Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The king fled west with the crown prince and his retinue, allowing rebels to enter and plunder the capital with little resistance. [31]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The rebels then retreated to Kediri, taking the wealth of the kingdom with them. [32]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The enthronement of Amangkurat II and his alliance with the VOC King Amangkurat I died while moving back in Tegal in July 1677. [31] [21] The crown prince replaced his father and used the title Amangkurat II, and was accepted by the Javanese nobility in Tegal (his grandmother's hometown) and also by the VOC. [33] [21] , he failed to cement his power in the nearby city, Cirebon, whose rulers decided to declare independence from Mataram with the support of the Sultanate of Banten. [33]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Subsequently, his younger brother Prince Puger (later Pakubuwanai) captured the now-destroyed capital, refused to join as an AmangKuratii loyalist, and declared himself king with the title Ingalanga Mataram. [33]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Having no army and wealth and being unable to assert his power, Amangkurat decided to ally with the VOC. [34]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

At this time, Admiral Speelman was in Jepara, sailing there from Surabaya after hearing of the fall of the capital. [33]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

His forces have recaptured important coastal cities in Central Java, including Semarang, Demak, Kudus, and Pati. [35]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Amangkurat moved to Jepara by VOC ship in September 1677.


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The king had to agree to the broad concessions demanded by the VOC in return for restoring his monarchy. [34]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

He promised the VOC revenue from all port cities on the north coast. [34]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The highlands of Priangan and Semarang will be handed over to the VOC. [32]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The king also agreed to recognize the jurisdiction of the VOC's power over all non-Javanese living in his territory. [34]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Dutch historian H. J. de Graaf commented that by doing this, the VOC, as a corporation, engaged in “dangerous speculation”, which they hoped would pay off in the future when their colleague would regain its power over Mataram. [34]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

VOC—Mataram forces made sluggish progress against the rebels. [32] [34] At the beginning of 1678 their control was limited to several towns on the central northern coast.


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In 1678, Speelman became Director-General of the VOC, replacing Rijcklof van Goens, who became Governor-General (Speelman later became Governor-General in 1681). [32]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

His command at Jepara was handed over to Anthonio Hurdt, who arrived in June 1678. [32]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Loyalist victory and death of Trunajaya The VOC and Mataram forces moved inland against Kediri in September 1678.


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

As per the king's advice, the troops were broken into three ranks, with no direct route, with the aim of covering more locations and inducing awe in those who felt hesitant to take sides. [36]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The king's idea worked, and as the military campaign continued, local groups joined forces, who were eager for booty. [20]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Kediri was captured on 25November by an assault force led by Captain François Tack. [20] [32] The victorious force proceeded to Surabaya, the largest city in East Java, where Amangkurat established its keraton. [37]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Elsewhere, the rebels were also defeated.


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In September 1679, a combined VOC, Javanese, and Bugis force under Sindu Reja and Jan Albert Sloot defeated Raden Kajoran in battle at Mlambang, near Pajang. [7] [38] Kajoran surrendered but was executed on Sloot's orders. [38]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In November, VOC and Bugis forces allied under Arung Palakka destroyed the Makassar rebels' stronghold in Keper, East Java. [7]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In April 1680, after what the VOC considered a fierce battle in the war, the rebellious ruler of Giri was defeated and most of his family executed. [7]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

As the VOC and Amangkurat achieved more victories, more and more Javanese declared their allegiance to the king. [7]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

After his fortress fell in Kediri, Trunajaya managed to escape to the mountains in eastern Java. [39]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The VOC forces and the king pursued Trunajaya, who was shelled and short of food, surrendered to the VOC in late 1679. [40] [7] Initially, he was treated with respect as a captive of the VOC commander.


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

However, while on a ceremonial visit to the nobleman's residence in Payak, East Java, on 2 January 1680, [40] he was stabbed by Amangkurat himself, and the king's courtiers finished him off. [40] [7] The king defended the murder of a VOC prisoner by saying that Trunajaya had tried to kill him . [41]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The VOC was not convinced by this explanation, but chose not to punish the king. [42]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

A romantic story regarding Trunajaya's death appears in 18th-century Central Javanese babad. [39]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

End of Prince Puger's rebellion In addition to Trunajaya's forces, Amangkurat II continued to face opposition from his brother Prince Puger, who had seized the old capital at Plered and had seized the throne for himself in 1677. [33]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Before Trunajaya's defeat, Amangkurat forces took no action against him. [34]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

After Trunajaya was defeated, Amangkurat still could not convince his brother to surrender. [7]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In September 1680, Amangkurat built a new capital city in Kartasura. [7]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In November, Amangkurat and VOC forces drove Puger out of Plered. [7]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

However, Puger quickly rebuilt his army, seizing Plered again in August 1681, and nearly seizing Kartasura. [7]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In November 1681, VOC and Mataram forces again defeated Puger, and this time he surrendered and was pardoned by his brother. [7] [43] Amangkurat II's denouement secured his rule with the defeat of the rebels.


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Due to the rebels' capture and then the destruction of the capital at Plered, he built a new capital, Kartasura, in the district of Pajang, and moved his keraton there. [43]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

A VOC fortress was built in the capital, next to the royal residence, to defend it from invasion. [43]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

As for the VOC, its involvement allowed the cornered and nearly defeated Amangkurat II to remain on his throne. [44]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

This became the beginning of VOC precedent supporting Javanese kings and claimants in exchange for concessions. [44]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

However, by 1680, this policy required a high level of expenditure to maintain a military presence in Central and East Java, and this led to slumping VOC finances. [44]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The payment promised by Amangkurat was not kept, and by 1682 the king's debt to the VOC exceeded 1.5million reals, about five times the amount of the royal estate. [45]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Semarang's handover was postponed due to disputes, [45] and other provisions in the contract were largely ignored by local Javanese officials. [46]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Subsequently, an anti-VOC faction developed in the palace of Mataram, and a member of this faction, Nerangkusuma, became patih (chief minister) from 1682 to 1686. [47] [46] The poor relations between Mataram and the VOC continued by protecting Surapati, an enemy of the VOC, in 1684, [48] and death VOC captain, François Tack at Mataram palace in 1686. [48]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The king's younger brother, Prince Puger, who tried to seize the throne during the Trunajaya rebellion, was pardoned by the king. [43]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

However, after the king's death in 1703 and succeeded by his son Amangkurat III, Puger seized the throne again. [49]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Puger's claim was supported by the VOC, and the VOC-Puger alliance won the subsequent First Javanese War of Succession (1704—1708). [49]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Puger ascended the throne with the title Pakubuwana I and AmangkuratiII was exiled to Sri Lanka. [49]


Question: What is the Trunajaya Rebellion?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Footnote Reference Library Category:Historical Java Category:Military history Indonesia Category:Historical Dutch East Indies Category:Wars involving the Netherlands Category:VOC


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

The Ramayana (from Sanskrit: रामाय, Rāmâyaṇa; derived from the word Rāma and Ayaṇa meaning “The Journey of Rama”) is a story/story of heroism from India composed by Walmiki (Valmiki) or Balmiki from the story of Goddess Sita.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

