Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The “Red Bulls” held matches at Red Bull Arena in New Jersey.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Queens is the organizer of the U.S. Tennis Open, one of four Grand Slam tournaments.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The New York City Marathon is one of the largest marathon activities in the world, and the 2004-2006 activities held the top three rankings with the most number of finishes, which were 37,866 people in 2006. [120]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The Millrose Games is an annual road and field meet whose peak activity is the Wanamaker Mile.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Boxing is also a major part of the city's sporting scene, with activities such as the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves held at Madison Square Garden every year.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Many sports are associated with New York's immigrant community.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Stick balls, a version of street baseball, were popularized by youths in working-class settlements of Italy, Germany, and Ireland in the 1930s. A street in The Bronx was renamed Stickball Blvd in homage to New York's famous street sport. [121]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The New York City rugby league team, the New York Knights competes in the AMNRL.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

They won the 2009 AMNRL Championship Final against the Jacksonville Axemen 32-12. [122]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

New York City's economy is a global hub for international business and trade and is one of three “command centers” of the world economy (alongside London and Tokyo). [124]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The city is an important center of finance, insurance, real estate, media and the arts in the United States.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The New York metropolitan area had a gross metropolitan product worth $1.13 trillion as of 2005, [125] [126] making it the largest regional economy in the United States and, according to IT Week, the largest city economy in the world. [127]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

According to Cinco Dias, New York controlled more than 40% of the world's finance at the end of 2008, thus making it the largest financial center in the world. [128] [129] [130] Many large companies are headquartered in New York City, including 42 of the 500 Fortune 500 companies. [131]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

New York is also different than United States cities because of the large number of foreign companies.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

One in ten private sector jobs in the city are run by foreign companies. [132]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Manhattan had 353.7 million square feet (32,860,000 m²) of office space in 2001. [133]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Midtown Manhattan is the largest central business district in the United States.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Lower Manhattan is the third largest central business district in the United States, and is home to the New York Stock Exchange located on Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, successively the first and second largest stock exchanges in the world according to daily trading volume and market capitalization overall. [134]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Financial services occupy more than 35% of the city's employment revenue. [135]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Real estate is a key driver of the city's economy with the total value of all properties in New York City reaching $796.6 billion in 2010. [136]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Time Warner Center is the city's highest listed market value property with a value of $1.1 billion in 2006. [136]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

New York City is the city for a number of the most valued real estate in the United States and the world. 450 Park Avenue sold on July 2, 2007 worth $510 million, approximately $1,589 per square foot ($17,104/m²), breaking the old record for a United States office building valued at $.1476 per square foot ($15,887/m²) printed June 2007 on sales of 660 Madison Avenue. [137]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The city's television and film industry is the largest in the country after Hollywood. [138]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Creative industries such as new media, advertising, fashion, design and architecture occupy an ever-enlarging percentage of jobs, with New York City receiving a strong competitive advantage in those areas of the industry. [139]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

High-tech industries such as biotechnology, software development, game design, and Internet services are also growing, driven by the city's position at the end of several major lines of transatlantic fiber optic cable. [140]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Product manufacturing occupies a large percentage of jobs but is shrinking.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Garments, chemicals, metal products, processed foods, and furniture are examples of its main products. [141]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The food processing industry is the most stable large production sector in the city. [142]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Food making is a $5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 people.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Chocolate is New York City's main specialty food export ingredient, with an export value of $234 million each year. [142]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Demographics Historical PopulationYearpop.±%16984,937—17125,840 +18.3% 17237,248 +24.1% 173710,664 +47.1% 174611,717 +9.9% 175613,046 +11.3% 177121,863 +67.6% 179049,401 +126.0% 180079,216 +60.4% 181019,734 +51.1% 1820152,056 +27.0% 1830242,278 +59.3% 1840391,114 +61.4% 1850696,115 +78.0% 18601,174,779 +68.8% 18701,478,103+ 25.8% 18801,911,698 +29.3% 18902,507,414 +31.2% 19003,437,202 +37.1% 19104,766,883 +38.7% 19205,620,048 +17.9% 19306,930,446 +23.3% 19407,454,995 +7.6% 19507,891,957 +5.9% 19607,781,84− 1.4% 19707,894,862 +1.5% 19807,071,639− 10.4% 19907,322,564 +3.5% 20008,008,288 +9.4% 2009*8,391,881 +4.8% [143] Source: 1698—1771, [144] 1790— 1890, [143] [145] 1900—1990, [146] Census 2000 and estimate 2009.* [1] New York is the most populous city in the United States.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

In 2010, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated New York's population on July 1, 2009 at 8,391,881 inhabitants (up from 8.0 million in 2000 and 7.3 million in 1990). [1] [147] This covers 40% of New York state's population and metropolitan regional population.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

In the past decade the city grew fast and demographers predicted New York's population would reach 9.2 and 9.5 million by 2030. [148]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Two key features of New York's demographics are its density and ethnic diversity.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

In 2000, the city had a very high population density of 26,403 inhabitants per square mile (10,194/km²), approximately 10,000 inhabitants per square mile more than the United States' second most populous city, San Francisco. [149]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Just like New York County, Manhattan's population density is 66,940 inhabitants per square mile (25,846/km²), the highest compared to any county in the United States. [150] [151] New York City is very diverse.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Throughout its history, the city has been an important entry titk for immigrants; more than 12 million European immigrants passed through Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924. [152]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

In 1900, New York City had more Italians than any Italian city except Rome, more Poles than any city in Poland except Warsaw, the same number of Irish as Dublin, and more Jews than any city in the world. [153]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The designation “melting cauldron” was first transposed to call the dense immigrant settlements on the Lower East Side.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

About 36% of the city's residents are born abroad. [154]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Among United States cities, this percentage is higher in Los Angeles and Miami. [151]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

While immigrant communities in those cities are dominated by several nationalities, in New York none dominates.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The ten largest countries of origin for immigration today are the Dominican Republic, China, Jamaica, Guyana, Mexico, Ecuador, Haiti, Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia and Russia.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The largest ethnic groups in New York City are African American, Italian, Jewish, and Irish. [155]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The New York area continues to be the metropolitan entrance gate for legitimate immigrants accepted into the United States. [156] JMPL|left|260px|Manhattan Chinatown The New York City metropolitan area is home to the largest Jewish community outside of Israel, and within its city limits lies a community The largest Jewish in the world. [157]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The city is also home to nearly a quarter of South Asian Americans, [158] the largest African American community than any city in the country, and consists of 659,596 ethnic Chinese residents as of 2008, [159] the largest number outside of Asia.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Also there are a number of residents of Puerto Rico and Dominica.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Another large ethnic group historically has been Italians, who emigrated to this city in large numbers in the early 20th century.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The Irish also exist in the city; one in 50 New Yorkers of European origin carries a distinct genetic mark on their Y chromosome inherited from the Niall clan of the Nine Hostages, a great Irish king of the 5th century AD [160] or from one of the related clans the Uí Briúin and Uí Fiachrach. [ 161]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

New York City has a high income disparity.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

In 2005, the median income in the richest census fields was $188,697, while in the poorest census fields was $9,320. [162]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

This disparity is driven by salary growth in high-income areas, while salaries remain viable in middle- and low-income areas.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

