Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

In this system perspective, a goal becomes a primary necessity as a driving concept that influences media behavior.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

According to Ball-Rokeach and DeFleur, goals are as primary key as individual motivation.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Meanwhile, necessity implies rational and irrational motives, a goal implying a more precise problem-solving stimulus to a theory of media behavior that is based on relationship dependence.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Three types of motivational goals Individual-level media dependency systems offer an approach through conceptualizing comprehensively to three motivational goals namely; understanding, orientation, and play.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Understanding — the need for individuals to have a basic understanding of themselves and the world around them.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Orientation — the need for individuals to direct effective personal actions and success in interacting with others. play (recreation) — a way by which one learns the roles, norms, and values reflected in activities such as sports, dancing, and celebrations.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Macro level Media systems in each country are interdependent on other social systems in the country itself (e.g., economy and government) as resources, as well as vice versa.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

At the macro level, dependency theory states that this mutual relationship affects what kind of media products are disseminated as public consumption, as well as allowing media to use audiences. [4]


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Media and economic system Media depends on the economic system of society because; 1) the planting and strengthening of value - the value of free enterprise, 2) establishing and maintaining relationships between producers and sellers, and 3) controlling and winning internal conflicts, such as between management and unions.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Ultimately, media depends on people's economic systems because 1) it benefits from advertising revenue, 2) technological developments that reduce costs and compete effectively with other media, and 3) expansion through access to banking and financial services, as well as trade internationally.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Media and political system Media society and political system also depend on each other.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The political system relies on the media to; 1) instill and reinforce political values and norms, such as freedom of voice, or obedience to the law, 2) maintain order and social integration, 3) organize and mobilize citizens to carry out important activities such as warring, and 4) control and win conflicts that develop in the political domain (e.g., Watergate).


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Instead, the media relies on a country's political system as a judicial, executive, and legislative protection, both formally and sumbrt informally necessary to cover news, as well as revenue derived from political advertising and subsidies.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Media and secondary systems To a lesser extent, media have established interdependence with several other social systems.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Families depend on the media for the planting and strengthening of family values, recreation and sport.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Addressing everyday issues such as child-rearing, marriage, and the financial crisis.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

On the other hand, the media relies on the family to consume media products.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The same is true in media and religious systems.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Religious systems rely on media as cultivation and reinforcement of religious values, transmission of religious messages to the masses, and success in competition with other religions or non-religious philosophies.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Ultimately, the media relies on the religious system to achieve the advantages of religious organizations that buy space or broadcast.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The education system in society relies on the media as a cultivation of value and reinforcement.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Waging and winning conflicts or struggles for scarce resources, and dissemination of knowledge as in educational media programming.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The media relies on the education system as access to experts and is able to employ trained personnel in the education system.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Lastly, the military system relies on the media as value-planting and reinforcement.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Waging and winning conflicts, and specific organizational goals such as recruitment and mobilization.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Ultimately, the media relies on the military as access to insiders or experts.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The consequence of all this dependence is a change in the media products that are consumed by the audience.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

In this way, a system of level of interdependence controls media products, the possibility of using social media, the extent to which audiences depend on the media in meeting needs, and ultimately the impact of media to audiences.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Individual differences due to demographics or personality traits might change what people actually do with media messages or how they interpret media messages, but they always start as a result of interdependent social systems.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Comparison with (English: uses and gratification theory) Audience conception Both U&G theory (English: uses and gratification theory) and media dependency systems see users (khayalak) as active members, but the basic conception has differences in each member.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Uses and gratification theory focuses on the psychological and sociodemographic origins of differences in media usage.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

In this perspective, the variability of text interpretation indicates each member is responsible for the text.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Media dependency systems theory focuses on the psychological, interpersonal, and sociological origins of differences in the relationships of micro-level dependency systems as well as macro-level media dependency system relationships that constrain text to media production and dependency system relations individual level media.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Responsibility from the relationship of media dependency systems to environmental conditions and ecological constraints on media production and consumption are important features.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

In this perspective, the audience is not responsible for the text or controlled by the text.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The only way to be able to predict the impacts that occur is to look at the relationships between media dependency systems in the context of macro-relationship ecology.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Network conception and interpersonal communication U&G Theory emphasizes the role of interpersonal communication in the distortion of media messages and networks as an interpretation of society.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

In this conception, interpersonal networks are considered the safest means against the culture of the media apparatus and its partners.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

They believe that interpersonal networks contribute to individual “apparatuses”, and “networks” of individuals empowered to manipulate media texts, cannot be manipulated by them.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Conception of media systems and media power In the psychological tradition, U&G theory reflects on media systems as constituents of transient text subjects to multiple reconstructions.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

In this perspective, a media system is very besfunction as long as it is useful or gives a way for individuals to satisfy needs.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The conception of media dependency systems more resembles macro-level functionalist version in U&G theory.Media dependency systems share macro-level functionalist views with other social and cultural systems.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

In this view, the media function is seen as the main structure so that the masuarakat can be integrated both vertically and horizontally.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Baran and Davis's critique [8] identifies four main criticisms of dependency theory, as follows: Variability in micro- and macro-level measurements makes comparative studies problematic.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

This theory is too difficult to prove empirically.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The meaning and power of dependence are sometimes less clear.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Dependency theory has no power in explaining long-term effects.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Additional Reading Reference Ball-Rokeach, S.J. (1998).


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

A theory of media power and a theory of media use: Different stories, questions, and ways of thinking.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Mass Communication & Society, 1 (1), 5-40.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Ball-Rokeach, S.J., Power, G.J., Guthrie, K.K., Waring, H.R. (1990).


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Value-framing abortion in the United States: an application of media system dependency theory.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 3, 249-273.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Groshek, J. (2011).


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Media, instability, and democracy: Examining the Granger-causal relationships of 122 countries from 1946 to 2003.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

“Journal of Communication, 61,” 1161-1182.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Loges, W. E. (1994).


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Canaries in the coal mine: Perceptions of Threat and Media System Dependency Relations.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Communication Research, 21 (1), 5.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Lowery, W. (2004).


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Media dependency during a large-scale social disruption.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The case of September 11.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

“Mass Communication & Society, 7,” 339-357.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Miller, K. (2005).


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Communication theories: perspectives, processes, and contexts. (2nd ed.).


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Morton, T.A., Duck, J.M. (2001).


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Communication and health beliefs: mass and interpersonal influences on perceptions of risk to self and others.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Communication Research, 5, 602-626.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Morton, T.A., Duck, J.M. (2000).


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Social identity and media dependency in the gay community.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Communication Research, 4, 438-460.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Patwardhan, P., Ramaprasad J. (2005).


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Internet dependency relations and online activity exposure, involvement, and satisfaction: a study of American and Indian internet users.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Conference Papers—International Communication Association; 2005 Annual Meeting.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

New York, N.Y., 1-32.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Riffe, D., Lacy, S., & Varouhakis, M. (2008).


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Media system dependency theory and using the Internet for in-depth, specialized information.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

“Web Journal of Mass Communication Research, 11,” 1-14.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Wilkin, H.A., Ball-Rokeach, S.J. (2006).


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Reaching at risk groups.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Journalism, 3, 299-320.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Category:Communications Category:Theory


Question: What is the number of Islam in Indonesia in 2015?

Islam by country

Islam by country Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Somaliland South Africa Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China East Timor Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea Kyrgyzstan Kuwait Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Tibet Turkey Turkey Turkey United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador French Guiana Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Soviet Union Oceania Australia Cocos Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Islamportalvt Followers of the religion of Islam constitute the largest religious group in the world.


Question: What is the number of Islam in Indonesia in 2015?

Islam by country

According to a study in 2015, Islam has 1.8 billion adherents, who make up about 24% of the world's population. [1]


Question: What is the number of Islam in Indonesia in 2015?

