Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

However, in the 5th century AD, in Greece developed a science that examines the process of assertion between people named rhetoric which means the art of speech and agumentation that is evocative or the art of using language fluently to influence and invite.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Rhetoric gets special discussion even some thinkers it places rhetoric as important in society and government.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In early development, the limits of communication that we can apply are conversations or the delivery of ideas between people orally and face-to-face either in the form of speech or discussion, with the aim of educating, raising trust, and moving the feelings of others. flourishing, not only conveying ideas through orders.In the time of the roman empire, Julius Caesar made a noticeboard called Acta Diurna.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The delivery of ideas about what is important to society has increased, from just oral to written form.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

This continued to grow after the discovery of the paper, the invention of the printing press, and the publication of the first newspaper [1].


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

After human civilization newspapers also developed and found radio, film, television, and a number of other media.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Background Communication as Science The origin of communication science itself actually performed in ancient Greek times (BC) initiated by Aristotle.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In the idea he mentioned that in the communication there are communicators, messages and recipients. [2]


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The conclusion of the idea is that if the communicator determines the idea or message, then directed at the audience of his choice, through the channels or media he has or mastered it will come out the desired result.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In later developments, the idea was continually developed then gave birth to two forms of communication that each developed on different continents.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

First publicistic science in Germany.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Second the science of mass communication in America.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

It is the fusion of these two forms that drips the communication science we know today.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

This blend is not separated from Stappers' efforts through Gabner's work. [3]


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

That is, it represents the starting point seems to be communication science.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The emergence of Technology As a communication tool The history of the development of information and communication technology is also inseparable from the history of human civilization on this Earth.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In the old days the delivery of information was also done starting from the drawings located on the walls of the cave, laying milestones in the form of inscriptions.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The following is the history of the development of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) ranging from pre-historic times to today's modern times.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Prehistoric Period In this age, information and communication technologies carried out by humans served as a system for the introduction of forms that humans knew.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

To illustrate the information obtained, they described it on the walls of the cave about hunting and its hunting animals.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

At this time, humans began to identify objects that existed around the environment they lived in, then painted them on the walls of the cave where they lived.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The beginning of their communication in this age revolved only around the form of grunting sounds and using hand gestures.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In prehistoric times began to be created and used tools that produce sounds and gestures, such as drums, trumpets made of animal horns, and smoke cues as a warning tool against danger. 3000 BC For the first time, writing was used by the Sumerians. by using symbols formed from pictography as letters.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

These symbols or letters also have different sound forms (mentions) so they can become words, sentences, and languages. 2900 BC In 2900 BC, the Ancient Egyptians used hieroglyphic letters.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Hieroglyphics constitute the language of symbols, in which each expression is represented by a different symbol.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

If the symbols are combined into a series, it will result in a different meaning.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

This form of writing and hieroglyphic language is more advanced than the writing of the Sumerians. 500 B.C. Humans already knew how to make fibers from papyrus trees growing around the Nile.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Papyrus fibers can be used as paper.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Paper made of papyrus tree fibers becomes a medium for writing or a medium to convey information that is more powerful and flexible compared to clay slabs that were previously also used as an information medium. 105 A.D. At this time, the Chinese managed to find paper.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The paper invented by the Chinese at this time is the paper we know today.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The paper is made from bamboo fibers that are mashed, filtered, washed, then leveled and dried.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

This invention also enabled a printing system that was done using wooden blocks that were scrawled and greased by ink or the one we know today with a stamp system.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Modern period (1400 A.D. present) Year 1455 In 1455, for the first time Johann Gutenberg developed a printing press using a letter plate made of iron and replaceable in a frame made of wood.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In 1830 Augusta Lady Byron wrote the world's first computer program.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

He worked with Charles Babbage using an analytical engine designed to insert data, process data, and generate output forms in a card.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

This machine is known as the first form of digital computer, although the way it works is more mechanical than digital.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In 1837 The Telegraph and its Inventor (Samuel Morse) Samuel Morse developed the telegraph and morse code language with Sir William Cook and Sir Charles Wheatstone.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Morse uses simple codes to represent the messages that want to be transmitted using electrical pulses over a single cable.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

But the signals that can be sent well are only within 32km.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

For longer distances, the signals received become too weak to record.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Later, Morse built relay equipment which was placed at every 32km of the signalling station.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The relay serves to repeat the received signal and send it back to the next 32km.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The relay consists of electromagnetically operated switches.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The telegraph system was then soon used for businesses requiring rapid delivery of messages for long distances, such as newspapers and messages for rail travel.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In 1877, Alexander Graham Bell created and developed the first commonly used telephone.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In 1879, telephone calling systems began using numbers that replaced the name-calling system.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

This prevents operators who do not know all customers.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The telephone numbering system uses letters and numbers, whereby telephone numbers use a system of two letters and five digit numbers.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In 1889, Herman Hollerith applied the principle of perforation cards to perform counting.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

His first task was to find a faster way to do the calculations for the United States Census Bureau.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The census conducted in 1880 took seven years to complete the calculations.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

With the population growing, the Census Bureau estimated that it would take ten years to complete census calculations.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Hollerith used a perforation card to enter census data which was then processed by the device mechanically.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

A card can store up to 80 variables.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Using the tool, census results can be completed within six weeks.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In addition to having an advantage in the field of speed, the card serves as a data storage medium.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The rate of miscalculation can also be drastically suppressed.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In 1931, Vannevar Bush created a calculator for solving differential equations.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The machine can solve complex differential equations that have been considered complicated by students and students.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Such machines are very large and heavy due to the hundreds of serrations and shafts needed to perform the calculations.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The year 1939, Dr. John V. Atanasoff and assisted by Clifford Berry succeeded in creating the first digital electronic computer.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Since this time, computers are constantly undergoing development so that they become more and more sophisticated.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Regarding the history of computer development this will be explained in the next section.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Years 1973 — 1990 At this time, the term internet was introduced in a paper on TCP/IP.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Literally, the internet (interconnected networking) is interpreted as a series of computers connected inside several circuits.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The series of centers that make up the internet began in 1969 as ARPANET built by ARPA (United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency).


