Question: What is the role of technology admissions model in education?

television

When in the children's room there is a television, the risk of children getting overweight and the likelihood of children smoking increases, children become less reading and doing other hobbies, and the child's sleep time decreases. [39]


Question: What is the role of technology admissions model in education?

television

In 2001, the American Academy of Pediatricians recommended a number of things to address the potential negative impact of television for children and adolescents, including removing televisions from children's rooms, avoiding television viewing from children under 2 years old, as well as encouraging parents to accompany children to watch television and monitor television programs that children watch to be informative, educational, and non-violent. [41]


Question: What is the role of technology admissions model in education?

television

Health impacts Because it relates to sedentary behaviors such as sitting and lying for a long time without expending energy, watching too much television is considered to have a negative impact on health.


Question: What is the role of technology admissions model in education?

television

Many studies have shown that long periods of television viewing is associated with higher body mass index, lower fitness levels, and higher blood cholesterol levels. [42]


Question: What is the role of technology admissions model in education?

television

The more a person watches television when he is a child, the higher the likelihood of being obese in adulthood. [43]


Question: What is the role of technology admissions model in education?

television

Watching television and other sedentary behaviors also associate with a higher risk of colorectal, endometrial, ovarian, and prostate cancers [44] as well as risk of cardiovascular disease. [45]


Question: What is the role of technology admissions model in education?

television

See also List of television channels Internet television stations Reference Outside links Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the role of technology admissions model in education?

television

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. at the Canada Science and Technology Museum Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the role of technology admissions model in education?

television

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Question: What is the role of technology admissions model in education?

television

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Question: What is the role of technology admissions model in education?

television

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Question: What is the role of technology admissions model in education?

television

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Question: What is the role of technology admissions model in education?

television

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Question: What is the role of technology admissions model in education?

television

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. (in Malay) Category:Telecommunications equipment Category:Video hardware


Question: What is the name of Frank Rorimpandey's most famous film?

Johny Indo (film)

Main Page Johny Indo is a 1987 Indonesian film directed by Frank Rorimpandey and starring Johny Indo and Mathias Muchus.


Question: What is the name of Frank Rorimpandey's most famous film?

Johny Indo (film)

The film is lifted from the true story of Johanes Hubertus Eijkenboom.


Question: What is the name of Frank Rorimpandey's most famous film?

Johny Indo (film)

It was also noted as the fifth highest-grossing film in Jakarta in 1987. [1]


Question: What is the name of Frank Rorimpandey's most famous film?

Johny Indo (film)

Synopsis of Johny Indo (Johny Indo) famous robber.


Question: What is the name of Frank Rorimpandey's most famous film?

Johny Indo (film)

He was caught and imprisoned in Nusa Kambangan, along with Johny Indo also imprisoned Pardi (Mathias Muchus).


Question: What is the name of Frank Rorimpandey's most famous film?

Johny Indo (film)

Some time lapse 34 inmates, including Johny Indo intended to escape.


Question: What is the name of Frank Rorimpandey's most famous film?

Johny Indo (film)

Their escape passes through dense forests as well as other difficult natural obstacles.


Question: What is the name of Frank Rorimpandey's most famous film?

Johny Indo (film)

The authorities hunt them down, Johny's inevitable victim was shot in the leg, when he was about to run again the faces of his wife and son shaded then Johny surrendered. [2]


Question: What is the name of Frank Rorimpandey's most famous film?

Johny Indo (film)

Transclusion error Outlink reference: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the name of Frank Rorimpandey's most famous film?

Johny Indo (film)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is the name of Frank Rorimpandey's most famous film?

