Question: What is the museum area of the Frida Kahlo Museum?

Frida Kahlo

ISBN 0-7475-2247-2 Griffiths J. (2011).


Question: What is the museum area of the Frida Kahlo Museum?

Frida Kahlo

A Love Letter from a Stray Moon, Text Publishing, Melbourne Australia (forthcoming).


Question: What is the museum area of the Frida Kahlo Museum?

Frida Kahlo

“Frida's bed” (2008) - a novel based on the life story of Frida Kahlo by Croatian writer, Slavenka Drakulic.


Question: What is the museum area of the Frida Kahlo Museum?

Frida Kahlo

Penguin (non-classics) ISBN 978-0-14-311415-4 Outlink Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the museum area of the Frida Kahlo Museum?

Frida Kahlo

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Question: What is the museum area of the Frida Kahlo Museum?

Frida Kahlo

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Question: What is the museum area of the Frida Kahlo Museum?

Frida Kahlo

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Question: What is the museum area of the Frida Kahlo Museum?

Frida Kahlo


Question: What is the museum area of the Frida Kahlo Museum?

Frida Kahlo

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Question: What is the museum area of the Frida Kahlo Museum?

Frida Kahlo


Question: What is the museum area of the Frida Kahlo Museum?

Frida Kahlo

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Question: What is the museum area of the Frida Kahlo Museum?

Frida Kahlo

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Question: What is the museum area of the Frida Kahlo Museum?

Frida Kahlo

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Question: What is the museum area of the Frida Kahlo Museum?

Frida Kahlo

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. {{subst: #if: |}} [[Category: {{subst: #switch: {{subst:uc:1907}} || UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of birth missing {{subst: #switch: {{subst:uc:1954}} ||LIVING =( living people)}} | #default =1907 births}}] [[Category: {subst: #switch: {subst:uc:1954}} || LIVING =Living people | UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of death missing | #default =1954 deaths}}]] Category:Mexican painters


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

Auguste Comte (Long name: Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte;) is a French philosopher known for introducing the field of sociological science as well as the flow of positivism.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

Through the principle of positivism, Comte built the basis used by academics today, namely the application of the scientific method in social sciences as a means in obtaining truth.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

Comte was also the first figure to invent the term sociology, so he earned the nickname as the Father of World Sociology.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

Life Comte was born in Montpellier, a small town in the southwestern part of the French state.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

After attending school there, he continued his education at the École Polytechnique in Paris. The École Polytechnique at the time was famous for its allegiance to idealistic republicanism and philosophy of process.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

In 1816, the polytechnic was closed for re-organization.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

Comte also left the École and continued his education at the medical school in Montpellier.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

Soon, he saw a striking difference between the Catholicism he professed with the thought of the ruling monarchist family that he was forced to leave Paris.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

Then in August 1817 he became pupil as well as secretary of Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, who then brought Comte into the sphere of intellect.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

In 1824, Comte left Saint-Simon because again he felt there was a mismatch in his relationship.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

By then, Comte knew what he had to do next: research on the philosophy of positivism.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

This plan was later published under the name Plan de travaux scientifiques nécessaires pour réorganiser la société (1822) (Indonesian: Plan of scientific studies for the resetting of society).


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

But he failed to obtain an academic position thus hindering his research.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

His life and research then began to depend on sponsorship and financial help from some of his friends.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

He later married a woman named Caroline Massine.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

Comte was known to be arrogant, cruel and irritable so in 1826 he was taken to an asylum, but he ran off before recovery.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

Then after his condition was stabilized by Massine, and he reworked what he used to plan.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

But unfortunately, he divorced Massine in 1842 for reasons not yet known.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

Moments between reworking his plans down to his divorce, he published his book entitled Le Cours de Philosophie Positivistic.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

In 1844, Comte entered into love with Clotilde de Vaux, in a relationship that remained platonic.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

After Clotilde died, this love story became quasi-religious.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

Shortly after, Comte published his book entitled Système de politique positive (1851 - 1854).


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

He died in Paris on 5 September 1857 and was buried in the Cimetière du Père Lachaise.


Question: Who is the Father of sociology?

August Comte

Referral Category:French Scientists


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The rate of light (speed of light in a vacuum chamber; speed of light), symbolized by c, is an important universal physics constant in many fields of physics.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Its precision value is 299792458meters per second (approximately 3.00×108m/s), as the length of the meter is defined based on this constant and the international standard of the time. [1]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This speed is the maximum speed that any form of energy, matter, and information in the universe can achieve.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This speed is the speed of all masseless particles and physical fields, including electromagnetic radiation in vacuum.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This speed also according to modern theory is the speed of gravity (the speed of gravitational waves).


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

These particles and waves move at speed c without depending on the source of motion or the inertial frame of reference of the observer.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In the theory of relativity, c is interrelated to space-time.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This constant appears in the mass-energy equivalence physics equation E = mc2. [2]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The speed of light that propagates through transparent materials such as glass or air is slower than c.The ratio between c and speed v (the speed of light creeper in a material) is referred to as the refractive index n of the material (n = c/v).


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

For example, the refractive index of glass generally ranges around 1.5, meaning that light in a glass travels at a speed of c/1.5 ≈ 200000km/s; the air refraction index for visible light is about 1,0003, so the speed of light in air is about 299700km/s (about 90km/s more slow than c).


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

For a variety of practical purposes, light and other electromagnetic waves will appear to propagate instantly, but for long distances and highly sensitive measurements, their limited speed has a noticeable effect.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In communicating with distant spacecraft, it can take minutes to hours for a message from Earth to reach a spacecraft, or vice versa.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The light viewed from the star left the star many years ago, which allows the study of the history of the universe by looking at distant objects.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The limited speed of light also limits the theoretical maximum speed of the computer, since information must be sent in the computer from chip to chip.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The speed of light can be used with time-of-flight measurements to measure large distances with high precision.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Ole Rømer first showed in 1676 that light travels at a finite speed (instead of instantaneously) by studying the apparent motion of Jupiter's moon Io.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In 1865, James Clerk Maxwell proposed that light is an electromagnetic wave, and therefore travels with the velocity c that appears in his theory of electromagnetism. [3]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In 1905, Albert Einstein postulated that the rate of light with respect to an inertial frame is independent of the motion of the light source, [4] and explored the consequences of the postulate by deriving the theory of special relativity and showing that the parameter c has relevance beyond the context of light and electromagnetism.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

After centuries of increasingly precise measurements, in 1975 the speed of light was known as 299792458m/s with a measurement uncertainty of 4 parts per billion.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In 1983, the meter was redefined in the International System of Units (SI) as the distance traveled by light in a vacuum in 1/299792458 of a second.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

As a result, the numerical value of c in meters per second now remains exactly with the definition of the meter. [5]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Numerical values, notation, and units The rate of light in a vacuum is usually denoted by a lowercase c, for “constant” or Latin [celeritas] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (meaning “speed”).


