Question: How many countries signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade?

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

The Agricultural Agreement of the Uruguay Round continues to be the most substantial trade liberalization agreement in the history of trade negotiations.


Question: How many countries signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade?

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

The objectives of the agreement are to increase market access for agricultural products, reduce domestic support to agriculture in the form of subsidies that distort prices and quotas, abolish agricultural product export subsidies gradually, and to align as far as possible the size of -a measure of sanitation and phytosanitation among member states.


Question: How many countries signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade?

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

See also similar Products Reference Further reading Aaronson Susan A. Trade and the American Dream: A Social History of Postwar Trade Policy & co. (1996) Irwin, Douglas A.


Question: How many countries signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade?

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

“The GATT in Historical Perspective,” American Economic Review Vol. 85, Nos. 2, (May, 1995), pp.323—328 McKenzie, Francine.


Question: How many countries signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade?

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

“GATT and the Cold War,” Journal of Cold War Studies, Summer 2008, 10 #3 pp 78—109 Zeiler, Thomas W. Free Trade, Free World: The Advent of GATT (1999) Outside Category:World Trade Organization Category:Agreements involving Indonesia Category:World Trade Organization Agreements


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Rumah Gadang is the name for the traditional house of Minangkabau which is a traditional house and many found in the province of West Sumatra, Indonesia.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

This house is also called by other names by local people by the name of Bagonjong House or some are called Baanjuang House. [1].


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Houses with this model are also widely found in west Sumatra, But not all areas in Minangkabau (darek) can be established this traditional house, only in areas that already have the status of nagari only this Gadang House can be established.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Likewise in the area called rantau, this traditional house was also previously not established by Minangkabau nomads.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The function of Rumah Gadang as a place to live together, has its own provisions.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The number of rooms depends on the number of women living in them.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Every woman in the country who has been married has a room.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

While old women and children acquire a place in the room near the kitchen.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Teenage girls acquire a shared room at the other end.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The entire interior of Rumah Gadang is a loose room except the bedroom.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The inner part is divided over the ramp and the space marked by the pole.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The pole blazes from face to back and from left to right.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The pole that goes from front to back marks the ramp, while the pole from left to right marks the space.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The number of ramps depends on the size of the house, it can be two, three and four.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The space consists of an odd number between three and eleven.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Gadang House is usually built on a piece of land owned by the parent family in the tribe [2] and only owned and inherited from and to the women of the people [3].


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

In the front yard of Rumah Gadang usually there are two Rangkiang buildings, used to store rice.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Gadang House on the right and left wings of the building there is an anjung room (Minang language: anjuang) as a place for the bride and groom of the traditional head, therefore Gadang house is also named as the house of Baanjuang.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Angle on the harmony of Koto-Piliang wearing a support stick, while in alignment Bodi-Chaniago does not wear a support stick underneath.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

This is according to the philosophy of these two different groups, the first group adheres to the principle of hierarchical government using flatters who wear a support stick, in the second group anjuang as if floating in the air.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Not far from the Rumah Gadang complex is usually also built a surau that serves as a place of worship, a place of education and also as a place to live adult men who are not married.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Architecture Traditional house has a unique architectural form with the shape of the pointed roof tops that resemble buffalo horns and previously made of ijuk material that can withstand for decades, [3] but recently the roof of this house has changed a lot with zinc roof.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

This Gadang house is made rectangular and divided over two parts, face and back.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The front part of Rumah Gadang is usually full of carved ornaments and is generally patterned with roots, flowers, leaves as well as rectangular fields and parallelograms [1].


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

While the outside of the back is lined with bamboo hemispheres.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

This traditional house is built from long poles, the house building is made large upwards, but it is not easy to break by shocks [1], and every element of Rumah Gadang has its own meaning that is carried out by tambo existing in the customs and culture of the local community.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

In general, Rumah Gadang has one staircase located on the front.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

While the kitchen is built separately on the back of the house which is caulked on the wall.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Because the Minangkabau region is prone to earthquakes since it was in the mountains of Bukit Barisan, then the architecture of Rumah Gadang also takes into account earthquake-resistant design.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The entire pillar of Gadang House is not implanted into the ground, but rests on a strong and wide flat stone.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The entire joint of each meeting of large poles and rafters (rafters) does not wear nails, but wears pegs that are also made of wood.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

When an earthquake occurs Rumah Gadang will shift flexibly like dancing on a flat rock where milestones or poles stand.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Similarly, each connection connected by wooden pegs also moves flexibly, so that properly built Gadang House will withstand earthquakes.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Carving On the wall of the House Gadang made from board material, while the back of the bamboo material.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Wallboards are mounted vertically, while all boards that become walls and become frames are carved, so that the entire wall becomes full of carvings.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The placement of carving motifs depends on the arrangement and location of the boards on the walls of Rumah Gadang.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Basically, carving on Rumah Gadang is a variety of decorative field fillers in the form of circular or square lines.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The motive is generally vines, roots that are leafy, flowering and fruiting.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The root pattern is usually circular, the roots are lined, clustered, intertwined and also connect.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The branches or twigs of the roots are chipped outwards, inwards, upwards and downwards.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Besides the root motif, other motifs found are triangle, four and parallelogram geometry motifs.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Leaf, flower or fruit motifs can also be carved individually or in line.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

According to the tradition, the main pole of Rumah Gadang called milestone tuo which amounted to four pieces/stems taken from the forest by mutual cooperation by nagari children, especially relatives, and involved dozens of people.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The trunk of a felled tree is usually an old, straight juha tree with a diameter of between 40cm to 60cm.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Juha trees are notoriously hard and strong.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

After being brought into the nagari the tree is not directly used, but soaked first in the pond belonging to the people or large family for many years.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

After enough time the tree trunk is lifted or raised to be used as a milestone tuo.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The procession of lifting/raising the tree is also called as mambangkik trunk tarandam (awakening the soaked tree), then the process of building Gadang House continues to the next procession, erecting a tuo milestone or main pole as many as four pieces, which is seen as upholding greatness.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The tree trunk that has been soaked for many years then becomes very hard and inedible to termites, so it can survive as a milestone tuo or main pole for hundreds of years.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The immersion of tree trunks that will be used as a milestone tuo for many years is one of the keys that makes the traditional Gadang House able to last hundreds of years across the ages.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Adoption The uniqueness of the shape of the roof of Rumah Gadang curved and taper, has inspired several architects in other parts of the country, such as Ton van de Ven in the Netherlands who adopted the design of the House of the Five Senses.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The building, operated since 1996, is used as the main gateway of the Efteling Amusement Park. [4]


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The building is 52 meters high and 4500 square meters roof area is the largest wooden building with thatched roof in the world according to the Guinness Book of Records.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The design of Gadang House in Negeri Sembilan was also adopted in the Malaysian pavilion building at the World Shanghai Expo 2010 held in Shanghai, China in 2010. [5] [6] The symbol of the Gobong (curved and taper roof) of Gadang House became a symbol or icon for Minangkabau people in addition to other icons, such as black-red-yellow gold, rendang, and others.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Almost all government offices in West Sumatra use the design of Rumah Gadang with its mumps roof, although it is built permanently with cement and stone.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The gonjong icon is also worn on the front of Padang dining houses in various places outside West Sumatra.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The logos of Minang institutions or societies are also many who wear the icon of the gabion with all its variations.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Classic Rumah Gadang gallery with roof ijuk Rumah Gadang in Fort de Kock, Agam.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Gadang House in Koto Gadang, Agam.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The twin Gadang House (location unknown).


