Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In addition, on the basis of the submission of the President of Estonia, the Riigikogu appointed the Chief Justice of the National Court, the Chairman of the Bank of Estonia, the Auditor General (a kind of Head of the Financial Examining Agency), the Legal Chancellor, and the Commander


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

A member of the Riigikogu is entitled to request an explanation from the executive agency.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

It lets the lawmakers observe the activities of the executive agencies and all the top officials written above.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Government of the Government (Estonian: Vabariigi Valitsus) or executive branch of Estonia is formed by the Prime Minister of Estonia, nominated by the president, and approved by the parliament.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The government exercises executive powers under the Constitution of Estonia and the legislation of the Republic of Estonia and consists of 12 ministers, including the prime minister.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The prime minister is also entitled to appoint other ministers, where the minister will take care of certain duties, and there are also ministers who do not have ministries, being ministers without portfolio, who at this point are only Regional Ministers.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The prime minister is entitled to lift at most three ministers, as the limit on the number of ministers inside a single government is 15.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

This government is also referred to as the cabinet.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The cabinet bears domestic and foreign policy responsibilities, which are determined by the parliament; the cabinet directs and coordinates the duties of the governing institutions and bears all accountability to whatever manifests within the authority of the executive power.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The government, headed by the Prime Minister, thus represents the political leadership of this country and makes decisions on behalf of the entire executive board.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia adheres to state-building and electronic governance.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Since 2000, the Estonian Government no longer uses paper in cabinet meetings, instead it uses electronic documentation networks over the Internet. [69]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

As a result, the European Commission project competition to submit electronic documentation of the public sector, in which the exchange of electronic documents has involved 500 agencies, including all ministries, county governments, and almost all government departments and inspections, Estonia was declared the best at Europe. [70]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Voting over the Internet is used in elections in Estonia. [71]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The first Internet voting was conducted in a local general election in 2005, and the first in a parliamentary general election was the Estonian parliamentary general election, 2007, in which 30,275 people channeled their votes via the Internet.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The vote-owners had the opportunity to cancel their electronist vote in a traditional general election, if they wished.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 2009, Reporters Without Borders reported its study results in the 8th Global Press Freedom Index, placing Estonia at 6th out of 175 countries. [72]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In the first report of the World State of Freedom Index, Estonia ranked first out of 159 countries.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Law According to the Constitution of Estonia (Estonian: Põhiseadus), the supreme power of the state is in the hands of the people.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The people exercise supreme power of the state through elections to elect members of the Riigikogu, this applies to citizens who have voting rights. [73]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The supreme judicial power is exercised by the Supreme Court or Riigikohus, which consists of 19 judges. [74]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is appointed by parliament for a 9-year term on the advice of the president.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The head of state held by the President of Estonia, who gave approval to the legislation passed by the Riigikogu, is also entitled to reject it and submit a new draft law.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

But, the president does not exercise this right very often, he plays more role in ceremonial matters.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

He was elected by the Riigikogu, and had to reach two by three votes.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

If a candidate does not achieve the required number of votes, then the right to elect the president switches to an electoral body, consisting of 101 Riigikogu members and representatives from local councils.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Like other coverage, the drafting of laws in Estonia has been successfully integrated with the Information Age.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Foreign relations Estonia is a member of the League of Nations since September 22, 1921, [75] and a member of the United Nations since September 17, 1991, [76] and the North Atlantic Defence Pact since March 29, 2004, [77] also a member of the European Union since the 1st May 2004. [78]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia also signed the Kyoto Protocol.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia is a member of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

As one of the participating OSCE member states, Estonia's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the United States Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Since regaining its independence, Estonia adhered to a foreign policy focused on cooperation with its Western European partners.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The two most important policy objectives concerning this are participation in the North Atlantic Defence Pact and the European Union, achieved in March and May 2004 respectively.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia's resettling with the Western Bloc was followed by a deterioration in relations with Russia, the latest being shown to the controversy surrounding the removal of the World War II Memorial Monument in Tallinn. [79]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

An important element in Estonia's postemergence reorientation was to close relations with the Nordic countries, particularly Finland and Sweden.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Of course, Estonians viewed them as Nordic people, rather than Baltic people, [80] [81] according to historical relations with Sweden, Denmark, and particularly Finland.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Then, in December 1999, Estonian Foreign Minister (and since 2006, President of Estonia) Toomas Hendrik Ilves delivered a speech entitled “Estonia as one of the Nordic Countries” to the Swedish Institute for International Relations. [82]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 2003, the foreign ministry also organized an exhibition entitled “Estonia: Nordic with a Knot”. [83]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 2005, Estonia joined the European Union's Nordic Combat Group.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

He also indicated the continuity of his interest in merging the Nordic Council.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

While in 1992 Russia contributed 92% to Estonia's international trade, [84] there is now an increasingly expanded economic dependence between Estonia and its Nordic neighbours: three by four foreign direct investments in Estonia come from the Nordic countries ( mainly Finland and Sweden), to them Estonia sends 42% of its exports (compared to 6.5% to Russia, 8.8% to Latvia, and 4.7% to Lithuania).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

On the other hand, Estonia's political system, fixed magnitude on income tax, and the non-state-welfare model distinguishes it from other Nordic countries, and certainly when compared to other European countries. [85]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Human rights Human rights in Estonia are well valued by the government. [86] [87] Estonia ranks highly in terms of democracy, [88] freedom of the press, [89] personal secrecy [90] and human development. [91]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The basic rights of natural persons are guaranteed by the constitution, parliamentary laws, and tracts related to human rights that were approved by the Estonian government. [86] [87] [92] [93] And again, Freedom House has reported Estonia as a country that has a standard highest in terms of internet freedom in the world. [94]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Some human rights organizations, such as Human Rights Watch, [87] The United Nations Human Rights Council [95] and the OSCE, [96] do not find evidence or systematic patterns in terms of human rights violations or ethnic discrimination, while others focus on attention to the immigrant community of Russian-speakers in Estonia, for example, Amnesty International [97] argues that Russian speakers face language discrimination in terms of employment and education, when unable to speak Esti, which became the official language of Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

According to a survey in 2009 by the EU Basic Rights Agency, 17% of Russian immigrants now settled in Estonia experience discrimination on the basis of their ethnic origin. [98]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Estonian Military Military is based on the Estonian Defence Force (Estonian: Kaitsevägi) which is the name of the combined armed forces of the republic, namely Maavägi (Army), Merevägi (Navy), Õhuvägi (Air Force) and a paramilitary national guard organization Kaitseliit (League) Defense).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The purpose of Estonia's National Defense Policy is to ensure the preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the country, the integrity (wholeness) of the land, the waters, the aerospace, and the security of its constitutions. [99]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Today, the main strategic objective of the Estonian military is to defend the interests of the country and the development of the armed forces, to be constantly ready to cooperate with the armed forces of the North Atlantic Defense Pact countries and the European Union, and also be able to take part in missions North Atlantic Defense Pact.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Now national conscription (Estonian: ajateenistus) applies to males aged 18 to 28, to serve for eight to eleven months of travel, depending on the force in which they served.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia maintains conscripts, unlike Latvia and Lithuania and does not plan to turn to contracted armed forces.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 2008, annual military spending reached 1.85% of GDP, or 5billion kroons, and still increased until 2010, amounting to 2.0%. [100]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In January 2008, the Estonian military stationed 300 soldiers abroad as part of a wide variety of international peacekeeping forces, including 35 Defense League servicemen assigned in Kosovo; 120 army soldiers inside the International Security Assistance Force led by the North Atlantic Defense Pact in Afghanistan; 80 soldiers assigned as part of the Multinational Forces in Iraq; two Estonian officers in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and 2 Estonian military agents in the Israeli Golan Heights. [101]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonian Defence Forces have also been on missions in Croatia from March to October 1995, in Lebanon from December 1996 to June 1997, and in Macedonia from May to December 2003. [102]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia participated in the Nordic Combat Group and expressed its readiness to send soldiers to Darfur, Sudan if necessary, creating a mission of peacekeeping forces for the Estonian armed forces. [103]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Ministry of Defence and Defence Forces have been and are working on dealing with cyber warfare and defence establishment for some of these years.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 2007, a military doctrine of the Estonian electronic military was formally introduced as the country was in an assault massif in cyberspace in 2007. [104]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The desired objective of this electronic military is to secure Estonia's critical electronic infrastructure and infrastructure.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The main cyberwarfare facility is the Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) established in 2006.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The organization operates with security issues that arise within the local network as well as anything that starts there. [105]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

