Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

In general, the available capital exceeds the amount required by the borrower. [215]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The central government itself does not borrow money, and has no state debt to fund the deficit from its cash reserves. [216]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Emperors of the Antonine dynasty and Severanus as a whole had lowered the value of coinage, especially the denarius, due to pressure to pay off military salaries. [217]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The sudden inflation that occurred during Commodus' reign endangered credit markets. [215]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

By the middle of the 2nd century, the money supply of coins increased sharply. [218]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Various conditions during the Third Century Crisis—such as declining long-distance trade, disruption of mining operations, and the transfer of gold coins out of the empire by enemies invading Roman territories—reduced the amount of money in circulation and weakened the banking sector by the year 300 M. [219] Although long ago Roman currency took the form of fiat money or fiduciary currency, economic malaise began to take fore during the reign of Aurelianus, and bankers lost confidence in the official coin money issued by the central government.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Diokletianus introduced the gold solidus and made monetary reforms, but the Empire's credit markets never fully recovered. [215]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Mining and metallurgy The main mining regions in the Roman Empire were Spain (gold, silver, copper, tin, lead); Gauls (gold, silver, iron); Britain (iron, lead, tin); the Province of Danubia (gold, iron); Macedonia and Thrace (gold, silver); as well as Asia Minor (gold, silver, iron, tin ).


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Mining on a large scale—from alluvial deposits and through open pit mining and underground mining—was carried out during the reign of Augustus to the 3rd century AD, before the instability of the Empire disrupted mining production.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The gold mines of Dacia for example, which the Romans could no longer exploit after the province revolted in 271.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Mining re-intensified to some extent in the 4th century A.D. [220] Hydraulic mining, dubbed by Pliny with ruina montium (“mountain ruins”), caused base metals and precious metals to be extracted on an industrial-proto-scale. [221]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Total iron production per year is 82,500tons. [222]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Copper produced as much as 15,000 tons per year, [223] and lead 80,000tons, [224] the largest amount of production unmatched until the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. [225]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Spain alone contributes about 40 percent of its share of world tin production. [226]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

High lead production is a by-product of silver mining whose production reaches 200tons per year. [227]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

At its peak in the middle of the 2nd century AD, Roman silver supplies were estimated at 10,000 tons, or five to nine times greater than the combined production of silver in medieval Europe and the time of the Caliphate in 800 AD. [228] As a sign of the development of the Roman metal industry, Lead pollution in the Greenland ice sheet during the Empire was fourfold more severe when compared to prehistoric times, and declined again after the collapse of the Empire. [229]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The transport and communications of the Roman Empire controlled the territories around the perimeter of the Middle Sea, which they referred to as “our sea” (mare nostrum). [231]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Roman sailing ships waded across the Middle Sea and major rivers throughout the Empire, including the Guadalquivir, Ebro, Thames, Rhône, Rhine, Tiber and Nile. [232]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Water transport is preferred because transporting merchandise by land is more difficult. [233]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The existence of means of transport such as horse-drawn carriages, wheels, and sailing ships indicates the presence of a large number of skilled carpenters. [234]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Land transport made use of the advanced Roman road system.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Taxes paid by the community, among others, are used for the provision of personnel, animals, or vehicles for the cursus publicus, state-owned transportation and postal services established by Emperor Augustus. [190]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Relay stations were established along the road every seven to twelve miles, and later developed into villages or trading posts. [235]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Mansio (plural: mansiones) is a franchise of privately owned service stations set up by the imperial bureaucracy to assist with the tasks of the cursus publicus.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Support staff employed at the mansio include mule owners, secretaries, blacksmiths, wagon makers, veterinarians, and a small number of military police and couriers.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The distance between mansiones is determined by how far a cart can travel in a day. [235]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Mules are the animals most often used to pull carts, capable of traveling up to 4 miles per hour. [236]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

As an example of the rapid communication process, a message conveyer takes at least nine days to travel to Rome from Mainz in the province of Germania Superior, even for urgent matters. [237]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

In addition to mansiones, some taverns also offer lodging services as well as food and beverages; one record at the inn indicates a fee for ordering wine, bread, mule feed, and prostitute services. [238]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Trade and commodities In addition to inter-provinces, trade in the Roman Empire also extended beyond the borders to regions such as China and India. [239]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The main commodity traded is wheat. [240]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Trade with China was generally done by land along the Silk Road; trade with India was also conducted by sea from Egyptian ports on the Red Sea.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Other goods traded were olive oil, various foodstuffs, garum (fish sauce), slaves, ores and processed metal objects, fibers and textiles, wood, pottery, glassware, ceramics, papyrus, spices and materia medica, ivory, pearls, and gemstones. [241]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Although most provinces are able to produce wine, regional varietal is preferred and wine is the main item traded.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Shortages of vin ordinaire supplies are rare. [242]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The main wine suppliers for the city of Rome are the west coast of Italy, the southern Gauls, the Tarrakonensis region of Spain, and Crete.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Aleksandria, the second largest city, imports wine from Laodikea in Syria and the Aegean. [243]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

At the retail level, drinking houses or specialty wine shops (vinaria) sell wine in jugs that can be drunk directly on the premises, at prices according to quality. [244]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Labor and work Inscriptions-inscriptions record 268 different occupations in the city of Rome, and 85 in Pompeii. [245]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Professional associations or trade unions (collegia) were formed for diverse professions and occupations, including fishermen (piscatores), salt merchants (salinatores), olive oil retailers (olivarii), entertainers (scaenici), cattle sellers (pecuarii), goldsmiths (aurifices), transporter labourers (asinarii or muliones), and stone cutters (lapidarii). [246]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Some collegium exists that are specially formed for certain occupations, for example one collegium in Rome is restricted only to craftsmen of ivory and citrun wood. [247]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The work that slaves performed was divided into five general categories, namely domestic work, there were at least 55 different household occupations recorded by epitaphs; public or imperial servants; servants and craftsmen in urban; agriculture; and mining. [248]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Inmates were utilized as laborers in mining or quarrying, with notoriously brutal employment conditions. [249]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

In practice, there was little occupational separation between slaves and former slaves, [250] and most workers were illiterate or lacked special skills. [251]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

A large number of laborers work in the agricultural sector; in the Italian agricultural industry system (latifundia), most of the workers are slaves, but in other regions of the Empire, the peasantry that comes from among slaves is not so important when compared with skilled labor that is technically not enslaved. [250]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Textile and clothing production is one of the main sources of employment.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Textiles and finished clothing were traded among the people throughout the Empire.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Textile products are often named after specific entrepreneurs or cities, unlike fashion “labels”. [252]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Ready-made clothes of better quality are exported by businessmen (negotiatores or mercatores) who are generally townspeople in production centers. [253]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Finished clothing is channeled by sales agents to potential customers, or by vestiarii, clothing dealers who are mostly former slaves; or may also be peddled by itinerant traders. [253]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

In Egypt, textile manufacturers could open small businesses by hiring apprentices, free wage-paying workers, and slaves. [254]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Labourers who dye (coloratores) and clean clothes (fullones) have their own union. [255]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Centonarii is a trade union specifically reserved for the production of textiles and recycling old clothes into patchwork. [256]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

