Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

SEA ISLAND Nature Reserve; Riau Islands, 400,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 13/Kpts/Um/3/68, March 13, 1968.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

Kalimantan Nature Reserve Mandor Mountain Palung Nature Reserve Waringin/Sampit City (Tanjungputing) Padang Luwai Nature Reserve Panua Sulawesi North Sulawesi Nature Reserve APAR BAY; Bolaang Mangondow, North Sulawesi, 8,638.00 ha, Decision of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 359/Kpts/Umu6/78, 21 June 1978, and an additional area of 25,000,00 ha according to the Decree of the Minister of Forestry No: 250/KPTS-II/1984, October 20, 1984 — so a total of 33,638,00 ha.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

GUNUNG DUA SAUDARA Nature Reserve; Manado, Bitung, North Sulawesi, 4,299,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 700/Kpts/Um/2/78, February 13, 1978.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

GUNUNG LOKON Nature Reserve; Minahasa, North Sulawesi, 100,00 ha, GB No. 6/1919 Staatsblad 90, February 21, 1919.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

TANGKOKO BATUANGUS Nature Reserve; Manado, North Sulawesi, 3,196,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 1049/Kpts/Um/12/81, 24 December 1981.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

Gorontalo Nature Reserve MAS POPAYA RAJA; Gorontalo, 100.00 ha, GB Staatsblad 90, 21 February 1919.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

TANJUNG PANJANG Nature Reserve; Gorontalo, 3,000,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 573/KPTS-II/1995, October 30, 1995.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

PANUA Nature Reserve; Gorontalo, 45,575,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 471/KPTS-II/ 1992, February 25, 1992.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

TANGGALE Nature Reserve; Gorontalo, 112.50 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 431/KPTS-II/1992, May 5, 1992.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

Central Sulawesi TANJUNG API Nature Reserve; Poso, Central Sulawesi, 4,246,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 91/Kpts/Um/2/77, February 21, 1977.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

GUNUNG DAKO Nature Reserve; Buol, Toli-toli, Donggala, Central Sulawesi, 19,590.20 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 238/KPTS-II/1999, 27 April 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

MOROWALI Nature Reserve; Poso, Central Sulawesi, 209,400,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 237/KPTS-II/1999, 27 April 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

PAMONA Nature Reserve; Buol, Toli-toli, Donggala, Central Sulawesi, 25,967.30 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 50/KPTS-VII/1987, February 25, 1987.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

PANGI BINANGA Nature Reserve; Poso, Central Sulawesi, 6,000,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 237/KPTS-II/1999, 27 April 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

GUNUNG SOJOL Nature Reserve; Buol, Toli-toli, Donggala, Central Sulawesi, 64,448.71 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 339/KPTS-II/1999, May 24, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

MOUNT TINOMBALA Nature Reserve; Buol, Toli-toli, Donggala, Central Sulawesi, 37,106.12 ha, Minister of Forestry and Plantation Number: 354/KPTS-II/1999, May 27, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

Southeast Sulawesi Nature Reserve KAKINAUWE; Buton, Southeast Sulawesi, 810,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 639/Kpts/Um/9/82, September 1, 1982.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

LAMEDAE Nature Reserve; Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi, 635.16 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 208/ KPTS-II/1994, April 30, 1994.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

NAPABALANO Nature Reserve; Muna, Southeast Sulawesi, 9,00 ha, ZB van Buton No. 4/1919, June 7, 1919.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

South Sulawesi FARUHUMPENAI MOUNTAINS Nature Reserve; Luwu, South Sulawesi, 90,000,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 274/Kpts/Um/4/79, April 24, 1979.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

KALAENA Nature Reserve; Luwu, 110,000.00 ha, South Sulawesi, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 428/KPTS-II/1987, 29 December 1987.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

PONDA-PONDA Nature Reserve; Tana Toraja, South Sulawesi, 77.22 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 201/KPTS-II/1999, 14 April 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

Papua Nature Reserve Mount Lorentz Java Banten CA RAWA LAKE; Serang, 2,500,00 ha, GB No. 50/1921 Staatsblad 689, November 16, 1921.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA PULAU DUA; Serang, 32.85 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 253/KPTS-II/1984, December 26, 1984.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

SANGIANG ISLAND Marine Reserve; Serang, 700.35 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 112/KPTS-II/1985, May 23, 1985.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA TUKUNG GEDE; Serang, 1,700,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 396/Kpts/Um/6/79, 23 June 1979.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

West Java CA ARCA DOMAS; Cianjur, 2,00 ha, GB Number 28, 16 April 1913.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA TELAGA BODAS; Garut, 261,50 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 98/Kpts/Um/2/78, February 2, 1978.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA BOJONGLARANG JAYANTI; Cianjur, 750.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 516/Kpts/Um/10/73, October 16, 1973.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA GUNUNG BURANGRANG; Bandung, 2,700,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 479/Kpts/Um/8/79, August 2, 1979.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA CADAS MALANG; Cianjur, 21.00 ha, GB No. 83/1919 Staatsblad 392, 11 July 1919.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA CIBULL; Cianjur, 516.45 ha, GB No. 3/1925 Staatsblad 243, 28 May 1925.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA CIGENTENG-CIPANJI; Bandung, 10,00 ha, GB No. 6/1919 Staatsblad 90, 21 February 1919.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA DUNGUS IWUL; Sukabumi, 9.00 ha, GB No. 23/1931 Staatsblad 99, March 2, 1931.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA NUSA GEDE PANJALU; Ciamis, 16.00 ha, GB No. 6/1919 Staatsblad 90, February 21, 1919.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA GUNUNG JAGAT; Sumedang, 126.70 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 132/Kpts/Um/12/54, December 12, 1954.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA CRATER KAMOJANG; Garut, 7.650,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 274/ KPTS-II/1999, May 7, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA LEUWENG SANTANG; Garut, 2,157,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 370/Kpts/Um/6/78, June 9, 1978.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA Laut LEUWENG SANTANG; Garut, 1,150,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 92/KPTS-II/1990, June 3, 1990.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA MALABAR; Bandung, 8.30 ha, GB No. 27/1927, 2 July 1927.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA PANANGANG PANGANDARAN; Ciamis, 419.30 ha, GB No. 19/1934 Staatsblad 669, July 12, 1934.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