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Gadang House in Singkarak, Solok.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Gadang House in Baso, Agam.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Gadang House in Alahan Panjang.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Gadang House in Kapau, Agam.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Gadang House in Talang Modern building with the design of Gadang Istano Basa Pagaruyung House in Tanah Datar.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Building in the complex of Istana Seri Menanti.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Gadang Sumbar House in TMII, Jakarta.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

Building with futuristic Gadang House design Nurul Iman Palace in Brunei Darussalam.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

State Mosque, Seremban, Malaysia The House of the Five Senses in the Netherlands.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The Malaysian Pavilion at Shanghai Expo 2010.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

The House of the Five Senses in the Netherlands.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

West Sumatra Grand Mosque in Padang.


Question: What is the traditional house of Padang?

Gadang House

See also Traditional House Negeri Sembilan Reference Category:Traditional houses in Indonesia Category:Minangkabau Architecture Category:Buildings and structures in West Sumatra


Question: What was the purpose of the Sabra and Shatila Massacre?

Universal jurisdiction

Universal jurisdiction is a legal concept that permits a country or international organization to claim jurisdiction regardless of the scene of the case and regardless of the suspect's nationality, his place of residence, or his relationship to the prosecution.


Question: What was the purpose of the Sabra and Shatila Massacre?

Universal jurisdiction

Crimes prosecuted under the auspices of universal jurisdiction are considered crimes against all people and are so serious that they allow for the enactment of universal jurisdiction.


Question: What was the purpose of the Sabra and Shatila Massacre?

Universal jurisdiction

Therefore, the concept of universal jurisdiction is strongly related to the idea that some international rules or norms are erga omnes that give obligations to all, as well as the concept of jus cogens which states that some international legal obligations are binding for all countries. [1]


Question: What was the purpose of the Sabra and Shatila Massacre?

Universal jurisdiction

According to Amnesty International (a human rights organization that advocates the concept of universal jurisdiction), some crimes constitute such a serious threat to the international community as a whole that states have a logical and moral obligation to indict individuals who responsible; hence, according to Amnesty, there must be no safe haven for those who have committed crimes of genocide, [2] crimes against humanity, killings outside the law, war crimes, torture and forced disappearances. [3]


Question: What was the purpose of the Sabra and Shatila Massacre?

Universal jurisdiction

Opponents of the concept of universal jurisdiction (such as Henry Kissinger who is sought in Spain on charges of war crimes) [4] assert that universal jurisdiction constitutes a violation of state sovereignty and “risks creating a universal tyranny - that is, the tyranny of the judges. “[5] [6] In addition, Kissinger also argued that practically, if any state could establish a court with universal jurisdiction, then its courts could turn into courts for political interests or even to root out enemies of the state.


Question: What was the purpose of the Sabra and Shatila Massacre?

Universal jurisdiction

The International Criminal Court of the International Criminal Court is a tribunal established in The Hague in 2002 to indict those who commit genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression, as set out in the Rome Statute International Criminal Court signed in 1998.


Question: What was the purpose of the Sabra and Shatila Massacre?

Universal jurisdiction

However, the proposal of universal jurisdiction for the crimes enumerated in the Rome Statute has been rejected by the signatories of the treaty.


Question: What was the purpose of the Sabra and Shatila Massacre?

Universal jurisdiction

Even so, for crimes committed in a country that does not sign the Rome Statute, the United Nations Security Council may file certain cases with the International Criminal Court, such as when they filed cases in Darfur (2005) and Libya (2011) which grants jurisdiction to the International Criminal Court in such cases. [7]


Question: What was the purpose of the Sabra and Shatila Massacre?

Universal jurisdiction

An example of universal jurisdiction In 1993, the Belgian Parliament passed a “universal jurisdiction statute” allowing Belgian courts to judge those who commit war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide.


Question: What was the purpose of the Sabra and Shatila Massacre?

Universal jurisdiction

In 2001, four Rwandan citizens were sentenced to 12 to 20 years in prison as a result of their involvement in the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. [8]


Question: What was the purpose of the Sabra and Shatila Massacre?

Universal jurisdiction

Then various cases were brought to Belgian courts: Prime Minister Ariel Sharon was accused of involvement in the 1982 Sabra and Shatila massacres in Lebanon carried out by Israeli Christian militias reported Yasser Arafat as deemed to have committed terrorism In 2003, victims Baghdad bombing during the Gulf War of 1991 prosecuted George H. W. Bush, Colin Powell and Dick Cheney As a result of the large number of cases entered, Belgium established the precondition that the accused must have Belgian citizenship or at least reside in Belgian territory.


Question: What was the purpose of the Sabra and Shatila Massacre?

Universal jurisdiction

Under this law, an arrest warrant was issued in 2000 against the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and this case was brought before the International Court because it was deemed to have violated the immunity of the minister.


Question: What was the purpose of the Sabra and Shatila Massacre?

Universal jurisdiction

The International Court of Justice ruled on 14 February 2002 that it lacked jurisdiction to consider the issue of universal jurisdiction and focused attention on the issue of immunity of state officials. [9]


Question: What was the purpose of the Sabra and Shatila Massacre?

Universal jurisdiction

However, the issue of universal jurisdiction was again raised in separate and dissenting opinions, [10] such as President Justice Guillaume concluding that universal jurisdiction applies only to cases of piracy at sea, [11] while Judge Oda's dissenting opinion acknowledged piracy, terrorism, and genocide as a crime that falls under the auspices of universal jurisdiction. [12]


Question: What was the purpose of the Sabra and Shatila Massacre?

Universal jurisdiction

On 1 August 2003, Belgium repealed the universal jurisdiction law and enacted a new law on extraterritorial jurisdiction.


Question: What was the purpose of the Sabra and Shatila Massacre?

Universal jurisdiction

Footnote Category:International law


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Tsunami (, literally meaning “big waves in the harbor”) is the displacement of a body of water attempted by a sudden vertical change in sea level.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Such sea level changes could be caused by earthquakes centered under the sea, undersea volcanic eruptions, undersea landslides, or meteor hits at sea.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Tsunami waves can propagate in any direction.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

The power conceived in a tsunami wave is fixed to the function of its altitude and grease.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

In the deep sea, tsunami waves can propagate at a speed of 500—1000 km per hour, equivalent to the speed of an aircraft.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

The height of the waves in the deep sea is only about 1 meter.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Thus, the wave rate is not felt by a ship that is in the middle of the ocean.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

When approaching the coast, the speed of tsunami waves decreases to about 30 km per hour, but the altitude has increased to tens of meters.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

The impact of Tsunami waves can enter up to tens of kilometers from the shore.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Damage and fatalities that occur due to the Tsunami can result from the impact of water and material carried by the flow of tsunami waves.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

The term Kata tsunami is an uptake from the Japanese (tsunami): tsu means port, and nami means wave.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

The name is thought to be derived from Japanese fishermen, who observed that ships and buildings in the harbor were damaged by this phenomenon even though they did not feel large waves when on the high seas. [1]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Occasionally, tsunamis are called “tidal waves” by laymen, but this once popular name is rejected by experts because this phenomenon has nothing to do with tidal phenomena caused by the gravity of the sun and moon. [2]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Experts prefer the term tsunami, although in fact this phenomenon does not only occur in ports. [3]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Not many languages have the equivalent of this term.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

For example, in the Acehnese language, tsunamis are called ië beuna or alôn buluël (depending on the region).


