Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The failure of another attack on Yawata occurred on 20 August in which a force of 61 B-29 units was intercepted by over 100 Japanese fighter aircraft.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Twelve of the sixty-one Superfortresses that reached the target area were successfully shot down targets shot down, including one that was destroyed in a Japanese pilot suicide attack. [54]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

In order to inflame the fighting spirit of the people and its soldiers the Japanese military propagandized that they had shot down 100 bomber aircraft during this series of attacks and one of the downed B-29 bombers was on display in Tokyo. [55]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The performance of the new XX Bomber Command improved after LeMay implemented a training program and increased organization of B-29 maintenance units during August and September.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

On October 25 LeMay ordered an attack on the town of Ōmura which succeeded in destroying the town's Japanese-owned small aircraft factory.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

However the next attack on 11 November again ended in failure.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The city was attacked again by 17 bomber units on 19 December and four days later on 21 November engaging 61 B-29 units.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

XX Bomber Command Headquarters made nine attacks on Japan, the last time it was launched on 6 January 1945 when 28 B-29 units bombed Ōmura.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

During the same period the command also carried out a number of attacks on enemy targets in Manchuria, China and Formosa from bases in China.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

While targets attacking Southeast Asia were waged from India.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The command's last flying mission was held from India when it launched a raid on Singapore on 29 March.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Subsequently all commando units were transferred to the Mariana Islands. [56]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Overall, Operation Matterhorn was otherwise unsuccessful.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

A total of nine attacks were made against Japan through bases in China only succeeding in destroying the Omura aircraft factory.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

While XX Bomber Command lost 125 B-29 units in all their operations from bases in India and China.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Of the overall lost B-29 aircraft only 22 or 29 units were destroyed by Japanese forces, most of these losses were due to flying accidents. [57] [58] The attack after attack had a limited impact on the morale of civilians in Japan but it did force the Japanese military to strengthen the air defenses of important islands at the expense of their defences in other territories they were currently occupying.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

These results are not comparable to the large resource allocation of allies towards operations.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

In addition, the diversion of some logistics aircraft flown between India and China to support efforts by XX Bomber Command is likely to have prevented the U.S. Air Force from conducting more successful operations against Japanese positions.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Official USAAF history considers that the difficulty of transporting adequate logistics to India and China was a major factor behind the failure of Operation Matterhorn, although technical problems with B-29s and the experience of their crews also made a hindrance to the success rate of the campaign. [59]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The generally very weather conditions over Japanese territory also limited the effectiveness of Superfortres bomber aircraft, weather-induced difficulties experienced by aircraft crews who managed to reach their target were often unable to drop bombs precisely due to strong winds or obstructed clouds. [ 32]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Initial attacks from the Mariana Islands Troops from the United States Marine Corps and the United States Army successfully captured the Japanese islands of Guam, Saipan and Tinian in the Mariana Islands between June to August 1944. [60]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

USAAF and U.S. Navy engineers then built six airfields on the islands to house hundreds of B-29 aircraft. [61]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The airbase is expected to be better able to support an intensive air campaign against Japan than previous bases in China because now the US could easily provide supplies by sea and is located 1,500 miles (2,400km) from the south of Tokyo.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

From this strategic base the B-29 bombers easily attacked the Japanese mainland and returned without refueling. [1]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Japanese aircraft launched attacks on Saipan several times when the air base was being built. [62]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The XXI Bomber Command of the Air Force began arriving in the Mariana Islands during October 1944.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The command was led by Brigadier General Haywood S. Hansell, who during this time participated in Eighth Air Force's operations against Germany.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

B-29 bomber aircraft controlled by XXI Bomber Command flew six training missions against targets in the Central Pacific during October and November in preparation for their first attack on Japan. [63]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

On 1 November a unit of F-13 aircraft (B-29 variant) of squadron 3 conducted a reconnaissance flying mission over Tokyo.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The aircraft was the first Anerika United aircraft to make a flight over Tokyo since the Doolittle Raid.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Subsequently several F-13 sorti were flown over the city for the mission of gathering intelligence data on aircraft factories and port facilities in the Tokyo-Yokointa area. [64]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The XXI Bomber Command in the initial attack on Japan focused its attention on the country's aircraft industry. [65]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The first attack was held under the codename Operation San Antonio, waged against Musashino aircraft installations on the outskirts of Tokyo on November 24, 1944.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Only 24 of 111 B-29 units were sent tasked with attacking key targets, while the others dropped bombs against port facilities as well as industrial and urban areas.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

This American mission was intercepted by 125 Japanese fighter aircraft but the interceptor only managed to shoot down one B-29. [1]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

These attacks caused some damage to aircraft installations and lowered the confidence of Japanese civilians over their country's air defenses. [66]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

In retaliation, the Japanese Air and Sea Forces increased their air attacks against B-29 bases in the Mariana Islands since 27 November 1944 these attacks continued into January 1945 and succeeded in destroying 11 Superfortress and damaging 43 others, while the Japanese lost about 37 of their aircraft. [67]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The Imperial Japanese Army also launched fire balloons to attack the United States in November.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

But the campaign caused only minor damage and was not finally stopped in March 1945.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Of the 9,000 balloons that have been delivered only 285 balloons have reportedly made it to the United States border. [68]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Subsequent American attacks on Japan were reportedly unsuccessful.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The XXI Bomber Command attacked Tokyo three times between November 27 to December 3, two assaults were carried out on Musashino aircraft installations while the other targeted industrial areas by deploying M-69 incendiary bunches of bombs specially developed for damage to urban areas of Japan. [69]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The Aircraft Factory which was attacked on 27 November and 3 December was only lightly damaged due to strong winds and clouds so as to prevent bombing could be done precisely.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

An incendiary bomb attack was carried out on the night of 29/30 November by deploying 29 Superfortress units, but only managed to burn a tenth of a square mile.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

So that all three attacks were also judged to be unsuccessful. [70].


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Four of XXI Bomber Command's next five assaults were carried out against targets in Nagoya.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The first two attacks were waged on 13 and 18 December using precision bombing tactics, these attacks successfully destroyed aircraft industrial installations in the target city. [71]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The third attack was an incendiary attack launched during the day that was carried out after the Air Force deployed 100 B-29 units armed with M-69 bombs with targets of the city of Nagoya.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

This attack was conducted to test the effectiveness of M-69 guns on a Japanese city.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Hansel defied the order because he was more convinced that attacks with precision bombing tactics gave encouraging results, while carrying out arson tactics during the day was a counterproductive tactic.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

But in outline the operation he approved the operation after he learned that there was no general shift in tactics implemented. [72]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Despite changes to the use of weaponry, on 22 December was launched an attack originally planned as a precision attack on a Japanese-owned aircraft factory facility.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The attack involved 78 bombers resulted in only minor damage due to adverse weather conditions. [73]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The next few days on 27 December the XXI Bomber Command conducted a not-so-destructive attack on the Musashino aircraft factory facility in Tokyo.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

On 3 January 1945, 97 B-29 bomber units were sent to carry out bombing raids in the Nagoya area.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

This attack triggered fires in several urban areas, but the fires were quickly brought under control. [74]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