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Some of the initial investigations contributed by ARPANET include decentralised network rules, queueing theory, and packet switching rules.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In 1981, the National Science Foundation developed a backbone called CSNET with a capacity of 56 Kbps for each institution in government.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

On 1 January 1983, ARPANET swapped its central circuit protocol, from NCP to TCP/IP.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

This represents the beginning of the Internet we know today.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Later in 1986, IETF developed a server that served as a coordination tool among DARPA, ARPANET, DDN, and Internet Gateway.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In the 1990s, the internet has developed and connected many users of existing computer networks.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

1991 — Now Business systems in the field of IT first occurred when CERN paid from its members to deal with operational costs.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In 1992, the Internet community began to form and the introduction of the term World Wide Web (www) by CERN.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In 1993, NSF formed InterNIC to provide internet services regarding directory and data storage as well as databases (by AT&T), registration services (by Network Solution Inc), and information services (by General Atomics/CERFnet).


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In 1994, the growth of the internet accelerated rapidly and began to penetrate into various facets of human life and became an inseparable part of human beings.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In 1995, general companies began to be allowed to become providers by purchasing networks in the backbone.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

This step started the development of information technology, particularly the internet and research to develop more sophisticated systems and tools.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Ideographic Ideography (ideogram) is a graphic symbol representing an idea than a group of letters.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Experts argue that this ideography has been worn since antiquity on the plains of Europe and has remained part of human culture for more than 3000 years.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

An ideogram is a type of writing/symbol that is interpreted according to visual appearance which is then translated as an idea, or a sentence.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

An image of 'an eye' for example, by functioning it as an ideogram, then you can interpret it as 'someone is peeking'. [4]


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The coat of arms does not merely represent objects, but can also represent certain ideas.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The coat of arms is thus named the<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[12282,12294,2,2]}'>ideogram.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Hieroglip writing in Egypt, writings of the Aztecs in Mexico, and nail writing in Asiriaan-Babylonian, are examples of usage turning into ideograms.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Ideogram is an advanced version of a pictogram.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

It is a visual or graphic symbol that represents an idea.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Some communities around the world come up with varied ideograms to represent as many ideas as possible, however, ideas such as the expression of emotion are universal in nature, so ideograms much surpass human traits with their expressions in those days.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Ideography is the initial source for most of the script-like logographic writing systems in China.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Because language is formed from the depiction of ideas, about how the nature of lines, about how human representation is in writing.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Petrography Microscope is a well-known scientific instrument of the 19th century and has been widely applied in many sciences.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

However, a geologist can see the materials contained in the soil that usually can not be seen directly in the mountains but with a microscope.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In 1829, the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal published in a two-page article entitled “The Nicol Prism” by William Nicol (1768-1851) lecturer in philosophy at Edinburgh.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The prism is made of two parts, namely calcite and Canadian balsam, as a polarizing field light producer.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Two years ago Nicol published a second article with the subject matter of the stages of mineral preparation and wood fossils through microscopy examination.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

With two articles William Nicol, presented a geological tool now applied to the Pmikroscope to study rocks.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Sorby wrote books published in 1850 and 1860, but little accepted in his land, yet much in demand by researchers on several continents, in particular: Zirkel, Vogelsang, and Rosenburgh in Germany and Fouque andMichel Levi in France who had raised the science of petrography on statuswhich is acceptable to scientists and becomes a branch of science that studies rocks microscopically.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Petrography is a branch of geological science that studies how to describe rocks based on texture, structure, and mineralogy microcopically.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Petrography is very much in touch with other disciplines of geology.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Like with Petrolgi science.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Petrography with Petrology is very closely related where petrology studies rocks, both processes, rock origins, petrogenesa (studying broad secaara rocks) whereas petrography is a way to study rocks or a way of rock description.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Petrography is also very related to Crystallography and mineralogy or optical Minerals.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Where in optical minerals are studied minerals based on their optical properties.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

While petrography in the naming of rocks must be recognized whether minerals that compose the rock.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In the petrographically educational education of rocks has several advantages over megascopically.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The advantages of observations petrographically are: in rock observations can be seen special textures present in rocks, whereas megascopically it is difficult to see the specific texture of rocks.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Microscopically can be determined the minerals that compose the rock to the type than the minerals.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Suppose plagioclase, from its twin can be determined the type of plagioclase whether anaorthite, bitownit, labradorite, andesin or oligoclase.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

These petrographically observations can be determined variations than in the rocks.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Petrography is a branch of petrology that focuses on detailed descriptions of rocks.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

A person who studies petrography is called a petrographer.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The mineral content and textural relationships in the rock are described in detail.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Classification of rocks is based on information obtained during petrographic analysis.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Petrographic descriptions begin with field notes on outcrops and include macroscopic descriptions of hand specimens.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

However, the most important tool for petrographers is the petrographic microscope.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Detailed analysis of the minerals by optical mineralogy of thin incisions and micro-textures and structures is essential for understanding the origins of rocks.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Microscrop analysis of electrons from individual grains as well as overall rock chemical analysis by atomic repression or x-ray fluorescence are used in modern petrography laboratories.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Individual mineral granules from rock samples can also be analyzed by X-ray diffraction when optical means are insufficient.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Analysis of microscopic fluid inclusions in mineral granules with heating stages on petrographic microscopy provides clues as to temperature and pressure conditions during mineral formation.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Pictographs are graphs that use symbols to represent data sets and numerical information.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Many people think that pictographs make information easier to read.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The disadvantage of pictographs is that it can only communicate a small amount of specific information. A pictogram is an ideogram that conveys a meaning through the appearance of an image that surrounds/mimics the actual physical state of the object.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

A sign or image that includes a pictogram is called a pictograph.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Examples of a pictograph include ancient drawings and prehistoric paintings found within cave walls.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Pictographs are also used in writing and graphics systems.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The first humans to know writing did not use letters, words, and punctuation in their writing.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Thousands of years ago, they “wrote” by creating images that today are called pictographs.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Experts say such pictographs are used to relay information to others.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The word “pictograph” is derived from the English word “pictograph”.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The roots of the word “pictograph” are “pict” and “graph”.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

“Pict” is the Latin word for picture.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

