Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

According to the year of the Kingdom of Judah According to the calculation of the time of the reign of kings Asa, Jehoshaphat and so on, then the years of Uziah's life can be counted since the founding of the Kingdom of Judah (starting from the breakup of the Kingdom of Israel in 931 BC)


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

125th year (35th year of Jehu Dynasty, Amaziah 15 years): Azarya was born to Yekholya, from Jerusalem, to Amaziah, who later became king of Judah. [29] (“807 BC”) [18] 135th year (45th year of Jehu Dynasty, Amaziah 25 years): Amaziah was appointed king of Judah. (“797 BC”) 20th year [20th year] 141 (year 51st year of Jehu dynasty, 9th year of Jehoas king of Israel; 6th year of Amaziah (31 years), Azarya 16 years): Amaziah was taken captive by Jehoas.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

The people of Judah elevated Azarya to king (“791 BC”) [18] 150th year (60th year of Jehu Dynasty; 15th year of Amaziah (40 years); 9th year of Uziah (25 years)): Jeroboam the son of Joas became king alone over Israel in Samaria, having previously held the status of “joint king” with his father since 793 B.C. (782 BC) [30] 157th year (67th year of Jehu Dynasty; 22nd year of Amaziah (47 years); 16th year of Uzia (32 years)): Jotam, crown prince and later successor of the king of Uzia, was born to Jerusa, son of Zadok. [21] (775 BC) [22] 164th year (74th year of Jehu Dynasty, 27th year of Jehu Dynasty, 27th year of Jeroboam; the 29th year of Amazia ; 23rd year of Uziah (39 years); Jehoram 7 years old): Amaziah (54 years old) died slain. [31] [20] Azarya or Uziah (39 years old), son of Amaziah, became king alone over Judah. [32] [33] (767 BC) [18] The 179th year (89th year of Jehu Dynasty; 41st year of Jeroboam; 38th year of Uziah)), Yotam 22 years old): Jeroboam dies.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

Zechariah, the son of Jeroboam, became king over Israel in Samaria.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

He reigned 6 months and was the 4th/last descendant of the Jehu Dynasty. [34]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

Zechariah ascended the throne before September 753 BC (which still counts the 38th year of Azarya according to the calendar of the Kingdom of Judah beginning in Tishiri/September) and died six months later (already counting the 39th year of Azarya), in the early months of 752 BC (likely shortly before 1 Headstone 752 BC). [35]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

180th year (90th year of Jehu Dynasty; 39th year of Uziah (55 years), Jotam 23 years): (752 BC) Zechariah ibn Jeroboam died.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

The Jehu dynasty ended. [34]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

Salum ibn Yabesh became king and reigned for a month in Samaria. [36]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

Menahem ibn Gadi became king over Israel.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

He reigned for 10 years in Samaria. [37]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

182nd year (41st year of Uziah (57 years), Jotam 25 years old; 2nd year of Menahem king of Israel): Jotam ibn Uziah was appointed “joint king” with his father, at the age of 25. (750 BC) [22] The 190th year (49th year of Uzia (65 years), 8th year of Yotam (33 years)): Ahas son Yotam was born. [38] ) 191st year (50th year of Uzia (66 years), 9th year of Yotam 34 years, Ahas 2 years): Pekahya, son of Menahem, becomes king over Israel in Samaria.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

He reigned for two years. [39] (741 BC) [40] The 193rd year (52nd year of Uzia (68 years), the 11th year of Jotam (36 years); Ahaz 3 years): (740-"739 BC”) [18] Pekah bin Remalya became king over the Israelites in Samaria.


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

He reigned for 20 years. [41]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

Uziah died at the age of 68. [21] [18] In the year of death of the king of Uziah, the prophet Isaiah the son of Amos had the call of God to be his messenger in a vision of God sitting on the throne above His temple. [42]


Question: How long was The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings written?

Uzia

Jotam (36 years old) became king alone over the Kingdom of Judah. [21] [22] See also Isaiah Related Bible passages: 2 Kings 14, 2 Kings 15, 2 Chronicles 26, Isaiah 6 Reference Library of Cite uses deprecated parameters |deadurl= (help) Outside Category:King of Judah Category:Book 2 Chronicles Category:Book 2 Kings


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Elizabeth Báthory (Báthory Erzsébet in Hungarian, Alžbeta Bátoriová (-Nádasdy) in Slovakia, Elżbieta Batory in Polish,), was a Hungarian countess of the Báthory family.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

The family is remembered for its defense against the Ottomans.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

She was famous as a serial killer in Hungarian and Slovak history and is remembered as the Bloody Woman of Csejte (now Čachtice).


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Čachtice Palace is where he spent his life.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

After her husband's death, she and four of her aides were accused of torturing and murdering hundreds of young women, with at least 650 victims.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

In 1610, he was imprisoned in Čachtice Palace and spent his life there.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Bathory was born in Hungary yr 1560, approximately 100 years after Vlad 'The Impaler' Dracul died.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Elizabeth Báthory's great-grandfather was Prince Stephen Báthory who was one of the Knights who led Vlad Dracul's forces when he retook power in Walachia a century earlier.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Elizabeth was born to the couple Georges and Anna Báthory who were wealthy nobles and one of the most wealthy noble families in Hungary at that time.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

His extended family is also made up of distinguished people.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

One of his cousins was prime minister in Hungary, another was a Cardinal.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Even his uncle, Stepehen later became King of Poland.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

However the Báthory family had another 'dark' side 'besides all its wealth and popularity.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

It is mentioned that one of his other uncles was a Satanist and an adherent of Paganism while another cousin of his had a mental disorder and was fond of committing sexual crimes.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Marriage to Ferenc Nádasdy Year 1575, at the age of 15 Elizabeth was married to Count Ferenc Nádasdy who was 10 years older than her.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Since her husband was from the lower nobility, then Count Ferenc Nádasdy used the name Báthory behind him.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Elizabeth nevertheless used her surname of Báthory and did not become Nádasdy.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Both couples then lived in Čachtice Palace, which is a castle on top of the mountains with the village of Čachtice impregnated below it.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Her husband rarely accompanied Elizabeth because Count Ferenc was more often on the field of battle against the Turks of Usmani (Ottoman Empire).


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Ferenc later became famous for his bravery on the field of battle, even being considered a hero in Hungary under the nickname 'Black Hero of Hungary'.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Elizabeth who was young certainly always felt lonely because she was always left by the husband.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

It is mentioned she has a habit of admiring her beauty and then has many dark lovers who serve her as long as the husband is not in place.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Elizabeth even once ran away with her dark lover but later returned again and her husband forgave her.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

But it did not diminish Elizabeth's craving for sexual gratification.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

It is also mentioned Elizabeth became a bisexual by having a lesbian relationship with her aunt, Countess Klara Báthory.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Elizabethan Satanism then began to be affected with the satanism taught by Dorothea Szentes, commonly called Dorka, one of her closest servants.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Because of Dorka's influence, Elizabeth begins to indulge sexual gratification through the torture she committed against other young servants.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

In addition to Dorka, Elizabeth assisted several of her closest servants, namely: sister Iloona Joo, male servant Johaness Ujvari and a female servant named Anna Darvula, who served as Elizabeth's lover.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Together with her S&M crew, Elizabeth turned Čachtice Palace into a center of terror and sexual torture.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Young girls who became servants were tortured with various forms of torture such as being tied up, stripped and whipped and also used various tools to harm certain parts of the body.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

In 1600, Ferenc died and the real era of terror began.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Entering the age of 40, Elizabeth noticed that her beauty was beginning to fade.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Her skin began to show signs of aging and wrinkles that are actually common at that age.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

But Elizabeth was a devotee of perfection and beauty and she would do anything to maintain her beauty.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

One time a female servant who was combing her hair accidentally pulled Elizabeth's hair too hard.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

An enraged Elizabeth then slaps the poor girl.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Blood radiated from the girl's nose and hit Elizabeth's palm.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

At that time Elizabeth mentioned 'guessing and believeing' that the blood of young girls emits the light of their youthfulness.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

He always ordered his servants, Johannes Ujvari and Dorka stripped the girl, pulled her into the bath and cut her veins.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

When the girl died out of blood, Elizabeth immediately plunged into the bathtub and soaked in the blood pit.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

He discovered what he believed to be the 'Secret of Youth'.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

When all her young servants are dead, Elizabeth begins recruiting young girls in the surrounding village to be made servants in her Castle.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Their fate was all the same, tied over the bath and their veins were cut off until their blood dripped into the bath.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Often Elizabeth soaks in pools of blood while watching her dying victims drip blood to death.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Occasionally Elizabeth even drank the girls' blood to get what she called 'inner beauty'.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Late Gait and Arrest Over time Elizabeth felt that the blood of the village girls was still lacking for her.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

