Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Then the market that is open every Thursday is Mester Passer which is now called “Jatinegara Market”.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Further there are several markets open on Fridays, such as “Lebakbulus Market”, “Klender Market”, and “Cimanggis Market”.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

For Saturday Market, or the market that opens every Saturday is “Tanah Abang Market”.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

While Pasar Minggu or formerly known as “Tanjung Oost Passer” is open on Sundays.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The difference in the operation of this market is done by VOC with safety reasons as well as factors to make it easier for people to visit and get to know a market better.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

But the policy of enactment of the market's work day did not last long.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Because since the VOC went bankrupt due to many corruption officials, the Dutch administration in Batavia was taken over by the Kingdom of the Dutch East Indies.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Since the days of the Dutch East Indies, the market weekday regulations were no longer valid, until most markets were open every day, although it also bears the name of the day as the name of the market.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

It was during the Dutch East Indies during the late 19th century that many new, more modern markets appeared, such as New Market and Glodok Market.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The markets that emerged in the late 19th century era to the beginning of the 20th century became the inspiration for the birth of supermarkets and also malls.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Since the beginning of 1980, the Government of Jakarta has been intensively building modern shopping centers, or commonly known as malls and plazas.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Currently Jakarta is one of the cities in Asia with many shopping malls. [42]


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Some modern shopping malls in Jakarta have a considerable area (more than 100,000 m2).


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In such shopping centers are present various international franchises such as Starbucks, Sogo, ready to eat restaurant chain McDonalds.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In addition, national franchise companies also meet the space of these shopping centers, such as Es Teler 77, J.Co and Bakmie Gajah Mada.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In addition to luxury shopping centers, Jakarta also has many traditional markets and wholesale trade centers including ITC Cempaka Mas, ITC Mangga Dua, ITC Roxy Mas, Pasar Senen and Tanah Abang Market.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In addition, there are also hypermarkets that are the trend of shopping among the middle in Jakarta, including Carrefour, Hypermart, Giant, Lotte Mart, and Ranch Market.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

For smaller neighborhoods, there are also daily necessities shopping centers at affordable prices, such as Indomaret and Alfamart.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In Jakarta there are also markets that sell unique and antique items, such as in Pasar Surabaya and Pasar Rawabening.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Some of the modern shopping malls of Jakarta Pusat Grand Indonesia, is one of the largest and most prestigious malls in Indonesia.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The mall is divided into two districts, West Mall and East Mall.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The mall, located in Jalan Thamrin, Central Jakarta, has an area of 250,000 m2, and is home to top brands, such as Zara, Louis Vuitton, Marks & Spencer, Chanel, Burberry, Forever21, GAP, Gucci, Guess, Polo, and Samuel & Kevin.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Including Gramedia Bookstore.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

At the bottom of this shopping centre there is a wide variety of restaurants that can be enjoyed by visitors.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Plaza Indonesia, located on Jalan MH.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Thamrin, Central Jakarta.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

With an area of about 42,540 m2, this mall was once the first place of establishment of Sogo Department Store Indonesia, but has been closed since 2009.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In this mall there are Debenhams Department Store, Louis Vuitton, and The Food Hall.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The mall was formerly intergrated with EX Plaza (now closed), Grand Hyatt Hotel Jakarta, The Plaza Office Tower, The Palace Hyatt Residence, and the Embassy of Japan.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Plaza Senayan, is a large mall in Jakarta located on Jalan Asia Afrika, South Jakarta.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The mall has an area of 130,500 m2.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In this mall there are a number of middle to upper class department stores such as Sogo Department Store and Metro Department Store.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In this mall there is also a world-famous bookstore, Kinokuniya.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In the atrium of this mall there is a giant clock made in Seiko, Japan.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

This clock consists of 6 sculptures of musicians, each statue plays a different musical instrument, which is played once every hour.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Senayan City, located on Jalan Asia Afrika, South Jakarta.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The mall is located opposite Plaza Senayan and adjacent to Gelora Bung Karno.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The mall has an area of 68,000 m2.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Above this mall is the office tower of the television station SCTV.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Jakarta Convention Center, located in Bung Karno sports complex, Gelora, Tanah Abang, Central Jakarta.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Jakarta Convention Center has a hall that has 5,000 seats, and also an assembly hall of 3,921 m².


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The JCC has 13 meeting rooms of various sizes.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The JCC is connected with The Sultan Hotel and Residence via an underground tunnel.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

West Jakarta Ka|JMPL|250px|Taman Anggrek Mall, West Jakarta.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Central Park Mall, located on Jalan S. Parman, West Jakarta.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The mall has an area of 167,000 m2.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The mall's design mimics the elemental style of nature.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In this mall there is a food court, Sogo Department Store, Carrefour, and CGV blitz.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The mall is located in the Podomoro City area developed by Agung Podomoro.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Taman Anggrek Mall, located on Jalan S. Parman, West Jakarta.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

With an area of about 130,000 m2, this shopping mall provides the largest indoor ski field in Southeast Asia.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Mall Ciputra Jakarta, located in a very strategic location, which is located in front of the toll road and flanked by 2 well-known universities.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The mall is located on Jalan S. Parman, West Jakarta.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The mall has an area of 80,000 m2.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Above this mall there is Hotel Ciputra Jakarta.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In this mall there are Matahari Department Store and Hero Supermarket.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

North Jakarta Mal Artha Gading, is one of the most unique malls in Jakarta.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The concept of the mall's interior mimics the historical style of the Silk Line.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

This mall has 7 atriums, namely the atrium of the archipelago, China, India, Persia, Italy, Paris, and Millenium.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The mall has an area of 270,000 m2.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In this mall there are Ace Hardware & Index, Diamond Supermarket, Electronic City, IT Center, Amazone, Artha Gading XXI and others.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Kelapa Gading mall, located on Jalan Kelapa Gading Boulevard, North Jakarta.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

With an area of 147,000 m2, the mall has the most complete food court and fashion center in Jakarta.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Emporium Pluit Mall, located on Jalan Pluit Selatan Raya, North Jakarta.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

With an area of 61,243 m2, this mall has Sogo Department Store, Carrefour, and other anchor tenants.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Mall of Indonesia, located at Jalan Boulevard Barat No.1, Kelapa Gading, North Jakarta., this mall has Gramedia, Carrefour, and other anchor tenants.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

South Jakarta Pondok Indah Mall, located on Jalan Artery Pondok Indah, South Jakarta.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

This mall consists of 2 main buildings, namely Pondok Indah Mall I and II.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Pondok Indah Mall II is the most complete mall to meet the needs of South Jakarta residents.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In this mall II there are Sogo Department Store, Metro Department Store, and many other large tenants.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Pacific Place Jakarta, located in the SCBD area.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Above this mall are the Ritz Carlton Hotel Pacific Place and the two towers of the Ritz Carlton Residence.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In this mall there are Metro, Kidzania, CGV blitz, Kem Chicks, and other tenants.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Cilandak Town Square, located on TB Street.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Simatupang, South Jakarta.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

This mall is famous as an entertainment center in South Jakarta.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In this mall there are many restaurants, lounges, and cafes.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