PANANGANG PANGANDARAN Marine Nature Reserve, an area of 470.00 ha in accordance with the Decree of the Minister of Forestry of Indonesia Number: 225/KPTS-II/1990, June 12, 1990 CA GUNUNG PAPANDAYAN; Garut, 6.620,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 68/Kpts/Um/1/79, January 22, 1979.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA TELAGA PATENGGANG; Bandung, 21.18 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 660/Kpts/Um/10/81, October 11, 1981.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA GUNUNG SIMPANG; Cianjur, Bandung, 15,000,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 41/Kpts/Um/1/79, January 11, 1979.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA SUKAWAYANA; Sukabumi, 30.50 ha, GB No. 83/1919 Staatsblad 392, July 11, 1919.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA TAKOKAK; Cianjur, 50.00 ha, GB No. 6/1919 Staatsblad 90, 21 February 1919.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA TANKUBAN BOAT-BANDUNG; Bandung, 1,290,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 528/Kpts/Um/9/74, September 3, 1974.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA TANKUBAN BOAT-PORT QUEEN; Sukabumi, 33,00 ha, GB 12 Staatsblad 407, 21 November 1930.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA GUNUNG TILU; Bandung, 8,000,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 68/Kpts/Um/2/78, February 7, 1978.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA TELAGA WARNA; Cianjur, 368.25 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 481/Kpts/Um/6/81, 9 June 1981.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA YANLAPA; Bogor, 32,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 137/Kpts/Um/3/56, 28 March 1956.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA YUNGHUN; Bandung, 2,50 ha, GB No. 6/1919 Staatsblad 90, February 21, 1919 Central Java CA BANTAR BOLANG; Pemalang, 24.10 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 435/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA BEKUTUK; Blora, 25.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 595/Kpts/Um/9/79, September 21, 1979.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA GUNUNG BUTAK; Rembang, 25.40 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 79/Minister of Forestry RI-II/2004, March 11, 2004.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA CABAK I/; Blora, 30,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 435/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA GUNUNG CELERING; Jepara, 1,379.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 755/KPTS-II/1989, December 16, 1989.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA CURUG BENGKAWAH; Pemalang, 1.50 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 435/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA TELOGO DRINGO; Banjarnegara, 26.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 435/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA GUNUNG GEBUGAN-UNGARAN; Semarang, 1.80 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 435/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA GETAS; Semarang, 1.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 435/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA JUCI; Pemalang, 2,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 435/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA KARANG BOLONG; Cilacap, 0.50 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 435/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

KELING I/II/III; Jepara, 61.70 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 435/KPTS-II/ 1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA KEMBANG; Jepara, 1.80 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 435/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA FIR MOUNTAINS; Kebumen, Wonosobo, & Banjarnegara, 1,500,00 ha.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA MOGA; Pemalang, 1.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 435/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA NUSAKAMBANGAN; Cilacap, 1,205,00 ha.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 435/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA PAGER WUNUNUNG DARUPRONO; Kendal, 33.20 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 115/Minister of Forestry RI-II/2004, April 19, 2004.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA KARANGSAMBUNG; Kebumen, 228.20 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 435/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA PANTODOMAS; Wonosobo, 4.10 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 435/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA PESON SUBAH I; Batang, 10.40 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 82/Minister of Forestry RI-II/2004, March 10, 2004.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA PESON SUBAH II; Batang, 100,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 435/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA PRINGOMBO I/II; Banjarnegara, 58.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 435/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA TELOGO RANJENG; Pemalang, 18,50 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 435/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA SEKUUNG; Semarang, 10,00 ha, Menhu Decree Number: 74/Minister of Forestry RI-II/2004, March 10, 2004.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA SUBVAK 18C/19B; Tegal, 6.60 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 435/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA TELAGA SUMURUP; Banjarnegara, 20.10 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 435/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA ULO LANANG AMETHYST; Batang, 69.70 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 106/Minister of Forestry RI-II/2004, 14 April 2004.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA VAK 53 COMAL; Pemalang, 24.10 ha, GB No. 2980.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

East Java CA GUNUNG ABANG; Pasuruan, 50.40 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 458/Kpts/Um/7/78, 24 June 1978.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA NUSA BARONG; Jember, 6,100,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 417/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA BAWEAN ISLAND; Surabaya, 725.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 762/Kpts/Um/12/1979, December 5, 1979.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA BESOWO GADUNGAN; Kediri, 7,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 417/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA CEDING; Bondowoso, 2,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 417/KPTS-II/ 1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA CORAH MANIS SEMPOLAN; Jember, 16.80 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 417/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA CRATER IJEN MERAPI UNGUP-UNGAP; Banyuwangi, 2.468,00 ha, Decision of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 417/KPTS-II/1999, 15 June 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA JANGANGAN REGOJAMPI I/II; Banyuwangi, 7,50 ha, Decision of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 417/KPTS-II/1999, 15 June 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA SUNGAI KOLBU IYANG PLATEU; Bondowoso, 18.80 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 417/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA MANGGIS GADUNGAN; Kediri, 12,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 417/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA GUA NGLIRIP; Bojonegoro, 3.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 417/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA PANCUR IJEN I/II; Bondowoso, 3.95 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 417/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA GUNUNG PICIS; Ponorogo, 27.90 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 417/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA SAOBI—KANGEAN; Sumenep (Madura), 430.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 417/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA SEMPU ISLAND; Malang, 877.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 417/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA GUNUNG SIGOGOR; Ponorogo, 190.50 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 417/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

CA WATANGAN PUGER I-VI; Jember, 2,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 417/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

Yogyakarta CA BARON BAY; Gunung Kidul, 2,00 ha, GB 379/321/16, 24 March 1933.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

Jakarta CA BOKOR ISLAND; North Jakarta, 18.00 ha, GB No. 60/1921 Staatsblad 683, November 16, 1921.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

Nusa Tenggara Islands Bali Nature Reserve BATUKARU I/II/III; Tabanan, 1,762.80 ha, Indonesian Minister of Agriculture Decree Number: 716/Kpts/Um/9/74, 29 September 1974.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

East Nusa Tenggara Nature Reserve MAUBESI; Belu, East Nusa Tenggara, 1,830,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 394/Kpts/Um/5/81, May 7, 1981.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

GUNUNG MUTIS Nature Reserve; South Central Timor, East Nusa Tenggara, 12,000.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 423/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

PERHALU Nature Reserve; Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, 1,000,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 196/KPTS-II/1993, 27 February 1993.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

TAMBORA Nature Reserve; Ende, East Nusa Tenggara, 1,000.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 423/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

WATU ATA Nature Reserve; Ngada, East Nusa Tenggara, 4,898.80 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 432/KPTS-II/1992, May 5, 1992.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

WAY WUUL/MBURAK Nature Reserve; Manggarai, East Nusa Tenggara, 1,484.84 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 437/KPTS-II/1996, August 9, 1996.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

WOLO TADO Nature Reserve, NGEDE NALO MERAH, SIUNG; Ngada, East Nusa Tenggara, 4.016.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 429/KPTS-II/1992, May 5, 1992.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

KOMODO ISLAND Nature Reserve; Manggarai, East Nusa Tenggara, 390km² West Nusa Tenggara PULAU PANJANG Nature Reserve; Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara, 1,641.25 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 399/KPTS-II/1986, April 21, 1986.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

SANGIANG Nature Reserve; Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara, 7,492.25 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 418/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

SOUTH TAMBORA Nature Reserve; Dompu, West Nusa Tenggara, 23,840,81 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 418/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

PEDAUH LAND NATURE RESERVE; Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara, 543.50 ha, Indonesian Minister of Agriculture Decree Number: 348/Kpts/Um/8/75, August 20, 1975.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

TOFO KOTA LAMBU Nature Reserve; Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara, 3,333.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 418/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