Islam by country

Most Muslims are one of two types: Sunni (80-90%, about 1.5 billion people) [2] or Shia (10-20%, about 170-340 million people). [3]


Question: What is the number of Islam in Indonesia in 2015?

Islam by country

Islam is the predominant religion in Central Asia, Indonesia, the Middle East, North Africa, the Sahel [4] [5] [6] [7] daj some other parts of Asia. [8]


Question: What is the number of Islam in Indonesia in 2015?

Islam by country

About 31% of all Muslims are from South Asia (Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and India). [9] [10] The Indian sub-continent as a whole, therefore, hosts the largest Muslim population in the world, [11] In this region, however, Muslims are second in number of Hindus , because Muslims are the majority in Pakistan and Bangladesh, but not India.


Question: What is the number of Islam in Indonesia in 2015?

Islam by country

The country with the largest Muslim population is Indonesia in Southeast Asia, which has its own host of 13% of the world's Muslim number. [12]


Question: What is the number of Islam in Indonesia in 2015?

Islam by country

Together, Muslims in the Malay archipelago nations (which include Brunei, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Timor Lorosa'e) constitute the second or third largest Muslim population in the world.


Question: What is the number of Islam in Indonesia in 2015?

Islam by country

Here Muslims are the majority in every country apart from the Philippines and East Timor.


Question: What is the number of Islam in Indonesia in 2015?

Islam by country

Various Hamito-Semitic countries (including Arabs, Berbers), Turks, and Iranians in the greater Middle East-North Africa (MENA) region, [13] where Islam is the dominant religion in all countries other than Israel, [5] host 23% of the world's Muslims About 15% of Muslims live in Sub-Saharan Africa, [14] [6] [15] and Considerable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas, Caucasus, China, Europe, Horn of Africa, Mainland Southeast Asia, Philippines, Russia and Swahili coasts.


Question: What is the number of Islam in Indonesia in 2015?

Islam by country

Western Europe hosts a large Muslim immigrant community of which Islam is the second largest religion after Christianity, where it represents 6% of the total population or 24 million people. [16]


Question: What is the number of Islam in Indonesia in 2015?

Islam by country

Modifier and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world.


Question: What is the number of Islam in Indonesia in 2015?

Islam by country

By Country See also Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Economy GDP (PPP) GDP (PPP) per capita Exports Imports Education Member states By population Largest cities Parliamentary Unionvt Muslim Society Muslim World Muslim Demographics Muslim population growth Religious population list Buddhism according to Hinduism country by Jewish state according to Roman Catholic state by Protestantism country by country of Christian by country Records


Question: Where is the University of Freiburg?

Freiburg

Inhabitation densityState:Baden-Württembergregierungsbezirk:Freiburgregion:Südlicher Oberrheinstatus:Municipal District:278 m above sea levelRegion:153,06 km²Population:215,966 (31 December 2005) Population density:1411 inhabitants per km²Residents :14,1 %Postcode:79001 - 79140 (old: 7800) Phone code:0761Motor vehicle numberplate:FRAdministrative division:41 stadtbezirkealamatbalaikota:Rathausplatz 2-479098 Freiburg im BreisgauOfficial site:Politiktrustees:Dr. Dieter Salomon (GRÜNE) Freiburg im Breisgau (Tosk Albanian: Friburg im Brisgau) is a autonomous city ( Kreisfreie Stadt) in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.


Question: Where is the University of Freiburg?

Freiburg

Located at the southwestern tip of Germany, Freiburg im Breisgau is on both sides of the Dreisam River, at the foot of the Schlossberg.


Question: Where is the University of Freiburg?

Freiburg

Formerly, the town was the center of the Breisgau region on the west side of the Schwarzwald on the Upstream Rhein Plain.


Question: Where is the University of Freiburg?

Freiburg

As one of Germany's oldest student cities and the capital of an archdiocese, Freiburg im Breisgau was formed in the 12th century and developed into a trading, intellectual, and ecclesiastical center in the Rhein Upstream area.


Question: Where is the University of Freiburg?

Freiburg

The town is known for its old college and its cathedral which relics of the Middle Ages, as well as for its high standard of living and its advanced environmental practices.


Question: Where is the University of Freiburg?

Freiburg

The town is at the heart of the wine growing region and is the main tourist entrance to the Schwarzwald.


Question: Where is the University of Freiburg?

Freiburg

According to meteorological statistics, Freiburg im Breisgau is the brightest and warmest city in Germany.


Question: Where is the University of Freiburg?

Freiburg

Twin cities Besançon, France Innsbruck, Austria Padova, Italy Guildford, United Kingdom Madison, United States Matsuyama, Japan Lwów, Ukraine Granada, Spain Isfahan, Iran Wiwilí, Nicaragua (best friend city) In addition, Freiburg im Breisgau also established unofficial relations with a number of cities in Switzerland and southern Germany with respect to the Zähringer families who indeed came from Freiburg im Breisgau, such as Bern, Thun, Burgdorf, Freiburg im Üechtland, Murten, Rheinfelden, Neuenburg am Rhein, Villingen-Schwenningen, Bräunlingen, Weilheim an der Teck, and also with Sankt Peter the here members of the family were widely buried.


Question: Where is the University of Freiburg?

Freiburg

Category:Cities in Baden-Württemberg Category:Cities in Germany


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Poland (Polish: Polska) (officially: Republic of Poland, (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska [lower-alpha 1] [ɛtʼpɔˈspɔlitaˈpɔlska] (listen)) is a republican state in Central Europe bordering Germany to the west of the Oder-Neisse Border, Czech, and Slovakia to the south, Russia (Kaliningrad), Lithuania to the northeast and Belarus as well as Ukraine to the west (Curzon Line).


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Poland is a member state of the European Union.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Poland's capital and largest city is Warsaw.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Poland is a developed and powerful country in the region.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

This origin has the eighth largest economy and one of the most dynamic in the EU.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

While achieving a very high ranking on the Human Development Index [1].


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

In addition, the Polish Stock Exchange in Warsaw there is one of the largest and most important in Central Europe.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Poland maintains a high-income economy along with a very high standard of living, quality of life, safety, education, and economic freedom.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Poland has 15 UNESCO World Heritage Sites [2], 14 of which are cultural.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Poland is a member state of the European Union, the Schengen Area, the United Nations, NATO, the OECD, the Three Seas Initiative, and the Visegrad Group.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Early History of the Kingdom of Poland in 966.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Ruler Mieszko I unified the Polish territories and converted the country to Christianity.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

The Kingdom of Poland was officially established in 1025.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

In 1569 this origin strengthened his political ties with the Kingdom of Lithuania.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

As a result, the country became the Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest (about 1 million km2) countries in 16th- and 17th-century Europe [3].


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

The kingdom had a uniquely liberal political system for those times.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Poland adopted the first written national constitution in Europe: the Constitution of 3 May 1791.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

At the end of the 18th century Poland was invaded and lost independence for 123 years.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

The country regained it 1918 after World War I with the Treaty of Versailles.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

In September 1939, World War II began with the invitation of Poland by Germany, followed by the Soviet Union invading Poland in accordance with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

More than 16% of Polish citizens were killed in the war, many cities were destroyed, including all the cities of Warsaw [4].


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

In 1947 the Polish People's Republic was established as a satellite state under Soviet influence.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

After the revolution of 1989 (“Solidarność” movement) the sovereign state of Poland was established as a presidential democratic republic.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

The geography and biodiversity of the Polish Region includes various ecoregions.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

In the northwest is the Baltic sea with sand beaches and gumuk.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

In the east-sea is the Greater Poland Lake District called Mazury and which is one of the largest in the region (more than 2,000 lakes).