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

The words smong and emong are spoken in the languages of Simeulue Island, west of the coast of Sumatra.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

In Tamil on the east coast of India, tsunamis are called aazhi peralai. [1]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Tsunami triggers can be triggered by disturbances to the ocean floor causing the displacement of large amounts of water. [4]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

In the process of returning this disturbed water to equilibrium or a calm state, a wave may form and diffuse leaving the center of the disturbance, thus causing a tsunami. [5]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Events that can cause water displacement like this include underwater earthquakes, landslides occurring at the bottom of the ocean, the fall of objects into the water such as mountain eruptions, meteors, or weapon explosions. [6] [7] The most common triggers are earthquakes resulting in about 80% — 90% of the entire tsunami. [8]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

The earthquake that has the most potential to cause a tsunami is an earthquake that occurs in a shallow zone (the meeting area of two plates immersing one of these plates).


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

However, not all quakes like this cause tsunamis.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Normally, only earthquakes with a magnitude above 7.0 magnitude moment have this potential.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

The stronger an earthquake, the greater the chance of a tsunami caused by the earthquake. [9]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

In addition to being most common, tsunamis like this are the only ones that can survive far (including crossing oceans) thereby endangering the wider area. [10]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was an example of a tsunami like this, triggered by a magnitude 9.1 earthquake and was the deadliest tsunami in history. [9]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Another common cause is landslides, both those that occur under the sea and those that occur on the mainland but move material such as rocks out to sea.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Since undersea landslides often occur as a result of quakes, landslides can aggravate disruption to the water after an earthquake.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

This phenomenon can cause tsunamis even in quakes of a magnitude that would not normally cause tsunamis (such as quakes that magnitude slightly below 7.0), or cause larger-than-expected tsunamis based on earthquake strength.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

For example, the 1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake was only a magnitude slightly above 7.0, but produced a large tsunami with a maximum height of 15 meters.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

An example of a landslide causing a tsunami is the 1958 Alaska tsunami. [11]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Another cause of tsunamis is volcanic activity, especially from volcanoes located near or under the sea.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Generally, volcanic activity causes the rise or fall of the volcano's lip, triggering tsunamis similar to undersea earthquake tsunamis. [12]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

However, there can also be a large eruption that destroys the volcano island in the middle of the ocean, causing moving water to fill the territory of the island and initiating large waves.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

An example of a tsunami caused by a large eruption like this is the 1883 Krakatau eruption tsunami, which resulted in a tsunami over 40 m high. [13] [12] In addition to the above causes, there are more rare tsunami causes, among which the impact of large objects into the water due to a weapon explosion or meteor fallout. [7]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

This impact triggers water waves, and the tsunami that it produces has physical characteristics similar to volcanic eruption tsunamis. [14] [7] Tsunami prone areas whether or not an area to tsunami is determined by the presence of the above triggers, especially earthquakes of great magnitude in the oceans, which is the most common cause of tsunamis.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Nearly 80% of the tsunamis on earth occur in an area called the Pacific Circle of Fire, a support zone around the Pacific Ocean that experiences many major earthquakes.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

This circle of fire (English: ring of fire) covers (clockwise) New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, the east coast of Asia (especially the Philippines and Japan) up to the north, then the west coast of North and South America.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

In addition, the Sumatran Trough area located in the Indian Ocean off the west and south coast of the islands of Sumatra and Java, Indonesia, is also a tsunami-prone support zone.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Outside these two regions, tsunamis are fairly rare.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Recorded tsunamis have occurred on the Makran Coast (southern Iran and Pakistan), the Central Sea, as well as the west coast of Portugal. [15]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Tsunami wave forecast From the center of the tsunami to the coast The disturbances that occur in the middle of the sea spread as waves.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Like waves in ordinary (including water waves in pools or waves on the shore), tsunami waves have “hill” and “valley” phases, wavelength, period, and velocity. [16]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

But tsunami waves have big differences than ordinary waves of waves.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Unlike ordinary waves whose energy comes from the wind, tsunami waves can continue to persist due to the gravitational force of the earth attracting water to return to its likeness. [7] [2] Other differences are of their mathematical nature.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Its wavelength (the distance between one hill to the next) ranges from several kilometers to hundreds of kilometers.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

This is much larger than waves whose wavelength is about 100 meters. [17]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Due to this wavelength, as well as the small amplitude or height of the wave (generally 30—60 cm), the gradient or slope of the water formed is very small, so it is not felt by ships on the high seas. [17]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Tsunami waves also have a much larger periode (can reach 70—2000 seconds) compared to regular waves (about 10 seconds).


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

This means the currents caused by the tsunami last much longer. [16]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

The speed of tsunami waves (can reach 600—900 km/h) is also very large compared to ordinary waves (about 50 km/h).


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

However this is just the speed of wave propagation, and not the speed of water particles.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

The velocity of water particles is much lower, generally below 1 m/s (3.6 km/h). [16]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

This velocity is roughly directly proportional to the square root of the ocean depth, so tsunamis move faster in mid-ocean than near shallow shores. [18]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Therefore, the travel time before a tsunami reaches a point depends on the characteristics of the sea floor as well as the distance from the center of the tsunami.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

For example, the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami began hitting Indonesia after 15 minutes, Sri Lanka after 2 hours, and Kenya (on the other side of the Indian Ocean) after 9 hours. [19]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Another difference between tsunamis and regular waves is that tsunami waves involve water throughout the vertical, both inner and shallow.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Unlike ordinary waves whose depth rarely exceeds 20 m, tsunami waves reach the bottom of the sea so it has a much greater total energy.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

As it propagates in the deep ocean, the disturbances that occur on the surface are only a small part of the total energy possessed by the tsunami. [5]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

When approaching the coast As tsunami waves approach the coast, the speed of the wave decreases due to friction with the ocean floor. [20]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

At fixed frequencies, the wavelength is directly proportional to speed so that tsunami waves shorten.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

In addition, as tsunamis reach up to the bottom of the ocean, when the sea becomes shallow, energy previously scattered far down begins to move upwards.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

The moving of this energy increases the amplitude or height of the wave. [21]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

As a result, as it approaches the coast, tsunami energy becomes much denser both horizontally (due to reduced wavelength) and vertically (due to reduced water depth and increasing amplitude). [22]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Another result is that the gradient or slope of the water becomes much steeper. [18]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

The deterioration of sea water is often reported before the arrival of tsunamis, in certain cases seawater can move up to hundreds of meters away from land.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

This often provokes the arrival of residents who do not know that a tsunami will occur, because in this state fish are easily caught and often seen corals or other sea creatures that are not normally seen. [23]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Not all tsunamis are preceded by the deterioration of water, tsunamis can also start directly with rising water levels.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

