Question: What is the main feature of MIDI music?

MIDI

MIDI can be played with electronic devices that certainly have a synthesizer. [1]. jmpl|sample music made dalsm midi format. MIDI summary is the language used by electric musical instruments, controllers, computers, and similar devices to communicate.


Question: What is the main feature of MIDI music?

MIDI

MIDI also contains hardware specifications that allow such tools to connect.


Question: What is the main feature of MIDI music?

MIDI

MIDI captures notation events and changes in tone attributes and accents, encodes them into digital messages, and sends the code as messages to other devices to set the sound generated along with its parameters.


Question: What is the main feature of MIDI music?

MIDI

Data of this type can be recorded with a sequencer, such as Cubase, Fruity Loops, or Cakewalk.


Question: What is the main feature of MIDI music?

MIDI

MIDI carries musical event messages consisting of notation, pitch and velocity (pressure), controlling signals such as volume, vibrato, audio panning and cues, as well as clock signals that are set synchronizing the tempo between various musical fathers.


Question: What is the main feature of MIDI music?

MIDI

One MIDI file can contain sixteen channels of music information each of which can be directed to a different device.


Question: What is the main feature of MIDI music?

MIDI

Of the sixteen channels, channel ten is exclusively used for percussion.


Question: What is the main feature of MIDI music?

MIDI

MIDI played a big part in the recording industry revolution at the time it was introduced in 1983.


Question: What is the main feature of MIDI music?

MIDI

See also MP3 AMY WAV IMY Black MIDI General MIDI Reference Outlink Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the main feature of MIDI music?

MIDI

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is the main feature of MIDI music?

MIDI

Category:Music file types Category:Music


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen (Latin: hydrogenium, from Greek: hydro: water, genes: forming) is a chemical element on the periodic table that has the symbol H and atomic number 1.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

At standard temperatures and pressures, hydrogen is colorless, odorless, is non-metallic, single-valence, and is a highly flammable diatomic gas.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

With an atomic mass of 1.00794 amu [n 1], hydrogen is the lightest element in the world.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is also the most abundant element with a percentage of roughly 75% of the total elemental mass of the universe. [1] [n 2] Most stars are formed by hydrogen in the plasma state.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen compounds are relatively rare and rarely encountered naturally on earth, and are usually produced industrially from various hydrocarbon compounds such as methane.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen can also be produced from water through the electrolysis process, but this process is commercially more expensive than the production of hydrogen from natural gas. [2]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The most abundant hydrogen isotope found in nature is protium, whose atomic nucleus has only a single proton and no neutrons.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen ionic compounds can be positively charged (cation) or negatively (anion).


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen can form compounds with most elements and can be found in water and organic compounds.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is essential in acid-base reactions where many of these reactions involve the exchange of protons between dissolved molecules.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Since hydrogen is the only neutral atom whose Schrödinger equation can be solved analytically, studies on energetics and bonding of hydrogen atoms played a very important role in the development of quantum mechanics.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Chemical properties The solubility and characteristics of hydrogen with a wide variety of metals is a subject of great importance in the field of metallurgy (since hydrogen fragility can occur in most metals [3]) and in research into developing a safe way to meyimpan hydrogen as a fuel. [4]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is highly soluble in a variety of compounds consisting of nadir earth metals and transition metals [5] and can be dissolved in crystalline metals as well as amorphous metals. [6]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The solubility of hydrogen in metals is due to local distortion or impurity in metal hablur fixation. [7]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Combustion Hydrogen gas is highly flammable and will burn at concentrations as low as 4% H2 in free air. [8]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The enthalpy of hydrogen combustion is -286kJ/mol [9].


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen burns according to chemical equation: 2 H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2 H 2 O (l) + 572 k J (286 k J ⋅ m o l − 1) {\ displaystyle 2 {\ text {H}} _ {2 (g)} + {\ text {O}} _ {2 (g)}\ longrightarrow 2 {\ {text H} _} {\ text {O}} _ {(l)} +572kJ {\ text {}} (286kJ\ centerdot mol^ {-1})} [n 3] When mixed with oxygen in various comparisons, hydrogen explodes instantly ignited with fire and will self-explode at 560°C. [10]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The flame tongue of pure hydrogen-oxygen combustion emits ultraviolet waves and is almost invisible to the naked eye.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Therefore, it is very difficult to detect the occurrence of hydrogen leakage visually.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The case of exploding the Hindenburg plane is one of the famous examples of hydrogen combustion. [11]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Another characteristic of hydrogen fire is that the flame tends to dissipate quickly in the air, so damage from hydrogen explosions is lighter than hydrocarbon explosions.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

In the case of the Hidenburg crash, two-thirds of the plane's passengers survived and most cases died caused by the burning of leaking diesel fuel. [12]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

H2 reacts directly with other oxidizing elements.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

It reacts spontaneously and violently at room temperature with chlorine and fluorine, producing hydrogen halides in the form of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride, which are harmful acids. [13]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Aras power electron power The base state power of an electron on a hydrogen atom is −13.6eV, which is equivalent to an ultraviolet photon is approximately 92nm. [14]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The hydrogen power grid can be calculated quite accurately using the Bohr atomic model which describes electrons circulating around protons by analogy of the Earth circulating around the Sun.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Due to the discretization of angular momentum postulated at the beginning of quantum mechanics by Bohr, electrons in the Bohr model can occupy only certain distances only from the proton and therefore only a certain amount of energy is allowed. [15]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

More accurate descriptions of hydrogen atoms are obtained by the treatment of pure quantum mechanics using the Schrödinger equation or by the formulation of the Feyman trajectory integral to calculate the electron victory meeting around the proton. [16]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Elemental molecular forms There are two different types of hydrogen diatomic molecules based on the relative spin of the nucleus. [17]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

In the orthohydrogen form, the spin of the two protons is parallel and in the triplet state; in the parahydrogen form, the spin is antiparallel and in the singlet state.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

In the standard state, hydrogen gas consists of 25% para form and 75% orto-form, also known as “normal form”. [18]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The equilibrium ratio between orthohydrogen and parahydrogen depends on the thermperature.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

However, because the orto form is in an excited state, this form is not stable and cannot be purified.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

At very low temperatures, almost all hydrogen present is in the form of parahydrogen.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The physical properties of pure parahydrogen differ slightly from the “normal form”. [19]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The ortho/para distinction is also present in molecules composed of hydrogen atoms such as water and methylene. [20]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The uncatalyzed between H2 para and orto increases with increasing temperature; therefore rapidly conflated H2 contains a lot of hydrogen in orto form that will turn into para form very slowly. [21]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Nisbah ortho/para on the embunded H2 is a factor that needs to be taken into account in the preparation and storage of liquid hydrogen: between the form of orto to para is exothermic and can produce enough material to evaporate the liquid hydrogen and lead to reduced components liquid.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Catalysts for orto-para materials, such as iron compounds, are often used during hydrogen cooling. [22]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

A form of molecule called a protonated hydrogen molecule, or H, is found in the interstellar medium (Interstellar medium) (ISM), where it is generated by ionization of hydrogen molecules from cosmos rays.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

These molecules can also be monitored in the upper part of the atmosphere of the planet Jupiter.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

This molecule is relatively fairly stable in the space environment due to its low temperature and rapacity.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

H is one of the most abundant ions in this universe, and plays an important role in the chemical processes of the interstellar medium. [23]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Pressurized Hydrogen Phase Liquid hydrogen slush Hydrogen Solid hydrogen Metallic hydrogen Monoatomic form Atom H, also called hydrogen nasen or atomic hydrogen, is claimed to exist ephemerally but long enough to cause chemical reactions.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

According to that claim, hydrogen nasen is generated in situ, usually a reaction between zinc with acid, or by electrolysis at the cathode.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

As a monoatomic molecule, the H atom is highly reactive and therefore is a stronger reductor than diatomic H2, but the key question lies in the existence of the H atom itself.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

