Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

The Soviet Union capitalized on the publicity that arose for winning the Olympics by spreading its political ideology. [139]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Some athletes individually have also taken advantage of the Olympics to promote their political agendas.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

In the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, two United States athletics athletes, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, who won the first and third places in the 200-meter sprint, raised their hands and gave a salute interpreted as greeting black people (black power salute) on the podium victory.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Runner-up at the time, Peter Norman of Australia wore a badge reading “Olympic Project for Human Rights” to show his support for Smith and Carlos.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

On this, the then-IOC President, Avery Brundage issued and revoked their title of champion because racist greetings and reeks of politics were not allowed in the Olympics.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

But this incident has a strong influence on the media. [140]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Recently, it was rumored that the Iranian government was taking steps to avoid all sorts of forms of matches with athletes of Israeli origin.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

An Iranian judo athlete, Arash Miresmaeli, refused to compete with Israeli athletes in the 2004 Athens Olympics.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Although he was later disqualified for being overweight, Miresmaeli was instead awarded $125,000 prize money by the Iranian government, the amount paid to all gold medalist athletes in Iran.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Miresmaeli was cleared of the charge of deliberately avoiding a match by the committee but still the receipt of the prize money raised suspicions. [141]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

The use of PED drugs In the early 20th century, Olympic athletes began to use Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs) to improve their athletic abilities.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

For example, winner of the marathon in the 1904 St. Louis Olympics; Thomas Hicks was given strychnine and brandy by his coach. [142]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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Deaths caused by the use of drugs occurred in the 1960 Rome Olympics.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

During a bicycle racing match, Danish bicycle athlete; Knud Enemark Jensen fell off his bike and died.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

An autopsy found that while competing he was under the influence of amphetamines. [143]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

For these events, the IOC banned the use of PEDs in the Olympics. [144]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

The first Olympic athlete to test positive using PEDs was Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall, a Swedish sprinter in the 1968 Mexico City Olympics.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

He lost his bronze medal after proving positive to use alcohol during the games. [145]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

The most publicized use of PEDs in the Olympics was Ben Johnson, a Canadian sprinter who won the 100-meter run in the 1988 Seoul Olympics, but Johnson tested positive for using stanozolol.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

His gold medal was later revoked and awarded to the runner-up; Carl Lewis. [146]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

In 1999, the IOC took the initiative to fight with a more organized fight against PED use by forming the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

There was a sharp increase in the number of athletes who were positive to use PEDs in tests conducted at the 2000 Sydney Olympics and the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Several medalists in weightlifting and cross-country skiing branches were disqualified for using PEDs.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

In the 2006 Turin Winter Olympics, only one athlete proved positive to use PEDs.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

The IOC established a drug-testing regimen (now known as the Olympic Standard) that established the permissible levels of drugs for athletes. [147]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

In the 2008 Beijing Olympics, approximately 3,667 athletes were at the test by the IOC under the auspices of WADA.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

These tests include urine tests and blood tests.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Testing results showed that only three athletes were shown to use PEDs. [143] [148] Russia's ban from the 2018 Winter Olympics The International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced that Russia was banned from the 2018 Winter Olympics, to be held in Pyeongchang, Korea The South, due to doping issues on Tuesday, December 6, 2017 the IOC has frozen the Russian Olympic Committee, but the Russian athletes will still be allowed to compete in the 2018 Winter Olympics of their origin using the uniform “Olympic Athletes from Russia” (English: The Olympic Games Athletes from Russia) under the Olympic Flag, and the Olympic Anthem will be played in the ceremony.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Gender discrimination The first time female athletes were allowed to take part in the 1900 Paris Olympics, but in the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, about thirty-five countries still sent all male contingents to the Olympics. [149]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

This number fell rapidly over the following years.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

In 1996, Lita Fariman was the first female athlete to represent Iran in the Olympic Games through the shooting sport. [150]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

In the 2000 Sidney Olympics, Bahrain sent two female athletes for the first time to the Olympic event: Fatema Hameed Gerashi and Mariam Mohamed Hadi Al Hilli. [151]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

In 2004, Robina Muqim Yaar and Friba Razayee listed themselves as the first female athletes to compete in Afghanistan at the Olympic Games. [152]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

The following four years, the United Arab Emirates also sent female athletes to the Beijing Olympics for the first time: Maitha Al Maktoum (taekwondo) and Latifa Al Maktoum (equestrian). [153]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Until 2010, there were three countries that had never sent a female athlete to the Olympic Games at all.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Those countries are: Brunei, Saudi Arabia and Qatar.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Brunei has only ever participated in three Olympic celebrations, even with a very few athletes.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Saudi Arabia and Qatar have participated in many events and remain consistent in sending men's contingents to the Olympics.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

In 2010, the International Olympic Committee stated that it would “pressure” the countries to allow and facilitate the participation of women athletes in the 2012 London Olympics.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Anita DeFrantz, chairwoman of the IOC Women's Commission suggested that countries that prevent the participation of female athletes should be banned from participating in the Olympics.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Shortly thereafter, the Qatar Olympic Committee announced that it would send four female athletes from the shooting and fencing branches at the 2012 London Olympics.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

In Saudi Arabia, national law in the country explicitly does prohibit women from competing in the Olympic Games. [154] [155] In June 2012, surprisingly the Saudi Arabian Embassy in London announced it would send female athletes to compete in the 2012 Olympic Games for the first time.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Brunei also announced that it will be sending its female athletes to the Olympic Games which begin to take place on July 27, 2012 in London, England. [156]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

In the end, Saudi Arabia sent two female athletes to London (Wodjan Ali Seraj Abdulrahim Shahrkhani; judo and Sarah Attar; 800-metre running); Qatar 4 athletes and Brunei one (Maziah Mahusin; 400m hurdles). [157]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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Thus, the 2012 London Olympics became the first Olympics where all participating countries included female athletes in their contingents. [158]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

The sport at the Olympic Games featuring men and women competing simultaneously is equestrian.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

There is no term “women's sport” or “men's sport” in the Olympics.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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Despite this, in 2008 sports competed for male athletes still more than female athletes.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

With the addition of the women's boxing branch in the 2012 London Olympics, it is expected that women athletes will be able to compete in all the same sports as the male athletes. [159]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Violence The three Olympic events were not celebrated because of warfare: in 1916, the Olympic Games were cancelled due to World War I, while the Summer and Winter Olympics of 1940 and 1944 were not celebrated because of World War II.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

The South Ossetia war between Russia and Georgia erupted on the first day of the opening of the 2008 Beijing Olympics.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

President of the United States, George W. Bush and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin both attended the opening of the Olympic Games at the time and chatted with each other about the conflict at a dinner held by RRT President Hu Jintao. [160]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

As Nino Salukvadze of Georgia won the bronze medal from the shooting branch, she stood on the victory podium side by side with Natalia Paderina, the shooting athlete from Russia who took the silver medal.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

From what was published by the media, it was rumored that Salukvadze and Paderina hugged each other on the podium after the medal handing ceremony ended. [161]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Terrorism also once haunted the organization of the Olympics.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

During the 1972 Munich Olympics in Germany, a group of terrorists from the Palestinian Black September managed to enter an Israeli athlete camp then took hostage and killed 11 Israeli athletes along with a German policeman.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