On June 25, 2007, Estonian President Toomas Hendrik Ilves met with the President of the United States, George W. Bush. [106] Among the topics discussed was the attack on Estonia's electronic infrastructure. [107]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The attacks provoked a number of military organizations around the world to pay attention to the security interests of Internet networks to modern military doctrine.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

On 14 June 2007, the defence ministers of the members of the North Atlantic Defence Pact hosted a meeting in Brussels, issuing a joint communique promising immediate action.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The first public results were completed in the fall of 2007. [108]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Along with the placement of the North Atlantic Defence Pact's Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE), Bush expressed his support for Estonia to become the center of this organization. [109]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

As a result of the 2007 cyberattacks, the plan to blend the defense of Internet networks with Estonian military doctrine was named Tiger Defense, referencing Tiigrihüpe. [110]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The CCDCOE started its operations in November 2008. [111]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Economy As a member of the European Union, Estonia's economy ranks high in terms of income according to the World Bank.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Due to its rapid growth, Estonia's economy is often described as the Baltic Tigers.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Beginning on January 1, 2011, Estonia adopted the euro and became the 17th eurozone member state. [112]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

According to Eurostat published on November 15, 2010, Estonia had the lowest ratio of government debt relative to GDP among EU countries with a figure of 7.2 percent at the end of 2009. [113]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

World media have recently described Estonia as a Nordic country, underlining economic, political, and cultural differences between Estonia and its less successful Baltic neighbors. [114]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

A weighted budget, virtually non-existent government debt, fixed-rate income taxes, a free trade regime, a competing commercial banking sector, innovative electronic services, and even mobile phone-based services, are all quality guarantors of Estonia's market economy.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia generates roughly 75% of the electricity it consumes. [115]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

More than 85% of that electricity is raised with domestically mined oil shale.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Alternative energy resources such as wood, peat, and biomass account for 9% of primary energy production.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Renewable wind energy covered 6% of overall consumption in 2009. [116]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia imports the necessary petroleum products from Western Europe and Russia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Oil shale energy, telecommunications, textiles, chemical products, banking, services, food and fishing, timber, shipbuilding, electronics, and transportation are key sectors of the economy.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Muuga's ice-free port, near Tallinn, is a modern facility with good intermediate shipping-capability, large grain lifters, cold/freeze storage, and brand-new oil tanker loading and unloading capabilities.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

A network of railroads connecting the West, Russia and other points of the East.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia is now severely affected by development in Finland, Sweden, and Germany — three major trading partners.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The government recently raised spending on innovation.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The prime minister hailing from Estonia's Reform Party has stated his goal of delivering GDP per capita to the EU's top five by 2022.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Ireland is sometimes seen as an exemplar for Estonia's economic future.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Due to the onset of Global Economic Lethargy, Estonia's GDP was reduced by 1.4% in the second quarter of 2008, over 3% in the third quarter of 2008, and over 9% in the fourth quarter of 2008.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Estonian government made a budget of negative changes, which was approved by the Riigikogu.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The revenue budget was reduced in 2008 by EEK 6.1billion and spending by EEK 3.2billion. [117]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 2010, the state of the economy was stabilized and started in growth that relied heavily on exports.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In the fourth quarter of 2010, Estonia's industrial results increased by 23% when compared with the previous year. [118]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 2011, Danske Bank forecasted positive Estonian economic growth of 3.9 percent. [119]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

According to Eurostat data, Estonia's GDP of KKB per capita was 67% of the EU average in 2008. [120]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In March 2011, the average monthly gross salary in Estonia was €843 [118] [121] After all, there is a large difference in terms of GDP from one region to another in the country of Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Now, more than half of Estonia's GDP is generated in the nation's capital, Tallinn. [122]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 2008, Tallinn's GDP per capita was 172% of Estonia's average GDP. [123]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

This situation makes Tallinn's GDP per capita at 115% of the EU GDP average, surpassing the average level of other county-counties in Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The rate of accretion of tuna works registered in April 2011 was 10.1%. [124]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Historical development In 1929, a stable currency, the kroon, was enacted.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Kroon is published by Eesti Pank, the central bank of Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Trade focuses on the home market and the West, in particular Germany and Great Britain.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The volume of trade with the Soviet Union amounted to only 3%.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Before World War II Estonia was an agricultural country that relied on products such as butter, milk and cheese that were famous for all Western European markets.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The achievement of Estonia that the Soviet Union made in 1940 and the occupation by the NAZIS and the Soviet Union in World War II have crippled Estonia's economy.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The sovietization of postwar life continued with the unification of Estonia's economy and industry into the USSR's centrally planned structure.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Since the restoration of independence, Estonia established itself as the entrance gate between West and East, and aggressively followed economic reforms and integration with the West.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia's market reforms placed it among the economic leaders of the former COMECON region.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 1994, according to the economic theories of Milton Friedman, Estonia became one of the first countries to adopt a flat tax, at a uniform rate of 26%, regardless of the small size of individual income.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In January 2005, the amount of individual income tax was lowered to 24%.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Another decrease, to as large as 23%, was made in January 2006.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The income tax magnitude was lowered to 21% in January 2008. [125]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Government of the Republic of Estonia completed the design of the Estonian euro coinage at the end of 2004, and adopted the euro as the country's currency since January 1, 2011, later than planned due to sustained high inflation. [112] [126] In 1999, Estonia experienced the worst economic period since independence in 1991, mainly triggered by the Russian Financial Crisis of 1998.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in November 1999.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

With help from the European Union, the World Bank, and the Nordic Investment Bank, Estonia supplemented most of its preparations to become a member of the European Union by the end of 2002 and is now one of the strongest economies within the EU.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia joined the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2010.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Since 2000, Estonia has managed to provide tax forms electronically. [127]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 2010, 92% of tax forms in Estonia were provided via the Internet. [128].