East Jakarta Cibubur Junction, located in Ciracas, East Jakarta.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The mall has an area of 31,987 m2.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In this mall there are Hypermart, Matahari Department Store, Cinema 21, Karisma Book Store, and Timezone.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Jakarta Cultural Culture is a mestizo culture, or a mixture of cultures of diverse ethnicities.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Since Dutch times, Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia which attracts arrivals from within and outside the archipelago.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The tribes inhabiting Jakarta include Javanese, Sundanese, Minang, Batak, and Bugis.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Apart from the people of the archipelago, Jakarta's culture also absorbs a lot from outside cultures, such as Arab, Chinese, Indian, and Portuguese cultures.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Jakarta is a destination area of urbanization of various races in the world and various tribes in Indonesia, for it is required a communication language commonly used in trade, namely Malay Language.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The Sundanese speaking natives ended up using the Malay language.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

However, there are still many regional names and river names that still remain preserved in Sundanese such as Ancol, Pancoran, Cilandak, Ciliwung, Cideng, and others that still correspond to the naming described in the ancient script Bujangga Manik [43] which is currently kept in Bodleian library, Oxford, England.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Although the formal language spoken in Jakarta is Bahasa Indonesia, the informal language or everyday conversational language is the Malay language of Betawi dialect.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

For the natives in Kampung Jatinegara Kaum, they still staunchly use their ancestral language, namely Sundanese.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Regional languages are also spoken by residents from other regions, such as Javanese, Sundanese, Minang, Batak, Madura, Bugis, English and Chinese.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

This happens because Jakarta is where various tribes of the nation meet.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

To communicate between various tribes, Bahasa Indonesia is used.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In addition, there is also growing slang among young people with words sometimes mixed with foreign languages.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

English is the most widely spoken foreign language, especially for diplomatic, educational, and business interests.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Mandarin has also become a widely spoken foreign language, especially among Chinese business people.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Food Jakarta is an international city that serves many specialties from all over the world.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In areas that are widely inhabited by foreign expatriates, such as Menteng, Kemang, Pondok Indah, and the central business area of Jakarta, it is not difficult to find typical foods from Europe, China, Japan and Korea.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

These foods are usually sold in fine restaurants.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In Jakarta, and like other cities in Indonesia, Rumah Makan Padang is the most popular restaurant.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Almost in every corner of the city, it is easy to find a restaurant that manyajikan Minangkabau cuisine.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In addition to Minang cuisine, Jakarta also has its signature food.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The most famous are Kerak Telor, Soto Betawi, Kue Ape, Roti Buaya, Combro, and Nasi Uduk.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

As a place of residence of various ethnicities in Indonesia, here can also be found a variety of traditional foods from other regions, such as Rawon, Rujak Cingur, and Kupang Lontong.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In Jakarta there are also Warung Tegal there are more than 34,000 stalls in Jabodetabek. [44]


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Since the time of President Soekarno until now, Jakarta has often been a place for international sports events, among which hosted the Asian Games in 1962, as well as the upcoming Asian Games 2018, along with Palembang.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Asian Cup in 2007 and several times hosted the Sports Feast of Southeast Asian nations or better known as the Sea Games.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The majority of Jakarta people like to exercise.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Football is a branch of the game that many people are interested in, alongside badminton, volleyball, and basketball.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Jakarta has several professional football clubs.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Among them Persija Jakarta which currently competes in the 2015 Indonesia Super League and Persitara North Jakarta, which is currently competing in the 2015 Liga Nusantara competition.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Sports venues in Jakarta include: Gelora Bung Karno Senayan in Central Jakarta; Lebak Bulus Stadium, GOR Bulungan, Pondok Indah Golf Course, Matoa Golf Course, and GOR Soemantri Brodjonegoro Kuningan in South Jakarta; Tugu Stadium, Kamal Stadium, Kelapa Gading Basket Building, Ancol Golf Course, and Sports Mall Kelapa Gading in North Jakarta; Rawamangun Customs Stadium, Rawamangun Golf Course, Pulo Mas Horse Race, and DKI Radin Inten Gymnastics Building in East Jakarta.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Media Newspaper Khusus Capital Region Jakarta has several newspapers among: Subscription television station Jakarta Khusus Ibukota Region also has several subscription television stations such as: BiG TV First Media Groovia TV/UseeTV Innovate MNC Sky Vision (Indovision, Top TV and K-Vision) K-Vision Max3 Nexmedia OrangeTV Skynindo TransVision Topas TV viva+ Radio station Khusus Capital Region Jakarta also has some of 100 radio stations broadcast in the capital city such as: Music and Entertainment Jakarta has many singers and big music groups in the country.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

A number of major music groups formed in Jakarta include Elovii, Vierratale, Cherrybelle, Teenebelle, Duo Orchid, Be5t, Blink, JKT48 and Gamaliel, Audrey, Cantika.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Singers from Jakarta include: Devy Berlian, Mikha Tambayong, Raisa Andriana, Widy Soediro Nichlany, Angelica Martha Pieters, Djenar Maesa Ayu, Gita Gutawa, Agnes Monica, Anggun Cipta Sasmi, Nikita Willy, Shireen Sungkar, Marsha Aruan, Maudy Ayunda, Dhea Risa, Kesha Kesha Aatuliu, Dhea Ananda, Kamasean Matthews, Nia Daniati, Rachel Amanda, Christine Panjaitan, Ria Irawan, Audy Item, Terryana Fatiah, Ardina Rasti, Andania Suri, Tasya Kamila, Amara, Novita Dewi Marpaung, Fatin Shidqia Lubis, Melinda, Shena Malsiana, Ashanty, Angie Rassly, Michelle Meriem, Nindi Princess and Yunita Siregar.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Twin cities Cuisine Food Asinan Betawi Soto Betawi Cork pucung Vegetable babanci Vegetable godog Vegetable besan (Telubuk vegetable unifying) Chicken sampyok Sambelan lengkio Soto tangkar Soto noodles Pecak tembang Bandeng pesmol Rice uduk Rice uduk Rice ulam Drink Ice shawl mayang Ice shake Cae/Food Lightweight Cake Sangangi cake Talaam cake Kelen cake Sengkulun Putu mayang Andepite Sagon Cake ape Sweet cente cake Pepe cake Dongkal cake Rujak adherents Souvenirs by egg crust geplak cake Crocodile bread [62] Flower cake shake Dodol betawi Beer pletok Problem ka|JMPL|250px|Flood is a problem prolonged course that continues to hit Jakarta.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Social As a megapolitan city, a city of over 10 million population, Jakarta has stress, criminality, and poverty problems.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The deviation of land allotment and land privatization has depleted the city park stock, adding to the level of stress of Jakarta residents.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Traffic congestion, decreased social interaction due to individualistic lifestyle is also a cause of stress.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The unparticipatory and unhumanist layout of the city leaves residual spaces that invite criminal behavior.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Number of arrivals in Jakarta (2002-2005): Flood Uncontrolled development in the downstream areas, irregularities of urban land allotment, and land subsidence due to water exploitation by industry, causing a decrease in the water distribution capacity of the river system, which led to major floods in Jakarta.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

The often capricious spatial layout of cities, causing air pollution and flooding is difficult to control.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Although the government has designated the southern area of Jakarta as a water intake area, the provisions are often violated by the continued development of housing and new business centers.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

Some areas were reserved for settlements, many switched functions into commercial premises.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

To improve the situation, Jakarta built two canal floods, namely East Canal Flood and West Canal Flood.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

East Canal floods divert water from Cipinang times to the east, through the area of Pondok Bambu, Pondok Kopi, Cakung, until Cilincing.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

While the West Flood Canal which has been built since Dutch colonial times, flows water through Karet, Tanahabang, to Angke.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

In addition, Jakarta also has two drainages, namely Cakung Drain and Cengkareng Drain.