Another epics story is the Mahabharata.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

Ramayana is also found in Javanese literary khazanah in the form of Ramayana kakawin, and its ingredients in New Javanese which are not all based on this kakawin.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

In Malay it is also found by Hikayat Seri Rama whose content is different from the Ramayana kakawin in ancient Javanese and Balinese languages, namely puppets and dance sendra.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

In India in Sanskrit, the Ramayana is divided into seven books or kanda as follows: Balakanda Ayodhyakanda Aranyakanda Kiskindhakanda Sundarakanda Yuddhakanda Uttarakanda Many argue that the first and seventh kanda constitute new inserts.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

In Old Javanese, Uttarakanda was found anyway.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

Influence in culture Some chapters and scenes in Ramayana are poured into painting and sculptural forms in Hindu architecture.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

Wiracarita Ramayana was also raised into the culture of waywarding in the archipelago, such as for example in Java and Bali.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

In addition, in some countries (such as Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Philippines, etc.), Wiracarita Ramayana is appointed as performing arts.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

The list of books of Wiracarita Ramayana consists of seven books called Saptakanda.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

The order of the books shows the chronology of events that occurred within the Wiracarita Ramayana.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

See below: The Summary of the Story of Prabu Dasarata of the Ayodhya Wiracarita Ramayana tells the story of Sang Rama who ruled in the Kosala Kingdom, to the north of the Ganges River, his capital Ayodhya.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

Previously it begins with the story of Prabu Dasarata which has three empresses, namely: Kosalya, Kekayi, and Sumitra.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

From Goddess Kosalya, Sang Rama was born.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

From Goddess Kekayi, was born the Bharata.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

From Goddess Sumitra, were born twin sons, named Lakshmana and Satrugna.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

The four princes are very gallant and adept at arms.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

On one day, Resi Vishwamitra asked Sang Rama for help to protect the hermitage in the middle of the forest from the disturbance of the rakshasa.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

After conferring with Prabu Dasarata, Resi Vishwamitra and Sang Rama set off to the middle of the forest accompanied by Sang Lakshmana.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

During his journey, Sang Rama and Lakshmana were given spirituality from Resi Vishwamitra.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

They also incessantly kill the giants who disrupt the ceremonies of the Resi.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

When they passed through Mithila, Sang Rama followed the ceremony held by Prabu Janaka.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

He managed to win the ceremony and had the right to propose Goddess Sinta, the daughter of Prabu Janaka.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

By bringing Goddess Sinta, Rama and Lakshmana return home to Ayodhya.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

Prabu Dasarata, who was old, wanted to surrender the throne to Rama.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

At the request of Goddess Kekayi, Sang Prabu heavy-heartedly handed over the throne to Bharata whereas Rama had to leave the kingdom for 14 years.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

Bharata wanted Rama as successor to the throne, but Rama refused and wanted a life in the forest with his wife and Lakshmana.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

Finally Bharata ruled the Kosala Kingdom in the name of Sang Rama.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

Rama lives in the forest In his period of exile in the forest, Rama and Lakshmana meet various giants, including Surpanaka.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

Because Surpanaka lusted with Rama and Lakshmana, his nose was injured by Lakshmana's sword.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

Surpanaka complains to Rawana that he was persecuted.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

Rawana becomes enraged and intent on revenge.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

He heads to the place of Rama and Lakshmana then by a ruse, he kidnaps Sinta, the wife of Sang Rama.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

In his abduction attempt, Jatayu tried to help but was unsuccessful so he fell.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

Rama who finds out his wife was kidnapped seeks Rawana to the Alengka Kingdom on Jatayu's clues.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

On the way, he met Sugriwa, the King of Kiskindha.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

Upon Sang Rama's help, Sugriwa managed to wrest the kingdom from the rule of his elder brother, Subali.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

To avenge the merit, Sugriwa allied himself with Sang Rama to soar Alengka.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

With the help of Hanuman and thousands of wanara, they cross the ocean and hound Alengka.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

Rama hounded Rawana Rawana who knew his kingdom was overrun, sending his allies including his son — Indrajit — to soar Rama.


Question: What is told in wiracarita Ramayana.?

Ramayana

Wibisana's (his sister's) advice was ignored and he was instead expelled.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Eventually Wibisana sided with Rama.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Indrajit takes off his nagapasa weapon and obtains victory, but not for long.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

He fell in the hands of Lakshmana.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

After the allies and the starkers fall one by one, Rawana comes to the face and the fight is fierce.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

With the powerful arrow weapon of Brahmāstra, Rawana fell as a knight.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

After Rawana's fall, the throne of Alengka Kingdom was handed over to Wibisana.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Sinta returns to Rama's lap after his sanctity is tested.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Rama, Sinta, and Lakshmana go home to Ayodhya safely.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Hanuman gave himself round to serve Rama.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

When he reached Ayodhya, Bharata welcomed them with takzim and handed the throne to Rama.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Shortly becoming King and Queen in the Kingdom of Ayodhya, Rama hears his people's desus desires about Sita's chastity.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Rama also drove Sita out in a pregnant state and Sita went to Resi Walmiki's place.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

There Sita narrates her journey with Rama.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Sita gives birth to twins, Kusa and Lawa.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

A few years later Rama held the Aswamedha Ceremony in Ayodhya Kingdom.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Sita, Resi Walmiki, Kusa and Lawa came to the ceremony.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Then Kusa and Lawa sang the Ramayana verse.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Rama was surprised that anyone told of his journey.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

After that Sita swore in front of everyone "If I am holy then the Earth will swallow me.”


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Not long ago Mother Goddess Earth picked up Sita and she was swallowed by the Earth.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

The embittered Rama stripped him of his body and was no longer the Embodiment of Wishnu.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Rama died on the coast of Uttara.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Excerpt from Kakawin Ramayana Reference Milner Rabb, Kate, National Epics, 1896 - Project Gutenburg Raghunathan, N. (Trans), Srimad Valmiki Ramayanam, Vighneswara Publishing House, Madras (1981) A Different Song - Article from “The Hindu” August 12, 2005 - Dr. Gauri Mahulikar Effect Of Ramayana On Various Cultures And Civilisations, Ramayan Institute Goldman, Robert P.,


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India Princeton University Press, 1999 ISBN 0-691-01485-X S. S. N. Murthy, A note on the Ramayana, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Arya, Ravi Prakash (ed.).


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Ramayana of Valmiki: Sanskrit Text and English Translation.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

(English translation according to M. N. Dutt, introduction by Dr. Ramashraya Sharma, 4-volume set) Parimal Publications: Delhi, 1998 ISBN 81-7110-156-9 Links outside Ramayana compiled using Sanskrit रामाय( Devanagari version on Wikisource) English translation Transclusion error: {{ En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Information in the network (in Gujarati) Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

(Registration eller) Satellite Photo of the Ancient Bridge known presently as Rama's Bridge publishes classical Indian literature, including the Mahabharata and Ramayana, with facing-page text and translation.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Also offers searchable corpus and downloadable materials.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Works inspired by Ramayana contains paintings, sculptures, and other Indian art inspired by Ramayana. the story of rama and shinta which is reappointed by Google. - clips of a 21st century animated portrayal of the Ramayana from Sita's perspective An Epic Power Metal band from Canada, uses Ramayana themed Lyrics in their debut album called “Ramayana”.