While “graph” is a Greek word that means writing.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Pictographs constitute symbols.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Sometimes pictographs represent whole words, but sometimes only represent the syllables, or parts of the word.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Thousands of years ago, the ancient Sumerians discovered one form of pictograph.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In the ancient Sumerian language, ti means “arrow”.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Ti (or til) also means “life”.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Because of this, the Sumerians used the arrow symbol for both words.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Pictograms were first used officially at the Olympic Games in the United Kingdom in 1948, and began to be regularly used since the Olympics in Japan in 1964.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Because the Olympics were attended by various participants from various tribes of nations and languages, the use of pictograms is seen as easy communication.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Pictograms are then used as a tool to communicate, describing the branches of the sport being competed for.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

This pictogram is used on tickets, sign system, and others, so that participants can easily search for where the activity takes place.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The history of Pictograms is actually prefixed by pre-historical paintings.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Egyptian, Chinese, and Sumerian cultures have been using it since almost 5000 years ago.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Chinese writing that hitherto survives, basically also the application of pictograms.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Pictograms are easy to understand, because their form seeks to simplify, and not simply symbolize.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

If on traffic signs, the P sign means parking, this is not a visual language because it does not describe the activities that want to be conveyed as on pictograms.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Compare with the image of the sign of the person carrying a shovel, and in front of him is a silhouette of a collection of sand/ground.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

It's a pictogram.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Some experts mention, writing starts from pictograms and ideograms.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Pictograms (writings) are images that show specific meanings in observance of the principle.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

A pictogram can also be said to be a script in the form of an image that expresses a specific message.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

One example of pictograms is Egyptian hieroglyphic writing.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Egyptian hieroglyphic writing is based on the embodiment of the image.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

For reference to men, women, the sun, and the like, the Egyptians simply made images of those objects.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The ideogram is a graphic sign used to describe the speech part.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

On ideograms, images or emblems are used to represent abstract utterances that cannot actually be described, such as hot, cold.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The difference in pictograms and ideograms lies in the relationship between the emblem and the object represented.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Pictograms are more concrete, whereas ideograms are more abstract.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The main feature of pictograms and ideograms is that they do not represent words or sounds in a particular language (not universal).


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Among the images on the relic stones are images that can be interpreted only in terms, for example, the image of a bear cub can be said to be a bear cub, a baby bear, or a little bear when there are no other images around it.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

It cannot be ascertained whether the sign should be interpreted idea by idea, freely, or word-by-word.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

This is because an emblem can represent a variety of concepts.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Therefore, there is no evidence to conclude whether the emblem maker intended was a word or a meaning.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Allegedly, a number of emblems that later became writing systems were derived from pictograms or ideograms.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

For example, Egyptian hieroglyphic script.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Basically writing systems differ in two respects: writing systems differ in their choice of insignia.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The English, Greek, and Russian alphabets have different emblems although some are lapped in the writing system that concerns the types of units that the emblems are expressed.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The alphabet Alphabet is a small set of symbols, each roughly representing or historically representing a phoneme in a language.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The alphabet is phonologically perfect, phonemes and letters correspond perfectly in two directions: an author can foresee the utterance of a word based on its spelling and a listener can foresee the utterance of a word based on its spelling. [5]


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Languages often evolve independent of their writing systems and writing systems can be borrowed for languages that do not have them, the degree of whether a letter of the alphabet corresponds to the phonemes of a language varies from one language to another and even within one language though.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Most writing systems in the Middle East are usually just the consonants of a word written, although vowels can be indicated by adding various diacritical marks.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The writing system based on the marking of consonant phonemes originated in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

This system is called alphabetical. [6]


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Most alphabetically in India and Southeast Asia, vowel letters are indicated by diacritical or modification of consonant forms.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

It is called abugida.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Some abugida such as Etiopic and Cree, are studied child as syllabari and often called syllabic.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Although so different from true syllabari, this is not an independent glyph for each syllabi.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Sometimes alphabetic terms are restricted to systems where letters are separated between consonants and vowels.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Like the Latin alphabet, although alphabets and abugida can be accepted as alphabets as well.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The Greek alphabet is seen as the first alphabet in the world. The letters of the alphabet now, The letters of this alphabet number 26.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Consists of vowels and consonants.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

For more clarity, consider the division in the following table: [7] REGIONS THAT ORIGINALLY USED THE ALPHABET SYSTEM: Semitic peoples as the first to use alphabet or alphabetic systems, presumably agreed upon by scholars.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

However, which of the areas inhabited by the Semitic tribes used to use, there are still differences of opinion between them.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

This difference of opinion became noticeable after some written evidence was found in the Sarabit al-Khadim area, namely an area located between Fustat and Adhruh, (the eastern part of present-day Qulzum).


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

This inscription of Sarabit al-Khadim by experts, is summed up as the oldest inscription using the alphabeth (alphabetical) system.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

It is thought that this inscription had been written around 1850 BC. (Shiddiqi,1983) by Sinai people working in pyrus gemstone mines.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The invention of this inscription is certainly the ultimate reference that rejects the assumption that experts have put forward so far that it was the Phoenicians who first transferred the Hierogliph into alphebetic writing.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The Sarabit al-Khadim inscription turned out to be a few centuries older than the inscription of Ahiram Yubail found by Monte in the ancient Gebal area (Byblos) which is written evidence of the first use of the alphabet system by the Phoenicians.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

With this new discovery experts can finally believe exactly the “bridge” connecting between the Egyptian Hierogliph and the Phoenicia alphabet.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Because during this time they were doubted by too great a difference between that form of Egyptian writing and the form of writing used by the Phoenians, so it is very difficult to confirm that it was the Phoenians who first composed the Egyptian letters into the alphabet system.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The fact that the Sinai first used alphabet in their writing system is also strengthened by the geographical location of this area, which turns out to be closer to Egypt as well as the form of writing that is not very clear of the difference.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

REGION OF DEVELOPMENT OF ALPHABET SYSTEM Sinai alphabet system at a time later expanded into several regions, including Phoenicia.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

By the Phoenician people, this Sinai writing system was developed in such a way.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Some letter characters are refined and arranged on the basis of the symbolized sound.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Therefore the assumption that the Phoenicians were the first to use the alphabet system was considered well-founded before the discovery of written evidence in the Sinai region (Sarabit al-Khadim's inscription as had been put forward earlier.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