General Henry H. Arnold was dismayed by the unencouraging results achieved by the XXI Bomber Command.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

He expected the Command to obtain results in the form of immediate progress.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

In addition, Arnold also considered Hansell's plan for a precision bombing strategy no longer suited to the view from the headquarters of the Twentieth Air Force who wanted to put more emphasis on area attacks.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Finally at the end of December 1944 Arnold decided to relieve Hansell of his command.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Seeing LeMay's success in improving the performance of XX Bomber Command, Arnold thought that LeMay could solve problems in XXI Bomber Command.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

So eventually Arnold's position was replaced with Hansell who gained Arnold's decision on January 6, but remained in his position at XX Bomber Command until mid-January. [75]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

During this period, XXI Bomber Command successfully conducted precision bomb attacks on the facilities of the Musashino aircraft factory in Tokyo and the Mitsubishi Aircraft factory in Nagoya on 9 and 14 January respectively.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Another attack on the Kawasaki aircraft factory near Akashi on January 19 could be said to have been more successful according to Hansell's plan, though the XXI Bomber Comado was forced to give up the loss of 77 B-29 bomber units. [76]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

During the first month of operation Comado Bomber XXI, the command had lost an average of 4.1% of the aircraft sent on each attack. [77]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The Imperial Japanese Headquarters belatedly adopted a civil defense program.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

It was only in late January 1945 that civil defense plans to counter American air attacks were implemented.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

In this programme the responsibility for tackling fires resulting from air strikes is assigned to community councils that provide assistance for professional fire units.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Civilians were directed observed fire fighting starting from 10:00.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

While Japanese positions on the Bonin Islands which were normally capable of providing an hour's warning of an American attack and air raid sirens sounded in the city also began to be threatened by attack. [78]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The first attacks waged under LeMay's leadership achieved mixed results.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The XXI Bomber Command flew six primary missions between 23 January and 19 February with little success, although an incendiary attack on Kobe on 4 February resulted in significant damage to the city and its main factories. [79]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

In addition, while remedial maintenance procedures implemented by LeMay reduced the number of B-29 aircraft that had to return to base during the assault due to technical problems, the Command suffered a loss rate of 5.1% in this operation. [80]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

From 19 February to 3 March, XXI Bomber Command launched a series of precision bombing raids against aircraft factories attempting to force the stay of Japanese air units so that they could not take part in the Battle of Iwo Jima.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

However, these attacks were frustrated by strong winds and cloud cover and little damage was incurred.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

A firebomb attack reported on Tokyo by 172 B-29 aircraft on February 25 was deemed successful because it burned or damaged about one square mile of urban areas. [81]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

This attack was a test of the effectiveness of large-scale bombing. [82]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The LeMay firebomb attack changed tactics USAAF planners began assessing the feasibility of a firebombing campaign against Japanese cities in 1943.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Japan's main industrial facilities are vulnerable to such attacks because they are concentrated in a few large cities and a high proportion of production occurs in homes and small factories in urban areas.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Planners estimate that incendiary bomb attacks in six of Japan's largest cities could cause physical damage to almost 40per cent of industrial facilities and result in the loss of 7.6million working time over a month.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

It is also estimated that the attacks will kill more than 500,000 people, cause some 7.75million people to lose their dwellings and force nearly 3.5million people to be evacuated. [83]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The USAAF tested the effectiveness of incendiary bombs on Japanese-style buildings at Eglin Square and “Japanese Village” at Dugway Proving Ground. [84]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The American military also attempted to develop a “bat bomb”, using incendiary bombs mounted on bats dropped by aircraft to attack Japanese cities, but this project was abandoned in 1944. [85]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Given the poor results of the precision bombing campaign and the success of the February 25 raid on Tokyo, LeMay decided to begin firebombing attacks on key Japanese cities in early March. [86]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

This was in keeping with Arnold's targeting directive for Bomber Command XXI, which stipulated that urban areas be given the second highest priority for attacks after aircraft factories.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The briefing also stated that firebomb attacks should be carried out once the M-69 bombs had been tested in combat and the number of available B-29s was sufficient to launch an intensive campaign. [87]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

LeMay did not seek Arnold's specific approval before waging his bombing campaign, however, shielding USAAF commanders from criticism if the attack was unsuccessful.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

However, the Chief of Staff of the XX Air Force, Brigadier General Lauris Norstad, was aware of the change in tactics and provided support. [88]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The decision to use firebombing tactics demonstrated a switch from the USAAF's previous focus on precision bombing, and was believed by senior officials within the US military and Government to be justified because of the need to quickly end the war. [89]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

To maximize the effectiveness of firebomb attacks, LeMay ordered B-29s to fly at low elevations of 5,000 feet (1,500m) and bomb at night; this was a significant change from the standard tactics of the Command, which focused on daytime bombing at high elevations.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

As Japanese night fighter aircraft forces were weak and anti aircraft batteries were less effective at night, LeMay also ordered that dismantle most of the B-29's defensive guns; by reducing the weight of the aircraft through this means, they could transport more bombs. [82]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

This change was unpopular for the aircraft crews of the XXI Bomber Command, as they believed that it was safer to fly heavily armed aircraft at high elevations. [90]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

March firebombing campaign The first firebomb attack of this campaign—code-named Operation Meetinghouse [91] —was waged against Tokyo during the night of 9/10March, and proved to be the single most destructive airstrike of the war. [92]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Bomber Command XXI made a maximum effort, and on the afternoon of 9 March, 346 B-29 aircraft left the Marianas bound for Tokyo.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

They began arriving in the city at 02.00, Guam time on March 10, and 279 bombers dropped 1,665 tons of bombs. [93]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The attack caused a mass massive fire that destroyed Tokyo's civil defenses and destroyed 16 square miles (41km2) of buildings, representing seven or several percent of the city's city area. [94]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Tokyo police and fire departments estimated that 83,793 people were killed in the airstrike, another 40,918 were injured and more than a million people lost their homes; estimates of postwar deaths in these attacks ranged from 80,000 to 100,000 people. [95] [96] Damage at war production in Tokyo was also quite large. [95]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Japanese resistance to this attack was relatively weak; 14 B-29 aircraft were destroyed by combat or mechanical errors and an additional 42 aircraft were damaged by anti-aircraft fire. [97]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

After the attack on Tokyo, the Japanese government ordered the evacuation of all third- to sixth-grade schoolchildren from the main cities, and 87 percent of them had gone to the countryside by early April. [48]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The XXI Bomber Command followed up its firebombing of Tokyo with similar attacks on other major cities.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

On 11 March, 310 B-29 aircraft were sent to Nagoya.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The bombing spread over a wider area than was the case in Tokyo, and the attack caused little damage.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

However, 2.05 square miles (5.3km2) of the building burned down and no B-29 aircraft were lost due to Japanese defences.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

During the night of 13/14 March, 274 Superfortresses aircraft attacked Osaka and destroyed 8.1 square miles (21km2) of the city with the loss of two aircraft.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Kobe was the next target in the fire-bombing campaign, and was attacked by 331 B-29 aircraft on the night of 16/17 March.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