Question: what is the number of churches in jakarta in 2015?

Jakarta Special Capital Region

See also Megapolitan Poros Medan Merdeka-Thamrin-Sudirman Jabotabek Jagorawi Pekan Raya Jakarta Menara Jakarta List of tallest buildings and structures in Jakarta Region in Jakarta Sunda Kelapa Kingdom Sunda Outlink Reference (in Indonesian) (in Indonesian) English) (in English) {{{1}}} Coordinates: API Category:Geography of Sunda


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Theresia of Lisieux (), or St. Theresia of the Childhood of Jesus and of the Holy Face [2], birth name Marie-Françoise-Thérèse Martin, was a Roman Catholic Carmelite sister who was canonized as a saint and also a Doctorate of the Church, one of four women granted the title ( the other three are: St. Teresa of Avila, St. Catharines of Siena, St. Hildegard of Bingen).


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

He is also known as the Little Flower of Jesus.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

The path that Theresia offers (in her autobiography) [2] is a path of love that connects man to God as His children.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

This path of love which St. Theresia called by the term “The Way of the Spiritual Childhood”, is often also called the Little Way, which is the path of love and trust in man's relationship with God as the Father, which is nothing but living in trust and dependence wholly to God, as a little boy expects everything from his parents. [3]


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Early in life Theresia was born in Alençon, France, son of Beato Louis Martin, a watchmaker, and Beata Marie-Azélie Guérin, a lace maker. [4]


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Both of his parents were very pious.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Louis once wanted to become a monk, but was rejected because he could not speak Latin.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Azelie was denied being a sister because she was deemed to have no vocalisation.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

However, she asks God to give her many children and hope they are dedicated to God.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Louis and Azelie met in 1858 and three months later they married.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

They bore nine children, but only five daughters were able to live to adulthood: Marie (22 February 1860, carmelite in Lisieux (1886) — Sister Marie of the Sacred Heart —, died 19 January 1940); Pauline (7 September 1861, carmelite in Lisieux (1882) — Sister and Mother Agnes of Jesus —, died 28 July 1951); Leonie (3 June 1863, klaris (1886) as well as visitation in Caen (1894) — Sister Francoise-Theresia —, died 16 June 1941); Marie-Helene (13 October 1864 — 22 February 1870); Marie-Joseph-Louis (20 September 1866 — 14 February 1867); Marie-Joseph-Jean-Baptiste (19 December 1867) 1867 - 24 August 1868); Celine (28 April 1869, carmelite in Lisieux (1894) — Sister Genevieve of the Holy Face —, died 25 February 1959); Marie-Melanie-Theresia (16 August 1870 - died in the seventh week).


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Theresia (2 January 1873, carmelite in Lisieux (1888) — Sister Theresia of the Childhood Jesus and of the Holy Face —, died 30 September 1897 and canonized 1925).


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Theresia is their youngest child.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Azelie's lace business was so successful that Louis sold his clock business to his nephew and handled his wife's lace business.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Zelie died of breast cancer in 1877, when Therese was 4 years old and her father sold his business and moved to Lisieux, in the Calvados Department in Normandy, where Azelie's brother, Isidore Guérin, a pharmacist lived with his wife and two daughters.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Theresia studied at the Benedictine Abbey of Notre Dame du Pré.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

When she was 9 years old, her older sister Pauline, who acted as “second mother” to her, entered the Carmelite convent in Lisieux.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Therese also wanted to get into the same Carmelite monastery, Therese tried to join the order, but was rejected because she was too young.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Later, Therese's father took her on a pilgrimage to Rome, and during the speech of Pope Leo XIII, he asked her to allow her to enter the monastery at the age of 15, but the Pope said: “My son, follow the decision of the Father of the leader.”


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Not long after that the Bishop of Bayeux allowed Theresia to enter the monastery and in April 1888 she became a postulant of the Carmelites.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

In 1889 his father suffered a stroke and was taken to a private sanatorium, Bon Sauveur in Caen, he stayed there for 3 years and then returned to Lisieux in 1892.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

He died in 1894.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

After his death, Celine, who cared for her father during this time also entered the same convent as three other siblings on 14 September 1894; their cousin, Marie Guerin, joined in 1895.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Leonie, having failed several times, eventually became Sister Francoise-Therese, a nun in the Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary in Caen.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

The Little Road of Theresia is known as the “Little Road.”


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

In seeking self-sanctity, she realizes that she does not need to complete acts of heroism, or “great merit”, to achieve chastity and declare her love for God.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

She wrote: “Love proves itself by action, so how do I show my love?


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

I can't do a great service.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

The way I can do to prove my love is to spread these flowers and flowers are very small sacrifices, every sight and word, and the thing I do is the smallest act of love.”


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

This “Little Way” also appears in his approach to spirituality: “Sometimes, when I read spiritual readings, where perfection is shown with thousands of challenges and many illusions around him, my small and limited mind quickly becomes jaded, I close the book aforementioned, which made my head split and my heart thirsty, and I took the Bible.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

And everything came to light, a word opened the skyline in my soul, perfection seemed very easy; I saw it enough to realize the smallness of one, and give someone thoroughly, like a child, into the arms of the good Lord.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Leaving for great souls, and great minds, books which I cannot understand, I rejoice to be small because 'only small children, and those who are like them, shall enter into the heavenly feast'.”


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Such words open Therese to accusations that she has an overly sentimental and even childish spiritual.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Her supporters reject that and state that she developed a way of approach to spiritual life that is easy to understand and can be followed by all who choose to do so, not looking at the level of complexity or education.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

It is also written in his approach to prayer: [5] “To me, prayer comes from the heart; it is a simple gaze to Heaven, it is a plea for confession and love, embracing trials and joys; in one word, something noble, supernatural, which raises my soul and put it together on God...


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

I don't have the courage to look for those beautiful prayers in the books...


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

I do it like a kid who hasn't learned to read, I just tell our God all the things I want and He understands.”


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Dwindling health and death Theresia's final years were marked by ever-diminishing health which she endured stoically and without complaint.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

On the morning of Good Friday in 1896, he received bleeding in the mouth due to hemoptysis of the lungs; the tubercolosis he suffered grew worse.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Theresia exchanged letters with the Carmelite mission in French Indochina, and was invited to join them, but due to her illness, she was unable to travel.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

In July 1897 he was transferred to a convent for the sick, where he died on 30 September 1897, at the age of 24.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

At his death, he said, “I have reached the point where he cannot experience suffering anymore, because all suffering is sweet to him.”