This concept is more popular in engineering and in old literatures.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen nasen is claimed to reduce nitrite to ammonia or arsenic to arsina even in the soft state.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

More detailed research suggests other alternative trajectories and not H atoms. Hydrogen atoms can be generated at high enough temperatures (>2000 K) for H2 molecules to dissociate.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

In addition, electromagentic radiation above 11 eV can also be absorbed H2 and cause dissociation.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Sometimes, chemically absorbed hydrogen on metal surfaces is also referred to as hydrogen nasen, although this terminology has begun to be abandoned.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The other view said that the chemically absorbed hydrogen was “less reactive” than the nasen hydrogen was due to the bonding produced by the surface of that metal catalyst.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Compounds Covalent compounds and organic compounds Although H2 is not so reactive under standard circumstances, it can still form compounds with most elements.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Millions of types of hydrocarbons are known, but they are not produced directly from hydrogen and carbon.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen can form compounds with more electronegative elements such as halogens (F, Cl, Br, I); in these compounds hydrogen has a positive partial charge. [24]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

When it binds to fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen, hydrogen can participate in the form of strong non-covalent bonds, called hydrogen bonds that are essential for maintaining the stability of most biological molecules. [25] [26] Hydrogen also forms compounds with elements that are less electronegatives such as metals and metaloids, for which hydrogen has a negative partial charge.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

This compound is known as hydride. [27]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen forms very plentiful compounds with carbon.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Due to the association of that compound with most living substances, these compounds are referred to as organic compounds [28].


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The study of the properties of such compounds is called organic chemistry [29] and the study in the context of the life of organisms is called biochemistry. [30]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

On some definitions, “organic” compounds require only carbon atoms to be referred to as organic.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

However most organic compounds contain hydrogen atoms.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

And since it is this hydrogen-carbon bond that gives the characteristic properties of hydrocarbons, hydrogen-carbon bonds are required for some definitions of the word “organic” in chemistry. [28]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

In inorganic chemistry, hydrides can play a role as a connecting ligand connecting two metal centers in a coordinating complex.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

This function is commonly found in class 13 elements, especially in borana (boron hydride) and aluminum complexes and clustered carboranes. [31]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydride Hydrogen compounds are often referred to as hydrides, a non-binding term.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

By chemists, the term “hydride” usually has the meaning of an H atom that gets the properties of the anion, characterized by H−.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The existence of hydride anions, put forward by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1916 for gologngan I and II salt hydrides, was demonstrated by Moers in 1920 by performing electrolysis of liquid lithium hydride (LiH) producing a certain amount of hydrogen on the anode. [32]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

For hydrides other than class I and II metals, this term often makes a misunderstanding due to the low electronegativity of hydrogen.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

An exception is the polymeric group II BeH2 hydride.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Although hydrides can be formed with almost any element, the number and combination of compounds varies, for example there are more than 100 known binary borane hydrides, but only one binary aluminum hydride is known. [33]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Binary indium hydrides have hitherto been unknown, although a number of larger complexes exist. [34]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Protons and acids Oxidation H2 formally produce H+ protons.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

This species is a major topic of discussion of acids, although the term proton is used loosely to refer to positive cationic hydrogen and characterized by H+.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

According to Brønsted—Lowry theory, acids are proton donors, while bases are acceptors (receivers) of protons.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The H+ proton cannot be found stand-alone in laurtan because it has a binding tendency to atoms or molecules that have electrons.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Other than at high temperatures and joining the plasma, this kind of proton cannot be removed from the electron cloud of atoms and molecules, and will remain bound to those atoms and molecules.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

To avoid misunderstanding of “dissolved protons” in solution, acidic solutions are often considered to have a fictitious species called hydronium ions (H3O+) that clustered to form H9O4+. [35]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Oxonium ions are also found when water is in acidic solution with other solvents. [36]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Although extremely rare on earth, one of the most abundant ions in this universe is H3+, known as a protonated hydrogen molecule or triatomic hydrogen cation. [37]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The Hydrogen Isotope has three natural isotopes, characterized by 1H, 2H, and 3H.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Other unstable isotopes (4H to 7H) have also been synthesized in the laboratory but never encountered naturally. [38] [39] 1H is the most abundant hydrogen isotope, having a percentage of 99.98% of the number of hydrogen atoms.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Because the atomic nucleus of this isotope has only a single proton, it is given a descriptive name as protium, but this name is rarely used. [40] 2H, another stable hydrogen isotope, is also known as deuterium and contains one proton and one neutron at its core.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Deuterium is not radioactive, and does not provide a significant danger of poisoning.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Water whose hydrogen atoms are isotopes of deuterium is called heavy water.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Deuterium and its compounds are used as non-radioactive markers in chemical experiments and for solvent 1H-spectroscopy NMR. [41]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Heavy water is used as a neutron moderator and coolant in nuclear reactors.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Deuterium is also potentially a commercial nuclear fusion fuel. [42] 3H is known by the name tritium and contains one proton and two neutrons at its core.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

It has radioactive properties, and mererates into Helium-3 through beta extraction with a half-life of 12.32 years. [31]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Small amounts of tritium can be encountered in nature due to the interaction of cosmos rays with the Earth's atmosphere; tritium is also released during nuclear tests. [43]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

It is also used in nuclear fusion reactions, [44] as a marker in isotope geochemistry, [45] and specialized in self-powered lighting equipment. [46]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Tritium is also used in the marking of chemical and biological experiments as a radiolabel. [47]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is the only element that has three different names for its isotope.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

(In the early development of keradioactivitisation, some heavy radioactive isotopes were given names, but those names are no longer used).


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The symbols D and T are sometimes used to refer to deuterium and tritium, but the symbol P has been used to refer to phosphorus, so it is not used to refer to protium. [48]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

In IUPAC tatanama, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry allows the use of D, T, 2H, and 3H although 2H and 3H are more recommended. [49]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The natural existence of Hydrogen is the most abundant element in this universe with a percentage of 75% of barions by mass and more than 90% by number of atoms. [50]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

This element is found in great abundance in stars and giant gas planets.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Molecular clouds from H2 are associated with star formation.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen plays an important role in the energy giving of stars through proton-proton reactions and CNO-cycled nuclear fusion. [51]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Throughout this universe, hydrogen is mostly found in atomic and plasma states whose properties differ from hydrogen molecules.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

As a plasma, hydrogen electrons and protons are bound together, and produce very high electrical conductivity and high radiating power (producing light from the Sun and other stars).


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The charged particles are affected by the magnetic field and the electric field.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

For example, in solar wind, these particles interact with Earth's magnetosphere and result in Birkeland currents and Aurora phenomena.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is found in the neutral atomic state in the interstellar medium.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The large number of neutral hydrogen atoms found in the damped Lyman-alpha system is thought to dominate the barionic rapacity of the universe up to a redshift of z=4. [52]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

In its normal state on earth, elemental hydrogen is in a diatomic gaseous state, H2 (please see data table).