However, the role of the Phoenician people in bridging the development of alphabet to several regions of Europe is difficult to disprove.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

a.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The Peninsula of North Arabia, Asia Minor and Europe In its development to the north, the Sinai alphabet gained a very rapid advance.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

This alphabet eventually, selian gave birth to the Phoenician alphabet, has also derived Hebrew and Aramian writing.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

From these three clumps of writings commonly referred to as North Semitic Writings developed even more widely and gave birth to great writings that are used until today.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Phoenician writing was brought to Greece by Cadmus, and from this evolved into Etroska writing which was the forerunner of the growth of Western Roman writing which was used in the largest parts of Europe at the time.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Another development of Greek writing had also been carried out by one of the bishops of Constantinople, Cyrillius and Methodus.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

This writing gained development along with the development of Christianity in Slavic, Russia, Ukeraina, Serbia, and Bulgaria.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

It is known that the writing that developed in Slavic was not solely of Greek origin, but also included elements of Hebrew writing.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

This is due to the presence of Slavic sounds not contained in Greek (Mario Pei, 1971:81).


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

From the Aramian (Aramaic) clump has spawned Syryani, Nabthi, Tadmury (Palmyra) writings and Pahlavi writings which are the original writings of the Persians.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In other parts the Sinai alphabet has also passed down ancient Devanagari writings in India.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

We have learned that a lot of writings found in south and southeast Asia come from this Devanagari writing, because this writing developed along with the spread of Buddhism.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Ancient writing in India.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The writings of Siryani and Nabthy on their journey to the southern part of the Arabic Peninsula have joined the character of writing originating from this southern diploma, especially during the expansion of the kingdom of Anbath to almost all of the Arabic Peninsula in the first century AD.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

It was this incorporation that ultimately brought down ancient Arabic writing to become Arabic writing as it develops today. b. the kingdom of Saba`, Minaiyah and others.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

It's just not obtained a definite description of the writings used by the people in this southern Arabian kingdom at an earlier time.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Some assumptions say that the writing used by Arab society at that time came from Demotic writing (ancient Egyptian folk writing).


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

After the entry of the Sinai alphabet into this region, only one type of writing has used the alphabet system, and many similarities of its letter shapes and characters with the Sinai alphabet, as can be noted in the previous table.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

This southern Arabian writing later became known as Musnad.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

When considered further the shape and character of the Musnad letter emblem, then the stronger conjecture that the Sinai character more coloring the formation of the letters emblem, compared to the original writing of the southern Arabian community that is considered already there.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

That reality presumably also reinforces the conjecture that at least southern Arabia got influence from the Sinai alphabet in the same time as Phoenicia.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

But while experts have concluded another, namely that the southern Arabian alphabet is a development of the Phoenicia alphabet that was brought to this region through trade lines.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The development of Musnad's writing to the north was ultimately merged with northern Semitic writings and gave birth to ancient Arabic writing (Hyry).


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Those Arabic writings, after the religion of Islam was born, apparently acquired special attention for its adherents.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Therefore, this writing eventually expanded and expanded rapidly even beyond the boundaries of the region using Arabic.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Together with the Qur`an, Arabic writing has extended to various peoples and languages, such as Fula, Hausa and Swahili in Africa, Malay, Sundanese and Javanese in Indonesia, the Moro peoples in Phillipina, Urdu and Punjabi in India, Persian in Iran and various Turkic languages in the Union of Sovyet (Mario Pei, 1971:81).


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

From the above it can be concluded that from the roots of the Sinai alphabet has given birth to two great forms of writing that are widely used until today, namely Roman writing which is ultimately known as Latin writing, and Arabic writing.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

These two forms of writing, even though they come from the same group, namely Sinai, but in their development there are principalian differences in the character of the letters and the way of writing.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In Roman writing, consonant and vowel emblems acquire the same place on writing, while in Arabic writing as with Hebrew and Siryani (northern Semitic) writing, more accentuate the letters (emblems) consonants only, while the vowel emblem is left entirely to the sense of readers.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Only in the final development (after Islam), vowel emblems are imprinted on writing, but in the form of special signs placed above or below the consonant emblem.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Another difference is that Arabic writing is written from right to left, while Roman writing is written on the contrary. [8]


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Writing Development Stage: There are three stages of writing development, namely: a.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Logogram or word writing, is an inscription in which each lambing represents a word.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The writing system based on the use of logograms is the Chinese language writing system.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

b.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Syllabic or persukuan writing, for example, modern Japanese, which has a large number of lambing, denotes spoken syllables.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The syllabogram or group of Japanese sounds in essence is a Chinese language system (Gleasom in Bambang, 1995:29).


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The development of Japanese language, Chinese languages were taken to write down words from Chinese, but the adjustment process is not simple because the grammatical structure of Japanese is very different from that of Chinese.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Japanese has many words that undergo complex inflections and affixations.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In contrast, most Chinese morphemes are basic words with not much affixation, most morphemes that have no equivalent in Chinese.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Adjustment in writing Chinese akasara into Japanese.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

First, morphemic lambings are created for affixes that have no equivalent in the Chinese writing system.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Secondly, added signs that are phonemic poisonous.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

It turns out that the second alternative is done and the result is a Japanese syllabogram that has a different pattern with the Chinese writing system.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

The Japanese syllabogram is basically the development of Chinese script in the structure of the Japanese language.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In the structure of Japanese, the basic word is generally written in a Chinese script called kanji.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

c.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Sound writing encompasses alphabetical writing and phonemic writing.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Alphabet is a set of written lambing that each symbol represents a specific sound.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Phonemic writing is a perfect fit between alphabetic and phonemic sounds that manifest one letter symbol representing one and only one phonemic sound.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Timeline/Timeline/Timeline, timeline or timeflow is a chronological representation of the sequence of events or schedule of activities.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

Timelines can be created according to era, century, year, month, week, day, and even hours whose length may vary.


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

In the timeline, there are dots representing key events. [9]


Question: How did humans communicate before the discovery of language?

History of communication

References


Question: when did China stand up as a country?

History of China

Chinese history is one of the oldest cultural histories in the world.