As a result a fire-storm destroyed 7 square miles (18km2) of the city (equivalent to half its area), killing 8,000 people and causing 650,000 people to lose shelter.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Three B-29 aircraft were lost.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Nagoya was attacked again on 18/19 March and B-29 aircraft destroyed 2.95 square miles (7.6km2) of buildings.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Only one Superfortress aircraft was shot down during this attack, and the entire crew members of its aircraft were rescued after the plane landed above sea level.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

This attack marked the end of the first fire-bombing campaign as XXI Bomber Command had exhausted its stockpile of burning bombs. [98] [99] The next major operation of the Command was an unsuccessful night precision raid on a Mitsubishi aircraft engine plant conducted at night 23/24 March; during this operation five of the 251 aircraft sent were shot down. [100]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

B-29 aircraft also began dropping propaganda leaflets on Japan during March.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

These leaflets called on Japanese civilians to overthrow their government or face destruction. [101]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

The USAAF judged that the fire-bombing campaign was very successful, and noted that American losses during these attacks were much lower than those that occurred during precision assaults.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Thus, the Combined Target Group (JTG), which was the Washington, D.C.-based organization responsible for developing strategies for the air campaign against Japan, developed a two-stage campaign plan against 22 Japanese cities.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

However, the JTG also recommended that precision bombing attacks on highly important industrial facilities continue alongside the assault of the area.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

While the campaign was intended to form part preparation for the Allied invasion of Japan, LeMay and some members of Arnold's staff believed that it alone would be enough to force the country to surrender. [102] [103] The Japanese government was concerned about the outcome of the March fire-bombing attack because the assault showed that the Japanese military could not protect the country's airspace.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

In addition to extensive physical damage in the targeted cities, the attacks also led to increased absenteeism as civilians were afraid to leave their homes to work in factories that might be bombed. [104]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Japanese air defenses were strengthened in response to firebomb attacks, but remained inadequate; 450 fighters were placed for defensive duties by April. [105]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Destruction of key Japanese cities The beginning of the main bombing campaign was postponed as XXI Bomber Command was used to attack airfields in southern Japan from late March to mid-May in support of the invasion of Okinawa, an island just a few hundred miles south of the home island.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

Prior to the landings on 1 April, the Commandos bombed airfields on Kyūshū at Ōita and Tachiarai as well as the aircraft factory at Ōmura on 27 March, and attacked Ōita and Tachiarai again on 31 of the month.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

No B-29 aircraft were lost in this assault. [106]


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

From 6 April, the Japanese conducted large-scale kamikaze air raids against the Allied invasion fleet, in which suicide aircraft damaged or sank numerous warships and transports.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

As part of the Allied retaliation to these attacks, XXI Bomber Command conducted major attacks on airfields on Kyūshū on 8 and 16 April, although its first strikes were diverted to attack residential areas in Kagoshima after the airfield was known to be enclosed by clouds.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

From 17 April to 11 May, when B-29 aircraft were relieved for other duties, about three-quarters of XXI Bomber Command's efforts were aimed at attacking airfields and other targets in direct support for the Battle of Okinawa; this included 2,104 sudden attacks on 17 airfield.


Question: which country created the first interceptor Aircraft?

Airstrikes in Japan

This assault resulted in the Commandos suffering 24 B-29 aircraft destroyed and 233 damaged and failing to fully suppress kamikaze attacks from targeted airfields. [107] [108] Footnotes CS1 reference maint: extra text (link) CS1 maint: extra text (link) CS1 maint: extra text (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text (link) CS1 maint: extra text (link) CS1 maint: extra text (link) CS1 maint: extra text (link) CS1 maint: extra text: extra text: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text (link) Advanced reading CS1 maint: extra text (link) Outside Category:Wars involving Japan Category:Wars involving the United States Category:Conflicts of 1944 Category:World War II Category:Asian Month Contributions Wikipedia


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

Charlie Chaplin (1889—1977) was a British actor, comedian and filmmaker who ministered in film from 1914 to 1967.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

In her early days in film, she became a worldwide movie idol known for her tramps charm.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

In the 1910s and 1920s, he was considered the most famous figure in the world. [1]


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

Chaplin was born in London and began acting on stage at the age of nine. [2]


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

In 1913, while touring the United States with Fred Karno's comedy group, he received a contract to work dehgan the Keystone film company owned by Mack Sennett.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

By the time he was at Keystone, he began writing and directing some of the films he starred in.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

Chaplin signed with Essanay Film Manufacturing Company in 1915, and a year thereafter with Mutual Film Corporation.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

In 1918, Chaplin began producing his own films, releasing them through First National and then through United Artists, a company he co-founded with Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, and D. W. Griffith. [3]


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Chaplin was accused of being a Communist sympathizer, an accusation he denied. [4]


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

He was still welcome in England and, while going to England in 1952 to attend the premiere of his homemade film Limelight, his entry permit to America was revoked. [5]


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

Chaplin then settled in Switzerland, where he was still there for the rest of his life.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

He made his last two films in England.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

In his lifetime, Chaplin earned three awards from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

At the first Academy Awards show, held on May 16, 1929, he was initially nominated for Best Actor and Best Director for The Circus (1928).


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

The Academy lowered his two nominations, and he won an honorary award for writing, directing, production and acting. [6] [7] In 1972, he returned to the United States after nearly two decades for another honorary award, this time for his entire accomplishments in film.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

In the following year, Chaplin's music on the film Limelight earned the Best Original Music award (Oscar).


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

Despite being 20 years old at the time, Limelight had not been released in the Los Angeles area until 1972, and did not meet the Oscar requirements of the previous time. [7]


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

Chaplin also earned Academy Award nominations in 1940 for Best Actor and Best Original Background Game for The Great Dictator.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

In 1942, Chaplin released a new version of The Gold Rush, taking over the 1925 silent film and composing and recording an unreleased musical motorcade in 1925.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

The Gold Rush was nominated for Best Musical (Motorcade for a Drama or Comedy Film).


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

His last nomination in 1947 was for his background play in the film Monsieur Verdoux. [7]


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

As of 2011, six films starring Chaplin were added on the American National Film Registration: The Immigrant (1917), The Kid (1921), The Gold Rush (1925), City Lights (1931), Modern Times (1936), and The Great Dictator (1940).