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

However, hydrogen gas is very rare in Earth's atmosphere (1 ppm by volume) due to its light weight that causes hydrogen gas to escape from Earth's gravity.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Nevertheless, hydrogen is still the most abundant element on the Earth's surface. [53]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Most of Earth's hydrogen is in a state of compound with other elements such as hydrocarbons and water. [31]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen gas is produced by certain types of bacteria and algae and is a natural component of farts.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The use of methane as a source of hydrogen has lately also become increasingly important. [54]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Molecular forms called protonated hydrogen molecules (H+3) are found in the interstellar medium.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

It is formed through the ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

These charged ions have also been observed within the upper atmosphere of the planet Jupiter.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

These ions are relatively stable in the space environment due to low temperatures and densities.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

H+3 is the most abundant ion in the universe, and plays an important role in the chemistry of the interstellar medium. [55]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Neutral triatomic hydrogen H3 exists only in excited and unstable form. [56]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

In contrast, the molecular hydrogen positive ion (H+2) is a molecule rarely found in the universe.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

History of Discovery and use The hydrogen gas, H2, was first artificially generated by T. Von Hohenheim (known also as Paracelsus, 1493—1541) through mixing metals with strong acids. [57]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

He did not realize that the flammable gas produced by this chemical reaction was a new chemical element.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

In 1671, Robert Boyle rediscovered and described the reaction between iron and acid that produced hydrogen gas. [58]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

In 1766, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance by identifying the gas from a metal-acid reaction as “combustible air”.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

In 1781 he further discovered that this gas produces water when it is burned. [59] [60] In 1783, Antoine Lavoisier gave this element with the name hydrogen (from the Greek hydro which means water and genes which means to form) [61] when he and Laplace recast Cavendish's discovery that said burning hydrogen produces water. [60]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Lavoisier produced hydrogen on his experiments on mass conservation by reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through incandescent iron tubes heated in a fire.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Anaerobic oxidation of iron by water protons at high temperatures can be described as follows: Fe + H 2 O FeO + H 2 {\ displaystyle {\ text {Fe}} + {\ text {H}} _ {2} {\ text {O}}\ longrightarrow {\ text {FeO}} + {\ text {H}} _ {2}} 2 Fe + H 2 Fe 2 O 3 + 3 H 2 {\ displaystyle 2 {\ text {Fe}} +3 {\ text {H}} _ {2} {\ text {O}}\ longrightarrow {\ text {Fe}} _ {2} {\ text {O}} _ {3} +3 {\ text {H}} _ {2}} 3 Fe + 4 H 2 displaystyle 3 {\ text {Fe}} +4 {\ text {H}} _ {2} {\ text {O}}\ longrightarrow {\ text {Fe}} _ {3} {\ text {O}} _ {4} +4 {\ text {H}} _ {2}} Many metals such as zirconium undergo the same reaction that water produces hydrogen.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen was first liquefied by James Dewar in 1898 using his invention, the hollow urn. [60]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

He then produced solid hydrogen a year later. [60]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Deuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey, and tritium was made in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford, Mark Oliphant, and Paul Harteck. [59]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Heavy water, containing deuterium in place of ordinary hydrogen, was discovered by Urey et al. in 1932. [60]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

One of the first uses of H2 was for highlight rays. [60]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The first balloon filled with hydrogen was created by Jacques Charles in 1783. [60]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen provided thrust for safe air travel and in 1852 Henri Giffard created airships raised by hydrogen. [60]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

German nobleman Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted his idea of an airship raised with hydrogen and later named Zeppelin with its maiden flight in 1900. [60]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Scheduled flights began in 1910 and until the outbreak of World War II, the Zeppelin had carried 35,000 passengers without serious incident.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Non-stop flights over the atlantic ocean were first made aboard the British airship R34 in 1919.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Air aviation service was restored in 1920 and the discovery of helium reserves in the United States provided opportunities for increased aviation security, but the United States government refused to sell the gas for use in aviation.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hence, H2 gas was used in Hindenburg's plane, which ultimately exploded in the New Jersey sky on May 6, 1937. [60]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The incident was aired live on radio and recorded.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Many suspected the burning of the leaking hydrogen as a result of the incident, but further investigations proved the cause of the incident due to the burning of the fabric salute by static electrification.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Nevertheless, since then doubts over the safety of hydrogen use have arisen.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

In the same year, a hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator was first launched with hydrogen gas as a coolant in a rotor and stator in 1937 in Dayton, Ohio by Dayton Power & Light Co.; [62] due to the thermal conductivity of hydrogen gas, it is a type that palling is common in the field at the moment.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Nickel hydrogen batteries were first used in 1977 in the U.S. Navy's Navigation Technology Satellite-2 (NTS-2). [63]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

For example, ISS [64] Mars Odyssey [65] and Mars Global Surveyor [66] are equipped with nickel-hydrogen batteries.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

In the dark part of its orbit, the Hubble Space Telescope is also in nickel-hydrogen battery-powered, which was finally replaced in May 2009, [67] more than 19 years after launch, and 13 years after it began to be turned on. [68]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Role in quantum theory Because of its relatively simple atomic structure, hydrogen atoms together with their emission spectra are central to the development of atomic sturcture theory. [69]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Furthermore, the simplicity of the hydrogen molecule and its cation H helps further understanding of chemical bonding.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

One of those quantum effects that was explicitly realized (but still not fully understandable at the time) was Maxwell's observation involving hydrogen half a century before the theory of quantum mechanics actually evolved.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Maxwell observed that the specific nautical capacity of H2 did not match the trend of other diatomic gases below room temperature and began to resemble the trend of monoatomic gases in cryogenic temperatures.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

According to quantum theory, these properties are due to the distance between the wide rotational power cords of hydrogen due to its light mass.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

This wide cedar inhibits evenly partitioning energy into hydrogen rotating motion at low temperatures.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Diatomic gases consisting of heavier atoms do not have a wide enough power level to cause the same effect. [70]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Antihydrogen (The element Hydrogen does not exist.) is the opposite antimatter of hydrogen.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

It is composed of an antiproton and a positron.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Antihydrogen is the only antimatter atom that has been produced as of 2015. [71] [72] H production is produced in chemical and biological laboratories, often as a byproduct of other reactions; in industry for hydrogenation of unsaturated substrates; and in nature as a means of reaction tuning biochemistry.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Metal-acid In the laboratory, H is usually made by reacting dilute non-oxidizing acids with some reactive metals such as zinc with Kipp equipment.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Zn + 2 H + Zn 2 + + H 2 {\ displaystyle {\ text {Zn}} +2 {\ text {H}} ^ {+}\ longrightarrow {\ text {Zn}} ^ {2+} + {\ text {H}} _ {2}} Aluminum can also produce H if reacted with base: 2 Al + 6 H 2 O + OH − 2 Al (OH) 4 − + 3 H 2 {\ displaystyle 2 {\ text {Al}} +6 {\ text {H}} _ {2} {\ text {O}} +2 {\ text {OH}} ^ {-}\ longrightarrow 2 {\ text {Al (OH)}} _ {4} ^ {-} +3 {\ text {H} _ {2}}


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

A weak electric current is flowed through the electricity, and oxygen gas builds up in the anode while hydrogen gas builds up at the cathode.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Usually the cathode is made of platinum or other inert metals when hydrogen is produced for storage.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

However, if the gas is to be burned on the spot, the oxygen produced must support combustion, so both electrodes must be made of inert material.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

(Iron, for example, gets oxidized, and consequently decreases the amount of oxygen produced.)


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The theoretical maximum efficiency (electricity used vs. energetic value of the generated hydrogen) is between 80— 94%. [73] 2 H 2 O (l) 2 H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) {\ displaystyle 2 {\ text {H}} _ {\ text {O}} _ {(l)}\ longrightarrow 2 {\ text {H} _ g)} + {\ text {O}} _ {2 (g)}} Alloys of aluminum and gallium in the form of pellets added to water can be used to produce hydrogen.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

This process also produces alumina, but the expensive price of gallium, with its properties that can prevent the formation of an oxide layer on the surface of the pellets, makes it reusable.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

This carries important implications on the economy of hydrogen, as hydrogen can be produced on-site and does not require transport. [74]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Steam reforming Hydrogen can be produced in several ways, but the most important process economically is the removal of hydrogen from hydrocarbons.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Commercial hydrogen is usually produced by steam reforming natural gas. [75]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

At high temprature (1,000K (730°C; 1,340°F) — 1,400K (1,130°C; 2,060°F)), steam (water vapor) reacts with methane generating carbon monoxide and H. CH 4 + H 2 O CO + 3 H 2 {\ displaystyle {\ text {CH}} _ {4} + {text {H} _ text {O}}\ longrightarrow {\ text {CO}} +3 {\ text {H} } _ {2}} This reaction is preferred at low pressure but still performed at high pressure (20 megapascals (200atm; 5,900inHg) Error in convert: Ignored invalid option “abbr=yes” (help)).