For the sake of getting blood that she thinks is better quality, Elizabeth is eyeing the blood of lowly noble girls.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

He then carried out kidnappings against noble girls to serve as his victims.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

But it backfired for him.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

The disappearance of noble girls quickly gained attention among nobles, influential people, to the King himself.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

On 30 December 1610, army troops under the lead of György Thurzó, who was Elizabeth's own cousin, stormed Čachtice Palace in the evening.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

They were all surprised to see the sight they found inside the Čachtice Palace.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

The corpse of a pale, bloodied girl lay on the dinner table, another who was alive but dying was found tied to a pole with both veins slashed to drips of blood.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

In the prison section were found a dozen girls who were being held waiting for their turn to be murdered.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Later in the basement room were found more than 50 bodies most of which had begun to decompose.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

At least 650 names were recorded in the court over Elizabeth Bathory in 1611.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

The names were obtained based on reports from various parties.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

From peasant families to aristocrats.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Elizabeth herself was never brought to court for trial in person.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Only four of his servants were tried and later sentenced to death.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

The King of Hungary ordered Elizabeth locked up in her chambers at Čachtice Palace for the rest of her life.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Workers were then deployed to close all the doors and windows of Elizabeth's room with walls leaving only small holes used to enter food and drink.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

The year 1614, or 4 years after Elizabeth was isolated with a wall in her own room, a guard noticed the food served to Elizabeth left untouched for a day.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

The guard then peered inside and saw the Countess face-down with her face on the floor.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Elizabeth 'The Blood Countess' Báthory died at the age of 54 on 21 August 1614.


Question: Who are Elizabeth Báthory's parents?

Elizabeth Báthory

Elizabeth Bathory outlinks (artist painting works) Category:Murderers Category:Hungarian figures


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Viruses are microscopic parasites that infect cells of biological organisms.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Viruses are obligate parasites, this is because viruses can only reproduce inside living material by invading and utilizing the cells of living beings because viruses do not have cellular equipment to reproduce on their own.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Normally viruses contain a small amount of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA, but not a combination of both) covered in some kind of protective material consisting of proteins, lipids, glycoproteins, or a combination of all three.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The genome of the virus will be expressed into both proteins used to load genetic material as well as proteins needed in its life cycle.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The term virus usually refers to particles that infect the cells of eukaryotes (multicelled organisms and many types of single-cell organisms), while the term bacteriophage or phage is used for types that attack prokaryote cell types (bacteria and other non-nucleated organisms cells).


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The virus is often debated its status as a living being because it cannot perform its biological functions freely if it is not in a host cell.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Due to these distinctive characteristics viruses are always associated with certain diseases, either in humans (e.g. influenza viruses and HIV), animals (e.g. avian influenza virus), or plants (e.g. tobacco mosaic viruses/TMV).


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Etymology The word virus comes from the Latin vīrus meaning 'poison' and other harmful liquids. [1]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The definition of “agent causing infection of disease” was first used in 1728, [1] before the discovery of the virus itself by Dmitri Ivanovsky in 1892.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The history of the discovery of the virus has been infecting since the days before AD, this is evident by several discoveries, namely reports of viral infection in hieroglyphs in Memphis, the capital of ancient Egypt (1400 BC) indicating the presence of poliomyelitis disease.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

In addition, Pharaoh King Ramesses V died in 1196 BC and is believed to have died from being stricken by the smallpox virus.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

In the days before AD, a fairly well-known endemic virus was the smallpox virus that attacked Chinese people in 1000.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

But in 1798, Edward Jenner discovered that some milkers had immunity to the pox virus.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

This is thought to be because of the pox virus found in cattle, protecting humans from pox.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Such discoveries understood then were the forerunners of vaccine use.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

In 1880, Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch put forward a “germ theory” that microorganisms are the cause of disease.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

At that time also famous Koch postulate which is very famous to date, namely: Disease agent must be present in every case of disease The agent must be isolated from the host and can be grown in vitro When muri agent culture is inoculated into susceptible healthy host cells then The same agent can be taken and re-isolated from the infected host. Research on the virus begins with a study on mosaic diseases that inhibit the growth of tobacco plants and make the leaves of the plant have blotches.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

In 1883, Adolf Mayer, a German scientist, discovered that the disease could be contagious when the plant he was researching became ill after being sprayed with the sap of a diseased plant.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Having been unsuccessful in finding microbes in the sap of those plants, Mayer concluded that the disease was caused by bacteria that were smaller than normal and could not be seen with a microscope.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

In 1892, Dmitri Ivanovsky of Russia discovered that the sap of tobacco leaves already filtered with a bacterial filter can still give rise to mosaic disease.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Ivanowsky then concluded two possibilities, namely that the disease-causing bacteria are so small that they can still pass through the sieve, or they secrete toxins that can penetrate the sieve. [2]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

This second possibility was debunked in 1897 after Martinus Beijerinck of the Netherlands discovered that the infectious agent inside the filtered sap could reproduce because its ability to cause disease was not reduced after several times transferred between plants. [2]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The pathogen of tobacco mosaic was summed up as not a bacterium, but rather a contagium vivum fluidum, that is, a type of disease-carrying living fluid. [2]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Afterwards, in 1898, Loeffler and Frosch reported that the cause of cow's mouth and foot disease could pass through a sieve that bacteria could not pass through.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

However, they concluded that the pathogen was a very small bacterium. [2]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Beijerinck's opinion was only evident in 1935, after Wendell Meredith Stanley of the United States successfully crystallized the mosaic disease-causing particles now known as tobacco mosaic virus. [3]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

It is also a virus first visualized with electron microscopy in 1939 by German scientists G. A. Kausche, E. Pfankuch, and H. Ruska. [4]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

In 1911, Peyton Rous discovered if healthy chickens were induced with tumor cells from sick chickens, then in those healthy chickens would also get cancer. [5]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

In addition, Rous also tried to lyse tumor cells from sick chickens and then filter the saris with pores that cannot be passed by bacteria, then the juice is injected in healthy chicken cells and it turns out that it can also cause cancer. [5]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Rous concluded the cancer was caused due to viral cells in diseased chicken tumor cells infecting healthy chicken cells. [5]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The discovery was the first discovery of an oncogenic virus, which is a virus that can cause tumors.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The virus discovered by Rous is named Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV). [5]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

In 1933, Shope papilloma virus or cottontail rabbit papilloma virus (CRPV) discovered by Dr Richard E Shope was the first model of cancer in humans caused by the virus. [6]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Dr Shope conducted an experiment by taking filtrates from tumors in animals and injected in healthy domestic rabbits, and found tumors in the rabbit. [6]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Wendell Stanley was the first to successfully crystallize the virus in 1935. [7]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The crystallized virus is Tobacco Mozaic Virus (TMV). [7]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Stanley posits that the virus will be able to remain active though after crystallization. [7]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey in 1952 successfully discovered bacteriophages. [8]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Bacterophages are viruses that have a bacterial host so they can only replicate in bacterial cells. [8]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The structure of a Virus is a subcellular organism that due to its very small size, can only be seen using electron microscopy.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

They are smaller in size than bacteria so viruses cannot be filtered with bacterial filters.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The smallest viruses are only 20nm in diameter (smaller than ribosomes), while even the largest viruses are difficult to see with a light microscope. [9]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Viral genomes can be DNA or RNA. [10]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The viral genome may consist of double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, or single-stranded RNA. [10]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

In addition, the nucleic acids of the viral genome can be linear single or circularly. [10]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The number of viral genes varies from four for the smallest to several hundred for the largest. [9] [10] The genetic material of most animal and human viruses is DNA, and in plant viruses are mostly single-stranded RNA. [10]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The genetic material of the virus is covered by a protective layer. [10]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The protein that becomes such a protective layer is called a capsid. [10]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Depending on the type of virus, the capsid can be spherical (spherical), helical, polyhedral, or more complex in shape and consist of proteins encoded by the viral genome. [10]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Capsids are formed from many protein subunits called capsomers. [9] [10] For helix-shaped viruses, capsid proteins (usually called nucleocapsid proteins) are directly bound to the viral genome. [11]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

For example, in measles viruses, each nucleocapsid protein connected with six RNA bases forms a helix about 1.3 micrometers long. [11]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The composition of this complex of proteins and nucleic acids is called nucleocapsid. [11]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