In 2006, the average weekly salary in Manhattan was $1,453, the highest and fastest its growth among the largest county-counties in the United States. [163]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The borough is also experiencing a unique baby boom compared to other United States cities.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Since 2000, the number of children under the age of 5 who settled in Manhattan grew by more than 32%. [164]


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New York City

Government Since its 1898 consolidation, New York City has become a metropolitan municipality with a “strong” trustee-council form of government.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

New York's government is more centralized than other cities in the US.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

In New York City, the central government is responsible for community education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The mayor and councillors are elected with four-year terms.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The New York City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population limits. [165]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Mayors and councillors are only allowed to hold office for four years three consecutive times but can run for re-election after a four-year pause.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The current mayor of New York City is Michael Bloomberg, a former Democrat and former Republican (2001-2008) and current independent politician who was elected to the Republican and Independence parties against Democrat-backed opposition and Worker Families of 2001 (50.3% of votes against 47.9%), 2005 (58.4% against 39%) and 2009 (50.6% against 46%). [166]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

He is known for taking over the city's education system from the state, rezoning and economic development, voicing fiscal management and aggressive public health policies.


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New York City

In his second term he has made school reform, poverty eradication, and gun surveillance top priorities in his administration. [167]


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New York City

Together with Boston's mayor, Thomas Menino, in 2006 he founded the Majors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, an organization that aims “to make communities safer by removing illegal guns from the streets. “[168]


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New York City

The Democratic Party holds the majority of people's votes.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

As of November 2008, 67% of the city's registered ballots were Democratic supporters. [169]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

New York City has not been led by a Republican in a state or presidential election since 1924.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The party platform gave priority to affordable housing, education and economic development, and labour politics which became important in the city.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

New York is the most important source of political fundraising in the United States, as four of the top five ZIP codes for the most political donations in the country are in Manhattan.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The top zip code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, raised the most money for George W. Bush and John Kerry's 2004 presidential campaigns. [170]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The city has a large payment imbalance with the national and state governments.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The city receives 83 cents for every $1 sent to the federal government in the form of taxes (or annually it sends $11.4 billion more than it returns).


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

New York also sends $11 billion more each year to New York state than it returns. [171]


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New York City

Each of the boroughs stands together with a judicial district of the Supreme Court of New York and the courts of other states and cities.


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New York City

Manhattan also has the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, the First Department, while Brooklyn has the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, the Second Department.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Federal courts located near city hall are the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, and the International Trade Court.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Brooklyn has the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Criminality Since 2005, the city has the lowest criminality rate among the 25 largest U.S. cities, getting safer after the peak of crime in the 1980s [172] and early 1990s from a drug epidemic that affected many settlements.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

As of 2002, New York City had the same crime rate as Provo, Utah and ranked 187th out of 216 U.S. cities above 100,000 inhabitants.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Major crime in New York City decreased by more than 75% since 1993 to 2005 and continued to decline during times when the United States actually experienced an increase in crime. [173]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

In 2005, the murder rate was at its lowest point since 1966, [174] and in 2007 the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time since the first crime statistics were published in 1963. [175]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Sociologists and criminologists have yet to reach a consensus on what could explain the city's dramatic increase in crime rates.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

A number of people blamed this phenomenon on new tactics the New York City Police Department used, [176] including the use of CompStat and the theory of shattering windows. [177]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

A number of others mentioned the end of the drug epidemic and demographic changes. [178]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty Thieves and Roach Guards at Five Points in the 1820s. In the 20th century, there was a rise in the Mafia dominated by Five Families. [179]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Gangs such as the Black Spades also grew in the late 20th century. [180]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

As early as 1850, New York City recorded over 200 more gang wars perpetrated by youth gangs. [181]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The most influential gangs in New York City today are the Bloods, Crips, Latin Kings, and MS-13. [182]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Education The city's public school system administered by the New York City Department of Education is the largest in the United States.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

About 1.1 million students study in more than 1,200 separate primary and secondary schools. [183]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The partially community-funded rental schools are Harlem Success Academy and Girls Prep.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

There are about 900 private secular and religious schools in the city. [184]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Although rarely called a college town, there are about 594,000 students in New York City, the highest number among United States cities. [185]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

In 2005, three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates and one in four residents had a higher degree, they formed one of the most educated community concentrations in a city in the United States. [186]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

New York City is home to a number of notable private universities such as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, Macaulay Honors College, New York University, The New School, Pace University, and Yeshiva University.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The city has dozens of other small private colleges and universities, including religious and specialized institutions such as St. John's University, The Juilliard School, The College of Mount Saint Vincent, and The School of Visual Arts. ka|jmpl|260px|Keating Hall, Fordham University in the Bronx Many Scientific research in the city is carried out on the field of health and life sciences.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

New York City has the largest number of annual graduate life sciences graduates in the United States, 40,000 licensed physicists, and 127 Nobel Prize recipients graduating from local educational institutions. [187]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The city receives the second highest annual funding from the National Institutes of Health among many cities in the United States. [188]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Major biomedical research institutions are Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Weill Cornell Medical College.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of books compared to any public library system in the country, serves Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island. [189]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library which is the second largest public library system in the United States, while Brooklyn is served by the Brooklyn Public Library. [189]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The New York Public Library houses several research libraries, including the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Transportation Public transit in New York City, mostly operating 24 hours a day, represents the most complicated and extensive system in North America.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

About one in three public transit users in the United States and two by three train passengers in the country settle in New York and its fringe cities. [190] [191] The New York City Subway system is the busiest in the Western Hemisphere, while Grand Central Terminal which is also known for designation “Grand Central Station”, is the largest train station in the world by its number of platforms.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

New York's airspace is one of the busiest air transport corridors in the world.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The George Washington Bridge is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge. [192]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Public transit is the most popular mode of transportation in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers went to rehash public transit to their workplace in 2005. [193]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

This differs considerably from the rest of the United States, about 90% of commuters use private vehicles heading to their places of work. [194]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, New York City residents spend an average of 38.4 minutes each day commuting to work, the longest travel time in the country among major U.S. cities. [195]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

New York City is served by Amtrak, which uses Pennsylvania Station.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Amtrak provides transportation to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. along the Northeast Corridor and long-distance rail service to cities such as Chicago, New Orleans, Miami, Toronto and Montreal.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Port Authority Bus Terminal, the city's main intercity bus terminal, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily and makes it the busiest bus station in the world. [196]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The New York City Subway represents the largest rapid transit system in the world according to the number of stations in operation, which is 468 stations.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The system is the third largest according to annual passenger travel (1.5 billion passengers in 2006). [190]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

New York's subway is also notable because almost the entire system is open 24 hours a day, distinct from the midnight closures on systems in many of the world's major cities, including London, Paris, Montreal, Washington, Madrid and Tokyo.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The transportation system in New York City is vast and complicated.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The system also includes the longest suspension bridge in North America, [197] the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicle tunnel, [198] more than 12,000 yellow cabs, [199] a cable car hauling coomuter between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan, and a ferry system connecting Manhattan with various settlements inside and outside the city.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The busiest ferry in the United States is the Staten Island Ferry, which annually transports more than 19 million passengers on the 5.2-mile (8.4km) journey between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The Staten Island Railway rapid transit system serves Staten Island only.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The “PATH” train (short for the Port Authority Trans-Hudson) connects the New York City subway with several places in northeastern New Jersey.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