Question: What is told in the Ramayana wiracarita.?

Ramayana

Research Article - (pdf format) - discusses adaptations in other nations See also Ramakien Hindu Literature World Literature Javanese Literature Malay Literature Category:Hindu Literature Category:Hindu Mythology Category:Wiracarita


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

FDTL Major General Lere Anan Timor () [1] is the Commander-in-Chief of the F-FDTL in office since 6 October 2011.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

Lere Anan Timorese background comes from an East Timorese noble family in Makalero. [2]


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

He was the oldest of six children (two daughters and four sons) of Domingos dos Santos and Filipa dos Santos. [3]


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

After primary school (1960—1965) and three years in military school in Lospalos graduated Lere Anan Timor technical agricultural school from Salesian in Fatumaca (1969—1973).


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

From August 1974, he did his military service in the Portuguese army, first in Aileu, then as a driver at the headquarters in Taibesi (Dili). 1975 followed a transfer to Caicoli to the 1st Division from paratroopers.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

In July he earned his license and then did an apprenticeship in Fatumaca.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

In August 1975, he returned to his homeland, Iliomar. [3] [4] With the foundation of FALINTIL on 20 August 1975, Lere Anan Timor became a political assistant for the military wing of FRETILIN.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

When Indonesia invaded East Timor on 7 December 1975, Lere Anan Timor was Deputy Secretary of FRETILIN in his home region of Iliomar.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

Here he organized the resistance and protection of the civilian population.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

In 1976, Lere Anan Timor secretary of the Marebia zone, including Iliomar.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

With the 1977 restructuring of FRETILIN, he became secretary of the zone Tractor, consisting of Iliomar and Lospalos there and secretary of RENAL (Reconstrução Nacional).


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

Shortly thereafter, appointment as a commissariat delegate followed.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

In 1978, he escaped the destruction of Matebian based resistance and then operated out of the jungle mainly in Iliomar District.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

He quickly rose up in the fight against the invaders in FALINTIL.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

In 1979, Lere Anan Timor was appointed military commander and member of the Central Committee of FRETILIN.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

This prompted the 1981 operational commander of Lere and regional secretary for the eastern sector of Ponta Leste (now the municipality of Lautém).


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

In 1981 he was elected member of the Central Committee of FRETILIN and Political Commissar and Political Director in that region.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

In July 1983 East Lere Anan was transferred to the Haksolok region (Ainaro and Cova Lima), where he held a position as regional commander.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

In March 1984, Lere Anan Timor was wounded in battle and evacuated to Rotuto. [4]


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

In restructuring in 1985 he became commander of Region 4 (hard municipality), 1987 commander for Centro Leste sector (Baucau and Viqueque), 1993 commander of Ponta Leste sector and in 1997, Deputy Chief of Staff.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

To demobilize Lere Anan Timor came in July 1999 at the camp in Atelari.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

Three of his siblings were killed by the Indonesian military.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

Even Elsa Pinto, his first wife died in 1981 in the forest, shortly after the birth of his second son.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

His mother lived from 1982 to 1983 as an exile on Atauro Island. [3] [4] [4] After the war, FALINTIL was transformed into the army of independent East Timor, the defense force of East Timor.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

On 1 February 2001 Lere was colonel as deputy of Commander Taur Matan Ruak and Chief of Staff.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

On 28 November 2009, Lere was promoted from Colonel to Brigadier General and Deputy Chief of Staff F-FDTL. [4] [5] [6] After the resignation of his superiors, accepted Lere Anan Timor, now with the rank of major general, on 6 October 2011, command of F-FDTL. [7]


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

On 9 February 2015, President Taur Matan Ruak sacked Lere Anan Timor and promoted him to Lieutenant General.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

The new commander-in-chief is Filomeno Paixão, but there are disputes with the government and parliament, who have proposed an extension of the term for Lere Anan Timor. [8]


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

Finally, an agreement was reached on April 15, on the nomination of Pedro Klamar Fuik as the new chief of staff.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

Until the handover, Timor's Lere Anan should continue to lead.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

After that, he and Paixao had to retire or change reserves. [9] [10] However, during the term of President Taur Matan Ruak, there was no more handover.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

The government recommended in October 2015 the extension of Lere Anan Timor's term. [4]


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

This Timorese Lere Anan gets a third term, which is not really provided for by applicable law.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

After starting the Cabinet of the Seventh Constitutional Government followed President Francisco Guterres proposal of Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri and extended on 5 October, 2017, the term of Lere Anan Timor and leadership of the FDTL there is another year, which means new amendments to the Force Armed Act. [11] [12] Other Lere Anan Timor married since 2001 in his second marriage to Cidália Mesquita Ximenes.


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

He had a total of eight children, two from his first wife, Elsa Pinto, who died in childbirth in 1981. [13]


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

East Lere Anan's proximity to the Sagrada Familia, to which it belonged during the independence struggle, is considered problematic. [14]


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

On 7 December 2006, Lere Anan Timor received the Ordem da Guerrilha and on 19 May 2012, the Order of Timor-Leste on the gang. [4] [13] In addition, was the bearer of Medalha Halibur. [3]


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

The Eastern Lere Anan speak Tetum, Fataluku, Makasae, Makalero and Portuguese. [3]


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

Signs Colonel F-FDTL (01-02-2001) Brigadier General F-FDTL (28-11-2009) Major General F-FDTL (06-10-2011) Position History of Region I Falintil Secretary (1981) Region IV Commander Falintil (1984) Centro Leste Sector Commander (1987) Deputy Chief of Staff and Sector Commander Ponta Leste (1993) Region I Commander Falintil (1994—2000) Chief of Staff Falintil (1998-2001) Chief of Staff F-FDTL (2001-2009) Deputy Commander F-FDTL (2009-2011) Commander-in-Chief F-FDTL (2011-present) History of Assignment of Operation Halibur (2008) Honorary Degree Ordem da Guerrilha (7 December 2006) Medalha Halibur in 2008 Grande Collar of the Order of Timor-Leste, Timor-Leste (19 May 2012) See Also History of East Timor Reference |-!


Question: who are the parents of Dr. Rui Maria de Araújo?

Lere Anan Timor

Military offices Category:East Timor figures


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Genetics (uptake word from Dutch: genetica, adaptation from English: genetics, formed from the Greek word: γέννω, genno meaning “giving birth”) is a branch of biology that studies the inheritance of traits in organisms as well as suborganisms (such as viruses and prions).


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Briefly it can also be said that genetics is the science of genes and all aspects of them.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

The term “genetics” was introduced by William Bateson in a personal letter to Adam Chadwick and he used it at the 3rd International Conference on Genetics in 1906.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

In relation to genetics, DNA has a very important role.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

DNA is the fundamental genetic material that controls the properties of living things, expressible in the form of polypeptides, although it is not entirely protein (it can be expressed as RNA that has catalytic reactions, such as SNRPs).