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Historically, the V symbol was once used as an alternative symbol for the rate of light, introduced by James Clerk Maxwell in 1865.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In 1856, Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch had used c for different constants which were later shown to be equal to √2 multiplied the rate of light in a vacuum.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In 1894, Paul Drude redefined c with its modern meaning.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Einstein used V in his original German-language paper on special relativity in 1905, but in 1907 he switched to c, which by then had become the standard symbol for the rate of light. [6] [7] Sometimes c is used for the wave rate in the medium of any material, and c0 for the rate of light in a vacuum. [8]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This subscript notation, supported in the official SI literature, [5] has the same form as other related constants: namely, μ0 for vacuum permeability or magnetic constant, ε0 for vacuum permittivity or electrical constant, and Z0 for vacuum impedance.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This article uses c exclusively for the speed of light in a vacuum.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Since 1983, the meter has been defined in the International System of Units (SI) as the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1−299792458 seconds.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This definition sets the rate of light in a vacuum at exactly 299792458m/s. [9] [10] [11] As a dimensionless physics constant, the numerical values of c differ for different unit systems. [Note 3] In branches of physics where c often appears, such as in relativity, it is common to use natural unit measurement systems or systems of geometrized units with c = 1. [13] [14] Using these units, c does not appear explicitly due to multiplication or division by 1 does not affect results.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The fundamental role in Speed physics in which light waves propagate in a vacuum is independent both from the motion of the wave source and from the inertial reference frame of the observer. [Note 4] This invariance of the speed of light was postulated by Einstein in 1905, [4] having been motivated by Maxwell's electromagnetic theory and lack of evidence for luminiferous aether; [15] it has since been consistently confirmed by many experiments.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

It is only possible to verify experimentally that the two-way light rate (e.g., from source to mirror and back again) is independent-skeleton, since it is impossible to measure the one-way light rate (e.g., from a source to a distant detector) without some convention how the clock on the source and on the detector should be synchronized.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

However, by adopting Einstein synchronization for clocks, the one-way speed of light becomes equal to the two-way speed of light by definition. [16] [17] The theory of special relativity explores the consequences of invariance c assuming that the laws of physics are the same in all frames of reference inertial. [18] [19] One consequence is that c is the rate at which all masseless particles and waves, including light, must travel in a vacuum.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Special relativity has many counterintuitive implications and is experimentally verified. [20]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

These include mass and energy equivalence (E = mc2), length contraction (moving objects become shorter), [Note 5] and time dilation (moving clocks run slower).


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The factor<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[19709,19714,2,2]}'>γ by its contracted length and time dilated is known as the Lorentz factor and is given by γ = (1 − v2/c2) −1/2, where v is the speed of objects.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The difference γ of 1 is negligible for<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[20022,20027,2,2]}'>speeds much slower than c, like most everyday speeds—the place where special relativity is approximated by Galilean relativity—but increases at relativistic velocities and diverges to infinity when v approaches c. The results of special relativity can be summarized by treating space and time as a unified structure known as space-time (with<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[20398,20403,2,2]}'>c associating units of space and time), and requiring that the theory of physics satisfies a special symmetry the so-called Lorentz invariance, that is, the mathematical formulation contains the parameter<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[20602,20607,2,2]}'>c. [23]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Lorentz invariation is an almost universal assumption for modern theories of physics, such as quantum electrodynamics, quantum chromodynamics, the Standard Model of particle physics, and general relativity.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Thus, the parameter<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[21032,21037,2,2]}'>c is ubiquitous in modern physics, appearing in many contexts unrelated to light.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

For example, general relativity predicts that<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[21192,21197,2,2]}'>c is also the speed of gravity and gravitational waves. [24] [25] On a non-inertial frame of reference (curved gravitational space or accelerated frame of reference), the local rate of light is constant and is equal to <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[22385,22390,2,2]}'>c, but the rate of light along a finite length trajectory can differ from c, depending on how distance and time are determined. [26]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

It is generally assumed that fundamental constants such as<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[22676,22681,2,2]}'>c have the same value across space-time, meaning that they do not depend on location and do not vary with time.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

However, it has been suggested in various theories that the rate of light may have changed over time. [27] [28] No conclusive evidence for such changes has been found, but it remains the subject of ongoing research. [29] [30] It is generally also assumed that the speed of light is isotropic, meaning that it has the same value independent of the direction in which it is measured.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Observations from emissions from nuclear energy levels as a function of the orientation of the nuclei emitting emissions in a magnetic field (see Hughes-Drever experiment), and rotating optical resonators (see resonator experiment) have put strict limits on the possibility of bidirectional anisotropy. [31] [32] The upper limit speed According to special relativity, the energy of an object with a silent mass m and a speed v is given by γmc2, where γ is the Lorentz factor defined above.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

When v is zero, γ equals one, thus giving rise to the famous formula E = mc2 for mass-energy equivalence.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The factor γ approaches infinity as v approaches<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[26043,26048,2,2]}'>c, and it will take an infinite amount of energy to accelerate the object by mass to the rate of light.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The rate of light is the upper limit for the speed of objects with positive silent mass, and individual photons cannot travel faster than the rate of light. [33] [34] This is experimentally proved in many tests of relativistic energy and momentum. [35]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

More generally, it is usually impossible for information or energy to travel faster daric.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

One argument for this follows from the counter-intuitive implication of special relativity known as simultaneity relativity.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

If the spatial distance between two eventsWaA andB is greater than the time interval between them multiplied by c then there is a frame of reference in ManaA preceding IB, another in ManaB preceding it, and another in which they are simultaneous.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

As a result, if something is traveling faster than c relative to an inertial frame of reference, it will be traveling backwards in time relative to another frame, and causality will be violated. [Note 6] [37] Within this frame of reference, an “effect” can be observed before its “cause”.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Such a violation of causality was never recorded, [17] and would lead to paradoxes such as antitcalling tachion. [38]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Observations and faster-than-light experiments There are situations where it may appear that matter, energy, or information is moving at a rate greater than<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[29880,29885,2,2]}'>c, but in fact it is not.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

For example, as discussed in the light propagation section in a medium below, many wave velocities can exceed c.For example, the phase velocity of X-rays through most glass may routinely exceed c, [39] but the phase velocity does not determine the speed at which the wave conveying information. [40]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

If the laser beam sweeps rapidly across a distant object, the light spot can move faster than<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[30762,30767,2,2]}'>c, although the initial motion of the place is delayed due to the time it takes for light to get to the distant object with speed <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[30890,30895,2,2]}'>c.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

However, the only physical entities that move are the laser and the light emitted, which is at a speed<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[31011,31016,2,2]}'>c from the laser to various positions from the spot.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Similarly, a shadow projected onto a distant object can be made to move faster than<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[31174,31179,2,2]}'>c, after a delay in time. [41]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In any case no matter, energy, or information moves faster than light. [42]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The rate of change in the distance between two objects in a frame of reference to which both move (their closing speed) may have a value of more than<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[32186,32191,2,2]}'>c.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

However, this does not represent the velocity of any single object measured in a single inertial frame. [42]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Certain quantum effects seem to be transmitted instantly and therefore faster than c, as in the EPR paradox.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

An example involves the quantum state of two particles that can be entangled.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Until either particle is observed, they exist in a superposition of two quantum states.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

If particles are separated and the quantum state of one particle is observed, the quantum state of another particle is determined instantaneously (i.e., faster than light could travel from one particle to another).


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

However, it is impossible to control the quantum state the particle will first take when observed, so information cannot be transmitted in this way. [42] [43] Another quantum effect that predicts the occurrence of speed faster than light is called the Hartman effect; under certain conditions of time necessary for a virtual particle to terowong through the barrier is constant, regardless of the thickness of the barrier. [44] [45] This can result in virtual particles crossing large distances faster than light.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

However, no information can be sent with this effect. [46]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Superluminal motion is seen in certain astronomical objects, [47] such as relativistic jets of radio galaxies and quasars.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

However, these jets do not move with speed more than the rate of light: the apparent superluminal motion is a projection effect caused by an object moving close to the pace of light and approaching the Earth at a small angle to the line of sight: because the light emitted when that jet is more far takes longer to reach Earth, the time between two consecutive observations corresponds to the longer time between the instant at which the light beam is emitted. [48]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In the model of the expanding universe, the farther the galaxies are from each other, the faster they move away.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This deterioration is not due to movement through space, but rather due to the expansion of space itself. [42]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

For example, galaxies far from Earth seem to be moving away from Earth with a speed proportional to their distance.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Going beyond the limits of the so-called Hubble sphere, the rate at which their distance from Earth increases to greater than the rate of light. [49]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Propagation of light In classical physics, light is described as a type of electromagnetic wave.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The classical behavior of electromagnetic fields is described by Maxwell's equations, which predict that the speed<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[36865,36870,2,2]}'>c at which electromagnetic waves (such as light) propagate through vacuum is related to the electric constant ε0 and the magnetic constant μ0 with equation [50] c = 1 ε 0 μ 0. {\ displaystyle c= {\ frac {1} {\ sqrt {\ varepsilon _ {0}\ mu _ {0}}}}\.}


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In modern quantum physics, electromagnetic fields are described by the theory of quantum electrodynamics (quantum electrodynamics, QED).