This is because the tsunami is wave-shaped, with peaks and valleys.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

If the valley waves are up first, the sea water level will drop.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Instead, wave crests produce rising seawater.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Both of these can happen with equal odds. [24]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Reaching land Tsunami is often described iconically as a giant wall of water moving across land, like surfer-ridden waves. [25]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

This phenomenon does occur, but only in very large tsunamis, such as in the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. [18]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

In the majority of cases, tsunamis do not cause giant walls of water, but occur with a sudden rise in sea levels (sometimes preceded by receding). [5] [18] Water can rise and recede for hours, corresponding to hills and valleys waves. [9]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

A tsunami that reaches land is not just a wave but consists of a series of waves that have different amplitudes and frequencies and can reinforce each other.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

At present, it is impossible to estimate the number of large peaks in a tsunami, or which peaks are the most dangerous.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Because of this, the beach area is still considered dangerous even though some large waves have passed. [9]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Tsunamis reaching land can cause water level rises of up to 15—30 meters. [19]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

The resulting flooding can move quickly up to 90 km/h, [9] and reach up to several kilometers from the coast. [19]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

This water flow is capable of destroying buildings and plants, weaving vehicles or other moving objects. [26]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

The damage from high-speed, debris filled currents and drifting objects is often greater than the damage caused by the initial impact of the tsunami. [27]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Tsunami-induced floods are often measured by two magnitudes: inundation or inundation (inundation) and rise (run-up).


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Inundation is the maximum distance that a tsunami travels horizontally into the mainland.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Increase is the maximum height inundated by flooding compared to the normal height of seawater. [19]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

As tsunami floods begin to recede, the backflow of water into the sea can also heap major damage. [27]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Water can flow rapidly and turbulently, causing erosion and damaging building foundations. [28] [26] Water can move back and forth for up to several days. [26]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Countermeasures Early warning system Tsunami early warning system serves to detect tsunami risk, estimate areas to be hit, and issue announcements so that the public can take action to reduce fatalities and damage. [29]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Tsunami warnings usually start from the occurrence of a large earthquake (magnitude 7.0 or greater). [30] [31] When an earthquake like this occurs, residents of nearby areas can be immediately given an early warning with a rough estimate of the size or time of arrival of the tsunami.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Meanwhile, the early warning system center collects other data, such as changes in sea level, as well as the depth and characteristics of the local seabed. [32] [33] Changes in seawater levels can be measured by tools such as tidal gauges that have previously been placed in various locations. [34]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

These data are then processed to issue more detailed estimates.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

With sufficient data, it can be detected whether there is a tsunami, and if there is, the forecast may also include a map of the movement, the area that may be affected, the time of arrival, or the size of the tsunami.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

If there is no tsunami detected, the early warning may be cancelled.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

If a tsunami is detected, authorities in areas deemed at risk could take countermeasures, including ordering the evacuation of coastal areas.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

The response time each location has varies depending on the distance from the center of the tsunami.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Areas that are far enough may have hours to prepare and evacuate. [32] [33] In addition to detection and estimation of tsunami hazards, the effectiveness of early warning systems also depends on the existence of a careful action plan.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

In such a plan, relevant government agencies must be familiar with and trained in the actions that need to be done, including interpreting scientific sources and disseminating information and instruction to the public through effective communication lines.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Because the time span before the tsunami can be very short, the speed factor is very important.


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

With careful preparation and plan, decisions and actions can be taken more quickly. [35]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Tsunami detection efforts through monitoring large magnitude earthquakes have been undertaken at least since the early 1900s by United States volcanologist Thomas A. Jaggar in Hawaii. [31]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

However, warning methods in the early 20th century were still not formal and less effective due to inaccuracy (often issuing warnings when there was in fact no tsunami), and the absence of official lines of communication. [36]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

The first formal early warning center was the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC), established in Hawaii in 1949, in response to the tsunami caused by the 1946 Aleut Islands Earthquake. [31]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Since 1965, other Pacific Ocean countries participated in the system, and now it has been made up of 46 countries. [33]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

In addition to PTWC, the United States also has one other system called the West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center. [33]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Indian Ocean countries established the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System, a cooperation agency monitoring and disseminating tsunami risk information. [37]


Question: what is the cause of the T

tsunami

Many countries in tsunami-prone areas have agencies in charge of regulating national early warning systems, such as the Japan Meteorological Agency in Japan, and the Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG) in Indonesia. [33] [38] Footnotes List of libraries More than one of editors -name-list parameters specified (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Category:Selected article natural stubs Category:Japanese words and phrases Category:Natural Disasters


Question: What is the area of West Sulawesi?

West Sulawesi

West Sulawesi (abbreviated as Sulbar) is a province in Indonesia located in the western part of Sulawesi.


Question: What is the area of West Sulawesi?

West Sulawesi

The establishment of West Sulawesi Province has been fought since 1960.


Question: What is the area of West Sulawesi?

West Sulawesi

At that time the island of Sulawesi there were 3 (three) provinces namely South Sulawesi Province, Central Sulawesi Province and North Sulawesi Province.


Question: What is the area of West Sulawesi?

West Sulawesi

However, in 1963 Provincial expansion on the island of Sulawesi by the central government was the establishment of Southeast Sulawesi Province.


Question: What is the area of West Sulawesi?

West Sulawesi

The proposal for the establishment of West Sulawesi Province was not approved by the Central Government.


Question: What is the area of West Sulawesi?

West Sulawesi

The struggle for the formation of West Sulawesi Province found its momentum again in 1999 after the reform movement.


Question: What is the area of West Sulawesi?

West Sulawesi

The formation of New Provinces in Indonesia such as the formation of Banten Province, Bangka Belitung Province and Gorontalo Province became the spirit of the struggle movement for the formation of West Sulawesi province.


Question: What is the area of West Sulawesi?

West Sulawesi

The long struggle for the formation of West Sulawesi Province finally materialized through the efforts of the Mandar people's massif by supported by the Members of Parliament through the proposal of Initiative Rights of Members of Parliament on the Establishment of New Autonomous Regions Act.


Question: What is the area of West Sulawesi?

West Sulawesi

On October 5, 2004, West Sulawesi Province was officially formed based on Law No. 26 of 2004.


Question: What is the area of West Sulawesi?

West Sulawesi

Its capital is Mamuju.


Question: What is the area of West Sulawesi?

West Sulawesi

Its area is approximately 16,796.19km².


Question: What is the area of West Sulawesi?

West Sulawesi

The tribes present in the province consist of the Mandar Tribes (49.15%), Toraja (13.95%), Bugis (10.79%), Javanese (5.38%), Makassar (1.59%) and other tribes (19.15%).


Question: What is the area of West Sulawesi?

West Sulawesi

The source of Natural Wealth of West Sulawesi is known to have many tourist attractions.


Question: What is the area of West Sulawesi?

West Sulawesi

In addition to cocoa, this area also produces robusta coffee or arabica coffee, coconut and cloves.


Question: What is the area of West Sulawesi?

West Sulawesi

In the mining sector there is a content of gold, coal and petroleum.


Question: What is the area of West Sulawesi?