Johny Indo (film)

Category:Indonesian films of 1987


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The First Zhili—Fengtian Battle (simplified Chinese:第一); traditional Chinese:第一; Pinyin:dìyīcì Zhífèng Zhànzhēng) was a conflict that took place in 1922 in the Republic of China Warlord-era between Zhili and Fengtian groups for control of Beijing.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The war led to the defeat of the Fengtian group and the fall of its leader, Zhang Zuolin, from the Zhili-Fengtian coalition government in Beijing.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Wu Peifu was hailed as the strategist behind Zhili's victory.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Prelude After jointly seizing Beijing in 1920, Fengtian and Zhili groups took control of nominal Chinese rule.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Tensions soon rose between the two groups in the erratic coalition government.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

In 1922, the Fengtian group replaced Prime Minister Jin Yunpeng with Liang Shiyi without obtaining prior approval from their spouse, the Zhili group.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

While Zhili had the support of the British and Americans, the Fengtian leader was supported by the Japanese.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The Japanese government once supported their enemy, the Anhui clique, but had switched sides soon after the turn of power.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

On December 25, 1921, a cabinet under the leadership of Liang Shiyi was formed with the strong support of Zhang Zuolin, whereupon the new cabinet immediately granted amnesty to six former cabinet members of the Anhui group. [1]


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Zhili's group vehemently opposed the plan but was rejected.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The conflict intensified when the new cabinet refused to give about $3 million in military budgets previously promised to Zhili's group.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

As a result, Wu Peifu and other members of the Zhili group forced Liang Shiyi to resign on January 25, 1922.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

With the pro-Fengtian cabinet collapsing just a month after its formation, Zhang Zuolin threatened to resolve the conflict with violence.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Troops were deployed on April 10, 1922, although Wu Peifu and his Zhili group did not officially denounce their opponents until April 25, 1922.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The Zhili Army troops deployed about 100,000 troops, while the Fengtian army deployed about 120,000 troops.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The commander-in-chief of the Zhili Army and commander of the western front was Wu Peifu.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The commander-in-chief of the front and the eastern front were Wang Chengbin (王) and Zhang Guorong (国), respectively.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Zhang Fulai () was a deputy commander on the eastern front: Zhang Zuolin was the commander-in-chief of the Fengtian army and commander of the eastern front.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The deputy commander-in-chief and deputy commander of the eastern front was Sun Liechen ().


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The commander of the western front was Zhang Jinghui.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Under him, there were three echelon officials commanded by Bao Deshan (山), Zhang Xueliang and Li Jinglin (李林).


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Strategy In a repeat of the previous Zhili-Anhui War, the Fengtian army would attack the Zhili army on two fronts, east and west.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The general headquarters of the Fengtian army is in Junliangcheng, which is also the headquarters of the Fengtian army on the eastern front.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The commander-in-chief of the Fengtian army, Zhang Zuolin, personally led the eastern front and on April 29, 1922, he reached his headquarters and immediately ordered the attack.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Zhang Jinghui was named commander-in-chief in the western part of Fengtian, which was divided into three echelons.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The headquarters of Fengtian's western army front was at Changxindian (), and the Fengtian army in the west was tasked with directly attacking the headquarters of the Zhili army at Baoding.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Zhili's army was deployed on three fronts.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Wu Peifu's force, led by the 3rd Division in the west, was headquartered in the area of Liulihe (河).


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Wang Chengbin's forces (王) were spearheaded by the 23rd Division at Gu'an (安).


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Zhang Guorong's troops (国) with the 26th Division, stationed east of Dacheng (大城), and later reinforced by Zhang Fulai's 24th Division () Wu Peifu was the commander-in-chief of all Zhili forces.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The western front of Fengtian Troops was deployed on 10 April 1922.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

After war broke out on 29 April, the Zhili army on the eastern front was pushed back to Renqiu and Hejian (河).


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The Western Zhili forces made no progress under the shelling of the Fengtian army.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

On April 30, Wu Peifu personally went to the front line to order a massive shelling on the Fengtian front, while his main force outflanked Fengtian's rear.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

When Zhili's forces launched a sudden attack on May 4, the 16th Division of the Fengtian army (composed of former Zhili troops commanded by Feng Guozhang) defected to Wu Peifu.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The First Division of the Temporarily Arranged Fengtian Army was forced to retreat from Fengtai, and its defenses collapsed on the western front.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

It was only when the 1st Division of the Fengtian army was deployed in a counterattack that the Zhili attack was checked and Changxindian () was recaptured.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

This successful counterattack by the Fengtian group, was short-lived.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Wu Peifu changed tactics by pretending to retreat, luring the advancing Fengtian forces into an ambush.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Because the unsuspecting Fengtian army advanced, they stretched themselves.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Seizing the opportunity, Zhili's forces flanked the enemy and gained victory.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