The Maluku Islands and Papua Islands Maluku Islands are located at 2°30′−9° LS to. 124°−135° BT has 18 nature reserve sites (13 areas are within the Maluku province and 5 are located in North Maluku province area) out of 237 areas designated as nature reserves in all over Indoneaia.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

Papua has 24 nature reserves of 12 of which are in the province of West Papua and the remaining, 12 areas are in the province of Papua.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

Of the 24 nature reserves, only one location is a marine reserve while the other 23 areas are land nature reserves or commonly referred to as nature reserves only.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

Maluku Nature Reserve ANGWARMASE ISLAND; Southeast Maluku, Maluku, 295.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 403/KPTS-II/1988, August 1, 1988.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

KISAR MOUNT API Nature Reserve; Central Maluku, Maluku, 80,00 ha, GB 24 Staatsblad 157, 3 Dec-ber 1937.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

SOUTHEAST ARU ISLANDS Marine Reserve; Aru Islands, Maluku, 114,000.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 72/KPTS-II/1991, April 2, 1991.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

BANDA Marine Nature Reserve; Southeast Maluku, Maluku, 2,500,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 221/ Kpts/Um/4/77, April 25, 1977.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

BEKAU HUHUN Nature Reserve; Southeast Maluku, Maluku, 128,886.48 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 415/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

DAAB Nature Reserve; Maluku Tengara, Maluku, 14,218.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 836/KPTS-II/ 1993, December 23, 1993.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

LARAT ISLAND Nature Reserve; Maluku Tengara, Maluku, 4,505,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 169/KPTS-II/1995, March 24, 1995.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

MASBAIT Nature Reserve; Buru, Maluku, 6,250.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 249/KPTS-II/1985, November 1, 1985.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

NUSTARAM Island Nature Reserve; Southeast Maluku, Maluku, 2,420.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 403/KPTS-II/1988, August 1, 1988.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

NUSWOTAR ISLAND Nature Reserve; Southeast Maluku, Maluku, 2,052,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 403/KPTS-II/1988, August 1, 1988.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

POMBO ISLAND Nature Reserve; Central Maluku, Maluku, 4.68 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 392/KPTS-VI/1996, July 30, 1996.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

GUNUNG SAHUWAI Nature Reserve; West Seram, Maluku, 18.62 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 805/KPTS-II/1993, October 30, 1993.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

TAFERMAAR Nature Reserve; West Southeast Maluku (Molu Island), Maluku, 3,039.30 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 415/KPTS-II/1999, June 15, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

North Maluku LIFAMATOLA Nature Reserve; Central Halmahera, North Maluku, 16,690.53 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 285/KPTS-II/1995, July 6, 1995.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

OBI ISLAND Nature Reserve; South Halmahera, North Maluku, 1,250,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 685/ KPTS-II/1995, October 5, 1995.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

SEHO ISLAND Nature Reserve; Sula Islands, North Maluku, 1,250,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 320/KPTS-II/1987, October 12, 1987.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

MOUNT SIBELA Nature Reserve; South Halmahera, North Maluku, 23.024.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 326/KPTS-II/1987, October 15, 1987.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

TALIABU Nature Reserve; Sula Islands, North Maluku, 9,743.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 684/KPTS-II/1995, October 5, 1995.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

Papua Mountain Nature Reserve ARFAK; Jayapura, Papua, 68.325.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 514/KPTS-II/1995, September 26, 1995.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

NORTH BIAK Nature Reserve; Biak, Papua, 6,138.04 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 731/KPTS-II/1996, November 25, 1996.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

BIAN LAKE Nature Reserve; Merauke, Papua, 69,390.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 119/KPTS-II/1990, March 19, 1990.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

BUPUL Nature Reserve; Merauke, Papua, 92,704.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 891/KPTS-II/1999, October 14, 1999 CYCLOPS MOUNTAIN Nature Reserve; Jayapura, Papua, 22,500.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 365/KPTS-II/1987, 18 November 1987.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

ENAROTALI Nature Reserve; Nabire, Papua, 300,000,00 ha, Indonesian Minister of Agriculture Decree Number: 84/ Kpts/Um/2/80, February 11, 1980.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

NABIRE Nature Reserve; Nabire, Papua, 100,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 21/Kpts/Um/1980, January 12, 1980.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

POMBO ISLAND Nature Reserve; Merauke, Papua, 100.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 820/Kpts/Um/11/82, November 10, 1982.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

SUPIORI ISLAND Nature Reserve; Biak, Papua, 41,990.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 26/KPTS-II/1988, January 11, 1988.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

SOUTH TAMRAU Nature Reserve; Nabire, Papua, 350,000.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 891/KPTS-II/1999, October 14, 1999 WAYLAND MOUNTAIN Reserve; Nabire, Papua, 223,000.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation Number: 891/KPTS-II/1999, October 14, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

YAPEN TENGAH Nature Reserve; Yapen Islands, Papua, 119,140.75 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 26/KPTS-II/1999, October 12, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

West Papua West BATANTA Nature Reserve; Sorong, West Papua, 16,749.08 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 568/ KPTS-II/1991, 24 August 1991.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

BINTUNI BAY NATURE RESERVE; Manokwari, West Papua, 124,850.90 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 891/KPTS-II/1999, October 14, 1999 FAKFAK Mountain Nature Reserve; Fakfak, West Papua, 34,391,10 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 650/kpts-II/1999, August 19 1999 KOFIAU ISLAND Nature Reserve; Sorong, West Papua, 7,747.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation RI Number: 819/KPTS-II/1999, October 14, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

KUMAWA MOUNTAIN Nature Reserve; Fakfak, West Papua, 97.089.38 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 891/KPTS-II/1999, October 14, 1999 South MISOOL Nature Reserve; Sorong, West Papua, 84,000.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 761/Kpts/Um/10/82, December 10, 1982.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

NORTH SALAWATI Nature Reserve; Sorong, West Papua, 57,000,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of Indonesia Number: 014/Kpts/Um/1/82, January 4, 1982.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

SANSAFOR Marine Nature Reserve Bay; Manokwari, West Papua, 62,660,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry and Plantation of Indonesia Number: 891/KPTS-II/1999, October 14, 1999.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

NORTH TAMRAU Nature Reserve; Sorong, West Papua, 368.365,00 ha, Indonesian Minister of Agriculture Decree Number: 820/Kpts/Um/11/82, November 10, 1982.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

WEST WAIGEO ISLAND Nature Reserve; Sorong, West Papua, 95,200,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 731/KPTS-II/1996, November 25, 1996.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

EAST WAIGEO ISLAND Nature Reserve; Sorong, West Papua, 119,500,00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 251/KPTS-II/1996, June 3, 1996.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

WONDI BOY Nature Reserve; Manokwari, West Papua, 73.022.00 ha, Decree of the Minister of Forestry RI Number: 595/KPTS-II/1992, June 6, 1992.


Question: What is the name of the first Nature Reserve in Indonesia?