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

In addition, the similarly selected Show People (1928) featured Chaplin in an unmentioned cameo appearance. [8]


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

For his work in film, Chaplin earned a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. [9]


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

Official film In 1964, Chaplin established his official filmography with the publication of his book, My Autobiography.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

The filmography consists of 80 films released since 1914.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

Additional detail was added in David Robinson's 1985 biography, Chaplin: His Life and Art, which includes Chaplin's last film, A Countess from Hong Kong (1967), as his 81st entry.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

In 2010, the 82nd film was added with the discovery of A Thief Catcher, an early Keystone film previously lost. [10]


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

Keystone Chaplin appeared in 36 films for Keystone Studios, all produced by Mack Sennett.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

Except for those given note, all films are one roller long.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

Essanay Chaplin wrote, directed, and starred in 15 films for the Essanay Film Manufacturing Company, all produced by Jesse T. Robbins.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

Except for those given note, all films are two rollers.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

Mutual Chaplin wrote, produced, directed, and starred in 12 films for Mutual Film Corporation, which formed its own Lone Star Studios for Chaplin's films.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

The entire release of Mutual futures is two reels.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

In 1932, Amadee J. Van Beuren of Van Beuren Studios financed Chaplin's Mutual comedy films for a sum of $10,000, plus music made by Gene Rodemich and Winston Sharples and sound effects, and their re-release through RKO Radio Pictures. [13]


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

United Artists Chaplin began releasing his films through United Artists in 1923.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

From this point on, his entire film futures features.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

He produced, directed, and wrote eight films and starred in all but the first.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

Starting with City Lights, Chaplin also wrote motorcade musicals for his films.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

British production In 1952, during a visit to England to attend the premiere of his homemade film, Limelight, Chaplin realized that his American entry permit was revoked.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

As a result, his last two homemade films were made in England.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

Other film appearances In addition to his 82 official films, Chaplin has several productions that have not been completed in the realm of his work.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

He made several cameo appearances as himself sendiei and appeared in compilation films.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

Unfinished and unreleased film Essanay Compilation produced three compilations without Chaplin's permission (which led him to take legal action).


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

Chaplin produced his own compilation in 1959 and was involved in the creation of other compilations in 1975.


Question: How much did the production cost of the movie Fred 2: Night of Living Fred?

Charlie Chaplin filmography

Cameo In addition to his own productions of A Woman of Paris (1923) and A Countess from Hong Kong (1967), Chaplin made cameo appearances as oneself in the following films: Footnote Reference Library list Additional reading Outlinks at — History and background of Chaplin's film career, and worldwide listing of restored home video versions (Features public domain Chaplin films) on YouTube Category:Filmography actor Category:Filmography director *


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei (Italian pronunciation: [aliˈlɛːo aliˈlɛi];) was an Italian astronomer, philosopher, and physicist who had a large role in the scientific revolution.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

He is referred to as the “father of observational astronomy”, [2] “father of modern physical sciences”, [3] [4] “father of scientific method”, [5] and “father of science”. [6] [7] His contributions in science include the refinement of telescopes, various astronomical observations, and the first and second laws of motion (dynamics).


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

In addition, Galileo was also known as an advocate of Copernicus regarding the circulation of the earth around the sun and the sun as a solar system.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

As a result of his so-called views he was considered to be deprived of the beliefs that had been professed by the society as well as the church of the time, and submitted to the court of the Italian church dated 22 June 1633.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

His thinking of the sun as the center of the solar system contradicted neither Aristotle's teachings nor the church's belief that the earth was the center of the universe.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

He was punished by exclusion (house arrest) until his death. [8] [9] It was only in 1992 that Pope John Paul II declared officially that the decision of condemnation was wrong, and in a 21 December 2008 speech Pope Benedict XVI declared that the Roman Catholic Church rehabilitated his name as a scientist. [10]


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

According to Stephen Hawking, Galileo can be considered the greatest contributor to the world of modern science.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

The result of his efforts can be said to be the great breakthrough of Aristotle.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

His conflict with the Roman Catholic Church (the Events of Galileo) was an early example of conflict between religious authority and freedom of thought (especially in science) on Western societies.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

Biographer Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Tuscany on 15 February 1564 as the first child of Vincenzo Galilei, a mathematician and musician of Florence origin, and Giulia Ammannati.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

He had been educated since childhood.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

Later, he studied at the University of Pisa but stalled due to financial problems.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

Fortunately, he was offered a post there in 1589 to teach mathematics.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

Afterwards, he moved to the University of Padua to teach geometry, mechanics, and astronomy until 1610.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

In those days, he had been steeped in science and made various discoveries.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

In 1612, Galileo went to Rome and joined the Accademia dei Lincei to observe sunspots.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

In that year, too, came a rejection of the theories of Nicolaus Copernicus, the theory supported by Galileo.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

In 1614, from Santa Maria Novella, Tommaso Caccini denounced Galileo's opinion on the movement of the earth, giving the presumption that the theory was misguided and dangerous.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

Galileo himself went to Rome to sustain himself.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

In 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino handed in a notice prohibiting him from endorsing nor teaching Copernicus' theories.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

Galileo wrote Saggiatore in 1622, which was later published in 1623.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

In 1624, he developed one of the early microscopes.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

In 1630, he returned to Rome to make permission to print the book Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo which was later published in Florence in 1632.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

However, in that year anyway, the Catholic Church dropped the verdict that Galileo should be detained in Siena.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

In December 1633, he was allowed to retire to his villa in Arcetri.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

His last book, Discorsi e dimostrazioni mathematiche, intorno à due nuove scienze was published in Leiden in 1638.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

In that moment, Galileo was almost completely blind.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

On 8 January 1642, Galileo died in Arcetri while accompanied by Vincenzo Viviani, one of his disciples.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

Astronomy Unlike what some believe, Galileo did not invent the telescope but he has perfected the device.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

He became the first to wear it to observe the sky, and for some time, he was one of the few people who could make a telescope as good as that.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

Initially, he made telescopes based solely on descriptions of tools made in the Netherlands in 1608.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

He made a telescope with a magnification of 3x and then made new models that could reach 32x.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

On 25 August 1609, he demonstrated a telescope on law makers from Venice.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

In addition, the results of his work also bear other results because there are traders who utilize their telescopes for shipping purposes.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

His astronomical observations were first published in March 1610, entitled Sidereus Nuncius.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

Galileo discovered three natural satellites of Jupiter -Io, Europa, and Callisto- on 7 January 1610.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

Four nights later, he found Ganymede.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

He also discovered that the moons appeared and disappeared, a symptom he estimated came from the movement of such objects towards Jupiter, leading him to conclude that all four objects were orbiting planets.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

Galileo was one of the first Europeans to observe sunspots, it is thought that Chinese astronomers have observed them for a long time.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

In addition, Galileo was also the first to report the presence of mountains and valleys on the moon, conclusions drawn looking at from the pattern of shadows present on the surface.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

He then gave the conclusion that the moon was “rough and uneven, like the surface of the earth itself”, unlike Aristotle's supposition which stated the moon was a perfect sphere.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

Galileo also observed the planet Neptune in 1612 but he did not realize it as a planet.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

In his notebooks, Neptune was recorded only as a dim star.


Question: Who is considered to be the figure of physical science?

Galileo Galilei

See also Science Law Reference Footnotes Library Category:Italian Physicists Category:Italian Astronomers Category:100 Figures according to Michael H. Hart


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

Italy (Italy), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana [1] [2] [3] [4], is a unitary state parliamentary republic in Europe [note 1] Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

Italy borders France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and the Vatican.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

Italy covers an area of 301.338 km² (116,347 mi²), and is influenced by the temperate climate and mediterranean climate.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

Judging by the shape, maps of Italy are shaped like boots or in Italy are often called lo Stivale [5] [6].