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia's resources are classified as a natural resource-poor country.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

After all, the country has hefty reserves of oil shale and limestone, fused with forests covering 50.6% of the entire onshore area. [129]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In addition to oil shale and limestone, Estonia also has reserves of phosphorite, pitchblende, and granite that were not or have not been widely mined today. [130]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Significant amounts of rare earth oxides-oxides were found inside tailings that were hoarded over 50 years in uranium ore mines, shale rock, and loparit in Sillamäe. [131]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

As the price of rare oxides soars, the extraction of these oxides becomes more and more economically feasible.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The country exports roughly 3,000 tons a year, representing roughly 2 percent of world production. [132]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In recent years, a public debate has come up with the possibility of Estonia building a nuclear power plant to secure energy production after the closure of old units at Narva Power Plant, if the units are not repaired by 2016. [133]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Industry and environment Food, construction, and electronic industries are now among the most important industrial branches in Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 2007, the construction industry employed more than 80,000 people, or as much as 12% of the entire national workforce. [134]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Another important industrial sector is machinery and chemistry many of which are in Ida-Viru County and around Tallinn.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The oil shale-based mining industry, also centered in Estonia-East, generates roughly 90% of the nation's overall electricity.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In any case, the growing use of oil shale is also causing some environmental damage.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Although a number of polluters released into the air diminished in the decade of the 1980s, [135] the air was still blighted by sulfur dioxide from the mining industry that the Soviet Union was rapidly building in the early 1950s. Some coastal areas are polluted, especially near the Sillamäe industrial complex. [136]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia is a country that depends on energy as well as energy production.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In recent years, there are many domestic and foreign companies that embed their capital in the field of renewable energy resources.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Wind energy increasingly occupies an important position in Estonia, and now the overall production of wind-based energy reaches 60 MW, while at the same time a 399MW energy procurement project is undergoing work, and 2800MW of energy procurement projects in Lake Peipus and coastal Hiiumaa is being submitted. [137] [138] [139] Now, there are plans to renovate several units of Narva Power Station, establish new power plants, and provide better efficiency in oil shale-based energy production. [140]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia liberalized 35% of its electricity market in April 2010; the overall electricity market will be liberalized in 2013. [141]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Together with Lithuania, Poland, and Latvia, the country is weighing in to take part in the Visaginas Nuclear Reactor in Lithuania to replace Ignalina. [142] [143] However, due to the slow pace of this project, Estonia has not ruled out building its own nuclear reactor.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Another consideration is to undertake a joint project with Finland, since their two power networks are interconnected. [144]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The country is considering applying nuclear energy to oil shale production. [145]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia has an information technology sector, partly due to the Tiigrihüpe project which was run in the mid-decade 1990s, and has been touted as the most “wired” and developed country in Europe in terms of. [146]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Skype was written by developers from Estonia; Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, and Jaan Tallinn, who also pioneered Kazaa. [147]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia's trade adheres to a market economy since the late decade of the 1990s and one of the countries with the highest per capita income in Eastern Europe.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Proximity to the Scandinavian market, located between East and West, competitive cost structure and well-skilled labor had been Estonia's main comparative advantage in the early 2000s decade. Tallinn as the largest city has risen as a financial center and the Tallinn Stock Exchange has merged the OMX system.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Recent governments follow a pretty impressive financial (fiscal) policy, the result is a weighted budget and low government debt.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

But, by 2007, a large current-account deficit and soaring inflation had hit Estonia's currency, which had been pegged to the euro, confirming the need for growth in export-oriented industries.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia's exports are mainly machinery and equipment, wood and paper, textiles, food, furniture, and chemical and metal products. [148]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia also exports 1.562trillion watt hours of electricity per year. [148]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

At the same time Estonia imported machinery and equipment, chemical products, textiles, food products, and transportation equipment. [148]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia imports 200billion watt hours of electricity per year. [148]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Between 2007 and 2013, Estonia received 53.3billion kroons (3.4billion euros) from various EU Structural Funding as direct support through the largest overseas investment shooters Estonia has ever received. [149]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The majority of EU financial aid will be instilled in the following areas: energ economy, entrepreneurship, administrative capability, education, information society, environmental protection, regional and local development, research and development activities, health care and welfare people, transport and labor market. [150]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonian transport has been an important layover centre since medieval times.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

A favorable geographical location, accompanied by infrastructure development, provides good opportunities for all activities related to transport and logistics.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Railways dominate the freight sector, transporting 70% of goods, domestically as well as internationally.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Since 2007, the importance of the transport sector for the overall economy has decreased, mainly due to hostilities between Estonia and Russia. [151]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The highway transport sector dominates passenger transport; nearly 90% of passengers walk by road.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The reconstruction of the Tallinn—Tartu highway has grabbed national attention because it connects the two largest cities in the country.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The reconstruction of the highway (route 2+2) is part of the present Coalition Government programme. [152]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Also the submission of a permanent connection towards Saaremaa Island is in the national infrastructure development program.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The cost of the project was estimated to reach billions of euros, which also attracted media attention and sparked public debate on its implementation. [153]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

There are now five major cargo ports that provide easy navigation access, deep waters, and good ice conditions.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

There are 12 airports and one helicopter base in Estonia, where Tallinn Airport is the largest airport, providing services for a number of passenger flights to 23 destinations.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Demographics Before World War II, ethnic Estonians were 88% of the population, with national minorities some 12%. [154]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The largest minority groups in 1934 were Russians, Germans, Swedes, Latvians, Jews, Poles, Finns, and Izhora of Ingria.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The proportion of Baltic Germans was reduced from 5.3% (~46,700) in 1881 to 1.3% (16,346) in 1934. [154] [155] In the period from 1945 to 1989, the proportion of ethnic Estonians in the current definition of Estonian borders decreased to a figure of 61%, mainly due to the Soviet program that advocated massive immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, as well as the emigration of warfare and the expulsion and mass expulsion of Stalin.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 1989, minorities occupied a proportion of more than a third of the population, when the number of non-Estonian residents grew nearly fivefold.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In the late 1980s decade, the Estonians viewed their demographic changes as a national catastrophe.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

This was the result of a migration policy important to the Soviet Nationalization Program aimed at repurposing Estonians — military and administrative immigration of a coercive nature of non-Estonians from the Soviet Union coupled with the mass expulsion of Estonians to the Soviet Union.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

During the purge period, up to 110,000 Estonians were killed or expelled.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In the next decade (after the restoration of independence), the massive emigration of ethnic Russians and the elimination of Russian military bases in 1994 caused Estonian ethnic comparisons in Estonia to rise from 61% to 69% in 2006.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Modern Estonia is a fairly heterogeneous country judging by the ethnic composition it has, but this heterogeneity does not become a common feature, as the non-Estonian population is centralized in two counties.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Thirteen of Estonia's 15 counties hold 80 percent of ethnic Estonians, the most homogeneous being Hiiumaa, where ethnic Estonians amount to 98.4% of the population.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In any case, in Harju County (including the capital, Tallinn) and Ida-Viru County, ethnic Estonians account for 60% and 20% of the population, respectively.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Russians account for 25.6% of the overall population, its 36% are in Harju County, and 70% of its are in Ida-Viru County.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The law on was passed in 1925, becoming the first in Europe at the time.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Cultural autonomy can be granted to minorities whose population of more than 3,000 people with ties has long been intertwined with the Republic of Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Before the Soviet occupation, German and Jewish minorities held elections to elect a cultural council.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Law on Cultural Autonomy for Tribes of Minority Nations was re-enacted in 1993.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Based on its history, there are many parts of the north-west coast and the Estonian archipelago have been occupied by local indigenous ethnics, namely Rannarootslased (Coastal Swedes).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Most of the Swedish population in Estonia, as many as 3,800 moved to Sweden or were expelled in 1944, sparing themselves from breaking the Red Army.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In recent years, a number of Coastal Swedes began to reproduce, in 2008 almost 500 people, due to property reformation in the early 1990s decade. In 2005, Ingria's Finnish minority in Estonia elected a cultural council and was granted cultural autonomy.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia's Swedish minority also received cultural autonomy in 2007.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The urbanization of Tallinn is the capital as well as the largest city of Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Tallinn is located on the northern coast of Estonia, on the Gulf of Finland.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