Question: when did China stand up as a country?

History of China

From archaeological and anthropological discoveries, areas of China have been inhabited by ancient humans since 1.7 million years ago.


Question: when did China stand up as a country?

History of China

Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River valley in Neolithic times.


Question: when did China stand up as a country?

History of China

Chinese written history dates back to the Shang Dynasty (k. 1750—1045 BC). [1]


Question: when did China stand up as a country?

History of China

Turtle shells with ancient Chinese script dating from the Shang Dynasty have radiocarbon dating to 1500 BC. [2]


Question: when did China stand up as a country?

History of China

Chinese culture, literature, and philosophy flourished during the time of the Zhou Dynasty (1045-256 BC) which continued the Shang Dynasty.


Question: when did China stand up as a country?

History of China

This dynasty was the longest-ruling dynasty and it was during this dynasty that modern Chinese scripts began to develop.


Question: when did China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Zhou dynasty split into several city-states, which created the War States Period.


Question: when did China stand up as a country?

History of China

In 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang unified these various kingdoms and established China's first empire.


Question: when did China stand up as a country?

History of China

The turn of dynasties in Chinese history has developed a bureaucratic system that allowed Chinese Emperors to have direct control of large areas.


Question: when did China stand up as a country?

History of China

The conventional view of Chinese history is that China was a country that experienced an alternation between periods of unity and political divisions sometimes controlled by foreign (non-Han) tribes, most of whom were asimiliated into the population of the Han tribe.


Question: when did China stand up as a country?

History of China

Cultural and political influences from different regions of Asia, brought about by alternating waves of immigration, expansion, and assimilation, coalesced to form modern Chinese culture.


Question: when did China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Paleolithic prehistoric Homo erectus has inhabited the area now known as China since Paleolithic times, over a million years ago [3].


Question: when did China stand up as a country?

History of China

The review showed that the stone utensils found at the Xiaochangliang site were 1.36 million years old [4].


Question: when did China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Xihoudu archaeological site in Shanxi province shows the earliest record of fire use by Homo erectus, which is 1.27 million years ago [3].


Question: when did China stand up as a country?

History of China

Excavations at Yuanmou and Lantian indicate more bygone settlements.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The most famous Homo erectus specimen found in China is the Peking Man discovered in 1965.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Three pottery shards dating to 16500 and 19000 BC were found in Liyuzui Cave in Liuzhou, Guangxi province [5].


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Neolithic Age in China can be traced to 10,000 BC [6].


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The earliest evidence of milet agriculture has radiocarbon dating around 7000 BC [7].


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Peiligang Culture in Xinzheng, Henan was successfully excavated in 1977 [8].


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

With the development of agriculture, there came an increase in population, the ability to store and distribute crops, as well as craftsmen and managers [9].


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

In late Neolithic, the Yellow River valley began to develop into a cultural center with archaeologically significant finds found in Banpo, Xi'an [10].


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Yellow River is so named due to the occurrence of sedimentary dust (loess) that accumulates on the banks of the river and the surrounding land, which then after immersion in the river creates a yellowish color on the river's water. [11]


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The early history of China is made complicated by the lack of writing in this period and documents of the afterward period that mix fact and fiction of the age.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

In 7000 BC, the Chinese population grew milet, cultivating Jiahu culture.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

At Damaidi in Ningxia, 3,172 cave paintings were found dating from 6000-5000 BC similar to early characters confirmed as Chinese script [12] [13].


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Yangshao culture that emerged later continued with Longshan culture in about 2500 BC.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The antiquity of the Xia Dynasty (2100 BC—1600 BC) The Xia Dynasty was the first dynasty told in historical records such as the Great Historical Record and the History of Bamboo. [1] [14] The dynasty was founded by Yu the Great.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Most archaeologists now connect the Xia Dynasty to the results of excavations in Erlitou, Henan province, [15] in the form of melted bronze finds from around 2000 BC.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Various signs found in pottery and shells found in this period are thought to be precursor forms of modern Chinese script. [16]


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

According to the traditional chronogy based on Liu Xin's calculations, this dynasty was in power between 2205-1766 BC, whereas according to the History of Bamboo, the reign of this dynasty was between 1989-1558 BC.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

According to the Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project (PK XSZ) organized by the government of the People's Republic of China in 1996, the dynasty was in power between 2070-1600 BC. [17] [18] Shang Dynasty (1600 BC-1046 BC) Shang Dynasty according to traditional sources is the first dynasty of China.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

According to a chronology based on Liu Xin's calculations, this dynasty was in power between 1766-1122 BC, while according to the History of Bamboo was between 1556-1046 BC.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Results from the Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project in 1996 concluded that this dynasty ruled between 1600—1046 BC.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Direct information about this dynasty comes from inscriptions on bronze artifacts and oracle bones, [19] as well as from the Great Historical Record (Shiji) of Sima Qian's work.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Archaeological finds provide evidence for the existence of the Shang Dynasty circa 1600—1046 BC, which was divided into two periods.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Evidence for the existence of the early period Shang Dynasty (k. 1600—1300 BC) comes from discoveries in Erlitou, Zhengzhou and Shangcheng. [19]


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

While evidence for the existence of the second period Shang Dynasty (k. 1300—1046 BC) or Yin period (), comes from a large collection of writings on oracle bones.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Archaeologists confirm that the city of Anyang in Henan province was the last capital of the Shang Dynasty, [19] of the other nine capitals.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Shang dynasty ruled 31 monarchs, since King Tang until King Zhou as the last king.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Chinese society today believed many gods, including the gods of weather and sky, as well as the supreme god named Shang-Ti. [20]


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

They also believed that their ancestors, including their parents and grandparents, having died would be like gods anyway and worthy of worship. [21]


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Around 1500 BC, the Chinese began using oracular bones to predict the future.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Western scholars tend to be hesitant to link various settlements contemporaneous to the Anyang settlements as part of the Shang dynasty. [22]


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The strongest hypothesis is that there was co-existence between Anyang ruled by the Shang Dynasty, and other cultured settlements in the region now known as “actual China” (China proper).


