] [2] In Sanskrit, sri means “luminous” or “resounding”, and wijaya means “victory” or “glory”, [2] hence the name Sriwijaya means “resounding victory”.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

The earliest evidence regarding the existence of this kingdom dates back to the 7th century; a Chinese priest from the Tang Dynasty, I Tsing, wrote that he visited Sriwijaya in 671 and stayed for 6 months. [3] [4] Further the oldest inscriptions regarding Sriwijaya are also in the 7th century, i.e. inscription Kedukan Bukit in Palembang, inscribed 682. [5]


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

The decline of Sriwijaya's influence on its vassal regions began to shrink due to several wars [2] including the 1025 attack of Rajendra Chola I of Koromandel, in 1183 the rule of Sriwijaya under the control of the kingdom of Dharmasraya. [6]


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

After its collapse, the kingdom was forgotten and its existence became known again through the 1918 publication of French historian George Cœdès of the École française d'Extrême-Orient. [7]


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

Historical records There is not much physical evidence about Sriwijaya to be found. [8]


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

There is no further record of Sriwijaya in Indonesian history; its forgotten past was reshaped by foreign scholars.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

No modern Indonesian heard of Sriwijaya until the 1920s, when French scholar George Cœdès published his discoveries in Dutch and Indonesian newspapers. [8]


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

Coedès states that Chinese references to “San-fo-ts'i”, formerly read “Sribhoja”, and some inscriptions in Old Malay refer to the same empire. [9]


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

The historiography of Sriwijaya is obtained and compiled from two kinds of primary sources; Chinese historical records and a number of Southeast Asian stone inscriptions that have been found and translated.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

The accounts of the travels of pilgrim monk I Ching are very important, especially in explaining Sriwijaya's condition when he visited that kingdom for 6 months in 671.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

A trove of 7th-century siddhayatra inscriptions found in Palembang and Bangka Island is also an important primary historical source.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

In addition, regional news that some may approach the story of the legend, such as the story of Maharaja Javaka and the King of Khmer also give a glimpse of the description.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

In addition, some accounts of Indian and Arab travelers also explain vaguely as to the astonishing wealth of the king of Zabag.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

In addition to the above news, there has been found by the Palembang Archaeological Hall an ancient boat that is thought to exist since the early days or proto Kingdom of Sriwijaya in Sungai Pasir Village, Cengal District, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, South Sumatra. [10]


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

Honey, the ancient boat head is gone and part of the boat board was used precisely for the bridge.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

It was recorded that there were 17 boat pieces consisting of a keel section, 14 boat boards consisting of a fuselage section and a stern section for placing the rudder. [10]


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

This boat is made with wooden pegs and fastening boards that use ijuk rope.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

This method itself is known as the technique of Southeast Asian tradition.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

In addition to the boat wreck, there were also a number of other artifacts related to boat finds, such as pottery, ceramics, and wooden tools. [10]


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

Sriwijaya became a symbol of the greatness of early Sumatra, and the largest kingdom of the archipelago.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

In the 20th century, the two empires became a reference by nationalists to show that Indonesia was a unified state before Dutch colonialism. [8]


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

Sriwijaya is called by a wide variety of names.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

The Chinese call it Shih-li-fo-shih or San-fo-ts'i or San Fo Qi.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

In Sanskrit and Pali languages, the kingdom of Sriwijaya was called Yavadesh and Javadeh.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

The Arabs called it Zabaj [11] and the Khmer called it Malayu.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

The sheer number of names is another reason why Sriwijaya is so hard to find. [2]


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

While from the map of Ptolemaeus found details about the existence of 3 islands of Sabadeibei which are likely related to Sriwijaya. [6]


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

According to the Kedukan Bukit Inscription, which refers to 605 Saka (683 AD), Kadatuan Sriwijaya was first established around Palembang, on the banks of the Musi River.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

This inscription mentions that Dapunta Hyang came from Minanga Tamwan.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

The exact location of Minanga Tamwan is still disputed.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

The theory of Palembang as the place where Sriwijaya first started was proposed by Coedes and supported by Pierre-Yves Manguin.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

Besides Palembang, other places such as Muaro Jambi (Batanghari River, Jambi) and Muara Takus (confluence of Kanan and Kiri Kampar River, Riau) are also suspected to be the capital of Sriwijaya.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

Around 1993, Pierre-Yves Manguin made an observation and argued that the center of Sriwijaya was located on the Musi River between Bukit Seguntang and Sabokingking (located in the province of South Sumatra now), precisely around the site of Karanganyar which is now used as the Royal Antiquity Park Sriwijaya. [2]


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

This opinion is based on a 1984 aerial photograph showing that the Karanganyar site features a form of water building, namely a network of canals, ditches, ponds and neatly arranged artificial islands that ensure this site is man-made.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

This water building consists of a pond and two square and rectangular islands, as well as a network of canals with an area covering 20 hectares.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

There are many ancient relics that indicate that this area was once a center of settlements and a center of human activity. [12]


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

But earlier Soekmono argued that the center of Sriwijaya was located in the sehiliran area of Batang Hari, between Muara Sabak to Muara Tembesi (in present-day Jambi province), [6] with Malayu records not being in the area.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

If Malayu is in the area, he cendrung to the opinion of Moens, [13] who previously also argued that the location of the center of the kingdom of Sriwijaya is in the area of Muara Takus Temple (Riau province now), assuming the direction of travel in the note I Tsing, [14] and It can also be attributed to the news about the construction of the temple presented by the king of Sriwijaya (Se li chu la wu ni fu ma tian hwa or Sri Cudamaniwarmadewa) in 1003 to the Chinese emperor named cheng tien wan shou (Bungsu temple, one part of the temple located in the Takus Estuary). [15]


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

Poerbatjaraka supported Moens' opinion.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

He argued that Minanga Tamwan was likened to the confluence area of Kampar Kanan River and Kampar Kiri, Riau, the place where Muara Takus Temple now stands.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

According to him, the word tamwan comes from the word “meeting”, then interpreted “the area where the river meets”. [16]


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

But certainly during the conquest by Rajendra Chola I, based on the Tanjore inscription, Sriwijaya had been capitalized in Kadaram (present-day Kedah). [6]


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

However, in 2013, archaeological research conducted by the University of Indonesia found several religious sites and residences in Muaro Jambi.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

This suggests that the initial center of Sriwijaya was probably located in Muaro Jambi Regency, Jambi on the banks of the Batang Hari river, and not on the Musi River as previously presumed. [17]


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

The archaeological site includes eight excavated temples, in an area of about 12 square kilometers, stretching 7.5 kilometers along the Batang Hari River, as well as 80 menapo or mounds of unrestored temple ruins. [18] [19] Muaro Jambi site has a Mahayana-Wajrayana Buddhist pattern.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

This suggests that the site was a centre of Buddhist learning, attributed to the famous Buddhist scholar figure Suvarṇadvipi Dharmakirti from the 10th century.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

Historical records from China also mention that Sriwijaya housed thousands of monks.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

Another theory proposes the opinion that Dapunta Hyang originated from the east coast of the Malaya Peninsula, that Chaiya in Surat Thani, Southern Thailand was the center of the kingdom of Sriwijaya. [20]


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

There is also an opinion that the name of Chaiya town comes from the word “Light” in Malay.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

Some believe that the name Chaiya comes from Sri Wi<b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[15648,15658,3,3]}'>jaya, and the city is the center of Sriwijaya.


Question: How long has the Kingdom of Sriwijaya been in power?

Sriwijaya

This theory is mostly supported by Thai historians, [21] although in general this theory is considered less powerful.