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

With a population of 61 million people, Italy is the fourth most populated EU member state.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

Since the Classic Era, Italy has been inhabited by various peoples and civilizations.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

Like the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and the ancient Greeks who established settlements in the south of Italy, the Etruscans and Kelts inhabited central and northern Italy, as well as Ancient Italian tribes and Italic peoples scattered throughout the Italian Peninsula and Insular Italy (Sardinia and Sicily).


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

The Italic tribes or known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom which eventually worked into a republic that successfully conquered and assimilated other nearby civilizations.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

Rome eventually emerged as the dominant power in the mediterranean basin, successfully conquering much of the ancient world and becoming the leading cultural, political and religious center in Western civilization.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

Relics of the Roman Empire are widespread and can be seen in the global distribution channels of civil law, republican rule, Christianity and Latin writing.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

During the Middle Ages, Italy suffered a sociopolitical collapse amid adverse barbarian invasions, but by the 11th century many Italian city-states and maritime republics rose to achieve prosperity through shipping, trade, and banking, laying the foundation for capistalism modern [7].


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

The independent statelets [note 2], which acted as Europe's main trading centre with Asia and the Near East, enjoyed a greater degree of democracy and wealth compared to the feudal monarchies consolidating throughout Europe at the time.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

Most of Central Italy remained under the control of the theocratic Papal States, while Southern Italy was feudal until the 19th century, as a result of a succession of Byzantine, Arab, Norman, Spanish, and Bourbon conquests in the region. [8]


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

The Renaissance began from Italy and spread throughout Europe, by bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration and art.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

At this time Italian culture was flourishing, and produced well-known scholars, artists and polymatists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo, and Machiavelli.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

Also famous Italian explorers such as Marco Polo, Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci and Giovanni da Verrazzano who discovered new routes to the Far East and the New World, which aided the European Age of Exploration.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

Nevertheless, Italy's commercial and political power diminished with the opening of the Atlantic trade route and the route to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope crossing the Middle Sea. [9] [10] [11] And again, Italian city-states continued to engage in bloody warfare, culminating in The Italian wars of the 15th and 16th centuries, which eventually left them exhausted, with no one emerging as the dominant power.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

Weakened rulers soon fell victim to the conquests of European powers such as France, Spain and Austria.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

In the mid-19th century, there arose a movement in support of Italian nationalism and independence from foreign control.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

This movement led to a revolutionary political upheaval called the Risorgimento to unite the countries in Italy.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

After various failed attempts, finally the Italian War of Independence and the Expedition of the Thousand succeeded in unifying the countries of Italy in 1861, and is now a great power after centuries of foreign domination. [12].


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Italian New Kingdom rapidly industrialized, especially in the north, and colonial empires, [13] while in the south most were still poor and excluded from industrialization, and fueled a large and influential diaspora. [14]


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

Despite being one of the main cast in World War I, Italy experienced a period of economic crisis and social chaos, leading to the rise of a fascist dictatorship in 1922.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

Subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in military defeat, economic destruction, and Italian civil wars.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

After liberation and rise of resistance, Italy abolished the monarchy and restored democracy, enjoyed a prolonged economic boom, freed from sociopolitical chaos (such as, Anni di Piombo, Mani pulite, Second Mafia War, Maxi Trial and assassination of anti-mafia officials) and became a major developed country. [15] [16] [17] Currently, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and the eighth largest in the world.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

Has a very high rate of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri pass away?

Italy

The country plays an important role in regional as well as global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, and is a regional power [18] [19] and a great power. [20] [21] Italy is a founder and leading member of the European Union and a member of various international institutions such as the United Nations, NATO, OECD, OSCE, WTO, G7/G8, G20, Union for the Mediterranean, European Assembly, Uniting for Consensus, and more.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

As a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, is the most numerous, and is the fifth most visited country in the world.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The etymology of “Italian” etymology assumptions are numerous, and the collection of solutions written by historians, and the language is very long. [22]


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

According to one of the more general explanations, the Italian term, from Latin: Italian [23], is borrowed through Greek from Oska Víteliú meaning “land of the calf” (compare: Latin vitulus “calf”, Umbrian language vitlo “calf”) [24].


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The bull or cow was once a symbol of tribes in southern Italy, and was often depicted butting Roman wolves as a symbol of unwillingness to cede Italian independence during the Social War.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The Greek historian Dionysios of Halikarnassos states a treatise together with the legend that Italy was named so in honor of Italus [25] as mentioned Aristotle [26], and Thukidides [27].


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The Italian name was originally used only to refer to the region that is now called Southern Italy, according to Antiokus of Syracuse, the southern part of the Bruttium Peninsula (now Calabria, the Province of Reggio, and part of the Province of Catanzaro and the Province of Vibo Valentia).


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

But in this time of Antiocus Enotri and Italian became synonyms, and this name also applies to most of Lucania.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Greeks over time applied the name “Italy” to a larger area, but in the time of Emperor Augustus (late 1st century BC) this term extended to the entire peninsula until the Alps. [28]


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Prehistoric History and Antiquity The results of excavations throughout Italy have successfully revealed the presence of Neanderthals that have existed since Paleolithic times, approximately 200,000 years ago, [29] Modern humans were present at roughly 40,000 years ago.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The ancient peoples of pre-Roman Italy — such as the Umbrians, the Latins (the origin of the Romans), the Volskians, the Samniums, the Kelts, and the Ligurians who inhabited northern Italy, and many others — constituted the Indo-Europeans; the main historical societies that did not including Indo-Europeans were the Etruscans, the Elimi people, the Sikani people of Sicily and the prehistoric people of Sardinia.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Between the 17th and 11th centuries BC the Mykenai Greeks established relations with Italy [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] and in the 8th and 7th centuries BC Greek colonies established along the coast of Sicily and the southern part of the Italian Peninsula became known as Great Greece.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Also the Funisians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The Ancient Romans were originally a small farming community discovered in roughly the 8th century BC, which developed over the centuries into a magnificent empire covering the entire area of the Middle Sea, where the cultures of Ancient Greece and Ancient Romans melted into a single civilization.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

This civilization is quite influential and its relics can be felt all over the world.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Ancient Roman was highly influential for, and left its imprint on government, law, politics, administration, cities, engineering, philosophy, architecture, and modern art, becoming the foundation for Western civilization.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