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

This is because high pressure H is the most numerous product on the market and the Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) purification system works better at high pressure.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Product mixtures are known as “synthetic gases” because they are often used directly for the production of methanol and related compounds.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Other hydrocarbons besides methane can be used to produce synthetic gases with varying product ratios.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

One complication of this advanced technology is the formation of coke or carbon: CH 4 C + 2 H 2 {\ displaystyle {\ text {CH}} _ {4}\ longrightarrow {\ text {C}} +2 {\ text {H}} _ {2}} As a result, steam reforming usually uses excess H.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Additional hydrogen can be recouped from water vapor by using carbon monoxide through water gas shift reactions, especially with iron oxide catalysts.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

This reaction is also a common source of industrial carbon dioxide: [75] CO + H 2 O CO 2 + H 2 {\ displaystyle {\ text {CO}} + {\ text {H}} _ {2} {\ text {O}}\ longrightarrow {\ text {CO}} _ {2} _ {2}} _ partial hydrocarbons: [76] 2 CH 4 + O 2 2 CO + 4 H 2 {\ displaystyle 2 {\ text {CH}} _ {4} + {\ text {O}} _ {2}\ longrightarrow 2 {\ text {CO}} +4 {\ text {H}} _ {2}} and carbon reaction, which can serve as a prelude to the up-shift reaction: [75] H 2 O CO + H 2 {\ displaystyle {\ text {C}} + {\ text {H}} _ {2} {\ text {O}}\ longrightarrow {\ text {CO}} + {\ text {H}} _ {2}} Hydrogen is sometimes produced and consumed in the same industrial process, without being separated.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

In the Haber process for ammonia production, hydrogen is produced from natural gas. [77]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Electrolysis of brine to obtain chlorine also produces hydrogen as a byproduct. [78]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Thermochemicals There are more than 200 thermochemical cycles that can be used for water breakdown, some of these cycles such as iron oxide recycling, serium (IV) oxide—serium (III) oxide, zinc—zinc oxide recycling, sulfur—iodine recycling, copper—chlorine recycling and sulfur hybrid recycling are still in the research stage and testing phase to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity. [79]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

A number of laboratories (including in France, Germany, Greece, Japan and the US) are developing thermochemical methods for generating hydrogen from solar and water energy. [80]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Anaerobic corrosion Under anaerobic conditions, iron and alloy steel are slowly oxidized by protons from water along with reduced hydrogen (H) molecules.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

When iron undergoes anaerobic corrosion it will first form fero hydroxide (green rust) and can be described according to the following reaction: Fe + 2 H 2 O Fe (OH) 2 + H 2 {\ displaystyle {\ text {Fe}} +2 {\ text {H}} _ {2} {\ text {O}}\ longrightarrow {text\ {Fe (OH)} _ + {\ text {H}} _ {2}} In turn, under anaerobic conditions, fero hydroxide (Fe (OH)) can be oxidized by protons from water to form magnetite and hydrogen molecules.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

This process is explained through the Schikorr reaction: 3 Fe (OH) 2 Fe 3 O 4 + 2 H 2 O + H 2 {\ displaystyle 3 {\ text {Fe (OH)}} _ {2}\ longrightarrow {\ text {Fe}} _ {\ text {O}} _ {4} +2 {\ text {H}} _ {2} {O}} + {\ text {H}} _ {2}} f e r o h i d r o k s i d a m a g n e t i t + a i r + h i d r o g e n {\ displaystyle fero {\ text {}} hydroxide\ longrightarrow magnetit+water+hydrogen} Good magnetite (Fe) crystals are more thermodynamically stable than iron hydroxide (Fe (OH)).


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

This process occurs during anaerobic corrosion of iron and steel in oxygen-free groundwater and in reducing soils below the water surface.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Geological existence: serpentinization reaction In the absence of atmospheric oxygen (O), at deep geological conditions far from the Earth's atmosphere, hydrogen (H) is produced during the serpentinization process through anaerobic oxidation by water protons (H+) of fero (Fe2+) silicates present in the crystal lattice of fayalite ( Fe, ferrous olivine).


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The formation reaction of magnetite (Fe), quartz (SiO) and hydrogen (H) is as follows: 3 Fe 2 SiO 4 + 2 H 2 O 2 Fe 3 O 4 + 3 SiO 2 + 3 H 2 {\ displaystyle 3 {\ text {Fe}} _ {\ text {\ text {O}} _ {\ text {O} longrightarrow 2 {\ text {Fe}} _ {3} {\ text {O}} _ {4} +3 {\ text {SiO}} _ {2} +3 {\ text {H}} _ {2}} f a y a l i t + a i r m a g n e t i t + k u a r s a + h i d r o g e n {\ displaystyle fayalit+water\ longrightarrow magnetitsacquart+hydrogen} This reaction approximates the observed Schikorr reaction at anaerobic oxidation of fero hydroxide when exposed to water.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Formation in transformers Of all gas formation due to faults in power transformers, hydrogen is the most common and is produced under any fault conditions; thus, hydrogen formation is an early indication of serious problems in the life cycle transformer. [81]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Application A large amount of H2 is required in the petrochemical and chemical industries.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The largest use of H2 is for processing fossil fuels and in the manufacture of ammonia.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Major consumers of H2 in petrochemical refineries include hydrodealkylation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrofractional (English: hydrocracking).


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

H2 has some important uses.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

H2 is used as a hydrogenation ingredient, especially in increased saturation in saturated fats and vegetable oils (found in margarine), and in methanol production.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

It is also a source of hydrogen in the manufacture of hydrochloric acid.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

H2 is also used as a reductor in metal ores. [82]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

In addition to being used as a reagent, H2 has wide applicability in physics and engineering.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

It is used as an ameng gas in welding methods such as atomic hydrogen welding. [83] [84] H2 is used as a rotor coolant in power plant generators because it has the highest thermal conductivity among all types of gases.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Liquid H2 is used in cryogenic research which includes superconductivity studies. [85]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Because H2 is lighter than air, hydrogen was once widely used as a lifting gas on balloon blimps. [86]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Recently hydrogen is used as a mixed material with nitrogen (sometimes called gas forming) as a cropper gas for the detection of small gas leaks.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

These applications can be found in the automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications industries. [87]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is an additive (E949) that is allowed for use in food package leakage trials and as an antioxidant. [88]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

More rare hydrogen isotopes also have their own applications.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Deuterium (hydrogen-2) is used in CANDU reactors as a moderator to slow neutrons. [60]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Deuterium compounds also have applications in chemistry and biology in the study of isotopic effect reactions. [89]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Tritium (hydrogen-3) produced by nuclear reactors is used in the production of hydrogen bombs, [90] as an isotopic marker in biosciences, [47] and as a source of radiation in fluorescent paints. [91]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The temperature at the triple point of hydrogen is used as a reference point in the ITS-90 (International Temperature Scale of 1990) temperature scale at 13,8033kelvin. [92]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen's energy carrier is not a source of energy, [93] except in the context of the hypothesis of commercial nuclear fusion power plants that use deuterium or tritium, a technology whose development is still few. [94]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The Sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen, but this process is difficult to control on earth. [95]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen from the light of the Sun, biological organisms, or from power sources consumes more energy in its manufacture than combustion.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen can be produced from fossil sources (such as methane) that require less energy than the energy of its combustion, but this source is not renewable, and anyway methane can be directly used as an energy source. [93]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The energy density per volume on liquid hydrogen and gaseous hydrogen at practical pressures is significantly less than the energy density of other fuels, although the energy density per mass is higher. [93]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Even so, hydrogen has been discussed extensively in the context of energy as an energy carrier. [96]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