In measles viruses, this nucleocapsid is enveloped by a layer of lipids obtained from the host cell, and the glycoproteins encoded by the virus are attached to the lipid sheath. [11]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

These parts function in binding to and entry into the host cell at the onset of infection. [11]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Spheric viral capsids envelop the overall viral genome and do not strongly bind to nucleic acids like helical viruses. [12]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

This structure can vary from 20 nanometers to 400 nanometers and consists of viral proteins composed in the form of icosahedral symmetry. [12]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The amount of protein required to form a spheric viral capsid is determined by a coefficient of T, which is about 60t of protein. [12]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

For example, hepatitis B virus has the number T=4, it takes 240 proteins to form a capsid. [12]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Like helical viruses, the capsids of some types of spheric viruses can be covered in a lipid layer, but usually the capsid proteins themselves are directly involved in infecting cells. [12] Some types of viruses have additional elements that help it infect the host. virus, that is, the membrane envelops the capsid. [13]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

This sheath contains phospholipids and proteins from the host cell, but also contains virus-derived proteins and glycoproteins. [13]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

In addition to sheath proteins and capsid proteins, viruses also carry several enzyme molecules within their capsids.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

There are also several types of bacteriophages that have a protein tail attached to the “head” of the capsid.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The tail fibers are used by phages to attach to a bacterium. [14]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Complete particles of viruses are called virions.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Virions function as a means of gene transport, while the sheath and capsid components are responsible in host cell infecting mechanisms. [14]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The pathogenesis of various viral infections The virus can infect its host and cause various consequences for its host. [15] There are dangerous, but there are also those that can be handled by immune cells in the body so that the resulting result is not too large. [15]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Acute infection is an infection that lasts in a quick period of time but can also be fatal. [15]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The consequences of acute infection are: heal without damage (complete recovery); [15] heal with damage/disability, e.g. polio; [15] progressing to chronic infection; [15] death. [15]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Chronic infection is a prolonged viral infection so there is a risk of disease symptoms reappearing. [15]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Examples of chronic infections are: silent subclinical infection for life, example: Cytomegalovirus (CMV); [15] a fairly long period of silence before the appearance of the disease, example: HIV [15] reactivation leading to acute infection, example: shingles; [15] recurrent chronic disease (relapse), example: HBV, HCV; cancer, examples: HTLV-1, HPV, HBV, HCV, HHV. [15]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Viral replication consists of several stages, namely viral attachment, penetration, mantle release, genome replication and gene expression, assembly, maturation, and release.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Viral attachment Viral attachment (adsorption) represents the initial interaction process between viral particles and receptor molecules on the surface of the host cell. [16]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

At this stage, a specific bond occurs between cellular receptor molecules with antireceptors in viruses. [16]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Some types of viruses require other molecules for the attachment process, namely coreceptors. [16]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Receptor molecules that target on the cell surface may take the form of proteins (usually glycoproteins) or carbohydrate residues contained in glycoproteins or glycolipids. [16]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Some complex viruses such as poxviruses and herpesviruses have more than one receptor so have multiple routes to bind to cells. [16] Viral receptors have several different classes: immunoglobulin-like molecules superfamily of membrane-linked receptor channels and transporters transmembrane [16] Some examples of viruses along with their receptors: Human rhinovirus (HRV) Human rhinovirus has ICAM-1 receptor (Intracelluler adhesion molecule-1). [17]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The molecule is an adhesion molecule whose normal function is to bind cells to their substrates. [17] The structure of ICAM-1 is similar to immunoglobulin molecules with domains C and V so it is classed as an immunoglobulin supefamily protein [17] The structure of ICAM-1 has five Ig-like domain to bind to Lfa-1 (Leukocite function antigen-1), Mac-1 (Macrofage antigen-1), Rhinovirus (HRV), fibrinogen, and PFIE (malaria infected erythocytes). [17]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Ten serotypes of HRV use ICAM-1 as a receptor, ten other serotypes use proteins linked to LDL receptors. [17]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Poliovirus Poliovirus has viral receptors in the form of integral membrane proteins that are also members of the molecular immunoglobulin superfamily. [18]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

This receptor has three domains, one variable and two constant. [18]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Influenza virus This virus has two types of spike glycoproteins on the surface of viral particles namely hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase. [19]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

HA will bind to influenza virus receptors in the form of sialic acid (N-acetyl neuraminic acid). [19]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The virus binds to the negative charge of sialic acid moieties present on oligosaccharide chains that covalently bind to glycoproteins on the cell surface. [19] The presence of sialic acid in almost all cell types causes influenza viruses to bind to many cell types. [19] Penetration penetration occurs at a very short time after attachment of the virus to receptors in the cell membrane. [20] This process requires energy Three mechanisms are involved: Translocation of viral particles The translocation process is relatively rare among viruses and the mechanism is not yet fully understood true, it is likely to be interacted by proteins inside capsid viruses and specific membrane receptors. [21]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Viral endocytosis into the intracellular vacuole The endocytosis process is a very common mechanism as the way of entry of the virus into the cell. [22] No specific viral proteins are required other than those that have been used for receptor binding. [22] fusion of the cover with the cell membrane (for viruses that joint) The process of fusion of the virus together with the cell membrane both directly and with the cell surface and following endocytosis in the cytoplasm. [22]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

It is necessary for the presence of specific fusion proteins in the viral cover, for example: HA influenza and transmembrane glycoprotein (TM) rhinovirus. [22]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Mantle release This stage occurs after a penetration process in which the viral capsid is both wholly and partially displaced into the cytoplasm of the host cell. [20]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

At this stage the viral genome is exposed in the form of nucleoprotein complexes. [20]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

In some cases, this stage proceeds quite simply and occurs during fusion of the viral membrane with the plasma membrane. [20] For other viruses, this stage is a multistep process involving the endocytosis pathway and the membrane of the nucleus. [20]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Genome replication and gene expression The replication strategies of multiple viruses depend on the natural genetic material of those viruses. [24]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

In this case, the virus is divided in 7 groups such as the David Baltimore grouping. [24]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The process of gene expression will determine all viral infectious processes (acute, chronic, persistent, or latent). [24]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Class I: DNA double thread This group is divided into two groups.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Replication occurs in the core and is relatively dependent on cellular factors (Adenoviridae, Polyomaviridae, Herpesviridae) [24] Replication occurs in the cytoplasm (Poxviridae). depends on the replication device of its host [24].


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Class II: Single thread DNA Replication occurs within the nucleus, involving the form of an intermediate double thread as a mold for the synthesis of a single thread of its derivative DNA (Parvoviridae) [24] Class III: Double thread RNA The virus has a segmented genome. Separate to produce individual monocystronic mRNA. Example: Reoviridae [24] Class IV: Single-thread RNA (+) Viruses with polycystronic mRNA in which this class of RNA genomes form mRNA which is transmitted to form a polyprotein that is broken down to form a mature protein.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Example: Picornaviridae [24] Class V: Single-thread RNA (-) Genomes in this class are divided into two types: Unsegmented genomes (Rhabdoviridae), The first stage in replication is transcription of the RNA genome of threads (-) by virion RNA-dependent RNA polymerases to produce monocystronic mRNA also as a mold for genome replication. [24]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Segmented genomes (Orthomyxoviridae), replication occurs within the nucleus where monocystronic mRNA for each of the viral genes is generated by viral transcriptase. [24]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Class VI: Single-thread RNA (+) with DNA Intermediates Genomic Retrovirus RNA single thread (+) is diploid and not used directly as mRNA but as a template for reverse transcriptase into DNA. [24]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Class VII: Double-thread DNA with RNA Intermediates Virus this group depends on reverse transcriptase, but in contrast to retroviruses, the process takes place inside the viral particles during maturation (Hepadnaviridae). [24]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Assembling assembly is the process of collecting virion components in special parts inside the cell. [20] During this process, the formation of the virus particle structure occurs. [20]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

This process depends on the replication process in the cell and the place where the virus breaks away from the cell. [20] Assembly mechanisms vary for different viruses.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Example: the assembly process of Picornavirus, Poxvirus, and Reovirus occurs in the cytoplasm, while the assembly process of Adenovirus, Poliovirus, and Parvovirus occurs in the nucleus. [20]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Maturation is a stage of the viral life cycle and is infectious. [20]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