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

St. Theresia's autobiography is known today for her autobiography, l'Histoire d'une Âme (“The Story of a Soul”), which she wrote at the behest of two female abbot as the leader of her convent.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

She began work in 1895 as a memory of her childhood, under instruction from her sister Pauline, known in religion as Mother Agnes of Jesus.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Mother Agnes gave the order after being asked by their oldest sister, Sister Marie of the Sacred Heart.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

While Theresia was at the retreat in September 1896, she wrote the second part, a letter to Sister Marie of the Sacred Heart.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

By June 1897 Mother Agnes was aware of the extent of Thérèse's illness, as she immediately asked Mother Marie de Gonzague, who succeeded her as abbot, to allow Thérèse to write another history with further details of her religious life.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

It was published posthumously, and heavily edited by Pauline (Mrs. Agnes).


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

(In addition to stylistic considerations, Mrs. Marie de Gonzague had ordered Pauline to alter two parts of the script to make them appear as if they were addressed to Mrs. Marie as well.)


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Since 1973, the manuscripts that Thérèse edited, including “Stories from the soul,” her letters, poems, prayers, and plays she wrote for the recreation of the convent have been published in French.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

An English authoritative translation of the centenary edition of Teresa's writings is available from ICS at Publications in Washington, D.C. “Story of a Soul” “Last Conversations,” and two volumes of her letters translated by John Clarke, OCD, “Poems from Santa Theresi” by Donald Kinney, OCD, and “The Prayer of St. Therese” by Alethea Kane, OCD Confession In 1902, the Polish Carmelite Father, Raphael Kalinowski OCD (later to become Saint Raphael Kalinowski) translated Therese's autobiography “Story of a Soul” into Polish.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Pope Pius X signed the decree for the opening of his canonization process on 10 June, 1914.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Pope Benedict XV accelerated the process, ruling out the fifty-year delay between death and beatification normally required.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

On 14 August 1921, the decree promulgated on the virtue hero of Thérèse and gave the title in his journey Theresia on belief and love, recommending to the whole Church.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Thérèse was beatified in April of 1923 and canonized on 17 May, 1925, by Pope Pius XI, only 28 years after her death.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

His commemorative day has been added to the calendar of saints of the Roman Catholic Church in 1927 for celebration on 3 October. [6]


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

In 1969, 42 years later, Pope Paul VI moved to October 1, the day after he died Christalis' (birthday to heaven). [7]


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

The Basilique Sainte-Thérèse in his hometown of Lisieux was ordained on 11 July 1954, and has become a hub for pilgrims from around the world.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

Theresia of Lisieux is the patron saint of AIDS sufferers, aviators, florists, diseases, and missions.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

He is also considered by Catholics to be the patron santa of Russia, although the Russian Orthodox Church officially does not recognize his canonization or his patronage.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

In 1927 Pope Pius XI named Theresia patron of the mission and in 1944 Pope Pius XII named after his co-patron of France alongside St. Joan of Arc.


Question: What age did Jeanne d'Arc die?

Thérèse of Lisieux

References See also Carmelite Regula Carmel St. Albertus Constitutional Order Carmelite Ciaka Byzantine Order Secular Carmelite Ciaka Outside link: The Autobiography of St. Thérèse (early edition heavily edited by Therese's sister) (Sainte Thérèse - Mansourieh/Liban) Parish site in the Lebanese language at Project Gutenberg at The Catholic Community Forum by Catholic Artist Mark Sanislo Category:Doctoral Churches Category:Saints Category:Carmelites


Question: What is incense?

Incense

Incense or hio or frankincense is a material that gives off a fragrant smell of therapeutic aroma.


Question: What is incense?

Incense

Incense gives off smoke when burned.


Question: What is incense?

Incense

Many religious ceremonies use incense.


Question: What is incense?

Incense

Incense is also used for treatment.


Question: What is incense?

Incense

Incense exists in many forms and processes, however, incense can be divided into “direct burning” and “indirect burning” depending on how incense is used.


Question: What is incense?

Incense

A form depends on one's culture, tradition and taste.


Question: What is incense?

Incense

The library list of Silvio A. Bedini. (1994).


Question: What is incense?

Incense

“The Trail of Time: Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia”.


Question: What is incense?

Incense

Cambridge University Press.


Question: What is incense?

Incense

ISBN 0-521-37482-0 Category:Spices


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

Tugu Muda is a monument made to memorialize the services of the heroes who have fallen in the Five Days Battle in Semarang on and.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

This Young Monument describes the spirit of struggle and patriotism of the citizens of Semarang, especially the young men who are persistent, willing to sacrifice with a high spirit to maintain Indonesian Independence.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

Description Monument Muda shaped like a candle containing the meaning of fighting spirit of the fighters to defend the independence of RI will never be extinguished.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

The shape of the young Monument is a monument that has a rectangular section.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

It consists of 3 (three) parts, namely the foundation, body and head.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

Pasa side of the monument foundation there is a relief.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

The whole monument is made of stone.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

To strengthen the impression of the song, a decorative pond and garden are made around the perimeter of the monument.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

To beautify the Muda Monument, a garden surrounding the Muda Monument was built.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

In this garden is given some ornaments so that the young monument can be used as a city garden, among others, there are fountains, lights of white and yellow colors that will add a graceful impression at night.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

In the garden there are spruce trees, duplication of bamboo guns pointed upright standing lined with 5 (five) pieces depicting the five-day battle in Semarang with bamboo pointed weaponry.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

At the foot of the monument there is a relief with five pillar sangga, which except used to depict various kinds of reliefs, is also intended as a symbol of Pancasila.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

In each sangga there are different decorations with the other, namely: Relief Hongerodeem Describes the life of the people of Indonesia in the Dutch and Japanese colonial times were severely oppressed and many were suffering from famine, up to hongerodeem or hungry busung disease rampant among the public.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

Battle Relief Describes how great the spirit and courage of the youth of Semarang in maintaining the independence of their country and nation.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

Assault Relief Symbolizes the resistance of the Indonesian people against the colonialists to break free from the shackles of colonization.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

Victim Relief Describes that in the Five Days Battle in Semarang, many people were victimized.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

Victory Relief Describes the hard and sacrifice that has soaked the earth of Semarang.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

The History of the Monument Development was established to memorialize the events of the Battle of Five days in Semarang [1].


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

The first stone laying was done on October 28, 1945, by Mr. Wongsonegoro (Governor of Central Java) at the original planned location near the Square.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

But because in November 1945 erupted war against the Allies and Japan, the project became neglected.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

Later in 1949, by the Indonesian Youth Coordination Board (BKPI), initiated the idea of rebuilding the monument, but due to funding difficulties, this idea has also not been implemented.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

In 1951, the Mayor of Semarang, Hadi Soebeno Sosro Wedoyo, formed the Young Monument Committee, with the development plan no longer on the location of the square, but on the location where the five-day battle event occurred in Semarang, namely at the meeting Jl. Youth, Jl. Imam Bonjol, Jl. Dr. Sutomo, and Jl. Pandanaran with Lawang Sewu like its current location.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

Finally on November 10, 1951, Central Java Governor Boediono laid the first stone at this new location.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

The young monument was inaugurated on May 20, 1953, coinciding with National Awakening Day, by Ir. Soekarno, President of the Republic of Indonesia.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

The design of the monument was done by Salim, while the relief on the monument was done by the artist Hendro. [2]


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

The stones used include brought from Kaliurang and Paker.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

Buildings located around tugumuda are Lawang Sewu, Pandanaran Building, Central Java Governor's Office House, Mandala Bhakti Museum and Semarang Cathedral Church.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

Muda Monument is located in a roundabout meeting major streets in Semarang, namely Jalan Pemuda, Jalan Pandanaran, Jalan Imam Bonjol, and Jalan MGR.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

Soegijapranata (more commonly called Jalan Siliwangi).