For example, CO2 sequestration followed by carbon capture and storage can be done in H2 production from fossil fuels. [97]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen used in transport is relatively cleaner with less NOx emissions, [98] but without carbon emissions. [97]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

However, the infrastructure costs required to build a full hydrogen economy are huge. [99]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen coolers are widely used in power plants as generator coolants due to a number of their properties that are directly related to their lightweight diatomic molecular structure.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

These include low density, low viscosity, and have the highest specific and thermal conductivity among all gases.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Industrial Hydrogen semiconductors are used to saturate irregular bonds in amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that help stabilize the properties of matter. [100]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

It is also a potential electron donor in various oxide matter, including ZnO, [101] [102] SnO, CdO, MgO, [103] ZrO, HFo, La, Y, TiO, SrTiO, LaAlO, SiO, Al, Zircon silicate (ZrSiO), HFSiO, and SrZrO. [104]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The biological reaction of H2 is one of the products of several types of anaerobic fermentation and is also produced in some microorganisms, usually through reactions catalyzed by iron or nickel-containing dehydrogenase enzymes.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

These enzymes catalyze a reversible redox reaction between H2 with its two-proton and two-electronic components.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen gas is generated at equivalent reductor transfer produced during fermentation of pyruvate into water. [105]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Separation of water, which is where water decomposes into proton, electron, and oxygen components, occurs in the reaction of light on the photosynthesis process.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Some organisms including the algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria have a second stage, namely the dark reaction, in which protons and electrons are reduced to H2 gas by certain hydrogenases in their chloroplasts. [106]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Some effort has been taken to genetically modify cyanobacteria hydrogenases to efficiently synthesize H2 gas under the presence of oxygen. [107]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Strong effort has also been taken in experiments modifying algae genes and converting them into bioreactors. [108]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen safety wewanti brings several health hazards to humans, ranging from the potential for explosion and fire when mixed with air, to its nature that causes asphyxia in a pure state without oxygen. [109]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

In addition, liquid hydrogen is a cryogen and is very dangerous due to its very low temperature. [110]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is soluble in some metals and in addition to potentially leakage, can also cause hydrogen fragility. [111]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen gas subjected to leakage can ignite spontaneously.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

In addition hydrogen fire is very hot, but can hardly be seen with the naked eye, so it can lead to unexpected cases of fire. [112]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen safety wewanti data can be confused by several reasons.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

The physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend heavily on the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen nisbah requiring several days to reach equilibrium (usually the data given is data on when the hydrogen reaches equilibrium).


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen explosion parameters, such as the pressure and critical temperature of the explosion depend largely on the geometry of the hydrogen container. [109]


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

See also Antihydrogen Hydrogen cycle Hydrogen fuel Vehicle hydrogen Oxyhydrogen Photohydrogen Reference Footnotes Further reading Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( links) at Global Public Media.


Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

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Question: What is hydrogen?

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Question: What is hydrogen?

Hydrogen

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Hydrogen

Category:Chemical elements Category:Nonmetal


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Major General of the TNI (Purn.)


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

H. M. Soeharto, (Old Javanese: Suharta; Latin Javanese: Suhartå; Hanacaraka:) (ER, EYD: Suharto) () was the second President of Indonesia who served from 1967 to 1998, succeeding Soekarno.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

In the international world, especially in the Western World, Soeharto is often referred to by the popular name “The Smiling General” (Indonesian: “The Smiling General”) because of his always smiling look on his face.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Even so, he is often referred to as a dictator. [1] [2] [3] Before becoming president, Soeharto was a military leader during the Japanese and Dutch occupation, with the latter rank of Major General.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

After the 30 September 1965 Movement, Soeharto stated that the PKI was the responsible party and led the operation to demolish it.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The operation killed an estimated 100,000 to 2 million people. [4] [5] Soeharto later took power from Soekarno, and officially became president in 1968.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

He was reselected by the MPR in 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, and 1998.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

In 1998, his term ended after resigning on 21 May of that year, following the May 1998 riots and the occupation of the DPR/MPR building by thousands of students.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

He is the longest-serving person to serve as president of Indonesia.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Soeharto was succeeded by B.J. Habibie.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Soeharto's relics are still debated until recently.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

In his time of power, called the New Order, Soeharto built a stable state and achieved economic and infrastructural progress. [6] [7] [8] [9] Soeharto was also considered to restrict the freedom of Indonesian citizens of Chinese descent, occupied East Timor, and was considered the most corrupt regime in modern world history with estimated state losses of about 15—35 billion United States dollars. [10]


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Attempts to prosecute Soeharto failed due to his deteriorating health.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

After suffering prolonged illness, he died of multifunctional organ failure in Jakarta on 27 January 2008.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Parents Family On June 8, 1921, Soeharto was born by his mother, named Sukirah in the hamlet of Kemusuk, Village Argomulyo, District Sedayu, Bantul, Yogyakarta.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The birth was assisted by a maternity shaman named Mbah Kromodiryo who was also the sister of Sukirah's grandfather, Mbah Kertoirono.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

In her autobiography My Thoughts, Sayings and Measures composed by G. Dwipayana, Sukirah was described by Soeharto as a young mother who was having trouble thinking about household problems.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

However, many records in other Soeharto history books mention Sukirah was experiencing a very difficult mental problem. [11]


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Before Soeharto (who was born June 8, 1921) was 40 days old, Sukirah had to face the divorce of her husband, Kertosudiro.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Kertosudiro, a poor ulu-ulu (irrigation regulator) who later as Soeharto's father, did not play much role in Soeharto's life.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

In fact, many Soeharto observers, such as R. E. Elson, some of his biographers and close people, including the former Minister of Illumination who was close to Soeharto, Mashuri, believed that Kertosudiro was not Soeharto's biological father [11].


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

In 1974, there was a horrendous news from a gossip magazine called 'POP' with coverage that brought down the old story circulating that Soeharto was the son of Padmodipuro, a nobleman of the Hamengkubowono II breed [11].


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Little Soeharto who was 6 years old was banished to the village and was taken care of by Kertosudiro.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

This was later vehemently refuted by Soeharto.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

With half his wrath, Soeharto held a press conference in Bina Graha that coverage about the origin of his noble son could have been a mount to subversive.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Soeharto in his own way wanted to impress that he was a country boy. [11]


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The obscurity of the origin of Soeharto genealogically until now remains unsolved. [11]


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

However, from all that, the baby Soeharto is in a world with less favorable family conditions.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The depressed and happy ascetic Sukirah was found almost dead somewhere because he forced himself to fast ngebleng (not to eat and drink for 40 days) somewhere hidden, and his disappearance once panicked the villagers of Kemusuk so that the residents were looking for him. [ 11]


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Aware of Sukirah's poor condition, Sukirah's family finally decided to hand over the management of baby Soeharto to Kertosudiro's elder sister. [11]


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Sukirah remarried to Pramono and was endowed with seven children, including a second son, Probosutedjo.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Soeharto's wife and children are married to Raden Ayu Siti Hartinah, son of KRMT Soemoharyomo.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Soemoharyomo was a Wedana in Solo.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The marriage of Lieutenant Colonel (Letkol) Soeharto with Siti Hartinah (then known as Tien Soeharto) was held on 26 December 1947 in Solo.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

At that time, Soeharto was 26 years old, while Siti Hartinah was 24 years old.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The couple was given six sons and daughters, namely Siti Hardiyanti Hastuti (Tutut), Sigit Harjojudanto, Bambang Trihatmodjo, Siti Hediati Harijadi (Titiek), Hutomo Mandala Putra (Tommy), and Siti Hutami Endang Adiningsih (Mamiek).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Soeharto's childhood and education were unlike other village children who had to work in the rice fields.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

At a very young age, he was schooled by Kertosudiro. [11]


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

There is no news about Soeharto's period at the People's School (elementary level).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Soeharto's impression during elementary school was only on his memory of the heroes.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The world of Soeharto only dwell on the herding of buffalo, far from the stories of children obtained from books that are often read by elementary school children.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