The tragedy became known as the München Events.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

For this event, the running of the Olympic Games at that time was paused to pay homage to the victims and then resumed. [162]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

In the 1996 Atlanta Olympics in the United States, a bomb detonated at Centennial Olympic Park, killing 2 people and injuring 111 others.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

The bombing was held by Eric Robert Rudolph, an American domestic terrorist who was later sentenced to life for his deeds. [163]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

The level of security in Olympic celebrations was also further tightened after the September 11, 2001 attacks. [164]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Winners and medals Athletes or teams who managed to take first, second and third place in the Olympic Games were awarded a medal respectively.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

The first winner was awarded a gold medal, which was actually made of pure gold until the 1912 Stockholm Olympics, after which it was made of gold plated silver until now.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Each gold medal must contain at least six grams of pure gold. [165]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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The runner-up or second champion is awarded the silver medal and the third place earns the bronze medal.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

In branches of sports that wear knockout (especially boxing), third place is usually undetermined and the two semifinalists will earn bronze medals.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

In the 1896 Athens Olympics, only silver and bronze medals were awarded.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

This three-medal format was only introduced in the 1904 St. Louis Olympics. [166]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Since the 1948 London Olympics, fourth, fifth, and sixth orders were given certificates, henceforth known as the victory diploma.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Later, in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, seventh and eighth were also given victory diplomas.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

In the 2004 Athens Olympics, recipients of gold, silver and bronze medals were also draped with olive flowers. [167]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

The following are the most medal-winning athletes based on gold medals in the history of the Olympic Games: Source: Official Olympic website [168] Regarding the acquisition of medals, the IOC does not recognize the global order by country, the medal tabulation is shown simply for information only.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Furthermore, the results displayed constitute official results and are taken from the “Official Report” - a document published for each Olympic Games by the Organizational Committee.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

But for the early Olympic Games until the 1920 Antwerp Olympics, there were difficulties in calculating the number of medals per country, because many teams included athletes from other countries.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

This tabulation of medals based on country is sourced from the number of gold medals earned, with gold medals receiving higher priority than silver and bronze.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

A team victory counts as one medal only. [169]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

With reference to the data released by the International Olympic Committee, the following are the ten countries with the most gold medals in the history of Olympic Games (until 2014), both Summer and Winter: Former City and host country jmpl| 300px|Summer Olympics location map.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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Countries that have hosted the Olympics as many times as once are marked in green, more than once marked in blue. jmpl|300px|Winter Olympic location map.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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Countries that have hosted the Olympics as many times as once are marked in green, more than once marked in blue.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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The host city for the Olympic Games is usually chosen seven years ahead of the Olympic celebrations. [180]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

The selection process was conducted in two phases that took two years.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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The candidate for the host city submitted a proposal to the NOC in his country.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

If there is more than one city from the same country submits a proposal to its NOC, then the NOC in the country usually uses internal selection, since only one city per NOC can be submitted to the IOC as a host city nomination.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Once the deadline for submission of proposals to the NOC is reached, the first phase (application) begins with the applicant cities being asked to fill out a questionnaire on the main criteria related to the organization of the Olympic Games. [181]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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In this stage, the applicant city must provide assurance that they will comply with the Olympic Charter and other regulations established by the IOC. [180]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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The questionnaire that has been filled out by the applicant city is evaluated by a special group assigned by the IOC.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

From the results of this evaluation, the IOC Executive Board selects candidate cities that will proceed to the nomination stage. [181]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Once Olympic host candidate cities are selected, they will be analyzed by the Evaluation Commission.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

The commission will visit candidate towns, interview local officials and examine venues that are prospective.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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During the interview process, candidate cities must also guarantee that they are able to fund the Olympics.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Next, the Evaluation Commission reported the results of its analysis to the IOC a month before the final decision was decided. [180]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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After the task of the Evaluation Commission is completed, the list of candidates is presented in the IOC general session


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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This general assembly was held in a state that did not have candidate cities in the nomination.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

The IOC members cast each one vote to choose the Olympic host city.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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Once elected, the host city along with its NOC will sign a contract with the IOC and be officially named the host city of the Olympic organizers. [180]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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Until 2016, the Olympic Games had been hosted by 44 cities in 23 countries, but most were cities in Europe and North America.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Cities beyond that that once hosted the Olympics counted only eight cities.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Since the 1988 Seoul Olympics in South Korea, the Olympic Games have been held in Asia and Oceania four times, a sharp increase compared to the previous 92 years (only two cities).


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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Rio de Janeiro became the first city in South America to become the organizing city of the Olympic Games (2016).


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Whereas cities in Africa have made it to the nomination stage. [181]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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The United States has hosted four Summer Olympics and four Winter Olympics, the most than any other country.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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Great Britain has hosted two Summer Olympics, and hosted the third time at the 2012 London Olympics.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Germany, Australia, France and Greece are the countries that have hosted the Summer Olympics twice.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Among the host cities, only Los Angeles, Paris, Athens and London have ever hosted the Summer Olympics more than once (twice each).


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

With the holding of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, it holds a new record as the only city to have hosted the Summer Olympics three times.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Regarding the Winter Olympics, France has played host to three Olympic Games, while Switzerland, Austria, Norway, Japan and Italy have hosted twice the Games.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

The last Winter Olympics were held in Vancouver, Canada, becoming the second Winter Olympics and third overall hosted in Canada.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

The next Winter Olympics will be hosted for the first time in Russia in 2014. Summer OlympicsWinter OlympicsLogoyearHostHost HostLogoYear CelebrationHost Kotanegarakotanegara1896ke-IAthena Greece1900ke-IIParis France1904ke-IIIST.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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Louis United States1906Interkala Olympiad (Unofficial) Athens Greece1908ke-IVLondon United King35px1912ke-VStockholm SwedenThe VI Olympic Games were cancelled due to World War I-1916ke-Viberlin German Empire1920ke-VIIANTWERPEN BelgiaThe beginning of the run of the Winter Olympics1924ke-VIIIParis France1924ke-Ichamonix France1928ke-IXAmsterdam Netherlands1928ke-IIST.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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Moritz Swiss1932ke-XLos Angeles United States1932ke-IIIlake Placid United States1936ke-XIBerlin Germany Nazi1936ke-Ivgarmisch-Partenkirchen Germany NaziSummer and Winter Olympics of 1940 and 1944 were canceled due to World War II-1940ke-Xiitokyo Japan-1940Sapporo Japan-1944ke- XIIilondon United Kingdom-1944Cortina d'Ampezzo Italia1948ke-XIVLondon United Kingdom1948ke-VST.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Moritz Swiss1952ke-XVHelsinki Finland1952ke-VIOSLO Norwegia1956ke-XVIMelbourne Australia1956ke-Viicortina d'Ampezzo Italia1960ke-XVIIroma Italia1960ke-VIIISQUAW Valley US1964ke-XVIIITOKYO Japan1964ke-IxinnsBrua196a1964ke-Ixinnsbruck Austria1964ke-XVIIITOKYO Japan1964ke-IxinnsBruck Austria1964ke-XVIIITOKYO 8ke-XIXMexico City Mexico1968ke-XGrenoble France1972Ke- XXMünchen West Germany1972ke-XISAPPORO Japan1976ke-XximonCanada1976ke-XIIINNSBruck Austria1980ke-Xxiimoskow Soviet Union-1980ke-XIIILake Placid United States1984ke-Xxiiilos Angeles US1984ke-Xivsarajevo Yugoslaviake-1984ke-XIVSarajevo Yugoslaviake-1988X1988X1984ke-XIVSarajevo Yugoslaviake-1988X1988X1984ke-XivSarajevo Yugoslaviake-XivSeoul South Kore1988ke-XVCalgary Canada1992Ke- XXVBarcelona Spain1992ke-XVIALBERTVILLE FranceXVII Winter Olympics onwards held two years later from the Summer Olympics1996ke-XXVIAtlanta United States1994ke-XVIILILLEHAMMER Norwegia2000ke-XXVIISYdney Australia1998ke-XVIIINAGANO Japan2004ke-XXVIIIAthens Greece2002ke-XIXSalt Lake City United States2008ke-XXIXBeijing RRT2006ke-XXTURIN Italy2012ke-XXXLondon United King2010ke-XXIVancouver Canada2016ke-XXXirio de Janeiro Brazil2014ke-Xxiisochi Russia2020ke-XXXIITOKYO Japan2018ke-Xxiiipyeongchang South Korea Source: Encyclopædia Britannica. [182]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Indonesia's participation Indonesia first participated in the 1952 Helsinki Olympics in Finland.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