This time the victory was complete; the remaining Fengtian forces of the western front were completely annihilated, and the Zhili army turned attention eastward.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The eastern front of the Fengtian Army on the eastern front was initially victorious, with Zhili's forces holding out in desperate rear-row action.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

However, as news of their defeat in the west reached the first echelon of the Fengtian army, brigade commander Bao Deshan (山) refused to continue attacking the enemy and left his wings exposed to danger.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

In danger of being cut off, Zhang Zuolin ordered a general retreat to avoid complete destruction.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The second echelon of Fengtian, under the command of his son, Zhang Xueliang, was the pride of the Fengtian army and became the main target of Zhili's attacks.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

After achieving complete victory in the west, Wu Peifu scattered his probationary troops (3rd and 26th Divisions) and personally directed their attacks on Zhang Xueliang's units.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Although Zhang Xueliang managed to dispel the enemy attack with small casualties, they were eventually forced to lead an organized retreat, abandoning the ground.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The third echelon of the Fengtian army on the eastern front was under the command of Li Jinglin (李林), and at first managed to repulse the attack at Yaomadu ().


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Despite capturing over 1000 enemy troops, reports of western defeats saw a fall in morale.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Taking advantage of the situation, Zhili forced a new attack on the third echelon headquarters at Machang (), successfully killing and capturing over 7,000 Fengtian troops and forcing the latter to surrender Yangliuqingzhen, tiānjīn.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The troops of echelon III retreated to Beicang (北).


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

While preparing to organize a defense at Junliangcheng, Fengtian's Fengtian troops ran into nearly 20,000 Zhili reinforcements, which had arrived by train.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The Fengtian forces were defeated, and the survivors were forced to retreat to Luanzhou.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

By this time it was already clear that the Fengtian group was well defeated, and on May 5, the 23rd Division of Zhili's army—under the command of Wang Chengbin (王) —entered Tianjin.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Fengtian forces suffered over 20,000 dead, 10,000 desertions and 40,000 soldiers surrendered or taken captive by the Zhili clique.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Conclusion At that time the British missionaries convinced the Zhili group that the British consul in Luanzhou could bridge a peace treaty to end hostilities.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The British consul suggested an outline to Zhang Zuolin, whereby he would withdraw all troops from the region inside Shanhaiguan and Zhili's forces would stop pursuing.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

On 18 June, representatives from both sides signed a peace treaty with British warships anchored on the coast of Qinghuangdao, agreeing to the general guidelines suggested by the British consul.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Shanhaiguan then became the border between the two groups, ending the First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian with a resounding Zhili victory.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The Fengtian clique retreated back to Manchuria, while the Zhili army led by Wu Peifu took control of the central government in Beijing.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

The Zhili Wu group ruled the Beiyang government alone until the Beijing Coup of 1924.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

See also List of Chinese Civil Wars National Revolutionary Army Chinese Civil War Warlord Era Second Zhili-Fengtian Battle Zhang Zuolin Wu Peifu Reference Zhang, Tongxin History of Wars between Nationalist New Warlords, 1st Edition, published by Heilongjiang People's Publishing House in Harbin & distributed by New China Bookstore Heilongjiang branch, 1982.


Question: What was the cause of the First Battle of Zhili—Fengtian?

First Battle of Zhili-Fengtian

Category:Wars involving the Republic of China Category:1922 in China


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The origin of language in the human species has been a topic of experts' debate for several centuries.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

However, there is no general agreement on the exact time and age of human language.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

One of the problems that makes this topic very difficult to review is the lack of direct evidence.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

As a result, experts seeking to research the origin of language should draw conclusions based on other evidence such as fossil records or archaeological evidence, contemporary language diversity, language acquisition studies, and comparisons between human language and animal communication systems, especially the communication systems of other primates.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

There is generally agreement that the origin of human language is closely related to the origin of modern human behavior, but there are differences of opinion on the implications and direction of the relationship between them.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The rarity of empirical evidence makes many experts think this topic cannot be used as an important study.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