There are now 33 towns and several smaller towns or parishes in the country.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In its entirety there are 47 linn, “linn” means “city”.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

More than 70% of the population settled in those towns.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The following are the 12 largest cities in Estonia: Religion of Ka|JMPL|Church of St. Olaf: The tallest building in the world in the span from 1549 to 1625. [156] left|straight|JMPL|Church of Saint John, Tartu Estonian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion, separation of religion and state, and secrecy individuals in faith and religion. [157]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

According to Dentsu Communication Institute Inc, Estonia is the second most irreligious country in the world with 75.7% of its population claiming to be religious, after China with 93%. [158]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

A Eurobarometer survey in 2005 found that only 16% of Estonians expressed confidence in god, the lowest belief of all countries under review (EU study). [159]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The most widely followed religious belief in the country is Evangelical Lutheranism, professed by 152,000 Estonians (or 14.8%) of the population, in particular ethnic Estonians. 143,000 inhabitants adhere to Eastern Orthodox Christianity, mandated by the Russian minority. [160] [161] According to the census of 2000, there are approximately 152,000 adherents of Lutheranism, 143,000 adherents of Orthodox Christianity, 5,000 Roman Catholics, 3,700 Jehovah's witnesses, and 1,000 followers of Taaraism [162] [163] [164] or Maausk in Estonia (see Maavalla Koda).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

There is a Jewish community in Estonia, with an estimated population of 1,900 people (see History of Jews in Estonia).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In addition, there are approximately 68,000 people who declare themselves atheists. [161]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The country had been Christianized by the Teuton Knights in the 13th century.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In the time of the Protestant Reformation, Protestantism spread, and the Lutheran church was officially established in Estonia in 1686.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

At that time there were still many Estonians not declaring themselves specifically adhering to a particular religion, because religion in the 19th century was in communion with the German landlords. [165]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Based on history, there is also another minority religion, the Russian Ancient Adherents, in the area of Lake Peipus in Tartu County.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The community of JMPL|left|Synagogue in Tallinn Estonia is now a multination nation, where according to the 2000 census, 109 languages are spoken. 67.3% of Estonians speak Esti as their native language, 29.7% — Russian and 3% speak another language. [166]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Since July 2, 2010, 84.1% of Estonia's residents are Estonian statehood, 8.6% of its are foreign nationals, and 7.3% declare themselves “not ensuring their nationality”. [167]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Since 1992 approximately 140,000 people have managed to acquire Estonian citizenship through naturalization. [168]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The ethnic distribution in Estonia is very homogeneous, where in most of the county, more than 90% of the people are ethnic Estonians.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

There are big differences in larger cities like Tallinn, where Estonians account for 60% of the population.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The rest are mainly from Russian- and other slavik-based habitats, who arrived in Estonia during the Soviet Occupation period.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

According to the survey only 5% of the Russian community opens the possibility of returning to Russia in the future.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Russians in Estonia have established their respective identities — more than half of respondents admitted that Russians in Estonia are quite different than Russians in Russia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

When comparing the results with a survey from 2000, then the behavior of Russians in the direction of his future is much more positive. [169]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Women are the foremost Estonian scientific society.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 2006, more than 60% of scientists in Estonia were women.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Family For families who deliver babies, the Estonian Government gives 100 percent of the salary of one parent to the family for 18 months.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

After the baby turns 1.5 years old, parents have the right to resume their former position.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In addition, parents and infants also get cost-free health care.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

These measures, which have been in place since 2005, have drastically raised birth rates in Estonia over the years.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The 2011 World Mother's Child Protection Report placed Estonia as the 18th best country in the world for mothers, surpassing Canada and the United States. [170] 63% of households have a desk computer at home.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Languages The country's only official language, the Esti language, is a member of the Finnic languages which are a branch of the Urals languages.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Thus, the Esti language is closely related to the Suomi language (Finland), which is spoken on the other side of the Gulf of Finland, and is one of the few European languages that is not descended from the Indo-European language.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Although there is some overlap in vocabulary due to each other borrowing, in terms of their origin, the Esti and Suomi languages are not related to their closest geographical neighbors, Swedish, Latvi language, and Russian, all of which are Indo-European languages.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Russian is still spoken as a second language by ethnic Estonians aged 40—70, as Russian was once the unofficial language of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1944 to 1991 and was taught as a second compulsory language in Soviet times.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 1998, most of the first- and second-generation industrial immigrants from various parts of the former Soviet Union (especially the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) were not Estonian-speaking. [171]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

But as of 2010; 64.1% of people who are not ethnic Estonians are able to speak Estonian. [172]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Most of the ethnic minority which is Russian-speaking, settled in the capital city of Tallinn and the industrial urban area of Ida-Viru County.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In Noarootsi Parish in Lääne County (known as Nuckö kommun in Swedish and Noarootsi vald in Estonian), Swedish and Esti are official-companion languages, and there are 22 villages that have bilingual official names. [173]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The most prevalent foreign languages studied by Estonians are English, Russian, Suomi, German, and Swedish.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Education and science The history of formal education in Estonia began in the 13th century until the 14th century when the first cathedral and monastic schools were established.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The inaugural book in the Esti language was published in 1575.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The oldest university is the University of Tartu founded by Swedish King Gustav II Adolf in 1632.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 1919, university lectures began to be delivered using the Esti language.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The most current educational criteria in Estonia are general education, vocational, and hobby (favorite).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The education system includes four levels, covering preschool, primary, secondary, and higher education. [174]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

An extensive network of schools and supportive educational institutions has been established.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Education in Estonia is administered by the state, region/city, public, and private.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

There are now 589 schools in Estonia. [175]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

All schools in Estonia are connected to the Internet.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

According to the International Student Assessment Program, the performance level of gymnasium-age students in Estonia is one of the best in the world.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Academic higher education in Estonia is divided into three levels: bachelor's, master's, and doctoral.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In several areas of expertise (general medicine, veterinary medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, architect-engineer, and classroom teacher programs) the undergraduate and master's degree levels are integrated in one unit. [176]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The public universities in Estonia are much more autonomous than the institutions of applied higher education.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In addition to organizing academic life at the university, the university can draw up a new curriculum, establish the terms and conditions of entering the university, approve the budget, approve the development plan, elect the rector and make binding decisions in terms of ownership and management of assets. [177]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia has public and private universities of not very large numbers.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The largest public universities are Tartu University, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn University, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonian Academy of Arts, and the largest private university is the Estonian Business School.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Estonian Academy of Sciences is the national academy of sciences in Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The first computer centers were established in the late 1950s decade in Tartu and Tallinn.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Experts in Estonia contributed to the development of software engineering standards for various ministries of the Soviet Union in the decade of the 1980s. [178] [179] Estonian cultural culture blends indigenous heritage, as demonstrated by the Esti language and saunas, with the mainstream cultural aspects of the country- Nordic and European countries.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Due to its history and geography, Estonian culture is influenced by traditions in neighbouring regions, such as the Finnic, Baltic, Slavik, and Germanic peoples; as well as cultural development in the once dominant powers, namely Sweden and Russia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Traditionally, Estonia is seen as an area of opposition between the west and east of Europe at various levels.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