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

The center is characterized by river valleys from the ice age.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

To the south is a mountainous region, including Sudety, Świętokrzyskie Mountains, Carpathian Mountains, and Beskidy.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

The highest part in the Carpathians is the Tatry Mountains which fertilize on the border along southern Poland.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

You might find 70 mountains with an altitude of more than 2,000 meters.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Poland is known for its forests and biodiversity, including the Białowieża Forest which is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is home to 800 wild bison.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Many animal species that have died out in other parts of Europe still survive in Poland, such as bison in the Białowieża Forest, brown bears in Białowieża, Tatry, and Beskidy, ash wolves and Eurasian lynx in various forests, deer in northern Poland, and eggling in Mazury, Pomorze, and Podlaskie.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Poland is host to the largest population of white storks in Europe.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Poland has two main rivers that have been used since the early days of navigation.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Vikings, for example, traveled on the Vistula and the Oder in longboats.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

In the Middle Ages and in early modern times, shipments of wheat and other agricultural products on the Vistula and onwards to other parts of Europe were of great importance on the continent.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Hiking, climbing, skiing and mountain biking attract many tourists every year from all over the world.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Water sports are the most popular summer recreational activity, with many locations for fishing, canoeing, kayaking, sailing, and windsurfing especially in the northern regions of the country.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

The Summer climate is generally warm, with average temperatures between 18 and 30°C.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Winters are rather cold and dry, with average temperatures around 3°C in the northwest and −6°C in the northeast.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Poland had 4 seasons.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

The administrative division of Poland is administratively divided into 16 provinces which in English are called Województwo in the Polski language.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Each province is divided into several Powiats (a kind of district, and each Powiat is divided into several Gmina (a kind of sub-district).


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

List of provinces of Poland Dolnoslaskie Voivodeship Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship Lubelskie Voivodeship Lodzkie Voivodeship Malopolskie Voivodeship Mazowieckie Opolskie Voivodeship Podkarpackie Voivodeship Podlaskie Province Pomorskie Voivodeship Slaskie Voivodeship Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship Warminsko-Mazurskie Wielkopolskie Voivodeship Zachodniopomorskie Major cities Poland vt Largest cities or towns in Poland Rankprovinsipop.Rankprovinsipop.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Warsaw Kraków1WarsawAmazowsze1,748,91611białystokpodlasie296,310 Łódź Wrocław2krakówPolish small762,44812gdyniapomorskie247,3293łódźłódź698,68813częstochowasilesia227,04Cłłódź698,68813częstochowasilesia227,04Cłłódź698,68813częstochowasilesia227,04Cłłódź69awdolnośląskie637,07514radommaZowsze215,6535poznańPoland Large541,56115sosnowiecsilesia206,5166gdańskpomorskie462,99616toruńkujawy-pomorze202,5917szczecinzachodniopomorskie405,41317kielceświętokrzyskie197,7248bydgoszczkujawy-pomorze354,359ze7248bydgoszczkujaw-pomorze354,359ze44,5166gdańsGoszczkujaw-pomorze354,5166gdańsGoszcz9018rzeszówpodkarpacie187,0279lublinLublin340,74519gliwicesilesia182,96910katowicesilesia299,01220zabrzesilesia175,882 Religion In 966, the dukes of Mieszko I accepted Christianity, under the authority of the Roman Catholic Church.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Since then Poland has been a predominantly Catholic country, but throughout its history, religious tolerance was an important part of political culture.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

John Paul II was the first Polish as well as a Slav to become a Roman Catholic Pope.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

He held the papacy between 1978 and 2005.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Language Almost all Polish citizens use Polish as their mother tongue.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

English is the most commonly spoken foreign language in Poland.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Education and science The first University - Jagiellonian University - was founded in Poland in 1364 in Kraków.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

The second university founded in Poland was the University of Warsaw, in 1816.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

The University of Warsaw is one of the recognized institutions of Polish higher education worldwide, ranking highest among Polish university rankings in the world.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

In Poland, there are 500 university-level institutions to pursue higher education: traditional universities, technical universities, medical universities, business schools, agricultural academies, pedagogical universities, theological academies, maritime service universities, national military academies and universities which is dedicated to fine art and music.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Over the course of history, Polish people have made considerable contributions in the field of science.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

One of the most famous was Nicolaus Copernicus (Mikołaj Kopernik), who triggered the Copernicus Revolution by placing the Sun at the center of the universe - before people believed the sun revolved around the earth.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

He also took up the quantity theory of money, which made him an economic pioneer.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Another famous Polish scientist was Maria Skłodowska-Curie, friend of Albert Einsten, who was awarded two Nobel prizes in chemistry and physics and was the first woman in history to do so.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Also, it is worth mentioning that Bronisław Malinowski is often considered one of the most important anthropologists of the 20th century, who conducted his most famous research on the Triobrand Islands.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

In the first half of the 20th century Poland was a rapidly growing center of mathematics.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Outstanding Polish mathematicians formed the Lwow School of Mathematics (with Stefan Banach, Stanisław Mazur, Hugo Steinhaus, Stanisław Ulam) and the Warsaw School of Mathematics (with Alfred Tarski, Kazimierz Kuratowski, Wacław Sierpiński and Antoni Zygmund).


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Other notable scientists from Poland include: pharmacist and engineer Ignacy Łukasiewicz, creator of Esperanto Ludwik Zamenhof, pioneer endocrinologist Napoleon Cybulski, chemist and physicist Karol Olszewski, explorer and geologist Paweł Edmund Strzelecki, Nobel Prize in Physiology Tadeusz Reichstein, mathematician and cryptologist Marian Rejewski, economist Michał Kalecki, virologist and immunologist Hilary Koprowski, Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences Leonid Hurwicz, astronomer Aleksander Wolszczan, astronomer Bohdan Paczyński and chemist Krzysztof Matyjaszewski.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Music Artists from Poland include famous classical musicians such as Chopin, Rubinstein and Paderewski.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

In addition, in Poland is its own musical genre, such as sung poetry and disco polo.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Today the most distinctive folk music can be heard in towns and villages south of the mountains, especially in the region around the winter tourist town of Zakopane.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Traditional Polish folk music had a great influence on the works of many famous Polish composers.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

For example as a great composer Chopin created a musical form known as instrumental ballade and made great innovations on piano sonatas, mazurek, waltz, nocturne, polonaise, étude, impromptu and prélude, Now Poland has a very active music scene, with jazz and metal genre which is very popular among the contemporary public.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Polish jazz musicians such as Krzysztof Komeda created a unique style, which was most famous in the 1960s and 1970s and continues to be popular to this day.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Art Perhaps the most prominent and internationally respected Polish artist is Tamara de Lempicka, who specializes in the Art Deco style and whose paintings are often collected by celebrities and famous personas.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

In the 19th century the birth of modern Polish art, and engaged in many formal experiments led by Jacek Malczewski, Stanisław Wyspiański, Józef Mehoffer, and a group of Polish impressionists.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Stanisław Witkiewicz was a staunch supporter of realism, while Artur Grottger specialized in romanticism.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Since the inter-war years, Polish art and documentary photography have enjoyed worldwide fame and in the 1960s the Polish School of Posters was formed.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Other notable artists of the 9th century who came from Poland include Magdalena Abakanowicz, Tadeusz Kantor, Roman Opałka, Igor Mitoraj, Zdzisław Beksiński and Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Cinema Among the most famous Polish directors and producers, working in Poland and abroad are Roman Polański, Andrzej Wajda, Samuel Goldwyn, the Warner brothers (Harry, Albert, Sam, and Jack), Max Fleischer, Lee Strasberg, Agnieszka Holland and Krzysztof Kieślowski.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Polish cinema expanded rapidly in the interwar period.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

The most famous star of the silent film era was Polish actress Pola Negri.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

In 2015 the film “Ida” by Paweł Pawlikowski won the Oscar Academy Award for best foreign-language film.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Other Polish Oscar-winning productions include “The Pianist” (2002) by Roman Polański.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Other Poles drowned the Oscars: Leopold Stokowski (1942), Bronisław Kaper (1954), Stefan Kudelski (1979), Zbigniew Rybczyński (1983), Stefan Kudelski (1990), Janusz Kamiński (1994, 1999), Allan Starski and Ewa Braun (1994), Andrzej Wajda (2000) A. P. Kaczmarek (2005).