At this stage there is a change in structure within the viral particles that is likely produced by the specific breakdown of capsid proteins to produce mature products. [20] Viral proteases and other cellular enzymes are usually involved in this process. [20]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Release All viruses except plant viruses escape from the host cell through two mechanisms: for lytic viruses (all non-sheathed viruses), release is a simple process, in which the infected cell opens and the virus exits. [20] for sheathed viruses, a lipid membrane is required when the virus exits the cell passes through the membrane, this process is known as budding. [20]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The process of releasing viral particles is likely to damage cells (Paramyxoviruses, Rhabdoviruses, and Togaviruses), and possibly some of them do not damage cells (Retroviruses). [20]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Virus Classification can be classified according to morphology, tropism and mode of spread, and functional genomics. [25]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Classification of viruses by morphology Based on morphology, viruses are divided by type of nucleic acid and also their outer membrane proteins (covers) into 4 groups, namely: [25] DNA Viruses RNA Viruses Sheathed viruses Unsheathed viruses contain only one type of nucleic acid: or RNA.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Classification of viruses by tropism and mode of spread Based on tropism and mode of spread, viruses are divided into: [25] Enteric Viruses Respirating Virus Arbovirus Oncogenic virus Hepatitis Virus classification based on functional genomics Viruses are classified into 7 groups based on the groove of its genome function.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

This classification is also called Baltimore classification namely: [25] Type I virus: Double thread DNA Type II virus = single thread DNA Type III virus = double thread RNA type IV virus = Single thread RNA (+) Type V virus = single-thread RNA (+) Type V virus (-) Type VI virus = single-thread RNA (+) with intermediate DNA (intermediates) Virus type VII = double thread DNA with intermediate RNA type RNA Virus RNA virus is a virus that has genetic material in the form of RNA, the group classified in this group are class III to VI viruses.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Some examples of viral familia belonging to this group are Retroviridae, Picornaviridae, Orthomixoviridae, and Arboviruses. [26]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Retroviridae Retroviridae represents icosahedral viruses.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

This virus has an RNA genome of two pieces that are both identical and have a positive polarity that will later be expressed into a unique polymerase enzyme, reverse trascryptase which is useful for converting RNA into DNA. [26] [27] The resulting DNA will integrate into in the DNA of the host cell as provirus. [26]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

This virus belongs to viruses that are virulent, can cause suppression of the immune system as well as tumors. [26]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Its virulent nature is due to one of them because the virus is easily mutated. [26]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

One of the most famous genus of this familia is the genus Lentivirus, whose examples of species are HIV 1 and 2. [26]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Picornaviridae Picornaviridae is small.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The virus has an RNA genome with positive polarity so it belongs to class IV viruses in the Baltimore classification. [28]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Viruses in this family are capable of causing many diseases in humans, among which are polio disease caused by Poliovirus and mild flu caused by Rhinovirus. [28]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Orthomyxoviridae Orthomoxoviridae is a virus that has a sheath with negatively polarity segmented RNA genetic material so that this virus belongs to class V in the Baltimore classification. [29]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

A distinctive feature of this virus is that it has surface proteins that are the main antigens namely Hemmaglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA). [29]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Hemmaglutinin is part of the virus that attaches to target cells therefore antibodies against hemmaglutinin can protect against viral infections. [29]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Neuraminidase plays a role to release virions from cells therefore antibodies to NA can suppress the severity of viral infection. [29]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

These viruses are classified into four groups: Influenza type A is a virus that infects various species of both humans, birds (wild birds, livestock, domestic), pigs, horses, dogs, and aquatic mammals (seals and whales). [29]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Type A influenza viruses can undergo antigenic drift and antigenic shifts. [29]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Antigenic drift is the occurrence of mutations in the gene that encodes the protein Hemmaglutinin.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

This causes existing antibodies to be unable to recognize them anymore.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The occurrence led to the occurrence of seasonal endemics. [29]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Antigenic shift is the emergence of a camphor subtype of influenza virus caused due to genetic incorporation between humans with animal viruses or by direct transmission from poultry animals to human. because there is no or a minimum of immunity to a new virus, pandemics may occur. [29]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Influenza type B Influenza type C Tick-borne Influenza; this virus is a virus derived from ticks. [29]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Arbovirus Arbovirus stands for Arthropoda-Borne virus that is a virus originating from the Arthropod group. [30]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Arboviruses are divided into four families: Togaviridae, an example of viruses belonging to this group are Rubellaviruses. [30]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Flaviviridae, examples of viruses belonging to this group are Hepatitis C virus and Denguevirus that cause dengue hemorrhagic fever. [30]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Bunyaviridae, an example of a virus belonging to this group is the California encephalitis virus (CE) that causes encephalitis disease in humans. [30]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Reoviridae, examples of viruses belonging to this group are reoviruses that cause Colorado tick fever and Rotavirus that causes epidemic diarrhea in children. [30]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

DNA virus DNA virus is a virus that has genetic material in the form of DNA, the group classified in this group are class I, II, VII viruses.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Some examples of viral familia belonging to this group are Herpesviridae, Parvoviridae, and Poxviridae. [31]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Herpesviridae Herpesviridae is a large group of viruses with double thread DNA genetic material so it is grouped into class 1 in the classification of baltimore.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Viruses in this group can cause malignant diseases and can also cause post-birth abnormalities in infants. [31]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Herpesviridae is divided into several genus, namely: Alpha Herpesvirus, viruses belonging to the group of Alpha herpesviruses usually cause acute disease with symptoms that appear at that time. [31] The infection of this virus is latent persistent due to the ability of the genome of this virus to intergrate with the host cell. [31] if the host condition is weak, then there is a possibility that the disease may reappear at the same site. [31]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Examples of these viruses are Herpes simplex types 1 and 2 and Varicella zoster (VZ) viruses. [31]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Beta Herpesvirus, a virus belonging to the group of beta herpesviruses usually causes acute disease but no symptoms are found in the carrier. [31] This virus causes infection in infants and abnormal development (congenital diseases). [31]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

An example of this virus is Cytomegalovirus. [31]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Gamma Herpesvirus, a virus belonging to this group is capable of causing benign and malignant limphopolyperative diseases. [31]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

An example of this virus is Epstein-Barr virus. [31]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Parvoviridae Parvoviridae is a virus with a single thread DNA of positive or negative polarity so it belongs to class II in the Baltimore classification. [32]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

It has no viral sheath and is the smallest human virus. [32]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Viruses are imperfect viruses so they need to associate with adenoviruses so they are often called Adeno-Associated Viruses (AAV). [32]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

One example of this group is the B-19 virus that can cause defects or miscarriages in the fetus. [32]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Poxviridae Poxviridae is a virus with double-stranded DNA genetic material so this virus is included in class I in the Baltimore classification. [33]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

A distinctive feature of this virus is that it has a large and complex morphology. [33]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

A well-known virus in this group is Smallpox. [33]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Smallpox is quite famous for causing huge pandemics around the world. [33] Now the Smallpox virus has been destroyed. [33]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Giant Virus Scientists discovered giant viruses known as Mimivirus, Megavirus, and Pandoravirus.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Pandoravirus is a very large type of virus with a much larger genome than other previously known viruses.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Pandoraviruses are referred to as super-giant viruses, due to their size defeating other giant-sized viruses such as Mimivirus or Megavirus.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Although gigantic in size, it still cannot be seen with the naked eye.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The virus was discovered by French researcher Jean Michael Claverie of Mediterranée University. [34]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Pandoraviruses are a thousand times larger than influenza viruses that are 100 nanometers in size.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Pandoravirus has 2,556 genes (200 times more than influenza viruses).


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The size of Pandoravirus is twice as large as Megavirus which has only 1,120 genes. The impact of Several viruses exist that can be utilized in recombination genetics. [15]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Through gene therapy, the bad (infectious-causing) genes contained in the virus are converted into good genes (healers). [15]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Recently David Sanders, a professor of biology at Purdue's School of Science has discovered a way of utilizing viruses in the world of health. [15]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

In a temuannva published in the Journal of Virology, Issue 15 December 2002, David Sanders successfully tamed the outer shell of the Ebola virus so that it could be utilized as a carrier of genes to diseased cells (lungs). [15]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Nonetheless, most viruses are detrimental to human, animal, and plant life. [15]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Viruses are highly recognized as the cause of infectious diseases in humans, animals, and plants. [15]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

So far no living creature has been resistant to the virus. [15]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Each virus specifically attacks certain cells of its host.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The virus that causes celery attacks the respiratory tract, the measles virus infects the skin, the hepatitis virus infects the liver, and the rabies virus attacks nerve cells.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Likewise what happens in AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), which is a disease that results in decreased endurance of patients with the disease caused by the HIV virus that specifically attacks white blood cells. [15]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The following table contains some of the various diseases caused by viruses. [15]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