List of nature reserves in Indonesia

Reference C Category:Indonesia Back to Nature


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles and are generally written as e-.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The electron has no basic components or any known substructure, so it is believed to be an elementary particle. [1]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

An electron has a mass of about 1/1836 the mass of a proton. [2]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The instrinsic angular momentum (spin) of the electron is half the integer value in units of, meaning that it includes fermions.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Electron antiparticles are referred to as positrons, which are identical to electrons, but positively charged.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

When an electron collides with a positron, the two are likely to be scattered or completely wiped out, resulting in a pair (or more) of gama ray photons.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Electrons, belonging to the generation of the first lepton particle family, [3] participate in gravitational interactions, electromagnetic interactions and weak interactions. [4]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Just like all matter, an electron has the properties of particle and wave bath, so it can collide with other particles and diffract like light.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Because electrons belong to fermions, two different electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state according to the Pauli exclusion principle. [3]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The concept of undivisible electric charge was again theorized to explain the chemical properties of atoms by natural philosopher Richard Laming as early as 1838; [5] the name electron was introduced to name this charge in 1894 by Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Electrons were successfully identified as particles in 1897 by J. J. Thomson. [6] [7] In many physical phenomena, such as electricity, magnetism and thermal conductivity, electrons play a very important role.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

An electron moving relative to the observer will produce a magnetic field and the trajectory of that electron will also be warped by an external magnetic field.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

When an electron is accelerated, it can absorb or emit energy in the form of photons.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Electrons together with atomic nuclei composed of protons and neutrons, form atoms.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

However, electrons take up only 0.06% of the total mass of an atom.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Coulomb's tensile force between electrons with protons causes electrons to be bound in atoms.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The exchange or conversion of electrons between two or more atoms is the main cause of chemical bonding. [8]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

According to his theory, most electrons within the universe were created at the event of the Big Bang (big bang), but he can also be created through beta decay of radioactive isotopes as well as in high-energy collisions, for example at the time when cosmic rays enter the atmosphere.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Electrons can be destroyed through annihilation with positrons, or can be absorbed during stellar nucleosynthesis.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Modern laboratory equipment can be used to load or monitor individual electrons.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Electrons have many uses in modern technology, for example in electron microscopy, radiation therapy, and particle accelerators.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

History The Ancient Greeks noticed that amber can attract small objects when rubbed with animal hair.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In addition to lightning, this phenomenon is one of man's earliest records regarding electricity. [9]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In his 1600 work [De Magnete] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help), English physicist William Gilbert coined a new term [electricus] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help) to refer to the nature of withdrawal of small objects after being rubbed. [10]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The English for the word electric is derived from the Latin Ēlectrum, which comes from the Greek ήλεκτρον (Ēlektron) for amber.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In 1737, C. F. du Fay and Hawksbee independently discovered what they believed to be two types of frictional electricity; one produced from glass-rubbing, the other produced from resin rubbing.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

From here, Du Fay theorized that electricity consists of two electrical fluids, namely “vitreous” and “resinous”, which are separated by friction and neutralize each other when joined. [11]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

One basicwasa later, Benjamin Franklin proposed that electricity does not come from a manifold electrical fluid, but comes from the same electrical fluid under different pressures.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

He gave a tatanama of positive and negative charges for these different pressures. [12] [13] Between 1838 and 1851, the British natural philosopher Richard Laming developed the idea that atoms consist of core matter surrounded by subatomic particles that have an electric charge. [14]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Early in 1846, German physicist William Weber theorized that electricity consists of a fluid that is both positively and negatively charged, and its interaction obeys the inverse square law.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

After examining the phenomenon of electrolysis in 1874, Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney put forward the theory that there is a “certain unit of electrical quantity” that is the charge of a monovalent ion.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

He managed to estimate the value of this elementary charge e using Faraday's Law of electrolysis. [15]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

However, Stoney believes that these charges are permanently bound to atoms and cannot be released.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In 1881, German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz argued that both positive and negative charges are divided into elementary parts, which “behave like atoms from electricity”. [5]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In 1894, Stoney coined the term electron to represent this elementary charge. [16]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The word electron is a combination of the word electric with the suffix on, which is used now to refer to subatomic particles such as protons and neutrons. [17] [18] The discovery of electrons German physicist Johann Wilhelm Hittorf conducted a study on electrical conductivity in gases.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In 1869, he invented a beam emitted from a cathode whose size increases with decreasing gas pressure.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In 1876, German physicist Eugen Goldstein showed that this beam beam produces its shadow, and he named it a cathode ray. [20]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

During the 1870s, British chemist and physicist William Crookes developed the first cathode tube to vacuum. [21]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

He then showed the fluorescent rays that appear to be inside those tubes carrying energy and moving from the cathode to the anode.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Furthermore, using a magnetic field, he was able to deflect the beam and demonstrate that this beam behaved as if it were negatively charged. [22] [23] In 1879, he proposed that these properties could be explained using what he termed as 'matter' radian' (radiant matter).


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

He proposed this is the fourth state of matter, consisting of negatively charged molecules projected at high velocity from the cathode. [24]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

German-born British physicist Arthur Schuster expanded on Crookes' experiments by fitting two metal plates in parallel against a cathode ray and providing an electrical potential between the two plates.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This field then deflects the ray towards a positively charged plate, providing further evidence that these rays contain negative charges.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

By measuring the magnitude of the beam defection according to a given electric current, in 1890, Schuster managed to estimate the ratio of mass to charge of the components of the rays.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

However, this calculation yielded a value that was one thousand times greater than predicted, so this calculation was not believed at the time. [22] [25] In 1896, the British physicist J. J. Thomson, along with his colleagues John S. Townsend and H. A. Wilson, [6] conducted experiments which indicates that the cathode ray is really a new particle and is not a wave, atom, or molecule as previously believed.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Thomson made quite good estimates in determining charge e and mass m, and found that cathode ray particles, which he called “corpuscles” were probably masses one-thousandth the mass of the smallest ions ever known (hydrogen). [7]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

He showed that the nisbah of mass to charge, e/m, does not depend on the material of the cathode.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

He further demonstrated that negatively charged particles produced by radioactive materials, heated materials, or fluorescent materials are universal. [26]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The name electron was later proposed to name this particle by Irish physicist George F. Fitzgerald, and so on gained universal acceptance. [22]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

While examining fluorescence minerals in 1896, French physicist Henri Becquerel discovered that the mineral emits radiation without exposure to external energy sources.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This radioactive material attracted the attention of many scientists, including New Zealand scientist Ernest Rutherford who discovered that these particles emit particles.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

He labeled these particles alpha particles and beta particles based on their ability to penetrate matter. [27]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In 1900, Becquerel showed that beta-ray emission by radium can be deflected by an electric field, and the ratio of its mass to charge is equal to the ratio of the mass to charge of the cathode ray. [28]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This evidence corroborates the view that electrons are components of atoms. [29] [30] The charge of electrons was later measured even more carefully by American physicist Robert Millikan in an oil droplet Experiment in 1909.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The results of this experiment were published in 1911.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The experiment used an electric field to prevent charged oil droplets from falling as a result of gravity.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The equipment used in this experiment can measure electric charges from 1—150 ions with an error limit of less than 0.3%.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Experiments similar to previous Millikan experiments had been conducted by Thomson, using charged water cloud droplets resulting from electrolysis, [6] and by Abram Ioffe in 1911, who independently obtained the same results as Millikan using microparticles charged metals.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