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

And a small street next to the Bulu Market, namely HOS Street.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

Cokroaminoto.


Question: to reminisce about what moment Monas Monas?

Young Monument

Footnotes Outside Category:Semarang City Category:Monuments in Indonesia Category:Buildings and Structures in Semarang City


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire (other spellings: Byzantine, Byzantine, Byzantine, Byzantium) was the mainly Greek-speaking eastern region of the Roman Empire [1] in the Ancient and Middle Ages.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The inhabitants and neighbors of the Eastern Roman Empire dubbed this land the Roman Empire or Romania (Greek: ωμανία, Rōmanía).


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The empire was centered in Constantinople, and was overrun by the emperors who were the replacements of the ancient Roman emperors after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

There is no consensus on the exact date of the start of the Eastern Roman period.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Some refer to Diokletianus' period of power (284-305) due to the reforms of government he introduced, which divided the kingdom into pars Orientis and pars Occidentis. [2]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The other party calls the period of power of Theodosius I (379—395), or after his death in 395, when the empire split into Eastern and Western parts.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

There are also those who call the year 476, when Rome was colonized for the third time in a century signifying the fall of the West (Latin), and resulting in the emperors of the East (Greece) gaining sole power. [3]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In any case, a pivotal point in Eastern Roman history was when Constantine the Great moved the capital from Nicomedia (in Anatolia) to Byzantium (which would become Constantinople) in 330.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

This country stood for more than thousands of years.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

During its existence, Eastern Roman was a powerful economic, cultural, and military power in Europe, although it continued to regress, especially during the time of the Roman-Persian and Roman-East-Arab Wars.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The empire was restored during the Macedonian Dynasty, rising as a major power in the Eastern Mediterranean in the late 10th century, and was able to rival the Fatimiyad Caliphate.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

After 1071, most of Asia Minor was seized by the Seljuk Turks.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Komnenos restoration succeeded in strengthening dominance in the 12th century, but after the death of Andronikos I Komnenos and the end of the Komnenos Dynasty in the late 12th century, the empire again regressed.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Eastern Romans were further shaken at the time of the Fourth Crusade of 1204, when the empire was forcibly dissolved and split into contesting Greek and Latin kingdoms.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The empire was successfully re-established in 1261 under the chairmanship of the caisar-emperor Palaiologos, but civil war in the 14th century continued to weaken the imperial power.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The remainder of its territory was annexed by the Ottoman Sultanate in the East-Ottoman Roman Warfare.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Finally, Constantinople was successfully captured by the Ottomans on 29 May 1453, marking the end of the Eastern Roman Empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

This Imperial namesake began to be called “Byzantine” in Western Europe in 1557, when the German historian Hieronymus Wolf published his work entitled Corpus Historiæ Byzantinæ.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The term “Byzantine” comes from the word “Byzantium”, that is, the name of the city of Constantinople before it became the capital of Constantine the Great.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Since then, this old name has rarely been used, except in historical and poetic contexts.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Furthermore, the Byzantine du Louvre (Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ) of 1648 and Du Cange's Historia Byzantina of 1680 further modeled Byzantine terms among French authors, such as Montesquieu. [4]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The term then disappeared until in the 19th century when Westerners resumed using it. [5]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Previously, it was the Greek term that was used for this empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The country was nicknamed by its inhabitants by the name of the Roman Empire, the Empire of the Roman People (Latin: Imperium Romanum, Imperium Romanorum, Greek: Βασιλεία τν ωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíŏn, Αρχη τύν ωμαίων, Arche tôn Rhōmaíōn), Romania [1] (Latin: Romanian, Greek: ωμανία, Rhōmanía), The Roman Republic (Latin: Res Publica Romana, Greek: Πολιτεία τύν ωμαίων, Politeίa tôn Rhōmaíōn), [7] Graikía (Greek: Γραικία), [8] and also Rhōmaís (ωμας). [9]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Although the Eastern Roman Empire has multiethnic features in its history, [10] as well as keeping the Roman-Hellenistic tradition, [11] it was known to the western and northern lands of its time under the name of the Empire of the Greeks [n 2] because of its strong Greek influence. [12]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The use of the term Empire of the Greeks (Latin: Imperium Graecorum) in the West is emblematic of the rejection of the Byzantine claim to be the Roman Empire. [13]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Eastern Roman claims to Roman inheritance were opposed in the West during the time of Maharani Irene of Athens due to the appointment of Karel the Great as Holy Roman Emperor in 800 by Pope Leo III, who viewed the Roman throne as vacant (no male ruler).


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Popes and rulers from the West preferred the term Imperator Romaniæ rather than Imperator Romanorum, a title used only for Karel the Great and his successors. [14]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, in Persian, Islamic, and Slavic civilizations, the Roman identity of the country was recognized.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the Islamic world, the Eastern Roman Empire is known by the name روم (Rûm “Rome”). [15] [16] In modern historical atlases, the empire is usually dubbed the Eastern Roman Empire in the period between 395 to 610.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

On maps depicting the Empire after 610, the term Byzantine Empire is usually used because in 620 the emperor Heraclius switched the official language of the empire from Latin to Greek. [17]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Teak self “The Eastern Roman Empire could be defined as a multi-ethnic empire that emerged as a Christian empire, which then soon consisted of the already Hellenized Eastern empire and ended its millennial history, in 1453, as the Greek Orthodox State: An empire which became a country, almost with the modern meaning of the word” .1 In the centuries following Arab colonization and Langobardi in the 7th century, its multi-ethnic (though not multi-nation) nature remained even though parts of it, the Balkans and Asia Minor, had large Greek populations.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Ethnic minorities and large communities of other religions (e.g. Armenians) live near the border.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The people of Eastern Romans considered themselves to be a Ρωμαίοι (Rhomaioi - Roman) which had become a synonym for an Έλλην (Hellene - Greek), and vociferously developed self-awareness as a state, as inhabitants of Ρωμανία (Romania, which was a call for the Eastern Roman State and his world).