In addition to humans, viruses also cause misery for animals and plants. [15]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Not least of the losses suffered by farmers or farmers due to their sick livestock or reduced harvests. [15]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Animal diseases due to the virus Tetelo disease, which is a type of disease that affects the nation of poultry, especially chickens.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The cause was the new castle disease virus (NCDV). [15]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Nail and mouth disease, a type of disease that affects cattle and buffalo cattle. [15]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Cancer disease in chickens by rous sarcoma virus (RSV). [15]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Rabies disease, a type of disease that affects dogs, cats, and monkeys, is caused by the rabies virus. [15]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Plant diseases due to viruses Mosaic disease, a type of disease that affects tobacco plants. [2]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The cause is tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Tungro disease, a type of disease that affects rice crops. [2]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The cause was the Tungro virus. [2]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Disease of degeneration of tapis vessels in citrus.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The cause was citrus vein phloem degeneration (CVPD) virus. [2]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Virus-induced human diseases The most common examples of virus-caused diseases are colds (which can be caused by one or several viruses at once), smallpox, AIDS (caused by the HIV virus), and herpes fever (caused by the herpes simplex virus). [35]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Cervical cancer is also thought to be caused in part by papillomavirus (which causes papillomas, or warts), which shows examples of cases in humans that show a link between cancer and infectant agents. [35]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

There is also some controversy over whether borna virus, previously suspected to be the cause of nervous diseases in horses, is also responsible for psychiatric diseases in humans. [35]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The potential for the virus to cause outbreaks in humans raises concerns of the use of the virus as a biological weapon.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Suspicions increased with the discovery of ways of creation of new variants of the virus in the laboratory. [35]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Concerns were also raised over the re-spread of a smallpox virus, which has caused the largest outbreak in human history, and is capable of causing the extinction of a nation. [35]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Several tribes of the Indians have become extinct as a result of plague, especially smallpox disease, brought by European colonists. [35]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Although in fact doubtful in the exact number, it is believed the deaths have occurred in large numbers. [35]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

This disease has indirectly aided the dominance of Europeans in the American new world. [35]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

One of the viruses considered the most dangerous is filovirus. [35]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The Filovirus Group consists of Marburg, first discovered in 1967 in Marburg, Germany, and ebola. [35]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Filovirus is a worm-like long-shaped virus, which in large quantities looks like a plate of mi. [35] In April 2005, the Marburg virus attracted the attention of the press with its spread in Angola.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

From October 2004 to 2005, it became the worst epidemic in human life. [35]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Diagnosis in the laboratory Detection, isolation, to analysis of a virus usually passes through a difficult and expensive process. [36]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Therefore, research into virus-induced diseases requires large and expensive facilities, including expensive equipment and experts from various fields, such as technicians, molecular biologists, and virus experts. [36]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Usually this process is carried out by state institutions or conducted in cooperation with other nations through world institutions such as the World Health Organization (WHO). [36]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Prevention and treatment Because it usually manipulates the mechanisms of its parent cells to reproduce, viruses are very difficult to kill. [37]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The methods of treatment so far considered the most effective are vaccinations, to stimulate the body's natural immunity to infectious processes, and drugs that cope with symptoms due to viral infections. [37]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

The healing of diseases due to viral infections is usually misguided by the use of antibiotics, which have absolutely no influence on the life of the virus. [37]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

A side effect of antibiotic use is the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. [37]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

That's why further examination is needed to confirm whether a disease is caused by bacteria or viruses. [37]


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Viral or bacterial infections in general cause fever, only bacterial infection will increase the level of White blood cells, while viral infections do not, but bacterial infections, viruses and even fungi will increase the level of Antibody M (IgM), but IgM examination is rather expensive.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Examination of White blood cells or IgM cannot determine the type of disease, but both examinations only indicate what the disease is caused by.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

If the cost becomes an obstacle, then the examination of White blood cells alone is sufficient, because viral infection can not be treated with anti-biotics and in general viral infection will heal by itself (virus self limiting life) with rest (full rest in bed, if necessary) and good nutrition enough, except HIV where for initial diagnosis a relatively inexpensive CD4 examination is required.


Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

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Question: Where does the word viral come from?

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Question: Where does the word viral come from?

virus

Category:Diseases


Question: What is the number of seasons in Indonesia?

Season

Seasons are one of the main divisions of the year, usually based on broad climatic forms.


Question: What is the number of seasons in Indonesia?

Season

Usually one year is divided into four seasons, namely: spring, summer, autumn, and winter.


Question: What is the number of seasons in Indonesia?

Season

However, in Indonesia because it is located in the tropics, it is only divided into two seasons, namely: rainy season and dry season.


Question: What is the number of seasons in Indonesia?

Season

Ancient Egypt divided the season into three seasons, namely: the flood season, the emergency season due to the flood, and the hot season of submission.


Question: What is the number of seasons in Indonesia?

Season

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Question: What is the number of seasons in Indonesia?

Season

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Question: What is the number of seasons in Indonesia?

Season


Question: What is the number of seasons in Indonesia?

Season

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. (from the Bad Astronomer) (from The Straight Dope) article on h2g2. (numerical integration analysis) Category:Calendar Category:Meteorology Category:Time unit Category:Weather


Question: What is the largest city in South Sumatra?

ALIH List of districts and cities in South Sumatra


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

Trigonometry (from Greek trigonon = “three angles” and metron = “measure”) [1] is a branch of mathematics that studies relationships covering lengths and angles of triangles.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

This field emerged in Hellenistic times in the 3rd century BC from the use of geometry to study astronomy.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

In the 3rd century AD astronomers first noted the length of the sides and the angles of a right triangle between each side having a relationship: here it is, if at least one of the lengths of the sides and one of the angular values are known, then all angles and lengths can be determined by algorithms.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

This calculation is defined to be a trigonometric function and currently becomes in the part of pure and applied mathematics: for example to analyze basic methods such as fourier transformations or equation waves, using trigonometric functions to understand the phenomena of related things with a circle through many uses in different fields such as physics, mechanical and electrical engineering, music and acoustics, astronomy, and biology.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

Trigonometry also plays a role in finding surveying.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

Trigonometry is easily related in the plane of a right triangle (which any two angular sizes are equal to one 90 degree angle).


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

The role for not a right triangle exists, but, since a non-right-angled triangle can be divided into two right triangles, many problems can be solved by counting right triangles.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

Because of this most uses relate to right triangles.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

One exception to this is spherical trigonometry, the lesson of trigonometry in the sphere, the surface of the curvature is relatively positive, in elliptical geometry (a part that plays a role in discovering astronomy and navigation.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

Trigonometry in negative curvature forms part of hyperbola geometry.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

Early history The beginning of trigonometry can be traced to the times of Ancient Egypt and Babylonia and the Indus Valley civilization, more than 3000 years ago.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

Indian mathematicians were pioneers of algebraic variable counting used to compute astronomy as well as trigonometry.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

Lagadha is a hitherto known mathematician who used geometry and trigonometry for astronomical calculations in his book Vedanga, Jyotisha, most of whose work was destroyed by the Indian invaders.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

The Greek mathematician Hipparchus around 150 BC compiled a trigonometric table for resolving triangles.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

Another Greek mathematician, Ptolemy around the year 100 developed further trigonometric counting.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

The Silesian mathematician Bartholemaeus Pitiskus published an influential work on trigonometry in 1595 and introduced this word into English and French.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

The concept If one angle is 90 degrees and the other angle is known, thus a third angle can be found, since the three angles of the triangle when summed become 180 degrees.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

Because it's two angles (which are less than 90 degrees) when summed to 90 degrees: this the complementary angle.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

Uses There are many applications of trigonometry.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

Foremost are triangulation techniques used in astronomy to calculate distances to nearby stars, in geography to calculate between specific points, and in satellite navigation systems.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

Other fields using trigonometry include astronomy (and include navigation, in the sea, air, and space), music theory, acoustics, optics, financial market analysis, electronics, probability theory, statistics, biology, medical imaging/medical imaging (CAT scans and ultrasound), pharmaceuticals, chemistry , number theory (and including cryptology), seismology, meteorology, oceanography, various branches in the physical sciences, land surveying and geodesy, architecture, phonetics, economics, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, civil engineering, computer graphics, cartography, crystallography.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

There is a modern development of trigonometry involving “spread” and “quadrance”, rather than angle and length.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

This new approach is called rational trigonometry and is the result of work from Dr. Norman Wildberger of the University of New South Wales.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

More information can be seen on his website.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