In 1866, the Société de Linguistique de Paris even banned debates regarding it.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The ban remained influential in many western countries into the late 20th century. [1]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Now, there are many hypotheses as to how, why, when and where language might first appear. [2]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

It doesn't seem so much agreement at this point than a hundred years ago, when Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection raised a lot of speculation on this topic. [3]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Since the early 1990s, a number of linguists, archaeologists, psychologists, anthropologists, and other professional scientists have tried to examine in new methods what they began to consider the most difficult problems in science. [4]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Approaches Approaches to the origin of language can be divided based on its basic assumptions.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

“Sustainability Theory” is a theory based on the idea that language is so complex that it cannot conceivably arise out of nothing in its final form as it is now: language certainly evolved from an early pre-linguistic system among our primate ancestors.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Meanwhile, the “theory of Takbercontinuation” is based on an opposing idea—that language is such a unique trait that it cannot be compared to anything found in species other than humans and therefore language must have arisen suddenly during the course of evolution man.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Another difference is between theories that view language as genetically congenital birth, and those who see it as a system that is generally cultural—learned through social interaction. [5]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Noam Chomsky is a major proponent of the theory of takbercontinuation.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

“Noam Chomsky's view of the fundamental nature of Universal Grammar (TU, outwardly universal grammar) has long been dominant in the field of linguistics, but TU itself has undergone major changes from decade to decade” (Christiansen, 59).


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

He argued that a mutation occurred in one of the individuals in the span of 100,000 years ago, resulting in the “instant” emergence of language skills (a component in the brain) in a “perfect” or “almost-perfect” form.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

His philosophical argument reads as follows: first, from what is known regarding evolution, any biological change in a species arises from random genetic changes in one individual, which spread in a single group of peranacans.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Second, based on a computational point of view in language theory: the only change needed is the cognitive ability to form and process recursive data structures in the mind (a property of “discrete infinity”, which appears only in humans).


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Chomsky reasoned that this genetic change, which gives the human brain a property of discrete infinity, is essentially a springboard that causes being able to compute from the number N, with N being a definite number, until it is able to count up to a finite number (for example, if N can be formed as well as N+1).


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Based on the above statement, the evolution of language skills in humans is saltation because it is logically impossible for there to be a multilevel transition from a brain capable of calculating on certain numbers to a brain capable of thinking about limitations.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

As an idea, the formation of language skills in humans is similar to the formation of crystals; discrete infinity appears in primate brains like crystal seedlings added in a super-saturated solution.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

[6] [7] The theory of sustainability is now supported by the majority of scientists, but there is a wide variety of variations.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Among those who see language as innately born, some—the famous Steven Pinker [8] —avoid speculation about language pioneers in non-human primates, and emphasize simply that language skills should evolve gradually. [9]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Another group—the well-known Ib Ulbæk [10] —considered that language evolved not from primate communication but from primate consciousness, which was much more complex.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

For those who consider language to be a socially learned communication tool, such as Michael Tomasello, language evolved from aspects of primate communication, which skewed toward gesture-passing communication rather than vowel passing.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

[11] [12] Related to vocal predecessors, many proponents of sustainability theory envision language evolving from ancient human abilities in singing.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

[13] [14] Beyond the theory of sustainability and continuation, there are those who see the emergence of language as a consequence of a form of social transformation [15] which, by producing an unprecedented level of generalized credibility, unleashes the genetic potential for creativity linguistics that were previously left pent up.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

[16] [17] [18] 'The theory of ritual/speech coevolution' is one example of this approach.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

[19] [20] Scientists in this intellectual group point to the fact that even chimpanzees and bonobos have pent-up abilities that, in wild environments, are rarely used. [21]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The argument is if a mutation that would appear suddenly allows language skills in a primate individual, that mutation will not confer an adaptive advantage unless the social system radically changes.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

A highly specific social structure—a structure that can wonderfully uphold public accountability and trust—must evolve before or in conjunction with language in order to reliance on 'cheap signals' (sayings) into an evolutionary stable strategy.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Because the emergence of language occurred in pre-historic times, the associated developments leave no direct historical trace; and no benchmarking process can be carried out in the present.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Therefore, the emergence of sign language—Nicaraguan Sign Language, for example—may potentially expose a picture of the levels of development and the creative process involved. [22]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Another approach is to research early human fossils, looking at possible traces of physical adaptation to language use.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