After that Indonesia had twice not participated in the Olympic Games namely at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics and the 1980 Moscow Olympics due to boycotts in connection with the Soviet-Afghan war.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Since the beginning of its participation, Indonesia has collected a total of 27 medals, with details: 6 gold medals, 10 silver medals and 11 bronze medals. [2]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Here are Indonesia's achievements during the Olympic Games: Seoul 1988 Olympics: Indonesian athletes won medals for the first time, which is when Nurfitriyana Saiman, Kusuma Wardhani, and Lilies Handayani won silver medals in the women's archery branch. [2]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Barcelona 1992 Olympics: Indonesia's first gold medal was won by Susi Susanti (women's single badminton) and Alan Budikusuma (men's single badminton).


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

While the silver medal was won by Ardi B. Wiranata (men's single badminton) and Eddy Hartono-Rudy Gunawan (men's doubles badminton), followed by Hermawan Susanto (men's single badminton) who won the bronze medal. [2]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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1996 Atlanta Olympics: Indonesia won 1 gold, 1 silver and 2 bronze.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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All medals for the Indonesian contingent were presented by the badminton team, with details of gold medals achieved by: Rexy Mainaky-Ricky Subagja (men's doubles), silver medal: Mia Audina (princess singles); bronze medals: Susi Susanti (women's singles) and Denny Kantono-Antonius B. Ariantho (men's doubles) . [2]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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Sydney 2000 Olympics: Indonesia won 1 gold, 3 silver and 2 bronze.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Gold was achieved by: Tony Gunawan-Chandra Wijaya (men's doubles badminton), silver medals were achieved by: Hendrawan (men's singles badminton), Tri Kusharjanto-Minarti Timur (mixed doubles badminton) and Raema Lisa Rumbewas (48kg women's weight lifting).


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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While bronze medals were achieved by: Sri Indriyani (48kg women's weight lifting) and Winarni (women's weight lifting 53kg). [2]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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Athens 2004 Olympics: Indonesia won 1 gold and 2 bronze.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Gold: Taufik Hidayat (men's single badminton), bronze: Soni Dwi Kuncoro (men's single badminton) and Flandy Limpele-Eng Hian (men's doubles badminton). [2]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Beijing 2008 Olympics: Indonesia gets its first gold through the badminton branch through the men's doubles pair Markis Kido-Hendra Setiawan.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

While the silver medal was won by Nova Widianto-Lilyana Natsir (mixed doubles badminton), while the bronze medal was won by Maria Kristin Yulianti (women's singles badminton), Eko Yuli Irawan (288kg weightlifting) and Triyatno (298kg weightlifting). [2]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

At the 2012 London Olympics, Indonesia sent 22 athletes, with details of nine athletes coming from the badminton branch, then followed by the weightlifting branch as many as six athletes.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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While the athletic branch passed two athletes.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

While fencing, archery, swimming, judo and shooting each pass one athlete. [183]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

The number of athletes this time was fewer than the contingent sent at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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At that time, Indonesia sent 24 athletes. [184] [185] In this event, Indonesia won one silver medal and one bronze medal, where both were presented by athletes from the weightlifting branch (Triyatno; silver and Eko Yuli Irawan; bronze).


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

At the 2016 Rio Olympics, Indonesia sent 28 athletes consisting of badminton, athletics, archery, rowing, weightlifting, bicycle racing and swimming. [186]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

Rio Olympics 2016: Indonesia gets its first gold through the badminton branch through the mixed doubles pair Tantowi Ahmad-Liliyana Natsir.


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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While the silver medal was achieved by Eko Yuli Irawan (318kg weightlifter) and Sri Wahyuni Agustiani (200kg weightlifter). [187]


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

Olympics

See also Sports Events Bibliography Reference Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Outlinks — Olympic Dictionary Error : no page names specified (help).


Question: How many people attended the Ancient Greek Olympics?

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Category:Sports events


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Katherine Anne “Katie” Couric () is a U.S. wartawati known by her name after being the Today show guide on NBC television.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

His move from NBC to CBS in 2006 became news material.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

From September 5, 2006 to May 19, 2011, he was news anchor and managing editor of the CBS Evening News news program replacing Bob Schieffer who served as interim anchor.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Previously, Dan Rother who served as news anchor as well as managing editor resigned on March 9, 2005.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Couric's assignment as anchor of the CBS Evening News news cast her as the first woman to single-handedly anchor an evening news program on weekdays.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Previously, those positions on the United States' three largest television stations (ABC, CBS, NBC) had always been male-dominated.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Couric's career was born in Arlington, Virginia.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

His father was named for John Martin Couric Jr., a public relations official and editor-in-chief in the daily The Atlanta Journal-Constitution and United Press, Washington, D.C..


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

His mother was a housewife and part-time writer named Dersima Hene. [1]


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Although her mother was Jewish [2], Katie was raised as a Presbyterian. [3]


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

His maternal grandparents, Berthold B. Hene and Clara L. Froshin were Jewish immigrants from Germany. [4]


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

In Couric's report for the Today show, he tracked ancestry on the part of the father who turned out to be a French orphan who emigrated to America in the 19th century.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

In America, his ancestors had some success as a cotton business broker.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Couric missed her school years at Jamestown Elementary School, Williamsburg Junior High School, [5] and Yorktown High School in Arlington Virginia.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

While in high school, he was a cheerleader. [6]


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

In 1975, he began college at the University of Virginia majoring in English and History, [5] On campus, he became a member of Delta Delta Delta sorority, and held a number of positions at campus newspaper The Cavalier Daily.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

As a 3rd level student, he was elected chairman of The Lawn dormitory which is in the middle of Thomas Jefferson's academic district.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Couric graduated in 1979 and got a degree in American Studies.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Television career Couric's journalism career began after Stan Hooper accepted her as a news assistant in the ABC News bureau, Washington, D.C. before being accepted to CNN as coverage coordinator.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

From 1984 to 1986, she worked as a wartawati at television station WTVJ, Miami, Florida.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

The following two years, he became a wartawati for the NBC-owned television station WRC-TV in Washington, D.C..