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Famous sports Sportsmen from Poland include Robert Lewandowski (football), Lukas Podolski (football), Zbigniew Boniek (football), Joanna Jędrzejczyk (martial arts and kickboxing), Marcin Gortat (basketball), Robert Kubica (Formula One racing), Mariusz Pudzianowski (strongman), Agnieszka Radwańska (tennis), Kamil Stoch (ski jumping), Justyna Kowalczyk (cross-country skier) and Irena Szewińska (athlete).


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

The Poland men's national volleyball team won a gold medal at the 1976 Montreal Olympics and three gold medals at the FIVB World Championship 1974, 2014 and 2018.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Poles made significant achievements in mountaineering, specifically in the Himalayas and winter.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

The most famous Polish climbers are Jerzy Kukuczka, Krzysztof Wielicki, Piotr Pustelnik, Andrzej Zawada, Maciej Berbeka, Artur Hajzer, Andrzej Czok, Wojciech Kurtyka, as well as women Wanda Rutkiewicz and Kinga Baranowska.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

The Ekstraklasa is the premier football league in Poland.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Founded 1926, the league regularly holds seasonal competitions.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

At this time there were 16 elementaries incorporated in it.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Polish cuisine has many similarities with other Central European cuisines.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

It is rich in meat, especially pork, chicken, beef, vegetables, and spices.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

It is also characteristic in the use of various types of noodles most famous among which are kluski as well as cereals such as kasza.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Polish national dishes are bigos [ˈbiɔs]; pierogi [pɛˈrɔ]; kielbasa; kotlet schabowy [ˈkɔtlɛt sxaˈbɔv] sliced bread; gołąbki [ɔˈwɔpki] cabbage rolls; zrazy [ˈzraz] roulade; eczeń roast [ˈpɛtɛtɛ]; sour cucumber soup [ˈzupa ɔurˈkɔva]; mushroom soup [ˈzupa ˈbɔva], tomato soup ([ˈzupa pɔmidɔˈrɔva], rosół [ˈrɔuw]; żurek [ˈurɛk] (rawi sour soup); flaki [ˈflaki] (tripe soup); barszcz [bart͡] and chłodnik [ˈxwɔdik] among others.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Traditional alcoholic beverages including honey honey were widespread since the 13th century, beer, wine, and vodka.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Other drinks that are often consumed include various mineral water and juices, as well as buttermilk, sour milk and kefir.


Question: What is the area of Wrocław?

Polish

Further reading (in English) See also List of cities in Poland List of countries in the world Outdoors Government sites Tourism sites Photo gallery Warszawa Fryderyk Chopin - Warszawa Kraków Kraków Kraków Szczecin Szczecin Świnoujście Lublin Białystok Lublin Lublin Poznań Gdańsk Toruń Olsztyn Zamość Wieliczka Wałbrzych Bielsko-Biała Reference Category:Countries in Central Europe Category:Baltic States


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Sriwijaya (or also called Srivijaya; Javanese: South, Peninsular Malaya, Sumatra, West Java and possibly Central Java. [1] [2] In Sanskrit, sri means “luminous” or “resounding”, and wijaya means “victory” or “glory”, [2] hence the name Sriwijaya means “resounding victory”.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The earliest evidence regarding the existence of this kingdom dates back to the 7th century; a Chinese priest from the Tang Dynasty, I Tsing, wrote that he visited Sriwijaya in 671 and stayed for 6 months. [3] [4] Further the oldest inscriptions regarding Sriwijaya are also in the 7th century, i.e. inscription Kedukan Bukit in Palembang, inscribed 682. [5]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The decline of Sriwijaya's influence on its vassal regions began to shrink due to several wars [2] including the 1025 attack of Rajendra Chola I of Koromandel, in 1183 the rule of Sriwijaya under the control of the kingdom of Dharmasraya. [6]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

After its collapse, the kingdom was forgotten and its existence became known again through the 1918 publication of French historian George Cœdès of the École française d'Extrême-Orient. [7]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Historical records There is not much physical evidence about Sriwijaya to be found. [8]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

There is no further record of Sriwijaya in Indonesian history; its forgotten past was reshaped by foreign scholars.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

No modern Indonesian heard of Sriwijaya until the 1920s, when French scholar George Cœdès published his discoveries in Dutch and Indonesian newspapers. [8]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Coedès states that Chinese references to “San-fo-ts'i”, formerly read “Sribhoja”, and some inscriptions in Old Malay refer to the same empire. [9]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The historiography of Sriwijaya is obtained and compiled from two kinds of primary sources; Chinese historical records and a number of Southeast Asian stone inscriptions that have been found and translated.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The accounts of the travels of pilgrim monk I Ching are very important, especially in explaining Sriwijaya's condition when he visited that kingdom for 6 months in 671.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

A trove of 7th-century siddhayatra inscriptions found in Palembang and Bangka Island is also an important primary historical source.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In addition, regional news that some may approach the story of the legend, such as the story of Maharaja Javaka and the King of Khmer also give a glimpse of the description.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In addition, some accounts of Indian and Arab travelers also explain vaguely as to the astonishing wealth of the king of Zabag.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In addition to the above news, there has been found by the Palembang Archaeological Hall an ancient boat that is thought to exist since the early days or proto Kingdom of Sriwijaya in Sungai Pasir Village, Cengal District, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, South Sumatra. [10]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Honey, the ancient boat head is gone and part of the boat board was used precisely for the bridge.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

It was recorded that there were 17 boat pieces consisting of a keel section, 14 boat boards consisting of a fuselage section and a stern section for placing the rudder. [10]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

This boat is made with wooden pegs and fastening boards that use ijuk rope.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

This method itself is known as the technique of Southeast Asian tradition.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In addition to the boat wreck, there were also a number of other artifacts related to boat finds, such as pottery, ceramics, and wooden tools. [10]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Sriwijaya became a symbol of the greatness of early Sumatra, and the largest kingdom of the archipelago.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In the 20th century, the two empires became a reference by nationalists to show that Indonesia was a unified state before Dutch colonialism. [8]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Sriwijaya is called by a wide variety of names.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The Chinese call it Shih-li-fo-shih or San-fo-ts'i or San Fo Qi.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In Sanskrit and Pali languages, the kingdom of Sriwijaya was called Yavadesh and Javadeh.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The Arabs called it Zabaj [11] and the Khmer called it Malayu.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The number of names is another reason why Sriwijaya is so hard to find. [2]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

While from the map of Ptolemaeus found details about the existence of 3 islands of Sabadeibei which are likely related to Sriwijaya. [6]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

According to the Kedukan Bukit Inscription, which refers to 605 Saka (683 AD), Kadatuan Sriwijaya was first established around Palembang, on the banks of the Musi River.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

This inscription mentions that Dapunta Hyang came from Minanga Tamwan.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The exact location of Minanga Tamwan is still disputed.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The theory of Palembang as the place where Sriwijaya first started was proposed by Coedes and supported by Pierre-Yves Manguin.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Besides Palembang, other places such as Muaro Jambi (Batanghari River, Jambi) and Muara Takus (confluence of Kanan and Kiri Kampar River, Riau) are also suspected to be the capital of Sriwijaya.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Around 1993, Pierre-Yves Manguin made an observation and argued that the center of Sriwijaya was located on the Musi River between Bukit Seguntang and Sabokingking (located in the province of South Sumatra now), precisely around the site of Karanganyar which is now used as the Royal Antiquity Park Sriwijaya. [2]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

This opinion is based on a 1984 aerial photograph showing that the Karanganyar site features a form of water building, namely a network of canals, ditches, ponds and neatly arranged artificial islands that ensure this site is man-made.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