A collapse that progressed slowly since the late 2nd century AD, the empire ultimately broke into two parts by 395 AD: the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The western passage — under the pressure of the Franka, Vandals, Huns, Goths, and other nations of Eastern Europe — finally broke apart in 476 AD, when the last emperor of Western Roman was overthrown by the leader of the Barbarians, Odoaker.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Middle Ages After the collapse of Rome, Italy was conquered by Germanic tribes (Ostrogoths), but in the 6th century the Eastern Roman/Byzantine Emperor (Justinianus) conquered it.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The invasion of other Germanic tribes (namely the Langobardians) at the end of the same century narrowed the Byzantines to just one land strip of Ravenna and Rome, plus other lands in the south of Italy, destroying the unity of the Italian peninsula until 1870.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The rulers of Langobardi in northern and central Italy were absorbed into the Kingdom of Franka by Charlemagne in the late 8th century.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The Franka kings also aided in the establishment of papal states in central Italy, stretching from Rome to Ravenna, although during most of the Middle Ages the Papacy effectively controlled only Latium.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The existence of this theocratic state stretched out through centuries of peninsular unification.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Until the 13th century, Italian politics was dominated by relations between the German Holy Roman Emperors and the popes with most Italian cities siding with the former (Ghibellini) or to (Guelfi) for the sake of momentary convenience.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In this period of power vacuum Italy witnessed the emergence of a prevalent institution, the medieval commune.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In the anarchic conditions that often prevailed in various city-states in medieval Italy, societies organized their own to restore order and disarm hostile elites.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In the 12th century, a league of communes, the Langobardi League conquered the German emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, and became the starting point for the process of granting effective independence for most cities in northern and central Italy.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Despite the devastation caused by various wars, Italy is still preserved, especially in the northern, and central parts, a more developed urban civilization.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In the same period, Italy witnessed the emergence of several maritime republics, the most notable being the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Amalfi.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Involved in several Crusades, they took advantage in terms of mercantile, and political opportunities.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Venice, and Genoa soon thereafter became Europe's main gateway for trade with the Eastern World, establishing colonies up to as far as the Black Sea, and often controlling much of the trade with the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) and the Islamic World of the Middle East.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The Savoy area expanded its territory until the peninsula in the Late Middle Ages, while Firenze developed into a highly organized trading and financial city-state, and became the capital of Europe for the commodities of silk, wool, banking, and jewelry.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

To the south, Byzantine Sicily became an Islamic emirate in the 9th century, which flourished until the Norman-Italians conquered it in the late 11th century along with most of the Langobardi and Byzantine states in southern Italy.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Through a complex series of events, southern Italy developed as a united kingdom, first under the Hohenstaufen Wangsa, then under the Wangsa of Kapetia Anjou and from the 15th century, the Aragonese Wangsa (although Sicily was a separate kingdom of the Aragonese people since the late 13th century to the 15th century).


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In Sardinia, the former Byzantine provinces became independent states recognizable as giudicati (territory of the magistrates), although most of the island was under the control of the Genoese and the Pisans until the Aragonese conquered it in the 15th century.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The pandemic early modern of the Black Death in 1348 left its mark on Italy by killing a third of the population. [37] [38] Nevertheless, the disastrous decency of the Black Death actually triggered the rise of cities, trade, and economy that so great stimulated the stages- stages of Humanism and the Renaissance, cultural movements that were both born on this peninsula, and then spread throughout Europe.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In the 14th and 15th centuries, central and hulu-southern Italy were divided into a number of warring city-states, while other areas of the peninsula were controlled by Naples and the larger papal states.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The strongest among these city-states annexed the surrounding territories which gave birth to signoria, namely regional states led by merchant families who established local wangsas.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Dominated by merchant oligarchs, they enjoyed the advancement of the arts, maintained academies, and relative freedom.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Inter-state warfare in the region is commonplace, raids from outside Italy caging into sporadic attacks by the Holy Roman Emperors.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

These wars were mainly fought by merchants referred to as the Condottiere, a collection of soldiers from all over Europe, but particularly Germany and Switzerland led by Italian captains. [39]


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Decades of warfare had ushered in the Republic of Florence, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Venice to grow as the dominant players who agreed to the Treaty of Lodi in 1454, which witnessed the relative tranquility present in the region for the first time for centuries.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

This peace proceeded for the next forty years and Venice's undisputed hegemony over the seas had also brought unprecedented peace during the 15th century.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The Italian Renaissance reached its peak in the mid-16th century when foreign raids had plunged the region into the throes of the Italian Wars.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

After all, the idea, and ideal of the Renaissance persisted, and even continued to spread to other European regions, inspiring both the Northern Renaissance and the English Renaissance.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Meanwhile, the Exploration of Kristoforus Colombus, the discovery of new routes to Asia by the Portuguese, and the rise of the Ottoman Sultanate—all factors eroding traditional Italian dominance in trade with the Eastern World—began to rewind the peninsula's economy.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

After the Italian Wars (1494-1559), Italy witnessed a relatively long period of peace, first under the Spanish Habsburgs (1559-1713), and then under the Austrian Habsburgs (1713—1796).


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Repeated plagues came back to haunt Italy in the 14th to 17th centuries.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In the first paro of the 17th century, a plague of the didaku had claimed 1.7 million victims, or roughly 14% of the Italian population. [40]


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

When Spain went into decline in the 17th century, the same happened to its colonies in Italy, namely Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and Milan.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Southern Italy suffered a fallout, unstuck and broke with key events in Europe. [41]


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Nevertheless, Italy still contributed to European culture, giving birth to the Baroque Style.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In the 18th century, as an impact of the War of the Spanish Succession, Austria replaced Spain as the dominant foreign power, while the Savoy Wangsa grew as a regional primary power extending all the way to Piemonte and Sardinia.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In this century, the idea of the Enlightenment influenced the rulers of Italy, hacking the way to reforms that began economic recovery in Tuskani and northern Italy.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

During the War of the Napoleonic era, the northern, and central parts of the country were occupied, and then part of it was annexed into the Empire, and parts were again structured as a new Kingdom of Italian—actually as a puppet state of the French Empire— [42] while the southern paro the peninsula was taken care of by Joachim Murat, Napoleon's brother-in-law, who was tabled as King of Naples.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In 1814 the Congress of Vienna restored the situation at the end of the 18th century, but the ideals of the French Revolution could not be removed.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The unification of Italy and the Italian Liberal Establishment of the Kingdom of Italy was the result of efforts made by Italian nationalists and royal vassals loyal to the Savoy Wangsa to establish a united state that covered all the territories of the Italian Peninsula.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In the context of the 1848 liberal revolutions that swept across Europe, a failed war was declared by Austria.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The Kingdom of Sardinia again invaded the Austrian Empire in the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859, with help from France, which had an impact on the liberation of Langobardi.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In 1860—1861, Giuseppe Garibaldi led the reins towards unification in Naples and Sicily, [43] allowing the Sardinian government led by Camillo Benso to declare a united Italian kingdom on 17 March 1861.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In 1866, Viktor Imanuel II allied himself with Prussia in the Austrian—Prussian War, fighting in the Third Italian War of Independence that allowed Italy to annex Venice.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Finally, when France, which was in the French-Prussian War in 1870 ignored its garrison in Rome, the Savoy Wangsa was able to fill the vacuum of power by taking over the Papal States.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The Statute of Albertino Sardinia of 1848, enacted extending to the entire Kingdom of Italy in 1861, provides for human freedoms, but electoral laws exclude the uneducated and uneducated from elections.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The new royal government took place within a framework of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy dominated by liberals.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In 1913, the age provision of suffrage for males was accepted.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

When Northern Italy was rapidly industrialized, the Southern Italian region, and the Northern countryside were still not awakened, and overpopulated, this state forced millions of people to hijrah, while the Italian Socialist Party strengthened, challenging the safety of conservatives and liberals- traditional.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Since the last two decades in the 19th century, Italy developed into a colonial power by forcing Somali, Eritrean, and later Libyan and Dodecanese to come under its authority. [44]