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Awards from the Associated Press and Emmy Awards were received while working at WRC-TV.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Couric joined NBC News in 1989 as Deputy Correspondent for the Pentagon.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

From 1989 to 1991, she served as a reserve anchor.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Couric became the Today show's guide in place of Bryant Gumbel when it was hitched.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

In addition, he also replaced Jane Pauley and Deborah Norville as Today news presenters, replaced Garrick Utley, Mary Alice Williams, and Maria Shriver as Sunday Today show guides, and replaced John Palmer, Norville, and Faith Daniels as NBC News news presenters at Sunrise on NBC News.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

NBC news presenter (1991-2006) In 1990, Couric joined the Today show as a domestic political correspondent.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

In February 1991, she was assigned as a show guide in place of Deborah Norville who was on maternity leave.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Norville apparently did not return, and Couric became the permanent anchor since Thursday, April 15, 1991.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

In 1992, she became an anchor along with Tom Brokaw headlining the weekly show of the evening news magazine NBC Now.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

The show was later removed and made part of Dateline NBC.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Special reports from Couric appear regularly on Dateline NBC, and her name is written as a contributor anchor.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

During his career at NBC, he once replaced Tom Brokaw as the NBC Nightly News news presenter.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

He also once replaced Garrick Utley on the Sunday edition of NBC Nightly News from 1989 to 1992, and as a replacement for Maria Shriver on the Saturday edition, NBC Nightly News in 1989.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Couric guided a number of special news programs and special coverage, from Everybody's Business: America's Children (1995) to entertainment world coverage Legend to Legend Night: A Celebrity Cavalcade (1993) and Harry Potter: Behind the Magic (2001).


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Couric six times served as an event guide for the opening coverage of the Olympics.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Career as an Olympic coverage guide commencement since the 2000 Sydney Olympics with Bob Costas.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

The opening of the 2006 Winter Olympics was not covered by Couric because her schedules clash with the Today Show taping.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

In place of Couric, Bob Costas was accompanied by Brian Williams.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

While at NBC, Couric had interviewed various politicians and celebrities, including Presidents Gerald R. Ford, Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barbara Bush.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

He also once interviewed John F. Kennedy Jr. which was also Couric's last interview with him.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Other luminaries he had interviewed were Prime Minister Tony Blair, Senator Hillary Clinton (the first television interview for Hillary), J. K. Rowling, and Laura Bush.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Numerous awards in the field of television journalism were achieved, including a Peabody Award for the series Confronting Colon Cancer.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Her career at Today and NBC News lasted until May 31, 2006 when Couric announced she was accepting CBS's offer as anchor of the CBS Evening News news.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Couric's move to the CBS Evening News made her the first woman to be an anchor for the “big three” evening news programs that aired every weekday in the United States.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

CBS Evening News (2006-2011) Couric announced her resignation on April 5, 2006 despite already a US$20 million salary offer.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

The day coincided with the 15th anniversary of Couric being a Today show guide.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

That same day, CBS officially announced Couric as news anchor and managing editor of the CBS Evening News with Katie Couric.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

At CBS, he also served as a contributor to the 60 Minutes investigative program and news anchor of CBS's primary time program. [7]


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

The first airing of the CBS Evening News with Katie Couric was on September 5, 2006.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Couric comes with a new studio device and graphic look.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

The theme song used is also new, by James Horner [8] with voice by Walter Cronkite.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Couric's first appearance was also broadcast simultaneously by local radio stations and on the Internet.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Critics gave varying responses about Couric's first appearance.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

But surely the first airing of the CBS Evening News with Katie Couric attracted an estimated 13.6 million viewers, nearly double the number of viewers usually, [9] and simultaneously achieving the highest ratings among CBS Evening News impressions since February 1998.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

On September 19, 2006, CBS Evening News ranked the top viewers among the top 3 evening news programs in the United States.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

But in its second week, the CBS Evening News with Katie Couric got a rival from NBC Nightly News.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

From September 11 to September 15, 2006, the CBS Evening News watched 7.9 million viewers while NBC watched 7.3 million viewers. (September 11, 2006, Couric fell in third, ratings first and second occupied NBC and ABC). [10]


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

On October 6, 2006, Couric fell in third for two consecutive weeks, trailing behind more than a million viewers from ABC News. [11]


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

The rivalry ended with the CBS Evening News ranked third among the top three evening news programs in the U.S. [12]


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

On May 19, 2011, Katie Couric officially declared her resignation on CBS Evening News [13].


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Afterwards, the CBS Evening News was filled in by Hary Smith between May 20 to June 3, 2011.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

On June 6, 2011, the CBS Evening News Official was hosted by Scott Pelley [14].


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Film and television drama Couric once played a news journalist named “Katie Current” in the movie Shark Tale.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

He appeared as a figuran of being the prison warden of the Georgia State Correctional Institution in the film Austin Powers in Goldmember.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

On television, he played himself in the situation comedies Murphy Brown (1992) and Will & Grace in late 2002.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

On the occasion of May 12, 2003, he replaced show guide Jay Leno on the Tonight Show.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Private life Couric was married to Jay Monahan in 1989.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

The two got two daughters, Elinor Tully “Ellie” Monahan (born July 23, 1991) and Caroline Couric Monahan (born January 5, 1996).


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

In 1998, 42-year-old Jay Monahan died from colon cancer.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

After her husband's death, Couric was very active as a spokesperson for colon cancer detection campaigns.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

The colonoscopy examination he underwent was appointed as the Today Show's March 2000 airing material.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

According to research published in the journal Archives of Internal Medicine, July 14, 2003 issue, [15] Couric gave the impetus for many to detect colon cancer early.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

On October 7, 2005, Couric aired a mammography exam she underwent on the Today show on NBC.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

This airing relates to the establishment of October as the month of early detection of breast cancer.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Katie Couric's older sister named Senator Emily Couric passed away at the age of 54, October 18, 2001 from pancreatic cancer.


Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

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Question: When did Katherine Anne start being a wartawati?

Katie Couric

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. in CBS News Category:News hosts United States Category:Journalists United States


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire (other spellings: Byzantine, Byzantine, Byzantine, Byzantium) was the mainly Greek-speaking eastern region of the Roman Empire [1] in the Ancient and Middle Ages.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The inhabitants and neighbors of the Eastern Roman Empire dubbed this land the Roman Empire or Romania (Greek: ωμανία, Rōmanía).