GDP and income distribution Economic historians give diverse calculations of Roman gross domestic product (GDP) in the time of Principatus. [257]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Using samples of years 14, 100, and 150 AD, estimates of the Roman Empire's GDP per capita range from 166 to 380 HS.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The GDP per capita of Italy is estimated to be 40 [258] to 66 percent [259] higher than the GDP of other regions in the Empire due to tax transfers from the provinces and the size of income of elite citizens in the capital.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Based on the Scheidel—Friesen economic model, the total annual revenue collected by the Empire reached 20 billion HS, with about 5 percent generated by central and local governments.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Elite households, which amount to 1.5 percent of the entire population, contribute about 20 percent of state income. The remaining 20 percent is generated by 10 percent of the population classified as a non-elite middle-class group.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Of the remainder, the “vast majority” of the population contributes more than half the total income of the state, although it is subsistence. [260]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Architecture and engineering JMPL|Ka|350px|Amphitheatre of the Roman Empire.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Romanesque's main contributions in the field of architecture were the arch gates, aisles, and domes.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Even after 2,000 years had passed, some Roman structures still stood staunchly due to sophisticated methods of making cement and concrete. [261] [262] The Roman road was considered the most advanced type of road up to the 19th century.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The road system helps facilitate military policing, communications, and commerce.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The streets are resistant to flooding and other environmental disturbances.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Even after the collapse of the central government, some roads were still in use for over a thousand years.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The Roman bridge was one of the first bridges built with a large and durable structure, which was made of stone with an arch gate as the basic structure.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Most bridges also use concrete.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The largest Roman bridge was the Trajanus Bridge on the Danube river, which was built by Apollodorus of Damascus and became the longest bridge ever built for more than a millennium. [263]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The Romans built many dams and reservoirs to contain water, for example the Subiako Dam, which became the source of water for the Anio Novus, one of Rome's largest aqueducts. [264]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The Romans built 72 dams on the Iberian Peninsula, and many more throughout the Empire, some of which are still in use today.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Several notable embankment dams were built in Roman Britain, including at Longovisium (Lanchester).


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The Romans built a number of aqueducts (aqueducts).


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

In the treatise written by Frontinus, a curator aquarum (water commissioner) during the reign of Nerva, it is mentioned regarding the importance of administration in maintaining the water supply.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Stone pipes drain water from distant springs and reservoirs by simply utilizing gravity.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

After passing through the aqueduct, water is accommodated in tanks and flowed through pipes to public fountains, baths, toilets, or industrial places. [265]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The main aqueducts in the city of Rome are Aqua Claudia and Aqua Marcia. [266]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The complex system built to supply water to Constantinpel has a 336km long aqueduct. [267]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The Roman aqueduct was built with excellent tolerances, and with technological standards unmatched up to modern times. [268]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The Romans also used the Aqueur in mining operations throughout the empire, for example at Las Medulas and Dolaucothi in South Wales. [269]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Glass insulators (or “double glazing”) are used in the construction of public baths.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Houses of elite residents in cold weather times are equipped with a hypocaust, a type of central heating.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Roman society was the first society to assemble all the essential components of the steam engine, which had begun since Hero built the aeolipile. [270]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Everyday life City and country In the ancient world, a city was seen as a place where civilizations were “properly designed, composed and decorated”. [271]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Augustus initiated a massive building program in Rome, building exhibitions of artworks showcasing imperial ideology, and reorganizing the city into neighborhoods (vici) staffed at a local level by police and fire officers. [272]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The focus of monumental architecture in the time of Augustus was Campus Martius, an open space outside the city centre originally reserved for equestrian sports and physical training for young people.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The altar of Augustusan Peace (Ara Pacis Augustae) is located there, as well as an obelisk brought in from Egypt that serves as a directional pointer (gnomon) of the horologium.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

With an open garden, Campus is one of the most attractive places to visit in Rome. [273]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Urban planning and urban lifestyle were influenced by Greece from the earliest period, [274] and in the Eastern Empire, Roman power increased and shaped regional development in cities that had had a strong Hellenistic character.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Cities such as Athens, Aphrodisias, Ephesus and Gerasa changed some architectural aspects of urban planning to fit imperial ideas.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

In addition, the cities also demonstrate the identity and prominence of their respective regions. [275]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

In areas of the Western Empire inhabited by Keltic-speaking inhabitants, the Romans encouraged the construction of urban centers by building stone temples, forums, monumental fountains, and amphitheaters, generally built within or near walled settlements named oppida that had existed previous. [276]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Urbanization in Roman Africa extended to cities along the Greek and Punic coasts. [235]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The network of cities throughout the Empire (coloniae, municipia, civitates, or in Greek called poleis) was a major cohesive force in the time of Pax Romana. [277]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

In the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, imperial propaganda forced the Romans to “instill customs in times of peace”. [278]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Classical history expert Clifford Ando states: Most notable cultural paraphernalia has to do with imperial culture—public adoration and civic games and banquets, competitions for artists, speakers, and athletes, as well as the funding of most public buildings and art exhibition venues— is financed by private individuals, whose funding aims to help justify their economic and legal power. “[279]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The Christian apologerat Tertulianus states that the world in the 2nd century was more orderly and well preserved than previous times: “Everywhere there are houses, everywhere there are people, everywhere there are res publica, commonwealth, everywhere there is life”. [280]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The decline of cities and community life in the 4th century, which was when upper-class citizens were unable or refused to fund public works, was one of the factors that contributed to the collapse of the Empire. [281] JMPL|Public toilets (latrinae) of Ostia Antica.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

In the city of Rome, most residents live in multi-storey apartment buildings (insulae) that are generally rundown and flammable.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Public facilities—such as baths (thermae), toilets equipped with running water (latrinae), fountains (nymphea) derived from fresh water, [282] and large entertainment venues such as chariot racing and gladiatorial combatants—were built especially once for the general people living in insulae. [ 283]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Similar facilities were also built in cities throughout the Empire, and some of Roman's finest structures still stand staunchly in Spain, southern France, and northern Africa.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Public baths have hygienic, social, and cultural functions. [284]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Bathing was the main form of socialization in the daily life of Roman citizens carried out in the afternoon before dinner. [285]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Roman baths are characterized by a series of three-temperature rooms equipped with a variety of amenities, including exercise and weight lifting rooms, saunas, exfoliating spas, ball courts, or outdoor swimming pools. [286]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The bathhouse has a hypokaus heater: the floor is hung over a hot air duct that provides warmth. [287]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Nude and mixed bathing between men and women was commonplace in the early days of the Empire, although some baths had provided separate amenities or bathing hours for men and women.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Public baths were part of urban culture throughout the province, but by the end of the 4th century, private bathrooms began to replace public baths. [288]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Christian teachings advocate going to the baths for health and hygiene, rather than for the sake of purely pleasure, [289] Christians also forbid various matches (ludi), which are part of religious festivals they consider “pagan”.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Tertullianus said that Christians not only withdrew from bathing activities together, but also withdrew from community and trade activities. [290] JMPL|left|reconstruction of the house garden based on the House of the Vettii.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Wealthy families from Rome usually owned two or more houses, a resting place (domus, plural: domūs) and at least one mansions (villa) outside the city.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Domus is a privately owned family home, and usually comes with a private bathroom (balneum), [291] but is not a place to exile yourself from public life. [292]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Although some neighborhoods in Rome have many mansions, wealthy residents do not live in separate complexes.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The homes of wealthy citizens were meant to be viewable and easily accessible.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The atrium serves as a reception room where paterfamilias (heads of households) meet their guests every morning, ranging from rich families to poor families receiving charity assistance. [293]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The private house also serves as a place of family worship, having a shrine decorated with paintings of family ancestors. [294]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Houses located along busy public roads and overlooking the highway are often rented out as shops (tabernae). [295] [296] In contrast, villas are places to escape the bustle of the city, and in literature are described as a balancing lifestyle intellectual civilization and artistic interest (otium) with an appreciation of nature and the agricultural cycle. [298]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Ideally, a villa is located in locations with great views, framed by luxurious architectural design. [299]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Villas are generally located in workers' housing complexes, or in beach-side “resort towns” such as Pompeii and Herculaneum.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The urban renewal program during the reign of Augustus, and the growth of Rome's population to reach one million inhabitants, has been expressed in many works of art.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Many poems extolled the ideal life of peasants and pastoralists.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Home interiors are often decorated with paintings of gardens, fountains, scenery, ornaments of plants, [299] and animals, especially birds and sea animals, which are painted quite accurately. [300]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The poet Augustusan Horace wrote satirical works on the dichotomy of rural and urban values through his fabel The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse, often retold as a children's fairy tale. [301]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