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In this theory, light is described by fundamental excitations (or quanta) of an electromagnetic field, called photons.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In QED, photons are masseless particles and thus, according to special relativity, they travel at the rate of light in a vacuum.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Extensions of QED where photons have mass have been considered.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In such a theory, the speed will depend on frequency, and the invariant speed<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[37916,37921,2,2]}'>c of special relativity will then be the upper limit of the rate of light in a vacuum. [26]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

No variation in the rate of light with frequency has been observed in rigorous testing, [51] [52] [53] placing strict limits on the mass of photons.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The limit is obtained depending on the model used: if a massive photon is described by Proca theory, [54] the experimental upper limit for mass is about 10−57 grams; [55] if the mass of the photon is generated by the Higgs mechanism, the experimental upper bound is less sharp, m ≤ 10−14 EV/C2 [54] (roughly 2×10−47g ).


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Another reason for the speed of light varying with frequency would be the failure of special relativity to apply to small scales, as predicted by some proposed theories of quantum gravity.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In 2009, observations of the spectrum of gamma-ray bursts GRB 090510 found no difference in the velocities of photons with different energies, confirming that Lorentz invariance was verified at least down to the Planck length scale (LP=√g/C3≈ 1.6163×10−35m) divided by 1.2. [56]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In a medium In a medium, light usually does not travel at the same rate as c; different types of light waves will travel at different speeds.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The speed at which the individual peaks and troughs of the wave field (the wave fills the entire space, with only one frequency) propagate is called phasevp velocity.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Physical signals with limited limits (light pulses) move at different speed.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The largest part of the pulse runs at group-kvg speed, and the earliest part goes at depanvf speed.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Phase velocity is important in determining how light waves move through matter or from one material to another.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

It is often represented in terms of refractive index.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The refractive index of a material is defined as the ratio c to<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[43071,43076,2,2]}'>vp phase velocity in the material: a larger refractive index indicates lower speed.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The refractive index of a material may depend on the frequency, intensity, polarization, or direction of propagation of light; although, in most cases, it can be treated as a material-dependent constant.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The refractive index of air is about 1,0003. [57]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Denser media, such as water, [58] glass, [59] and diamond, [60] have refractive indices of about 1.3, 1.5 and 2.4, in sequence, for visible light.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In exotic materials such as Bose-Einstein condensate near absolute zero, the effective rate of light may be only a few meters per second.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

However, this represents a delay in absorption and re-radiation between atoms, as all speeds are slower than c in matter substances.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

As an extreme example of the “deceleration” of light in matter, two independent teams of physicists claimed to make light “stop completely” by passing it through the Bose-Einstein condensate of the element rubidium, one team at Harvard University and the Rowland Institute for Science in Cambridge, Mass., and others at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, also in Cambridge.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

However, the popular description of “stopped” light in these experiments refers only to light being stored in an excited state from an atom, then re-emitted at a later time, as it is stimulated by a second laser pulse.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

As long as it “stops,” it no longer becomes light.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This type of behavior is generally microscopically true in all transparent media that “slow down” the rate of light. [61]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In transparent materials, the refractive index is generally greater than 1, meaning that the phase velocity is less than c.In other materials, it is possible for the refractive index to be smaller than 1 for some frequencies; in some exotic materials it is even possible for the refractive index to be negative. [62]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The requirement that causality is not violated implies that the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant of any material, corresponding respectively to the refractive index and with the attenuation coefficient, are connected by the Kramer—Kronig relation. [63]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Practically speaking, this means that in materials with a refractive index less than 1, absorption of very fast waves for which no signal can be sent faster than c.A pulse with different group and phase velocities (which happens if the phase velocity is not the same for all frequencies pulses) propagate over time, a process known as dispersion.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Certain materials have very low (or even zero) group velocities for light waves, a phenomenon called slow light, which has been confirmed in various experiments. [64] [65] [66] [67] In contrast, group velocities exceeding c, have also been shown in experiments. [68]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

It is even possible for group velocities to be infinity or negative, with pulses traveling instantaneously or backward in time. [69]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

None of these options, however, allow information to be transmitted faster than c. It is impossible to transmit information with a light pulse faster than the speed of the initial part of the pulse (front velocity).


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

It can show that this is (under certain assumptions) always equal to c. [69] It is possible for particles to travel through the medium faster than the phase speed of light in the medium (but still slower than c).


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

When a charged particle performs it in a dielectric material, the electromagnetic equivalent of a shock wave, known as Cherenkov radiation, is emitted. [70]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The practical effect of limitations The light rate is relevant for communication: round-trip and one-way delay time is greater than zero. This is true from small-scale to astronomical.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

On the other hand, some techniques depend on the finite rate of light, for example in distance measurements.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Small scale In supercomputers, the speed of light imposes limits on how fast data can be sent between processors.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

If the processor operates at 1 gigahertz, the signal can only travel a maximum of about 30cm in one cycle.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Processors must therefore be placed close to each other to minimize communication latency; this can cause difficulties with the coolant.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

If the clock frequency continues to increase, the light rate will eventually become the limiting factor for the internal design of a single cip. [71]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Large distances on Earth For example, given the Earth's equatorial circumference is about 40075km and c about 300000km/s, the theoretical shortest time for a piece of information to travel half a world along the surface is about 67 milliseconds.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

When light travels around the world in optical fibers, the actual transit time is longer, partly because the speed of light is slower by about 35% in optical fibers, depending on its n refractive index. [72]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Furthermore, straight lines are rare in global communication situations, and delays occur when a signal passes through an electronic switch or signal regenerator. [73]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Space flight and astronomy Similarly, communication between Earth and spacecraft is not instantaneous.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

There is a short delay from source to receiver, which becomes more noticeable as the distance increases.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This delay was significant for communications between ground control and Apollo 8 when it became the first manned spacecraft to orbit the Moon: for every question, the ground control station had to wait at least tigadetically for answers to arrive. [74]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Communication delays between Earth and Mars could vary between five and twenty minutes depending on the relative positions of the two planets.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

As a consequence of this, if robots on the surface of Mars faced a problem, human controllers would not be aware of it until at least five minutes later, and possibly until twenty minutes later; it would then take five to twenty minutes for a clue to perform travel from Earth to Mars.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

NASA will have to wait several hours for information from the spacecraft orbiting Jupiter, and if necessary to correct the navigation error, the fix will not arrive at the spacecraft for the same amount of time, creating a risk of correction not arriving in time.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Receiving light and signals from distant astronomical sources can even take longer.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

For example, it takes 13billion (13×109) years for light to travel to Earth from distant galaxies seen in Hubble Ultra Deep Field images. [75] [76] Those photos, taken today, capture images of galaxies as they looked 13 billion years ago, when nature the universe is less than a billion years old. [75]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The fact that more distant objects appear younger, due to the limited rate of light, allows astronomers to infer the evolution of stars, galaxies, and the universe itself.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Astronomical distances are sometimes expressed in light years, especially in popular science publications and media. [77]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