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The empire was centered in Constantinople, and was overrun by the emperors who were the replacements of the ancient Roman emperors after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

There is no consensus on the exact date of the start of the Eastern Roman period.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Some refer to Diokletianus' period of power (284-305) due to the reforms of government he introduced, which divided the kingdom into pars Orientis and pars Occidentis. [2]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The other party calls the period of power of Theodosius I (379—395), or after his death in 395, when the empire split into Eastern and Western parts.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

There are also those who call the year 476, when Rome was colonized for the third time in a century signifying the fall of the West (Latin), and resulting in the emperors of the East (Greece) gaining sole power. [3]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In any case, a pivotal point in Eastern Roman history was when Constantine the Great moved the capital from Nicomedia (in Anatolia) to Byzantium (which would become Constantinople) in 330.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

This country stood for more than thousands of years.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

During its existence, Eastern Roman was a powerful economic, cultural, and military power in Europe, although it continued to regress, especially during the time of the Roman-Persian and Roman-East-Arab Wars.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The empire was restored during the Macedonian Dynasty, rising as a major power in the Eastern Mediterranean in the late 10th century, and was able to rival the Fatimiyad Caliphate.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

After 1071, most of Asia Minor was seized by the Seljuk Turks.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Komnenos Restoration succeeded in strengthening dominance in the 12th century, but after the death of Andronikos I Komnenos and the end of the Komnenos Dynasty in the late 12th century, the empire again went into decline.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Eastern Romans were further shaken at the time of the Fourth Crusade of 1204, when the empire was forcibly dissolved and split into contesting Greek and Latin kingdoms.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The empire was successfully re-established in 1261 under the chairmanship of the caisar-emperor Palaiologos, but civil war in the 14th century continued to weaken the imperial power.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The remainder of its territory was annexed by the Ottoman Sultanate in the East-Ottoman Roman Warfare.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Finally, Constantinople was successfully captured by the Ottomans on 29 May 1453, marking the end of the Eastern Roman Empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

This Imperial namesake began to be called “Byzantine” in Western Europe in 1557, when the German historian Hieronymus Wolf published his work entitled Corpus Historiæ Byzantinæ.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The term “Byzantine” comes from the word “Byzantium”, that is, the name of the city of Constantinople before it became the capital of Constantine the Great.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Since then, this old name has rarely been used, except in historical and poetic contexts.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Furthermore, the Byzantine du Louvre (Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ) of 1648 and Du Cange's Historia Byzantina of 1680 further modeled Byzantine terms among French authors, such as Montesquieu. [4]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The term then disappeared until in the 19th century when Westerners resumed using it. [5]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Previously, it was the Greek term that was used for this empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The country was nicknamed by its inhabitants by the name of the Roman Empire, the Empire of the Roman People (Latin: Imperium Romanum, Imperium Romanorum, Greek: Βασιλεία τν ωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíŏn, Αρχη τύν ωμαίων, Arche tôn Rhōmaíōn), Romania [1] (Latin: Romanian, Greek: ωμανία, Rhōmanía), The Roman Republic (Latin: Res Publica Romana, Greek: Πολιτεία τύν ωμαίων, Politeίa tôn Rhōmaíōn), [7] Graikía (Greek: Γραικία), [8] and also Rhōmaís (ωμας). [9]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Although the Eastern Roman Empire has multiethnic features in its history, [10] as well as keeping the Roman-Hellenistic tradition, [11] it was known to the western and northern lands of its time under the name of the Empire of the Greeks [n 2] because of its strong Greek influence. [12]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The use of the term Empire of the Greeks (Latin: Imperium Graecorum) in the West is emblematic of the rejection of the Byzantine claim to be the Roman Empire. [13]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Eastern Roman claims to Roman inheritance were opposed in the West during the time of Maharani Irene of Athens due to the appointment of Karel the Great as Holy Roman Emperor in 800 by Pope Leo III, who viewed the Roman throne as vacant (no male ruler).


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Popes and rulers from the West preferred the term Imperator Romaniæ rather than Imperator Romanorum, a title used only for Karel the Great and his successors. [14]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, in Persian, Islamic, and Slavic civilizations, the Roman identity of the country was recognized.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the Islamic world, the Eastern Roman Empire is known by the name روم (Rûm “Rome”). [15] [16] In modern historical atlases, the empire is usually dubbed the Eastern Roman Empire in the period between 395 to 610.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

On maps depicting the Empire after 610, the term Byzantine Empire is usually used because in 620 the emperor Heraclius switched the official language of the empire from Latin to Greek. [17]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Teak self “The Eastern Roman Empire could be defined as a multi-ethnic empire that emerged as a Christian empire, which then soon consisted of the already Hellenized Eastern empire and ended its millennial history, in 1453, as the Greek Orthodox State: An empire which became a country, almost with the modern meaning of the word” .1 In the centuries following Arab colonization and Langobardi in the 7th century, its multi-ethnic (though not multi-nation) nature remained even though parts of it, the Balkans and Asia Minor, had large Greek populations.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Ethnic minorities and large communities of other religions (e.g. Armenians) live near the border.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The people of Eastern Romans considered themselves to be a Ρωμαίοι (Rhomaioi - Roman) which had become a synonym for an Έλλην (Hellene - Greek), and vociferously developed self-awareness as a state, as inhabitants of Ρωμανία (Romania, which was a call for the Eastern Roman State and his world).


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

It is prominently featured in literary works of the period, especially in wiracarita such as Digenes Akrites.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The official melting pot of the Eastern Roman state in the 15th century did not directly destroy Eastern Roman society.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the time of Turkish occupation, the Greeks continued to call themselves as Ρωμαίοι (Romans) and Έλληνες (Greeks), a trait that remained into the early 21st century and still exists in modern Greece today, although “Roman” has become the name of “the people” rather than a synonym of the nation just like old times.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

History History of the early Roman Empire The Roman forces when it had successfully controlled the vast area covering the entire Mediterranean area and most of Eastern Europe.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

These territories consist of various cultural groups, both still primitive and those that have had advanced civilizations.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In general, the provinces in the eastern Mediterranean region are more prosperous and developed because they have experienced rapid development during the Macedonian Empire and have undergone a process of hellenization.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, provinces in the West are mostly just rural lagging behind.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The differences between these two regions persisted for a long time and became important in the following years. [18]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Secession of the Roman Empire In 293, Diokletianus created a new administrative system (tetrarchy) [19] as an institution intended to streamline the control of the vast Roman Empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

He divided the Empire into two parts, with two emperors reigning from Italy and Greece, each having a vice-emperor.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

After the period of power of Diocletianus and Maximianus ended, the tetrarchy collapsed, and Constantine I replaced it with the principle of hereditary replacement. [20]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Constantine moved the center of the empire, and brought important changes to the civil and religious constitution. [21]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 330, he founded Constantinople as the second Rome in Byzantium.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The position of the city was strategic in trade between East and West.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The emperor introduced a coin (gold solidus) that was of high value and stable, [22] and changed the structure of the armed forces.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Under Constantine, the military power of the empire again recovered.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Periods of stability and well-being can also be enjoyed.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Under Constantine, Christianity did not become the exclusive religion of the state, but was supported by the empire, let alone the emperor supported it with abundant rights.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The emperor introduced the principle that the emperor did not need to resolve questions of doctrine, but needed to summon councils of raids for that purpose.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Synod of Arles was convened by Constantine, and the First Council of Nicaea exhibited its claim to be head of the church. [24]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The state of the empire of 395 can be said to be the result of Constantine's labor.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Dynastic principles were firmly applied so that the emperor who died in those days, Theodosius I, could bequeath the empire on his sons: Arcadius in the West and Honorius in the East.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Theodosius was the last emperor to control all of Western and Eastern Roman. [25]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Empire was spared the difficulties faced by the West in the third and fourth centuries, as the East had a more established urban culture and stronger financial resources, so it was able to stop the attackers with tribute and hire army-mercenaries.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Theodosius II strengthened the walls of Constantinople, so that the city was safe from attacks; it could not be breached until 1204.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

To expel the Huns under Attila's lead, Theodosius gave them a subsidy (supposedly 300kg (700lb) of gold). [26]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

He also supported the merchants of Constantinople who traded with the Huns and other peoples.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

His successor, Marcianus, refused to continue paying this tribute.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Fortunately, Attila had turned his attention to the Western Roman Empire. [27]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

After his death of 453, the land of Attila collapsed and Constantinople opened favorable relations with the remaining Huns.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

They eventually fought as mercenaries in the Eastern Roman armed forces. [28]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

After the fall of Attila, peace could be enjoyed in Eastern Roman, while Western Roman collapsed (its collapse was recorded in 476, when the Germanic Roman general Odoacer deposed the emperor Romulus Augustulus).