On a more practical level, the central government plays an active role in supporting agriculture. [302]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Producing food is a top priority in land utilization. [303]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Large-scale agriculture (latifundia) achieves economies of scale capable of sustaining urban life and absorbing labor. [302]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Small farmers raked in profits from the development of local markets and trading centers.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Agricultural techniques such as crop rotation and selective breeding were disseminated throughout the Empire, and new crops were introduced from province to province, for example peas and cabbage introduced to Britain. [304]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Maintaining the food supply for the city of Rome had become a major political issue in the late days of the Republic, when the state began giving alms of grain (annona) to citizens registered to receive it. [302]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

About 200,000—250,000 adult men in Rome receive alms of grain, or about 33kg per month and a total of 100,000 tons per year, mainly in Sicily, North Africa, and Egypt. [305]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

This grain alms cost at least 15 percent of the total state receipts, [302] but it was able to improve the living conditions of lower class families, [306] and subsidize wealthy citizens by allowing workers to spend more of their income to buy wine and olive oil produced on plantations belonging to landlords. [302]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The alms of grain also had symbolic value, affirming regarding the emperor's position as a universal benefactor and the right for all citizens to acquire “fruits of the fruits of conquest”. [302]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Annona, public facilities, and spectacular entertainment worsened the living conditions of Roman lower class society and sparked social unrest.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The satirical writer Juvenal views the term “bread and circus” (panem et circenses) as symbolic of the loss of political freedom in the time of the Republic: [307] The society has long since discarded its sense of concern: people who were once given orders, consuls, legionaries and all others, now no longer interfere and crave only two things: bread and circuses (food and entertainment). [308]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Food and drink Most apartments in Rome do not have kitchens, although some have charcoal stoves that can be used for cooking. [309]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Ready meals are sold in pubs and bars, inns, and food stalls (tabernae, cauponae, popinae, thermopolia). [310]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Restaurant food is available to the lower classes; high-flavored dining can only be encountered at dinner parties held in mansions that have cooks (archimagirus) and trained kitchen staff, [311] or at banquets organized by social clubs (collegia). [312]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Most Roma consume at least 70 percent of their daily calories in the form of cereals and legumes. [313]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Puls (pottage, condensed food) is considered a native Roman food. [314]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Oat pottage can be mixed with chopped vegetables, cutlets, cheeses, or herbs resulting in a dish similar to polenta or risotto. [315]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Urban and military residents prefer to consume wheat in the form of bread. [317]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Milling and oven are usually combined in one bread-making complex. [318]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

During the reign of Aurelianus, the state began distributing annona (food alms) as daily rations in the form of bread produced in the factories of the country, and also added olive oil, wine, and pork as alms food. [319]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The importance of a good diet for health was recognized by Roman medical writers such as Galen (2nd century AD), who spelled out in the treatise On Barley Soup.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Views towards nutrition are influenced by streams of thought such as humoral theory. [320]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Roman literature generally tells about the custom of dinner among the upper classes, [321] who consider dinner (cena) to have a social function. [322]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Guests in dinner events are entertained in a beautifully ornate dining room (triclinium), often furnished with views of the peristal garden.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Guests sit casually on the sofa, leaning on the left elbow.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

At the end of the Republican period, women ate, lay down, and drank wine with the men. [323]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The most famous depiction of Roman food is probably the Trimalchio dinner party in Satyricon, a fictional extravaganza that bears little resemblance to the lives of wealthy class citizens. [324]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The poet Martial describes regarding more detailed dinner dishes, starting with gustatio (“tasting” or “appetizing plant”), consisting of a salad of mallow leaves, lettuce, chopped chives, mint, arugula, mackerel mixed with rue, egg slices, and marinated pork breast.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The main course consists of mutton cutlets, beans, vegetables, chicken, and ham, followed by a dessert in the form of fresh fruits and grapes. [325]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The Latin phrase for a complete dinner dish is ab ovo usque mala, or “from eggs to apples”, similar to the English phrase “from soup to nuts” (“from soup to beans”). [326]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

A tome containing various Roman recipes is known as Apicius, written by several figures from ancient times. [327]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Roman culinary experts engaged in wild hunting of fowl such as peacocks and flamingos, large fish such as mullets, and mussels.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The spices of luxurious cuisine were brought by the fleet to the empire from distant lands, from the borders of Parthia to the Strait of Gibraltar. [328]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The filtering of consumed cuisine bodes the progress of civilization or decadent decline. [329]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The imperial historian Tacitus compared the luxury of Rome's dining table to the simplicity of the Germanic peoples' food which was only fresh wild meat, rotten fruit, and cheese, in stark contrast to Roman dishes made from imported spices and high-flavored sauces. [330]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Due to the importance of the role of landowners in Roman culture, peasantry produce such as wheat, beans, vegetables, and fruit were often considered to be more civilized foods than meat.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Mediterranean dishes such as bread, wine, and oil were purified by adherents of Roman Christianity, whereas eating Germanic meat was considered an act of paganism, [331] because it was the result of sacrificing animals.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Some Christian philosophers and leaders reject bodily demands and enjoyment of food, and carry out fasting as an ideal way. [332]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Food became simpler after a slump in urban life in the West, disruption of trade routes, [333] and wealthy residents began to move into suburban housing. [334]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Because urban lifestyles are closely linked to decadence, the Church officially limits gluttony, [334] and hunting and pastoralism are seen as sublime and simple ways of life. [335]


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

See also History of the Roman Empire Italian Imperium Footnotes Reference Source J. A. Crook, Law and Life of Rome, 90 BC—AD 212, 1967 (ISBN 0-8014-9273-4).


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Arther Ferrill, The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation, Thames and Hudson, 1988 (ISBN 0-500-27495-9).


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Goldsworthy, Adrian.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

The Complete Roman Army, Thames and Hudson, 2003 (ISBN 0-500-05124-0).


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Benjamin Isaac, “The Limits of Empire: the Roman Army in the East” Oxford University Press, 1992 (ISBN 0-19-814926-3).


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Andrew Lintott, Imperium Romanum: Politics and administration, 1993 (ISBN 0-415-09375-9).


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Edward Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976/1979 (ISBN 0-8018-2158-4).


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Advanced reading Library resources about Main Page John Bagnell Bury, A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius, 1913, ISBN 978-1-4367-3416-5 Duncan B Campbell, The Rise of Imperial Rome, AD 14-193, Osprey, 2013, ISBN 978-1-78096-280-1 Winston Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, Cassell, 1998, ISBN 0-304—34912—7 Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1776—1789 Adrian Goldsworthy.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire, Weidenfield and Nicholson, 2003, ISBN 0-297-84666-3 Michael Grant, The History of Rome, Faber and Faber, 1993, ISBN 0-571-11461-X Antonio Santosuosso, Storming the Heavens: Soldiers, Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire, Westview Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8133-3523-X Outside links, a BBC website on ancient Rome for children at primary-school level., interactive educational website on ancient Rome for students.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Interactive map of the Roman Empire at showing the expansion of the Roman Empire., learning resources and re-enactments.