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Francis Crick explains the flow of information carried by DNA in The Central Dogma series, which reads The flow of DNA information can be passed to cells and other individuals by replication, can be expressed into an intermediate signal in the form of RNA, which can then be expressed into an intermediate signal in the form of RNA, which can then be transposed into polypeptides, the unit builders of a phenotype of an existing organism.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

The field of genetic study starts from the subcellular (molecular) region to the population.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

In more detail, genetics seeks to explain: information-carrying material to be inherited (genetic material), how that information is expressed (genetic expression), and how that information is transferred from one individual to another (genetic inheritance).


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

The beginning and basic concepts of the pre-Mendel Period Although people usually establish genetics starting with the re-discovery of an article written by Gregor Mendel in 1900, genetics as a “science of inheritance” or heredity has been known since prehistoric times, such as domestication and development of various cattle races and plant cultivars.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

People are also familiar with the effects of crossing and mating and making a number of procedures and regulations regarding it since before genetics stood as an independent science.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Genealogy about diseases in the family, for example, has already been reviewed by people before that.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

However, this practical knowledge does not provide an explanation of the causes of those symptoms.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

A popular theory regarding inheritance professed in those days was the theory of mixed inheritance: a person bequeathed an even mixture of the traits that his elders carried, especially from the stud because it carried sperm.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

The results of Mendel's research show that this theory does not hold true because the traits are carried in combinations that typical alleles carry, instead of flattened mixtures.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Another related opinion is Lamarck's theory: the traits that the elder acquired in his life were passed on to his son.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

This theory also fractures with Mendel's explanation that traits carried by genes do not influence the experiences of individuals who bequeath that trait [1].


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Charles Darwin also provided an explanation with the pangenesis hypothesis and was later modified by Francis Galton [2].


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

In this opinion, the cells of the body produce particles called gemmula that will be collected in the reproductive organs before fertilization occurs.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

So, every cell in the body has a donation for the properties that zuriat (heredity) will bring.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

In pre-Mendel times, people were not yet familiar with genes and chromosomes (although DNA was already extracted but in the 19th century it had not known its function).


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

At that time people still thought that traits were inherited through sperm (female elders did not contribute anything to the nature of the child).


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Basic concepts Laying scientific basis through new systematic experiments was carried out in the later half of the 19th century by Gregor Johann Mendel.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

He was a monk from Brno (Brünn in German), Austro-Hungarian Empire (now part of the Czech Republic).


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Mendel was generally agreed as the 'founder of genetics' after his work “Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden” or Experiments concerning Crosses of Plants (published in print in 1866) was rediscovered separately by Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak in 1900.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

In his work, Mendel first discovered that the inheritance of traits in plants (he used seven traits in kapri plants, Pisum sativum) followed a number of simple mathematical nisbah.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

More importantly, he can explain how this nisbah-nisbah came about, through what is known as the 'Mendel Inheritance Law'.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

From this work, people came to know the concept of genes (Mendel called it 'factor').


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Genes are trait carriers.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

An allele is an alternative expression of a gene in association with a trait.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Each disomic individual always has a pair of alleles, relating to a distinctive trait, each derived from its elders.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

The status of this allele pair is called genotype.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

If an individual has the same allele pair, that individual genotype is homozygous genotyped, if the partner is different, the genotype of the individual concerned is in a heterozygous state.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Genotypes are related to observed traits.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

A trait associated with a genotype is called a phenotype.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Chronology of the development of genetics After the rediscovery of Mendel's work, genetics developed very rapidly.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

The development of genetics is often a classic example of the use of the scientific method in science or science.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Here are the stages of the development of genetics: 1859 Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species, as the basis of genetic variation.; 1865 Gregor Mendel submitted the manuscript of Experiments concerning Crosses of Plants; 1878 E. Strassburger gave an explanation of multiple fertilization; 1900 Rediscovery of Mendel's work separately by Hugo de Vries (Belgium), Carl Correns (Germany), and Erich von Tschermak (Austro-Hungarian) ==> beginning of classical genetics; 1903 Chromosomes are known to be units of genetic inheritance; 1905 British biologist William Bateson denounces the term ' genetics'; 1908 and 1909 Laying of the foundations of the theory of population genetics by Weinberg (physician from Germany) and separately by James W. Hardy (English mathematician) ==> early population genetics; 1910 Thomas Hunt Morgan showed that the genes reside on chromosomes, using fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) ==> early cytogenetics; 1913 Alfred Sturtevant made the first genetic map of a chromosome; 1918 Ronald Fisher (biostatistician from England) published On the correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance (liberally meaning “Relationship interrelatives based on Mendel's inheritance”), which ended the feud between the theory of biometry (Pearson et al.) and Mendel's theory at once prefaced the synthesis of both ==> the beginning of quantitative genetics; 1927 Physical changes in genes were called mutations; 1928 Frederick Griffith discovered a carrier molecule interbacterial transferable traits (conjugation); 1931 Cross-moving led to recombination; 1941 Edward Lawrie Tatum and George Wells Beadle showed that genes encode proteins, ==> the beginning of the staple dogma of genetics; 1944 Oswald Theodore Avery, Colin McLeod and Maclyn McCarty isolate DNA as genetic material (they call it the transformation principle); 1950 Erwin Chargaff showed the existence of a general rule that applies to four nucleotides on nucleic acids, for example adenine tends to be just as much as thymine; 1950 Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in maize; 1952 Hershey and Chase proved that the genetic information of bacteriophages (and all other organisms) is DNA; 1953 The puzzle of DNA structure was answered by James D. Watson and Francis Crick in the form of double helix, based on images of X-ray diffraction DNA from Rosalind Franklin ==> early molecular genetics; 1956 Jo Hin Tjio and Albert Levan ascertained that human chromosomes numbered 46; 1958 Meselson-Stahl experiments showed that DNA was duplicated (replicated) semiconservatively; 1961 The genetic code was triplet composed; 1964 Howard Temin showed with virusRNA that the principal dogma of not always prevailing; 1970 The restriction enzyme was found in the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae, allowing DNA cutting and splicing by researchers (see also RFLP) ==> early modern biotechnology; 1977 DNA sequencing was first by Fred Sanger, Walter Gilbert, and Allan Maxam who works separately.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Sanger's team successfully sequenced the whole genome of Bacteriophage Φ-X174;, a viral ==> early genomics; 1983 DNA propagation could be done easily after Kary Banks Mullis discovered the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR); 1985 Alec Jeffreys invented the genetic fingerprinting technique. 1989 First-time sequencing of human genes CFTR protein-encoding cystic fibrosis; 1989 Laying of a strong statistical foundation for quantitative trait locus analysis (QTL analysis); 1995 Haemophilus influenzae genome sequencing, which became the first genome sequencing against an organism the free-living; 1996 First sequencing against eukaryotes: khamir Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 1998 Results of the first sequencing to multicellular eukaryotes, nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, announced; 2001 Initial drafts of human genome sequences released along with the start of the Human Genome Project; 2003 Human Genome Project (Human Genome Project) completed 99% of its work on date (14 April) with an accuracy of 99.99% Applications of Blaise Pascal Theory and Mathematics to Genetics Genetics emerged as an applied science that can be used together with mathematical theories to express unit of a gene in the frequency of its occurrence, genotypic correlation with phenotype, and so on.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

The basic rule of Opportunity commonly used in Genetics calculations is the Law of Multiplication and the Law of Addition P (A and B) = P (A) x P (B) P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B) Because in general a monohybrid marriage with total and perfect dominance results in two possible traits (e.g. P= Aa >< Aa will result in AA, Aa, and aa), then Newton's Binom theory can be applied. (n k) = n! k! (n−k)! {\ displaystyle {n\ choose k} = {\ frac {n!} {k! (n-k)!}}}


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

For AA and Aa give phenotype a, and aa gives phenotype b, and P (a) is the chance of emergence of a, and P (b) a chance of emergence b, then from the binom above can be modified to: P (N [a, b]) = N! /(a! b!