New York City's public bus fleet and commuter rail network is the largest in North America. [190]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The train network connecting suburbs in the three-state area toward New York, consists of the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad and New Jersey Transit.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Those systems merge at Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station and have more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines. [190] [200] New York City is the top international air passenger entrance in the United States. [201]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The region is served by three major airports, John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport and LaGuardia, with plans for a fourth airport, Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, NY being taken over and expanded by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (which manages three other airports), as an “auxiliary” airport to help cope with ever-increasing passenger volumes. 100 million travelers used these three airports in 2005 and New York airspace was the busiest in the United States. [202]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

International travel from JFK and Newark covered nearly a quarter of all U.S. travelers who went abroad in 2004. [203]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

New York City's high level of public transit usage, 120,000 daily cyclists [204] and large numbers of pedestrian commuters make New York City the most energy-efficient major city in the United States. [63]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Walking and bicycle travel modes account for 21% of all travel modes in the city; nationally the percentage for metro areas is about 8%. [205]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

To complement New York's extensive mass transit network, the city also has a network of express roads and parkways connecting New York City with the northern regions of New Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut via various bridges and tunnels.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Because these freeways serve millions of suburban residents commuting to New York, it is common for motor vehicle users to be stuck for hours in traffic jams that are a daily event, especially during rush hour.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The George Washington Bridge is the busiest bridge in the world according to vehicular traffic. [206]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Although New York relies on public transit, roads are the city's most defining feature.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Manhattan's street layout greatly influenced the physical development of the city.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Some city streets such as Broadway, Wall Street and Madison Avenue are also used as designations for national industries located here, namely theater, finance, and advertising organizations.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

New York City's twin cities have ten Sister Cities International (SCI) recognized twin cities: [207] Like New York City, all but Beijing are the most populous cities in their respective countries. [210]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Unlike New York City, all but Johannesburg also play a role as a de facto or de jure national political capital.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

New York and all of its twin cities are major economic centers, but some twin cities share its status alongside New York as a great seaport. [211]


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

See also Community Service Society of New York Hudson-Fulton Celebration 1909 List of New York City topics America's largest cities Manhattanhenge Advanced Reading Gallery Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace (1998), Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, Oxford University Press.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Anthony Burgess (1976).


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

New York, Little, Brown & Co. Federal Writers Project (1939).


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The WPA Guide to New York City, The New Press (reissue 1995).


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Kenneth T. Jackson (ed.) (1995).


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The Encyclopedia of New York City, Yale University Press.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Kenneth T. Jackson and David S. Dunbar (ed.) (2005), Empire City: New York Through the Centuries, Columbia University Press.


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New York City

E.


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New York City

B.


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New York City

White (1949).


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New York City

Here is New York, Little Bookroom (2000 reissue).


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New York City

Colson Whitehead (2003).


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

The Colossus of New York: A City in 13 Parts, Doubleday.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

E.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Porter Belden (1849)., New York, G. P. Putnam. of Google Books From Google Books.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Footnotes The Outside link is the official website of New York City. is the official tourism website of New York City. at Curlie provides an interactive map of New York City and includes the subway station and its entrance. has many articles about New York City and information Architecture by Carter B. Horlsey, author of The New York Sun. newspaper explains the beauty of New York City's landmarks, art and literature.


Question: What is the area of New York City?

New York City

Category:Government New York City Category:City in New York Category:Former Capital Category:Metropolitan areas in United States


Question: when was the planet yupiter discovered?

Jupiter

Jupiter could refer to: Jupiter - Jupiter planet Jupiter - a god in Roman mythology called Zeus in Greek mythology Sailor Jupiter Jupiter - an Indonesian actor Yamaha Jupiter - one of the Yamaha motorcycle brands in Indonesia


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Leonardo da Pisa or Leonardo Pisano (1175 - 1250), known also as Fibonacci, was an Italian mathematician known as the inventor of the Fibonacci numbers and his role in introducing the Arabic system of writing and calculation of numbers to the European world (algorisma).


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The father of Leonardo, Guilielmo (William) has the alias Bonacci ('good' or 'simple').


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Leonardo, having died, is often referred to as Fibonacci (from the word filius Bonacci, son of Bonacci).


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

William headed a trading post (some records mention he was a trade representative for Pisa) in Bugia, North Africa (now Bejaia, Algeria), and as a young boy, Leonardo ventured there to help his father.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

It was there that Fibonacci learned about the Arabic number system.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Seeing that the Arabic number system was simpler and efficient than the Roman numbers, Fibonacci then ventured to the Mediterranean area to study to the famous Arab mathematicians of the time, and only came back around the 1200s. In 1202, at 27, he wrote down what he had learned in Liber Abaci's book, or Book of Reckoning.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The book demonstrates the practicality of the Arabic number system by means of applying it into mercantile bookkeeping, conversion of various sizes and weights, interest calculation, money exchange and various other applications.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The book was welcomed by European literates, and produced an important impact to European thought, although its use only spread widely after the discovery of the printing press some of the following three centuries.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

(For example, printed by Lienhart Holle in Ulm.)


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Leonardo had been a guest of Emperor Frederick II, who was also fond of science and mathematics.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The year 1240 the Republic of Pisa paid homage to Leonardo, by giving him a salary.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Life Journey The development of mathematics in medieval times in Europe along with the birth of Leonardo of Pisa better known by the nickname Fibonacci (meaning son of Bonaccio).


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Bonaccio himself means a foolish son, but he is not a fool because his post is a consul who represents Pisa.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

These held positions made him travel frequently.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

With his son, Leonardo, who always follows to any country he visits.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Fibonacci wrote Liber Abaci's book after being inspired on his visit to Bugia, a growing city in Algeria.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

When his father served there, an Arab mathematician exposed the wonders of the Hindu-Arabic number system.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

That system came to be known after the time of the Crusades.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Impossible calculations are made using Roman (number) notation.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

After Fibonacci observed all the calculations made possible by this system, he decided to study on Arab mathematicians living around the Mediterranean.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

His very cheating learning spirit led him to travel to Egypt, Syria, Greece, Sicily.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Making up the Year 1202 book he published the book Liber Abaci using — what is now called algebra, using Hindu-Arabic numerals.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

This book made a great impact as a new world appeared with numbers that could replace the Jewish, Greek and Roman systems with numbers and letters for counting and calculation.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The introduction of the book contains with how to determine the number of digits in numeral units or the table of doubling (read: multiplication) by the number ten, with the number one hundred and so on.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Calculation by using whole numbers and divisions, fractions, roots, even completion of straight-line equations (linear) and quadratic equations.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The book comes with exercises and applications so that it excites its readers.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The basis of traders, illustrations in the business world with figures are also presented.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Included here is business bookkeeping (double entry), depiction of profit margin, currency change, weight and size conversion (calibration), even including interest counting.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

(In those days usury, it was still forbidden).