[23] [24] In some cases, when DNA from an extinct human can be recovered, the presence or absence of genes supposed to be related to language—FoxP2 as an example—may be able to provide more information. [25]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Another approach, this time archaeologically, is to bring in symbolic behaviors (such as ritual activity) that may potentially leave traces archaeologically—such as the collection and modification of the ochre pigment used to paint the body—can establish argumentation theoretical to give the conclusion of symbolism in general to the language specifically.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

[26] [27] [28] The timespan for language evolution and/or anatomical prerequisites occurred, not least on a basic basis, from the time of the phylogenetic breakup in Homo (2.3 to 2.4 million years ago) from Pan (5 to 6 million years ago) until the emergence of modernity behavior around 150,000 - 50,000 years ago.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Some argue that Australopithecus likely did not have a more sophisticated communication system than the Great Ape in general, [29] but experts have varying opinions on developments since the advent of Homo some 2.5 million years ago.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Some experts assume the development of primitive language-like systems (proto-languages) in the time of Homo habilis, while other experts place the development of primitive symbol communication only at Homo erectus (1.8 million years ago) or Homo heidelbergensis (0.6 million years ago) and Language development in Homo sapiens less than 200,000 years ago.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Using statistical methods to estimate the time it takes to figure out the spreads and differences in today's modern languages, Johanna Nichols—a linguist from the University of California, Berkeley—gave an argument in 1998 that vowel languages must have been diversified in our species at least about 100,000 years ago. [30]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Using phonemic diversity, a recent analysis provides direct linguistic support of the same time. [31]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

This kind of estimate is independently supported by genetic, archaeological, paleontological and other evidence suggesting that the language probably arose somewhere in sub-Saharan Africa during the middle stone age, roughly contemporaneous with the development of the Homo sapiens species. [32]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Linguists now agree that, apart from pijin, no modern language is “primitive”: all modern human populations speak almost equally complex and expressive languages, [33] although recent studies have shown how linguistic complexity varies between and within a languages throughout history. [34]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

This is a serious debate in contemporary linguistics, and has been exposed to the beginning of the 21st century (Everett 2005).


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The consensus now that no modern language is primitive is the biggest change in linguistic approaches to language.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The hypothesis of the origin of language Early speculations I cannot doubt that language comes from imitation and modification, aided by gestures and gestures, to various sounds of nature, other animal sounds, and the instinctive cries of man himself.— line feeds character in |title= at position 80 (help) In 1861, the linguist Max Müller published a speculative list of theories of the origin of language: [36] Bow-wow.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The bow-wow or cuckoo theory, which Muller associates with the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder, considers words to begin as imitations of the cries of wild animals or birds.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Pooh-pooh.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The Pooh-Pooh theory considers the first words to be emotional cries and exclamations triggered by pain, pleasure, surprise, and more.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Ding-dong.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Müller suggests what he calls the Ding-Dong theory, which states that all beings have a natural resonant vibration, which is echoed by man in his early words in a way.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Yo-he-ho. <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[19452,19464,2,2]}'>Yo-he-ho theory believes language arises from regular cooperation activities and attempts to synchronize muscles, resulting in an alternating 'sighing' sound like ho. Ta-ta.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

This theory is not on Max Müller's list, but it was put forward by Sir Richard Paget in 1930. [37]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

According to the ta-ta theory, humans make the first words by moving the tongue that mimics manual gestures, making them sound sound.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Many scholars today consider all such theories to be not completely false because they sometimes give inspiration; however, these theories are considered comically naive and irrelevant.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

[38] [39] The problem in those theories is their highly mechanistic nature.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Those theories assume that once our ancestors realized the genius of mechanisms for linking sound to meaning, language automatically evolved and changed.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The problem of reliability and fraud. From the perspective of Darwinian modern science, the main hurdle of the evolution of language-like communication in nature is not mechanism.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Rather, the fact that symbols—random associations between sounds, or a form that appears, with their meaning—is unreliable and could be false. [40]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Like the proverb, 'Speaking is easi'. [41]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The problem of reliability was not recognized by Darwin, Müller or by early evolutionary theorists.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Animal vocal signals in general are intrinsically reliable.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