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

It is prominently featured in literary works of the period, especially in wiracarita such as Digenes Akrites.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The official melting pot of the Eastern Roman state in the 15th century did not directly destroy Eastern Roman society.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the time of Turkish occupation, the Greeks continued to call themselves as Ρωμαίοι (Romans) and Έλληνες (Greeks), a trait that remained into the early 21st century and still exists in modern Greece today, although “Roman” has become the name of “the people” rather than a synonym of the nation just like old times.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

History History of the early Roman Empire The Roman forces when it had successfully controlled the vast area covering the entire Mediterranean area and most of Eastern Europe.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

These territories consist of various cultural groups, both still primitive and those that have had advanced civilizations.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In general, the provinces in the eastern Mediterranean region are more prosperous and developed because they have experienced rapid development during the Macedonian Empire and have undergone a process of hellenization.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, provinces in the West are mostly just rural lagging behind.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The differences between these two regions persisted for a long time and became important in the following years. [18]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Secession of the Roman Empire In 293, Diokletianus created a new administrative system (tetrarchy) [19] as an institution intended to streamline the control of the vast Roman Empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

He divided the Empire into two parts, with two emperors reigning from Italy and Greece, each having a vice-emperor.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

After the period of power of Diocletianus and Maximianus ended, the tetrarchy collapsed, and Constantine I replaced it with the principle of hereditary replacement. [20]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Constantine moved the center of the empire, and brought important changes to the civil and religious constitution. [21]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 330, he founded Constantinople as the second Rome in Byzantium.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The position of the city was strategic in trade between East and West.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The emperor introduced a coin (gold solidus) that was of high value and stable, [22] and changed the structure of the armed forces.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Under Constantine, the military power of the empire again recovered.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Periods of stability and well-being can also be enjoyed.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Under Constantine, Christianity did not become the exclusive religion of the state, but was supported by the empire, let alone the emperor supported it with abundant rights.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The emperor introduced the principle that the emperor did not need to resolve questions of doctrine, but needed to summon councils of raids for that purpose.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Synod of Arles was convened by Constantine, and the First Council of Nicaea exhibited its claim to be head of the church. [24]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The state of the empire of 395 can be said to be the result of Constantine's labor.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Dynastic principles were firmly applied so that the emperor who died in those days, Theodosius I, could bequeath the empire on his sons: Arcadius in the West and Honorius in the East.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Theodosius was the last emperor to control all of Western and Eastern Roman. [25]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Empire was spared the difficulties faced by the West in the third and fourth centuries, as the East had a more established urban culture and stronger financial resources, so it was able to stop the attackers with tribute and hire army-mercenaries.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Theodosius II strengthened the walls of Constantinople, so that the city was safe from attacks; it could not be breached until 1204.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

To expel the Huns under Attila's lead, Theodosius gave them a subsidy (supposedly 300kg (700lb) of gold). [26]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

He also supported the merchants of Constantinople who traded with the Huns and other peoples.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

His successor, Marcianus, refused to continue paying this tribute.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Fortunately, Attila had turned his attention to the Western Roman Empire. [27]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

After his death of 453, the land of Attila collapsed and Constantinople opened favorable relations with the remaining Huns.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

They eventually fought as mercenaries in the Eastern Roman armed forces. [28]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

After the fall of Attila, peace could be enjoyed in Eastern Roman, while Western Roman collapsed (its collapse was recorded in 476, when the Germanic Roman general Odoacer deposed the emperor Romulus Augustulus).


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

To retake Italy, the emperor Zeno could only negotiate with the Ostrogoths who had settled in Moesia.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

He sent the Ostrogoth king Theodoric to Italy as magister militum per Italiam (“head of command for Italy”).


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

After successfully toppling Odoacer in 493, Theodoric took control of Italy. [25]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 491, Anastasius I became emperor.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

He was an energetic reformist and capable administrator.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Anastasius perfected Constantine I's coinage system by regulating the weights of bronze follis, coins widely used in everyday life. [29]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

He also changed the taxation system, as well as abolishing the disliked chrysargyron tax.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

When Anastasius passed away in 518, the amount of the state treasury was recorded at 320,000lbs (145,150kg) of gold. [30]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Western Roman reconquest of Justinianus I, who ascended the throne in 527, waged a Roman reconquest of the West. [31]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 532, the son of the Illyrian peasant signed a peace treaty with Khosrau I of Persia.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Despite having to pay a large annual tribute, the Byzantine eastern front became secure.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the same year, Justinianus survived the Nika riots in Constantinople, which ended in the deaths of thirty thousand rioters.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

This victory strengthened Justinianus' position. [32]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Pope Agapetus I was sent to Constantinople by the Ostrogoth king Theodahad, but failed to reach a peace agreement with Justinianus.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

However, he managed to make monophysitism reviled.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Roman reconquest of the West began in 533.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Justinianus sent his general Belisarius and 15,000 soldiers to reclaim the province of Africa from the Vandals who had been in power since 429. [33]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Vandal kingdom was successfully subdued. [32]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, in Ostrogoth Italy, the Athalaric king died on 2 October 534.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

His mother, Amalasuntha, was imprisoned and killed by Theodahad on the island of Martana.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Justinianus saw it as an opportunity to intervene.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 535, the Eastern Roman army was sent to Sicily.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Victory was achieved, but the Ostrogoths strengthened their resistance.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

A new victory was actually achieved in 540, when Belisarius seized Ravenna. [34]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Unfortunately, the Ostrogoths were successfully reunited under Totila's lead and captured Rome on 17 December 546.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Belisarius was drawn by Justinianus early in 549. [35]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The eunuch Narses succeeded him at the end of 551 by bringing an army of 35,000.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Totila was successfully defeated and killed in the Battle of Busta Gallorum.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

His successor, Teia, was successfully conquered in the Battle of Mons Lactarius (October 552).


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Subsequently, the Goths still continued to fight back.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Franka and Alamanni tribes launched their invasion.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Nevertheless, the war for control of the Italian peninsula had ended in an Eastern Roman victory. [36]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 551, the Visigoth nobleman in Hispania, the Athanagilds, pleaded for the help of Justinianus in a rebellion against the king.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The emperor sent an army under the leadership of Liberius.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Roman Empire managed to control a sliver of territory on the Spanian coast until the time of Heraclius' rule. [37]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, in the east, the Roman-Persian Wars raged until 561, when Justinianus and Khosrau agreed to peace for 50 years.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

By the middle of 550, Justinianus had achieved victory in all wars, with the exception of in the Balkans, when the empire was continuously invaded by the Slavs.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 559, the empire was threatened by Kutrigur and the Sklavinoi.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Justinianus summoned Belisarius, and once the danger had gone, the emperor took power himself.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The news that Justinianus was strengthening his Donaunya fleet made Kutrigur anxious, so they agreed with the tracts that gave them a subsidy and allowed them to go home safely over the river Donau. [32]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Justinianus is also noted for his achievements in the field of law. [38]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 529, a commission numbering ten men headed by Iohannis Orientalis revised ancient Roman statutes.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The entire “statute of Justinianus” is today known as Corpus Juris Civilis.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

During the 6th century, Greco-Roman culture was still firmly influential in the East.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Christian philosophy and culture became increasingly important and began to dominate the old culture.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The hymns that Romanus Melodus mark the development of the Sacred Liturgy.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Aristek-architects and builders worked hard to complete the new church of Hagia Sophia which replaced the old church destroyed by the Nika riots.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

During the sixth and seventh centuries, the empire was rocked by a plague of pes, which destroyed many souls, as well as resulting in economic decline and weakening of the empire. [39]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

After Justinianus mangkat in 565, his successor, Yustinus II, refused to pay tribute for Persia.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, the Langobardi tribe invaded Italy.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Yustinus' successor, Tiberius II, gave subsidies to the Avars, while launching attacks on Persia.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The subsidies failed to appease the Avars.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

They captured the fortress of Sirmium in 582, while the Slavs began to cross the Donau river.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Maurice, who succeeded Tiberius, intervened in the Persian civil war, as well as putting Khosrau II back on the throne and marrying his daughter to him.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Maurice's tracts with his new brother-in-law brought about a new status quo in the east, and reduced defence costs during this peace (millions of solidi were successfully saved thanks to the remission of tributes for Persia).