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Zhou dynasty (1046 BC—256 BC) Zhou dynasty was the longest-ruling dynasty in Chinese history which according to the Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project was in power between 1046-256 BC.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The dynasty began to grow from the Yellow River valley, to the west of Shang.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The ruler of Zhou, Wu Wang, managed to defeat Shang at the Battle of Muye.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

At the time of the Zhou Dynasty began to be known the concept of “Celestial Mandate” as the legitimacy of the turn of power, [23] and this concept so on had an effect on almost every turn of dynasty in China.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The capital of Zhou was originally in the western region, that is, near the present-day city of Xi'an, but then there was a series of expansions in the direction of the Yangtze River valley.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

In Chinese history, this was the beginning of the subsequent migrations of the population from north to south.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Spring and Autumn Period (722 BC-476 BC) In about the 8th century BC, there was a decentralization of power in the Spring and Autumn Period, which was named after the literary work of Chun Qiu (Spring and Autumn).


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

In this epoch, the local military leadership that Zhou used began to show its power and vying to acquire hegemony.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Invasions from the northwest, for example by Qin, forced Zhou to move its capital to the east, namely to Luoyang.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

This marked the second phase of the Zhou Dynasty: Eastern Zhou.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Hundreds of countries sprang up, some of them only as large as a single village, with local rulers holding full political power and sometimes using honorary titles for him.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

One hundred Streams of Thought from Chinese philosophy flourished in this age, following also some influential intellectual movements such as Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, and Mohism. [24]


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Warring States Period (476 BC-221 BC) After various political consolidations, seven prominent states survived by the end of the 5th century BC.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Although there was still a king from the Zhou Dynasty until 256 BC, but he was only a nominal leader who had no real power.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

In those days, neighboring regions of the warring states were also conquered and became new territories, among others, Sichuan and Liaoning; which were then governed under a new local administrative system in the form of commandery and prefectures (/).


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Qin state succeeded in unifying all seven existing states, as well as expanding into the territories of Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, and Guangxi in 214 BC. [25]


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The period when the countries fought each other until the unification of all China by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC, is known as the “Warring States Period”, which is a naming taken from the name of Zhan Guo Ce's historical work (Warring States Strategy).


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The imperial period of the Qin Dynasty (221 BC—206 BC) The Qin Dynasty managed to unite China which was split into several kingdoms in the Warring States Period through a series of conquests against other kingdoms, with the last conquest being against the kingdom of Qi in about 221 BC. [25]


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Qin Shi Huang was crowned the first emperor of unified China in that year.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

This dynasty famously began the construction of the Great Wall of China which was later completed by the Ming Dynasty as well as Terracotta relics in Qin Shi Huang's tomb.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Some of the major contributions of the Qin Dynasty, among include the formation of the concept of centralized government, the unification of legal statutes, the implementation of written language, units of measurement, and the common currency of all China, after the passage of the tribulations of the Spring and Autumn Age.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Even basic things such as the length of the axles for mercantile wagons, were subjected to diversity in order to ensure the development of a good trading system throughout the empire. [26]


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Han Dynasty (206 BC—220) Han Dynasty was founded by Liu Bang, a peasant who led a people's revolt and razed the previous dynasty, the Qin Dynasty, in 206 BC.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The age of power of the Han Dynasty was divided into two periods namely the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-9 AD) and the Eastern Han Dynasty (23-220 AD) which were separated by the short period of the Xin Dynasty (9—23 AD).


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Emperor Wu (Han Wudi) successfully hardened the union and expanded the Chinese empire by urging the Xiongnu nation (often equated with the Huns) toward the steppes of Inner Mongolia, thereby seizing the territories of Gansu, Ningxia, and Qinghai.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

This led to the opening for the first time of trade between China and Europe, via the Silk Road.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

General Ban Chao of the Han Dynasty even expanded his conquests across the Pamir sampi mountains to the Caspian Sea. [27]


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The first embassy from the Roman Empire is recorded in Chinese sources first opened (by sea lanes) in 166, and the second in 284.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Three States Age (220—280) Three States Age (Wei, Wu, and Shu) was a period of Chinese schism that took place after the de facto loss of power of the Han Dynasty.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

In general, this period is considered to last from the founding of Wei (220) to the conquest of Wu by the Jin Dynasty (280), although many Chinese historians consider that this period lasted since the Yellow Serban Rebellion (184).


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

This era is one of the most famous eras in Chinese history, due to the popularity of historical romances Acts of the Three Countries (Samkok) which have been adapted in various formats by various countries.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Jin Dynasty and Sixteen States (280-420) of China were successfully united for a time in 280 by the Jin Dynasty.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Nonetheless, ethnic groups outside the Han tribe (Wu Hu) still controlled most of the territory as early as the 4th century and led to a massive migration of Han tribes south of the Yangtze River.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The northern part of China was split into small states forming a turbulent era known as the Sixteen States Age (304 - 469).


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Northern and Southern Dynasties (420—589) Following the collapse of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in 420, China entered the era of Northern and Southern Dynasties.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

This age was a time of civil war and political divisions, although it was also a period of development of art and culture, technological progress, and the spread of Buddhism and Taoism.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Sui Dynasty (589—618) After nearly four centuries of schism, the Sui Dynasty succeeded in reunifying China in 589 with Yang Jian, the founder of the Sui Dynasty, of the Chen Dynasty in the south.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

This period of dynastic power was, among others, marked by the construction of the Great Canal of China and the establishment of many governing institutions that would later be adopted by the Tang Dynasty.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Tang Dynasty (618—907) On June 18, 618, Li Yuan ascended the throne and began the era of the Tang Dynasty which replaced the Sui Dynasty.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

This age is a time of prosperity and development of Chinese art and technology.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Buddhism became the main religion professed by the royal family as well as the people mostly.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Since around 860, the Tang Dynasty began to decline due to the rise of rebellions.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Five Dynasties and Ten States (907—960) Between 907 to 960, from the collapse of the Tang Dynasty to the power of the Song Dynasty, there was a period of political schism known as the Age of Five Dynasties and Ten States.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

In this fairly brief period, five dynasties (Liang, Tang, Jin, Han, and Zhou) alternately controlled the heart of the old kingdom's territory north of China.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

At the same time, ten other minor states (Wu, Wuyue, Min, Nanping, Chu, Southern Tang, Southern Han, Northern Han, Early Shu, and Late Shu) came to power in the south and west of China.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Song, Liao, Jin, and Western Xia dynasties (960-1279) Between the years 960 to 1279, China was controlled by several dynasties.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

In 960, the Song Dynasty (960-1279) whose capital city in Kaifeng controlled much of China and began a period of economic well-being.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The territory of Manchuria (now known as Mongolia) was controlled by the Liao Dynasty (907-1125) which was further succeeded by the Jin Dynasty (1115—1234).