This is different for example from Soekarno's story while he was in elementary school which tells a lot about his school days and what he read, as well as Hatta and Sjahrir who since childhood have been familiar with Karl May or stories from Charles Dickens's novels. [11]


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

When he got bigger, Soeharto lived with his grandfather, Mbah Atmosudiro, the father of his mother.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Soeharto went to school when he was eight years old, but moved frequently.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Originally schooled at Primary School (Primary School) in Desa Dozens, Godean.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Then, moved to Pedes Elementary School (Yogyakarta) because her mother and stepfather, Pramono, moved home to Kemusuk Kidul.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Kertosudiro then moved Soeharto to Wuryantoro, Wonogiri, Central Java.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Soeharto was entrusted at his aunt's house who was married to a farmer named Prawirowihardjo.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Soeharto was accepted as the eldest son and was treated the same as Prawirowihardjo's sons.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Soeharto was then schooled and attended all lessons, especially numeracy.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

She also got a fairly strong religious education from her aunt's family.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Farming craze grew during Soeharto settled in Wuryantoro.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Under the guidance of his uncle who was a farmer, Soeharto became understanding and developing agriculture.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

After school, Soeharto learned to teach in the langgar with his friends, even done until last night situ.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

He was also active in the guide of Hizbul Wathan and began to know heroes such as Raden Ajeng Kartini and Prince Diponegoro from a newspaper that reached the village.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Setamat Lower School (SR) four years, Soeharto was schooled by his parents to a low advanced school in Wonogiri.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

After he turned 14, Soeharto lived in Hardjowijono's house.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Hardjowijono was a friend of his father who was a retired railway employee.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Hardjowijono was also an avid follower of Kiai Darjatmo, a prominent religious figure in Wonogiri of that time.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Because he is often invited, Soeharto often helps Kiai Darjatmo make traditional medicine recipes to treat the sick.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Soeharto returned to his home village, Kemusuk, to continue his schooling at Muhammadiyah Junior High School in Yogyakarta.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

It was done because at the school students can wear sarongs and without wearing footwear (shoes).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Setamat junior high school, Soeharto actually wants to continue to a higher school.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

What power, his father and his other family could not afford to finance due to economic conditions.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Soeharto also tried to find a job there to come, but failed.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

He returned to his aunt's house in Wuryantoro.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

There, he was accepted as a clerical helper on a Village Bank (Volk-bank).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Not long after, he asked for a stop.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

One day in 1942, Soeharto read the announcement of the acceptance of members of the Koninklijk Nederlands Indisce Leger (KNIL).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The KNIL was the royal army of the Netherlands.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

He enlisted and was accepted into the army.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

At that time, he only had a seven-day stint with the rank of sergeant because the Dutch surrendered to the Japanese.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Sergeant Soeharto then went home to the hamlet of Kemusuk.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Precisely this is where, his military career began.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Military career On 1 June 1940, he was accepted as a student at the military school in Gombong, Central Java.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

After six months of basic training, he finished as the best graduate and received the rank of corporal.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

He was selected to be an exemplary soldier at the Bintara School, Gombong, and officially became a member of the military on 5 October 1945.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

He joined the Dutch colonial forces, the KNIL.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

As World War II raged in 1942, he was sent to Bandung to be a reserve soldier at Army Headquarters for a week.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Once ranked KNIL army sergeant, he later became a platoon commander, company commander within the Japanese-sponsored military known as the PETA army, a regimental commander with the rank of major, and battalion commander ranked lieutenant colonel.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

After the War of Independence ended, he remained Commander of the Garuda Mataram Brigade with the rank of lieutenant colonel.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

He led the Garuda Mataram Brigade in the Andi Azis rebellion pounding operation in Sulawesi.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Later, he was appointed as Komadan APRIS (United Republic of Indonesia War Force) Makassar City Sector in charge of securing the city from the former KNIL/KL disturbance.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On March 1, 1949, he participated in a general offensive that successfully occupied Yogyakarta City for six hours.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The initiative came on the suggestion of Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX to Commander Besar Soedirman that Brigade X led Letkol Soeharto immediately conduct a general attack in Yogyakarta and occupied the city for six hours to prove that the Republic of Indonesia (RI) still existed.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

At the age of about 32, his duties were transferred to Divisional Headquarters and was elevated to Commander of the 15th Infentry Regiment with the rank of lieutenant colonel (1 March 1953).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On 3 June 1956, he was appointed Chief of Staff of the Commander of Armies and Territorium IV Diponegoro in Semarang.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

From the Chief of Staff, he was appointed as the official Commander-in-Chief of Armies and Territorium IV Diponegoro.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On 1 January 1957, his rank was raised to colonel.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The black sheet also had time to color his military journey.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

He was once dismissed by General Nasution as Pangdam Diponegoro.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The dismissal event on October 17, 1959 was the result of his known use of military institutions to solicit money from companies in Central Java.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

His case was almost brought to a military court by Colonel Ahmad Yani.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On the advice of General Gatot Subroto at that time, he was released and transferred to the Army Staff and Command School (SESKOAD) in Bandung, West Java.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

At the age of 38, he attended the C course of SSKAD (AD Staff and Command School) in Bandung and his rank was raised to brigadier general on 1 January 1960.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Later, he was appointed Deputy I Chief of Staff of the Army at the age of 39.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On October 1, 1961, his double position as Commander of the I Army Corps Caduad (AD General Reserve) which he had taken up when he was 40 years old increased with his new position as Commander of Kohanudad (AD Defence Command).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

In 1961, he also got assignments as Military Attaché of the Republic of Indonesia in Belgrade, Paris (France), and Bonn (Germany).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

At the age of 41, his rank was raised to major-general (1 January 1962) and became Commander of the West Irian Liberation Mandala Command and served as Deputy of East Indonesia Region in Makassar.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On his return from Eastern Indonesia, Soeharto who had risen in rank to major general, was drawn to ABRI headquarters by General A. H. Nasution.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

In the middle of 1962, Soeharto was appointed Commander of the Army Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad) until 1965.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

About a year later, precisely, January 2, 1962, Brigadier General Soeharto was appointed as Commander of the West Irian Liberation Mandala Command.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Major General Soeharto was sworn in as Minister Commander-in-Chief of the Army and immediately dissolved the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) and its ormas.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

After being appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Army Strategic Command (Kostrad) on 1 May 1963, he formed the Security and Order Recovery Operations Command (Kopkamtib) to compensate for the G-30-S that raged on 1 October 1965.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Two days later, precisely October 3, 1965, Maj. Gen. Soeharto was appointed Commander of Kopkamtib.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

This position gives great authority to carry out purges against persons accused of being perpetrators of G-30-S/PKI.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Rise to power On the morning of 1 October 1965, several Presidential bodyguard troops, Tjakrabirawa under Lieutenant Colonel Untung Syamsuri along with other troops kidnapped and killed six generals.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

At that event General A. H. Nasution who served as the Coordinating Minister for Hankam and Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces got away.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

One rescued, who was not the target of the attempted coup was Major General Soeharto, although it became a question whether this Soeharto was involved or not in the event known as G-30-S.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Some sources say, Tjakrabirawa forces involved stated that they tried to stop a military coup backed by the CIA planned to remove President Soekarno from power on “ABRI Day”, October 5, 1965 by the military body better known as General Councillor.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

This event was immediately responded by Maj. Gen. Soeharto to secure Jakarta immediately, according to the official version of history during the New Order period, especially after getting the news that Letjen Ahmad Yani, Minister/Commander of the Army is not known whereabouts.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

It is actually based on the prevailing custom in the Army that if the Commander of the Army is unable to attend, then it is the Commander Kostrad who performs his duties.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