West Sulawesi

During the colonization period, the area of West Sulawesi Province is part of 7 government areas known as Afdeling Mandar which includes four onder afdeling, namely: Onder Afdeling Majene capital Majene; Onder Afdeling Mamuju capital Mamuju; Onder Afdeling capital Mamuju; Onder Afdeling Polewali is the capital of Polewali; Onder Afdeling Mamasa is the capital of Mamasa.


Question: What is the area of West Sulawesi?

West Sulawesi

Onder Afdeling Majene, Mamuju and Polewali located along the western coastline of the island of Sulawesi includes 7 royal territories (Unity of Customary Law) known as Pitu Baqbana Binanga (Seven Kingdoms at the River Estuary) which includes: Balanipa di Onder Afdeling Polewali (headed by Ambo Caca Daeng Magasing); Binuang at Onder Afdeling Polewali; Sendana at Onder Afdeling Majene; Banggae/Majene at Onder Afdeling Majene; Pamboang at Onder Afdeling Majene; Mamuju at Onder Afdeling Mamuju; Tappalang at Onder Afdeling Mamuju.


Question: What is the area of West Sulawesi?

West Sulawesi

Demographics of District and City Governments [2] List of governors List of governors of West Sulawesi Footnotes See also Sandeq Outside links (in Indonesian) (in English) Coordinates:


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Livestock, farm animals or rajakaya in Javanese are animals that are deliberately maintained as food sources, sources of industrial raw materials, or as helpers to human work.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Livestock rearing businesses are referred to as animal husbandry (or fishing, for certain groups of animals) and are part of agricultural activities in general.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Understanding Livestock can be any animal (including insects and low-level vertebrates such as fish and frogs).


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

However, in everyday conversation people usually refer to poultry and domestic mammals, such as chickens, geese, turkeys, or ducks for poultry, as well as pigs, cows, goats, sheep, horses, or donkeys for mammals.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

In addition, in some areas of the world are also known typical farm animals such as camels, llamas, bison, ostriches, and dutch rats may be deliberately kept as livestock.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Livestock types vary around the world and depend on a number of factors such as climate, consumer demand, area of origin, local culture, and topography.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Animal groups other than poultry and mammals raised by humans are also called livestock, especially when they are kept in special places and not allowed to travel in the outdoors.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

The mention of “livestock” is usually considered “appropriate” when a slightly reared animal has undergone domestication, not simply taken from the wild then reared.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Into this group include silk moths, various types of freshwater fish (such as carp, gourami, mujair, tilapia, or catfish), several types of frogs (especially bullfrogs), crocodiles, and several types of snakes.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Fish rearing businesses are generally referred to as fisheries or, more specifically, fish aquaculture.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

The history of Animals was domesticated when their breeding and life were controlled by humans.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Throughout the time passed, the behavior of the animal, its life cycle as well as its physiology have changed significantly.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Today so many farm animals are incapable of living in the wild.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Dogs were domesticated in East Asia 15000 years ago.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Goats and sheep were domesticated in Asia 8000 years ago.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Pigs were domesticated 7000 years ago in the Middle East and China. [1]


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Maintenance practices Farm animal rearing practices vary widely in various places in the world, and vary widely between animal types.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Farm animals are generally kept in cages and fed or given access to food (shepherded).


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Some do not enclosure their animals or allow animals to choose when to enter cages (free-roaming).


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

The treasure of farm animals in history was part of the life of nomads who moved around following the seasons.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Some peoples in Central Asia and North Africa still live as nomadic peoples with their livestock animals.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Animal enclosures are of varied shapes and types, ranging from closed fences without roofs, to multi-storey buildings with roofs and have temperature and humidity regulation mechanisms (see environment and farm buildings).


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Cages are generally only used as farm animal places to sleep and feed; other types of cages are reserved specifically for animal mating and the keeping of animal saplings.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Animals reared in cages are generally intensive if outdoor rearing is not considered advantageous because it requires large tracts of land.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

However maintenance inside the ciliated enclosure is controversial because it results in a variety of problems such as odors, waste handling, the spread of animal diseases, and animal welfare (see factory farms).


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Farm animals can be monitored in various ways such as the use of labels (painted over animal skin or hung on the ear) or in modern ways such as the use of RFID planted under the skin.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Microchip implants can also be planted in the body of farm animals to monitor the condition of animals such as changes in blood composition, heart rate, body temperature, and so on so as a reminder if farm animals show symptoms of pain.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

The use of growth hormone to increase the growth rate of farm animals is also done, but it is restricted because it can impair the health of the animal and the quality of the animal products produced.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Other chemicals used on farms are vaccines and multivitamins to maintain animal health, and pesticides to prevent the presence of insects in cages.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

This method is generally carried out inside factory farms because naturally farm animals are unable to clean themselves inside cramped cages.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

What is farmed What is meant by animal husbandry is more intensive or patterned with integrated livestock activities.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Regular and scalable ranging from cage management and feed management.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

The cage is made to a certain design and size.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Similarly, feed with nutrients whose nutritional content is calculated according to the needs of livestock.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

In general, farmed are fish, poultry, and ruminasian animals such as goats, cattle including deer.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

More specifically are the ones that are of economic value.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Animal feed Every animal that is fielded is given feed that the level has been polluted.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Nutrition provided using natural materials that are in such a way that it has high quality such as fish pellets, concentrates, vour atao pur usually for poultry and for rumninasia animals such as cattle, goats using fermented feed Environmental impact A report that issued by the United Nations and EPA posits that farm animals (especially chickens, cows, and pigs) are one of three major contributors to environmental problems in the world. [5]


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Farms in the United States have accounted for greenhouse gas emissions of 454.1 teragrams of CO2 equivalent or 6 percent of the United States' total greenhouse gas emissions, nearly a quarter of transportation emissions.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

A report by the WorldWatch Institute posits that 51% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions come from farms. [6]


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Farm animal problems, especially when associated with deforestation, loss of biodiversity, land degradation, climate change, air pollution, water scarcity, and water pollution are major problems for policymakers in various major farm animal producing countries.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

A study in Hokkaido found that by giving cysteine and nitrate supplements to animal feed could reduce methane gas emissions from farm animals without reducing the quality and quantity of meat and milk. [7]


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Other pollutants are antibiotics and hormones.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

In South Asia it was found that vultures would avoid the carcasses of farm animals that had been injected with the antibiotic Diclofenac. [8]


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Deforestation Deforestation and forest fragmentation impact the global carbon cycle and lead to the lost/search of habitats of various species.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Forests are quite important world carbon storage sites.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Forests were cut down or burned to provide a place for animal husbandry and grazing. [8]


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Land degradation A study conducted in Botswana in 2008 found that farmers who accumulate excess farm animals in anticipation of the dry season are more susceptible to the sustainability of animal husbandry so it actually spends biomass and resources water is faster.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Due to climate change, now the dry season in Botswana comes faster than the usual two years now once 18 months or shorter than that. [9]


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Climate change and air pollution Methane produced from animal feces is a greenhouse gas that is persistent in the atmosphere.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Methane gas is one of the number two greenhouse gases in the atmosphere after carbon dioxide, but its ability to trap heat is 25 times stronger than carbon dioxide. [10]


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Water scarcity Farm animals need a large amount of water for consumption, sanitation, as well as for cultivation of plants to be used as feed.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Worldwide, an average of 40% of grain-producing crops are used as animal feed.