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

) P (a) a P (b) b {\ displaystyle P (N [a, b]) =N! /(a! b!) P (a) ^ {a} P (b) ^ {b}} This Binom rule can be shortened to a pascal triangle Example 1: What are the chances of a couple having 8 children, where it does not consist of 3 men and 5 girls?


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

P (L) = Odds of getting male = 0.5 P (P) = Odds of getting female = 0.5 So that: P (N [3,5]) = 8! /(3! 5!) x 0.53 x 0.55 = 0.21875 Since the situation is not as calculated, then the expected odds are: 1-0.2875 = 0.7125 Example 2: What is the chance of a couple having 8 children, in the order L, P, P, L, L, L, L, L, P?


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Since it is predetermined that children appear in a certain order, then the odds are: P (L) x P (P) x P (P) x P (P) x P (L) x P (L) x P (L) x P (P) = 0.58 = 0.0039 The branches of Genetics genetics develop both as a pure science and an applied science.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

These branches of science are formed mainly as a result of deepening of a certain aspect of the object of its study.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Pure branches of genetics: molecular genetics of cell genetics (cytogenetics) population genetics quantitative genetics developmental genetics Applied branches of genetics: genetics medicine The breeding science of genetic engineering or gene engineering Biotechnology is an applied science that does not is directly a branch of genetics but strongly associated with developments in the field of genetics.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Reverse genetics study of classical genetics starts from phenotype symptoms (which appear by human observations) and then find a genotypic explanation to the gene level. The rapid and efficient development of techniques in molecular genetics gave rise to a new philosophy in genetics methodology, by flipping the direction of study.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Because many genes have been identified sequences, people insert or change a gene in a chromosome and then see the phenotypic implications that occur.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Analytical techniques using this philosophy are grouped in the study of reverse-direction genetics or reverse genetics, while classical genetics studies techniques are dubbed forward-direction genetics or forward genetics.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Transclusion Outer link reference error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is genetic?

Genetics

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Android (/ˈæn.drɔɪd/; an-droyd) is a Linux-based operating system designed for touchscreen moving devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. [11]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Android was originally developed by Android, Inc., with financial support from Google, which later purchased it in 2005. [12]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The operating system was officially released in 2007, along with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of hardware, software, and telecommunications companies aimed at advancing the open standards of mobile devices. [13]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The first Android phones went on sale in October 2008. [14]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Android user interfaces are generally direct manipulations, using touch gestures similar to real actions, such as sliding, tapping, and pinching to manipulate on-screen objects, as well as virtual keyboards for writing text.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

In addition to touchscreen devices, Google has also developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars, and Android Wear for watches, each of which has a different user interface.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Android variants are also used on portable computers, game consoles, digital cameras, and other electronic equipment. [15]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Android is an open-source operating system, and Google releases its code under the Apache License. [11]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Open source code and licensing licenses on Android allow the software to be freely modified and distributed by device makers, wireless carriers, and application developers.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

In addition, Android has a large number of application developer communities (apps) that extend the functionality of the device, generally written in a customization version of the Java programming language. [16]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

In October 2013, there were more than one million apps available for Android, and about 50 billion apps had been downloaded from Google Play, the main Android app store. [17] [18] A survey in April—May 2013 found that Android was the most popular platform for people developers, used by 71% of mobile app developers. [19]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

At Google I/O 2014, Google reported there were more than one billion monthly active users of Android, an increase from 583 million in June 2013. [20]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The above factors have contributed to the development of Android, making it the most widely used smartphone operating system in the world, [21] beating Symbian in 2010. [22]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Android is also an option for tech companies who want a low-cost, customizable, lightweight operating system for high-tech devices without having to develop it from scratch. [23]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The open nature of Android has also prompted the emergence of a large number of app developer communities to use open source code as the basis for app creation projects, by adding new features for advanced users or operating Android on devices that was officially released using another operating system. [24]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

As of November 2013, Android controlled the share of the global smartphone market, led by Samsung products, with a percentage of 64% in March 2013. [25]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

As of July 2013, there are 11,868 different Android devices with various versions. [26]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The success of this operating system has also made it the target of patent ligitation “smartphone wars” among technology companies. [27] [28] Through May 2013, a total of 900 million Android devices have been activated worldwide, and 48 billion applications have been installed from Google Play. [ 29] [30] Android History, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, in October 2003 by Andy Rubin (founder of Danger), [31] Rich Miner (founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.), [32] Nick Sears [33] (former VP of T-Mobile), and Chris White (head of WebTV interface design and development) [12] for developing “smart mobile devices that are more aware of their user's location and preferences”. [12]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The original goal of Android development was to develop an advanced operating system intended for digital cameras, but later it was realized that the market for such devices was not large enough, and Android development was shifted for the smartphone market to rival Symbian and Windows Mobile (Apple's iPhone had not been released at the time). [34]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Although Android developers are experienced technology experts, Android Inc. operated secretly, it was only revealed that the developers were creating a software intended for mobile phones. [12]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Still that same year, Rubin ran out of money.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Steve Perlman, a close friend of Rubin, loaned him $10,000 in cash and rejected an offer of stock in the company. [35]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Google acquired Android Inc. on August 17, 2005, making it a wholly owned subsidiary of Google.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Android Inc. founders such as Rubin, Miner and White remained employed at the company after it was acquired by Google. [12]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

After that, not much is known about the development of Android Inc., but many presumptions state that Google plans to enter the mobile phone market with this action. [12]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

At Google, a team led by Rubin began developing a mobile device platform using the Linux kernel.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Google markets the platform to mobile device manufacturers and wireless carriers, with the promise that they provide flexible, updatable systems.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Google has selected several software and hardware company partners, and signaled to mobile operators that this cooperation is open to anyone wishing to participate. [36] [37] [38] Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continues to grow. until December 2006. [39]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The BBC and Wall Street Journal report that Google is working hard to include its apps and search engine on mobile devices.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Various print media and online media have reported that Google is developing mobile devices under the Google brand.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Some of them speculate that Google has determined its technical specifications, including mobile phone manufacturers and network operators.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

In December 2007, InformationWeek reported that Google had filed several patent applications in the field of mobile telephony. [40] [41] On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance (OHA) was established.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