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In World War I, Italy was initially tak-impartial, but in 1915 Italy signed a secret treaty, namely the London Tract, entering the Entente Three with the stipulation it would accept Trento, Trieste, Istria, and Dalmasia from Austria-Hungaria—also some parts of the Ottoman Sultanate.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In World War I, more than 650,000 Italian soldiers fell [45] and the economy fell into disrepair.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Under several peace treaties, namely the Tract of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919), the Rapallo Tract (1920), and the Rome Tract (1924), Italy gained most of the promised territories, including the Hungarian port of Fiume, but not Dalmasia (except Zara), allowing the nationalists to define this glory as “clipped glory”.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Fascist regime The upheaval after the devastation caused by World War I, inspired by the Russian Revolution, leads to melee and chaos.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Fearing the break-up of the socialist revolution, established liberals began to dent the National Fascist Party led by Benito Mussolini.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In October 1922 fascists attempted a coup (“Mars in Rome”), supported by King Viktor Imanuel III.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

A few years later, Mussolini banned all political parties and curbed individual freedoms, in other words he imposed a dictatorship.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia, which resulted in international exclusion, and led to the withdrawal of Italy's membership of the League of Nations.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

As a consequence, Italy allied itself with NAZI Germany, and the Empire of Japan, and strongly supported Franco in the Spanish Civil War.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In 1939, Italy occupied Albania, a de facto protectorate for decades and took part in World War II in June 1940 on the side of the Axis Bloc.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Like the Blitzkrieg, Hitler's actions in Poland, and France, Mussolini wanted glory as soon as possible in invading Greece in October 1940, but was forced to accept a humiliating standoff after several long months.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

At the same time, after conquering British Somaliland and parts of Egypt, the Italians saw Allied counterattacks that led to the loss of their holdings in Africa.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Italy was then invaded by the Allies in July 1943, which impacted on the vault of the Fascist regime and the fall of Mussolini.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In September 1943, Italy surrendered.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The country was still a battleground for several subsequent battles, as the Allies moved forward from the south when the north was a base for Italian fascists, and the army of NAZI Germany, was also fought by the Italian resistance movement.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Hostilities ended on 2 May 1945.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Almost half also Italians (including civil society) were killed because of the conflict [46] and the Italian economy was melted; per capita income in 1944 was the lowest since the beginning of the 20th century. [47]


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The Italian Republic became a republic after the successful constitutional referendum [48] held on June 2, 1946, a day that would be celebrated as Republic Day.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

That day also became the first time Italian women were allowed to channel their vote. [49]


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The son of Viktor Imanuel III, namely Umberto II, was forced to abdicate and was banished.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The Constitution of the Republic was passed on January 1, 1948.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Under the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty, most of Venezia Giulia was detached to Yugoslavia's grasp, and thereafter, the Free Territory of Trieste was divided to both countries.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The vote-owners' fears in Italy of a possible takeover of power by the Communists proved crucial to the electoral outcome of the first universal suffrage on April 18, 1948, when the Christian Democrats, under the leadership of Alcide De Gasperi, achieved a runoff victory.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In the aftermath, in 1949 Italy became a member of NATO.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The Marshall Plan helped restore the Italian economy, which until the late decade of the 1960s, enjoyed a period of sustained economic growth, commonly called the “Economic Miracle”.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In 1957, Italy was a founding member of the European Community (EEC), the forerunner of the European Union (EU) in 1993.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

From the late 1960s until the early 1980s, the country experienced the Hot Tin Period, a period characterized by economic crises (in particular after the 1973 oil crisis), widespread social conflict and terrorist massacres carried out by opposition extremist groups with the alleged existence of United States intelligence involvement. [50] [51] [52] The Hot Tin Period culminated in the assassination of the leader of the Christian Democrats, Aldo Moro, in 1978, and in the massacre at the Bologna railway station in 1980, in which 85 people were killed; these events greatly affected all of Italy.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In the decade of the 1980s, for the first time since 1945, two governments were led by prime ministers who were not from the Christian Democrats: the first a liberal (Giovanni Spadolini), and the second a socialist (Bettino Craxi); but the Christian Democrats were still the main party of the government.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

During Craxi's reign, the economy was reinstated, and Italy became the fifth largest industrialized nation in the world, able to enter the G7 group.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Nonetheless, as a result of his policies, Italy's national debt swelled in Craxi's time, surpassing 100% of GDP.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In the early 1990s decade, Italy faced significant challenges, when vote-owners — who were let down by political paralysis, massive public debt, and a widespread system of corruption (known as Tangentopoli), revealed by a 'Clean Hands' investigation — demanded reforms radicals.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The scandals involved all the major parties, in particular those in the government coalition: the Christian Democrats, in power for almost 50 years, went through several crises, and even in fact broke up, splintering into factions.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The Communists rearranged its power as a Social Democracy force.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In the decades of the 1990s and 2000s, a coalition of right-of-centre (dominated by media magnate Silvio Berlusconi) and centre-left alternately ruled the country, which entered a prolonged period of economic unstuck.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The geography of Italy is located in Southern Europe and consists of the boot-shaped Italian Peninsula, and a number of islands including the two largest, Sicily and Sardinia.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Italy is located between 35°LU, and 47°LU, and 6°BT, and 19°BT.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The overall area of the country is 301,230km², 294,020km² of which is mainland, and the remaining 7,210km² are waters.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Including its islands, Italy has a total of coastline, and borders along 7,600km; namely in the Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea, Tirenia Sea (740km), and borders with France (488km), Austria (430km), Slovenia (232km), and Switzerland (740km); as well as San Marino (39km), and the Vatican (3,2km), both- secondly an enclave.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The Apennini Mountains form the backbone of the peninsula, and the Alps form the border in the north, where Italy's highest point lies at Mont Blanc (4,810 m). [note 3] The Po River, the longest river in Italy (652km), flows from the Alps on the western border with France, and crosses the Po Valley to the Adriatic Sea.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The five largest lakes by size are: [53] Lake Garda (367.94km²), Lake Maggiore (212.51km², shared with Switzerland), Lake Como (145.9km²), Lake Trasimeno (124.29km²), and Lake Bolsena (113.55km²).