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Meanwhile, the northwestern regions of China now known as the provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, and Ningxia were overrun by the Western Xia Dynasty between 1032 to 1227.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Yuan Dynasty (1279—1368) Between the years 1279 to the year 1368, China was controlled by the Yuan Dynasty which originated in Mongolia and was founded by Kublai Khan.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The dynasty took control of China after successfully razing the Jin Dynasty in the north before moving south and ending Song Dynasty rule.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

This dynasty was the first dynasty to rule all of China from the capital city of Beijing.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Before the invasion of the Mongols, reports from Chinese dynasties estimated that there were about 120 million inhabitants; but after the conquest was completed thoroughly in 1279, the census of 1300 mentioned that there were 60 million inhabitants. [28]


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Similarly, during the reign of the Yuan Dynasty there was an epidemic of the 14th century in the form of petic disease (Black Death), and is estimated to have killed 30% of China's population at that time. [29] [30] The Ming Dynasty (1368—1644) Throughout the Yuan Dynasty's reign, there was quite strong opposition to these foreign powers among the populace.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

These sentiments, plus the frequent onset of natural disasters since the 1340s, eventually gave rise to peasant revolts that subverted the power of the Yuan Dynasty.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Zhu Yuanzhang of the Han tribe founded the Ming Dynasty after successfully expelling the Yuan Dynasty in 1368.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

In 1449, Esen Tayisi of the Oirat Mongols made an assault on northern China, and even succeeded in captivating the Zhengtong Emperor in Tumu.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

In 1542, Altan Khan led the Mongols constantly encroaching on China's northern border, and in 1550 he successfully invaded all the way to the outskirts of Beijing.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Ming Dynasty empire also faced attacks by Japanese pirates along the southeastern coastline of China; [31] General Qi Jiguang's role was crucial in defeating the pirate attack.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

One of the world's most recent earthquakes, the Shaanxi earthquake of 1556, is estimated to have killed about 830,000 inhabitants, which occurred during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

During the Ming Dynasty, the last construction of the Great Wall of China was completed, as a protection effort for China for invasions from foreign nations.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Although the construction has begun in the previous time, most of the walls seen today are those that have been built or repaired by the Ming Dynasty.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The brick and granite building has been expanded, the watchtower redesigned, as well as cannons placed along its sides.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Qing Dynasty (1644—1911) Qing Dynasty (清, 1644—1911) was founded following the defeat of the Ming Dynasty, the last dynasty of Han China, by the Manchu tribe () from northeastern China in 1644.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

This dynasty was the last feudal dynasty to rule China.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

It is estimated that about 25 million inhabitants perished in the period of the Manchu conquest of the Ming Dynasty (1616—1644). [32]


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Manchu nation then adopted the values of Confucianism in their government, as was the tradition implemented by the previous Han dynastic administrations.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

In the Taiping Rebellion (1851—1864), one third of China briefly fell to the rule of Taiping Tianguo, a quasi-Christian religious movement led by Hong Xiuquan who called himself the “King of the Sky”.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

After fourteen years, only was the rebellion successfully quelled, the Taiping army was destroyed in the Third Nanking War of 1864.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The deaths that occurred during the 15-year uprising were estimated at 20 million inhabitants. [33]


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Several rebellions that consumed greater casualties and possessions then occurred, namely the Punti-Hakka Tribal War, the Nien Rebellion, the Hui Minority Rebellion, the Panthay Rebellion, and the Boxer Rebellion. [34]


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

In many ways, those rebellions and the unjust treaties successfully imposed by foreign imperialist powers against the Qing Dynasty, were signs of the Qing Dynasty's incompetence in dealing with new challenges that emerged in the 19th century.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Modern day Republic of China The frustration of the Qing Dynasty's refusal to reform as well as China's weakness towards other countries, led to the onset of a revolution inspired by Sun Yat-sen's ideas to abolish the royal system and implement a republican system in China.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

On February 12, 1912, the Qing's last emperor, Emperor Xuantong abdicated the throne, following the Xinhai Revolution.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

A month after, on 12 March 1912, the Republic of China was established with Sun Yat-sen as its first president.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Slavery in China was abolished in 1910. [35]


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

In 1928, after a prolonged conflict between warlords that occurred between 1916—1928, most of China was united under the Kuomintang (KMT) by Chiang Kai-shek.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Meanwhile, the communist Communist Party of China (CCP) began to also stamp its influence and became the main competitor to the Kuomintang which instigated the Chinese Civil War.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The two Chinese parties were nominally united in the face of the Japanese occupation that began in 1937, which was during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) which was part of World War II.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Following Japan's 1945 defeat, KMT and CCP hostilities resumed after reconciliation efforts and negotiations failed to reach agreement.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

(See: Chinese Civil War).


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

At the end of World War II in 1945 as part of Japan's surrender of power, Japanese forces in Taiwan surrendered to Republic of China forces under Chiang Kai-shek who held control of Taiwan. [36]


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The conflict between Chinese parties that began since 1927 ended unofficially with the Kuomintang's resignation to Taiwan in 1949 and made the Communist Party of China the sole ruler in Mainland China.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Today, the government that rules Taiwan still uses the official name “Republic of China” although it is commonly known as “Taiwan”. [37]


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

People's Republic of China On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China (RRT) in Tiananmen Square, after the near-certain victory of the Chinese Communist Party of the Kuomintang in the Chinese Civil War.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The historical period of the RRT is generally divided into four periods: socialist transformation (1949-1976) under Mao Zedong, economic reform (1976-1989) under Deng Xiaoping, economic growth (1989-2002) under Jiang Zemin, and last is the period under the fourth generation of government, between 2002 to the present.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Abramson's follow-up reading, Marc S. (2008).