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The ruler at the time, Frederick, who was fascinated with Liber Abaci, when visiting Pisa, summoned Fibonacci to come face.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

In front of many experts and doing questions and in-person interviews, Fibonacci solved algebraic problems and quadratic equations.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The meeting with Frederick and the questions raised by those experts, were booked and published not long afterwards.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

In 1225 he brought out the book Liber Quadrotorum (book on the Square) which he offered to the king.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

In the book are listed problems that are able to tease the “common sense” mathematician which is about the problem of rabbit pinak Simple questions but required foresight of thinking.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

“How many pairs of rabbits will be pinak for one year.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Started by a pair of rabbits, if every month a pair of rabbit children become productive in the second month” - Late in the second month, they mate and the female rabbit I gives birth to a pair of rabbits of different sexes.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

- Late in the second month, the female rabbit gives birth to a new pair of cubs, so there are 2 pairs of rabbits


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

- Late in the third month, the female rabbit I gave birth to the second pair of rabbits, so there were 3 pairs of rabbits


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

- Late in the fourth month, the female rabbit I gave birth to a new pair of cubs and the female rabbit II gave birth to a pair of rabbit children, so there were 5 pairs


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Will be obtained answers: 55 pairs of rabbits.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

What about when that process keeps going a hundred years?


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The result (contek only): 354.224.848.179.261.915.075.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Is there a quick way to calculate it?


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Here Fibonacci gave the number formula later known as the Fibonacci series.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Fibonacci series Christians reject zeros; but merchants in making transactions need zeros. The reason used by Fibonacci is zero as a limit.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

If a negative result is a loss.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The man who introduced this zero to the Western world was Leonardo from Pisa.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Although his father was a Consul as well as a merchant, Fibonacci's profession — unwilling to become consul, was a merchant.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The young man — better known as Fibonacci — learned mathematics from the Islamists and became an expert mathematician in his own way of learning.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Finds a series of numbers named as the name suggests.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Fibbonacci series namely: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987...


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The pattern of the above series is formed from the arrangement of sequential numbers (from smaller and larger) which is the sum of the previous two numbers.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Number 3, fifth order, is the result of summation 1 (order 3) + 2 (order 4); number 5 of sixth order, is the result of summation 2 (order 4) + 3 (order 5); number 8 of seventh order, is the result of summation 3 (order 5) + 5 (order 6) and so on.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The above series is able to answer the problem of rabbit pinak, lily groove, pattern and number of pineapple eyes, the number of petals and spiral grooves of flowers of certain types.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Through this Fibonacci series can be known accurate sequence or groove in nature.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The size of the room of a soft-skinned animal (mollusk) that is spiral, nautilus *; the number of clockwise or counterclockwise 'eyes' of the pineapple, the number of sunflower petals and there are 2 spiral grooves (to the right 34 and to the left 55) according to the Fibonacci row.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The link to the golden Nisbah golden ratio has been known since the time of Pythagoras.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

It is mentioned that nature seems to be governed by the golden ratio.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

This “Kesaktian” ratio underlies the architecture of buildings of antiquity, particularly in Greece.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The stretch of pillars and the height of the Panthenon represents a comparison of golden ratio yields


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Note the results of the division of the numbers in the Fibonacci series below. 1/1; 2/1; 3/2; 5/3; 8/5; 13/8; 21/13; 34/21; 55/34; 89/55; 144/89...


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

What pattern is that happening?


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The number of the division indicates something special so it is called the golden part (golden section).


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The name is similar to the golden ratio.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

There is indeed a close relationship between the golden part and the golden ratio as can be seen in the table and figure below.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Series 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 Dividers 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 Result 1 2 1.5 1.66 1.6 1,625 1,615 1,619 1,617 1,618 1,618 Perhaps this reality is able to answer the question of why the Fibonacci row is close to the golden ratio.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Take for example two numbers: a, b, a+b (Fibonacci series) and b/a (golden ratio) then compared b/a ≈ (a+b) /b b/a (golden ratio) ≈ a/b + 1 (golden part) Substituted the golden ratio to the notation Φ (phi) for the above equation.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Φ = 1/Φ + 1 (multiply the left and right segments by F) results: Φ² - Φ — 1 = 0 Φ = (1+ √5) /2 ≈ 1.618 Fibonacci revolution Topics in the book Liber abaci also describe arithmatic processes, including how to search for the roots of numbers.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Problems in the book are further emphasized for use in trade transactions, fractional systems for calculating currency exchanges.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Fibonacci uses fractions — regular, sixty-based numbers (sexadecimal) and units — instead of ten-based numbers (decimals).


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The writing of 5/12 28 we commonly know as 28 5/12.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

He also puts fractional numbers in the form of compenent components that have not yet been numbered.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The writing of 115/6, as an example, is written with 1/3½ 11.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Not satisfied with this confusion of unit fractions turned out to be more confusing.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The 98/100 fractions, as an example, are broken into 1/100 1/50 1/5 ¼ ½, and 99/100 are written with 1/25 1/5 ¼ ½.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Donate Introducing zeros and counting atypical natural patterns while giving the basis for the introduction of algebra to the Western world is the biggest contribution of Fibonacci.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Able to create Fibonacci series that give answers or reasons about natural patterns as spelled out in gold nisbah.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

The adoption of zeros for writing and calculating in Europe — transforming the inefficient Roman number system — with the Hindu-Arabic number system later greatly influenced the development of mathematics in continental Europe.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Fibonacci's complicated system of fractional numbers, later simplified for the benefit of commerce.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Watch for changes in the prices of stocks traded on Wall Street using a fractional system.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Reference Important publication Liber Abaci (1202), book on computation.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Practica Geometriae (1220), a compendium on geometry and trigonometry.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

Flos (1225), the solution of the problems raised by Johannes of Palermo Liber quadratorum, (Book of squares) on Diophantine problems, that is, problems relating to Diophantine equations.


Question: Where was Leonardo Pisano born?

Leonardo da Pisa

In minor guisa (about commercial arithmetics; missing) Commentary on Book X of Euclid's Elements (missing) Important contributions Fibonacci Numbers Category:Mathematicians Category:Italian Figures


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

The Peace of Augsburg constituted the first permanent legal basis in the confession of faith of Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

This peace was declared on 25 September 1555 by the Council of the Holy Roman Empire, and was first devised in Augsburg.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

The Peace of Augsburg allowed each king to determine what religion to be professed by his royal territories, both Catholicism and Lutheranism without Imperial interference.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

This law officially ended the conflict between the two religious groups, although this agreement did not contain provisions for other Protestant denominations, namely the teachings of Calvinism. [1]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

The general overview of the Imperial Council designed the Peace of Augsburg to end the war, which was also a form of openness to religious diversity in the Holy Roman Empire.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

This peace introduced the principle of “cuius regio, eius religio”, which allowed each ruler of a country or government to choose a religion from his or her own territory.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Article 25 in this accord required 65 imperial cities to recognize minority religions.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

For example, although most of the city's residents are Evangelical, it must still admit other residents who embrace Catholicism. [2]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

This law did not have major repercussions for most areas of the empire, especially for regions with a majority of Protestants and Catholics.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Eight cities listed in the peace have professed two faiths, with Catholicism as a minority faith.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Of the eight cities involved, four smaller groups, including Augsburg, allowed Lutherans and Catholics to worship openly, maintain their own churches, and work in public spaces.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

In 1549, Hans Jakob Fugger, the mayor of Augsburg, was interrogated by the Empire in order to coexist with different religious communities.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