One light-year is the distance that light travels in one year, about 9461billion kilometres, 5879billion miles, or 0.3066 parsecs.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In round numbers, one light year is nearly 10trillion kilometers or nearly 6trillion miles.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Proxima Centauri, the closest star to Earth after the Sun, is about 4.2 light-years away. [78]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Distance measurement The radar system measures the distance to the target by the time it takes a radio wave pulse to return to the radar antenna after it is reflected by the target: the distance to the target is half the round-trip transit time multiplied by the rate of light.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

A Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver measures the distance to GPS satellites based on how long it takes for radio signals to arrive from each satellite, and from this distance calculates the position of the receiver.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Since light travels about 300000kilometers (186000mils) in one second, measurements of tiny fractions of a second must be very precise.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment, radar astronomy and the Deep Space Network determined the distance to the Moon, [79] planets [80] and spacecraft, [81] sequentially, by measuring round-trip transit times.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

High-frequency trading Light rate has become important in high-frequency trading, where traders seek to gain minute profits by giving their trades to exchange fractional seconds ahead of other traders.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

For example, traders have switched to microwave communication between trading hubs, due to the advantage of microwaves traveling near the rate of light in the air, over fiber-optic signals traveling 30-40% slower than the rate of light through glass. [82]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Measurement There are different ways to determine the value of c.One way is to measure the actual rate at which light waves propagate, which can be done with various astronomical and earth-based setups.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

However, it is also possible to define c from other physical laws in which it arises, for example, by determining the values of the electromagnetic constants ε0 and μ0 and using their relation to c.Historically, the most accurate results have been obtained by separately determining the frequency and wavelength of rays, with their products equaling c. In 1983 the meter was defined as “the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during an interval of 1−299792458 seconds”, [83] setting the value of the light rate at 299792458m/s by definition, as described below.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

As a result, accurate measurements of the speed of light result in an accurate realization of the meter rather than an accurate value of c. Astronomical measurements of space are convenient settings for measuring the rate of light because the scale is large and vacuum is almost perfect.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Typically, one measures the time it takes for light to traverse a reference distance within the solar system, such as the radius of the earth's orbit.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Historically, such measurements could be made fairly accurate, compared to how accurately the length of the reference distance is known in Earth-based units.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

It is customary to express results in astronomical units (SA) per day.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Ole Christensen Rømer used astronomical measurements to make the first quantitative estimation of the rate of light. [84] [85] When measured from Earth, the period of the moon orbiting a planet was shorter as the Earth approached the planet than when the Earth was away from it.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The distance traveled by light from the planet (or its moon) to Earth is shorter when Earth is at the point in its orbit closest to the planet than when Earth is at its furthest point in its orbit, the difference in distance being the diameter of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The observed change in the moon's orbital period is due to the difference in the time it takes light to traverse shorter or longer distances.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Rømer observed this effect for Jupiter's innermost moon Io and concluded that the light required 22 minutes to cross the diameter of Earth's orbit.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Another way is to use light aberrations, invented and described by James Bradley in the 18th century. [86]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This effect results from vector summation of the rate of light coming from a distant source (such as a star) and the observer's velocity (see diagram on the right), so that a moving observer sees light coming from a slightly different direction and consequently sees the source in a position that shifts from the original position.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Since the direction of Earth's velocity changes constantly when the Earth orbits the Sun, this effect causes the star's apparent position to move.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

From the angular difference in the position of the star (maximum 20.5 arc seconds) [87] it is possible to express the rate of light in terms of the speed of the Earth around the sun, which with a known length from a year can be converted to the time required for passage from the Sun to Earth.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In 1729, Bradley used this method to obtain that light traveled 10,210 times faster than Earth in its orbit (modern numbers 10,066 times faster) or, equivalently, that light needed 8 minutes 12 seconds to travel from the Sun to Earth. [86]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Astronomical unit The astronomical unit (SA) is approximately the average distance between the Earth and the Sun.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

SA was redefined in 2012 as exactly 149597870700m. [88] [89] Previously SA was not based on the International System of Units but in terms of the gravitational force exerted by the Sun in classical mechanics. [Note 7] The current definition uses the recommended value in meters for the previous definition of astronomical units, determined by measurements. [88]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This redefinition is analogous to the meter, and also has the effect of setting the rate of light to the exact value in astronomical units per second (through the exact rate of light in meters per second).


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Previously, the inverse daric expressed in seconds per astronomical unit was measured by comparing the time for radio signals to reach different spacecraft in the Solar System, with their positions calculated from the gravitational effects of the Sun and various planets.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

By combining many such measurements, the best value for light time per unit distance can be obtained.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

For example, in 2009, the best estimate, approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), was: [91] [92] Light time for units of distance: 499.004783836 (10) s c=0.00200398880410 (4) Sa/s=173.144632674 (3) SA/day.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The relative uncertainty in this measurement is 0.02 parts per billion (2×10−11), equivalent to the uncertainty in Earth-based length measurements by interferometry. [93]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Since the meter is defined as the mileage of light in a given time interval, the measurement of light time in terms of the previous definition of astronomical unit can also be interpreted as measuring the length of one SA (old definition) in meters. [Note 8] JMPL|ka|alt=A ray of light passes horizontally through the half-mirror and the gear rotates, is reflected back by the mirror, passing through the gears, and this is reflected from the half-mirror becoming one-edged. |Fizeau apparatus diagram A method of measuring the rate of light is to measure the time it takes for light to travel to a mirror at a known distance and back.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This is the principle acting on the Fizeau-Foucault apparatus developed by Hippolyte Fizeau and Léon Foucault.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The setup as used by Fizeau consisted of a beam of light directed at a mirror 8 kilometres (5mi) away.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

On the way from the source to the mirror, the beam of light passes through a rotating toothed wheel.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

At a certain level of rotation, the beam of light passes through one gap on the way out and another gap on the way back, but at a level slightly higher or lower, the beam of light hits the gear and does not pass through the wheel.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Knowing the distance between the wheel and the mirror, the number of teeth on the wheel, and the rate of rotation, the light rate can be calculated. [94]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Foucault's method replaces toothed wheels with rotating mirrors.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Because the mirror continues to rotate while the light travels to the distant mirror and back, the light reflected from the mirror rotates at a different angle on the way out than on the way back.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

From this angular difference, the speed of rotation and the distance to the distant mirror known light rate can be calculated. [95]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Currently, using oscilloscopes with a time resolution of less than one nanosecond, the rate of light can be directly measured by the time of delay of a pulse of light from a laser or LED reflected from a mirror.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This method is less precise (with errors of the order of 1%) than other modern techniques, but it is sometimes used as a laboratory experiment in college physics classes. [96] [97] [98] Electromagnetic constants Option to derive c that does not directly depend on Electromagnetic wave propagation measurement is to use the relationship between c and vacuum permittivity ε0 and vacuum permeability μ0 established by Maxwell's theory: c2=1/ (ε0μ0).