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

To retake Italy, the emperor Zeno could only negotiate with the Ostrogoths who had settled in Moesia.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

He sent the Ostrogoth king Theodoric to Italy as magister militum per Italiam (“head of command for Italy”).


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

After successfully toppling Odoacer in 493, Theodoric took control of Italy. [25]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 491, Anastasius I became emperor.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

He was an energetic reformist and capable administrator.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Anastasius perfected Constantine I's coinage system by regulating the weights of bronze follis, coins widely used in everyday life. [29]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

He also changed the taxation system, as well as abolishing the disliked chrysargyron tax.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

When Anastasius passed away in 518, the amount of the state treasury was recorded at 320,000lbs (145,150kg) of gold. [30]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Western Roman reconquest of Justinianus I, who ascended the throne in 527, waged a Roman reconquest of the West. [31]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 532, the son of the Illyrian peasant signed a peace treaty with Khosrau I of Persia.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Despite having to pay a large annual tribute, the Byzantine eastern front became secure.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the same year, Justinianus survived the Nika riots in Constantinople, which ended in the deaths of thirty thousand rioters.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

This victory strengthened Justinianus' position. [32]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Pope Agapetus I was sent to Constantinople by the Ostrogoth king Theodahad, but failed to reach a peace agreement with Justinianus.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

However, he managed to make monophysitism reviled.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Roman reconquest of the West began in 533.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Justinianus sent his general Belisarius and 15,000 soldiers to reclaim the province of Africa from the Vandals who had been in power since 429. [33]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Vandal kingdom was successfully subdued. [32]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, in Ostrogoth Italy, the Athalaric king died on 2 October 534.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

His mother, Amalasuntha, was imprisoned and killed by Theodahad on the island of Martana.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Justinianus saw it as an opportunity to intervene.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 535, the Eastern Roman army was sent to Sicily.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Victory was achieved, but the Ostrogoths strengthened their resistance.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

A new victory was actually achieved in 540, when Belisarius seized Ravenna. [34]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Unfortunately, the Ostrogoths were successfully reunified under Totila's lead and captured Rome on 17 December 546.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Belisarius was drawn by Justinianus early in 549. [35]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The eunuch Narses succeeded him at the end of 551 by bringing an army of 35,000.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Totila was successfully defeated and killed in the Battle of Busta Gallorum.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

His successor, Teia, was successfully conquered in the Battle of Mons Lactarius (October 552).


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Subsequently, the Goths still continued to fight back.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Franka and Alamanni tribes launched their invasion.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Nevertheless, the war for control of the Italian peninsula had ended in an Eastern Roman victory. [36]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 551, the Visigoth nobleman in Hispania, the Athanagilds, pleaded for the help of Justinianus in a rebellion against the king.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The emperor sent an army under the leadership of Liberius.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Roman Empire managed to control a sliver of territory on the Spanian coast until the time of Heraclius' rule. [37]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, in the east, the Roman-Persian Wars raged until 561, when Justinianus and Khosrau agreed to peace for 50 years.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

By the middle of 550, Justinianus had achieved victory in all wars, with the exception of in the Balkans, when the empire was continuously invaded by the Slavs.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 559, the empire was threatened by Kutrigur and the Sklavinoi.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Justinianus summoned Belisarius, and once the danger had gone, the emperor took power himself.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The news that Justinianus was strengthening his Donaunya fleet made Kutrigur anxious, so they agreed with the tracts that gave them a subsidy and allowed them to go home safely over the river Donau. [32]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Justinianus is also noted for his achievements in the field of law. [38]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 529, a commission numbering ten men headed by Iohannis Orientalis revised ancient Roman statutes.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The entire “statute of Justinianus” is today known as Corpus Juris Civilis.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

During the 6th century, Greco-Roman culture was still firmly influential in the East.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Christian philosophy and culture became increasingly important and began to dominate the old culture.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The hymns that Romanus Melodus mark the development of the Sacred Liturgy.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Aristek-architects and builders worked hard to complete the new church of Hagia Sophia which replaced the old church destroyed by the Nika riots.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

During the sixth and seventh centuries, the empire was rocked by a plague of pes, which destroyed many souls, as well as resulting in economic decline and weakening of the empire. [39]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

After Justinianus mangkat in 565, his successor, Yustinus II, refused to pay tribute for Persia.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, the Langobardi tribe invaded Italy.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Yustinus' successor, Tiberius II, gave subsidies to the Avars, while launching attacks on Persia.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The subsidies failed to appease the Avars.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

They captured the fortress of Sirmium in 582, while the Slavs began to cross the Donau river.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Maurice, who succeeded Tiberius, intervened in the Persian civil war, as well as putting Khosrau II back on the throne and marrying his daughter to him.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Maurice's tracts with his new brother-in-law brought about a new status quo in the east, and reduced defence costs during this peace (millions of solidi were successfully saved thanks to the remission of tributes for Persia).


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

After his victory on the eastern front, Maurice was able to turn his attention to the Balkans, and in 602, he succeeded in driving out the Avars and Slavic tribes. [25]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Shrinking borders of the Heraclius Dynasty After Maurice was killed by Phocas, Khosrau tried to conquer the Roman province of Mesopotamia. [40]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Phocas, an unpopular leader described as a “tyrant” in Eastern Roman sources, was the target of senate conspiracies.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

He was dropped in 610 by Heraclius. [41]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

After Heraclius came to power, the Persian army continued to urge until it entered Asia Minor.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

They occupied Damascus and Jerusalem, and transferred the True Cross to Ctesiphon. [42]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Heraclius launched a retaliatory attack with the hallmark of holy war.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Eastern Roman armies fought by carrying the image of Christ's acheiropoietos as a military ensign. [43]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Persian army was successfully destroyed in a battle at Ninewe of 627.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 629, Heraclius returned the True Cross to Jerusalem in a grandiose ceremony. [44]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

This war weakened Eastern Roman and Sassaniyah Persia, as well as making both vulnerable to attacks by the rising Arab Muslims of the time. [45]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Arab army succeeded in crushing the Eastern Roman army in the Battle of Yarmuk of 636, and Ctesiphon fell in 634. [46] JMPL|left|350px|Eastern Roman Empire in 650.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Arab army, which had conquered Syria and the Levant, continuously invaded Anatolia, and between 674 to 678 besieged Constantinople.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Arab fleet was successfully driven out using Greek fire and a thirty-year truce was approved between the empire and the Umayyad Caliphate. [47]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The attacks on Anatolia continued and accelerated the demise of classical urban culture.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Many residents refortified smaller areas within the old city fortifications, or moved to nearby fortifications. [48]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Great Constantinople itself also shrank, from 500,000 inhabitants to only 40,000—70,000 alone, which was due to Constantinople losing its grain source in 618 when Egypt was seized by the Persians (the province could be recaptured in 629, but was eventually overrun by Arabs in year 642). [49]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The withdrawal of armies in the Balkans to fight against the Persians and Arabs in the east had opened the door to the expansion of the Slavic