Trigonometric function relation Basic function: s i n A = a c {\ displaystyle sina= {\ frac {a} {c}}} c o s A = b c {\ displaystyle Cosa= {\ frac {b} {c}}} t a n A = s i n A c o s A = a b {\ displaystyle tana= {\ frac} {CoSA}} = {\ frac {a} {b}}} c o t A = 1 t a n A = c o s A s i n A = b a {\ displaystyle CoTA= {\ frac {1} {tAnA}} = {\ frac {CoSa} {SiN}} = {\ frac {b} {a}} s e c A = 1 c o s A = c b {\ displaystyle seca= {\ frac {1} {CoSa}\ frac {c} {b}}} c s c A = 1 s i n A = c a {\ displaystyle CSCA= {\ frac {1} {SiN}} = {\ frac {c} {a}} Trigonometric identity s i n 2 A + c o s 2 A = 1 {\ displaystyle sin^ {2} a+cos^ {2} A=1} 1 + t a n 2 A = 1 c o s 2 A = s e c 2 A = s e c 2 A {\ displaystyle 1+tan^ {2} A= {\ frac {1} {cos^ {2} A}} =sec^ {2} A} 1 + c o t 2 A = 1 s i n 2 A = c s c 2 A {\ displaystyle 1+cot^ {2} A= {\ frac {1} {sin^ {2} A}} =csc^ {2} A} The sum and difference of angles formula s i n (A + B) = s i n A c o s B + c o s A s i n B {\ displaystyle sin (A+B) =SinacosBCosas+B} s i n (A − B) = s i n A c o s B − c o s A s i n B {\ displaystyle sin (A-B) =Sinacosb-CosasinB} c o s (A + B) = c o s A c o s B − s i n A s i n B {\ displaystyle cos (A+B) =Cosacosb-SinaSinb} c o s (A − B) = c o s A c o s B + s i n A s i n B {\ displaystyle cos (A-B) =CosaCosB+AssinB t} a n (A + B) = t a n A + t a n B 1 − t a n A t a n B {\ displaystyle tan (A+B) = {\ frac {Tana+tanB} {1-tanaAnb}}} t a n (A− B) = t a n A − t a n B 1 + t a n A t a n B {\ displaystyle tan (A-B) = {\ frac {tana-tanB} {1+tanaAnb}}} Trigonometric multiplication formula 2 s i n A c s = o s i n (A + B) + s i n (A − B) {\ displaystyle 2sinacosb=Sin (A+B) +sin (A-B)} 2 c o s A s i n B = s i n (A + B) − s i n (A − B) {\ displaystyle 2cosasinb=Sin (A+B) -sin (A-B)} 2 c o s A c o s B = c o s (A + B) + c o s (A − B) {\ displaystyle 2CosAcosB=CoS (A+B) +cos (A-B)} 2 s i n A s i n B = − c o s (A + B) + c o s (A − B) {\ displaystyle 2sinaSinb=-cos ( A+B) +cos (A-B)} Trigonometric sum and difference formula s i n A + s i n B = 2 s i n 1 2 (A + B) c o s 1 2 (A − B) {\ displaystyle sina+sinb=2sin {\ frac {1} {2}} (A+B) cos {\ frac {1} {2} A-B)} s i n A − s i n B = 2 c o s 1 2 (A + B) s i n 1 2 (A − B) {\ displaystyle SiN -sinb=2cos {\ frac {1} {2}} (A+B) sin {\ frac {1} {2}} (A-B)} c o s A + c o s B = 2 c o s 1 2 (A + B) c o s 1 2 (A − B) {\ displaystyle cosa+cosb=2cos {\ frac {1} (2} A+B) cos {\ frac {1} {2}} (A-B)} c o s A − c o s B = − 2 s i n 1 2 (A + B) s i n 1 2 (A − B) {\ displaystyle Cosa-CoSB=-2sIn {\ frac {1} {2}} (A+B) sin {\ frac {1} {2}} (A-B)} Duplicate angle formula s i n 2 A = 2 s i n A c o s A {\ displaystyle sin2a=2SinaCosa} c o s 2 A = c o s 2 A − s i n 2 − 2 s i n 2 A = 2 c o s 2 A − 1 {\ displaystyle cos2a=cos^ {2} a-sin^ {2} a=1-2sin^ {2} A= 2cos^ {2} A-1} t a n 2 A = 2 t a n A 1 − t a n 2 A = 2 c o t A c o t 2 A − 1 = 2 c o t A − t a n A {\ displaystyle tan2a= {\ frac {2Tana} {1-tan^ {2} A}} = {\ frac {2coTA} {cot^ {2} 1}} = {\ frac {2} {Cota-tana}}} Triplicate angle formula s i n 3 A = 3 s i n A − 4 s i n 3 A {\ displaystyle sin3a=3sina-4sin^ {3} A} c o s 3 A = 4 c o s 3 A − 3 c o s A {\ displaystyle cos3a=4CoS^ {3} a-3CoSa} t a n 3 A = 3 t a n A − t a n 3 A 1 − 3 t a n 2 A {\ displaystyle {\ frac {3tana-tan^ {3} A} {1-3tan^ {2} A}}} Half-angle formula s i n A 2 = ± 1 − c o s A 2 {\ displaystyle sin {\ frac {A} {2}} =\ pm {\ sqrt {\ frac {1-CoSA} {2}}} c o s A 2 = ± 1 + c o s A 2 {\ displaystyle cos {\ frac {A} {2}} =\ pm {\ sqrt {\ frac {1+frac {CoSA} {2}}} t a n A 2 = ± 1 − c o s A 1 + c o s A = s i n A 1 + c o s A = 1 − c o s A s i n A {\ displaystyle tan {\ frac {A} {2}} =\ pm {\ sqrt {\ frac {1-CoSa} {1+CoSA}}} = {\ frac {SiN} {1+CoSA}} = {\ frac {1-CoSa} {SiN}}\ displaystyle\ sin x=\ sin\ alpha} then x=α + k 360 {\ displaystyle x=\ alpha +k360} or x = (180 − α) + k 360 {\ displaystyle x= (180-\ alpha) +k360} cos x = cos α {\ displaystyle\ cos x=\ cos\ alpha} then x = ± α + k 360 {\ displaystyle x=\ pm\ alpha +k360} tan x = tan α {\ displaystyle\ tan x=\ tan\ alpha} then x = {\ displaystyle x=\ alpha +k180} See also CS1 maint Library Reference: Extra text (link) Christopher M. Linton (2004).


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

From Eudoxus to Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

Cambridge University Press.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

Weisstein, Eric W. “Trigonometric Addition Formulas”.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

Wolfram MathWorld.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

Weiner.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

Outlinks, by Eli Maor, Princeton University Press, 1998.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

Ebook version, in PDF format, full text presented. by Alfred Monroe Kenyon and Louis Ingold, The Macmillan Company, 1914.


Question: Who is the inventor of the corner?

Trigonometry

In images, full text presented. at by David Joyce of Clark University Category:Trigonometric Equations Category:Mathematical Equations Category:Equation Category:Discovery of the Greek Nation


Question: What is the area of Masalembo Islands?

Masalembu Islands

Masalembu Islands is an archipelago in the Java Sea with three main islands: Masalembu Island, Masakambing Island, and Keramaian Island.


Question: What is the area of Masalembo Islands?

Masalembu Islands

Administratively the archipelago is included in Masalembu Subdistrict, Sumenep Regency, East Java Province.


Question: What is the area of Masalembo Islands?

Masalembu Islands

The position of Masalembu Island is in the northern part of Sumenep Regency area, surrounded by waters (free sea), about 112 nautical miles from Port Kalianget (Sumenep Mainland).


Question: What is the area of Masalembo Islands?

Masalembu Islands

These conditions cause Masalembu Island to directly border the free waters (high seas).


Question: What is the area of Masalembo Islands?

Masalembu Islands

The main islands of Masalembu Island Ecologically geographically, Masalembu Island lies in latitude position: 5° 31' to 5° 35' LS.


Question: What is the area of Masalembo Islands?

Masalembu Islands

With this position, the position of Masalembu Island approaches the equatorial position (equatorial line) with specific environmental characteristics, namely having a very high capacity to the biodiversity structure of habitats, such as coral reefs, mangroves, telu, coastal litoral, seaweed (algae), and patch areas (upwelling areas) that support fish and non-fish resources with high economic value.


Question: What is the area of Masalembo Islands?

Masalembu Islands

Masakambing Island Masakambing Island is about 10 miles from the north of Masalembu island.


Question: What is the area of Masalembo Islands?

Masalembu Islands

The area of Masakambing island is about 3,18km2 inhabited by one village, Masakambing Village, with the population in 2000 reaching 1,268 inhabitants.