The Imperial Council in 1555, conveyed their request to King Ferdinand I to maintain the population of Augsburg and not feel burdened by the recognition of two faiths in its territory, as well as be willing to administer both in the future. [2]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Recognition of a king's sovereignty over the religion of his territory, was previously based on the principle of “ubi unus dominus, ibi una sit religio”, that is, where there is a ruler, there is only one ruling religion.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

At this peace of Augsburg the kings may choose their own religion.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Then the citizens living in their territory were obliged to follow the chosen religion of the king.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

It is listed in the principle of “reservatum ecclesiasticum”.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Those bishops who converted religion from Catholic to Protestant after 1552, and suffered a deprivation of property, would receive an indemnity after this peace.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

This indemnity is carried out by people who usurp their property rights. [3]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

This fundamental principle also led to the displacement of the population, from one region to another within one country, because the religion of the inhabitants of the region differed from the religion chosen by the king.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Although the Protestanism faith gained official recognition and gained special territory, their rights were not juridically assured.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

This peace prevailed as a church decree within the German Empire until the declaration of the Peace of Westfalen in 1648.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

In 1556, emperor Karl V abdicated the throne and exiled himself to a monastery, then died two years later. [3]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Before abdicating the throne, the emperor distributed his territory of power to two of his sons, Philip I in the territory of Spain and Ferdinand I in the region of Central Europe consisting of: Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

The Peace of Augsburg was first violated by Ferdinand II of Styria, when elected King of Bohemia.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

He ran a policy of religious discrimination, even closing some Protestant churches that were the beginning of the Throw in Prague, which also marked the beginning of the Thirty Years' War. [4]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

The main principle of the Peace of Augsburg, produces three main principles, namely: The principle of cuius regio, eius religio (English: whose region, his religion).


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

This principle determines the religion of the king as the religion of the citizens of his territory. [5]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

This principle also determines the separation of territories for people of different beliefs, keeping Catholics, Lutherans, and Reformation people separate in different countries and giving less tolerance to opponents, also giving them the right to move territories in an orderly manner, when new recognition is enacted in the country. [6]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

The principle of reservatum ecclesiasticum (diocesan reservation) is the principle used to balance the first principle that only applies in diocesan countries.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

If a religious bishop changes his religion, then the inhabitants of that country don't have to do so either.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Instead, if a bishop moves religion then he must resign his post, and be replaced by a Catholic; although this is not listed in the peace accord. [7]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

The principle of declaratio Ferdinandei (Ferdinan declaration) is the exclusion for knights and some cities from the requirement of religious uniformity, particularly for the Reformed religion which has been practiced since the middle of the 1520s. This allowed several cities with Catholic adherents and Lutherans to live together.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

This principle protected the authority of the king's family, knights and some cities to determine what religious uniformity was intended in their territories.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

King Ferdinand I inserted this at the last minute, at his own encouragement. [8]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

This third principle was not published as part of the Augsburg peace accords and was kept secret for nearly two decades. [7]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

The separate issue of the Peace of Augsburg only reconciled the relationship of the two trusts up to a while.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

But this peace led to an atlas of German religiousness towards openness.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

At this Peace does not know the true freedom of religion. [3]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

But this peace was an important step in the openness of the Empire in Europe which was no longer based on the same religion, although it had not yet come to a general acceptance of religious freedom. [6]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Although citizens of Catholic and Lutheran adherents were given the right to move to a territory where the ruling religion in that place was more tolerant, [6] the peace text retained the old concept of basing political unity on religious unity.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

The single religious system in Europe thus collapsed on its own.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Later it was replaced with religious unity in each region. [3]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

As is written in article 25 and article 16, [6] and article 23 which states that “No single territory shall persuade the citizens or inhabitants of any other territory to renounce their religion nor protect them, neither their own judges”. [9]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Some other issues in this agreement are the absence of recognition or form of tolerance towards other precepts of Christian beliefs, especially those of Calvinism.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants, Lutherans and Calvinists took place in the regions of Central Europe and Northern Europe. [6]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Moreover, the Holy See still did not willingly confer with the “rebels”, which ended with the religious political defeat of the Holy See.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Meanwhile, the Holy See itself only takes political power into account and does not care for the victims that fall simply because of religious differences.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

As a result, changes to the territorial, constitutional and ecclesiastical map levels caused mutual hatred among followers of Christ, especially in the German region. [3]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

The issue continued to boil down to the onset of the Thirty Years' War (1618—1648).


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

This war concluded with the Peace of Westfalen on 24 October 1648, which recognized the commonality of the rights and obligations of all citizens without differentiating religion between Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

This peace is a step forward towards religious tolerance based on the attitude of respect between people. [3]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

The Westfalen Peace Accords were the result of two-faction negotiations.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

The first faction cooperated with the French, and took place in Münster.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

The second faction cooperated with Sweden, and took place in Osnabrück.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

The Holy See was not represented at those conferences, and denounced the Westphalian Peace agreement with Bulla Zelo Domus Dei on 26 November 1648. [3]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

On Bulla Zelo Damus Dei, Pope Innocensius X denounced the religious aspects agreed upon in tracts of the Peace of Westphalia as “void, empty, invalid, unworthy, unjust, wrong, damned, frivolous, no power, nor influence”.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Despite this, the treaty remains respected by the countries involved. [10]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

The teachings of Lutheranism were inaugurated on the Holy See of Rome, nine years after Luther died. [11]


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

See also Freedom of Religion Westphalia Sovereignty Throw in Prague Confession of Faith Augsburg Peace Münster Eighty Years' War Thirty Years' War Swedish History, 1648—1700 Footnotes Further reading Check date values in: |access-date= (help) Outside links Library resources about Main Page Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. on the German culture web page.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. by Johannes Janssen, et al.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. by Thomas M. Lindsay.


Question: How many legal grounds are there in confession of faith in Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany?

Peace of Augsburg

Category:Medieval Category:Lutheranism Category:German History


Question: Who was the first king of Prussia?

List of Prussian rulers

The King of Prussia was a member of the Hohenzollern Wangsa who were hereditary rulers of the former German state of Prussia from its establishment in 1525 as the Duchy of Prussia.


Question: Who was the first king of Prussia?

List of Prussian rulers

The duchy has evolved from the Teutonic Order, Roman Catholicism, a cruciform terntara state, and a theocracy located along the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.


Question: Who was the first king of Prussia?

List of Prussian rulers

The Teutonic Knights were under the leadership of a Grand Lord whose last holder, Albert converted religion to Protestantism and courted his country which later became the Duchy of Prussia.


Question: Who was the first king of Prussia?

List of Prussian rulers

The Duchy was originally subordinate to the Kingdom of Poland, as a result of the provisions of the Prussian Respect under which Albert was granted the post of Duchy as part of the terms of the peace after the Prussian War.


Question: Who was the first king of Prussia?

List of Prussian rulers

When the main lineage of the Prussian Hohenzollerns died out in 1618, the duchy passed for various branches of the family, who also ruled as Electors of Brandenburg within the Holy Roman Empire.


Question: Who was the first king of Prussia?

List of Prussian rulers

While nominally the two regions were still distinct, Prussia under the rule of the Polish king and Brandenburg under the rule of monarchs from the Holy Roman Empire, two countries known together historically and geographically as Brandenburg-Prussia.