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

(PBS).


Question: What was the area of Roman imperial power?

Roman Empire

Category:Establishment 476 Category:Former Countries in the Italian Peninsula Category:Superpowers Category:Former Countries and territories established 27th century BC Category:Countries in Ancient Africa


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

This article is about Niger as a country.


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

For other uses, see Niger (disambiguation).


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

The Republic of Niger is a landlocked country (landlocked) in the western part of Africa.


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

Niger borders Nigeria and Benin to the south; Mali to the west; Algeria and Libya to the north; and Chad to the east.


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

The country's name is taken from the Niger River.


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

The capital city is Niamey.


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

Niger is a developing country, and is a country with the 188th order of the United Nations Human Development Index.


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

Most areas of Niger that are not desert are threatened with periodic droughts and desertification.


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

The center of economic activity is concentrated around fertile land in the south of the country, the export of raw materials, especially uranium ore.


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

Niger faces serious challenges to development due to its landlocked position, poor education and poverty of its people, lack of infrastructure, poor health care, and various environmental problems.


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

Since independence, Nigeria has lived under five constitutions and three periods of military rule.


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

After a military coup in 2010, Niger has become a democratic state, a multi-party state.


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

The majority live in rural areas, and have little access to continuing education.


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

The geography of Niger is a landlocked country in West Africa located along the border between the Sahara and the Sub-Saharan region.


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east.


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

Niger is located between latitudes 11° and 24° LU, and longitudes 0° and 16° BT. The Niger region has an area of 1,267,000 square kilometers (489,191 sq mi) with an area of land waters reaching (116 sq mi).


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

It is less than twice the size of France, and the twenty-second largest country in the world.


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

Niger borders seven countries and has a total perimeter of 5,697km (3,540miles).


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

The longest borders are with Nigeria in the south (1,497km or 930miles), Chad in the east with a border length of 1175km (730miles), Algeria in the north-northwest with a border length (956km or 594miles), and Mali with a border length of 821km (510miles).


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

Niger also has small borders in the south-west with Burkina Faso with a border length of 628km (390 miles) and Benin with a border length of 266km (165miles) and in the north-east it borders Libya with a border length of 354km (220miles).


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

The lowest point is the Niger River, with an elevation of 200m (656ft).


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

Its highest point is Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès in the Water Mountains with an elevation of 2,022m (6,634ft).


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

Niger's climate is a dry subtropical climate, with many desert areas.


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

To the south lies a tropical climate around the Niger River.


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

Its territory is predominantly desert and hilly savanna.


Question: What is the activity of the population around the Niger River?

Niger

See also List of countries in the world Outlinks (in French) Category:Countries in Africa


Question: Where is the Inner Child Tribe?

Kubu Tribe

Kubu tribe or also known as Tribe Anak Dalam or Orang Rimba is one of the minority tribes that live on the island of Sumatra, precisely in Jambi Province and South Sumatra.


Question: Where is the Inner Child Tribe?

Kubu Tribe

They are majority living in Jambi province, with an estimated population of around 200,000 people.


Question: Where is the Inner Child Tribe?

Kubu Tribe

According to oral tradition the Anak Dalam tribe constituted the Maalau Sesat people, who ran into the jungle forests around Black Water, Bukit Duabelas National Park.


Question: Where is the Inner Child Tribe?

Kubu Tribe

They were later named Ancestors of Segayo.


Question: Where is the Inner Child Tribe?

Kubu Tribe

Another tradition mentions them coming from the Pagaruyung region, which was displaced to Jambi.


Question: Where is the Inner Child Tribe?

Kubu Tribe

This reinforced the reality of the Anak Dalam tribe has similarities in language and customs with the Minangkabau tribe, such as matrilineal family system.


Question: Where is the Inner Child Tribe?

Kubu Tribe

Outline in Jambi they live in 3 different ecological areas, namely Orang Kubu in the north of Jambi Province (around Bukit 30 National Park), Bukit 12 National Park, and the southern region of Jambi Province (along the road cross Sumatra).


Question: Where is the Inner Child Tribe?

Kubu Tribe

They lived nomadically and based their lives on hunting and concocting, although many of them have now owned rubber land and other agriculture.


Question: Where is the Inner Child Tribe?

Kubu Tribe

Their lives are very sad along with the loss of forest resources in Jambi and South Sumatra, and the marginalization processes carried out by the government and the dominant tribes (Orang Malays) in Jambi and South Sumatra.


Question: Where is the Inner Child Tribe?

Kubu Tribe

The majority of the stronghold tribes adhered to animism beliefs, but there were also several tens of tribal families who converted to Christianity or Islam.


Question: Where is the Inner Child Tribe?

Kubu Tribe

For Kubu tribes who live in the area of South Sumatra, especially the area of rawas rupit and sickly musi, there are many Kubu tribes who hang their lives on sawitan, there are even among those who use Lonsum company palm land for them to steal and sell to the palm local lapak.


Question: Where is the Inner Child Tribe?

Kubu Tribe

They are like that because holding the basic principle of what grows in nature is theirs together.


Question: Where is the Inner Child Tribe?

Kubu Tribe

However, many were also strongholds in Musi and Rawas areas who received modernization including the use of motor vehicles and assembled firearms (speedpek).


Question: Where is the Inner Child Tribe?

Kubu Tribe

Their clothes and physique that are rather slightly cumal usually become stereotypes that make the surrounding people able to distinguish the Kubu tribe and the surrounding community.


Question: Where is the Inner Child Tribe?

Kubu Tribe

Outlinks (in English) Kubu Kubu


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Alifonso IV, called the Good (also Gentle or Friendly, Catalan: Alfons el Benigne) (2 July 1299 — 24 January 1336) was a King of Aragon [1] and Comte of Barcelona [2] (as Alifonso III) from 1327 until his death.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

His reign saw the incorporation of the County of Urgell, the Duchy of Athens, and the Duchy of Neopatria into the Throne of Aragon.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Biographer Alifonso was born in Naples, the second son of Chaime II and Blanche of Anjou.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

In 1314, aged 14, he married Teresa d'Entença y Cabrera, heiress of Urgell, who was the same age as him.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Pamanda Teresa's grandfather, Ermengol X Urgell died childless at La Llitera; before his death, he agreed to make Alifonso his heir, on condition that Alifonso marry Teresa, who was his closest relative.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Alifonso was at this point only the second son (and not heir) of the king of Aragon.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

He and his father happily agreed to Ermengol's conditions, and Alifonso married Teresa in 1314 at Lerida Cathedral.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

The teenage bridegroom was considered so liberal in spending during the wedding, that the local counsels imposed restrictions on how much he could spend.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Alifonso and Teresa became the parents of seven children.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Alifonso became heir to the throne in December 1319 after his elder Chaime relinquished his right to become a monk.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

During the reign of his father, Alifonso was procurator general of the kingdom, and in 1323-1324, he conquered Sardinia.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

His father Alifonso and first wife Teresa died within days of each other in 1327.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Teresa died in childbirth on 20 October 1327, and Chaime II died on 2 November 1327, whereupon Alifonso became king.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

In 1329, he began a long war with the Republic of Genova.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

The previous city of Sassari ahd surrendered to Alifonso in 1323, but rebelled three more times; its ownership was contested by Genova, leading to prolonged war.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

In February 1329, Alifonso married Leonor of Castile (1308-1359), sister of king Alfonso XI of Castile.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Leonor had been briefly married to Alifonso's kakanda, Chaime the Monk.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

That marriage, rejected by Chaime, had been annulled in 1319-20.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Leonor then retired to the convent (though she never took the veil) and remained unmarried.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