He published the results of his experiment in 1913. [31]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

However, oil droplets are more stable than water droplets due to the slower evaporation rate of oil, making them more suitable for experiments over long periods of time. [32]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Around the beginning of the 20th century, it was discovered that under certain conditions, fast-moving charged particles can cause condensation of saturated passing water vapor along the trajectory of such particles. In 1911, Charles Wilson used this principle to construct fog chambers, revels tracking of charged particles such as fast-moving electrons to be photographed. [33]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Atomic theory In 1914, experiments conducted by physicists Ernest Rutherford, Henry Moseley, James Franck and Gustav Hertz in outline have successfully built a model of the structure of atoms as positively charged atomic nuclei surrounded by small-mass electrons. [34]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In 1913, Danish physicist Niels Bohr postulated that electrons were in a quantized energy state, with their energy determined based on the angular momentum of the electron's orbit around the nucleus.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Electrons can move from one state to another (or orbit) by emitting emission or absorbing photons at a certain frequency.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Using this quantized orbit model, he accurately managed to explain the lines of the spectrum of hydrogen atoms. [35]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

However, Bohr's model fails to explain the relative intensity of these spectrum lines and fails anyway in explaining the spectra of more complex atoms. [34]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Interatomic chemical bonding was described by Gilbert Newton Lewis, who in 1916 submitted that a covalent bond between two atoms is guarded by a pair of electrons shared between two atoms to which they bind. [36]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Later, in 1923, Walter Heitler and Fritz London gave a full explanation of electron pair formations and chemical bonds based on quantum mechanics. [37]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In 1919, American chemist Irving Langmuir lays out further the static model of Lewis atoms and proposes that all electrons are distributed in “concentric spherical skin, the tingling of which is the same thickened”. [38]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The skin is then divided by it into a number of cells that each cell contains a pair of electrons.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

With this model, Langmuir managed to qualitatively explain the chemical properties of all elements in the periodic table. [37]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In 1924, Austrian physicist Wolfang Pauli noticed that the structure like the skin of this atom can be explained using four parameters that determine each quantum energy state as long as each state is occupied by no more than one single electron.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The prohibition of the existence of more than one electron occupying the same quantum energy state is known as the Pauli exclusion principle.) [39] A physics mechanism explaining the fourth parameter, which has two different values, was given by Dutch physicists Abraham Goudsmith and George Uhlenbeck when they submitted that an electron, in addition to the angular momentum of its orbit, can also have its own intrinsic angular momentum. [34] [40] This feature later became known as spin, which explains the separation of the monitored lines of the spectrum on high-resolution spectrometers.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This phenomenon is known as fine structure separation. [41]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Quantum mechanics In his 1924 dissertation entitled Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Research on Quantum Theory), French physicist Louis de Broglie hypothesized that all matter has De Broglie waves similar to light. [42]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This means that under the right conditions, electrons and all matter can exhibit particle-like as well as wave-like properties.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The corpuscular properties of a particle can be demonstrated when it can be shown to have a localized position in space along its trajectory at any time. [43]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The wave-like properties can be monitored when a beam of light is passed through parallel cracks and produces interference patterns.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In 1927, this interference effect was successfully demonstrated to also apply to electron beams by British physicist George Paget Thomson using thin metal films and by American physicists Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer using nickel crystals. [44]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The success of de Broglie's predictions helped Erwin Schrödinger who in 1926 published the Schrödinger equation that successfully described how electron waves propagate. [45]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Rather than producing a settlement that determines the location of an electron as time passes, this wave equation can be used to predict the probability of discovery of an electron near a position.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This approach was later referred to as quantum mechanics, which gives a very precise calculation of the energy state of a hydrogen atom's electrons.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

When spin and interactions between many electrons are taken into account, quantum mechanics allows the configuration of electrons in higher atomic numbered atoms than hydrogen precisely predicted. [46]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In 1928, based on the work of Wolfgang Pauli, Paul Dirac produced an electron model, the Dirac equation, consistent with the theory of relativity, by applying considerations of relativity and symmetry into the Hamiltonan formulation of quantum mechanics of electro-magnetic fields. [47]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In order to be able to solve various problems in his relativistic equations, in 1930, Dirac developed a model of vacuum as a negatively energized ocean of infinity particles (known as the Dirac sea).


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This ushered in Dirac predicting the existence of positrons, the antimatter of electrons. [48]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The positron particle was discovered in 1932 by Carl D. Anderson, who called for the naming of the regular electron as the negatron, and electron was used as a generic term to refer to both particles.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The use of the term 'negatron' can sometimes still be found now, and can be shortened to 'negaton'. [49] [50] In 1947, Willis Lamb, collaborating with his graduate pupil Robert Retherford, discovered that certain quantum states of hydrogen atoms, supposedly energized same, shifting relative to each other.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This shift is referred to as Lamb's sliding.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

At the same time, Polykarp Kusch, working with Henry M. Foley, found that the magnetic moments of electrons were slightly larger than those predicted by Dirac's theory.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This small difference was later referred to as the electron magnetic dipole moment anomaly.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

To solve this problem, a theory called quantum electrodynamics was developed by Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger and Richard P. Feynman at the end of the 1940s. [51] Particle acceleration With the development of particle accelerators during the first half of the 20th century, physicists began to examine more in the properties of subatomic particles. [52]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The first successful attempt at accelerating electrons using electromagnetic induction was made in 1942 by Donald Kerst.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Betatron initially reached an energy of 2.3 MeV, when betatron-betatron subsequently managed to reach 300MeV.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In 1947, synchrotron radiation was discovered using 70MeV electron synchrotrons at General Electric.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This radiation is caused by the acceleration of electrons moving close to the speed of light through the magnetic field. [53]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

With a beam energy of 1.5GeV, ADONE's high-energy particle pounder began its operation in 1968. [54]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

It accelerates electrons and positrons in opposite directions, effectively doubling the impact energy compared to when mashing electrons with a silent target. [55] The Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP) at CERN which operated from 1989 until 2000 was successful achieved an impact energy of 209GeV and successfully made measurements for the Standard Model of particle physics. [56] [57] Classification Characteristics In the Standard Model of particle physics, electrons belong to a class of subatomic particles called leptons, which are believed to be elementary particles.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Electrons have mass that are lowest among other charged leptons and belong to first-generation elementary particles. [58]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The second and third generations contain charged leptons, namely muons and tauons, which are identical to electrons in terms of their charge, spin, and interaction, except that they are both larger in mass.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Leptons differ from other constituents of matter such as quartic in that leptons do not have strong interactions.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