This action was strengthened by the descent of the Warrant known as the Warrant of March 11 (Supersemar) from President Soekarno which gave authority and mandate to Soeharto to take all measures to restore security and order.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The decision taken by Soeharto was to immediately dissolve the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) even if it was opposed by President Soekarno, the arrest of a number of ministers suspected of involvement G-30-S (30 September Movement).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

This action according to international observers is said to be a step to get rid of the pro-Soekarno and pro-Communist Indonesian Armed Forces which is actually addressed to the Republic of Indonesia Air Force where its leadership ranks especially Air Force Commander Air Admiral Omar Dhani who was considered pro-Soekarno and Communist, and eventually forced Soekarno to hand over executive power.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The act of purges from communist elements (PKI) brought an act of death condemnation of Communist Party members in Indonesia leading to the systematic murder of about 500 thousand “communist suspects”, mostly civilians, and violence against Indonesia's Chinese minority.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Soeharto is said to receive CIA support in the communist rundown.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

American diplomats of 25 years later revealed that they had written a list of Indonesian “communist operations” and had handed over as many as 5,000 names to the Indonesian military.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Been Huang, a former member of the US political embassy in Jakarta said in 1990 that: “It was a great relief for the Armed Forces.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

They may kill a lot of people, and I likely have a lot of blood on my hands, but it is not that bad.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

There comes a time where you have to hit hard at the right moment.”


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Howard Fenderspiel, Indonesia expert at the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research in 1965: “Nobody cared, as long as they were communists, that they were massacred.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Nothing worked about him."1 He ended the confrontation with Malaysia in order to free up resources in the military.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

After being sworn in as Minister Commander-in-Chief of the Army on 14 October 1965, he immediately disbanded the PKI and its ormas.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Exactly 11 March 1966, he received the Warrant of Eleven Maret (Supersemar) from President Soekarno through three generals, namely Basuki Rachmat, Amir Machmud, and M. Yusuf.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The content of Supersemar is to give power to Soeharto and on behalf of the President/Supreme Commander/Commander-in-Chief of the Revolution in order to take actions deemed necessary for the sake of guaranteed security, tranquility, and stability of the course of government and the course of the revolution.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

A day later, 12 March 1966, Menpangad Letjen Soeharto dissolved the PKI and declared it a banned party in Indonesia.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Due to the worsening political situation after the eruption of G-30-S/PKI, the Special Session of MPRS in March 1967, Soeharto who had received rank as a four-star general on 1 July 1966 was appointed as a presidential official by virtue of Tap MPRS No XXXIII/1967 on 22 February 1967.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

As the holder of MPRS Decree No XXX/1967, Soeharto then received the handover of government power from President Soekarno.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Through the Special Session of MPRS, on 7 March 1967, Soeharto was appointed as a presidential official until the election of the president by the Assembly of the general election results.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

General Soeharto was appointed as a presidential official on 12 March 1967 after the accountability of President Soekarno (NAWAKSARA) was denied by MPRS.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Later, Soeharto became president according to the results of the General Assembly of MPRS (Tap MPRS No XLIV/MPRS/1968) on March 27, 1968.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

In addition to being president, he also held a position as Minister of Defense/Security.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On 1 June 1968 Old.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

From this time it was known the term New Order.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The composition of the cabinet announced on 10 June 1968 was named the Development Cabinet “Five-Year Development Plan” I. On 15 June 1968, President Soeharto formed a Presidential Economic Expert Team consisting of Prof. Dr. Widjojo Nitisastro, Prof. Dr. Ali Wardhana, Prof. Dr. Moh Sadli, Prof. Dr. Soemitro Djojohadikusumo, Prof. Dr. Subroto, Dr Emil Salim, Drs Frans Seda, and Drs Radius Prawiro.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On 3 July 1971, the president appointed 100 members of Parliament from the Armed Forces and gave 9 vice-seats of West Irian Province to representatives from Golkar.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

After combining the forces of the political parties, Soeharto was re-elected president by the General Assembly Assembly (Tap MPR No IX/MPR/1973) on 23 March 1973 for the second position.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Currently, Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono IX is accompanying him as vice president.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

At the age of 55, Soeharto entered retirement from military service (Keprres No 58/ABRI/1974).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Achievement in the world of politics also completes his story of life as a ruler.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

After reaching the position of the shoots in the republic, the wrister of his power began to look at his fangs.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On January 20, 1978, President Soeharto banned the publication of seven newspapers, namely Kompas, Sinar Harapan, Merdeka, Pelita, The Indonesian Times, Sinar Pagi, and Pos Sore.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Some of them later apologized to Soeharto.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On 22 March 1978, Soeharto was re-sworn president for a third period and Adam Malik as vice president.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The General Assembly Assembly Assembly on March 1, 1983 decided to re-elect Soeharto as president and Umar Wirahadikusumah as vice president.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Through MPR Tap No V in 1983, MPR appointed Soeharto as the Father of Development of the Republic of Indonesia.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On 16 March 1983, President Soeharto announced the composition of the IV Development Cabinet consisting of 21 ministers, three coordinating ministers, eight young ministers, and three ministerial officials.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On 1 January 1984, President Soeharto filled out the Golkar membership form and since then he officially became a member of Golkar.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Some political observers both domestically and abroad say that Soeharto purged parliament of communists, removed trade unions and increased censorship.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

He also severed diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China and established relations with western countries and the United Nations.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

He became decisive in all political decisions.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

General Soeharto is said to be increasing military funding and establishing two intelligence agencies: the Security and Order Restoration Command (Kopkamtib) and the National Intelligence Coordination Agency (Bakin).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Some 2 million people were executed in mass purges and more than 200,000 were arrested only on suspicion of involvement in the coup.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Many communists, suspected communists and so-called “enemies of the state” were sentenced to death (although some sentencing was postponed until 1990).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

It was alleged that the list of communist suspects was given into Soeharto's hands by the CIA.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

In addition, the CIA tracked down names on this list when the Soeharto regime began searching for them.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

This unspoken support from the United States Government for the Soeharto regime remained silent until the invasion of East Timor, and continued to last until the late 1990s. Due to its wealth of natural resources and large consumer population, Indonesia was valued as a trading peer of the United States and so were arms shipments but retained to the Soeharto regime.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

When Soeharto visited Washington in 1995 Clinton administrative officials were quoted in the New York Times saying that Soeharto was “a person like us” or “a person of our class”.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On 12 March 1967 Soeharto was appointed as the Presidential Officer of Indonesia by the Provisional Assembly.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

A year later, on 27 March 1968 he was officially appointed President for the first five-year term.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

He directly appointed 20% of the members of the Assembly.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The Golkar Party became the favorite party and the only one accepted by government officials.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Indonesia also became one of the founders of ASEAN.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Indonesia's economy was completely amburadul in the mid-1960s. Soeharto also asked for advice from a team of Western-based economists who are widely known as the “Berkeley mafia”.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The new administration's short-term goals were to control inflation, stabilize the value of the rupiah, acquire foreign debt, as well as encourage the influx of foreign investment.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

And for this one thing, their success is impossible.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Sudjono Humardani's role as a big financial assistant means in this achievement.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

In the socio-political field, Soeharto handed him over to Ali Murtopo as an assistant for political issues.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Eliminating opposition by weakening the power of political parties is done through fusion in the party system.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

As president of Rome, Italy, 14 November 1985.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

It was the winter that enveloped the city of Rome when it also bites the body of every participant of the 23rd Conference of the World Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

No less than 165 member countries sent their representatives to the event that balloted the attention of the world's eyes on Indonesia at that time.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

President Soeharto who successfully drove Indonesia from the world's largest rice importer to self-sufficiency was brought forward to the podium to give his speech.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

He handed over a million tonnes of dried rice (grain) aid from the farmers to give to the famine-stricken African people.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

“If the development in the field of food is considered successful, it is a giant work of the entire nation of Indonesia,” President Soeharto said in a speech.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Because of this, the FAO replaced that success with a special award in the form of a gold medal on July 21, 1986.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Soeharto's achievements in agriculture are fantastic or devastating.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Indonesia established great self-sufficiency starting in 1984.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Large production in that year totaled 25.8 million tons.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