An example of this geopolitical heritage is the chorus of exclusion of nationally recognized Christian traditions: the western Protestant Church and the eastern Orthodox Church.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Like mainstream culture in other Nordic countries, Estonian culture awakens above the reality of hermitage environment and traditional livelihood, a legacy that comparatively disseminates egalitarianism beyond practical reasons (behold: freedom to venture and rights choose universal), and ideally ideal proximity to nature and self-sufficiency (see: summer cottage). [180]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Estonian Academy of Arts (Esti: Eesti Kunstiakadeemia, EKA) provides higher education of art, design, architecture, media, art history, and its preservation; while the Viljandi Cultural Academy at the University of Tartu has an approach to socializing native culture through construction curriculum original, original blacksmithing, original textile design, traditional handicrafts, and traditional music, but also jazz and church music.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonian Literature refers to literature written in the Esti language (approximately 1million speakers). [181]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusade, from the 13th century to 1918 by Germany, Sweden, and Russia resulted in several works of written praise in the Esti language.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The oldest Esti-language records date back to the 13th century.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Originates Livoniae in Babad Henry of Livonia contain names of places, words, and scrambles related to Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Danish Census Book (1241) contains place names and surnames in Estonia. [182]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

His original Estonian cultural stratum is characterized by a lyrical form of folk poetry based on the quantity of syllables.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Although separate from a few notable exceptions, this (ancient) form of arkais is not widely worn anymore.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

One of the leading achievements in this field is the national epics of Kalevipoeg.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

At the professional level, traditional folk songs reached a new excitement in the last quarter of the 20th century, this is mainly over the hard work of the composer Veljo Tormis.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Oskar Luts is a prominent prose writer of early Estonian literature, whose works are still being read, specifically his lyrical novel Kevade (Spring). [183]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The social epics of Anton Hansen Tammsaare's work and the psychological realist pentalogy of Truth and Justice perpetuate the evolution of Estonian society from peasant community to becoming an independent nation. [184] [185] In modern times Jaan Kross and Jaan Kaplinski are still the best known Estonian writers, and their most translated works. [186]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Among the most accomplished writers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries were Tõnu Õnnepalu and Andrus Kivirähk, who used elements of Estonian folklore and mythology, reshuffling them into relatively ridiculous and fantastic. [187]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonian media Filming began in 1908 with the production of news films about the visit of Swedish King Gustav V to Tallinn. [188]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The first public television broadcasters in Estonia began broadcasting in July 1955.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Radio broadcasting began in December 1926.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Deregulation in the field of electronic media has brought great changes compared to the early decades of the 1990s. The first permit for private television broadcasters was published in 1992.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The first private radio station began broadcasting the pad in 1990.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Now the media is becoming an instigator for the front line of change in Estonian society.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

There are many newspapers and weekly magazines.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonian society has quite a lot of options, 9 television channels and several domestic radio stations.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The constitution guarantees freedom of voice and the fact is Estonia has a free press recognized by a wide variety of international press freedom agencies, such as U.S.-based Freedom House and Reporters Without Borders which ranks Estonian media as one of the most free in the world according to the Press Freedom Index they put together.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia has two news agencies.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Baltic News Service (BNS), founded in 1990, is a private regional news agency covering Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

ETV24 is a news agency owned by Eesti Rahvusringhääling, a community-funded radio and television organization, established on 30 June 2007 to take over the duties of Eesti Raadio and Eesti Televisioon which were previously two separate institutions, based on the Law -Estonian National Broadcasting Act. [189] [190] The media market in Estonia is controlled by two major companies: Eesti Meedia dand Ekspress Grupp. [191]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Eesti Meedia has several media branches, including the largest newspaper in Estonia (Postimees), and the second largest television channel (Kanal 2).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The owner of Eesti Meedia is Schibsted Media Group, a Norwegian company. [192]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The President of Eesti Meedia is March Kadastik - a personal friend of Estonian Prime Minister and Chairman of the Estonian Reform Party, Andrus Ansip. [193] [194] Ekspress Company Grupp, as of 2008, owns Eesti Ekspressi Kirjastuse AS, AS Maaleht, AS Rahva Raamat AS, AS Printall, UAB Ekspress Leidyba, TeleTell Infoline SRL, OÜ Ekspress Internet, US Ekspress Hotline, and AS Delfi.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Ekspress Grupp products reach 60% of Estonia's population. [195]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Ekspress Grupp's largest shareholder is Hans Luik. [196] [197].


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In an article published in June 2010, a Russian news agency, REGNUM, provided a number of data and evidence stating the increased pressure on journalists in Estonia. [198]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In March 2011, the European Parliament approved a resolution expressing concern for the situation of pluralism and media freedom in several EU member states, including Estonia. [199] [200] In the same month, Mayor of Tallinn, Chairman of the Estonian Central Party, and former Prime Minister Estonian, Edgar Savisaar issued a statement that Estonian media was less free than Russia's.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

According to Savissara, Estonian Prime Minister Andrus Ansip built vertical power, including the information sphere, heavier than Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 2008, the Estonian Journalists' Union dubbed Andrus Ansip as the leader of opponents of freedom of voice in Estonia. [201] 71% of Estonian residents aged 16 to 74 are active Internet users. 98% of Estonian residents aged 15 to 74 years make bill payments through The Internet.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia has more than 1,100 community Internet service points.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

There are also approximately 1,000 wireless Internet access points. [202]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

This network is always multiplying, and it is free in many places.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Changes to the state budget can be seen daily according to real-time.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The entire territory of Estonia has been overwhelmed by mobile networks.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Since January 2009, Estonia has more than one million Resident Mark Card holders (90% of Estonian population).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Resident Card is an identifying document for all Estonian citizens over 15 years old and permanent residents of Estonia in the country according to their respective domicile.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

With the Resident Card, Estonian residents can prove their heart through conventional and electronic means, as well as cards can be used to process digital signatures for elections and even buy tickets for public transport.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The music of the Song considered to be the oldest in Estonia comes from Saxo Grammaticus Gesta Danorum (roughly the year 1179). [203]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Saxo told Estonian fighters singing at night while waiting for battle.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Older folk songs are also referenced as regilaulud, songs in regivärss poetic metrum, this tradition was disseminated by all Baltic Finn people.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Secret singing was widespread among Estonians until the 18th century, when it began to be replaced by rhythmic folk songs.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Traditional wind instruments are descended from musical instruments used by shepherds that once spread, but are now beginning to be played again.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Other musical instruments, including the fiddle (a type of violin), zither (a type of zither or harp), concertina, and accordion are used to play polka or other dance-accompanying music.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Kantele is an original musical instrument that is now back in vogue in Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

A opened in 2008 in Viljandi. [204]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The tradition of the Estonian Song Festival (Laulupidu) began at the height of the Estonian national revival in 1869.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Today, the festival is one of the largest amateur choral events in the world, as the combined choir usually consists of 18,000 people. [205]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 2004, 34,000 people took part in the song festival, held in front of 200,000 spectators. [206]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Since 1928, the Tallinn Song Festival Field (Lauluväljak) became the venue for events held every five years in July. [205]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The next festival will be held in 2014.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In addition, Youth Song Festivals are also organized every four or five years, the most recent being held in 2011.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Professional musicians and composers such as Rudolf Tobias, Mart Saar, and Artur Kapp emerged in the 19th century.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