All members of the lepton class are fermion termasks because they all have a spin of 1⁄2. [59]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Fundamental characteristics The invariant mass of an electron is approximately 9.109 × 10−31 kilograms, [60] or equivalent to 5.489 × 10−4 atomic mass units.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Based on Einstein's mass-energy equivalence principle, this mass is equivalent to a rihat energy of 0.511 MeV.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The ratio between the mass of the proton to the mass of the electron was about 1836. [2] [61] Astronomical measurements showed that the ratio of the mass of the proton to the electron remained the same value for at least half the age of the universe, as predicted by the Standard Model. [62]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The electron has an electric charge of −1.602 × 10−19 coulomb, [60] which is used as a standard unit for subatomic particle charge.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Below the threshold of accuracy of experiments, the charge of an electron is the same as the charge of a proton, but has a positive sign. [63]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Since the symbol e is used to refer to the elementary charge, the electron is generally symbolized as e−, with the minus sign indicating a negative charge.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The positron is symbolized as e+ because it has the same traits as an electron but is positively charged. [59] [60] The electron has an intrinsic angular momentum or spin worth 1⁄2. [60]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This property is usually expressed by referring to the electron as a spin-1−2 particle. [59]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

For a particle like this, the spin magnitude is √3−2[ cat 1] when the result of measuring the spin projection on any axis can only be of ±2.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In addition to spin, electrons also have intrinsic magnetic moments along their spin axis. [60]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The magnetic moment of an electron is approximately equal to one Bohr magneton, [64] [cat 2] with a physics constant of 9.274 009 15 (23) × 10−24 joules per tesla. [60]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The orientation of spin to the momentum of the electron determines the helicity of the particle. [65]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The electron has no known substructure. [1] [66] Therefore, it is defined or assumed to be a point particle or point charge and does not bear. [3]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Monitoring on one single electron in the Penning trap showed a limitation over the particle radius of 10−22 meters. [67]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

There is a physics setting called the “classical electron radii” which is worth 2.8179 ×10−15 m.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

However this terminology comes from simple calculations that ignore the effects of quantum mechanics.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In reality, the radius of the classical electron has no relation whatsoever to the basic structure of the electron. [68] [cat 3] There are elementary particles that spontaneously decay into lighter particles.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

An example is a muon that decays into electrons, neutrinos, and antineutrinos, with an average half-life of 2.2 × 10−6 seconds.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

However, electrons are estimated to be theoretically stable: electrons are the lightest charged particles, so their decay will violate the immutability of charge. [69]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The experimental lower threshold for the average half-life of electrons is 4.6 × 1026 years, with a level of confidence of 90%. [70]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Quantum properties Like all particles, electrons can behave like waves.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This is referred to as wave-particle duality and can be demonstrated using the double slit experiment.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The nature of the electron wave bath allows it to pass through both parallel slits simultaneously instead of passing through only one slit.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In quantum mechanics, the wave-bath properties of a particle can be described mathematically as a complex-valued function called a wave function (ψ).


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

When the absolute value of this function is squared, this squaring value will give the probability of monitoring a particle near a location, referred to as probability. [71]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The electron one with the electron of the other is indistinguishable due to its intrinsic physics properties.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In quantum mechanics, this means that a pair of interacting electrons should be able to exchange positions without any change in the state of the monitored system.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The wave function of fermions, including electrons, is antisymmetric, meaning that it changes sign when two electrons interact; namely ψ (r1, r2) = −ψ (r2, r1), with variables r1 and r2 being the first and second electrons.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Since the absolute value does not change when the sign changes, this means that there is an immutable probability.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Unlike the fermions, the photon-like boson has a symteric wave function. [71]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In the case of antisymmetry, the completion of the wave function for the interacting electrons results in a zero-value probability for each pair of electrons occupying the same location or state.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

It is known by its exclusion principle name Pauli.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This principle explains many properties of electrons.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Virtual particles Physicists believe that empty space may continuously create many pairs of virtual particles such as positrons with electrons, which quickly annihilate each other once created. [72]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The combination of energy variations required to create these particles along with the time of existence of these particles is within the detection threshold as stated by the Heisenberg uncertainty Principle, Δ<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[47557,47562,2,2]}'>E·Δ <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[47564,47569,2,2]}'>t≥.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The energy required to create this virtual particle, Δ<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[47650,47655,2,2]}'>E, can be “borrowed” from the vacuum state for a period of time Δ<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[47718,47723,2,2]}'>t, such that the multiplication of the two is no more than the value of the reduced Planck constant, ≈ 6.6 × 10-16 EV·s.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Thus for virtual electrons,<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[47885,47890,2,2]}'>its longest-duration Δ t is 1.3 × 10−21 s. [73]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

When a virtual electron-positron pair is formed, the coulomb force of the electric field around the electron causes the created positron to be attracted to the initial electron when the created electron experiences a repulse force.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This causes vacuum polarization.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Essentially, the vacuum state behaves like a medium that has a dielectric permittivity greater than one.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

So the effective charge of an electron is usually smaller than the original value, and the charge will decrease with increasing distance from the electron. [74] [75] This polarization was experimentally confirmed in 1997 using a Japanese particle accelerator. [76]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Virtual particles cause a reviewing effect for the mass of the electron. [77]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Interactions with virtual particles also explain the deviation of the intrinsic magnetic moment of the electron by 0.1% from the Bohr magneton. [64] [78] The very precise congruence between this predicted difference with the value of the experiment is seen as a major achievement of quantum electrodynamics. [79]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In classical physics, the angular momentum and magnetic moment of an object depend on its physical dimensions.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Therefore, the concept of a dimensionless electron having angular momentum and magnetic moment seems inconsistent.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This paradox can be explained using the formation of virtual photons in an electric field generated by electrons.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

These virtual photons cause electrons to shift bitterly (called Zitterbewegung), [80] resulting in circular motion with precession.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This motion generates magnetic moment and electron spin. [3] [81] In atoms, the creation of these virtual photons explains Lamb sliding monitored on the lines of the spectrum. [74]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Electron interactions produce an electric field that attracts positively charged particles such as protons and rejects other negatively charged particles.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The strength of this tensile/reject force is determined by Coulomb's Law. [82]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

When an electron moves, it generates a magnetic field. [83]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Ampère—Maxwell's law relates a magnetic field to the mass motion of an electron (electric current) towards an observer.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The electromagnetic field of moving charged particles is expressed using the Liénard—Wiechert potential, which applies even to particles moving close to the speed of light.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

When an electron moves through a magnetic field, the Lorentz force will affect the direction of the electron trajectory perpendicular to the field of the magnetic field and the velocity of the electron.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This centripetal force causes a helical electron trajectory.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The resulting acceleration of this curved motion induces electrons to emit energy in the form of synchrotron radiation. [84] [85] [cat 4] This energy emission can then mentalize the electron, known as the Abraham—Lorentz-Dirac Force, which creates friction that slows down the electrons.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This force is caused by the backlash of the electron field against itself. [86]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In quantum electrodynamics, electromagnetic interactions between particles are mediated by photons.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