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The country is located at the meeting point of the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate, causing a large amount of earthquake and volcano activity.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

There are 14 volcanoes in Italy, four of which are still active: Mount Etna (the traditional site of Volcanus blacksmith mythology), Stromboli, Vulcano, and Vesuvius.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Vesuvius is the only volcano still active on the European Continent and the most famous of the disasters it produced, Pompeii and Herculaneum.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Several islands and hills have been formed due to usefulness activity and there is still a large active caldera, namely Campi Flegrei to the north-west of Naples.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Although the country encompasses the Italian Peninsula and most of the southern Alps basin, some Italian regions extend beyond the Alps basin and some islands lie beyond the exposure of the Eurasian continent.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The territories in question are communes: Livigno, Sesto, San Candido, Dobbiaco (partly), Chiusaforte, Tarvisio, Curon Venosta (partly), all of which are part of the Donau basin, while Val di Lei encompasses part of the Rhein basin, and the islands of Lampedusa, and Lampione are included in exposure to the African continent.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Environment After its rapid industrial growth, Italy has long been dealing with environmental problems.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

After several improvements, Italy now ranks 84th in the world for its ecological sustainability. [54]


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

National parks cover roughly five percent of the country's territory. [55]


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In the past decade, Italy has become one of the world's leading renewable energy producers, ranked the world's 4th largest in terms of installed solar energy capacity [56] [57], and the 6th largest owner of wind energy capacity in the world in 2010. [58]


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Renewable energies now account for roughly 12% of final energy consumption, and total primary in Italy, with a future target spread of 17% for 2020. [59]


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Despite this, air pollution is still a bad problem, particularly in the more industrialized northern regions, reaching the 10th world rank in terms of industrial carbon dioxide emissions in the decade of the 1990s. [60] Italy was the 12th largest producer of carbon dioxide. [61] [62] Density and traffic jams in the largest metropolitan areas continue to cause environmental damage and sticking health issues, although smog levels have been dramatically lowered since the decades of the 1970s and 1980s, and the presence of smog is becoming an increasingly rare phenomenon and sulfur dioxide level decreases. [63]


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

There are many water bars, and beaches are also polluted by industrial activities, and agriculture, while due to rising sea levels, Venice has been regularly flooded in recent years.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Waste disposed of from industrial activities does not always meet legal standards, and has triggered permanent health impacts for residents in affected areas, such as in the case of the Seveso Disaster.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The country also operated several nuclear reactors in 1963 to 1990, but after the Chernobyl Disaster, and the referendum of 1987 the nuclear program was suspended, a decision overturned by the government in 2008, which planned the construction of up to four centres nuclear power plants, with French technology.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

This in turn was hit by a referendum following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. [64]


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Deforestation, illegal building construction, and poor land management policies have led to significant erosion throughout Italy's mountainous regions, and triggered major ecological disasters such as the 1963 Vayon Reservoir flood, Sarno 1998 [65], and the Messina landslide year 2009.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Climate Climate in Italy is very variegated, it is influenced by the large, longitudinal shape of the peninsula, and most of it is mountainous.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In much of the northern, and central inland, the climate spans from wet subtropical to wet continental, and oceanic climate.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In particular, the climate in the geographical region of the Po Valley is continental, with harsh winters, and scorching summers. [66] [67] The coastal regions of Liguria, Toskana, and most of Southern Italy generally meet the stereotype of the mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa).


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Conditions in the coastal regions of the peninsula can be very different than high land, and valleys in the interior, especially in winter when the high land tends to be colder, damp, and often snowy.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Coastal areas have moderate winters, and generally warm, and dry summers, although the valleys on the low land can become quite scorching in the summer.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Average winter temperatures vary from 0°C in the Alps to 12°C in Sicily, while in summer temperatures vary from 20°C to 30°C or more. [68]


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Italian politics has been a unitary parliamentary republic since June 2, 1946, when the monarchy was abolished by a constitutional referendum.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The President of the Italian Republic (Presidente della Repubblica), now Giorgio Napolitano since 2006, is Italy's head of state.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The President is elected to carry out a single mandate for seven years by the Italian Parliament in a joint session.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Italy has a written democratic constitution, as a result of the work of the Constituent Assembly formed by representatives of all anti-fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of the NAZIS, and Fascists in the civil war. [69]


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The Italian administration has a parliamentary government based on a proportional voting system.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The Italian Parliament is a perfect bicameral parliament: both of its chambers, the House of Representatives (located in the Palazzo Montecitorio), and the Senate of the Republic (which houses the Palazzo Madama), have equal powers.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The Prime Minister, officially President of the Council of Ministers (Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), is the head of government of Italy.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The Prime Minister, and cabinet are appointed by the President of the Republic, but must go through a vote of confidence within Parliament to be able to serve.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

While its function is similar to that of most other parliamentary systems, the Italian Prime Minister has weaker authority than some of his peers.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The prime minister is not given the power to request the dissolution of Parliament or dismiss ministers (which instead becomes the exclusive prerogative of the President of the Republic), and must receive a vote of approval from the Council of Ministers—which holds effective executive power—in order to exercise the vast majority his political activity.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Following the cessation of Silvio Berlusconi on 12 November 2011, economist Mario Monti has been appointed technocratic Prime Minister.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The four largest political parties in Italy are the People of Freedom, the Democratic Party, the Northern League, and the Italia dei Valori.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In the 2008 general election these four parties won 590 of the 630 seats available within the House of Representatives, and 308 of the 315 seats available within the Senate of the Republic.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Most of the remaining seats were won by smaller parties that only took part in general elections in parts of Italy, for example the People's Party of South Tirol, and the Movement for Autonomy.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Nonetheless, over the past three years, a stronghold also called the “Third Pole” began to grow, namely the UDC's Christian Democrats combined with some dissenting lawmakers coming from Berlusconi's cabinet.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

A peculiarity of the Italian Parliament is that a portion of the representatives are allocated to Italian nationals settled abroad: 12 People's Deputies, and 6 Senators are elected in four different across the ocean electoral districts.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

In addition, the Italian Senate is also characterized by the presence of few lifelong senators, appointed by the President “for the merit of extraordinary heroism in social, scientific, artistry, or literature”.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Former President of the Republic is an ex officio lifetime senator (because of his office).


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

On 22 February 2014, Matteo Renzi was appointed as Prime Minister of Italy [70], he replaced Enrico Letta.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The former mayor of Florence became Italy's youngest prime minister at the age of 39.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

He was sworn in by Presien Giorgio Napolitano at Rome's presidential palace.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

On 31 January 2015, Matteo Renzi elected Sergio Mattarella as the 12th President of Italy, succeeding Giorgio Napolitano [71].


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Previously Mattarella was a constitutional judge from the Province of Sicilia.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Law and criminal justice The Italian justice system is based on Roman law modified by Napoleonic statutes, and newer statutes.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The Supreme Court of Cassation is the highest court in Italy, for criminal as well as civil appellate cases.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

The Constitutional Court of Italy (Corte Costituzionale) played a role on the alignment of legislation with the constitution, and was a new breakthrough after World War II.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Since their presence in the mid-19th century, organized crime in Italy, and criminal organizations have infiltrated social, and economic life in many regions of Southern Italy, the most severe of which was the Sicilian Mafia, which later expanded to several other countries, including the Americas Unions.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Mafia revenue probably reached 9% [72] [73] of Italy's GDP. [74]


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

A report from 2009 identified 610 communes with such a strong mafia presence, in which 13 million Italians settled, and 14.6% of Italy's GDP was generated. [75] [76] The 'Ndrangheta of Calabria, now perhaps the most powerful crime syndicate in Italy, accounting for 3% of GDP country. [77]


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Nonetheless, with a figure of 0.013 for every 1,000 people, Italy ranks only the 47th highest in terms of the number of murders [78] (in a group of 62 countries), and ranks 43rd highest in terms of the number of rapes for every 1,000 people in the world (in a group of 65 countries), a relatively low picture for the size of developed countries.


Question: What age did Durante degli Alighieri die?

Italy

Foreign relations Italy is a founding member of the European Community, now the European Union (EU), and the North Atlantic Defence Pact (NATO).