Question: Who was the first king of Prussia?

List of Prussian rulers

After the Second Northern War, a series of treaties freed the Duchy of Prussia from under the rule of other countries so that the full sovereign was the Duchy in its own right.


Question: Who was the first king of Prussia?

List of Prussian rulers

This complex situation (in which Hohenzollern, the independent ruler of the Prussian Kadipateni was also a subject of the Holy Roman Emperor as Elector of Brandenburg) provided the foundations for the founding of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701.


Question: Who was the first king of Prussia?

List of Prussian rulers

For diplomatic reasons, the rulers of the state were known as Kings in Prussia from 1701 to 1772 most likely because they still owed allegiance to the Emperor as Electors of Brandenburg.


Question: Who was the first king of Prussia?

List of Prussian rulers

The title “King in Prussia” (as opposed to “King of Prussia”) was held so as not to offend the Emperor.


Question: Who was the first king of Prussia?

List of Prussian rulers

The growth of the Prussian state through several wars and diplomatic measures throughout the 18th century, made it clear that Prussia had become a Great Power that did not need to submit obediently to the Holy Roman Empire.


Question: Who was the first king of Prussia?

List of Prussian rulers

In 1772, the pretense against the Holy Roman Emperor was discontinued so the title “King of Prussia” was used.


Question: Who was the first king of Prussia?

List of Prussian rulers

Thus, until 1871, when the French-Prussian War was completed, the King of Prussia, Wilhelm I was crowned German Emperor.


Question: Who was the first king of Prussia?

List of Prussian rulers

From that point forward, although the Kingdom of Prussia retained its status as a constituent state of the German Empire, other Kings of Prussia also served as German Emperor and it was that title that took precedence.


Question: Who was the first king of Prussia?

List of Prussian rulers

Duchy of Prussia (1525-1701) NameLifePanReign StartReign EndNotesFamilyImageAlBrecht (1490-05-17) 17 May 1490 — 20 March 1568 (1568-03-20) (aged77) 10 April 152520 March 1568HohenzollerNalBrecht Friedrich (1553-05-07) 7 May 1553 — 28 August 1653 18 (1618-08-28) (aged65) 20 March 156828 August 1618Child AlbrechthohenzollernJohann Sigismund (1572-11-08) November 8, 1572 — December 23, 1619 (1619-12-23) (aged47) August 28, 161823 December 1619Cousin Albrecht Friedrich, also Elector Brandenburghenzollerngeorg Wilhelm (1595-11-13) November 13, 1595 — December 1, 1612-40 (1640-13) November 13, 1595 — December 1, 1612-40 01) (aged45) 23 December 16191 December 1640Son of Johann Sigismund, also Elector BrandenburghohenzollernFriedrich Wilhelm the Great Elector (1620-02-16) 16 February 1620 — 29 April 1688 (1688-04-29) (aged68) 1 December 164029 April 1688Son Georg Wilhelm, also Elector BrandenburghohenzollernFriedrich I (1657-11) 11 July 1657 — 25 February 1713 (1713-02-25) (aged55) 29 April 168818 January 1701Son of Friedrich Wilhelm, also Elector BrandenburgHohenzollern Kingdom of Prussia (1701-1918) NamelifespanReign StartReign EndNotesFamilyImageFriedrich I King Eye Duitan [1] (1657-07-11) 11 July 1657 — February 25 ary 1713 (1713-02-25) (aged55) 18 January 170125 February 1713Son Friedrich WilhelmHohenzollernFriedrich Wilhelm I King's Army (1688-08-14) 14 August 1688 — 31 May 1740 (1740-05-31) (aged51) 25 February 171331 May 1740Son of Friedrich IhohenzollernFriedrich II the Great (1712-01-24) January 24, 1712 — August 17 86 (1786-08-17) (aged74) 31 May 174017 August 1786Son Friedrich Wilhelm IhohenzollernFriedrich Wilhelm II (1744-09-25) 25 September 1744 — 16 November 1797 (1797-11-16) (aged53) 17 August 178616 November 1797Nephew Friedrich IIHohenzollernFriedrich Wilhelm III (1770-07-03) 3 July 1770 — 7 June 1840 (1840-06-07) (aged69) 16 November 17977 June 1840Son Friedrich Wilhelm IIHohenzollernFriedrich Wilhelm IV (1795-10-15) 15 October 1795 — 2 January 1861 (1861-01-02) (aged65) 7 June 18402 January 1861Son Friedrich Wilhelm III, also President of the Union of Erfurt (1849-1850) HohenzollernWilhelm I (17907-22)) 22 March 1797 — 9 March 1888 ( 1888-03-09) (aged90) 2 January 18619 March 1888Brother Friedrich Wilhelm IV, also President of the North German Confederation (1867-1871) and German Emperor from 1871HohenzollernFriedrich III (1831-10-18) 18 October 1831 — 15 June 1888 (1888-06-15) (aged56) 9 March 188815 June 1888Son Wilhelm I, also Emperor GermanhohenzollernWilhelm II (1859-01-27) 27 January 1859 — 4 June 1941 (1941-06-04) (aged82) 15 June 188828 November 1918 (abdicated) [2] Son of Friedrich III, also German EmperorHohenzollern Timeline of Claiming to the Prussian throne (1918—present) Wilhelm II (28 October 1918 — 4 June 1941) Friedrich Wilhelm (4th June 1941 — 20 July 1951) Louis Ferdinand (20 July 1951 — 26 September 1994) Georg Friedrich (26 November 1994 — present) See also Constitution of Prussia (1850) Crown Friedrich I Crown Wilhelm II German Emperor German History of Prussia History of Prussia Castle Hohenzollern King in Prussia List of German monarchs List of rulers of Brandenburg List of Prussian empresses Prussian Minister President Year Three Emperors Reference Outside links Category:Wangsa Hohenzollern Category:Kings of Prussia Category:Lists of monarchical rulers


Question: What is the area of Thuringia?

Thüringen

The Free State of Thüringen (German: Freistaat Thüringen) or Thuringia is a German state and has a territory of 16.171km² and a population of 2,392,000 inhabitants.


Question: What is the area of Thuringia?

Thüringen

The capital city is Erfurt.


Question: What is the area of Thuringia?

Thüringen

The geography of Thüringen is located in central Germany and borders the states of Hessen, Bayern, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt and Niedersachsen.


Question: What is the area of Thuringia?

Thüringen

To the south of Thüringen is dominated with the forest of Thüringer Wald.


Question: What is the area of Thuringia?

Thüringen

List of Prime Ministers of Thüringen 1945: Hermann Brill (SPD) 1945 - 1947: Rudolf Paul (SED) 1947 - 1952: Werner Eggerath (SED) 1990 - 1992: Josef Duchac (CDU) 1992 - 2003: Bernhard Vogel (CDU) 2003 - 2009: Dieter Althaus (CDU) since 2009: Christine Lieberknecht (CDU) History Thüringen section in 1952, at a time when the sovereign East German state was split into Bezirke.


Question: What is the area of Thuringia?

Thüringen

But in 1990 it was held again.


Question: What is the area of Thuringia?

Thüringen

The Administrative Division of Thüringen is divided into 17 Landkreise (a kind of district) and 6 Kreisfreie Städte (a kind of municipality).