An isolated electron that is not accelerated cannot radiate or absorb a photon; when it absorbs or emits a photon, this means a violation of the laws of eternity of energy and momentum.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

However, virtual photons can transfer momentum between two charged particles.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

It is this virtual photon exchange that generates the Coulomb force. [87]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Energy emission can occur when a moving electron is deflected by a charged particle such as a proton.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The acceleration of electrons produces a beam of Bremsstrahlung radiation. [88]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The impact of lenting between a photon (light) with a free electron is referred to as Compton scattering.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This collision results in momentum transfer and energy transfer between particles, which changes the photon wavelength of a number of Compton shears. [cat 5] The maximum shear magnitude of this wavelength is h/mec, known as the Compton wavelength. [89]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

For an electron, this is worth 2.43 × 10−12 m. [60]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

When the wavelength of light is long (for example, the wavelength of visible light is 0.4—0.7μm), the wavelength shear becomes very small.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This interaction between light with free electrons is referred to as Thomson scattering. [90]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The relative strength of the electromagnetic interaction between two charged particles such as electrons with protons is given by the fine structure constant.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The value of this constant has no dimensions and is two energies: the electrostatic energy of the pull (or repulsion) at the separation of one Compton wavelength with the energy of the charge.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

It is worth α≈7,297353 × 10−3, or approximately equal to 1−137. [60]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

When electrons and positrons collide, they will both annihilate each other, producing two or more gama photon rays.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

If the electron and its positron have negligible momentum, positronium atoms can form before annihilation, producing two or three gama ray photons energized as large as 1.022MeV. [91] [92] On the other hand, high-energy photons can transform into electrons and positrons back in a process called pair production, but only occurs with the presence of nearby charged particles, such as atomic nuclei. [93] [94] Electron atoms and molecules can be bound to atomic nuclei through the attraction force of Coulomb.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

A multi-electron system bound to an atomic nucleus is referred to as an atom.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

If the number of electrons differs from the electric charge of the nucleus, the atom is named as an ion.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The wave-like behavior of bound electrons is described using a mathematical function called the atomic orbital.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Each atomic orbital has its own set of quantum numbers, namely energy, angular momentum, and angular momentum projection.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

According to Pauli's principle of exclusion, each orbital can only be occupied by two electrons, which must differ in the quantum number of the spin.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Electrons can move from one orbital to another through emission or absorption of photons whose energy corresponds to the potential difference between orbitals. [95]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Other orbital displacement methods include collision with another electron particle and the Auger effect. [96]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In order to break away from atoms, the energy of electrons must be increased beyond their binding energy.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This occurs in the photoelectric effect, in which photons that are of higher energy than the ionization energy of the atom are absorbed by electrons. [97]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The orbital angular momentum of the electron is quantized.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Since the electron is charged, it produces an orbital magnetic moment that is propositional to the angular momentum.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The overall magnetic moment of an atom is a seal with the vector sum of the orbital magnetic moment and the overall spin magnetic moment of the electron and atomic nucleus.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

However, the magnetic moment of the nucleus is very small and negligible when compared to electrons.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The magnetic moments of two electrons occupying the same orbital (called paired electrons) will negate each other. [98]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Interatomic chemical bonding occurs as a result of electromagnetic interactions, as described by the laws of quantum mechanics. [99]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The strongest bonds are formed through electron conversion and electron transfer between atoms, allowing the formation of molecules. [8]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In molecules, the movement of electrons is affected by multiple atomic nuclei and electrons occupy the orbital of the molecule, similarly to electrons occupying the atomic orbital on free atoms. [100]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

A fundamental factor on the molecular structure is the presence of electron pairs.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The two paired electrons have opposite spins, permitting both to occupy the same molecular orbital without violating the Pauli exclusion principle.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Different molecular orbitals have different spatial distributions of electron density.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

For example, in paired electrons involved in bonding, electrons can be found with a high probability around a narrow region of certain atomic nuclei, when in paired electrons that are not involved in bonding, they can be distributed over a large space in around atomic nuclei. [101]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Conductivity If an object has electrons that are excess or less than necessary to balance the positive charge of the atomic nucleus, it will have an electric charge.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

When there are excess electrons, they are said to be negatively charged.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

When there are electrons that are less than the number of protons in the atomic nucleus, they are said to be positively charged.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

When the number of electrons and the number of protons are equal, the charges both negate each other and the object is said to be neutrally charged.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Macro objects can become electrically charged through rubbing and produce triboelectric effects. [105]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

A single electron moving in vacuum is termed as a free electron.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The electrons in metals also behave as if they are free.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In reality, particles commonly termed electrons in metals and other solids are quasi-electron-quasi-particles, which have the same electric charge, spin, and magnetic moment as the original electron, but are of different mass. [106]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

When an electron freely moves in a vacuum or in a metal, it generates a flow of charge called an electric current.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This electric current will then generate a magnetic field.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Conversely, currents can be created anyway by changing the magnetic field.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This interaction is expressed mathematically using Maxwell's equations. [107]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

At a certain temperature, each material has an electrical conductivity that determines the value of its electric current when the electric potential is transmitted to it.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Examples of objects that have good electrical conductivity (called conductors) are for example gold and copper, while glass and teflon are poor conductors.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In a dielectric material, electrons remain bonded to their constituent atoms and the material behaves like an insulator.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

We recommend that the metal has an electronic tape structure containing a partially filled electronic tape.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The existence of such bands permits electrons in the metal to behave as if they are free (electrons are delocalized).


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

These delocalized electrons are not bound to any atoms, so when electrified, they will move freely like gas (fermi gas) [108] through the material like free electrons.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Due to the collision between electrons and atoms, the drifting speed of electrons in the conductor has a range of millimeters per second.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

However, the velocity of electron propagation usually is about 75% the speed of light. [109]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This happens because the electric signal propagates as a wave, the speed of which depends on the dielectric constant of the material or material. [110]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Metals are good conductors of heat, mainly due to delocalized electrons that are free to transport thermal energy between atoms.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

However, in contrast to electrical conductivity, the thermal conductivity of metals is almost independent of temperature.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Thermal conductivity is expressed mathematically according to the Wiedemann—Franz law, [108] which states that the ratio of thermal conductivity to electrical conductivity is directly proportional to temperature.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Thermal fidelity in metal lattices increases the electrical resistivity of the material, so it makes the electric current depending on the temperature. [111]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

When cooled below critical temperatures, the material can undergo a phase transition causing it to lose all electric current resistivity.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

It is called superconductivity.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In BCS theory, this behavior is modeled by electron pairs entering the quantum state of the Bose—Einstein condensate.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This Cooper pair has motion coupled by the surrounding matter via vibrations of the lattices called phonons, so that electrons can avoid collisions with the atoms of the material creating electrical resistance. [112] (


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The Cooper pair has a radius of about 100nm, so it can be lapped with each other.) [113] Even so, the mechanism of how high-temperature superconductors work is still not solved.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