In December of the same year, the couple rejoiced to parent a son, Fernando, who was followed five years later by another son, Juan.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Leonor earnestly sought to advance the interests of her own sons rather than her stepsons, Infante Pero, who was the heir to the throne.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

She convinced her husband to give a very large and significant territory to his son.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

On 28 December 1329, Alifonso gave his new son, Fernando Markisat Tortosa and the towns of Albarracín, Orihuela, Callosa, Guardamar, Alicante, Monforte, Elda, La Mola, Novelda and Aspe. [3]


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Leonor's younger son, Juan, who was born five years later, was also granted several titles of nobility when he was a toddler: Elche, Biel and Bolsa were all bestowed upon him.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

These territories would be controlled by Leonor, who had also received the city of Huesca and several other villages and castles belonging to the Throne of Aragon at the time of her marriage. [4]


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

It's not just this.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

While all of the above grants had been made from among the holdings of the Throne of Aragon, the King also attempted to grant territories located within the Kingdom of Valencia on the toddler Fernando, but he was prevented from doing so.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

When the King gave Fernando the cities of Xátiva, Alzira, Sagunto, Morella, Burriana and Castellón de la Plana, all located in the Kingdom of Valencia, the local citizens protested, and for this reason the King decided to revoke this patent. [3]


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

The granting of these lands reduced the inheritance of the royal inheritance and particularly affected Infante Pero, Alifonso's son by his first wife, who was however too young to make any significant protest.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

However, the problem unsettled the palace, creating a climate of resentment and dividing the nobility into two camps.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Alifonso died in January of 1336, aged only 36.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

He was succeeded by Pero IV, his 16-year-old son from his first marriage.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Descendants By Teresa d'Entença: Alifonso (1315—1317) Constanza (1318—1346), married in 1336 to Jaume III of Majorca.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Pero IV (1319-1387), successor.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Jaime I, Comte Urgell (1321-1347), also inherited Entença and Antillon.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Isabel (1323-1327).


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Fadrique (1325-dead young).


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Sancho (1327), lived only a few days.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

By Leonor of Castile: Fernando (1329-1363), Markis Tortosa and Lord Albarracín and Fraga; married Maria, Marchioness of Tortosa.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Juan (1331-1358), Lord Elche, Biel and Bolsa, married Isabel Núñez de Lara (daughter of Juan Núñez III de Lara) in 1355 and was murdered on the orders of her cousin Pedro of Castile.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Pedigree 16.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Pero II of Aragon8.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Chaime I of Aragon17.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Maria of Montpellier4.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Pero III of Aragon18.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

András II of Hungary9.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Jolán from Hungary19.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Yolande de Courtenay2.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Chaime II of Aragon20.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Friedrich II, Holy Roman Emperor10.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Manfredi of Sicilia21.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Bianca Lancia5.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Custanza of Sicilia22.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Amadeus IV of Savoia11.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Beatrice of Savoia23.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Marguerite of Bourgogne1.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Alifonso IV of Aragon24.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Louis VIII of France12.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Carlo I of Napoli25.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Blanca of Castilia6.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Carlo II of Napoli26.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Ramón Berenguer IV of Provence13.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Béatrice of Provence27.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Beatrice of Savoia3.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Blanche from Anjou28.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Béla IV of Hungary14.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

István V of Hungary29.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Maria Laskarina7.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Maria from Hungary30.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Köten of Cuman15.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Erzsébet of Cuman31.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Galicie of Halicz Notes Source Diccionario universal de historia y de geografía, p.152.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

By Lucas Alamán, Manuel Orozco y Berra Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia, Ed. E. Michael Gerli, Samuel G. Armistead, Routledge, 2003.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

O'Callaghan, Joseph F.,


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

A History of Medieval Spain, Cornell University Press, 1975.


Question: How long has Alifonso I been king?

Alifonso IV d'Aragón

Category:Birth 1299 Category:Death 1336 Category:Ruler of the Monarchy of Aragon Category:Comte Barcelona Category:Aragonese King Category:Figures of Naples Category:Ruler of Roman Catholic Monarchs Category:Ruler of Valencia


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

Empress Shen Wuhua (華), later to become Bhiksuni, named Guanyin (), was an empress of Chen Dynasty, China.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

Her husband was Chen Shubao, the last emperor of the dynasty.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

Shen Wuhua's father Shen Junli () was a young official during the reign of Chen's founder Emperor Wu, and Emperor Wu, fascinated with his prowess, made Shen Junli the Marquess of Wangcai () and gave Shen Junli his daughter Princess Kuaiji as his wife, and Shen Wuhua was born as Princess Kuaiji, however the year of his birth is lost to history.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

He then worked under Emperor Wu's nephews Emperor Wen and Emperor Xuan.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

When the Princess died, Shen Wuhua greatly mourned her death, and flattered her loyalty.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

In 569, she was married to Chen Shubao, who was then her father Emperor Xuan's crown prince, as his wife and crown princess.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

(His age as described above is unknown; however he was 16 years old.)


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

They had no offspring and when his concubine Sun died when giving birth in 573 his first son Chen Yin, he took Chen Yin and took care of him like his own son.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

His father Shen Junli later died that year, he later greatly mourned for it.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

He was given the posthumous name Zhenxian ().


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

In 582, Emperor Xuan died and Chen Shubao, after surviving a coup committed by his brother Chen Shuling () the Prince of Shixing and cousin Chen Bogu () the Prince of Xin'an, although injuries remained ascended to the throne.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

He made her the empress and Chen Yin the crown prince.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

But because he did not like her, he was not allowed to visit her when she injured Concubine Zhang Lihua, her beloved concubine was allowed to do so.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

Empress Shen was said to be a serious person and had some desires, spending much of her time studying Classical Confucianism, history, and Buddhist sutras, also practicing calligraphy.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

He did not participate much in Chen Shubao's party, nor did he like it, even instead being very fond of his concubine Zhang, who effectively took over the administration at the palace.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

Empress Shen had few reservations about it, but she lived frugally, limiting her staff to about 100 people and wearing no luxurious furniture, often making proposals to Chen Shubao.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

In 588, believing the accusation that Chen Yin hated her because he did not dote on Empress Shen, Chen Shubao overthrew her and escorted her with Concubine Zhang's son Chen Shen.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

He also considered overthrowing Empress Shen and replacing her with Concubine Chang, but had no opportunity to carry that out when Sui Dynasty forces captured the capital Jiankang in 589, captaining her and ending Chen, uniting China.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

Zhang's concubine was executed by the Sui general Gao Jiong, but Chen Shubao was pardoned and taken to the Sui capital Chang'an treated like Emperor Wen of Sui's guest of honor.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

Empress Shen followed Chen Shubao to Chang'an. He wrote mourning texts to commemorate him when he died in 604.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

At the beginning of that year, Emperor Wen was also deceased and was succeeded by his son Emperor Yang of Sui, who during his reign, made 11 trips through various parts of the kingdom and often Empress Shen accompanied him.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

He was with him at Jiangdu (江都, modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) in 618, when he was killed in a coup led by General Yuwen Huaji.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

After Emperor Yang's death, Empress Shen crossed the Yangtze river the southern part of the city of Piling (州, modern Changzhou, Jiangsu), where he became a Bhiksuni by the name Guanyin — which is the same as the Chinese name of the Buddhist Goddess Avalokiteśvara.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

He died early in the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang (626-649), but his exact year is unknown.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

Genealogy Family of Main Page 8.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

Shen Sengce4.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

Shen Xun2.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

Shen Junli, Marquess Zhenxian of Wangcai1.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

Empress Shen Wuhua24.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

Chen Daoju12.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

Chen Wenzan6.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

Emperor Wu of Chen13.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

Mrs. Dong3.