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The permittivity of the vacuum can be determined by measuring the capacitance and dimensions of the capacitor, while the value of the vacuum permeability is fixed at exactly 4π×10−7Hm−1 through the definition of amperage.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Rosa and Dorsey used this method in 1907 to find the value 299710±22km/s. [99] [100] Cavity resonance Another way to measure the rate of light is to separately measure the frequency f and wavelength λ of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The value c is then obtained with the relationship c=fλ.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

One option is to measure the resonant frequency of a cavity resonator.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

If the cavity dimension of the resonance is also known, this can be used to determine the wavelength of that wave.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In 1946, Louis Essen and A.C. Gordon-Smith determined the frequency of an assortment of the normal mode of microwaves of microwave cavity with carefully known dimensions.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Dimensions were determined to an accuracy of about ±0.8μm with a gauge calibrated with interferometry. [99]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Since the wavelength of modes is known from cavity geometry and from electromagnetic theory, knowledge of the associated frequencies allows calculation of wavelengths. [99] [101] The Essen-Gordon-Smith result, 299792±9km/s, is substantially more precise than that found with the technique optics. [99]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In 1950, a re-measurement by Essen established a yield of 299792.5±3.0km/s. [102]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

A household demonstration of this technique is possible, using microwave ovens and foods such as marshmallows or margarine: if the turntable is taken so that the food does not move, it will cook fastest at the antinode (the points where the amplitude of the wave is the greatest ), where it will begin to melt.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The distance between the two points is half the wavelength of the microwave; by measuring this distance and multiplying the wavelength by the frequency of the microwave (usually displayed at the back of the oven, usually 2450MHz), the value of c can be calculated, “often with less than error 5% “. [103] [104] Interferometry interferometry is another method for finding wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation to determine the rate of light. [105]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

A coherent beam of light (for example from a laser), with known frequency (f), is divided to follow two paths and then combined.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

By adjusting the path length while observing interference patterns and carefully measuring changes in path length, the wavelength of light (λ) can be determined.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The light rate is then calculated using the equation<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[81245,81250,2,2]}'>c=λf.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Before the advent of laser technology, coherent radio sources were used for interferometric measurements of the rate of light. [106]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

However the interferometric determination of the wavelength gets less precise as the wavelength increases so the experiment is limited in precision by the long (~0.4cm) waves of the radio waves.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Precision can be improved using light with shorter wavelengths, but then it becomes difficult to directly measure the frequency of light.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

One way of solving this problem is to start with a low-frequency signal of a frequency that can be precisely measured, and from this signal progressively synthesize a higher frequency signal whose frequency can be connected to the original signal.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

A laser can then be locked to frequency, and the wavelength can be determined by interferometry. [107]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This technique was due to a group at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) (which later became NIST).


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

They used it in 1972 to measure the rate of light in a vacuum with a fractional uncertainty of 3.5 × 10—9.3.5×10−9. [107] [108] History Until the early modern period, it is not known whether light travels instantaneously or at a finite extremely fast rate.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The first recorded extant research of this was in Ancient Greece.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Ancient Greeks, Muslim scholars, and classical European scholars long debated this until Rømer gave the first calculation of the rate of light.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity concluded that the rate of light is a constant regardless of one's frame of reference.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Since then, scientists have provided increasingly accurate measurements.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The early history of Empedocles (c. 490—430 BC) was the first to propose a theory of light [115] and claim that light has a finite rate. [116]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

It maintains that light is something that moves, and therefore requires time to travel.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Aristotle argued, on the contrary, that “light is due to the presence of something, but not movement”. [117]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Euklides and Ptolemaeus advanced Empedocles' theory of vision emission, in which light is emitted from the eye, thus allowing viewing.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Based on that theory, Heron of Alexandria argued that the rate of light must be infinite because distant objects such as stars appear soon after opening the eye.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Early Islamic philosophers initially agreed with Aristotle's view that light had no pace of travel.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In 1021, Alhazen (Ibn Haitham) published the Book of Optics, in which he presented a series of arguments rejecting the theory of vision emission in favor of the now accepted theory of intromission, in which light travels from object to eye. [118]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This led Alhazen to propose that light must have a finite rate, [117] [119] [120] and that the rate of light is variable, decreasing in denser objects. [120] [121] He argued that light is substantial matter, its propagation takes time, even if this hidden from our senses. [122]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Also in the 11th century, al-Biruni agreed that light has a finite speed, and observed that the rate of light is much faster than the speed of sound. [123]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In the 13th century, Roger Bacon argued that the rate of light in air was finite, using philosophical arguments supported by the writing of Alhazen and Aristotle. [124] [125] In the 1270s, Witelo considered the possibility of light moving at infinite rates in a vacuum, but slows down in denser objects. [126]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In the 14th century, Sayana had made a statement about the pace of light in his commentary on the Hindu Regweda. [127]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In the early 17th century, Johannes Kepler believed that the rate of light was finite, because empty space did not provide an obstacle to light.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

René Descartes argued that if the rate of light were limited, the Sun, Earth, and Moon would be out of alignment during a lunar eclipse.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Since such misjuxtapositions have not been observed, Descartes concluded the rate of light is finite.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Descartes speculated that if the rate of light were limited, his entire philosophy system might be destroyed. [117]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In Descartes' derivation of Snell's law, he assumed that although the rate of light is momentary, the denser the medium, the faster the rate of light. [128]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Pierre de Fermat derived Snell's law using the opposite assumption, the denser the medium the slower the light moves.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Fermat also argued in favor of the finite speed of light. [129]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

First measurement attempt In 1629, Isaac Beeckman proposed an experiment in which someone observed the flash of a cannon reflected off a mirror about a mile (1.6km) away.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In 1638, Galileo Galilei proposed experiments, with the obvious claim to have done that a few years earlier, to measure the rate of light by observing the delay between opening the lantern and perception in a place some distance away.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

He was unable to discern whether light travels instantaneous or not, but concluded that otherwise it must still be unusually fast. [109] [110] In 1667, the Accademia del Cimento of Florence reported that they had conducted an experiment of Galileo, with lanterns spaced around one mile, but no delay was observed.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The actual delay in this experiment would be about 11 microseconds.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The first quantitative estimate of the rate of light was made in 1676 by Rømer (see Rømer Determination of the rate of light). [84] [85] From the observation that the period of Jupiter's innermost moon Io appears shorter when the Earth approaches Jupiter than when it shies away from it, he concludes that light was running at a finite rate, and estimated that the light needed 22 minutes to cross the diameter of the Earth's orbit.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Christiaan Huygens combined these estimates with estimates for the diameter of Earth's orbit to obtain an estimated light rate of 220000km/s, 26% lower than the actual value. [113]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In his 1704 book Opticks, Isaac Newton reported Rømer's calculations for the finite rate of light and gave a value of “seven or eight minutes” for the time required for light to travel from the sun to earth (modern value 8min 19sec). [130]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Newton asked if the shadows of this Rømer eclipse were colored; hearing that they were not, he concluded different colors were moving at the same rate.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In 1729, James Bradley discovered stellar aberrations. [86]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

From this effect he determined that light must move 10,210 times faster than Earth in its orbit (modern numbers 10,066 times faster) or, similarly, that light would require 8 minutes 12 seconds to travel from sun to earth. [86]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Relationship with electromagnetism In the 19th century Hippolyte Fizeau developed a method for determining the rate of light based on measurements of flying time on Earth and reported a value of 315000km/s.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

His method was improved by Léon Foucault who obtained a value of 298000km/s in 1862. [94]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In 1856, Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch measured the ratio of electromagnetic and electrostatic units of the charge, 1/√ε0μ0, by releasing charge from the Leyden tube, and found that its numerical value was very close to the rate of light measured directly by Fizeau.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The following year Gustav Kirchhoff calculated that electrical signals in unimpeded wire run along the wire at this speed. [131]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In the early 1860s, Maxwell showed that, according to the theory of electromagnetism he worked on, electromagnetic waves propagate in empty space [132] [133] [134] at the same speed as the Weber/Kohrausch ratio above, and drew attention to the numerical proximity of this value with the rate of light measured by Fizeau, he proposed that light is actually an electromagnetic wave. [135]”