At the time this article was written, notable Estonian composers were Arvo Pärt, Eduard Tubin, and Veljo Tormis.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In the 1950s decade, Estonian baritone, Georg Ots appeared worldwide as an opera singer.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In popular music, Estonian artist Kerli Kõiv became famous in Europe, also achieving not bad popularity in North America.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

She provided music to Disney's 2010 film Alice in Wonderland and television series drama Smallville in the United States.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2001 with the song “Everybody” performed by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 2002, Estonia hosted this event.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Maarja-Liis Ilus competed for Estonia on two occasions (in 1996 and 1997), while Eda-Ines Etti, Koit Toome, and Evelin Samuel achieved some of their popularity through the Eurovision Song Contest.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Estonian National Day holiday is Independence Day celebrated every February 24, the day when the Estonian Statement of Independence is brought forth.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

As of 2010, there are 12 public holidays and 12 national holidays celebrated annually. [207] [208] Cuisine Based on its history, Estonian cuisine relies heavily on the seasonings and food of simple village people, which is now heavily influenced by many countries.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Now Estonian cuisine includes many popular international foods.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The most popular foods in Estonia are black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products. [209]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Traditionally, in summer and spring, Estonians like to eat anything fresh — berries, herbs, vegetables, and others that come directly from the garden.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Hunting and fishing have also become commonplace, although both are now just as hobbies.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Now outdoor meat grilled events are also quite popular in the summer.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Usually in winter- jams, preserves and pickles are served on the table.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia has been through difficult times in the past and thus the activities of collecting and pickling fruits, mushrooms, and vegetables for the winter have always been important.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Now collection and pickling is no longer prevalent because all groceries can be purchased from shops, but food preparation for winter is still very popular in rural areas and is still an important ritual.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Being a country with a long coastline, fish has also become very important.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Sports Sports play an important role in Estonian culture.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

After announcing its independence from Russia in 1918, Estonia began competing as a nation at the 1920 Antwerp Olympics, although the National Olympic Committee was only established in 1923.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonian athletes took part in the Olympic Games until the country was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The sport branch of sailing at the 1980 Moscow Olympics was organized in the capital city of Tallinn.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

After regaining its independence in 1991, Estonia followed the entire olympics.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia earned most of its medals through athletics, weightlifting, wrestling, and cross-country skiing.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

List of notable Estonian athletes include wrestlers Kristjan Palusalu, Voldemar Väli, and Georg Lurich; ski athletes Andrus Veerpalu and Kristina Šmigun-Vähi; dasalomba athlete Erki Nool; tennis player Kaia Kanepi; cyclists Jaan Kirsipuu and Erika Salumäe; and discus throwers Gerd Kanter and Aleksander Tammert.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Kiiking (a type of swing gymnastics), a relatively new sport, was pioneered in 1996 by Ado Kosk in Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Kiiking involves a modified swing, in which the swing rider attempts to rotate 360degrees.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

International rankings The following is a list of international ranking links of Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

See also List of Countries in the World Reference List of Giuseppe D'Amato libraries.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The European Union and its expansion to the East.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Italian-language books.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Viaggio nell'hansa baltica.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

L'Unione europea e l'allargamento ad Est. Greco&Greco editory, Milano, 2004.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

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Question: Where is Estonia?

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Question: Where is Estonia?

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Question: Where is Estonia?

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Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung (1800—1885) was an indigenous evangelist in the early 19th century in East Java, Central Java, West Java and Banten. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Christianity in Java Island itself was not separated from the role of lay evangelists such as F. L. Anthing, C.V. Stevens-Philips and indigenous evangelists such as Kiai Sadrach, Paulus Tosari and Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung at that time. [2]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

The origin of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung The origin of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung is very difficult and difficult to ascertain. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

This is because there are very few written sources and from such few sources it is very difficult to discern which facts and legends. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

J. D. Wolterbeek in his book titled Babad Zending ing Tanah Jawi describes the figure of Tunggul Wulung as a recluse in Mount Kelud who then performed gospel messages in villages near Malang. [3]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Wolterbeek did not allude much about the origin of Tunggul Wulung but put more emphasis on the public picture of Tunggul Wulung's figure as a tall stature, keen eyes, able to see someone's inner side, chivalric character and have a beard that is length up to the abdomen. [3]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Wolterbeek himself could not ascertain the truth of the community's story but he believed that the testimonies made by Tunggul Wulung had made many Javanese people know Christianity. [3]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

The physical image recorded by Wolterbeek is corroborated by S. E. Harthoorn who mentions that Kiai Tunggul Wulung is a person who really looks amazing, has a tall and slender body, a handsome face, a sharp look, a well-nosed, strong person, and brave. [4]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Other information was recorded by Dr. Th. van den End who stated that Tunggul Wulung was from the Juwono area (near Mount Muria) and was named native Kiai Ngabdullah. [5]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

At that time, due to difficult economic circumstances in the area, Kiai Ngabdullah moved and became a recluse on the slopes of Mount Kelud. [5]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Th. van den End also noted that Kiai Ngabdullah was seen as an incarnation of a figure during the reign of King Jayabaya, namely a general named Tunggul Wulung. [5]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

In the reports of Jepara Residents, it is said that Ngabdullah was a farmer born in Kawedanan Juwono, Kediri at the beginning of the XIX century. [6]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

According to oral traditions circulating around Muria, Kiai Tunggul Wulung was the son of a concubine of Raden Ngabehi Atmasudirdja (Regent of Pulisi Pura Mangkunegaran) who was born approximately in 1800 with the real name of Raden Tandakusuma. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

He then became a demang in Kediri area under the name of Raden Demang Padmadirdja but because of his involvement with the 1825-1830 Diponegoro War, then he hid himself and became a commoner in Juwono, Kediri. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

All images of Kiai Tunggul Wulung's physical characteristics do not at all lead to the conclusion that he is just an ordinary farmer with a tall and slender body, handsome face, sharp eyes, etc. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Regarding this, A.G. Hoekema stated that Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's frequent attitude towards the Dutch indicates that he is likely from the nobility or priyayi. [7]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Therefore, Kiai Ngabdullah's statements regarding his work as a farmer, as recorded in the reports of Jepara Residents, may have been deliberately made with the intention of concealing his true identity as a follower of Diponegoro. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Christian churches in Java in the XIX century Soetarman Soediman Partonadi noted that in the XIX century in Java there were three groups of Christian congregations. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

The congregations spread and established Christian areas in the midst of Muslim neighborhoods. [2]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

The three groups of congregations are: Indische Kerk Indische Kerk has a “kebaratan” pattern and in Central Java the congregation can be found in the north, namely in the urban area of Semarang and in the south, namely in Purworejo. [2]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Its members consist of a small number of Europeans and Indonesians from outside Java who work on the government and plantations. [2]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

The main purpose of the Indische Kerk is to shepherd its members residing in various regions. [2]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Congregations The results of the work of Gospel Messaaran Bodies The churches formed by the gospel messaging bodies are exclusive and emphasize the pure teaching. [2]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

The bodies of the gospel are trying to create Christian congregations that have certain confessions of faith according to their denomination because they implicitly demand radical separation between indigenous religions and cultures. [2]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Evangelism of Laity Evangelism Congregations founded by Javanese laymen and evangelists are integrative. [2]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Even if they were baptized by pastors from other groups, they formed separate Javanese congregations. [2]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