This water building consists of a pond and two square and rectangular islands, as well as a network of canals with an area covering 20 hectares.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

There are many ancient relics that indicate that this area was once a center of settlements and a center of human activity. [12]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

But earlier Soekmono argued that the center of Sriwijaya was located in the sehiliran area of Batang Hari, between Muara Sabak to Muara Tembesi (in present-day Jambi province), [6] with Malayu records not being in the area.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

If Malayu is in the area, he cendrung to the opinion of Moens, [13] who previously also argued that the location of the center of the kingdom of Sriwijaya is in the area of Muara Takus Temple (Riau province now), assuming the direction of travel in the note I Tsing, [14] and It can also be attributed to the news about the construction of the temple presented by the king of Sriwijaya (Se li chu la wu ni fu ma tian hwa or Sri Cudamaniwarmadewa) in 1003 to the Chinese emperor named cheng tien wan shou (Bungsu temple, one part of the temple located in the Takus Estuary). [15]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Poerbatjaraka supported Moens' opinion.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

He argued that Minanga Tamwan was likened to the confluence area of Kampar Kanan River and Kampar Kiri, Riau, the place where Muara Takus Temple now stands.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

According to him, the word tamwan comes from the word “meeting”, then interpreted “the area where the river meets”. [16]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

But certainly during the conquest by Rajendra Chola I, based on the Tanjore inscription, Sriwijaya had been capitalized in Kadaram (present-day Kedah). [6]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

However, in 2013, archaeological research conducted by the University of Indonesia found several religious sites and residences in Muaro Jambi.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

This suggests that the initial center of Sriwijaya was probably located in Muaro Jambi Regency, Jambi on the banks of the Batang Hari river, and not on the Musi River as previously presumed. [17]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The archaeological site includes eight excavated temples, in an area of about 12 square kilometers, stretching 7.5 kilometers along the Batang Hari River, as well as 80 menapo or mounds of unrestored temple ruins. [18] [19] The Muaro Jambi site has a Mahayana-Wajrayana Buddhist pattern.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

This suggests that the site was a centre of Buddhist learning, attributed to the famous Buddhist scholar figure Suvarṇadvipi Dharmakirti from the 10th century.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Historical records from China also mention that Sriwijaya housed thousands of monks.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Another theory proposes the opinion that Dapunta Hyang originated from the east coast of the Malaya Peninsula, that Chaiya in Surat Thani, Southern Thailand was the center of the kingdom of Sriwijaya. [20]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

There is also an opinion that the name of Chaiya town comes from the word “Light” in Malay.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Some believe that the name Chaiya comes from Sri Wi<b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[15648,15658,3,3]}'>jaya, and the city is the center of Sriwijaya.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

This theory is mostly supported by Thai historians, [21] although in general this theory is considered less powerful.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The history of the Formation and growth of this Kingdom became a center of commerce and was a nautical state, but this kingdom did not extend its power beyond the archipelago region of Southeast Asia, with the exception of contributing to Madagascar's population as far as 3,300 miles to the west.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Some experts still dispute the area that became the center of Sriwijaya government, [22] besides the possibility of this kingdom used to move the center of its government, but the area that became the capital remained ruled directly by the ruler, while the supporting area was ruled by a datu local. [23] [24] The journey of Siddhayatra Kemaharajaan Sriwijaya has existed since 671 according to the records of I Tsing.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

From the Kedukan Bukit inscription in 682 in known this imperium under the leadership of Dapunta Hyang.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

That he set out on the holy siddhayatra journey to “medalling blessings”, [25] and led 20,000 soldiers and 312 men on board with 1,312 soldiers on foot from Minanga Tamwan to Jambi and Palembang.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Known, the Kedukan Bukit Inscription is the oldest inscription written in Malay.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Experts argue that this inscription adapted Indian orthography to write this inscription. [26]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In the 7th century, the Chinese noted that there were two kingdoms namely Malayu and Kedah being part of the omnipresence of Sriwijaya. [2]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Based on the Kota Kapur inscription which figures in 686 found on the island of Bangka, this omniscience has controlled the southern part of Sumatra, Bangka island and Belitung, to Lampung.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The inscription also mentions that Sri Jayanasa had launched a military expedition to punish unfilial Javanese Bhumi to Sriwijaya, this event along with the collapse of Tarumanagara in West Java and Holing (Kalingga) in Central Java which was most likely the result of attacks Sriwijaya.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The possibility of Bhumi Javanese is Tarumanegara. [27]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Sriwijaya grew and successfully controlled maritime trade lanes in the Strait of Malacca, Sunda Strait, South China Sea, Java Sea, and Karimata Strait.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The conquest of the region The expansion of this kingdom into Java and the Malaya Peninsula, made Sriwijaya in control of the nodes of major trade routes in Southeast Asia.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Based on observations, Sriwijaya temples were found in Thailand and Cambodia.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In the 7th century, the port of Champa in the east of Indochina began to divert many merchants from Sriwijaya.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

To prevent this, Maharaja Dharmasetu launched several incursions into beach towns in Indochina.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The city of Indrapura on the banks of the Mekong river, in the early 8th century came under the control of Sriwijaya.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Sriwijaya continued its dominance over Cambodia, until Khmer king Jayawarman II, founder of Khmer omnipotence, broke ties with Sriwijaya in the same century. [2]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In the late 8th century several kingdoms in Java, among others Tarumanegara and Holing came under the rule of Sriwijaya.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

According to records, at this time also Sailendra wangsa migrated to Central Java and ruled there.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In this century, Langkasuka in the Malay peninsula became part of the kingdom. [2]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In subsequent times, Pan Pan and Trambralinga, located to the north of Langkasuka, also came under the influence of Sriwijaya.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

After Dharmasetu, Samaratungga became the successor of the kingdom.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

He came to power in the period from 792 to 835.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Unlike expansionist Dharmasetu, Samaratungga did not undertake military expansion, but preferred to strengthen Sriwijaya's overlordship in Java.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

During his leadership, he built the Borobudur temple in Central Java which was completed in 825. [2]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The golden age Based on sources of historical records from Arabia, Sriwijaya is called by the name Sribuza.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In 955 AD, Al Masudi, a traveler and classical Arab historian wrote an account of Sriwijaya.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In the note, it is described Sriwijaya was a large, wealthy kingdom, with a very large army.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Mentioned the fastest ship within two years is not enough to surround the entire island of its territory.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Sriwijaya's produce is camphor, aloe, cloves, sandalwood, nutmeg, cardamom, gambir and some other produce. [28]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Another note writes that Sriwijaya is advanced in the field of agrarian.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

This was concluded from an expert from the Persian Nation named Abu Zaid Hasan who received a description from Sujaimana, an Arab merchant.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Abu Zaid wrote that the Kingdom of Zabaj (Sriwijaya — called Sriwijaya by the Arabs at that time-) had fertile land and vast power to across the ocean. [11]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Relationship with Sailendra Wangsa The appearance of the linkage between Sriwijaya and the Sailendra dynasty began due to the presence of Śailendravamśa name on several inscriptions among them on the Kasan inscription on the island of Java, the Ligor inscription in the south of Thailand, and the Nalanda inscription in India.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

While on the inscription Sojomerto found the name Dapunta Selendra.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Because Sojomerto inscriptions are written in Old Malay, and Malay is commonly used in inscriptions in Sumatra, it is suspected that Sailendra wangsa originated from Sumatra, although the origin of this Malay language is still awaiting research until now. [14]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Majumdar argues the Sailendra dynasty is located in Sriwijaya (Suwarnadwipa) and Medang (Java), both originating from Kalinga in southern India. [29]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Later Moens added the arrival of Dapunta Hyang to Palembang, causing one of the families in this dynasty to move to Java. [30]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