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Luminiferous aether” It was thought at the time that empty space was filled with a background medium called luminiferous aether in which an electromagnetic field existed.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Some physicists think that this aether acts as a selected frame of reference for the propagation of light and therefore it should be possible to measure the motion of the earth with respect to this medium, by measuring the isotropy of the speed of light.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Beginning in the 1880s several experiments were carried out to try to detect this motion, the most famous being the experiment conducted by Albert A. Michelson and Edward W. Morley in 1887. [136]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Detected motion is always less than observation error.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Modern experiments show that the two-way rate of light is isotropic (equal in each direction) up to 6 nanometers per second. [137]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Because of this experiment Hendrik Lorentz proposed that the motion of the apparatus through the aether could cause the apparatus to contract along its length in the direction of movement, and he further assumed, that the time variable for a moving system should also be changed accordingly (“local time”), which led to the formulation of the Lorentz transformation.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Based on Lorentz's aether theory, Henri Poincaré (1900) showed that this local time (to the first order in v/c) is indicated by a clock moving in an aether, which is synchronized assuming the speed of light is constant.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In 1904, he speculated that the rate of light could be the limiting velocity in dynamics, provided that all these assumptions of Lorentz's theory were confirmed.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In 1905, Poincaré brought Lorentz's aether theory into full observational agreement with the principle of relativity. [138] [139] Special relativity In 1905 Einstein postulated from the start that the rate of light in a vacuum, measured by an unaccelerated observer, was independent of movement of the source or observer.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Using this and the principle of relativity as a basis he derived the theory of special relativity, in which the rate of light in vacuum c becomes an elementary constant, also appearing in contexts unrelated to light.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This made the concept of the stationary aether (which Lorentz and Poincare still professed) useless and revolutionized the concept of space and time. [140] [141] Improved accuracy c and redefinition of meters and seconds In the second half of the 20th century much progress was made in improving the accuracy of light rate measurements, first with cavity resonance technique and then with laser interferometer technique.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This is helped by a new and more precise definition of meters and seconds.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In 1950, Louis Essen determined the rate of light as 299792.5±1km/s, using cavity resonance.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This value was adopted by the 12th General Assembly of the Radio-Scientific Union in 1957.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In 1960, the meter was redefined based on the line wavelength of a particular spectrum of crypton-86, and, in 1967, seconds were redefined based on the hyperfine transition frequency of the ground state of sesium-133.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

In 1972, using laser interferometer methods and new definitions, a group at NBS in Boulder, Colorado determined the rate of light in a vacuum to be c=299792456.2±1.1m/s.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This is 100 times more certain than the previously received value.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The remaining uncertainties are mainly related to the definition of the meter. [Note 11] [108] Because similar experiments found comparable results for c, the 15th General Conference on Weights and Measures (French: Conférence générale des poids et mesures, CGPM) in 1975 recommended using the value 299792458m/s for the rate of light. [144]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Defining the rate of light as an explicit constant In 1983 the 17th CGPM found that the wavelengths of the frequency measurements and values given for the rate of light were more reproducible than previous standards.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

They retained the 1967 definition of seconds, so that the frequency of hyperfine sesium would now determine both seconds and meters.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

To do this, they redefined the meter as: “The meter is the length of the distance traveled by light in a vacuum during an interval of 1/299792458 of a second. “[83]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

As a result of this definition, the value of the rate of light in a vacuum is exactly 299792458m/s [145] [146] and has become a constant defined in the SI unit system. [11]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

Improved experimental techniques that before 1983 would measure the rate of light, no longer affect the known value of the light rate in SI units, but rather allow more precise realization of the meter by more accurately measuring the wavelength of Crypton-86 and the light source others. [147] [148] In 2011, the CGPM stated its intention to define all seven SI basis units using the so-called “explicit constants formulation”, in which each “unit is defined indirectly by specifying explicitly a definite value for a constant recognized basis”, as was done for the rate of light.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

The CGPM proposes the wording of a new, but completely equivalent, definition of meter: “The meter, symbol m, is a unit of length; the magnitude is set by setting the numerical value of the rate of light in a vacuum to be equal to exactly 299792458 when expressed in SI units m s−1. “[149]


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

This is one of the proposed changes to be included in the next revision of the SI also called the New SI.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

See also Light-second refractive index Electrical speed Gravity speed Reference Note Further reading Historic references Translated as Modern reference CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) Outside links Popular Science Monthly, September 1930, p.17—18.


Question: What is the speed of light?

Light rate

(International Bureau of Weights and Measures, BIPM) (National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST) (data download gathered by Albert A. Michelson) (Java applet demonstrating group velocity information limits) at MathPages (University of Colorado Department of Physics) (Sixty Symbols, University of Nottingham Department of Physics [video]) (Speed of light as Live-Counter) Category:Electromagnetism Category:Unit Speed Category:Light Category:Special Relativity


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor is a United States Navy base on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

Many of the ports and surrounding areas constitute United States underwater Navy bases: the Mabes of the United States Pacific Fleet.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

The Pearl Harbor attack by Japan on December 7, 1941 brought the United States onto the World War II scene.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

In the morning of 7 December 1941, aircraft and submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy held a surprise attack on the United States under the orders of Admiral Madya Chuichi Nagumo.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

This surprise attack is also known as the Bombing of Pearl Harbor and the Warfare of Pearl Harbor but, mostly in general, the Attack on Pearl Harbor or briefly Pearl Harbor.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

These attacks brought the United States onto the World War II scene.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

At 06:00 local time on 8 December, 6 Japanese carriers launched the first wave of 181 aircraft composed of torpedo bombers, diver bomber aircraft, bombers and horizontal fighter aircraft.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

The Japanese attacked American ships and military installations at 07:53 local time.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

They attacked the military LT at the same time they attacked the fleet anchored at Pearl Harbor.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

In all, 21 ships of the Pacific fleet were sunk or damaged, aircraft losses were 188 wiped out and 159 damaged, the American dead numbered 2,403.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

That number included 68 civilians, and there were 1,178 militant members and civilian men wounded.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

The history of Pearl Harbor Before 1941 Beginning broadly, the shallow cove or Wai Momi Bay, means “Pearl Waters”, or Pu'uloa, by Hawaiian residents, Pearl Harbor is considered the home of the whale goddess Ka'ahupahau and her brother Kahi'uka.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

The port was full of oyster production until the late 1800s. Earlier in the day following the arrival of Captain James Cook, Pearl Harbor was unremembered as a suitable port for shallow waters.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

The United States and the Kingdom of Hawaii signed the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 in Supplement to the Convention on 6 December 1884 and passed in 1887.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

On January 20, 1887, the United States Congress allowed the Navy to lease Pearl Harbor as a Navy base (the United States took over on November 9 of that year).


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

In the aftermath, Hawaii got the exclusive right to allow Hawaiian sugar to enter the United States duty-free.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

The Spanish—United States War of 1898 and the need for the United States to remain present in the Pacific resulted in the decision of annexing Hawaii.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

After annexation, Pearl Harbor was equipped again to provide more Navy ships.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

In 1908 the Pearl Harbor Marine Shipyard was established.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

Schofield Barracks, built in 1909 to house artillery, cavalry and infantry units, became the largest Army notch in those days.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

In 1917 Ford Island in the middle of Pearl Harbor was purchased for joint use of the Navy and Army for the development of military aviation.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

As Japan's presence grew in the Pacific, the United States augmented its ships here.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

With tensions rising between the United States and Japan in 1940, the United States began attempting exercise operations at that base.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese on 7 December 1941 brought the United States into World War II.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor After December 8, 1941 See article Bombing of Pearl Harbor.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor Marine Shipyard Built as the Naval Reserve of Pearl Harbor in 1908, the former coal filling station has grown to play a staple role in the management of the Pacific Fleet of the United States Navy.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

That's the largest shipping repair facility on a surface area in the Pacific between the west coast of the United States and the Far East.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

The shipyard was heavily overwhelmed in repairs to the Pacific Fleet following the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

The ship's lifting site to the onshore dock and her workshop preserved and serviced absolutely the entire Navy ship from submarines (including 688-) to aircraft carriers.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

The shipyard is Hawaii's largest industrial employer now, with more than 4,500 civilian workers and nearly 800 uniform-clad personnel.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

The Final Countdown is another film related to Pearl Harbor where the USS Nimitz from 1980 slid backwards in 1941 the day before the attack.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

The fictional 'History' of Pearl Harbor was also the title of a 2001 film about the 1941 attacks.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

Tora!