They encourage Javanese people to remain part of their culture and society, therefore this congregation can grow rapidly. [2]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

This congregation is also developed by Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung in the Mount Muria area. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

The encounter with the Christian Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung, in some sources, is told of obtaining clues to the study of Christianity in a strange way. [3]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

J. D. Wolterbeek notes that one day on his map in the Mount Kelud area, Kiai Tunggul Wulung found a piece of paper that read the Ten Laws of God. [3]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Tunggul Wulung also received a revelation from God saying that he must obey this law and suggested asking for an explanation of the true religion to the people living in Sidoarjo and Mojowarno. [3] [8] Th. van den End notes that in those days Tunggul Wulung was acquainted with Christianity in a way that is not known for sure but both in Ngoro and Mojowarno it is located not far from Mount Kelud and in the 1840s Christianity was already quite well known among adherents. [5]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Th. van den End continues that after all in 1853 Tunggul Wulung appeared in Mojowarno and two years later he was baptized by Jellesma and named Ibrahim. [5]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

The GITJ Chroniclers team noted that Tunggul Wulung's introduction to Christianity occurred in several stages. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

The first stage occurred when Tunggul Wulung who was still a search ngelmu named Kiai Ngabdullah was leaving Juwono city towards Lo Ireng village, Semarang. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

In the midst of his journey he became acquainted with Christianity through his friend who became part of the group of Christian evangelism Reverend Bruckner who lived in Semarang. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

The encounter did not give much influence to Kiai Ngabdullah because not long after that Kiai Ngabdullah was arrested on charges of escaping horses belonging to Controlir Juwono used by him to leave Juwono towards Semarang. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

The second stage occurred when Kiai Ngabdullah successfully escaped as a perantean (possibly fugitive) headed to a dump in Sulawesi and was already living on the slopes of Mount Kelud as a recluse by the name of Kiai Tunggul Wulung. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

He got along with the ascetic Nyi Endang Sampurnawati (in later life Nyai Endang Sampurnawati became Kiai Tunggul Wulung's life partner and settled in Mojowarno) who was said to be the daughter of Kediri Regent and began to know more Christian ngelmu. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

It is the reflection of his encounter with Christianity that is described through the legend that one day Kiai Ngabdullah found under his bedpad mat a scrap of paper inscribed with the Ten Commandments deisertai revelation whispering clues to seek an explanation towards the northeast. [1] [8 ] The Gospel Process of Kiai Tunggul Wulung and Nyai Endang Sampurnawati lived in Mojowarno and studied Christianity and read from Jellesma for two months. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Next Kiai Tunggul Wulung started doing gospel messages that started in Pelar village, southeast of Dimoro and continued his gospel message to Dimoro (Kepanjen), Jenggrik (Malang) and in Jungo (Pandaan). [8]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

It was in these regions that Kiai Tunggul Wulung established Christian communities. [8]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Early in 1854, Kiai Tunggul Wulung accepted the offer of Sem Sampir (a disciple of Jellesma who was seconded to Pieter Jansz in Jepara as an auxiliary of an indigenous evangelist) to help him perform the gospel in the Jepara region. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Together with Sem Sampir, Tunggul Wulung actually evangelized in Juwono Regency, as well as in Margotuhu Klitheh and Ngluwang (north of Tayu). [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

The act made the colonial rulers geger because there was a Javanese who became a Christian, received Christian lessons and preached the gospel among the aborigines. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

The situation opened the eyes of the colonial governments to the existence of Javanese Christianity which was outside the European Gospel Messengers and was freely carried out without limitation by a specific region as was true for the European Gospel Messengers. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

In May 1855 Kiai Tunggul Wulung and Nyai Endang Sampurnawati received baptism from Jellesma and continued evangelism around Muria freely and without permission from the colonial government. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

In the Muria region, Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung managed to persuade and influence his followers from various places such as Kayuapu, Ward, Ngalapan, Margotuhu and other places including Peter Jansz's zendeling followers around Jepara. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung and his followers began to build Christian villages, at first in the haunted area named Ujungjati then shifted towards the south including the haunted area where Mbah Suto Bodo lives who is the mystic figure of the spirit world ruler in the coastal region between Jepara and Tayu. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

In 1857 Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung also made evangelical visits to various places, among others to Banyumas and Bagelen to see the results of Mrs.


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Van Oostrom Phillip and Mrs.


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Christina Petronella Phillips-Stevens. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung became a motivator and a giver of spirit to Mrs.


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Van Oostrom Phillip in Banyumas and Mrs.


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Christina Petronella Phillips-Stevens in Ambal so as not to hesitate to do the gospel to the Javanese people. [7]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung himself did not concentrate his evangelism in Banyumas or Bagelen but rather focused his attention on building Christian villages in Bondo Jepara Regency, Banyutowo Christian village and Tegalombo Christian village in Juwono Regency. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Guillot noted that the followers of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung alone numbered 1,058 people and that number exceeded the results of the gospel messages carried out by the zendeling bodies in the same area and at the same time. [6]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

The teachings of “Christian Javanese” and the background Gospel Method of Kiai Tunggul Wulung as an ascetic and ngelmu seeker have made his teachings on Christianity become very typical of “Christian Javanese” version of Tunggul Wulung. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

According to Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung, Queen Adil who had been expected to come by the Javanese was none other than Kanjeng Nabi Isa Rohullah. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Jesus Christ thought he would come a second time to rule his kingdom as the Fair Queen in His Thousand-Year Kingdom. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung viewed that Javanese Christians should remain Javanese and do not need to be a Dutchman or be a follower of European Gospel messengers. [6]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Therefore, Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung stated that lelagon (singing), panembah (ceremony), panganggo way (how to dress), nassume and watch puppets (participate in puppet shows), even rapal and primbon do not need to be abandoned. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung also called his place of worship as a mosque and created a new Christian rapal. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

The report reads thus: Father of God, Son of God, Holy Spirit of God Telu-telune single dadi sawiji Weak sangar armature wood Upas poison on laughter Idi Gusti giggih slamet salaminya [1] Meaning: God the Father, God the Son, God Holy Spirit The three become one dangerous area, tree All poisons can be bargaining. The blessing of God's mercy finds salvation forever At the beginning of the development of the village of Ujungjati, another rapal that does not have a Christian pattern was used to drive out evil powers. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

The report reads thus: Ancak-ancak ali-ali, si ali kebo janggitan Children kebo dungkul Si dungkul when gawene (ke) Three battens Dogs gubug bala Unine gerenteng cepluk [1] Tunggul Wulung also perform a submission to ordinances related to confession rituals sin and his development in the congregation of Banyutowo. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

According to him, a person who confesses sin should do it directly in front of the congregation and to welcome the return of the lost sheep held a thanksgiving party in the form of a feast of kupat-lepet (ketupat and lepet) in harmony if associated with ngaku lepat (confession guilty) in such confessional ceremonies. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

The gospel of salvation for Tunggul Wulung is a concept of release and not redemption as the European gospel newspapers are buzzing about. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

For the Javanese people at that time, what frightened his life was not the condemnation that came from God for human sins but a release from fear of evil power which was later expanded as a release from forced labor and slavery by foreign peoples. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

The release has occurred through Jesus Christ, therefore giving up to God means regardless of evil power and all kinds of slavery. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung once wrote a letter to Jellesma wanting the Christian villages he had established to be free from work for the colonial government for thirty years. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Hoekema saw a red thread between the thought concept of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung and the concept of Prince Diponegoro's resistance in the Diponegoro War which also promised the abolition of taxes and tributes. [7]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

If the two things are indeed interrelated then it proves that Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung was indeed a follower of Diponegoro and had been involved in the Diponegoro War. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

The gospel method carried out by Tunggul Wulung is through jejagongan (stories while unwinding after work) so that Javanese people are easier to understand than having to listen to speeches or lectures as done by European evangelists. [1]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

In addition, another way done by Tunggul Wulung is through your ngelmu debate. [2]


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

These methods were later adopted by Kiai Sadrach who was a disciple of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung and was even able to build a larger congregation than the one done by Tunggul Wulung and named it as Kang Mardika Christian Wong Golongan which can be interpreted as a group free Christians. [2].