While Poerbatjaraka argues that this dynasty originated in the archipelago, it is based on Carita Parahiyangan [31] later attributed to several other inscriptions in Java that speak Old Malay among them the inscription Sojomerto. [32] [33] The omaharajaan of Sriwijaya characterized maritime kingdoms.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Relying on hegemony on the power of its sea fleet in mastering shipping, trade lines, controlling and building several strategic areas as its fleet base in supervising, protecting merchant ships, levying taxes, and to safeguard the territory of sovereignty and power. [34]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

From historical records and archaeological evidence, by the 9th century Sriwijaya had colonized almost all the kingdoms of Southeast Asia, including: Sumatra, Java, the Malayan Peninsula, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, [2] and the Philippines. [35]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Domination over the Strait of Malacca and Sunda Strait, made Sriwijaya the controller of the local spice trade and trade routes that imposed customs and excise duties on every passing ship.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Sriwijaya amassed its wealth from port services and trading warehouses serving the markets of China, and India.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The Sriwijaya ruling in Java Wangsa Sailendra in Java fostered and maintained fellowship with the Sriwijaya breed in Sumatra, and then further established their government in the Medang Mataram Kingdom in Central Java.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In Java, Dharanindra's heir was Samaragrawira (reigned 800—819), who is mentioned in the Nalanda Inscription (dated 860) as the father of Balaputradewa, and son of Śailendravamsatilaka (Śailendra family jeweler) under the title name Śrīviravairimathana (assassin of enemy officers), who was referring to Dharanindra. [36] :92 Unlike his predecessor, the warring germar King Dharanindra, Rakai Warak seems inclined to peace-loving, he enjoys the prosperity and peace of the Kedu Plain in the interior of Java, and is more interested in completing the construction project of Borobudur temple.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

He appointed a Khmer prince named Jayawarman as governor of Indrapura in the Mekong River delta under Sailendra's rule.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

This decision proved a mistake, as Jayawarman then rebelled, moving the capital further inland north from Tonle Sap to Mahendraparwata, severing ties and proclaiming Cambodia's independence from Java in 802.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Rakai Warak is mentioned as the king of Java who married Tara, daughter of Dharmasetu of Sriwijaya. [36] :108 He is referred to in the name of the other; Rakai Warak in the Mantyasih Inscription.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Earlier historians, such as N. J. Krom, and Coedes, tended to equate Rakai Warak with Samaratungga. [36] :92 However, later historians such as Slamet Muljana equate Samaratungga with Rakai Garung, who is mentioned in the Mantyasih Inscription as the fifth king of the Mataram kingdom.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Which means Samaratungga is the successor of Rakai Warak.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Goddess Tara, daughter of Dharmasetu, married Samaratungga, a member of the Sailendra family who later ascended the throne of Sriwijaya around 792. [37]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In the 8th century AD, the palace of Sriwijaya was housed in Java, as the kings of the Sailendra wangsa were appointed as Maharaja Sriwijaya.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

After Dharmasetu, Samaratungga became the next Maharaja of Sriwijaya.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

He reigned as ruler in the period 792-835.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Different from the expansionist Dharmasetu, Samaratungga did not plunge in the military expansion scene, but rather preferred to strengthen Sriwijaya's rule and influence over Java.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

He personally oversaw the construction of the grand temple of Borobudur; a large mandala of stone completed in 825, during his reign. [38]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

According to George Coedes, “in the second half of the ninth century, Java and Sumatra were united under the rule of Sailendra who ruled in Java... with a trading center in Palembang. “[39] :92 Samaratungga like Rakai Warak, seems to have been heavily influenced by peace-loving Mahayana Buddhist beliefs.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

He strives to become a compassionate ruler.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

His successor was Princess Pramodhawardhani who was betrothed to Rakai Pikatan who adhered to the Shiva stream.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

He was the son of Rakai Patapan, a rakai (regional ruler) who was quite influential in Central Java.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

This political move appears to be an attempt to secure the peace and power of Sailendra in Java, by means of reconciling the relationship between the Buddhists of the Mahayana stream with the Hindu adherents of the Shiva stream.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Back in Palembang Akan however, Prince Balaputradewa opposed the rule of Pikatan and Pramodhawardhani in Central Java.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The relationship between Balaputra and Pramodhawardhani is interpreted differently by some historians.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

An older theory according to Bosch and De Casparis states that Balaputra was a son of Samaratungga, meaning he was the younger brother of Pramodhawardhani.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Historians of later generations, such as Muljana, on the other hand, argue that Balaputra was a son of Rakai Warak and younger brother of Samaratungga, meaning he was the uncle of Pramodhawardhani. [40]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

It is not clearly known, whether Balaputradewa was eliminated from Central Java for losing a succession dispute against Pikatan, or he had indeed ruled in Suwarnadwipa (Sumatra) before the outbreak of this dispute over the succession of powers.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In any case, it seems that the Sailendra wangsa eventually split into two; between Central Java controlled by Pikatan-Pramodhawardhani and Palembang controlled by Balaputradewa.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

That Balaputradewa finally took control of the Sumatran branch of Sailendra and enthroned in the capital Sriwijaya of Palembang.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Some historians argue that, because Balaputra's mother - Dewi Tara, the consort of King Rakai Warak was the daughter of Sriwijaya, this made Balaputra at the same time as heir to the throne of Sriwijaya in Sumatra.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Balaputradewa was then named as Maharaja Sriwijaya, then he stated his claim to be the legitimate heir of the Sailendra of Java, as mentioned in the Nalanda Inscription which is stated 860. [36] :108 Fighting against Java Sriwijaya controlled the maritime trade lanes in Asia Southeast throughout the 10th century, but by the end of the century the Medang Kingdom in East Java grew into a new nautical power and began to challenge the dominance of Sriwijaya.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Chinese news from the Song Dynasty referred to the Kingdom of Sriwijaya in Sumatra by the name San-fo-tsi, while the Medang Kingdom in Java by the name She-po.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

It is reported that, San-fo-TSI and She-po engaged in competition for control of Southeast Asia.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The two lands sent each other ambassadors to China.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The San-fo-tsi envoy who departed in 988 was restrained in the port of Canton when he was about to go home, because his country was invaded by the Javanese army.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

This attack from Java allegedly took place around the 990s, namely between 988 and 992 during the reign of Sri Cudamani Warmadewa. [41]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In the spring of 992 the ambassador of Sriwijaya tried to go home but was again restrained in Champa because his land was not yet safe.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

He asked the Song emperor that China give protection to San-fo-tsi.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Javanese envoys also arrived in China in 992.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

He was sent by his king who ascended the throne in 991.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The new king of Java is Dharmawangsa Teguh. [41]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The Medang Kingdom managed to seize Palembang in 992 for a time, but then Medang forces were successfully repulsed by Sriwijaya's forces.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The Hujung Langit inscription of 997 again mentions a Javanese attack on Sumatra.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

This series of attacks from Java ultimately failed as Java did not manage to establish a foothold in Sumatra.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Controlling the capital in Palembang is not enough because in essence the power and power of the Sriwijaya mandala is spread across several ports in the Malacca Strait area.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The Maharaja of Sriwijaya, Sri Cudamani Warmadewa, managed to escape out of the capital and went around gathering forces and reinforcements from his allies and vassal kings to repulse the Javanese army.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Sriwijaya showed the persistence of his mandalan fellowship, survived and successfully repulsed the Javanese navy. [41]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Sri Cudamani Warmadewa showed his diplomacy prowess again, winning China's support by capturing his Caesar's heart.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In 1003, he sent an envoy to China and reported that in his country, a Buddhist temple dedicated to pray for the Emperor of China to long age.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The Chinese emperor who was enlarged with the offering named the temple cheng tien wan shou and bestowed the genta to be installed in the temple. [42] (


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Bungsu Temple, one part of the temple located in Muara Takus). [15]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