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

Tora!


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

Tora! is still another movie with regards to Pearl Harbor.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

This one (which many believe to be the best movie Pearl Harbor ever made) deals with the whole thing on the attacks.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

The way the film sets in on the attack at the last moment of Pearl Harbor is almost as long as the real event.


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

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Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

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Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

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Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

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Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

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Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor


Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

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Question: What is the area of Pearl Harbor?

Pearl Harbor

Category:Hawaii Category:Gulf Category:Conflicts of 1941 Category:Battles and military operations in World War II Category:Battles of World War II involved Japan Category:Battles of World War II involved the United States Category:Japan within 1941 Category:United States in 1941


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

Tanakh (Judaism) Torah (Instruction) Nevi'im (Prophets) Former Latter Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Ketuvim (Writings) Poetic Five Megillot (Scrolls) Historical Old Testament (Christianity) Pentateuch Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Historical Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Wisdom Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Prophetic Major Prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor Prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch/Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Bees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Bible portalvt Book of Ecclesiastes (English: Ecclesiastes) is part of the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament in the Christian Bible.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

The title is derived from Hebrew: קוהלת (Qohelet).


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

The basis of this word is קהל (Qahal), meaning “association”.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

It is this word Qohelet that translates to “Ecclesiastes” which implies a religious function.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

But the content of this Book does not reflect that function.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

Because of this, some scholars propose the teacher as an alternative translation, although even this word does not manage to fully capture the basic ideas conceived in its Hebrew terms.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

In the Daily Indonesian Bible (BIS), the word qohelet in the text translates to 'The Thinker'.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

The Preacher was literally someone who preached to this meeting.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

In English, the book is called Ecclesiastes derived from the Greek in the book of Septuaginta (LXX): Εκκλησιαστής.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

The word is derived from the Greek word: Εκκλησία (Church/congregation).


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

It means just the same, which is “someone who preaches at a meeting.”


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

The Book of Ecclesiastes contains the fruit of the mind of 'The Thinker'.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

He reflects deeply on how short this human life is, full of opposition, injustice and things that are difficult to understand.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

So he concluded that “life is wasted”.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

He cannot understand God's actions in determining the fate of man.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

But despite this, he advised people to work vigorously, and to as much as possible and enjoy God's gifts.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

Most of the fruits of the Thinker's mind are discordant, even desperate.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

But the fact that this book is included in the Bible, suggests that the faith on which the Bible bases is broad enough to consider also such indecision and despair.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

Many people who have read this book are comforted, because they seem to see their attributes standing in this book of Ecclesiastes.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

They also realize that the Bible which reflects discordant thoughts, also gives hope about God, hope that gives true meaning of life. [1]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

Famous verses: What ever existed will exist again, and what was ever made will be made again; there is nothing new under the sun.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

: For everything there is its time, for anything under the sky there is its time.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

: I have seen the work that God gave to the children of men to exhaust him.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

He made everything beautiful in time, even he gave eternity in their hearts.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

: Be glad, O young man, in your youthfulness, let your heart rejoice in your youth, and repose the desires of your heart and the sight of your eyes, but know that because of all these things God will bring you to justice!


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

: Remember your Creator in your youth, before the unfortunate days and approaching years you said, “There is no pleasure for me in it!”


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

The source of the Masoret Text Manuscript (Hebrew, 10th century AD) Septuaginta (Greek; 3rd century BC) Dead Sea Manuscript (Hebrew, 2nd century BC), especially: [2] 4Q109 Ecclesiastesa (4QQoha) 4Q110 Ecclesiastesb (4QQoHb) Ecclesiastesa in the Canons of the Book of Ecclesiastesa constitutes one of five scrolls ( Megillot) which is read on the feast of Pondok Daun. [3]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

In the canon of the Hebrew Bible, it is included in the writings section (Jewish: Ketuvim) and is in the 6th order of the passage. [4]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

Later in other canons, such as the Septuaginta and Vulgata (Latin; current Roman Catholic canon), there are groupings of writings thought to be from David and Solomon. [5]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

Thus the sequence is Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, the Great Kidung, the Wisdom of Solomon (in the Protestant canon the book of Solomon's Wisdom is considered apocrypha). [5]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

The reason for this placement is an indirect reference to Solomon and the existence of wisdom writings attributed to Solomon's name. [5]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

This group is placed after the Psalms because writings thought to be from Solomon must be placed after writings dating from David, his father. [5]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

In fact, the book of Ecclesiastes has contradictions with Jewish orthodoxy at that time. [3]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

That's why there is an interpretation that says that chapter 12:12-14 is an addition to the aim of directing this book towards orthodoxy, which is the application of the laws of Judaism. [3]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

It seems that this book made it into the Jewish canon because it is thought to be from Solomon. [3]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

The debate over the author Traditionally the author of the Book of Ecclesiastes is believed to have been Solomon, son of David, who was known to have divine wisdom. [6]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

Traditional Jewish interpreters read literally the verse and translated it as a result of Solomon's garland. [6]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

This traditional interpretation persisted until the emergence of critical methods, both historical and literary, which saw inconsistencies in some parts. [6]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

There are several reasons leading to the conjecture that the author of this book is not Solomon: Content Reason First of all, indeed Solomon's name is never explicitly said in the whole book and also in chapter 1:16 it says that there were people who ruled Jerusalem before Ecclesiastes , whereas there was only one man who had ruled Jerusalem before Solomon, David. [6]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

This is refuted by the fact that indeed before Solomon, only David as king of the Kingdom of Israel ruled in Jerusalem, but before that there were already a number of kings in Jerusalem when it was still controlled by the Canaanites, among others Melchizedek (), Adoni-Zedek (), and Abdi-Khepa (referred to in Amarna epistles), and furthermore no king was as wise as Solomon in Jerusalem. [7]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

There is also an impression that the king or royal figure who speaks is only in chapter 1-2, while the rest of the impression that arises is an old man who broods and advises. [6]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

Plus in chapter 8:2-8 it is mentioned about the behavior of a man in front of the king, so that part must be the thought of a man, not a king. [6]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

The reason Language Language is constantly undergoing development. [6]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

In this book there are many expressions influenced by Aramaic, for example sye from asyer and illu from im lo. [6]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

Whereas the influence of Aramaic on Hebrew is considered to have only begun before the banishment (587/6 BC) until it became dominant during the time of the banishment (538 BC), and was finally used with Hebrew as the language of association for the inhabitants of Palestine in the time of Jesus. [6]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

In addition, the phrases of this book also bear much resemblance to expressions in the Mishna, which is a collection of Jewish oral laws, and the writing of the Mishna could not have been adjacent to the time of Solomon. [6]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

The reason for Thought in this book is the influence of Greek thought, although it is not necessary to assume that the author adheres to a particular Greek philosophic thought. [6]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

The influence of Greek thought began to spread in the area around the Middle Sea in the time of Alexander the Great and afterwards. [6]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

Reason Language Style Critically literary, it can be known that there is a change in the narrator in this book, namely in chapter 1-2 the narrator as if identifying himself with Solomon, but after that the narrator seems to be an old figure said before. [6]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

Then it can also be found that the style of disfiguring famous royal figures, is an imitation of ancient Egyptian literary art that always refers wise words to a luminary king of the past. [6]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

Writing Time Regarding the time of writing, there are a variety of different opinions. [5]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

If it is accepted that the author is Solomon, then this book was written in the 9th century BC, but there is a consensus among some experts that the time of writing the Book of Ecclesiastes was between 400-200 BC. [5] [8] The reason is that it was written after the banishment and also after it got the influence of Greek philosophy thus estimated it was written after 400 BC. [5]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

While the reason why it is impossible to pass the year 200 is the reference to this book from the Book of Sirakh (written about 180 BC.) [5], as well as the discovery of parts of this book among the Dead Sea Scrolls whose age is estimated to date back to the middle of the 2nd century BC. [3]


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

See also Sirakh's Book of Wisdom Proverbs, known by the similar name “Eclesiasrat” of Solomon's Old Testament Reference Additional library Few certain allusions to “Ecclesiastes” arise in the New Testament.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

Romans 8:20 is the most commonly cited allusion: “For the creation was subjected to futility...”