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

After his victory on the eastern front, Maurice was able to turn his attention to the Balkans, and in 602, he succeeded in driving out the Avars and Slavic tribes. [25]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Shrinking borders of the Heraclius Dynasty After Maurice was killed by Phocas, Khosrau tried to conquer the Roman province of Mesopotamia. [40]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Phocas, an unpopular leader described as a “tyrant” in Eastern Roman sources, was the target of senate conspiracies.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

He was dropped in 610 by Heraclius. [41]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

After Heraclius came to power, the Persian army continued to urge until it entered Asia Minor.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

They occupied Damascus and Jerusalem, and transferred the True Cross to Ctesiphon. [42]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Heraclius launched a counterattack with the hallmark of holy war.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Eastern Roman armies fought by carrying the image of Christ's acheiropoietos as a military ensign. [43]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Persian army was successfully destroyed in a battle at Nineveh of 627.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 629, Heraclius returned the True Cross to Jerusalem in a grandiose ceremony. [44]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

This war weakened Eastern Roman and Sassaniyah Persia, as well as making both vulnerable to attacks by the rising Arab Muslims of the time. [45]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Arab army succeeded in crushing the Eastern Roman army in the Battle of Yarmuk of 636, and Ctesiphon fell in 634. [46] JMPL|left|350px|Eastern Roman Empire in 650.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Arab army, which had conquered Syria and the Levant, continuously invaded Anatolia, and between 674 to 678 besieged Constantinople.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Arab fleet was successfully driven out using Greek fire and a thirty-year truce was approved between the empire and the Umayyad Caliphate. [47]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The attacks on Anatolia continued and accelerated the demise of classical urban culture.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Many residents refortified smaller areas within the old city fortifications, or moved to nearby fortifications. [48]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Great Constantinople itself also shrank, from 500,000 inhabitants to only 40,000—70,000 alone, which was due to Constantinople losing its grain source in 618 when Egypt was seized by the Persians (the province could be recaptured in 629, but was eventually overrun by Arabs in year 642). [49]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The withdrawal of armies in the Balkans to fight against the Persians and Arabs in the east had opened the door to the expansion of the Slavic


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

As a result, as in Anatolia, many cities shrank into small fortified settlements. [50]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the 670s, the Bulgarians were urged south of the Donau river by the Khazars.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Roman army sent to dissolve these new settlements was defeated in 680.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Constantine IV then signed a treaty with the Bulgarian khan Asparukh, and the new Bulgarian state gained sovereignty over several Slavic tribes that had previously recognized Eastern Roman power. [51]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 687—688, emperor Justinianus II led an expedition against Slavs and Bulgarians that was quite successful. [52]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The last Emperor Heraclius, Justinianus II, tried to destroy the power of the urban aristocracy through taxation and the appointment of “outsiders” in administrative posts.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

He was put down in 695, and took refuge to the Khazars, then Bulgaria.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 705, Justinianus II returned to Constantinople with the army of the Bulgarian khan, Tervel.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

He reclaimed the throne, and established a regime of terror for his enemies.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Justinianus II was dropped back in 711, bringing to the end of the Heraclius Dynasty. [53]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Isaurian dynasty until the time when Basil I ascended the throne of JMPL|350px|Eastern Roman Empire when Leo III ascended the throne in 717.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The striped region was an area attacked by the Arabs.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Leo III managed to repel the Muslim attack of 718, and achieved victory with help from the Bulgarian khan, Tervel, who managed to kill 32,000 Arab troops with his army.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

His successor, Constantine V, achieved victory in northern Syria, and weakened Bulgarian power. [54]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 826, the Arabs seized Crete and invaded Sicily, but on 3 September 863, the general Petronas managed to achieve a major victory in battle against Umar al-Aqta, the emir of Melitene.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Under the leadership of the Bulgarian emperor Krum, the Bulgarian threat resurfaced, but in 814, Krum's son, Omortag, made peace with the Eastern Roman Empire. [55] [56] The eighth and ninth centuries were condensed with controversy and religious schism resulting from iconoclasm.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The icons were banned by Leo III and Constantine V, which resulted in rebellions waged by iconodules (supporters of icons) throughout the empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

At the efforts of Maharani Irene, the Second Nicaese Council was convened in 787, and confirmed that icons could be venerated but not worshipped.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 813, Leo V reestablished the policy of iconoclasm, but Maharani Theodora restored the veneration of icons with the help of Patriarch Methodios in 843. [57]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Iconoclasm widened the chasm of divisions between East and West, which got worse during the time of Photios's schism, when Pope Nikolas I opposed the appointment of Photios as patriarch. [58]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Macedonian Dynasty and the rise of Warfare against the Muslim JMPL|350px|Eastern Roman Empire in 867.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

By 867, Eastern Roman had re-stabilized its position in the east and west.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Thanks to efficiency on the military structure, the emperor was able to plan a war of reconquest in the east.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The process of reconquest begins with an unfixed result.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Crete was successfully conquered temporarily (843), but subsequently the Eastern Roman army suffered defeat on the Bosporus, while the emperor was unable to prevent the Muslim conquest of Sicily (827—902).


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Using Tunisia as a springboard, Muslim armies conquered Palermo of 831, Messina of 842, Enna of 859, Siracusa of 878, Catania of 900, and the last Eastern Roman stronghold, Taormina, of 902.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The shortcomings were soon balanced through the success of the expedition against Damietta in Egypt (856), the defeat of Emir Melitene (863), the martification of imperial power in Dalmatia (867), and Basil I's attack on the Euphrates (870s).


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Basil I was able to handle the situation in southern Italy well, [59] so that the province would remain in Eastern Roman hands for the following 200 years. [60]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 904, disaster struck the empire when its second city, Thessaloniki, was plundered by an Arab fleet led by the Eastern Roman traitor Leo of Tripoli.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Roman army retaliated by destroying the Arab fleet of 908, as well as plundering the Syrian city of Laodicea two years later.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Despite the reprisals, the Eastern Romans were unable to shake the Muslims, who had destroyed the imperial army in Crete in 911. [61]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The situation on the border with Arabia remains fluid.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Varangia, who invaded Constantinople for the first time in 860, became a new challenge.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 941, they appeared on the coast of the Bosporus part of Asia.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

This time they were successfully destroyed, demonstrating the strengthening of Eastern Roman military power after 907, when only diplomacy was able to repel the attackers.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Emperors Nikephoros II Phokas (ruling 963—969) and Ioannes I Tzimiskes (969—976) expanded the imperial territory up to Syria, subjugating the emir-emirs of northwestern Iraq, as well as reconquering Crete and Cyprus.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

During Ioannes' reign, the imperial army briefly threatened Jerusalem. [62]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Emirate of Aleppo and its neighbors became vassal of the empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

After much waging of military campaigns, the last Arab threat to Eastern Romans was successfully conquered when Basil II quickly withdrew his 40,000 riding army to liberate Roman Syria.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

With a surplus of natural resources, Basil II planned an expedition to Sicily to seize it from the Arabs.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

After his death in 1025, the expedition set out in the 1040s, and managed to achieve early success, but that success was further hampered.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Warfare against the Bulgarian Empire The old tussle with the Holy See continued; this time it resulted from the struggle of religious power over newly Christianized Bulgaria.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