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

As a result, as in Anatolia, many cities shrank into small fortified settlements. [50]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the 670s, the Bulgarians were urged south of the Donau river by the Khazars.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Roman army sent to dissolve these new settlements was defeated in 680.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Constantine IV then signed a treaty with the Bulgarian khan Asparukh, and the new Bulgarian state gained sovereignty over several Slavic tribes that had previously recognized Eastern Roman power. [51]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 687—688, emperor Justinianus II led an expedition against Slavs and Bulgarians that was quite successful. [52]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The last Emperor Heraclius, Justinianus II, tried to destroy the power of the urban aristocracy through taxation and the appointment of “outsiders” in administrative posts.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

He was put down in 695, and took refuge to the Khazars, then Bulgaria.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 705, Justinianus II returned to Constantinople with the army of the Bulgarian khan, Tervel.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

He reclaimed the throne, and established a regime of terror for his enemies.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Justinianus II was dropped back in 711, bringing to the end of the Heraclius Dynasty. [53]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Isaurian dynasty until the time when Basil I ascended the throne of JMPL|350px|Eastern Roman Empire when Leo III ascended the throne in 717.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The striped region was an area attacked by the Arabs.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Leo III managed to repel the Muslim attack of 718, and achieved victory with help from the Bulgarian khan, Tervel, who managed to kill 32,000 Arab troops with his army.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

His successor, Constantine V, achieved victory in northern Syria, and weakened Bulgarian power. [54]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 826, the Arabs seized Crete and invaded Sicily, but on 3 September 863, the general Petronas managed to achieve a major victory in battle against Umar al-Aqta, the emir of Melitene.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Under the leadership of the Bulgarian emperor Krum, the Bulgarian threat resurfaced, but in 814, Krum's son, Omortag, made peace with the Eastern Roman Empire. [55] [56] The eighth and ninth centuries were condensed with controversy and religious schism resulting from iconoclasm.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The icons were banned by Leo III and Constantine V, which resulted in rebellions waged by iconodules (supporters of icons) throughout the empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

At the efforts of Maharani Irene, the Second Nicaese Council was convened in 787, and confirmed that icons could be venerated but not worshipped.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 813, Leo V reestablished the policy of iconoclasm, but Maharani Theodora restored the veneration of icons with the help of Patriarch Methodios in 843. [57]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Iconoclasm widened the chasm of divisions between East and West, which got worse during the time of Photios's schism, when Pope Nikolas I opposed the appointment of Photios as patriarch. [58]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Macedonian Dynasty and the rise of the Warfare against the Muslim JMPL|350px|Eastern Roman Empire in 867.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

By 867, Eastern Roman had re-stabilized its position in the east and west.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Thanks to efficiency on the military structure, the emperor was able to plan a war of reconquest in the east.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The process of reconquest begins with an unfixed result.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Crete was successfully conquered temporarily (843), but subsequently the Eastern Roman army suffered defeat on the Bosporus, while the emperor was unable to prevent the Muslim conquest of Sicily (827—902).


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Using Tunisia as a springboard, Muslim armies conquered Palermo of 831, Messina of 842, Enna of 859, Siracusa of 878, Catania of 900, and the last Eastern Roman stronghold, Taormina, of 902.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The shortcomings were soon balanced through the success of the expedition against Damietta in Egypt (856), the defeat of Emir Melitene (863), the martification of imperial power in Dalmatia (867), and Basil I's attack on the Euphrates (870s).


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Basil I was able to handle the situation in southern Italy well, [59] so that the province would remain in Eastern Roman hands for the following 200 years. [60]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 904, disaster struck the empire when its second city, Thessaloniki, was plundered by an Arab fleet led by the Eastern Roman traitor Leo of Tripoli.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Roman army retaliated by destroying the Arab fleet of 908, as well as plundering the Syrian city of Laodicea two years later.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Despite the reprisals, the Eastern Romans were unable to shake the Muslims, who had destroyed the imperial army in Crete in 911. [61]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The situation on the border with Arabia remains fluid.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Varangia, who invaded Constantinople for the first time in 860, became a new challenge.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 941, they appeared on the coast of the Bosporus part of Asia.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

This time they were successfully destroyed, demonstrating the strengthening of Eastern Roman military power after 907, when only diplomacy was able to repel the attackers.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Emperors Nikephoros II Phokas (ruling 963—969) and Ioannes I Tzimiskes (969—976) expanded the imperial territory up to Syria, subjugating the emir-emirs of northwestern Iraq, as well as reconquering Crete and Cyprus.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

During Ioannes' reign, the imperial army briefly threatened Jerusalem. [62]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Emirate of Aleppo and its neighbors became vassal of the empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

After much waging of military campaigns, the last Arab threat to Eastern Romans was successfully conquered when Basil II quickly withdrew his 40,000 riding army to liberate Roman Syria.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

With a surplus of natural resources, Basil II planned an expedition to Sicily to seize it from the Arabs.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

After his death in 1025, the expedition set out in the 1040s, and managed to achieve early success, but that success was further hampered.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Warfare against the Bulgarian Empire The old tussle with the Holy See continued; this time it resulted from the struggle of religious power over newly Christianized Bulgaria.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

As a result, Tsar Simeon I launched an invasion in 894, but it was successfully stopped through Eastern Roman diplomacy, which pleaded for help from the Hungarians.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Romans were eventually defeated in the Battle of Bulgarophygon (896) and were required to pay tribute to the Bulgarians.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Subsequently (912), Simeon succeeded in forcing the Eastern Romans to grant him the throne of the Bulgarian basileus (emperor) and make Emperor Constantine VII marry one of Simeon's daughters.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

When a revolt in Constantinople hampered these efforts, Simeon invaded Trakia and conquered Adrianople. [63]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The imperial expedition under the leadership of Leo Phocas and Romanos Lekapenos suffered a major defeat in the Battle of Acheloos (917), and in the following year Bulgaria entered and raided northern Greece up to as far as Corinth.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Adrianople was successfully recaptured in 923, but in 924 the Bulgarian army besieged Constantinople.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The situation in the Balkans improved after Simeon's death of 927.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 968, Bulgaria was overrun by Rus' under the leadership of Sviatoslav I of Kiev.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Three years later, Emperor Ioannes I Tzimiskes succeeded in defeating the Rus' nation and incorporating eastern Bulgarian territories into the empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Bulgarian resistance raged at the time of the Cometopuli dynasty.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The new emperor Basil II (ruling 976—1025) attempted to subdue the Bulgarians.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Basil's first expedition suffered a failure at the Trajanus Gate.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the following years, the emperor was preoccupied with internal rebellions in Anatolia, while the Bulgarians expanded their power in the Balkans.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The war was protracted for nearly twenty years.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Eastern Roman victories at Spercheios and Skopje succeeded in weakening the Bulgarian army.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In his annual military campaigns, Basil continued to reduce the number of Bulgarian fortifications.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Finally, in the Battle of Kleidion of 1014, Bulgaria was successfully defeated. [64]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Bulgarian army was captured, and supposedly 99 out of 100 soldiers were blinded, while the rest were given one eye on leading their countrymen home.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