This attack from Medang opened Sriwijaya's eyes how dangerous the threat of Java, then Maharaja Sriwijaya also composed countermeasures and tried to destroy the Medang Kingdom.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Sriwijaya was touted as playing a role in destroying the Medang Kingdom in Java.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In the inscription Pucangan mentioned a Mahapralaya event, namely the destruction of the Medang palace in East Java, where Haji Wurawari of Lwaram who was a vassal king of Sriwijaya, in 1006 or 1016 attacked and caused the killing of the last Medang king Dharmawangsa Teguh. [6] [43] During the decline of the Chola kingdom Raids in 1017 and 1025, Rajendra Chola I, king of the Chola dynasty in Koromandel, southern India, sent a sea expedition to attack Sriwijaya.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Based on the Tanjore inscription dated 1030, the Chola Kingdom has conquered areas of Sriwijaya colony, such as the Nikobar region and also succeeded in captivating the ruling Sriwijaya king at that time Sangrama-Vijayottunggawarman.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Over the following decades, the entire Sriwijaya imperium has been within the influence of the Chola dynasty.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Nonetheless Rajendra Chola I nevertheless gave opportunities to his feared kings to remain in power as long as he remained subservient to him. [44]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

This can be attributed to the news of San-fo-Ts'i's envoy to China in 1028. [45]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Another factor of Sriwijaya's deterioration is natural factors.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Due to the deposition of silt in the Musi River and several other tributaries, the merchant ships arriving in Palembang are diminishing. [46]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

As a result, Palembang City increasingly moved away from the sea and became unstrategic.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

As a result of merchant ships coming in diminished, taxes reduced and weakened the economy and position of Sriwijaya. [11]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The Tanjungpura and Nan Sarunai kingdoms in Borneo were kingdoms contemporaneous with Sriwijaya, but the Kingdom of Tanjungpura is mentioned as being managed by the runaway Malays of Sriwijaya, who when at that time Sriwijaya was invaded by Chola Kingdom they migrated to South Kalimantan. [47]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

However at this time Sriwijaya is considered to have been part of the Chola dynasty.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Chinese chronicles mention that in 1079, Kulothunga Chola I (Ti-hua-ka-lo) king of the Chola dynasty was referred to also as the king of San-fo-ts'i, who then dispatched envoys to assist in the repair of temples near Canton.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Furthermore in the Chinese news titled Sung Hui Yao mentioned that the kingdom of San-fo-tsi in 1082 was still sending envoys during Chinese times under the reign of Emperor Yuan Fong.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The ambassador delivered a letter from the king Kien-pi subordinate San-fo-tsi, which was a letter from the king's daughter who was given over the state affairs of San-fo-tsi, and also handed over 227 tal of jewelry, rumbia, and 13 pieces of clothing.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Then it also sent its next envoy in 1088. [2]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The influence of Rajendra Chola I's invasion, on Sriwijaya's hegemony over his vassal kings was weakened.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Some conquests broke away, until Dharmasraya and Pagaruyung emerged as new powers that then regained control of Sriwijaya colonies ranging from the Malaya Peninsula, Sumatra, to western Java.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The appearance of Malayu Dharmasraya In 1079 and 1088, Chinese records indicate that Sriwijaya sent ambassadors to China. [48]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Especially in 1079, each of these ambassadors visited China. [48]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

This shows that the capital city of Sriwijaya has always shifted from one city or another during that period. [48]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Chola expeditions changed trade paths and weakened Palembang, allowing Jambi to take leadership of Sriwijaya in the 11th century. [49]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Based on Chinese sources in the book Chu-fan-chi [50] written in 1178, Chou-Ju-Kua explained that in the archipelago of Southeast Asia there were two very powerful and rich kingdoms, namely San-fo-ts'i and Cho-po (Java).


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In Java she found that her people embraced Buddhism and Hinduism, whereas the people of San-fo-Ts'i embraced Buddhism, and had 15 subordinate areas which included; Si-lan (Cambodia), Tan-ma-ling (Tambralingga, Ligor, southern Thailand), Kia-lo-hi (Grahi, present-day Chaiya, southern Thailand), Ling-ya-si-kia ( Langkasuka), Kilantan (Kelantan), Pong-fong (Pahang), Tong-ya-nong (Terengganu), Fo-lo-an (Dungun river estuary of present-day Terengganu area), Ji-lo-t'ing (Cherating, east coast of peninsula malaya), Ts'ien-mai (Semawe, east coast of malaya peninsula), Pa-t'a River (Paka, east coast of the Peninsula Malaya), Lan-wu-li (Lamuro in Aceh), Pa-lin-fong (Palembang), Kien-pi (Jambi), and Sin-t'o (Sunda). [6] [13] However, the term San-fo-tsi especially in 1178 is no longer synonymous with Sriwijaya, but instead has been synonymous with Dharmasraya.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

From the list of 15 vassal lands of San-fo-TSI, it turned out to be a colonialist region of the Kingdom of Dharmasraya.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Although Chinese sources still refer to San-fo-tsi as a kingdom located in the South China Sea.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

This is because in Pararaton has been mentioned Malayu.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

This book tells that Kertanagara king Singhasari, sent a Pamalayu or Pamalayu expedition, and then gifted the Amoghapasa Arca to the Malay king, Srimat Tribhuwanaraja Mauli Warmadewa in Dharmasraya as written on the Padang Roco inscription.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

These events were later attributed to the manuscripts contained on the Grahi inscription.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Government and economy Government structure JMPL|Ka|Inscription Telaga Batu Sriwjaya Society is very compound, and knows social stratatification. [11]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The establishment of a single unitary state within the dimensions of Sriwijaya's political authority structure, can be traced from several inscriptions containing important information about kadātuan, vanua, samaryyāda, mandala and bhūmi. [51]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Kadātuan can mean dātu area, (tnah house) where bini hāji live, where mas are stored and excise (drawy) as an area that must be guarded.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Kadātuan is surrounded by vanua, which can be considered a city area of Sriwijaya in which there is a monastery for a place of worship for its people.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Kadātuan and vanua are one core area for Sriwijaya itself.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

According to Casparis, samaryyāda is an area bordering the vanua, which is connected by a special road (samaryyāda-patha) that can intend inland areas.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

While the mandala is an autonomous area of bhūmi which is in the influence of Sriwijaya kadātuan power.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The ruler of Sriwijaya is referred to as Dapunta Hyang or Maharaja, and in the king's circle there are sequentially yuvarāja (crown prince), pratiyuvarāja (second crown prince) and rājakumāra (next heir). [52]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Telaga Batu inscription mentions many positions in the royal government structure during the time of Sriwijaya.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

According to Telaga Batu Inscription, in addition to telling the curse of king Sriwijaya to anyone who opposes the king, also told the various positions and occupations that existed in the time of Sriwijaya. [27]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Meanwhile, the positions and occupations told were king son (son of the fourth king), bhupati (regent), senopati (commander of troops), and dandanayaka (judge).