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Overall, on average it takes 100000 liters of water for a kilogram of meat. [11]


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Water pollution Rinsed animal manure can cause its nitrogen and phosphorus content to contaminate the waters [12] and cause eutrophication. [13]


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Alternatives Researchers in Australia are looking for possible reductions in methane gas from cattle and sheep by inserting digestive bacteria from the gut of kangaroo into the stomachs of farm animals. [14]


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

In the United States, sustaining grasslands is known to be able to create meat stocks from the fruits of hunting animals that live on it sustainably. [15]


Question: What are the most rarely herded animals?

Livestock

Reference Outlinks by ILRI — New South Wales Government — Havana Times, October 19, 2010 Category:Farm Category:Meat Industry


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

Investigative journalism is the activity of collecting, writing, editing, and publishing investigative news, or a long and in-depth search of a case that is considered to have a glitch. [1]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

In addition, the investigation is a search for a confidential case. [1]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

A case can be found confidentially if the search for the case is completed. [1]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

The word investigative journalism itself comes from Latin, namely journal and vestigium. [2] journal or diurnalis means one who conducts journalistic activities, and vestigium which means footprint.sumaatmadja. [2]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

Investigative journalism produces a journalistic work, namely investigative reports. [1]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

Investigative reporting as a journalistic work is not determined by the magnitude of the case dismantled, but rather what benefit or impact is caused after the case is uncovered. [1]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

A light-hearted search of a topic can be said to be a good investigative product when revealing facts of great value to audiences. [1]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

Investigative report in its implementation requires a lot of capital, especially if the selected topic is complex. [1]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

So before creating a reference concept, there needs to be preliminary research, interview, and observation in the field. [1]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

Careful planning is needed so that the search can go well, besides disguise and coordination especially for television journalists must be done well. [1]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

In this case, a journalist is also required to have a skeptical or hesitant nature of every fact obtained, so that the fact will continue to be unearthed until it gets to the root cause. [1]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

At its core, the primary purpose of investigative journalism is to physically uncover testimony and evidence of a controversial issue. [3]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

Investigative journalism puts more emphasis on trying to uncover previously hidden facts from the public. [3]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

Therefore, the process of working journalists in the coverage of this investigation is like detectives who sniff out hidden information from many sides and reveal it. [3]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

The history of investigative journalism Investigative journalism has a long footprint in the history of the American press. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

Several figures are noted as pioneers of investigative journalism. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

They set investigative journalism guidelines even outlining the feature of press news as a medium watchdog in the world of journalism. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

Investigative history dates back to before the establishment of the American State. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

In 1690, Benjamin Harris investigated various events in the community and reported them in Public Occurences, Both Foreign and Domestic. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

The content of his report was judged to be against British colonial policy. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

Early in its history, investigative journalism was very close to preaching crusading or jihad. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

In a later phase, spirit crusading (jihad or struggle) got a more formal form through the publishing of the New England Courant in 1721 published by James Franklin. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

The term self-investigation only emerged first from Nellie Bly when she was a reporter at the Pittsburg Dispatch (1890). [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

Bly until having to work in a factory to investigate the lives of underage laborers employed in poor conditions. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

The privilege of Bly's investigative journalistime report lies in the demands of an exit to the problem or social problem. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

Through investigative reports, the press is positioned as a substitute for a weak government in governing society. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

It can be said that at the beginning of its emergence, investigative journalism used a form of resistance to the ruling policy. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

It was only in the early 20th century that investigative journalism confirmed its form in organized coverage when reporting various abuses. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

According to Charneley there are two significant things underpinning investigative reportage, namely that jurnaism must carry the charge of public enlightenment and often also carry out resistance activities. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

To that end, investigative journalism is synonymous with the term crusading journalism. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

Crusading, in the history of the American press, concerns the Muckraking period that exposed antisocial behavior and crime in the world of government and business. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

President Theodore Roosevelt even gave the name of muckrakers to a reporter who was busy highlighting the dirty and saw no other positive side of American life. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

In 1902, investigative journalism became an influential movement. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

This was triggered by the policies of various media outlets that expressed their journalism stance on social reform. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

The public also welcomed him enthusiastically. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

Investigative journalism has since become a lucrative field of press endeavour. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

The circulation of ten magazines focusing on investigative coverage recorded a number of 3 million copies in 1903. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

Some investigative journalists later developed a style of investigative journalism writing for the benefit of novel writing. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

In the time span 1900—1914 came the association of authors and publishers of investigative journalism. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

Investigative journalism traits Investigative Journalism has four characteristics, namely deep and long time research and reportage to prove the truth or error of hypothesis, paper trail conducted to seek truth in support of hypothesis, in-depth interview with the parties related to the investigation, and the use of police investigation methods and anti-criminality equipment (In this case including undercover methods and wearing hidden cameras). [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

Investigative writing structure The inverse pyramid is used as a means of organizing information from the most important order to the less important. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

Investigative reporting also attaches importance to the needs of audiences who want to quickly discover what to understand. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

Carole Rich calls “5 Important Things” in news writing.


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

This formula can be used as a variation of the inverse priramide rule. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

These five things are news (what happens or will be reported), context (background of the incident), scope (whether local events are part of events or symptoms at the national level), edge (where the news is directed and what happens later), and impact (why enajdi the attention of many people). [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

The dramatic nature is also an important thing to look out for. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media journalism?

Investigative journalism

Through three succession chapters, the structure of the tale is reported. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

In the early part of the story is described a problem. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

The middle part implies various occurrences or actions. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

In the meantime, the end of the tale may provide resolution. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

Investigative writing still uses the basis of reporting commonly done among journalists, namely the beginning (lead), body (middle), and cover (ending). [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

The early part of “hard news” leads can be an opening that investigative reporters often use when they are ready to open a hassle investigation story. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

For that reason, summary type opener is used. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

Carole Rich gave an opening form that did not immediately expose the problem. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

Rich mentions descriptive types of leads, narrative leads, and anecdotal leads, as bodyguards of news stories.


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

In addition, there are also reports that are opened with direct quote leads. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

Many parts of the body use writing techniques based on literary writing prowess. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

Explanations in the form of numbers or statistics require special handling so that the reader is not saturated with technical descriptions. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

This section builds the succession into the action details of the main character's complex problems, as well as changes to the character of the problem. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

One of the description-pulling techniques, in this central section, is scene suction.