Question: What is the area of Thuringia?

Thüringen

Landkreise (District) Altenburger Land Eichsfeld Gotha Greiz Hildburghausen Ilm-Kreis Kyffhäuserkreis Nordhausen Saale-Holzland Saale-Orla Saalfeld-Rudolstadt Schmalkalden-Meiningen Sömmerda Sonneberg Unstrut-Hainich Wartburgkreis Weimarer Land Kreisfredäie Te (municipality) Erfurt Eisenach Gera Jena Suhl Weimar Reference Links Outside Category:States in Germany


Question: What is the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences?

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) or Academy of Film Arts and Knowledge is a professed organization of professional filmmakers founded May 11, 1972 in California.


Question: What is the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences?

The organization aims to improve the art and knowledge of film and consists of more than 6,000 professional filmmakers. [2]


Question: What is the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences?

Although most members live in the United States, membership of Academy members is open to quality film people from all over the world.


Question: What is the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences?

In 2004, the Academy comprised sineas from 36 countries. [3]


Question: What is the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences?

The organization is well known worldwide for its annual event in the form of awarding Academy Awards (Oscar Cup).


Question: What is the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences?

In addition, each year the Academy also awards and prize money for students of S-1 and S-2 levels called Student Academy Awards, provides up to 5 scholarship prizes in screenwriting (Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting), providing Margaret library services Herrick in Beverly Hills, and the Pickford Center Film Center in Hollywood, California.


Question: What is the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences?

Membership of Academy Members is appointed based on a competitive candidacy, but pre-nominated syneas must be selected and invited by the Academy.


Question: What is the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences?

The list of members is not announced to the public, although in the past the Academy has issued a press release containing the names of sineas invited as Academy members.


Question: What is the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences?

If a cinema turned out to be nominated into more than one field of film, the concerned cinema must choose the category of interest when becoming a member.


Question: What is the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences?

Academy Founder (36 people) Actor Richard Barthelmess Jack Holt Conrad Nagel Milton Sills Douglas Fairbanks Harold Lloyd Director Cecil B. DeMille Frank Lloyd Henry King Fred Niblo John M. Stahl Raoul Walsh Screenwriter Joseph Farnham Benjamin F. Glazer Jeanie MacPherson Bess Meredyth Carey Wilson Frank Woods Film Worker J, Arthur Ball Cedric Gibbons Roy J. Pomeroy Producer Fred Beetson Charles H. Christie Sid Grauman Milton E. Hoffman Jesse L. Lasky M. C. Levee Louis B. Mayer Joseph M. Schenck Irving Thalberg Harry Warner Jack Warner Mary Pickford Harry Rapf Lawyer Edwin Loeb George W. Cohen Chairman of the Academy The election of a chairman is conducted once a year, and an Academy member must not be elected more than 4 times a consecutive term.


Question: What is the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences?

Douglas Fairbanks 1927-1929 William C. DeMille 1929-1931 M. C. Levee 1931-1932 Conrad Nagel 1932-1933 J. Theodore Reed 1933-1934 Frank Lloyd 1934-1935 Frank Capra 1935-1939 Walter Wanger 1939-1941, 1941-1945 Bette Davis 1941 (resigned after serving 2 months) Jean Hersholt 1945-1949 Charles Brackett 1949-1955 George Seaton 1955-1958 George Stevens 1958-1959 B. B. Kahane 1959-1960 (died) Valentine Davies 1960-1961 (died) Wendell Corey 1961-1963 Arthur Freed 1963-1967 Gregory Peck 1967-1970 Daniel Taradash 1970-1973 Walter Mirisch 1973-1977 Howard W. Koch 1977-1979 Fay Kanin -1983 Gene Allen 1983-1985 Robert Wise 1985-1988 Richard Kahn 1988-1989 Karl Malden 1989-1992 Robert Rehme 1992-1993, 1997-2001 Arthur Hiller 1993-1997 Frank R. Pierson 2001-2005 Sid Ganis 2005- Academy caretaker who is now Chairman - Sid Ganis Vice chairman I - Robert Rehme Vice chairman - Tom Hanks Vice chairman - Arthur Hamilton Treasurer - Donald C. Rogers Secretary - Kathy Bates Executive director - Bruce Davis Board director: Dede Allen Michael Apted Craig Barron Kathy Bates Ed Begley Jr. Carl A. Bell Charles Bernstein Jon Bloom Rosemary Brandenburg Bruce Broughton Donn Cambern Roger Deakins Caleb Deschanel Arthur Dong Richard Edlund Jonathan Erland Sid Ganis James N. Gianopulos Larry Gordon Arthur Hamilton Tom Hanks Curtis Hanson J. Paul Huntsman Cheryl Boone Isaacs Fay Canin Kathleen Kennedy Howard “Hawk” Koch Jeffrey Kurland John Lasseter Marvin Levy Michael Mann Freida Lee Mock Kevin O'Connell Jeannine Oppewal Alexander Payne Frank R. Pierson Robert Rehme Phil Alden Robinson Donald C. Rogers Owen Roizman Tom Rolf Tom Sherak Reference Outside Links See anyway Academy Awards Academy Film Archive Category:Organizations in USA Category:Cinema in USA Category:Academy Awards


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Social Cognitive Theory (Social Cognitive Theory) is a new naming of Social Learning Theory developed by Albert Bandura.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

This new naming under the name Social Cognitive Theory was done in the 1970s and 1980s. The principal idea of Bandura's thought (Bandura, 1962) was also a development of Miller and Dollard's idea of learning to imitate (imitative learning).


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

In some of his publications, Bandura has elaborated on the process of social learning with cognitive and behavioral factors that affect a person in the social learning process.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

This theory is instrumental in studying the effects of mass media content on media audiences at the individual level.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

The Main Concepts of Social Cognitive Theory It is clear that the main concept of social cognitive theory is the notion of obvervational learning or the process of learning by observing.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

If there is a “model” in the environment of an individual, such as friends or family members in the internal environment, or in a public environment such as public figures in the field of news and entertainment, the learning process from this individual will occur through the way of paying attention to the model aforementioned.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Sometimes a person's behavior can arise simply because of the modeling process.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Modeling or imitation is “the direct, mechanical reproduction of behavior, direct and mechanical behavior reproduction (Baran & Davis, 2000:184).


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

For example, when a mother teaches her child how to tie shoes by showing them repeatedly so that the child can tie his shoelaces, then this process is called modeling process.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

In addition to the process of interpersonal imitation, the modeling process</i>can also be seen in the source source displayed by the media.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

For example, people can imitate how to cook bika cake in a culinary show on television.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

However, not all sources can affect the audience, although the examples shown are easier than how to make bika cakes.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

In this case, social cognitive theory returns to the basic concept of “rewards and punishments” — rewards and punishments— but places it in the context of social learning.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Baranowski, Perry, and Parcel (1997) state that “reinforcement is the primary construct in the operant form of learning” (p.161) — the process of reinforcement is the primary form of one's way of learning.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

The process of reinforcement is also a central concept of the social learning process.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

In social cognitive theory, reinforcement works through the processes of blocking effects (inhibitory effects) and letting effects (disinhibitory effects).