Question: What is Empress Chen Wu's religion?

Empress Shen Wuhua

Princess Mu of Kuaiji Category:Permaisuri-Empress Chen Dynasty Category:Birth of the 6th Century Category:7th Century Death


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

In agriculture, plants are certain types of organisms that are cultivated on a space or medium to be harvested during a time when it has reached a certain stage of growth.


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

This sense is distinguished from the layman's use that plants are the same as plants.


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

In reality, almost all plants are plants, but in the sense of plants are covered also some fungi (food fungi, such as button mushrooms and inflamed mushrooms) and algae (producing agar and nori) that are deliberately cultivated to utilize their economic value.


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

Plants are “deliberately” planted, whereas plants are something that appears or grows from the surface of the earth.


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

Plants that are “not harvested” are still called plants if they are intended as aesthetics in landscapes and landscape architecture, for example, flower plants.


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

The main agricultural crops cultivated around the world are wheat, corn, rice, potatoes, sugarcane, soybeans, and so on. [1]


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

According to the product group, ordinary crops are distinguished into: Cereals, main food crops of grain producing Legumes Fruit crops, fruit producing Vegetable crops, vegetable producing Industrial crops, industrial raw material producers (dyes, rubber, and so on) , spice producer Tuber plant, edible tuber producer Fiber plant, to produce fiber used for specific purposes, such as textile and paper manufacturing Medicinal plants Essential oil-producing plants Cereals cereals are grains that produced from plants of the family Poaceae.


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

The resulting grains are botanically called cariopsis fruits consisting of endosperm, germ, and bran.


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

Cereals are naturally nutrient-dense food ingredients because they contain vitamins, minerals, fats, and proteins.


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

But processing by the food industry removes the bran and germ parts leaving only endosperm alone for human consumption.


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

In the developing world, most calories are obtained from cereals.


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

While in developed countries, cereals consumption is percentagely less than developing countries, but still the majority.


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

Legumes are a designation for seeds that are relatively larger in size than cereals and are used for food for humans and farm animals.


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

Legumes are generally obtained from plants of the family Fabaceae.


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

However young harvested legume crops such as kapri, chickpeas, and edamame are not referred to as legumes in the FAO definition. [2]


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

Nuts contain a large amount of dietary fiber with one cup of cooked beans containing 9-13 grams of fiber. [3]


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

Dissolved dietary fiber can help lower blood cholesterol levels. [4]


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

Nuts also contain protein, complex carbohydrates, folate, and iron. [3]


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

Vegetable crops are part of plants that can be eaten raw and cooked. [5]


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

The plant parts in question are those in addition to ripe fruits and grains.


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

The definition of vegetables is largely a definition culinary and culturally, so there will be other categorized vegetables based on botany.


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

For example, cucumbers are called vegetables culinary, but they are called fruit botanically.


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

Mushrooms that are biologically not plants, culturally called vegetables. [6] [7] Vegetables are often processed into salads and cooked as food with a savory or salty taste.


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

Unlike fruits that are always served in a sweet taste, but this is not a rule that applies universally. [5]


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

Tubers such as potatoes and cassava in various countries are called vegetables but some are classified into staple foods with cereals. [8]


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

Industrial crops Industrial crops are agricultural crops that are not cultivated on a subsistence basis.


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

The plant is grown to make a profit when sold.


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

The yield of this crop is sold in commodity form and separate from other crop cultivation. [9]


Question: is Indigofera safe for human consumption?

Plants

Due to their properties sold in large-scale commodities, industrial plants are particularly vulnerable with price changes in the world market and distribution costs. [10] [11] Plant Types According to Plant Function Agathis alba (resin) waste particle absorbent plant Swietenia macrophylla (broadleaf mahogany) Podocarpus imbricatus (jamuju) Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) Pithecelebium dulce (landi acid) Cassia siamea (johar) Polyalthea longifolia (glodogan) Baringtonia asiatica (ken) Mimosrops elengi (cape) CO2-absorbing and O2-producing plant Tremanbesi, Sambesi saman, 28,488.39 kg/year Cassia, Cassia sp , 5,295.47 kg/year Ylang, Canangium odoratum, 756.59 kg/year Pingku, Dyxoxylum excelsum, 720.49 kg/year Banyan, Ficus benyamina, 535.90 kg/year Krey umbrella, Fellicium decipiens, 404.83 kg/year Matoa, Pometia pinnata, 329.76 kg/year, Mahogany Ttiana mahagoni, 295.73 kg/year Saga, Adenanthera pavoniana, 221.18 kg/year Bungur, Lagerstroemia speciosa, 160.14 kg/year Teak, Tectona grandis, 135.27 kg/year Jackfruit, Arthocarpus heterophyllus, 126.51 kg/year Johar, Cassia grandis, 116.25 kg/year Sirsak, Annona muricata, 75.29 kg/year year Puspa, Schima wallichii, 63.31 kg/year Acacia, Acacia auriculiformis, 48.68 kg/year Flamboyant, Delonix regia, 42.20 kg/year Sawo kecik, Maniilkara kauki, 36.19 kg/year Cape, Mimusops elengi, 34.29 kg/year Peacock flowers, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, 30.95 kg/year Sempur, Ditulenia retulenia sa, 24.24 kg/year Khaya, Khaya anthotheca, 21.90 kg/ year Merbau beach, Intsia bijuga, 19.25 kg/year Acacia, Acacia mangium, 15.19 kg/year Angsana, Pterocarpus indicus, 11.12 kg/year Cranji acid, Pithecelobium dulce, 8.48 kg/year Handkerchief, Maniltoa grandiflora, 8.26 kg/year Dadap red, Erythrina cristagalli 4.55 kg/year Rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum, 2.19 kg/year Acid, Tamarindus indica, 1.49 kg/year Kempas, Coompasia excelsa, 0.20 kg/year Absorbent plant/odor penepis Michelia champaka (cempaka) Pandanus sp (pandan) Murraya paniculata (emergence) Mimosops elengi (cape) Plant to overcome the inundation of Artoe Carcarpus integra ( jackfruit) Paraserianthes falcaratia (albizia) Acacia vilosa Indigofera galegoides Dalbergia spp Swietenia mahagoni (mahogany) Tectona grandis (teak) Samanea equal (kihujan) Leucena glauca (lambro) Plant for groundwater preservation Casuarina equisetifolia (sea fir) elastica (fikus) Hevea brasiliensis (rubber) Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) Lagerstroemia speciosa (bungur) Fragraea fragrans Cocos nucifera (coconut) Coastal safety plants and abrasion Mangroves Avicinnea Bruguiera Nipah Mangroves See also Grains sprouts Pruning List of domesticated herbs Agricultural biodiversity Corn maze Farm business land Monoculture Post-harvest Fruit trees Non-food agricultural crops Overlapping cider Reference Outside links CS1 maint related reading materials: multiple names: authors list (link)


Question: Who is the Chairman of the North Atlantic Defense Pact Military Commission?

North Atlantic Defense Pact

The North Atlantic Defence Pact (English: North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO; French: l'Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord or OTAN) is an international organization for mutual security founded in 1949, as a form of support to the Atlantic Approval North signed in Washington, D.C. on April 4, 1949.


Question: Who is the Chairman of the North Atlantic Defense Pact Military Commission?

North Atlantic Defense Pact

The main article of such consent is Article V, which contains: The members agree that an armed attack on one or more of them in Europe as well as in North America shall be considered an attack on all members.


Question: Who is the Chairman of the North Atlantic Defense Pact Military Commission?