In fact, data 1969 rice produced by Indonesia only 12.2 million tons.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

That result forced Indonesia to import at least 2 million tons of rice.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Therefore, on March 10, 1988, Soeharto was again elected president by the Assembly for the fifth time.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The position of vice president was handed over to Sudharmono after competing with DR H J NARO SH Chairman of DPP PPP Once again, the eyes of the world are fixed again to a Soeharto.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Due to his successful implementation of the population and family planning program, President Soeharto was granted an individual award charter at the United Nations (UN) Headquarters in New York on June 8, 1989.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

“The increase in food production does not mean much if the population increase is uncontrolled,” Soeharto said.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

He was awarded the UN Population Award, the United Nations' highest award in the field of population.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The award was presented directly by the UN Secretary-General, Javier de Cueller at United Nations Headquarters, New York to coincide with Soeharto's 68th birthday on 8 June 1989.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Soeharto is increasingly ogled when successfully enforcing the harkat of the Indonesian nation in the Asian economic background.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

In ASEAN, he is considered meritorious to participate in developing this regional organization so that it is reckoned in the world.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

“Without the kindness and presence of Soeharto, we will spend a lot of gross domestic product rations in defence,” said Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating at the time.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Paul Keating called Soeharto a “father”.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

In his book, Soeharto; Political Biography, Robert Edward Elson wrote, “Soeharto was a very important figure during the XX century in Asia.”


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Two Presidents of the United States, Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan also praised Soeharto's buzz.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

However, Soeharto claims he is a son of farmers with ordinary values that do not ambition to rule Indonesia and precede the interests of the nation.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

“I am at home, among my wife and children feel as an ordinary, just by chance given the conviction by the people to lead this country as president,” said Soeharto in a speech at the 67th Mother's Day Commemoration in Mojosari District, Mojokerto Regency, East Java on 22 December 1989.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Therefore, on September 14, 1991, President Soeharto rejected the request of the United States to acquire military bases in Indonesia after moving from the Philippines.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Soeharto was elected by the Assembly as president for the sixth time on 10 March 1993.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

This time, Try Sutrisno as vice president.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

After six consecutive times appointed by the Assembly as president, Soeharto began to declare if he did not ambition to become president for life (12 March 1994).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

In his leadership this period, President Soeharto dismissed Prof. Dr. Satrio Budiharjo Joedono as Minister of Trade before the end of the term (December 6, 1995).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Soeharto who began his power as a presidential official on March 12, 1967 and became president on March 27, 1968, continued to hold the position for 31 years.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Some originally predicted that Soeharto would reject his candidacy again as president for a sixth period in 1998 after his wife passed away on 28 April 1996.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

That estimate turned out to be erroneous


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

When he reached 75 years old, he was not only willing to be re-nominated but accepted to be re-appointed president for the period 1998—2003.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

He received the bestowment of the Five Star or Rank of Major General when he was 76 years old (29 September 1997).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On July 25, 1996, President Soeharto accepted the PDI-led Soerjadi and rejected the leadership of Megawati Soekarnoputri to lead the Indonesian Democracy Party (PDI).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Two days later came the events of 27 bloody July.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Efforts to overcome the crisis and dampen opposition The monetary crisis that hit Asia in 1997 hit Indonesia also.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

In fact, the crisis hit also the crisis sector of the economy.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On 8 October 1997, the President asked the IMF and World Bank for help to strengthen the financial sector and declared the storm definitely passed.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The president asked the whole people to remain stoic in the face of the turmoil of the monetary crisis (29 November 1997).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

In the midst of a severe economic crisis and a fairly sharp rejection, on 10 March 1998, the Assembly endorsed Soeharto as president for the seventh time.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

This time, Prof. Ing BJ Habibie as vice president.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On March 17, 1998, he donated his entire salary and allowance as president and asked the willingness of other top officials to submit his basic salary for one year in the framework of the monetary crisis.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Facing demands to step down, on 1 May 1998, Soeharto stated that reforms would be prepared starting in 2003.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

When in Egypt on May 13, 1998, President Soeharto declared willing to step down if the people wanted and would not maintain their position by force of arms.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Eleven ministers for economics and industry (equine) of the VII Development Cabinet resigned (20 May 1998).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Monetary and economic crises are really eating away at his leadership system.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The impact, Soeharto could not survive at the head of the leadership of the country.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Only 70 days after being reappointed president for the seventh time, Soeharto was forced to step down from his position as president.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

President Soeharto lengser exactly May 21, 1998.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

At exactly 09.00 WIB (West Indonesia Time), Soeharto quit his position as president.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Television glass screens back then broadcast live second by second the process of his resignation.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The date of 12—20 May 1998 became a very long period.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

After all, those times his power was further entrenched by various actions and events.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Student action spread throughout the country.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Thousands of students staged acts of concern in various places.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Students of Trisakti, Jakarta took action not far from their campus.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Participants began to exit the campus courtyard and enter the arterial road and intend to come to the MPR/DPR Building which is very stategic.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On 12 May 1998 afternoon, there was a news broadcast of the death of four Trisakti students.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

A day later, on May 13, 1998, the bodies of the four students who were killed were sent to their respective residences.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Students who attended sang the song Tumuh Bunga.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The students' death was widely broadcast through radio, television, and newspaper news.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The death of the four students seemed to be an explosion of a bigger event.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Thursday, May 14, 1998, the state capital (Jakarta) was hit by intense riots.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On 15 May 1998, the plane carrying President Soeharto and his group landed before 05.00 am in the morning at the main air base of the TNI AU Halim Perdanakusuma from a visit to Cairo, Egypt to join the Group 15 High-Level Conference (Summit) of Group 15 (Group 15/G-15).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On 16 May 1998, the President held a series of meetings including consulting with elements of the House leadership.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On 17 May 1998, Minister of Tourism, Arts, and Culture Abdul Latief submitted a letter of resignation as minister.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

On May 18, 1998, thousands of students came to the MPR/DPR Building.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The action ended along with the retreat of President Soeharto on 21 May 1998.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Those killed were two students in the class of 1995 and two students of the class of 1996.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Force 1995 consisted of Hery Hartanto (Faculty of Industrial Engineering Department of Mechanical Department) and Hafidhin Alifidin Royan (Faculty of Industrial Engineering Department of Mechanical Department).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Moderate, the students killed in 1996 were Elang Mulia Lesmana (Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning Department of Architecture) and Hendriawan Sie (Faculty of Economics Department of Management).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Soeharto built and expanded General Nasution's concept of “Middle Road” into a dwifunction concept to obtain theoretical base support for the military to expand its influence through government officials, including reserve allocation of seats in parliament and key posts in civil bureaucracy.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

This dwifunction role is the role of the military in the political sphere that is permanent.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Ali Murtopo's lunge with his intelligence agency began to threaten Soeharto.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The rivalry between Ali Moertopo and Sumitro was used to get rid of Ali.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

But Sumitro was immediately withdrawn from office and control of Kopkamtib was held directly by Soeharto because it was considered potential threatening.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Months after Malari's events as many as 12 newspapers were closed and hundreds of Indonesians including students were arrested and imprisoned.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

In 1978 to eliminate the student movement, then the enactment of NKK/BKK (Normalization of Campus Life/Student Coordination Board).


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

This policy was vehemently opposed by many student organizations.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The relationship of student activities with the campus is only to those who are allowed by the government through the control mechanism of the deanate and rectorate.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

The mouth of the press was silenced with the birth of Press Principal Law No. 12 of 1982.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

This Act indicates a restriction or warning regarding the content of the news or broadcast.


Question: How long has president Soeharto been in office?

Soeharto

Mass organizations formed must obtain government permission with only one government-made professed organization allowed standing.