OHA is a consortium of tech companies such as Google, mobile device manufacturers such as HTC, Sony and Samsung, wireless carriers such as Sprint Nextel and T-Mobile, as well as chipset manufacturers such as Qualcomm and Texas Instruments.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

OHA itself aims to develop open standards for mobile devices. [13]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

At that time, Android was unveiled as its first product; a mobile device platform using the Linux kernel version 2.6. [13]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The first commercial mobile phone to use the Android operating system was the HTC Dream, which was launched on October 22, 2008. [42]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

In 2010, Google released the Nexus series; smart phone and tablet devices with the Android operating system produced by mobile phone manufacturer partners such as HTC, LG, and Samsung.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

HTC is working with Google in releasing the first Nexus smartphone product, the Nexus One. [43]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

This series has been updated with newer devices, for example, the Nexus 4 smartphone and the Nexus 10 tablet produced by LG and Samsung. [44]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

On October 15, 2014, Google announced the Nexus 6 and Nexus 9 produced by Motorola and HTC. [45]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

On March 13, 2013, Larry Page announced in his blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to work on new projects at Google. [46]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

He was replaced by Sundar Pichai, who previously served as head of the Google Chrome division, which developed Chrome OS. [44]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Since 2008, Android has gradually made a number of updates to improve the performance of the operating system, add new features, and fix bugs contained in previous versions.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Each major version released was named alphabetically based on the names of desserts or sugared snacks; for example, version 1.5 was named Cupcake, which was later followed by version 1.6 Donut.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The latest version is 5.0 Lollipop, which was released on October 15, 2014. [47]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Features Interface User interface on Android is based on direct manipulation, [48] using touch input similar to actions in the real world, such as swiping (swiping), tapping, and pinching, to manipulate objects on the screen. [48]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

User input is responded quickly and there is also a touch interface like a water surface, often using the vibration capabilities of the device to provide haptic feedback to the user.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Internal hardware such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to user actions, for example to adjust screen position from portrait to landscape, depending on how the device is positioned, or allow the user to steer the vehicle while playing races by rotating the device as a steering wheel control simulation. [49]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

When turned on, the Android device will load on the front screen (homescreen), namely the main navigation and information center on the device, similar to the desktop on a personal computer.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Android's front screen usually consists of app icons and widgets; app icons serve to run related apps, while widgets display live and auto-update content, such as weather forecasts, user email inboxes, or show news tikers automatically directly from the front screen. [50]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The front screen can consist of several pages, users can swipe back and forth between one page to another, allowing Android users to set the appearance of the device according to their tastes.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Some third-party apps available on Google Play and in other app stores are extensively capable of reorganizing Android's front-screen theme, and can even emulate the look of other operating systems, for example Windows Phone. [51]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Most mobile phone manufacturers and wireless carriers customize the appearance of their homemade Android devices to differentiate them from their competitors. [52]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

At the top of the screen is a status bar, which displays information about the device and its connectivity.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

This status bar can be “pulled” down to open a notification screen showing important information or app updates, such as emails received or incoming SMS, by not interfering with user activities on the device. [53]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

In early versions of Android, this notification screen could be used to open relevant apps, but once updated, this function is further enhanced, for example, the ability to call back phone numbers from missed call notifications without having to open the main app. [54]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

This notification will remain until the user sees it, or it is deleted and disabled by the user.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Android apps allow users to install third-party apps, either obtained from app stores such as Google Play, Amazon Appstore, or by downloading and installing APK files from third-party sites. [55]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

On Google Play, users can browse, download, and update apps published by Google and third-party developers, in accordance with Google compatibility requirements. [56]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Google Play will filter the list of available apps based on their compatibility with users' devices, and developers can limit their created apps to specific carriers or countries for business reasons. [57]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

App purchases that do not match the user's liking can be returned within 15 minutes of download. [58]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Some mobile operators also offer direct billing for app purchases on Google Play by adding app purchase prices to users' monthly bills. [59]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

In September 2012, there were more than 675,000 apps available for Android, and the estimated number of apps downloaded from the Play Store was 25 billion. [60]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Android applications are developed in the Java programming language using the Android software development kit (SDK).


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

This SDK consists of a set of development tools, [61] including a debugger, a software library, a handset emulator based on QEMU, documentation, sample code, and tutorials.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Officially supported by the Eclipse integrated development environment (IDE), which uses the Android Development Tools (ADT) plugin.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Other development tools available include the Native Development Kit for applications or extensions in C or C++, Google App Inventor, visual environments for novice programmers, and various cross-platform mobile web application frameworks.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

In order to deal with Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China, Android devices sold on RRT are generally adapted to country-approved services. [62]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Memory management Because Android devices are generally battery-powered, Android is designed to manage memory (RAM) to maintain minimal power consumption, in contrast to desktop operating systems that can connect to unlimited power sources.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

When an Android app is no longer in use, the system will automatically suspend it (suspend) in memory—technically it is still “open”, but by being suspended, it will not consume resources (e.g. battery power or processing power), and will” silent” in the background until the app is reused.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

This method has the dual benefit of not only improving the response of Android devices because apps don't need to be closed and reopened from scratch at any time, but also ensuring that apps running in the background don't spend power in vain. [63]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Android manages apps stored in memory automatically: when memory is weak, the system will disable inactive applications and processes for a while, applications will be disabled in reverse order, starting from the last one used.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

This process is invisible to the user, so users do not need to manually manage memory or disable applications. [64]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

However, user confusion over memory management on Android has led to the emergence of several popular third-party task killer apps on Google Play. [65]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Hardware requirements Until November 2013, the latest version of Android required at least 512MB of RAM, [66] 32-bit ARMv7 processors, MIPS architecture, or x86, [5] as well as OpenGL ES 2.0 compatible graphics processing units (GPUs). [67]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The main hardware platform on Android is the ARM architecture.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

There is also support for x86 from the Android-x86 project, [5] and Google TV using a special x86 version of Android.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

In 2013, Freescale announced involving Android in its artificial i.MX processors, namely the i.MX5x and i.MX6x series. [68]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

In 2012, Intel processors also began to appear on the main Android platforms, for example, on mobile phones. [69]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Some hardware components are not required, but they are already standard in certain devices.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Some features were initially needed as requirements, but were later dispensed with.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

After Android became a smartphone OS, some hardware, such as microphones, gradually turned into optional devices.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

In addition, the camera is designated as a mandatory device for Android phones. [70]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Android devices incorporate a variety of optional hardware components, including video cameras, GPS, hardware orientation sensors, game controls, accelerometers, gyroscopes, barometers, magnetometers, proximity sensors, pressure sensors, thermometers, and touchscreens.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Android supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0, and 3.0.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Some applications explicitly require certain versions of OpenGL ES, so suitable GPU hardware is required for Android devices to run certain applications. [67]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Android development was developed privately by Google until the latest changes and updates were ready for release, and information regarding the source code also began to be disclosed to the public. [71]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

This source code will only run without modification on certain devices, usually on the Nexus series. [72]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