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

(where futility renders the Greek word used in the Septuagint to render the Hebrew hebel as discussed above).


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

The poem about times in Eccl. 3:1-8 is also well known as the inspiration for the Pete Seeger song, “Turn, Turn, Turn”, recorded by The Byrds.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

In Ray Bradbury's 1953 novel, Fahrenheit 451, the protagonist, Guy Montag, represents the back-up copy of the Book of Ecclesiastes for the Book People.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

The protagonist in Roger Zelazny's 1963 Hugo award-nominated short story A Rose for Ecclesiastes uses quotations from Ecclesiastes to great emotional effect.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

In John Updike's novel, Rabbit, Run, Ecclesiastes is alluded to in the character of the minister, Reverend Eccles.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

The House of Mirth is a 1905 novel by Edith Wharton.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

The title is taken from Ecclesiastes 7:4: “The heart of the wise is in the house of mourning; but the heart of fools is in the house of mirth.”


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

The title of Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises is taken from Ecclesiastes 1:5: “The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to the place where he arose...”


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

The 1845 Robert Browning poem “The Bishop Orders His Tomb at Saint Praxed's Church” opens with a clear allusion to the first line of Ecclesiastes: “Vanity, saith the preacher, vanity!”


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

in which both the Latinate and modern meanings of “vanity” are implied.


Question: Is the Book of Job a novel?

Book of Preachers

Links to Jewish Translation: translation with Rashi's commentary at Chabad.org Christian translation: (New Revised Standard Version) (Authorised King James Version) Related article: Ecclesiastes (Kohelet) The Sitz im Leben of Ecclesiastes - authored by Uzziah from Ecclesiastes Category:Solomon


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

Asura Naraka (Sanskrit: नरकासुर; Narakāsura) is a figure in Hindu mythology who is narrated as a giant king of the Pragjyotisha Kingdom or what in the present is known as the area of Assam, in Eastern India.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

This figure is the son of the Earth so he is also known by the name Boma (Sanskrit: ामासुर; Bhaumāsura), meaning “son of the Earth”.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

The father of Naraka was Waraha, one of the awatara of Vishnu while helping the earth from the disaster caused by Hiranyaksa.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

But because of his crime, Naraka was later killed at the hands of another Vishnu awatara, Sri Kresna.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

In addition to the Bhagawatapurana, the story of Naraka's death is also contained in an Old Javanese literary work titled Kakawin Bhomakawya, written during the time of the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

In later times, Naraka was shown as a puppet character under the name Boma Narakasura.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

Bhagawatapurana version Some sources from India refer to Naraka as the son of Pertiwi (the embodiment of the earth goddess) with Waraha, one of the awatara of Vishnu.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

Vishnu incarnated as a Waraha (wild boar) to help the Earth that Hiranyaksa drowned into a cosmic ocean.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

Using his two fangs, Waraha manages to return Earth into its orbit, as well as killing Hiranyaksa.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

After these events, Waraha married Pertiwi (the embodiment of Earth).


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

From that marriage was born Naraka who was tangible asura.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

Reviewed from his form, another opinion arose that Naraka was not the son of Vishnu, but rather the son of Waraha.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

The Book of Bhagawatapurana tells Naraka ruling the Kingdom of Pragjyotisha ruthlessly.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

He defeated many kings and charmed their princesses, even the gods were attacked by him.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

Being fretted, Indra king kahyangan reported the incident to Sri Kresna.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

Kresna manages to kill Naraka using the weapons of the Sudarsana Chakra.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

After that he released the kings and princesses taken captive by the asuras.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

Kresna then raised Naraka's son named Bhagadatta to become the next king of Pragjyotisha.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

This Bhagadatta figure then sided with Korawa when a major war erupted in Kurukshetra.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

He finally perished at the hands of Arjuna on the 12th day.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

The Bhomakawya version The story of Naraka's death in Bhagawatapurana script is electroplated and modified by a Javanese pujangga under the title Bhomakawya, or “Death of Boma”.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

The manuscript uses Old Javanese language and was written during the flourishing of the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms in Java.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

Naraka or Boma is narrated as a ruthless king of the Pragjyotisha Kingdom who liked to annoy the ascetics.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

He had a beautiful wife named Yadnyawati, the reincarnation of an angel kahyangan.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

The marriage of the two was less harmonious because Yadnyawati always tried to avoid her husband.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

Kresna king of Dwarawati Kingdom sent his eldest son named Samba to protect the hermits from the attacks of the Boma soldiers.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

With the help of an angel named Tilottama, Samba manages to infiltrate Pragjyotisha's palace and encounter Yadnyawati.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

The next story is that Boma attacked the Dwarawati Kingdom because Samba had brought Yadnyawati's run.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

In one battle Boma managed to kill Samba.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

However he himself eventually perished at the hands of Kresna.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

After the war ended, Kresna brought Samba back to life.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

Samba later marries Yadnyawati and both live happily.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

The Javanese version of Figure Naraka is also known in Javanese puppetry as Boma Narakasura, which is Batara Vishnu's son with Batari Pertiwi.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

He was born in Kahyangan Ekapratala where Batara Ekawarna lived, his grandfather from the mother's side.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

According to this version, Boma's diminutive name is Sitija.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

He had a younger sister named Sitisundari who later became the wife of Abhimanyu son of Arjuna of the Pandavas family.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

After adulthood, Sitija was asked by the gods to defeat her own uncle, the Bomantara who dared to attack the kahyangan.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

In the battle Sitija managed to kill Bomantara.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

The spirit of Bomantara then coalesces within Sitija thus adding to her strength.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

After Bomantara's death, Sitija also became the king of the Kingdom of Surateleng under the title of Boma Narakasura.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

He renamed his uncle's relic land to Trajutrisna.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

Subsequently, Boma hears that his father, namely Vishnu, has been born into the world as a human named Kresna king of the Dwarawati Kingdom.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

After going through an uphill struggle, Boma finally received recognition as Kresna's eldest son.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

Boma in the puppet is described as an antagonistic figure who is often involved in rivalry with Gatutkaca the son of Bimasena from the Pandavas family.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

Nonetheless his death remains narrated by the hand of Kresna, his own “father”.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

Boma's death in the puppetry was adapted from Kakawin Bhomakawya by the puppeteers, especially Ki Narto Sabdo, but with slight modifications so as to further impress dramatic.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

The event is called Gojalisuta or the war between father against son.


Question: Who is the wife character of Asura Naraka?

Narakasura

In the Javanese version Boma's wife is referred to by the name Agnyanawati, daughter of Karentagnyana king of Giyantipura Kingdom.