At a time when a cat purrs, the signal signals direct evidence that the animal is at a state of pleasure.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

We can 'trust' the signal not because the cat is honest, but because the sound is not falsifiable.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Primate vocal exclamations could have been more manipulable, but they remained reliable for some reason—because they were difficult to fake. [42]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The social intelligence of primates is called Machiavellian—self-serving and unconstrained by morals.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Monkeys and apes sometimes try to deceive each other, while at the same time keeping watch so as not to become victims of the deception itself. [43]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Paradoxically, precisely the resistance of primates to deception inhibits the evolution of their signaling system along with language-like communication.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Language is rejected because the best way to prevent it from being fooled is to ignore all signals except those whose reliability can be checked directly.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Speaking automatically fails this test. [44]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Words are very easy to falsify.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

If words take the form of lies, the listener will adapt to ignoring them thus benefiting cues or hints that are harder to fake.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

For the language to work, listeners must be sure that the speakers they speak with generally tend to say truthfully. [45]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

An unusual feature on the language is 'outlying references', meaning references to topics outside the situation now being experienced.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

This property prevents utterances from becoming a true 'here' and 'now' directly.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

For this reason, language assumes a high level of mutual trust in order to be formed all the time as an evolutionary stable strategy.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

This stability is born from mutual trust for a long time and that supports the mastery of language.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The theory of the origin of language should explain why humans can begin to believe weak cues in a way while other animals cannot (see signaling theory).


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

'mother language' hypothesis The 'mother tongue' hypothesis was put forward in 2004 as a possible solution of this problem. [46]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

W.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Tecumseh Fitch states that the principle of 'sibling selection' [47] —interest in genetic convergence between relatives—could be part of the answer.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Fitch suggests that language originates in 'mother tongue'.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

If language evolved initially for communication between the mother and her own biological offspring, which developed further and embroiled adult relatives as well, the attraction between speaker and listener would have been a coincidence.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Fitch reasoned that the same genetic interest led to enough trust and cooperation for intrinsically untrustworthy signals—saying—to be accepted as something trusted and begin to develop for the first time.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Criticism of this theory points to relative selection not only unique to humans.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Ape mothers also share genes with their derivatives, like other animals, then why are only humans talking?


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Furthermore, it is very difficult to believe that early humans limited linguistic communication only to genetic brothers: taboos regarding incest must have forced men and women to interact and communicate with non-brothers.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

“Species sometimes rely on verbal and non-verbal forms of communication, such as screaming; non-vocal emotion overflow sounds, such as dolphin tail flipping on water; bioluminescence; odor marking; chemical or tactile hints; visual signals and body gestures” (Toothman).


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Thus, although we accept Fitch's first premise, the cause of the 'mother tongue' relationship of relatives to non-relatives remains unexplained. [48]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Fitch reasoned, after all, the long period of physical maturity in the human child, and extrauterine development in human encephalization gave the human-child relationship a distinct and longer period of inter-generational dependency than that found in other species.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Ib Ulbæk's 'obligatory reciprocal altruism' hypothesis [49] mentions another Darwinian tenet—'lead altruism' [50] —to explain the high degree of honesty required by language to evolve.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

'Lead altruism' can be expressed as a principle that if you scratch my back, I'll scratch your back too.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

In linguistic terms, it can mean that if you say truthful to me, I'll be honest with you too.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Ulbæk suggests that Darwinian lead-in altruism is generally a relationship that is intertwined between the frequent interactions of individuals.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

In order for language to rule the entire community, after all, a universally necessary exchange is not simply left as an individual choice.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Ulbæk concludes that in order for language to evolve, early society as a whole must have been the subject of moral regulation.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The evolution of reciprocal altruism, and the problem of prisoner's dilemma attributed to the problem of free passengers and deception, has been used to explain the rapid increase in encephalization connected with the transition from Australopithecus to ancient Homo sapien.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Criticism suggests that this theory fails to explain when, how, why or by whom 'mandatory reciprocal altruism' can possibly be enforced.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Various proposals have been put forward to remedy this deficiency. [51]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Further criticism is that language does not work based on lead-back altruism.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Humans in group conversations do not store all information unless the listener is willing to provide valuable information in reply.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Oppositely, they seem to want to display to the world their access to socially related information, passing it on to anyone willing to listen without wanting change. [52]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The gossip hypothesis and gossip care, according to Robin Dunbar, is done human groups whereas caring applies to other primates—it allows individuals to serve their relationships and keep their fellowship with basic principles, If you scratch my back, I'll scratch your back too.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