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Ethnic Identity in Tang China


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

ISBN 978-0-8122-4052-8.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Ankerl, G. C. Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

INU PRESS Geneva, 2000.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

ISBN 2-88155-004-5.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Creel, Herrlee Glessner.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Birth of China. 1936.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Fairbank, John King, China: a new history, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

ISBN 0-674-11670-4 Feis, Herbert, The China Tangle: The American Effort in China from Pearl Harbor to the Marshall Mission, Princeton University Press, 1953.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Hammond, Kenneth J.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Teaching Company, 2004.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

(A lecture on DVD.)


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Giles, Herbert Allen.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

A general history, originally published around 1911.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Giles, Herbert Allen.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Covers the Qing (Manchu) dynasty, published shortly after the fall of the dynasty, around 1912.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D. Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Moscow: URSS, 2006.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

ISBN 5-484-00559-0 [6] (Chapter 2: Historical Population Dynamics in China).


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Laufer, Berthold. 1912.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

JADE: A Study in Chinese Archaeology & Religion.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Reprint: Dover Publications, New York. 1974.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Terrill, Ross, 800,000,000: The Chinese estate, Boston, Little, Brown, 1972 Wilkinson, Endymion Porter,.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, Asia Center (for the Harvard-Yenching Institute), 2000, 1181 p., ISBN 0-674-00247-4; ISBN 0-674-00249-0 Footnotes Outside link Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

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Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

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Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

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Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

- Chaos Group, at the University of Maryland by Academia Sinica by Academia Sinica Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

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Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

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Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

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Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

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Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

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Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

- Discussion of Chinese history in the Transclusion error section: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

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Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

- Mechanized Artillery and Ancient Siege Weapons - Illustrated History, brought to you by Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

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Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

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Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

A search of the historical content of domestic architecture during the Qing dynasty and its role in Chinese heritage and cultural history.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead., is a journal devoted to academic scientific dealing with the period around the end of the Han dynasty and the beginning of the Tang dynasty.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

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Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. a 100-minute lecture on Chinese history, given by renowned scientist/author Yu Ying-shih, Professor Emeritus of East Asian Studies and History, Princeton University.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

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Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Reading sources for pupils of grades 5-9 - approximately 250 links.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.Wolfram Eberhard, (online), February 7, 2006 [eBook #17695], ISO-8859-1 Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. - PBS documentary 2006.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

KQED Public Television and Granada Television, for PBS, Granada International, and BBC.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

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Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

The Genuine Soul of Ancient Chinese People Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

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Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Texts and translations of historical Chinese works.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

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Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

History, culture, and archaeology in the ancient Asian continent.


Question: When does China stand up as a country?

History of China

Various articles and images


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

Neil Patrick Harris (born June 15, 1973) is a United States actor, producer, and director.


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

She is better known as the cast of Doogie Howser in Doogie Howser, M.D., female artist Barney Stinson in How I Met Your Mother, herself in the Harold & Kumar series, and Dr. Horrible in Joss Whedon's musical web series, Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog.


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

Harris was included in Time magazine's 2010 version of the 100 most influential people in the world, [2] and was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in September 2011. [3]


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

Harris also performed the Tony Awards on Broadway in 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2013. [4]


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

Harris's early life was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and raised in Ruidoso, New Mexico.


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

His parents, Sheila (Scott) and Ron Harris, operated a restaurant. [5] [6] He attended La Cueva High School in Albuquerque and was involved in school plays and musicals.


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

Harris graduated as a distinguished learner in 1991.


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

Harris's film career began his career as a little actor and was discovered by playwright Mark Medoff at a drama camp in Las Cruces, New Mexico. [7]


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

Medoff then engaged her in the film Clara's Heart (1998), a play starring Whoopi Goldberg and based on Joseph Olshan's Clara's Heart novel.


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

Clara's Heart earned Harris a Golden Globe nomination.


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

That same year, she starred in Purple People Eater, a children's fantasy film.


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

After growing up, she landed her first film role as a teenager in Animal Room (1995).


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

He later became a supporting cast in The Next Best Thing, Undercover Brother, and Starship Troopers.


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

Harris played fictionalized versions of himself in the comedy films Harold and Kumar, Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle, Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay, and A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas.


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

In 2010, he voiced the adult Dick Grayson (Nightwing) in the animated film Batman: Under the Red Hood, and the beagle dog Lou in the film Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore.


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

In the same year, he played the lead role in the indie comedy film The Best and the Brightest. [8]


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

On March 7, 2010, she was a surprise show fill-in at the 82nd Academy Awards.


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

He also starred in the films The Smurfs (2011) and The Smurfs 2 (2013).


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

Harris's stage was already engaged on Broadway as a musical and drama figure.


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

He played Tobias Ragg in Sweeney Todd's 2001 concert performance.


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

In 2002, he and Anne Heche took roles in Proof.


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

In 2003, he played Emcee in Cabaret with Deborah Gibson and Tom Bosley.


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

Due to his appearance in Cabaret, Harris became the most popular Emcee cast according to Gueststarcasting.com, beating celebrity stars John Stamos and Alan Cumming. [9]


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

In 2004, he was engaged as the double figure cast of Balladeer and Lee Harvey Oswald on Broadway in Stephen Sondheim's revival of the musical Assassins.


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

He also played Charles (originally played Anthony Perkins) in Sondheim's Evening Primrose recording released by Nonesuch, and Mark Cohen in the musical Rent.


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

He returned to play Mark Cohen in Saturday Night Live the January 10, 2009 episode which he performed himself.


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

In 2010, she directed the rock musical Rent at the Hollywood Bowl; she engaged her actor partner in Beastly, Vanessa Hudgens as Mimi. [10]


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

In 2011, Harris played lead character Bobby with Patti LuPone and others in Stephen Sondheim's Company and accompanied by music from the New York Philharmonic. [11]


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

That same year, he directed The Expert at the Card Table at Broad Stage's Edye in Santa Monica, Calif. [12]


Question: When was Robert Harris born?

Neil Patrick Harris

Harris presented the Tony Awards grace show four times: 63rd Tony Awards on June 7, 2009, [13] 65th Tony Awards on June 12, 2011, 66th Tony Awards on June 10, 2012, and 67th Tony Awards on June 9, 2013.