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

Through the scene, problems are shown the ins and outs of the events. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

The concluding section The final part of investigative writing often exposes the depth of mind and emotion into the mind of the reader. [4]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

Investigation planning determines the theme In many mass media, the theme of the investigation is determined through a planned editorial meeting, or through the formulation of a public agenda owned by each media. [5]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

However, even in legendary investigative instances (such as the “Watergate Scandal”), that theme arises “by accident”, journalists or groups of journalists find seemingly trivial events, but in continual digging they manage to find “veiled events “which is much larger. [5]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

FORMULATING PROBLEMS In Investigation Planning, looking for the “root of the problem” (bottom-line) is very important, to make it easier to find information. [5]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

The formulation of the problem is one that wants to be traced through investigation. [5]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

For that, the problem formulation must be as specific as possible, and in short sentences. [5]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

The formulation of the problem is also a kind of hypothesis in scientific research (something that must be tested for its correctness in the “laboratory” or field). [5]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

DIGGING MATERIALS Digging materials or searching for investigative materials can be conducted by interviewing key sources and figures, or searching for the most important documents and evidence from the field. [5]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

COMPARISON Certain data does not sound if it is not compared to other data. [5]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

For this reason, each data obtained must be compared with other data in order to obtain truly accurate data. [5]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

TEST Collecting all materials (interviews and documents) and sorting them based on the credibility of information sources. [5]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

Use that documentation to test hypotheses that have been created (whether prerting or aborting). [5]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

WRITING AND PRESENTING In terms of writing, the investigative report must be written densely and clearly. [5]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

However, even more importantly the writing should be argumentative (having a solid and logically constructed basis of evidence). [5]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

Writings often have to be equipped with the exposure of documents, photos, and tables that reinforce writing. [5]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

Incognito cover technique There are three undercover techniques used during investigation investigation, namely: [1] a.


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

Incognito melt (immerse), he means journalists who do mix or fuse with objects that will be covered by other words undercover reporters become part of the object to be covered b.


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

Incognito attaching (embedded), this technique utilizes a specific object to obtain facts, captions or access c.Disguises are spaced (surveillance), this technique uses distance in its disguise.


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

The distance in question is not only the distance that can be measured but also related to sociological and psychological distance Observation Observation is an activity to dig facts in the field using the five senses, so that it is clearly illustrated what happened. [1]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

The results of the observation are then described through writing, drawing, and sound. [1]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

Outwit (Decoying) Is a technique used so that journalists can meet and get information from news sources. [1]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

To outwit the reporter did not say his coverage for case A but for case B (improvised). [1]


Question: who are the pioneers of social media Journalism?

Investigative journalism

Material Trail Investigation Method, that is to trace or search for traces and evidence in the form of People Trail objects, search for traces of people involved or responsible for the case Money Trail, or follow the money, follow the money or find the money trail Category:Mass media Category:Journalism Category:Investigative


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

Inaccessible Island is an island that has a volcano that has long not spouted lava after being active since 6 million years ago for the last time.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

The area of the island spans up to 14km2 (5.4sqmi).


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

The island is right in the southern Atlantic Ocean which is 45 km long from the southwest of Tristan da Cunha Island.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

The island is classified as the Tristan da Cunha archipelago which is part of the sea area belonging to Great Britain with its regional names, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

Along with Gough Island, it belongs to a protected wildlife sanctuary and both islands are complementary to the UNESCO World Heritage.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

The history of Inaccessible Island has begun to be traced since January 1656, when during the sailing of the Dutch ship't Nachtglas which was under Jan Jacobszoon, [1] it was the second search after the first search since 146 years ago by Portuguese sailors.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

Originally Jan Jacobszoon named it as the island of Nachtglas.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

There are two things that are explained by the name “Inaccessible”, among which is the island that has just been entered into the map with the name “Ineaccessible”, because the inside of the island is not able to be reached by the Dutch crew. [2]


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

Later, there was also a statement from other parties that a French captain named d'Etcheverry had given the name for the island after he was unable to reach the island in 1778. [3]


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

In 1803, United States ships led by Amasa Delano successfully made landfall on the island for the first time. [1]


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

The island was once lived by a corporal named William Glass with his family who brought his pet in 1816.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

Years later, came the Stoltenhoff brothers from Germany who had also arrived on the island of Inaccessible in 1871 to inhabit there for several years intending to make a livelihood by selling their merchandise to people who were around their location, whereas they forget that the island is rarely visited by people.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

As a result of the rare discovery of food there, they became so excited after finally their existence could be found and saved in 1873 when the island where the Stoltenhoff brothers were visited by people who conducted scientific expeditions in order to conduct exploration of flora and fauna. [4]


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

A writer of South African origin Eric Rosenthal has chronicled the barrage of events of Stoltenhoff's adventures in 1952.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

Thereafter, there was an island adjacent to the island of Inecessible and the island began to be named Stoltenhoff after the story of the Stoltenhoff brothers had become known.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

Resumed in 1922, a Quest ship belonging to an Antarctic project called the Shackleton—Rowett Voyage once briefly layover on the island of Inaccessable.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

Later, a nature researcher named Sir George Hubert Wilkins who was then aboard discovered a bird later named as Nesospiza wilkinsi by another party after his discovery of the bird.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

Later in 1938, the Norwegian Scientific Expedition party once briefly spent three weeks there.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

During their time there, they managed to find the entrance to the highlands on the island, they went on their way everywhere on the island just to write down the names of herbs, birds and rocks.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

There was another attempt to make maps for the island of Inecessible, which was during a Royal Society cruise to Tristan da Cunha island in 1962 that delivered scientists to the island of Ineaccessible, but scientists were not able to reach the inside of the island like the previous explorers.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

There has been a natural sanctuary presented by the Tristan da Cunha Conservation Ordinance of 1976 (Indonesian: Tristan da Cunha Nature Preservation Ordinance 1976).


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

However, Tristan da Cunha islanders are still not allowed to catch seabirds on the island.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

During the cruise activities in 1982 which took place from 16 October 1982 to 10 February 1983, students and teaching staff from a college called Denstone University in the United Kingdom conducted various activities, among which was to create a detailed map covering the island, studying about flora, fauna and geology and working on the assessment of birds exceeding 3,000 heads there. [5]


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

In 1997, it began to be held natural sanctuaries in the waters region of the island of Inaccessible under the Tristan da Cunha Conservation Ordinance of 1976.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

Currently, only guides from Tristan da Cunha are allowed to make excursions to the island of Inaccessible with a yacht as the sole vehicle.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

Of course, now most of the activities of cruise to the island are based on the request of people who leave their native country.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

The story of the island of Inaccessible continued in 2004 where the island of Inaccessible has been added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites under the names Gough Island and Inaccessible Island.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

Shipwreck Disasters One of the events of a ship accident that seemed dramatic around the island of Inaccessible is a British ship named Blenden Hall in 1821.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

At that time, the ship was sailing with a load of 84 passengers along with crew on board.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

Intent to sail past Saint Helena, instead the ship headed to Tristan da Cunha Island as a result of the opposite current.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

Later, the ship was stranded to the island of Inaccessible and suffered damage to the rear of the ship, but the left and right sides of the ship which shaped the plate wall were lifted to the shore area.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

Two people on board had saved themselves from the wreck and then tried to survive amid the existence of sea eagles, penguins, seals and wild celery.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

The next few months, they finally managed to correct the arrangement of the ship.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

Initially, their first attempts all failed to sail to Tristan da Cunha until resulting in six men missing.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

However, his subsequent efforts bear sweet fruit with the emergence of awareness from the inhabitants of Tristan da Cunha to the predicament of those from the ship.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

Later, the ship's remaining belongings began to be lifted to the Tristan da Cunha area and brought back towards the Cape Town area, South Africa.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

The economy of Inaccessible Island is used by most residents of Tristan da Cunha Island with a handful of economical purposes.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

The island has a stash of Guano and eggs, but usually the residents of Tristan da Cunha choose to go to Nightingale Island due to the difficulty of traveling on the Island of Inaccessible.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

However, there are three ships of the company fishing on the beach area of Inexsible Island that are allowed to do fishing at a distance of up to 3,000 meters from the sea.