As a result, Tsar Simeon I launched an invasion in 894, but it was successfully stopped through Eastern Roman diplomacy, which pleaded for help from the Hungarians.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Romans were eventually defeated in the Battle of Bulgarophygon (896) and were required to pay tribute to the Bulgarians.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Subsequently (912), Simeon succeeded in forcing the Eastern Romans to grant him the throne of the Bulgarian basileus (emperor) and make Emperor Constantine VII marry one of Simeon's daughters.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

When a revolt in Constantinople hampered these efforts, Simeon invaded Trakia and conquered Adrianople. [63]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The imperial expedition under the leadership of Leo Phocas and Romanos Lekapenos suffered a major defeat in the Battle of Acheloos (917), and in the following year Bulgaria entered and raided northern Greece up to as far as Corinth.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Adrianople was successfully recaptured in 923, but in 924 the Bulgarian army besieged Constantinople.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The situation in the Balkans improved after Simeon's death of 927.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 968, Bulgaria was overrun by Rus' under the leadership of Sviatoslav I of Kiev.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Three years later, Emperor Ioannes I Tzimiskes succeeded in defeating the Rus' nation and incorporating eastern Bulgarian territories into the empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Bulgarian resistance raged at the time of the Cometopuli dynasty.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The new emperor Basil II (ruling 976—1025) attempted to subdue the Bulgarians.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Basil's first expedition suffered a failure at the Trajanus Gate.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the following years, the emperor was preoccupied with internal rebellions in Anatolia, while the Bulgarians expanded their power in the Balkans.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The war was protracted for nearly twenty years.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Roman victories at Spercheios and Skopje succeeded in weakening the Bulgarian army.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In his annual military campaigns, Basil continued to reduce the number of Bulgarian fortifications.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Finally, in the Battle of Kleidion of 1014, Bulgaria was successfully defeated. [64]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Bulgarian army was captured, and supposedly 99 out of 100 soldiers were blinded, while the rest were given one eye on leading their countrymen home.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

When Tsar Samuil witnessed the fate of his soldiers, he died as a result of shock.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

By 1018, the last Bulgarian strongholds had surrendered, and their country became part of Eastern Roman.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

This victory restored the borders of Donau, which had not been controlled since the time of the emperor Heraclius. [63]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Relations with Rus' Kiev Between the years 850 to 1100, the empire fostered relations with Rus' Kiev.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Romans were cultural and trading partners for Kiev, but relations between them were not always warm.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The most serious conflict between the two countries was the war of 968—971 in Bulgaria.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Rus' attacks on Eastern Roman cities on the Black Sea coast and Constantinople are also recorded in history.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Although those attacks can be dispelled, they end up with tracts of Rus' lucrative trade.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Eastern Rus'-Roman relations improved after Anna Porphyrogenita's marriage to Vladimir the Great.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Thanks to Christianization anyway, the relationship of the two countries is getting sweeter.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Eastern Romanesque clergy, architects, and performers were invited to assist in the craftsmanship of the cathedrals and churches in Rus', so that the influence of Eastern Roman culture


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Several Rus' soldiers became mercenaries within the Eastern Roman armed forces, with the most famous being the Varangian Guard.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The peak of the Eastern Roman Empire stretched from Armenia in the east to Calabria in the west. [63]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Many successes have been achieved, from the conquest of Bulgaria, the annexation of Georgian and Armenian territories, to the annihilation of Egyptian attackers outside Antioch.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Those victories were still not enough; Basil considered repelling the Arab occupation of Sicily.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

He planned to reconquer the island, but death first demanded his life in 1025. [63]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Roman crisis and schism soon became mired in a period of hardship, mainly resulting from system breakdowns and military neglect.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Nikephoros II (963—969), Ioannes Tzimiskes and Basil II transformed the military divisions (τάγματα, tagmata) from defensive, resident armed forces into professional armies heavily filled by mercenaries.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

However, the costs that must be incurred to hire mercenaries are not small.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, the threat of invasion continued to surpass in the tenth century, and so did the costly needs of garrisons and fortifications. [65]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Basil II inherited a growing treasury on his successors, but forgot to plan for a successor.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

None of his successors had political or military talent, so imperial rule fell into the hands of civil servants.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Attempts to restore the Eastern Roman economy only resulted in inflation and the declining value of gold coins.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The armed forces were then seen as an insignificant necessity and a political threat.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Therefore, native soldiers were sacked and replaced by foreign mercenaries. [66]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

At the same time, the empire faced an ambitious new enemy.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Roman provinces of southern Italy were threatened by the Norman nation, who came to Italy in the early eleventh century.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

During the period of strife between Constantinople and Rome that ended with the East-West Schism of 1054, Norman tribes began to storm Byzantine Italy. [67]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Romans also lost their influence over the seaside towns in Dalmatia due to the seizure of Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia in 1069. [68]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

It is in little Asia that the biggest disaster will happen.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Seljuq Turks waged their first explorations across the Eastern Roman border into Armenia in 1065 and 1067.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Emergencies were charged at the military aristocracy in Anatolia who in 1068 secured the election of one of their own, Romanos Diogenes, as emperor.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the summer of 1071, Romanos waged a major military campaign against the Seljuks.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

At the Battle of Manzikert, Romanos not only suffered defeat at the hands of Sultan Alp Arslan, but was also captured.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Alp Arslan treated him with respect, and did not impose harsh terms on the Eastern Romans. [66]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, in Constantinople, a coup in favor of Michael Doukas took place.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 1081, the Seljuks expanded their power in Anatolia.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Their territory stretched from Armenia in the east to Bithynia in the west.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Seljuk capital was established in Nicea, which is only 55 miles (88km) from Constantinople. [69]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Komnenos dynasty and the Crusader Alexios I and the First Crusade After the battle of Manzikert, thanks to the efforts of the Komnenos dynasty, the recovery was successful. [70]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The first emperor of this dynasty was Isaakius I (1057—1059), and the second was Alexios I. In his time of power, Alexios faced a Norman attack led by Robert Guiscard and his son Bohemund of Taranto.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

They seized Dyrrhachium and Corfu, as well as besieging Larissa in Thessaly.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Robert Guiscard's death in 1085 eased Norman problems temporarily.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, Alexios managed to defeat Pecheneg in the Battle of Levounion on April 28, 1091. [25]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

After achieving stability in the West, Alexios could turn his attention to economic difficulties and the disintegration of the empire's old defenses. [71]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

He wanted to reclaim loose territory in Asia Minor and destroy the Seljuks, but did not have enough soldiers.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

At the Council of Piacenza of 1095, Alexios' envoy addressed Pope Urbanus II regarding the plight of Christians in the East, and stressed that without help from the West, they would continue to suffer the consequences of Muslim power.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Urban viewed Alexios' plea as an opportunity to solidify Western Europe and strengthen papal power. [72]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

On 27 November 1095, Pope Urbanus II called for a holy war to reclaim Jerusalem and the East from Muslim hands. [25]


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Alexios had been looking forward to help in the form of mercenaries from the West, but was completely unprepared to deal with the great forces that would pass through Eastern Roman territory.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

Alexios was uncomfortable that four of the eight main crusader leaders were Norman, one of them Bohemund.


Question: When did the Byzantine empire collapse?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Crusaders had to pass through Constantinople.