When Tsar Samuil witnessed the fate of his soldiers, he died as a result of shock.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

By 1018, the last Bulgarian strongholds had surrendered, and their country became part of Eastern Roman.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

This victory restored the borders of Donau, which had not been controlled since the time of the emperor Heraclius. [63]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Relations with Rus' Kiev Between the years 850 to 1100, the empire fostered relations with Rus' Kiev.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Romans were a cultural and trading partner for Kiev, but relations between them were not always warm.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The most serious conflict between the two countries was the war of 968—971 in Bulgaria.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Rus' attacks on Eastern Roman cities on the Black Sea coast and Constantinople are also recorded in history.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Although those attacks can be dispelled, they end up with tracts of Rus' lucrative trade.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Eastern Rus'-Roman relations improved after Anna Porphyrogenita's marriage to Vladimir the Great.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Thanks to Christianization anyway, the relationship of the two countries is getting sweeter.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Eastern Romanesque clergy, architects, and performers were invited to assist in the craftsmanship of the cathedrals and churches in Rus', so that the influence of Eastern Roman culture


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Several Rus' soldiers became mercenaries within the Eastern Roman armed forces, with the most famous being the Varangian Guard.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The peak of the Eastern Roman Empire stretched from Armenia in the east to Calabria in the west. [63]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Many successes have been achieved, from the conquest of Bulgaria, the annexation of Georgian and Armenian territories, to the annihilation of Egyptian attackers outside Antioch.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Those victories were still not enough; Basil considered repelling the Arab occupation of Sicily.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

He planned to reconquer the island, but death first demanded his life in 1025. [63]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Roman crisis and schism soon became mired in a period of hardship, mainly resulting from system breakdowns and military neglect.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Nikephoros II (963—969), Ioannes Tzimiskes and Basil II transformed the military divisions (τάγματα, tagmata) from defensive, resident armed forces into professional armies heavily filled by mercenaries.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

However, the costs that must be incurred to hire mercenaries are not small.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, the threat of invasion continued to surpass in the tenth century, and so did the costly needs of garrisons and fortifications. [65]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Basil II inherited a growing treasury on his successors, but forgot to plan for a successor.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

None of his successors had political or military talent, so imperial rule fell into the hands of civil servants.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Attempts to restore the Eastern Roman economy only resulted in inflation and the declining value of gold coins.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The armed forces were then seen as an insignificant necessity and a political threat.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Therefore, native soldiers were sacked and replaced by foreign mercenaries. [66]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

At the same time, the empire faced an ambitious new enemy.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Roman provinces of southern Italy were threatened by the Norman nation, who came to Italy in the early eleventh century.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

During the period of strife between Constantinople and Rome that ended with the East-West Schism of 1054, Norman tribes began to storm Byzantine Italy. [67]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Romans also lost their influence over the seaside towns in Dalmatia due to the seizure of Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia in 1069. [68]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

It is in little Asia that the biggest disaster will happen.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Seljuq Turks waged their first explorations across the Eastern Roman border into Armenia in 1065 and 1067.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Emergencies were charged at the military aristocracy in Anatolia who in 1068 secured the election of one of their own, Romanos Diogenes, as emperor.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the summer of 1071, Romanos waged a major military campaign against the Seljuks.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

At the Battle of Manzikert, Romanos not only suffered defeat at the hands of Sultan Alp Arslan, but was also captured.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Alp Arslan treated him with respect, and did not impose harsh terms on the Eastern Romans. [66]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, in Constantinople, a coup in favor of Michael Doukas took place.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 1081, the Seljuks expanded their power in Anatolia.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Their territory stretched from Armenia in the east to Bithynia in the west.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Seljuk capital was established in Nicea, which is only 55 miles (88km) from Constantinople. [69]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Komnenos dynasty and the Crusader Alexios I and the First Crusade After the battle of Manzikert, thanks to the efforts of the Komnenos dynasty, the recovery was successful. [70]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The first emperor of this dynasty was Isaakius I (1057—1059), and the second was Alexios I. In his time of power, Alexios faced a Norman attack led by Robert Guiscard and his son Bohemund of Taranto.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

They seized Dyrrhachium and Corfu, as well as besieging Larissa in Thessaly.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Robert Guiscard's death in 1085 eased Norman problems temporarily.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, Alexios managed to defeat Pecheneg in the Battle of Levounion on April 28, 1091. [25]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

After achieving stability in the West, Alexios could turn his attention to economic difficulties and the disintegration of the empire's old defenses. [71]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

He wanted to reclaim loose territory in Asia Minor and destroy the Seljuks, but did not have enough soldiers.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

At the Council of Piacenza of 1095, Alexios' envoys addressed Pope Urbanus II regarding the plight of Christians in the East, and stressed that without help from the West, they would continue to suffer the consequences of Muslim power.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Urban viewed Alexios' plea as an opportunity to solidify Western Europe and strengthen papal power. [72]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

On 27 November 1095, Pope Urbanus II called for a holy war to reclaim Jerusalem and the East from Muslim hands. [25]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Alexios had been looking forward to help in the form of mercenaries from the West, but was completely unprepared to deal with the great forces that would pass through Eastern Roman territory.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Alexios was uncomfortable that four of the eight main crusader leaders were Norman, one of them Bohemund.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Crusaders had to pass through Constantinople.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Fortunately, the emperor managed to handle it.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

He required that the leaders of the crusade swear that on their way to the Holy Land, they should cede the territories or cities they had conquered from the Turks to the Eastern Romans.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In exchange, Alexios would provide them with guides, food supplies, and military escorts. [73]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Thanks to that oath, Alexios managed to regain control of important cities and islands, and even much of western Asia Minor.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Unfortunately, the crusaders believed their oath was already out of force when Alexios did not assist them in the siege of Antioch (he had actually prepared the way to Antioch, but Stephen of Blois convinced him to retreat.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Stephen assured him that the expedition had failed). [74]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Bohemund, who established himself as Prince of Antioch, briefly went to war against the Eastern Romans, but eventually agreed to become Eastern Roman vassal in the Devol Tractate of 1108.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Thanks to the tracts, Norman's threat was successfully quelled. [75]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Ioannes II, Manouel I, and the Second Crusade of Alexios' son, Ioannes II Komnenos, succeeded him in 1118, and ruled until 1143.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Ioannes was a soleh and dedicated emperor, who wanted to repair the damage caused by the Battle of Manzikert. [76]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

He was renowned for his piety and his period of gentle and just power.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Ioannes is an example of a moral leader, in a time when cruelty was the norm. [77]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Thus, he was nicknamed as the Byzantine Marcus Aurelius.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

During his time of power, Ioannes allied himself with the Holy Roman Empire in the West, defeating the Pecheneg in the Battle of Beroia, [78] as well as leading military campaigns against the Turk Nation in Asia Minor.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Ioannes' military campaign changed the balance of forces in the east, forcing the Turks to take defensive positions, as well as recapture Eastern Roman cities in Anatolia. [79]