There are separate binaries provided by the manufacturer for Android to operate. [73]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The green Android logo was originally designed for Google in 2007 by graphic designer Irina Blok. [74] [75] [76] The design team was tasked with a project to create an easily recognizable universal icon by including specific robot icons in the final design.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

After a number of design developments based on themes of science fiction and space films, the team finally drew inspiration from the human symbol contained on the toilet door, and modified its shape into a robotic shape.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Since Android is open-source software, it was agreed that the logo should also be open, and since its release, the green logo has been redesigned again in countless variations. [77]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Google's update schedule provides key updates for the Android version, with a timeframe every six to nine months.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Most devices are capable of receiving updates over the air (OTA). [78]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The latest major update is Android 6.0 Marshmallow. [79]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Compared to the mobile operating system of its main rival, iOS, Android updates are usually slower to receive by its users' devices.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

For devices other than the Nexus brand, usually new updates can be received within months of the release of the official version. [80]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

This is due to the large variety of Android hardware, so each update must be customized specifically, for example: Google's official source code runs only on Nexus devices.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Porting Android on certain hardware done by mobile phone manufacturers takes time and process, these manufacturers generally give priority to their latest devices to receive updates, and streamline older devices. [80]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Therefore, old smartphones are often not updated if the manufacturer decides that it is just time-consuming, although in fact the device is capable of receiving updates.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

This problem is compounded when manufacturers adapt Android to the interface and applications of their creation, which this must be reapplied for each recent release.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Other delays could also be caused by wireless carriers; after receiving updates from mobile phone manufacturers, carriers would adapt them to their needs, for example conducting extensive testing of the network before sending updates to users. [80]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The lack of post-sales support from mobile phone manufacturers and carriers has raised criticism from consumers and technology media. [81] [82] Some critics state that the industry has financial motives not to update their devices, such as the absence of updates for old devices and updating new devices with the aim of increasing sales, [83] an attitude they call “insulting”. [82]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The Guardian reported that the complicated update method occurred because it was the manufacturer of the phone and its operator who had designed it that way. [82]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

In 2011, Google, working with a number of industrial companies, formed the “Android Update Alliance”, with the promise that they would provide updates in a timely manner for each device within 18 months after the release of the official version. [84]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Since its founding until 2013, the organization has never been touted again. [80]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Google then began updating its apps, including Google Maps and Google Play Music, as independent apps separate from Android, and also introduced system-level components that provide APIs for Google apps, which are auto-installed and updated directly by Google through Google Play, as well as supports almost all Android devices with versions above 2.2. [85]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Linux kernel Until November 2013, Android used a kernel based on Linux kernel version 3.x (version 2.6 on Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich and its predecessors).


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The middle appliances, software libraries, and APIs are written in C, and the application software runs on application frameworks, including the Java-compatible library based on Apache Harmony.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Android uses Dalvik virtual machines with timely compilation to run Dalvik's' dex-code '(Dalvik Executable), usually translated from Java bytecode. [86]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The architecture of the Linux kernel on Android has been changed by Google, in contrast to the development cycle of the usual Linux kernel. [87]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

By default, Android does not have the original X Window System or the full set support of standard GNU libraries.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Therefore, it is difficult to port Linux libraries or applications on Android. [88]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Support for simple C and SDL applications can be done by injecting Java shim and using JNI, [89] for example on the Jagged Alliance 2 port for Android. [90]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

One feature that Google tried to contribute for the Linux kernel was a power management feature called “wakelocks”, but this feature was rejected by major kernel developers because they felt that Google had not shown its intention to develop its own code. [91] [92] [93] April 2010, Google announced that it would hire two employees to develop the Linux kernel community, [94] however, Greg Kroah-Hartman, maintainer of the stable version of Linux kernel, stated in December 2010; he was concerned that Google was no longer trying to change the main Linux code. [92]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Some Android developers at Google hint that “the Android team is already getting saturated with this process”, because they are just a small team and are forced to do urgent work for the sustainability of Android. [95]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

In August 2011, Linus Torvalds stated: “eventually Android and Linux will return on the common kernel, but probably for the next four or five years”. [96]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

In December 2011, Greg Kroah-Hartman announced the start of the Android Mainlining Project, which aims to restore some of Android's drives, patches, and features on the Linux kernel, beginning with Linux 3.3. [97]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

After previous attempts failed, Linux eventually included wakelocks and autosleep features on the 3.5 kernel.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The interface is still the same, but the new Linux implementation has two different suspend modes: suspension to storage (traditional suspension used by Android), and suspension to discs (hibernation, similar to features present on desktops). [98]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Inclusion of this new feature will be completed in Kernel 3.8, Google has opened a public code repository containing their experimental work to redesign Android with Kernel 3.8. [99]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Flash storage on Android devices is divided into partitions, such as “/system” for the operating system, and “/data” for installation of applications and user data. [100]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Unlike the Linux desktop distribution, Android device owners are not granted root access on the operating system, and sensitive partitions such as /system are read-only.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

However, root access can be obtained by exploiting security flaws on Android, this is often used by open source communities to improve the performance of their devices, [101] but can also be utilized by irresponsible parties to spread viruses and destructive device. [102]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Related to the issue of whether Android can be classed into Linux distributions is still widely debated. [103]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The Linux Foundation and Chris DiBona, [104] Google's head of open sources, support this.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Whereas others, such as Google technician Patrick Brady, opposed it, he reasoned that Android was less supportive of most GNU tools, including glibc. [105]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The Android open source community has an active community of developers and enthusiasts who use Android source code to develop and distribute modified versions of their homemade Android. [106]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

These developer communities often provide updates and new features for devices faster when compared to manufacturers/operators, even though they do not undergo extensive testing or lack quality assurance. [24]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

They strive to continue providing support for older devices that no longer receive official updates, or modify Android devices to run using other operating systems, such as the HP TouchPad.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

These communities often release updates for pre-rooted devices, and contain modifications that are not suitable for non-technical users, for example the ability to overclock or over/undervolt the device's processor. [107]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

CyanogenMod is the community's most widely used firmware, and is the basis for a number of other firmware. [108]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Historically, device manufacturers and mobile operators have typically not supported firmware development by third parties.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Manufacturers are concerned that there will appear unsuitable functions if the device uses unofficial software, so it will lead to the appearance of additional costs. [109]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

In addition, modified firmware such as CyanogenMod sometimes offer features that make operators have to incur premium costs, for example tethering.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

As a result, technical constraints such as lockdown (bootloader) and limited root access can generally be encountered on most Android devices.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

However, software made by the developer community grew in popularity, and after the United States Congress of Librarians allowed the “jailbreaking” of mobile devices, [110] mobile phone manufacturers and carriers began to soften their attitude towards third-party developers.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Several mobile phone manufacturers, including HTC, [109] Motorola, [111] Samsung [112] [113] and Sony, [114] began to provide support and encourage third-party software development.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

As a result, the hardware restriction constraints for installing unofficial hardy devices began to gradually diminish after an increasing number of devices that have the ability to unlock the bootloader, the same as the Nexus series of phones, although users had to lose the warranty of the device they if do. [109]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