As humans begin to live in increasingly large social groups, the work of caring for all friends and acquaintances becomes time-consuming and unaffordable.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

In response to these problems, humans create 'cheap and highly efficient treatment' — vocal treatments.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

To make friends happy, now you simply 'care' them with low vowel sounds, serving a number of allies simultaneously while making both hands free for other work.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Vowel treatments then evolved gradually into vocal language—initially in the form of 'gossip'. [53]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Criticism of this theory points to the efficiency of 'vocal treatment' — the fact that speech is easy—will undermine its capacity to signal a kind of commitment delivered with valuable and time-consuming manual care. [54]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Further criticism is that this theory does not explain the crucial transition from vocal treatment—calming but meaningless sound production—to the cognitive complexity of syntaxing speaking.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

This criticism assumes that from vocal treatment to vowel language there are several complex steps.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Earlier criticisms also seem to assume not so visible superiotas from physical treatment to vocal treatment in other words he has a lack in the form of the same capacity towards signaling commitment.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

For example, studies that have shown a child's closeness to their mother's voice may suggest that manual maintenance does not have a fixed hierarchy advantage over vocal care. [55]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Ritual/speech coevolution The theory of ritual/speech coevolution was originally put forward by social anthropologist Roy Rappaport [56] before being elaborated by anthropologists such as Chris Knight, [57] Jerome Lewis, [58] Nick Enfield, [59] Camilla Power [60] and Ian Watts. [61]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Cognitive scientist and robotic insistor Luc Steels [62] is an important proponent of this approach, as is anthropological/biological neuroscience Terrence Deacon. [63]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The scientist reasoned that there is no such thing as a 'theory of the origin of language'.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

This is because language is not a separate adaptation but a wider internal facet—named, the symbolic culture of man as a whole. [64]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Those scientists say that trying to explain language independently in this broad context fails because they deal with problems without solutions.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Can we imagine a history expert trying to explain the rise of credit cards individually in a vast system while he was a part?


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Using a credit card makes sense if you have an institutionally known bank account in an advanced capitalist society—a system with electronic communication technology, digital computers, and embezzlement prevention.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

In the same vein, language will not work outside the makeup of institutions and social mechanisms.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

For example, it wouldn't work for an ape communicating with other apes in the wild world.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Even the smartest apes can't make a language work under those conditions.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Lies and their types, derived in language... give problems to a society whose stuctures are built by language, called all human societies.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Therefore I reasoned that if all the words exist it is necessary to form a Word, and that the Word is formed by the liturgical equation.— line feeds character in |title= at position 72 (help) Supporters of this thought refer to that speaking is easy.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Like digital hallucinations, they are intrinsically unreliable.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

If apes are very good, or even one group of apes is good at, trying to use words in the wild, they will not carry a belief.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Primate vocalizations that do carry faith—that is, what they actually use—unlike words, they are emotionally expressed, intrinsically meaningful and trustworthy because they are relatively valuable and difficult to falsify.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Languages consist of digital contrasts that cost essentially zero. As a purely social convention, this type of signal cannot develop in the Darwinian social world—in theory, it is an impossibility. [40]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Because it is not intrinsically trustworthy, language works only if you can make a reputation for being trustworthy in a form of society—also named one where symbolic cultural facts (sometimes referred to as 'institutional facts') can be built and guarded through social collective support. [66]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

In hunter-gatherer societies, the basic mechanism for building trust in symbolic cultural facts is shared rituals. [67]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Therefore, the work that researchers face in the origin of language is more to multidisciplinary than usual.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