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Inhibitory Effects occur when one sees a model given a punishment for certain behaviors, for example an arrest and sentencing verdict against a well-known singer-artist for engaging in the creation of a pornographic video.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

By observing what the model experienced earlier, will reduce the likelihood of the person following what the famous singer-artist did.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

In contrast, disinhibitory effects occur when one sees a model who is rewarded or rewarded for a particular behavior.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

For example, in a show of a talent contest on a television was shown a group of street players who could win a prize of hundreds of millions of dollars, and were offered to be an advertising model and play in soap operas because of the competition.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

According to this theory, people will also try to follow in the footsteps of the street banker.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

The effects put forward above do not depend on actual rewards and punishments, but from reinforcement of what others experience but one perceives as his own experience (vicarious reinforcement).


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

According to Bandura (1986), vicarious reinforcement occurs because of the concept of outcome expectations and outcomes expectancies.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Outcome expectations indicate that when we see a model being rewarded and punished, we would expect to get the same result if we performed the same behavior as the model.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

As said by Baranowski et al (1997), “People develop expectations about a situation and expectations for outcomes of their behavior before they actually encounter the situation” (p.162) — people will develop their expectations about a situation and their expectations to get a result of his behavior before he actually experienced the situation.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Furthermore, one binds the value of those expectations in the form of outcomes expectancies—expectations of outcomes.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

These expectations imply to the extent to which certain observed reinforcement is seen as a faith/reward or punishment.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

For example, people do consider that the behavior of a singer who stars in a porn video does deserve to be punished, but social cognitive theory also considers the possibility of the same behavior that others in those porn videos get rewarded for example in the form of sympathy or Not even submitted to the court because he was considered a victim, although at the time of doing the porn video scene he and the convicted singer were both doing it knowingly.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

This will affect the extent to which the social learning process will occur.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

The concepts that have been put forward are the basic processes of learning in social cognitive theory.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Nonetheless, there are several other concepts that this theory puts forward that will influence the extent to which social learning plays a role.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

One important addition to this theory is the concept of identification (indentification) with models within the media.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

In particular social cognitive theory states that if a person perceives a strong psychological connection with the model, the process of social learning will occur more.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

According to White (1972:252) identification arises from wanting to be to trying to be like the model with some greater quality.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

For example, a child who idolizes a football athlete, might imitate that athlete by using the same costume as the athlete or eating the food that the athlete consumes.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Social cognitive theory also considers the importance of the ability of the “observer” to display a special behavior and the belief he or she leads to display the behavior of the character.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

This belief is called self-efficacy or self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977</b>a) and it is seen as a critical infrastructure of behavior change.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

For example, in the case of impressions on how to make bika cakes on television that have been mentioned above.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Social cognitive theory states that not everyone will learn to make bika cakes, especially for those who are used to buying ready-made bika cakes and have faith that making bika cakes themselves is a waste and unnecessary thing because buying them is not expensive.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

In this case the person is considered not to have a sufficient level of self-efficacy to learn how to cook bika cake from television.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Social Cognitive Theory and Communication Media From the above explanation, it can be concluded that the assumption of social cognitive theory is that the learning process will occur if one observes a model that displays a behavior and earns rewards or punishment for that behavior.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Through this observation, the person will develop expectations about what will happen if he performs the same behavior as the model.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

These expectations will affect the process of learning the behavior and the next type of behavior that will emerge.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

However, this learning process will be guided by the extent that the person identifies himself with the model and the degree to which he feels self-efficacy about the behaviors exemplified by the model.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Through the basis of this thinking, the application of social cognitive theory with research in mass media needs to be clarified.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

In today's society, many of the models we study are the ones we see, hear, or read about in the mass media.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

These models could be the ones we observe in news broadcasts or documentary programs.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

They could also be the characters we see in drama/cinepon/movie programs or television or also characters in novel books.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

It could also be those singers or dancers that we hear and see through the radio or CDs and music VCDs.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

In a word, so many models displayed by media will be able to change the behavior of both children and adults as they observe the media.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

The biggest impact of social cognitive theory is in research on violence in media (media violence).


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Gunter (1994) conducted a review of research on the impact of violence displayed in the media on children and adults, and he concluded that there is strong mixed evidence linking the effects of violent portrayals through media on behavior, attitudes and cognition from the audience.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Social cognition theory, which strongly emphasizes the effects on behavior, says that the use of violence provokes both an increase and a decrease in violent behavior, depending on the behavior that gets the reward or punishment, and also depends on the extent of the audience identify themselves on models of violence in media.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Certainly, the early research of Bandura (1962) and Berkowitz (1964) supports a fundamental link between watching violent behavior and modeling behavior in interactions.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

In any case, recent research has added complexity to this equation, arguing that issues such as preexisting aggressive behavioral tendencies, media cognitive processes, mediam-described realities and even diet can influence the extent to which a person “learns” about violence from the media.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

(Miller,2005:254) Applications of social cognitive theory on the study of violence through television consider how media can have unintended consequences on its audience of viewers.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

In any case, communication scholars and action research (action research) researchers also consider more useful applications of this social cognitive theory.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

More and more communication scholars are using the concept of entertainment and education</i>in considering how entertainment program messages can be used to cause behavioral and social changes.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

For example research on how telenovela that is broadcast in many countries in addition to being entertaining can also convey issues about family planning, equal rights of men and women, and agricultural reform.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Many American soap operas are indeed made in a social cognitive framework that is by using interesting characters who earn rewards or punishments as modeling of behavior in real terms.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Social Cognitive Theory is also used in public health communication applications.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

For example, for campaigns about Dengue Fever, or Bird Flu used famous artists or interesting figures who due to follow the government's recommendations for prevention, could be spared from the disease.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

The wearing of a famous artist or figure of interest will trigger people to be more wary of both diseases.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

The summary of Social Cognitive Theory provides an explanation of how behavior can be formed through observation on models displayed by mass media.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

The effect of this modeling increases through observations about the rewards and punishments handed down on models, through identification from audiences on those models, and through the extent to which audiences have self-efficacy about the behaviors exemplified in the media.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Although based on the field of study of social psychology, this theory has a strong effect for understanding of the effects of violence through media both for children and adults and also on planning campaigns aimed at changing people's behavior through media.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Bandura reference, A.1962.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Social learning through imitation.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

In M.R. Jones (Ed), Nebraska symposium on Motivation.vol 10.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press Bandura, A. 1977</b>a.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Self-Efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavior change.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Psychological Review, 84, p. 191-215 Bandura, A. 1977</b>b.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Social Learning Theory.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

New Jersey: Prentise Hall Baran, S.J & D.K. Davis. 2000.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Mass Communication Theory: Foundations, Ferment, and Future. 2nd edition.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Belmon, CA: Wadsworth Baranowsky, T, C.L. Perry & G. S. Parecel. 1997.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

How Individuals, environments, and health behaviors interact: Social Cognitive Theory.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

In K. Glanz, F. M. Lewis, & BK Rimer, Health Behavior abd Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice. 2nd edition.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Miller.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Communication Theories: Perspectives, Processes, and Contexts. 2nd Edition.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

International Edition.


Question: When was Social Cognitive Theory developed?

Social Cognitive Theory

Singapore: McGraw-Hill Category:Behavior