North Atlantic Defense Pact

Furthermore they agree that, should such an armed attack occur, any member, in exercising the right to defend themselves personally as well as jointly as contained in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, shall assist the member under attack if the use of force such, both alone and together, were felt necessary, including the use of armed forces, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic region.


Question: Who is the Chairman of the North Atlantic Defense Pact Military Commission?

North Atlantic Defense Pact

This article enforces so that if a member of the Warsaw Pact launches an attack against European allies of the United Nations, it would be considered an attack on all members (including the United States itself), which has the largest military force in the fellowship and with it can provide the most retaliatory action.


Question: Who is the Chairman of the North Atlantic Defense Pact Military Commission?

North Atlantic Defense Pact

But fears of a possible attack from Western Europe turned out not to be true.


Question: Who is the Chairman of the North Atlantic Defense Pact Military Commission?

North Atlantic Defense Pact

The article only came into use for the first time in history on September 12, 2001, as a counteract to the events of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the U.S. that occurred the day before.


Question: Who is the Chairman of the North Atlantic Defense Pact Military Commission?

North Atlantic Defense Pact

Member states of Denmark Italy Countries that joined in the time of the Cold War (1952) (1952) (1955 as West Germany) (1982) Former member states of the Eastern Bloc that joined after the Cold War → East Germany (1990) (1999) (1999) Bulgaria (2004) Estonia ( 2004) Latvia (2004) (2004) (2004) (2004) Slovenia (2004) Albania (1 April 2009) (1 April 2009) Montenegro (5 June 2017) Reference See also Europe-Atlantic Cooperation Council United Nations Atlantic Council Warsaw Pact Non-Aligned Movement NATO Medal Outside links (in English) NATO


Question: What is customary?

Indigenous

Indigenous is a cultural idea consisting of cultural values, norms, customs, institutional, and customary laws that are prevalent in an area.


Question: What is customary?

Indigenous

If this custom is not implemented there will be a conflict that raises unwritten sanctions by the local community against perpetrators who are considered deviant.


Question: What is customary?

Indigenous

Origin of the word According to Jalaluddin Tunsam (an Arab nationality who lived in Aceh in his writings in 1660).


Question: What is customary?

Indigenous

“Adat” comes from Arabic عادات, the plural form of عادَة (adah), meaning “way”, “habit”.


Question: What is customary?

Indigenous

In Indonesia, the word “adat” was only used in about the end of the 19th century.


Question: What is customary?

Indigenous

Previously this word was only known to the Malay community after its cultural encounter with Islam in around the 16th century. This word, among others, can be read in Malay State Law.


Question: What is customary?

Indigenous

See also Customary Law Indigenous Peoples Mysticism Political Indigenous Ritual Sacred Land Ulayat Category:Arabic words and phrases


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Singapore played little role in the development of Southeast Asian history until Sir Stamford Raffles established a British port there.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Under British colonial rule, Singapore has been transformed into a very strategic port given its location in the midst of trade lines between India and China that eventually became among the most important ports in the world to this day.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

During World War II, Singapore had been occupied by the Japanese army from 1942 to 1945.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

After the war, the locals justified exercising self-government but still did not achieve independence.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Onwards in 1963 Singapore had merged with Tanah Melayu together with Sabah and Sarawak to form Malaysia.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

But Singapore was excluded from Malaysia and became a republic on 9 August 1965.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

In the past around the 14th century, the island of Singapore was part of the kingdom of Sriwijaya and was known as Temasek (“City of the Sea”).


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

It is believed that Singapore was the centre of government of the Malay kingdom before he was occupied by Sir Stamford Raffles.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

This is based on the writings of Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir Munsyi which stated that when Singapore was cleared, the hill contained there was recognized as a ban hill, and there were many fruit trees planted there.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

This shows the establishment of the administrative center there.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

In addition, Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir Munsyi also stated the discovery of a letter stone that has an engraving of unrecognized writing and has been blurred.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

The Singapore inscription indicates Singapore has been an administrative center since long ago before the arrival of the British side.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Unfortunately the inscription had been destroyed not long after the arrival of the British by a British engineer.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

In any case, there was a memorandum regarding a copy of the paper which had been delivered to London but failed to interpret.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

If the record of the copy can be found again, he can give an estimate of when it was engraved through translation or if it still failed to translate, through the type of writing used.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Establishment of Modern Singapore (1819) Between the 16th century and the 19th period, the Malay Archipelago gradually became the property of European colonists.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

The onset of colonization from the West began when the Portuguese arrived in Melaka in 1509.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

In the 17th period, the Dutch had taken control of most major ports in the Malay Archipelago.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

The Dutch side had monopolized all the spice trade which at the time was an important trading ingredient.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Other European colonists including the British, only had small trading rights.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

In 1818, Sir Stamford Raffles had been sworn into governor at one of the British ports namely in Bengkulu, Sumatra.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Raffles believed that Britain needed to find a way to become the dominant ruler in this chain.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

One way is to build a new port in the Strait of Melaka.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Existing British ports such as Pulau Pinang are too far from the Strait of Melaka while Bengkulu faces Sunda Strait.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

By 1818, he had successfully convinced the East Indies Company (EIC) to search for a new port on the chain.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Raffles arrived in Singapore on 29 January 1819.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

He encountered a small Malay village at the mouth of the Singapore River presided over by a Temenggung Johor.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

The island was administered by the Johor Sultanate but its political state was unstable.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

The heir of the Sultan of Johor, Tengku Abdul Rahman was controlled by the Dutch and Bugis.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Raffles later learns that Tengku Abdul Rahman became sultan only because his kakanda, Tengku Hussein did not exist when his father died.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

According to Malay custom, the prospective sultan needs to be on the side of the sultan if he wants to be sworn into sultan.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Tengku Hussein.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

The treaty became valid on 6 February 1819.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Early Developments (1819-1826) Raffles returned to Bengkulu not long after signing a treaty with Johor.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

William Farquhar chaired this new British colony with the help of an army of British soldiers.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Behind the problems facing Singapore grew rapidly due to its status as a free port.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Arab, Tiong Hoa and Indian traders made it their stopover place.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Strait Settlements (1826-1867) The founding of Singapore by Raffles got into trouble when the Dutch kingdom accused the British of interfering in its area of influence.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

At first the British Empire and the United British East Indies sympathised with this issue but much later they ignored it in the interests of progress in Singapore.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

By 1822, it was clear the British intention that they would never cede Singapore.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Singapore's status as a British property was confirmed by the signing of the 1824 British-Dutch Treaty in which the Malay Archipelago was divided over the influence of two powers.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

The northern area includes Pulau Pinang, Melaka and Singapore as areas of British influence while the area to the south is under Dutch influence.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

In 1826, Singapore together with Pulau Pinang and Melaka were classified under one government namely the Straits Negeri.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Japanese Occupation Age (1942—1945) On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbour.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

One of Japan's goals is to rule Southeast Asia because of economic factors.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Singapore, which was the main base of the Allied Military was Japan's main target.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

In Singapore many assumed that Japan would attack it first before invading Malaya.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

The British side was willing while providing among its best war contingents.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

This included the delivery of the battleship HMS Prince of Wales and the battleship HMS Repulse.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

They also escorted several other warships.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

On 8 December 1941, the Japanese army landed at Kota Bharu, Kelantan.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

After two days of landing, the Prince of Wales and the ship Repulse sank as a result of being destroyed by the Japanese army.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

The Japanese army continued to advance throughout the Malay Land causing the British army to be forced to retreat south to Singapore.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

By January 31, 1942, after 55 days of the attack by the Japanese army, the Japanese army had managed to take control of the entire Malay Land and prepared to attack Singapore.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