An electron residing in a conducting solid, which itself is also a quasiparticle, when tightly enclosed at a temperature close to absolute zero, will behave as if it split further into two quasiparticles: a spinon and a holon. [114] [115] The spinon has a spin and magnetic moment, while the holon has an electric charge.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Motion and energy According to Einstein's theory of special relativity, as the speed of electrons approaches the speed of light, the relativity mass of electrons will increase according to the monitors, making it even more difficult to accelerate themselves from the monitor's frame of reference.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The velocity of an electron can approach, but cannot reach, the speed of light in a vacuum worth c.However, when an electron moving close to the speed of light c is fed into a dielectric medium such as water, the local speed of light is significantly less than c, so the electron moves beyond the speed of light in that medium.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

When electrons interact with the medium, this interaction will result in a light luminescence called Cherenkov radiation. [116]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This effect of special relativity is based on the Lorentz factor, defined as γ = 1/1 − v 2/c 2 {\ displaystyle\ scriptstyle\ gamma =1/ {\ sqrt {1- {v^ {2}}/{c^ {2}}} with v being the particle velocity.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The kinetic energy To an electron moving at velocity v is: K e = (γ − 1) m e c 2, {\ displaystyle\ displaystyle K_ {e} = (\ gamma -1) m_ {e} c^ {2},} with me is the mass of the electron.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

For example, Stanford's linear accelerator can accelerate electrons to reach 51GeV. [117]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

A number has a value γ equal to almost 100,000, since the mass of an electron is 0.51 MeV/c2.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The relativistic momentum of this electron is 100,000 times greater than the momentum predicted by classical mechanics for an electron moving at the same speed. [cat 6] Therefore since an electron can behave like a wave, it will have de Broglie wavelength characteristics.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This value is λe=h/p with h is Planck's constant and p is momentum. [42]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

For 51GeV electrons above, the wavelength is about 2.4 × 10−17 m.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This value is small enough to explore the smaller structure of an atomic nucleus. [118]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The formation of the Big Bang Theory is the most widely accepted scientific theory as an explanation for the various early stages of the evolution of the universe. [119]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

A few milliseconds after the Big Bang, the temperature of the universe was over 10billionkelvin and photons had an average energy of more than a million electronvolts.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

These photons have enough energy so that they can react with each other forming electron and positron pairs, γ + γ e + + e −, {\ displaystyle\ gamma +\ gamma\ leftrightharpoons\ mathrm {e} ^ {+} +\ mathrm {e} ^ {-},} with γ is photon, e+ is positron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and eron, and − is an electron.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Conversely, positron-electrons annihilate each other and emit high-energy photons.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The equilibrium between electrons, positrons, and photons was established during this phase of the evolution of the universe.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

After 15 seconds, the temperature of the universe drops below the threshold that permits positron-electron formation.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The remaining electrons and positrons annihilate each other, releasing gama radiation that reheats the universe in no time. [120]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

During the process of leptogenesis, there is a greater number of electrons than positrons.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Until now, it remains unclear why electrons can number more than positrons. [121]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

About one in a billion electrons escapes the annihilation process.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The excess number of protons compared to antiprotons also occurs under conditions of barion asymmetry, causing the total charge of the universe to be zero. [122] [123] Unwiped protons and neutrons then begin to participate in nucleosynthesis reactions, forming hydrogen and helium isotopes, as well as a pinch of lithium.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This process reaches its peak after five minutes. [124]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The remaining neutrons then undergo negative beta decay with a half-life of about a thousand seconds, releasing protons and electrons in the process, n ⇒ p + e − + ν e, {\ displaystyle\ mathrm {n}\ Rightarrow\ mathrm {p} +\ mathrm {e} ^ {-} + {\ bar {\ mathrm {\ nu}}\ mathrm {e}},} with n is a neutron, p is a proton and ν e is an electron antineutrino.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

For the next 300,000-400,000 years, the excess energy of electrons is still very strong that they do not bind to atomic nuclei. [125]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

After that, a period of recombination occurs, as neutral atoms begin to form and the expanding universe becomes transparent to radiation. [126]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Approximately one million years after the big bang, the first generation of stars began to form. [126]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

In stars, stellar nucleosynthesis results in positron formation from the merger of atomic nuclei.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

These antimatter particles immediately annihilate electrons and release gama rays.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Therefore, there is a decrease in the number of electrons followed by an increase in the number of neutrons of the same quantity.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

However, the process of stellar evolution may also result in the synthesis of radioactive isotopes.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Some of those isotopes can then undergo negative beta decay and emit electrons and antineutrinos from atomic nuclei. [127]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

One example is the isotope cobalt-60 (60Co) which decays to nickel-60 (60Ni). [128]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

At the end of its lifetime, stars massing more than 20 solar masses may undergo gravitational collapse and form black holes. [129]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

According to classical physics, this very heavy space object generates a huge gravitational pull force so much as no object, including electromagnetic radiation, can escape the Schwarzschild radius.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

However, it is believed that the effects of quantum mechanics permit Hawking radiation to be emitted at this distance.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Electrons (and positrons) are thought to be created in the horizon of black holes.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

When pairs of virtual particles (such as electrons and positrons) are created around the event horizon, the random spatial distribution of these particles allows one of the particles to appear on the exterior; this process is referred to as quantum travelogue.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The gravitational potential of the black hole can then supply energy that converts the virtual particle into a real particle, allowing it to radiate out into space. [130]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Instead, the other pair will gain negative energy, leading to a decrease in the mass-energy of the black hole.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Hawking's radiation rate increases with decreasing mass, eventually causing the black hole to “evaporate” until it eventually explodes. [131]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Cosmic rays are particles that move in space at high energy.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Energies of 3.0 × 1020 eV have been recorded. [132]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

When these particles collide with nucleons in Earth's atmosphere, a rain of particles is generated, including pions. [133]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

More than half the cosmic radiation monitored from Earth's surface consists of muons.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This particle is a type of lepton produced in the upper atmosphere through pion decay.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Muons, in turn, can decay into electrons as well as positrons.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Therefore, for negatively charged pawn π−, [134] π − → μ − + ν μ, {\ displaystyle\ displaystyle\ mathrm {\ pi} ^ {-}\ rightarrow\ mathrm {\ mu} ^ {-} + {\ bar {\ mathrm {\ nu} _ {\ mathrm {\ mu}},} μ − → e − + ν e + ν μ , {\ displaystyle\ displaystyle\ mathrm {\ mu} ^ {-}\ rightarrow\ mathrm {e} ^ {-} + {\ bar {\ mathrm {\ nu}}} _ {\ mathrm {e}} +\ mathrm {\ nu} _ {\ mathrm {\ mu}},} with μ− muon and ν μ are muon neutrinos.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Observation Observations of electrons from afar require tools capable of detecting the radiation energy of those electrons.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

For example, in high-energy environments such as stellar corona, free electrons in the form of plasma radiate their energy due to Bremsstrahlung.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

Electron gases can undergo plasma oscillations, which are waves caused by variations in synchronous electron density.


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

This then results in energy emissions that can be detected using radio telescopes. [136]


Question: What is the definition of an electron?

Electrons

The frequency of a photon is directly proportional to its energy.