Question: What is the area of Masalembo Islands?

Masalembu Islands

Keramaian Island Keramaian Island is about 29 miles from the north of Masalembu island, has an area of about 9,79km2 and is inhabited by one village, namely Keramaian Village, with the population in 2000 reached 3,287 inhabitants.


Question: What is the area of Masalembo Islands?

Masalembu Islands

Coordinates:


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Serat Pararaton, or Pararaton alone (Kawi: “Kitab Raja-Raja”), is a manuscript book of Middle Javanese Literature composed in Javanese Kawi language.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

The manuscript is quite short, in the form of 32 pages about the size of a folio consisting of 1126 lines.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Its content is the history of the kings of Singhasari and Majapahit in East Java.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

The book is also known as “Pustaka Raja”, which in Sanskrit also means “book of kings”.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

There are no records indicating who was the author of Pararaton.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Pararaton begins with a story about the incarnation of Ken Arok, the founding figure of the kingdom of Singhasari (1222—1292). [1] [2] Then almost half the book discusses how Ken Arok took on his life journey, until he became king in 1222.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Depictions on the manuscript of this piece tend to be mythological


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

The story then continues with short narrative passages, which are arranged in chronological order.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Many of the occurrences recorded here are given dating.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Approaching the end, explanations regarding history become progressively shorter and mixed with information regarding the genealogy of various members of the Majapahit royal family.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

The emphasis on the importance of Ken Arok's story is not only stated through the length of the story, but also through alternative titles offered in this script, namely: “Serat Pararaton atawa Katuturanira Ken Angrok”, or “Book of Kings or Stories Concerning Ken Arok”.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Considering that the oldest date contained on the manuscript sheets is 1522 Saka (or 1600 AD), it is thought that the last part of the manuscript text was written between 1481 and 1600, where it is most likely closer to the first year than the second year.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Pararaton's introduction begins with a brief introduction as to how Ken Arok prepared for his incarnation so that he might become a king. [1]


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

It is told that Ken Arok made himself an offering sacrifice (Sanskrit: yadnya) for Yamadipati, the guardian god of the door of hell, to gain salvation for death.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

In return, Ken Arok gets the gift of being born again as king of Singhasari, and at his death will enter the paradise of Vishnu.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

The promise was later accomplished.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Ken Arok was born to Brahma through a newly married hamlet woman.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

His mother placed him on top of a grave when he had just given birth; and Ken Arok's radiant body attracted the attention of Ki Lembong, a thief who happened to be passing by.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Ki Lembong took him as a child and raised him, as well as teaching him all his skills.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Ken Arok later became involved in gambling, robbery and rape.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

In the script it is mentioned that Ken Arok was repeatedly saved from trouble through the intervention of the goddess.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

It was mentioned an incident on Mount Kryar Lejar, where the descending gods gathered and Batara Guru declared that Ken Arok was his son, and it was set to bring stability and power in Java.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Pararaton's introduction then continues with a story regarding Ken Arok's meeting with Lohgawe, a Brahmin who came from India to ensure that the Batara Guru order could be carried out.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Lohgawe then suggested that Ken Arok meet Tunggul Ametung, that is, the ruler of Tumapel.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

After serving for many times, Ken Arok killed Tunggul Ametung to get his wife, Ken Dedes; as well as the throne over the kingdom of Singhasari.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Manuscript analysis Some parts of Pararaton cannot be considered to constitute historical facts.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Especially in the early part, between fact and fiction and delusion and reality are intermingled.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Some experts for example C.C. Berg argue that the texts are as a whole supernatural and ahistorical, and created not with the purpose of recording the past but rather to determine future events. [3]


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Nonetheless most experts can accept at some level the loot of Pararaton, taking into account the similarities found in other inscriptions and Chinese sources, and accepting the scope of reference to the manuscript where a valid interpretation is valid can be found. [1]


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

It should be noted that the script was written in the royal understanding of the Javanese people.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

For Javanese people, it is the function of a king to connect the present with the past and the future; and set human life in its proper place within the cosmic rules.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

The king symbolizes the sphere of Javanese power, the holy proselytizing of the country as a whole; as his court is considered a microcosm of the macrocosm. [1]


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

A king (and founder of a dynasty) is considered to have degrees of deity, in which his standing is much higher than that of a common man.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

J. J. Ras compares Pararaton successively with the Canggal Inscription (732), the Siwagrha Inscription (Śivagha) (856), the Calcutta Stone (1041) and the Babad of the Land of Jawi (1836).


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

The comparison shows clear similarities in character, structure and function of these texts as well as similarities with Malay historiographic texts. [4]


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Ras suggests grouping certain types of texts from all regions of Indonesia into a literary genre of its own, namely 'government chronicle' or 'book of kings', which is historiography written to legitimize the king's power.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Further Reading reference J.L.A. Brandes, 1897, Pararaton (Ken Arok) of het boek der Koningen van Tumapěl en van Majapahit.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Uitgegeven in toegelicht.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Batavia: Albrecht;'s Hage: Nijhoff.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

VBG 49.1.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

J.J. Ras, 1986, Hikayat Banjar and Pararaton.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

A structural comparison of two chronicles.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

In: C.M.S. Hellwig and S.O. Robson (eds.), A man of Indonesian letters (Dordrecht, Cinnaminson: Foris VKI 121, pp. 184-203), ISBN 90-6765-206-7 J.J. Ras, 2001, Sacral kingship in Java.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

In: Marijke J. Klokke and Karel R. van Kooij (eds.), Fruits of inspiration.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Studies in honour of Prof. J. G. de Casparis, pp. 373-388.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

Groningen: Egbert Forsten, 2001.


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

[Gonda Indological Studies 11.]


Question: What is Pararaton?

Pararatons

ISBN 90-6980-137-X See also Javanese Literature Outlinks, on Ki Dêmang Sókówatèn Website, at ki-demang.com Category:Middle Javanese Literature Category:Kingdom of Singhasari Category:Majapahit Kingdom


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

A galaxy is a massive system bound by gravitational force consisting of stars (with all forms of manifestation, including neutron stars and black holes), the gas and dust of the interstellar medium, and dark matter—an important but not yet understandable component. [1] [2] Said galaxies is derived from Greek galaxias (Γαλαάίας), meaning “like milk,” which refers to the Milky Way galaxy (English: Milky Way [milky way]).


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Existing galaxies range from dwarf galaxies with only ten million (107) stars [3] to giant galaxies with one hundred trillion (1014) stars, [4] all of which orbit at their respective galactic centers of mass.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

The Sun is one of the stars within the Milky Way galaxy; the solar system includes the earth and all objects orbiting the Sun.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Each galaxy has a diverse number of star systems and star clusters, as well as its interstellar cloud types.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Among these galaxies are scattered interstellar medium in the form of gas, dust, and cosmic rays.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Supermassive black holes are contained at the center of most galaxies.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

It is thought that supermassive black holes are the main cause of active galactic nuclei found in parts of galaxies.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

The Milky Way galaxy is known to have at least one supermassive black hole. [5]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Historically galaxies were grouped by their visible form or commonly called their visual morphology.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

A common form is an elliptical galaxy, [6] which has an elliptical shaped light profile.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Spiral galaxies are disc-shaped galaxies with galactic arms that are curved and filled with dust.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Galaxies with irregular or unusual shapes are called irregular galaxies and are usually caused due to perturbations by the gravitational pull of neighboring galaxies.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Such interactions between adjacent galaxies can lead to merging, which sometimes increases the amount of star formation to produce starburst galaxies. [7]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

There are likely to be more than 170 billion (1.7 × 1011) galaxies within the observed universe. [8]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Most are 1000 to 100,000 parsecs in diameter [9] and are usually separated by a distance of several million parsecs (or megaparsecs). [10]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Intergalactic space is filled by a thin gas with a mass density of less than one atom per cubic meter.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Most galaxies are organized into a hierarchy of sets called clusters and clusters, which in turn form larger sets called giant clusters.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

In the largest scale these sets are generally composed in layers and strands surrounded by a vast void. [11]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Although not yet thoroughly understood, dark matter likely composes about 90% of the mass of most galaxies.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Observational data suggest supermassive black holes likely exist at the centers of many (if not all) galaxies.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Etymology The word galaxy comes from the Greek term to call our galaxy, galaxias (γαλαλαίας) or kyklos galaktikos (κύκλος γαλακτικός).