However, even though mobile phone manufacturers have approved third-party software development, some mobile operators in the United States still require their users' phones to be “locked”. [115]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The ability to unlock and hack systems on smartphones and tablets continues to be a source of debate among developer communities and industry; the community reasoned that unofficial development was undertaken because the industry failed to provide timely updates for users, or to stay continue the latest version support for their older devices. [115]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Security and privacy Android apps run in a sandbox, an isolated area that has no access on the system, except for access permissions explicitly granted by the user when installing the app.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Before installing the application, the Play Store will display all the necessary permissions, for example: a game needs to activate vibration or save data on the SD Card, but it does not need permission to read SMS or access the phone book.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

After reviewing these permissions, users can choose to accept or reject them, and can install the app only if they receive them. [116]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Sandbox and permissions systems on Android can reduce the impact of bug vulnerabilities on apps, but developer ignorance and limited documentation have resulted in apps routinely requesting unnecessary permissions, reducing their effectiveness. [117]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Several software security companies such as Avast, Lookout Mobile Security, [118] AVG Technologies, [119] and McAfee, [120] have released their created antivirus software for Android devices.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The software actually does not work effectively because the sandbox also works on those applications, thus limiting its ability to scan the system in greater depth. [121]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The results of research by security firm Trend Micro show that premium service abuse is the most common type of malware that attacks Android; text messages will be sent from an infected phone to a premium phone number without consent or knowledge users. [122]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Other vandals will display unwanted ads on the device, or send personal information to unauthorized third parties. [122]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Security threats on Android are reported to be growing gradually, but technicians at Google state that malware and virus threats on Android are simply exaggerated by antivirus companies for commercial reasons, [123] [124] and accuse the antivirus industry of taking advantage of the situation to sell its products to users. [123]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Google confirms that the presence of malicious destructive devices on Android is actually very rare, [124] and a survey conducted by F-Secure shows that only 0.5% of Android destroyers come from Google Play. [125]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Google recently used its Google Bouncer destructive scanner to keep tabs on and scan apps on Google Play. [126]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

It aims to flag suspicious apps and warn users of potential problems with apps before they download them. [127]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Android version 4.2 Jelly Bean was released in 2012 with enhanced security features, including a vandal scanner included in the system; this scanner not only checks for apps installed from Google Play, but can also scan apps downloaded from sites third party.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The system will provide alerts notifying users when apps try to send premium text messages, and block those messages, unless the user allows them. [128]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Android smartphones have the ability to report the location of Wi-Fi access points, especially if the user is on the move, to create databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of such access points.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

This database forms an electronic map that can position the location of the smartphone.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

It allows users to run apps such as Foursquare, Google Latitude, Facebook Places, and to deliver location-based ads. [129]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Some third-party monitoring software can also detect when personal information is sent from an app to a remote server. [130] [131] Android's open-source nature allows security companies to customize devices with highly secure uses.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

For example, Samsung is working with General Dynamics through the “Knox” Open Kernel Labs project. [132] [133] In September 2013, it was revealed that the intelligence agencies of the United States and Britain; the NSA and the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), have access to user data on devices iPhone, Blackberry, and Android.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

They can read almost the entire information on the smartphone, including SMS, location, email, and notes. [134]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Source code license for Android is available under open source and free software licenses.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Google publishes most of the code (including network and telephone codes) under the Apache License version 2.0. [135] [136] [137] The rest, Linux kernel changes are under the GNU General Public License version 2.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Open Handset Alliance develops changes to the Linux kernel with open source code that is purified all the time.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

For the rest, Android is privately developed by Google, with the source code published to the public when the new version is launched.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Usually Google works with hardware manufacturers to develop a “flagship” device (e.g. the Google Nexus series) accompanied by a new version of Android, then publishes its source code after the device is released. [138]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

In early 2011, Google chose to temporarily withhold the Android source code for tablets released with version 3.0 Honeycomb.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

According to Andy Rubin in an official Android blog post, the reason is because Honeycomb was released to run on the Motorola Xoom product, [139] and Google did not want third parties to “worsen the user experience” by trying to operate a version of Android intended for tablets on phones smart. [140]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The source code was finally published in November 2011 with the release of Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich. [141]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

While it is open-ended, device manufacturers cannot use Google's Android trademark, unless Google certifies that it complies with their Compatibility Definition Document (CDD).


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Devices must also meet the licensing requirements of Google's closed-source applications, including Google Play. [142]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation have criticized the intricacy of the Android brand, and recommend alternative operating systems such as Replicant. [143] [144] They argue that hardware drives and hardy devices are necessary to operate Android is exclusive, and Google Play also offers paid software.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Reception JMPL|left|Eric Schmidt, Andy Rubin, and Hugo Barra at the Google Nexus 7 tablet launch press conference.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Android was warmly welcomed when it was unveiled in 2007.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

While analysts are impressed by the renowned technology company partnering with Google to form the Open Handset Alliance, it is still doubtful whether mobile phone manufacturers will be willing to replace their operating systems with Android. [145]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The idea of an open source and Linux-based development platform has attracted the interest of technology experts, [146] but there have also arisen concerns regarding the intense competition Android will face with established players in the smartphone market such as Nokia and Microsoft. [147]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Nokia responded to it by stating: “we don't see this as a threat," [148] while one member of Microsoft's Windows Mobile team stated: “I don't understand, what impact they will produce. “[148]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Android quickly grew to become the most widely used smartphone operating system, [23] and became “one of the fastest mobile operating systems ever. “[149]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Reviewers hailed Android's open-source nature as one of the defining strengths of its success, allowing companies such as Amazon (Kindle Fire), Barnes & Noble (Nook), Ouya, Baidu, and others, to flock to release software and hardware which can operate on the Android version.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

As a result, tech site Ars Technica called Android a “standard operating system for launching new hardware” for companies without having to have its own mobile platform. [23]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The open and flexible nature of Android is also enjoyed by users: Android allows its users to customize its devices extensively, and apps are also freely available in non-Google app stores and on third-party websites.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

This factors into one of the advantages that Android phones have when compared to other phones. [23] [150] Although Android is very popular, with device activation rates three times higher than iOS, there are reports stating that Google has not been able to take advantage of their products to the maximum, and web services ultimately turn Android into a money-earner, as analysts had previously predicted. [151]


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The Verge argues that Google has lost control of Android because of the breadth of customization that developers and users can do, also because of the high proliferation of non-Google apps and services—for example Amazon Kindle Fire directs users to visit Amazon apps store, which competes directly with Google Play.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Google's SVP, Andy Rubin, whose position as head of the Android division was replaced in March 2013, was blamed for failing in building healthy partnerships with mobile phone manufacturers.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

The main leader of Android products in the global market is Samsung; one of its products, Galaxy, has been instrumental in the introduction of the Android brand since 2011. [152] [153] Whereas other Android phone manufacturers such as LG, HTC, and Google-owned Motorola Mobility, have fought hard for marketing its products since 2011.


Question: When did Samsung start implementing 5G on Samsung products?

Android (operating system)

Ironically, at a time when Google didn't get anything from the proceeds from selling Android products directly, Microsoft and Apple instead managed to win a lawsuit over patent royalty payments from Android device manufacturers. [152]