Question: What is the area of Inaccessible Island?

Inecessible Island

See also List of mountains and hills in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Reference External links Category:Across sea regions of the United Kingdom


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

The Internet is a computer network formed by the United States Department of Defense in 1969, through an ARPA agency project that developed a network called ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network), where they demonstrate how to do with hardware and Unix-based computer software.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

The original purpose of building the project was for military use.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

At that time the United States Department of Defense (US Department of Defense) created a computer network system that was spread by connecting computers in vital areas to solve problems in the event of a nuclear attack and to avoid the occurrence of centralized information, which if going on war can be easily destroyed.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

At first ARPANET connected only 4 sites, namely Stanford Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of Utah, where they formed a single integrated network in 1969, and in general ARPANET was introduced in October 1972.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Not long afterwards the project grew rapidly across the county, and all universities in the country wanted to join, thus making it difficult for ARPANET to organize it.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Therefore ARPANET was broken into two, namely “MILNET” for military purposes and the new smaller “ARPANET" (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) for non-military purposes such as, universities.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

The combined two networks eventually became known under the name DARPA Internet, which was later simplified into the Internet.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Predecessors Before the Internet appeared, there had been several communication systems that were digitally based, one of which was the telegraph system that was often considered a precursor to the Internet.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

The system emerged in the 19th century, or more than a hundred years before the internet came into widespread use in the 1990s. Telegraph technology itself originated from concepts that existed even before the first modern computers were invented, namely the concept of sending data through electromagnetic media such as radios or cables.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

But the technology is still limited because it is only able to connect a maximum of two devices.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

In later eras, scientists such as Claude Shannon, Harry Nyquist, and Ralph Hartley, developed the theory of data and information transmission, which became the basis for many theories in this field.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Developments occurred among other things in the form of wider range and increased speed.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

But difficulties still occur because the connection between the two means of communication must occur physically, for example through a cable.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Such a system is certainly not safe because it can be easily disconnected in particular during a war.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Computer-Human Symbiosis In 1960, J. C. R. Licklider introduced the term “Man-Computer Symbiosis” (Computer-Human Symbiosis) in his scientific work.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

The term he defines as “networks of computers connected to each other through wide communication bands that serve as libraries, equipped with information storage and search technologies.”


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Licklider along with another scientist named Welden Clark also published another work entitled “On-Line Man-Computer Communication” (Human-Machine Communication In-Network).


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

In the work, he describes how human life changes in the presence of interconnected computer networks.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Two years later, Licklider secured an offer from Jack Runia to work as director of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), a new division within DARPA.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

The goal of the team was to create a network connecting the three main computers of the United States Department of Defense in the Cheyenne Mountains, the Pentagon, and SAC HQ.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

He approved it and soon formed a team which he referred to as the “Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network” (“Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network”).


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Although Licklider finally quit the IPTO in 1964, the vision of a universal network put forward by him led to the creation of ARPANET five years later, in 1969.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

In 1973 Licklider again led for two years Packet switching The problem that arose in later developments was about how to unify separate physical networks into one logical network.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

In 1960, Paul Baran published a study regarding network systems for the United States military.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

The system is designed to be able to survive in case of nuclear war.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

With this system, the information that passes is shared in a smaller form, which is referred to as a message-block (message block).


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Elsewhere, Donal Davies is also developing almost similar networking technology.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

This technology is based on a system he named packet-switching, with various advantages over previous techniques, including having better network tape utilization and faster response times than traditional circuits.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

The mathematical theory for this technology was later developed by Leonard Kleinrock of MIT.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Follow-up research was then conducted by Tommy Krash and Paul Baran.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Funded by the United States military, they sought to utilize previously discovered message-block systems to solve structure vulnerability problems on existing network system technologies.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

This vulnerability occurs as a result of a centralized routing structure, so that when broken the entire system will be the Internet a computer network formed by the United States Department of Defense in 1969, through an ARPA agency project that developed a network called ARPANET ( Advanced Research Project Agency Network), where they demonstrated what about Unix-based computer hardware and software.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

The original purpose of building the project was for military use.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

At that time the United States Department of Defense (US Department of Defense) created a computer network system that was spread by connecting computers in vital areas to solve problems in the event of a nuclear attack and to avoid the occurrence of centralized information, which if going on war can be easily destroyed.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

At first ARPANET connected only 4 sites, namely Stanford Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of Utah, where they formed a single integrated network in 1969, and in general ARPANET was introduced in October 1972.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Not long afterwards the project grew rapidly across the county, and all universities in the country wanted to join, thus making it difficult for ARPANET to organize it.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Therefore ARPANET is broken into two, namely “MILNET” for military use and new smaller “ARPANET” for non-military purposes such as, universities.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

The combined two networks eventually became known under the name DARPA Internet, which was later simplified into the Internet.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Predecessors Before the Internet appeared, there had been several communication systems that were digitally based, one of which was the telegraph system that was often considered a precursor to the Internet.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

The system emerged in the 19th century, or more than a hundred years before the internet came into widespread use in the 1990s. Telegraph technology itself originated from concepts that existed even before the first modern computers were invented, namely the concept of sending data through electromagnetic media such as radios or cables.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

But the technology is still limited because it is only able to connect a maximum of two devices.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

In later eras, scientists such as Claude Shannon, Harry Nyquist, and Ralph Hartley, developed the theory of data and information transmission, which became the basis for many theories in this field.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Developments occurred among other things in the form of wider range and increased speed.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

But difficulties still occur because the connection between the two means of communication must occur physically, for example through a cable.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Such a system is certainly not safe because it can be easily disconnected in particular during a war.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Computer-Human Symbiosis In 1960, J. C. R. Licklider introduced the term “Man-Computer Symbiosis” (Computer-Human Symbiosis) in his scientific work.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

The term he defines as “networks of computers connected to each other through wide communication bands that serve as libraries, equipped with information storage and search technologies.”


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Lickdiler along with another scientist named Welden Clark also published another work entitled “On-Line Man-Computer Communication” (Human-Machine Communication In-Network).


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

In the work, he describes how human life changes in the presence of interconnected computer networks.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Two years later, Licklider secured an offer from Jack Runia to work as director of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), a new division within DARPA.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

The goal of the team was to create a network connecting the three main computers of the United States Department of Defense in the Cheyenne Mountains, the Pentagon, and SAC HQ.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

He approved it and soon formed a team that he called as “Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network” (“Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network”).


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Although Licklider finally quit the IPTO in 1964, the vision of a universal network put forward by him led to the creation of ARPANET five years later, in 1969.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

In 1973 Licklider returned to the lead for two years.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Packet switching The problem that arose in later developments was about how to unify separate physical networks into one logical network.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

In 1960, Paul Baran published a study regarding network systems for the United States military.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

The system is designed to be able to survive in case of nuclear war.


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

With this system, the information that passes is shared in a smaller form, which is referred to as a message-block (message block).


Question: When was the internet created?

History of the Internet

Elsewhere, Donal Davies is also developing almost similar networking technology.