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Then there are also Tuha an disposition wuruh (worker group supervisor), [Note 1] Adyaksi nijawarna/wasikarana (ironsmith/knife gun maker), kayastha (scribe), sthapaka (engraver), puwaham (ship skipper), waniyaga (peniaga), pratisra (leader of the working group), marsi (marsi) washerman), and hulun hajj (king's slave). [27]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

According to the Chinese chronicle Hsin Tang-shu, so vast Sriwijaya was divided into two.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

As explained above, Dapunta Hyang had two children who were given the title of crown prince, namely yuvarāja (crown prince), pratiyuvarāja (second crown prince). [27] [52] Therefore, Ahmad Jelani Halimi (professor at Universiti Sains Malaysia) said that to prevent a split in Among his sons, then the possibility of the Kingdom of Sriwijaya was divided into two. [33]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Ka|JMPL|Sriwijaya ship model 800s AD found in Borobudur temple.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In the world of trade, Sriwijaya became the controller of trade lines between India and China, namely with control over the Strait of Malacca and Sunda Strait.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Arabs note that Sriwijaya had various commodities such as camphor, aloe, cloves, nutmeg, kepulaga, ivory, gold, and tin, which made the king of Sriwijaya as rich as the kings of India. [14]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

This abundant wealth has allowed Sriwijaya to buy loyalty from his vassals throughout Southeast Asia.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

By acting as an entreport or major port in Southeast Asia, by obtaining the blessing, approval, and protection of the Chinese Emperor to trade with China, Sriwijaya constantly manages the nautical trade network and strengthens the vein of shipping between China and India. [54]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

It is for that reason that Sriwijaya must continue to maintain its trade dominance by always keeping an eye on — and if necessary — fighting competitor ports in its home country.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The need to maintain the trade monopoly is what prompted Sriwijaya to stage military expeditions to conquer competitor port cities in the surrounding area and absorb them into the Sriwijaya mandala.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Bandar Malayu in Jambi, Kota Kapur on the island of Bangka, Tarumanagara and the port of Sunda in West Java, Kalingga in Central Java, and Kedah and Chaiya in the Melaya peninsula are some of the city ports conquered and absorbed into the sphere of influence of Sriwijaya.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

It is mentioned in the historical records of Champa the existence of a series of naval invasions originating from Java against several ports in Champa and Cambodia.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Perhaps the invader navy in question was the Sriwijaya fleet, because at that time the Sailendra Wangsa in Java was part of the Sriwijaya mandala.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

This is an attempt by Sriwijaya to guarantee the monopoly of marine trade in Southeast Asia by hovering its rival ports.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Sriwijaya has also been successful in terms of trade from 670 to 1025 A.D. [55] Sriwijaya's nautical glory was recorded in the relief of Borobudur, depicting Borobudur Ship, double-sided wooden ship and sail-masted that ran the sea of the archipelago around the 8th century AD.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The function of this outrigger is to balance and stabilize the boat.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The single outrigger or double outrigger is characteristic of Austronesian boats and these are the boats that carry the Austronesians sailing throughout Southeast Asia, Oceania, and the Indian Ocean.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The sailing ship immortalized in the relief of Borobudur is probably the type of ship used by the Sailendra and Sriwijaya fleets in their interisland voyages, the nautical omniscience that controlled the region in the 7th to 13th centuries AD.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In addition to establishing trade relations with India and China, Sriwijaya also established trade with Arab lands.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

It is likely that the envoy of Maharaja Sri Indrawarman who delivered a letter to the caliph Umar bin Abdul-Aziz of the Banu Umayyads of 718, returned to Sriwijaya bearing a gift of Zanji (slave woman in black), and later from Chinese chronicles mentioned Shih-li-fo-shih with its king Shih-li-t-' o-pa-mo (Sri Indrawarman) in 724 sent a gift to the Chinese emperor, in the form of ts'engchi (intending the same as Zanji in Arabic). [56]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In the first half of the 10th century, between the fall of the Tang dynasty and the rise of the Song dynasty, trade with abroad was quite rife, especially Fujian, the kingdom of Min and the kingdom of Nan Han with its rich land of Guangdong.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

No doubt Sriwijaya benefits from this trade.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

At this time it is thought that the people of Sriwijaya began to know watermelon fruit (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Matsum.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

& Nakai), who entered through their trade. [57] [58] Culture and society A complex, layered, cosmopolitan, and prosperous society; with a refined taste in art, literature, and culture, with a series of rituals influenced by Mahayana Buddhism; flourishing in society Sriwijaya.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Their elaborate social order can be seen through the study of inscriptions, foreign historical records, as well as relics of temples dating from this period.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Kingdoms had developed developed developed societies; which were characterized by the rejuvenation of their societies, social stratification, and the establishment of national administrative institutions of their kingdoms.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Religion As the center of Vajrayana Buddhist teaching, Sriwijaya attracts many pilgrims and scholars from countries in Asia.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Among others the Chinese priest I Tsing, who made visits to Sumatra in the course of his studies at Nalanda University, India, in 671 and 695, I Tsing reported that Sriwijaya became home to Buddhist scholars thus becoming a center of Buddhist learning.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In addition to the above news, there is a news presented by I Tsing, stated that there are 1000 pastors who studied Buddhism in Sakyakirti, a famous priest in Sriwijaya. [59]”


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

There are more than 1000 Buddhist pandita in Sriwijaya who learn and practice Dharma well.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

They analyze and study all the topics of the teachings as they exist in India; their vinayas and rituals are not different at all [from those in India].


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

If a Chinese pandita is going to Nalanda University in India to hear and study Dharma auutentik texts, he should stay in Sriwijaya within 1 or 2 years to practice vinaya and sanskrit appropriately.”


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Visitors who come to the island mention that gold coins have been used on the coast of the kingdom.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

In addition, the Buddhist teachings of Hinayana Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism also developed in Sriwijaya.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Towards the end of the 10th century, Atiśa, a Buddhist scholar of Bengal origin who was instrumental in developing Vajrayana Buddhism in Tibet in his working paper Durbodhāloka mentions written during the reign of Sri Cudamani Warmadewa ruler Sriwijayanagara in Malayagiri in Suvarnadvipa. [60]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The kingdom of Sriwijaya was heavily influenced by Indian culture, first by Hindu culture then followed anyway by Buddhism.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

His role in Buddhism was proved by establishing a place of Buddhist worship in Ligor, Thailand. [61]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

The kings of Sriwijaya controlled the Malay archipelago through trade and conquering from the 7th century to the 9th century, thus directly participating in developing the Malay language and its culture in the archipelago. “... many kings and leaders are in the islands of the South Sea. believe and admire Buddha, in their hearts have embedded good deeds.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Inside the fortress of the city of Sriwijaya is filled with more than 1000 Buddhist monks, who studied diligently and practiced them well...


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

If a Chinese monk wants to go to India to study Sabda, it is better for him to stay here for a year or two to dive into his knowledge before continuing in India” . —


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Overview of Sriwijaya according to I Tsing. [4]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

It is possible that Sriwijaya, which is known as a trading hub in Southeast Asia, certainly attracted the interest of Muslim traders and scholars from the Middle East, so that some kingdoms that were originally part of Sriwijaya, later grew into the forerunner of the kingdom- Islamic kingdom in Sumatra later, in a time of weakening influence of Sriwijaya.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Art and Culture Based on various historical sources, a complex and cosmopolitan society heavily influenced by the nature of the Wajrayana Buddhist mind is depicted spring in the capital city of Sriwijaya.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Some 7th century Siddhayatra inscriptions such as Talang Tuo Inscription describe Buddhist rituals to bless blessful events namely the inauguration of Sriksetra garden, Maharaja Sriwijaya's endowment for his people.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Telaga Batu inscription describes the complexity and level of office of royal officials, while Kota Kapur Inscription mentions the rudeness of Sriwijaya army over Java.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

All of these inscriptions use the Old Malay language, ancestral to the Malay language and modern Indonesian language.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Since the 7th century, the ancient Malay language has been spoken in the archipelago.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Characterized by the discovery of various Sriwijaya inscriptions and some Old Malay-language inscriptions elsewhere, such as those found on the island of Java.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Trade relations conducted by various tribes of the archipelago became a rides for the spread of Malay language, because this language became a communication tool for traders.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Since then, Malay became the lingua franca and was widely spoken by many speakers in the archipelago. [62]


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Despite being referred to as having economic power and military rudeness, Sriwijaya left little antiquity in the heart of his country in Sumatra.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Very different from the Sriwijaya episode in Central Java when the leadership of Syailendra wangsa built many large monuments; such as Kalasan Temple, Sewu Temple, and Borobudur.


Question: What is the area of the kingdom of Sriwijaya?

Sriwijaya

Buddhist temples dating back to the Sriwijaya period in Sumatra include Muaro Jambi Temple, Muara Takus Temple, and Biaro Bahal.