Question: What is the cause of Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung's death?

Kiai Ibrahim Stumps Wulung

Outlink Reference {{subst: #if:Tunggul Wulung, Ibrahim Kiai|}} [[Category: {{subst: #switch: {{subst:uc:1800}} || UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of birth missing {{subst: #switch: {{subst:uc:1885}} ||LIVING =( living people)}} | #default =1800 births} []] Category: {{subst: #switch: {{subst:uc:1885}} || LIVING =Living people | UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of death missing | #default =1885 deaths}]] Category:Indigenous Evangelicals Category:Theology Category:Church History Category:Javanese Figures Category:Figures who convert religion from Islam Category:Indonesian Christian Figures Category:Figures who convert religion to Christians


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Flag of Tanzania

The flag of Tanzania was approved of 1964.


Question: What color is the flag of Tanzania?

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The flag is divided diagonally by a yellow-sided black stripe from the left lower end.


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The upper triangle (left) is green and the lower triangle is blue.


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The green color symbolizes the natural plants that grow in the country.


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The black wana symbolizes the native Swahili people in Tanzania.


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The blue color symbolizes various lakes and rivers also the Indian Ocean.


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The colours of the flag have been refined by the Planning and Privatization department of the Office of the President of Tanzania.


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SchemahitAmbirugreenGold British Standard 2660 of 19559-1030-0120-0100-002 List of Flags similar to the flag of Tanzania Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.


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Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

The Beatles are an English rock musician group, formed in Liverpool in 1960, often regarded as the most commercially successful musicians and received the most acclaim in popular music.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

Since 1962, the group has consisted of John Lennon (rite guitar, vocals), Paul McCartney (bass guitar, vocals), George Harrison (lead guitar, vocals), Ringo Starr (drums, vocals).


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

Starting from the 1950s skiffle and rock and roll streams, the group later played music in a variety of genres ranging from folk rock to psychedelic rock, incorporating also elements of classical music and other elements in innovative ways.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

The Beatles were seen as the embodiment of progressive ideas, influential to the sociocultural revolution of the decade of the '60s. Originally 5 men composed of Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, Stuart Sutcliffe (bas) and Pete Best (drums), The Beatles were only famous in the clubs of Liverpool and Hamburg for 3 years starting in 1960.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

Sutcliffe took place in 1961, and Best replaced Starr the following year.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

The Beatles were forged so professionally by a music shop entrepreneur named Brian Epstein after he became their manager and the musical potential was polished by producer George Martin.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

Late 1962, the Beatles were already gaining success in Great Britain with the first single Love Me Do.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

Throughout the following year, they toured internationally until 1966 and concentrated on recording albums domestically until it broke up in 1970.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

Their respective solo careers were arguably successful but Lennon was killed off in New York City in 1980 and Harisson died of cancer in 2001.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

McCartney and Starr are still actively in music.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

In his years of studio album recording, the Beatles released works judged best by critics, one of them Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), hailed as masterpieces.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

Four decades after it broke up, the music is still popular.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

They have more than one number 1 album on the United Kingdom charts and perch the longest than any musician.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

Based on the RIAA, they are the musicians who sell the most albums in the United States.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

In 2008, Billboard magazine released a list of the biggest-selling musicus throughout the history of the Hot 100 to celebrate 15 years of the anniversary of the American singles charts where The Beatles were at number one.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

Seven times awarded Grammy Awards, 15 Ivor Novello Awards from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors, the Beatles were collectively included in TIME magazine's compilation as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

Formation History and early years (1957—1962) Still aged 16, singer and guitarist John Lennon formed a skiffle music group called The Quarrymen with schoolmates from Liverpool in March 1957.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

Paul McCartney was fifteen when they met in July of that year.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

George Harrison joined as lead guitarist in February of the following year after being invited McCartney to watch.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

In 1960, Lennon's school friends dropped out and he entered Liverpool College of Art.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

Those three guys play rock and roll music every get a drum whipper.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

Joining as bass in January, Lennon's classmate, Stuart Sutcliffe suggested changing the group's name to The Beetles as a form of admiration for Buddy Holly and The Crickets, then changing again to The Beatals in the first months of that year.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

After tryouts of other names such as Johnny and the Moondogs, Long John and The Beetles and The Silver Beatles, the group eventually became The Beatles in August.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

It was the lack of a drum thunder that remained an issue as their unofficial manager, Allan Williams prepared a residence for the gig in Hamburg, Germany.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

Before August ended, they held auditions and found Pete Best, and immediately left for Hamburg four days later, signing a contract to play music with a show organizer named Bruno Koschmider for 48 nights.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

The bestselling Beatles show in Hamburg where they played music for hours and resulted in the streets being jammed with people coming out watching their shows.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

Harrison, who was still 17 years old in August 1960, lied to German officers about his age in order to stay in Hamburg.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

Initially they were stationed at the Indra Club, Koschmider then moved them to Kaiserkeller in October after Indra closed because it was considered noisy.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

As the Beatles broke contract with a gig at the rival Top Ten Club, Koschmider reported the underage Harrison to authorities and was deported Nov.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

McCartney and Best were also arrested for an arson case in their room in the middle of December, after which they were also deported.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

Lennon returned to Liverpool mid-December while Sutcliffe remained at Hamburg for several months.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

He was dating the German girl, Astrid Kirchherr who first took professional photos of the Beatles and trimmed Sutcliffe's hair in the popular style of the time, exi (existentialist).


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

Sutcliffe's hairstyle would later inspire other members of the Beatles.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

The following years, the group returned to Hamburg.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

They dabble in Preludin purposefully to keep the power in order to be strong gig all night away.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

Sutcliffe decided an early exit in 1961 and and went on to study in Germany, so McCartney took over bass.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

German producer Berta Kaempfert contracted the ready-made Beatles four for Tony Sheridan's background band on several pieces of recording.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

Credited Tony Sheridan and The Beat Brothers, the single My Bonnie recorded June and released a few months later, was 32nd on the Musikmarkt charts.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

The Beatles became better known when they came home to Liverpool.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

While still playing frequently at The Cavern Club, they met Brian Epstein, the owner of a local recording studio and a music columnist.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

The Beatles appointed Epstein as manager in January 1962 and Kaempfert agreed to take them off the German recording contract.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

After an audition they were rejected by Decca Records with the comment “guitar groups are out of date, Mister Epstein” (“Guitar groups are on the way out, Mr. Epstein”), George Martin submitted the group to the Parlophone label on EMI.


Question: when was Tale of the Sea King first released?

The Beatles

In April they returned to Hamburg and were stunned by the news of Sutcliffe's death from a brain haemorrhage.