After several battles, Lieutenant-General Arthur Ernest Percival and the British class surrendered defeat to General Yamashita Tomoyuki on the Chinese New Year on February 15, 1942.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Approximately 130,000 Indian, Australian and British warriors became prisoners of war.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

The fall of Singapore was the largest British losing surrender in history.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Singapore was later named as Syonan-to (南) in Japanese.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Singapore was occupied by the Japanese from 1942 to 1945.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Self-Government (1955-1963) Chairman of the Labour Front, David Marshall, became the first Chief Minister of Singapore.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

He ruled an unstable government and resulted in a massive strike event.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

In April 1956, she was to London for talks on Singapore's independence but was unsuccessful due to communist influence in Singapore.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Marshall continued to press the British that he would put down the post if the British did not give independence to Singapore.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

But the British immediately disregarded Marshall's lawsuit and eventually he was forced to give up his post.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

The next Chief Minister of Singapore is Lim Yew Hock.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

He took decisive action against the chairmen of the union and the pro-communist members.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Lim's decisive actions led to the British agreeing to give Singapore self-government.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Formed the Persekutuan Malaysia (1963—1965) On 16 September 1963, the British agreed to cede Singapore, Sabah, and Sarawak to join the Malay Persekutuantanah so that a Malaysian Federation could be formed.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

After accompanying Malaysia, Singapore's main political party, People's Action Party won the Singapore Election.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Frequent actions of the PAP voiced dissatisfaction regarding the idiosyncrasies of the Bumiputera.


Question: When was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Many members of the United Malays National Organisation urged the Federation Government to arrest Lee Kuan Yew.


Question: when was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

So on 7 August 1965, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra dumped Singapore from Malaysia.


Question: when was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Many Malaysians consider this action of Tunku Abdul Rahman as a loss because they think there are many other ways to maintain Singapore's security.


Question: when was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

At this time there was an Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation. 3 Indonesian marines, namely Harun Thohir, Usman Janatin, and Gani bin Arup blew up MacDonnald House in Singapore in 1965.


Question: when was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

They fled, but two of them, namely Harun and Usman could be arrested and 3 years later sentenced to hang even though Indonesia had asked for clemency, because in 1968 President Soekarno had fallen and replaced Soeharto who at that time supported by Western States that Lee Kuan Yew doesn't have to worry about.


Question: when was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

The Republic of Singapore (1965-present) After the exit from Malaysia, Singapore began to emerge as a world trade power.


Question: when was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

Many facilities and progress were achieved during the reign of Lee Kuan Yew [1].


Question: when was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

In 1990, Lee Kuan Yew stepped down from politics and gave power of government to Goh Chok Tong.


Question: when was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

In 2004 anyway, Goh Chok Tong laid down the post as Prime Minister and gave path to Lee Kuan Yew's son Lee Hsien Loong to govern.


Question: when was London inaugurated into a city?

History of Singapore

See also Singapore History Malaysia Malaysia Sultanate of Johor Outside links Reference (in Malay)


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

Contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak (New Zealand)

The contents of the United States diplomatic wire leaks explain New Zealand and its related subjects extensively.


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

The leak, which began on November 28, 2010, came after the WikiLeaks website — an international non-profit new media organization that publishes submissions of classified documents from various news sources and anonymous news leaks — began publishing classified documents with correspondence that detailed — diplomatic wire — between the United States Department of State and its diplomatic representatives around the world.


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

WikiLeaks leaked this document every day from the first date of its release.


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

Nuclear policy New Zealand's anti-nuclear policy of the 1980s was half motivated by economic considerations.


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

The diplomatic wire of 2004 reported that “senior officials in the Lange government during the time the anti-nuclear policy was set informed that one of the considerations in favour of this policy was that this policy would push New Zealand out or be removed from Anzus, thus does not burden the defense budget of this country at a time of fiscal and economic crisis”. [1]


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

In 2005, U.S. Ambassador to New Zealand Charles Swindells sought to persuade New Zealand to change its anti-nuclear stance inaugurated in 1987 through the official ban on armed or nuclear-powered ships from entering New Zealand waters and asked his colleagues in U.S. to investigate strategies to change the policy, including submitting a feasibility study of a free trade agreement between New Zealand and the U.S. [2] According to the wire, full collaboration between U.S. and New Zealand intelligence agencies — was decided by the U.S. in the 1980s as a result of New Zealand anti-nuclear policy — resumed in August 2009.


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

This cooperation remains confidential by these two countries. [2]


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

U.S. Ambassador Khawawtir's anti-nuclear law is shredding confidence in New Zealand, thereby threatening its intelligence cooperation.


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

He was responding to a New Zealand newspaper article emphasizing the Ambassador's concerns that if New Zealand were excluded from the “five eyes” agreement, the United States would be allowed to conduct intelligence gathering operations from New Zealand citizens.


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

The Star-Times called this Ambassador's language a “real threat” and a “repression tactic,” though the language he imposed made it clear that the Ambassador expressed his concern and did not know if this anti-nuclear stance would lead to New Zealand's exile from the SIGINT community. [3]


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

2006 Fiji coup Diplomatic wire leaks revealed that the New Zealand government spied on the military of its neighbouring country, Fiji, in the run-up to the 2006 Fijian coup d'état.


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

The information obtained was forwarded to the United States.


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

This wire contains no such information obtained. [4]


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

U.S.-New Zealand relations John Key, Prime Minister of New Zealand, was disappointed and embarrassed that U.S. President Barack Obama was too busy to see him, even though Key believed he had a formal invitation from Obama at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation conference. [5]


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

Marian Hobbs Marian Hobbs, a New Zealand Labour Party Member of Parliament (1996—2008), was rumored to deserve the nickname Boo-boo for his frequent diplomatic blunders. [5]


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

China-New Zealand relations In a briefing, Key reportedly informed Wen Jiabao, Prime Minister of the People's Republic of China, in April 2009 that neither he nor his ministers would meet the Dalai Lama, Tibet's estranged spiritual leader. [6]


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

Iraq War Helen Clark, former Prime Minister of New Zealand, beavers after a senior staff member at the Ministry of Defence informed the US embassy that Clark decided to send soldiers to Iraq in order for Fonterra to continue to secure a highly tantalizing Oil for Food contract from the United Nations.


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

Clark commented, “this is crazy.”


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

The US communiqué for Washington on which he commented stated that new Zealand defense officials said Clark opposed sending soldiers to Iraq until he was told that Fonterra dairy company was most likely not to get a UN “oil-for-food” contract.


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

Clark said the staff was “making this up” about the “ridiculous” claims, and denied sending non-combatant soldiers to Iraq in 2003 to guarantee that one of his country's largest companies get such high-value U.N. contracts. [3] [7] Prisoners New Zealand's Guantanamo Bay once requested that Uyghur tribal terror detainees at Guantanamo Bay be accommodated in its country.


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

The Deputy Chief of the Provisional United States Embassy, Katherine Hadda, met Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade chief executive Simon Murdoch to ask New Zealand to consider the refugee shelter.


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

Murdoch denied there were many demonstrations against New Zealand refugee shelters, including claims that the country exceeded its refugee quotas in 2005 and 2006 and has no Uyghur community there. [3]


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

The domestic politics of New Zealand's Green Party, Labour's coalition partner, is expected to continue to move to the left after the death of its pragmatic fellow chairman, Rod Donald.


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

The Greens, which gained 5% of the people's vote at the September election, are working with the Labor coalition government.


Question: Who made the contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak?

As these party votes were not needed for the Labour Party to form a parliamentary majority, they had little influence on government policy.