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Each means “something resembling milk” and “milk circle”, [12] corresponding to its appearance in space in the form of faint white bands.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

In Greek mythology, Zeus placed his son born by an ordinary human, the baby Heracles, on Hera's breast when Hera was sleeping so that the baby drank his milk and therefore became an immortal man.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Hera woke up while she was breastfeeding and then realized she was breastfeeding an unknown baby: she pushed the baby and her milk spurted coloring the night sky, producing a thin band of light known in English as the Milky Way. [13] [14] When William Herschel compiled his “nebula catalogue” in 1786, he used the term “spiral nebula” for certain objects such as the object M31.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

In later time it will be realized that the object is actually a collection of many stars, and the term “island universe” is used to refer to such an object.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

However, it was realized that the word “universe” means the whole universe, so this term was not used anymore and such objects became known as galaxies. [15]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

History of observation The knowledge that we live inside a galaxy and that there are many other galaxies, was obtained along with our discoveries about the Milky Way and other nebulae in the night sky.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

The Milky Way Greek philosopher Democritus (450—370 BC) posited that the band of white mist in the nighttime sky known as the Milky Way likely consisted of stars very far away. [16]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

However Aristotle (384—322 BC), believed that the ribbon was caused by “blazing blazes of exhale from many large stars that are closely spaced from each other” and that “this blaze occurs in the upper part of the atmosphere, that is, in a region of the world that is always filled with motion heavenly. “[17]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

The neoplatonist philosopher Olympiodorus Junior (± 495—570) was critical of this view scientifically, reasoning that if it were true that the Milky Way was in the sublunar region (located between the earth and the moon), then it should have looked different at different times and places on earth, and she should have looked different at different times and places on earth, and she should has parallax, which it turns out it doesn't.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

In his view, the Milky Way lies deep in space.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

This opinion will be very influential later in the Islamic world. [18]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

According to Mohani Muhammad, the Arab astronomer Ibn Haitham (965—1037) was the one who made the first efforts in observing and measuring the parallax of the Milky Way, [19] and he became “firmly convinced that since the Milky Way does not have parallax, it must be very far from the earth instead of are in the atmosphere. “[20]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Persian astronomer Al-Biruni (973—1048) posited that the Milky Way constitutes “countless assemblages of parts that are star-like nebulae. “[21] [22] Andalusian astronomer Ibn Bajjah (known in the west by its Latin name “Avempace”, died 1138) posited that the Milky Way is formed by many stars almost in contact with one another so that it appears to be a synchronized image as a result of the influence of refraction from sublunar material, [17] [23] cites the results of his observations of the conjunction between Jupiter and Mars as evidence that it can occur if two objects are close together. [17]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

In the 14th century, the Syrian-born scientist Ibn Qayyim, posited that the Milky Way constituted “countless small stars crammed into each other in the realm of fixed stars”. [24]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

The real evidence that the Milky Way is composed of many stars, came in 1610 when Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that the Milky Way was composed of dim stars in an incredible number. [25]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

In 1750 the English astronomer Thomas Wright, in his book An original theory or new hypothesis of the Universe (The original theory or new hypothesis of the Universe), speculated (but correctly) that the Milky Way was likely a rotating body of stars in large numbers that are tied by gravitational forces, similar to the solar system but on a much larger scale.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

The resulting star disc can be seen as a ribbon in the sky from our point of view in the dish. [26]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

In a treatise in 1755, Immanuel Kant developed Wright's idea of the structure of the Milky Way.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the location of the sun in it was made by William Herschel in 1785 by carefully calculating the number of stars present in different regions of the sky.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

He produced a diagram of the shape of the Milky Way with the solar system located close to its center. [27]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Using a better approach, Jacobus Kapteyn in 1920 came to the conclusion in the form of an image of a small ellipsoid galaxy (with a midline approximately 15kiloparsec) with the sun located close to the center of the galaxy.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

A different method by Harlow Shapley based on spherical cluster atalogance produced a very much different image: a flattened disc with a midline of approximately 70kiloparsec and the sun located far from the center of the galaxy. [26]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Both analyses failed to account for the absorption of light by interstellar dust present in the galactic plane, but after Robert Julius Trumpler calculated this effect in 1930 by studying open clusters, a current picture of our host galaxy, the Milky Way, was born. [28]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Distinction from other nebulae In the 10th century, the Persian astronomer As-Sufi made the earliest recorded observation of the Andromeda galaxy, describing it as a “small cloud”. [29]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

As-Sufi who published his findings in the Book of Fixed Stars in 964, also recognized the Great Magellan Cloud that could be seen from Yemen, even if not from Isfahan; and this galaxy would not be seen by Europeans until Magellan's travels in the 16th century. [30] [31] The Andromeda Galaxy was rediscovered separately by Simon Marius in 1612. [29]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

It is only these two galaxies outside the Milky Way that are easily seen with the naked eye, making both the first galaxies observed from earth.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

In 1750 Thomas Wright in his book An original theory or new hypothesis of the Universe (The original theory or new hypothesis of the Universe), speculated (but correctly) that the Milky Way is a rotating body of stars, and that some nebulae appear at night could be another Milky Way. [26] [32] Towards the end of the 18th century, Charles Messier compiled a catalogue containing 109 of the brightest nebulae (celestial objects with a misty display), which was then followed by a larger catalogue of 5,000 nebulae compiled by William Herschel. [26]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

In 1845, Lord Rosse built a new telescope capable of distinguishing elliptical and spiral nebulae.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

He also managed to distinguish the points of a single light source in some of these nebulae. [33]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

In 1912 Vesto Slipher made a study by spectrography into the brightest spiral nebulae to determine if they were made of chemicals expected to exist in a planetary system.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

However Slipher found that the spiral nebulae had a high red shear, indicating that they were moving away at speeds higher than the Milky Way's loose velocity.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

It was therefore concluded that the galaxies were not gravitationally bound to the Milky Way and were less likely to be part of the Milky Way. [34] [35] In 1917, Heber Curtis observed that there was a new star, S Andromedae, in the “Great Andromeda Nebula” ( as the Andromeda Galaxy, Messier Object M31 was known at the time).


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

By searching for photo footage, she found 11 other new stars.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Curtis noticed that these new stars are on average 10magnitudes dimmer compared to the new stars appearing in our galaxy.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

As a result he can calculate the approximate distance is 150,000parsec.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

He became a proponent of a hypothesis called “island universes” which assumed that spiral nebulae were actually galaxies in themselves. [36]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

In 1920, the so-called “Great Debate” took place between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis regarding the nature of the Milky Way, the spiral nebula and the dimensions of the universe.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

To support his claim that states the Great Andromeda Nebula is an outer galaxy, Curtis showed evidence of the appearance of dark paths resembling dust clouds contained in the Milky Way and also considerable Doppler shifts. [37]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

The problem was resolved with certainty in 1922 when Estonian astronomer Ernst Öpik provided a distance determination that supported the theory that the Andromeda Nebula was actually an outer object of a distant galaxy. [38]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Using a new 100inch telescope belonging to Mount Wilson Observatory, Edwin Hubble managed to determine that the partial exterior of the spiral nebula was an assemblage of single stars and identified several Chepeid variable Stars, allowing him to estimate distances those nebulae: they are too very far away to be able to be part of the Milky Way. [39]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

In 1936 Hubble created a classification system for galaxies still used today, the Hubble sequence. [40]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Modern research In 1944, Hendrik van de Hulst estimated the presence of microwave radiation with a wavelength of 21 cm coming from interstellar gas containing hydrogen atoms; [41] this radiation was observed in 1951.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

This radiation allows for much better research into the Milky Way galaxy, since it does not affect absorption by interstellar dust, and its Doppler shifts can be used to map the movement of that gas within the galaxy.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

These observations prompted the creation of postulates about rotating rod structures at galactic centers. [42]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

With improved radio telescopes, hydrogen gas can also be tracked on other galaxies.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

In 1970, based on Vera Rubin's research into the rotational velocity of gas within galaxies, it was discovered that the total visible mass (stars and gas) did not correspond to the rotating velocity of that gas.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

This problem of galactic turnaround is thought to be explained by the presence of a large amount of invisible dark matter. [43] [44] Since the 1990s, the Hubble Space Telescope has produced better observations.


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Among these, the results of observations with the Hubble Telescope prove that the dark matter lost in our galaxy is unlikely to basically consist only of dim or small stars. [45]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

The Hubble Deep Field, a photograph with a very long exposure of a relatively empty region of the sky, provides evidence that there are roughly 125 billion (1.25×1011) galaxies in the universe. [46]


Question: What is a galaxy?

Galaxy

Improvements in invisible spectrum-spectrum detection technology (radio telescopes, infrared cameras, and x-ray telescopes) enabled the detection of other galaxies not previously detected by the Hubble telescope.