He relates to seeing the development of the onset of human symbolic culture as a whole, with language as one of the main but additional components.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Criticism of this theory from Noam Chomsky, who named it with the hypothesis of 'provenance' — a rejection of the existence of language as an object of study for the natural sciences. [68]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Chomsky's own theory is that language appears instantly and in perfect form, [7] prompting his criticism as an answer that only something that does not exist—an easy theoretical construct or social fiction—can magically appear. [69]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The controversy still remains unresolved.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The Tower of Babel hypothesis has been suggested that language may have evolved in part to shut down communication, to set one's own tribe apart from contaminated others. [70]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

It deals with the code-talker-paradox, the story of the Tower of Babel, and does not contradict the language-mother, in-tribe care, and incest prevention hypothesis described above.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Jestural Theory Jestural theory states that human language evolved from jestur used as simple communication.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Two types of evidence support this theory.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Sign language and spoken language depend on the same nervous system.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The part on the cortex responsible for the movement of the mouth and hands.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Primates other than humans use jestur or symbols at least for primitive communication, and some of those jestur are similar to those used in humans, such as the “asking posture”, with stretched hands, which humans have in common with chimpanzees. [71]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Research has found strong evidence for the idea that spoken language and sign language depend on the same neural structure.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Patients who use sign language, and who suffer from left-hemisphere lesion, expose the same impairment with sign language as vocal patients with their oral language. [72]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Other researchers found the left-hemisphere portion of the brain that is active when performing sign language is the same as when using vocal or written language. [73]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

An important question for jestural theory is why there is a switch to the use of vocalizations.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

There are three possible explanations: Our ancestors started using more tools, meaning both their hands were being used and could not be used to perform jestur. [74]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The use of manual jestur requires two communicating inviet be able to see each other.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

In many situations, they need to communicate, even without visual contact—for example at night or when foliage blocks the scene.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Based on the combined hypothesis, early languages used the jestur part and the vowel part mimemis (mimicking 'song-and-dance'), combining modality-modality because all signals (as in apes and monkeys) are still needed to be charged to be intrinsically convincing.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Therefore, any multi-media appearance is necessary not only to remove ambiguous from its true meaning but also to inspire confidence in the realibility of signals.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

This suggests that only when community understanding arises [75] is it automatically assumed trust in communicative efforts, not least allowing Homo sapiens to move to a more efficient standard format.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Since features of vowel differences (sound contrast) are suitable for this purpose, it is only at that point—when intrinsically persuasive body language is no longer needed to convey each message—that the selection of the move from the jestur manual to speech language occurs. [76] [77] [78] Human still use the hands and jestur face when speaking, especially when one encounters others with different languages. [79]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

And there are also, for sure, a number of extant sign languages, usually with regard to the deaf community; it is also important to know that sign language has the same complexity, sophistication, and expressive power as existing spoken language—its cognitive functions are the same and the parts of the brain that is used also same—the difference is that the “phoneme” is produced by the outer body, articulated with the hands, body, and face expression, rather than with the inside of the body articulated with the tongue, teeth, lips, and breathing.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Criticism of jestural theory states that it is very difficult to name a serious reason why tone-based vocal communication (which is used in primates) was abandoned in favor of less effective communication other than voice, jestural communication.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

However, Michael Corballis has pointed out that primate vocal communication (such as warning cries) cannot be consciously controlled, unlike hand gestures, and so it is not credible as a precursor to human language; primate vocalizations are somewhat homologous with and continuous in intentional reflexes (connected to the basis of human emotion) such as shouting or laughter (the fact that they are falsifiable does not refute the fact that the original unintentional response when scared or surprised persists).


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Also, jestur is not generally less effective, and depending on the situation can be advantageous, for example in a noisy environment or when it is necessary to stay still, such as when hunting.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Other challenges to the “jestur-more-ancient” theory have been put forward by researchers in psycholinguistics, including David McNeill.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Mirror nerve and origin of language In humans, MRI function studies have reported finding a region similar to the mirror nervous system in monkeys in the lower front cortex, close to the Borca region, one that is hypothesized as a language region on the brain.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

This provides clues that human language evolved from a system of gesture comprehension embedded in mirror nerves.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Mirror nerves are said to have the potential to provide a mechanism for understanding actions, learning to replicate, and simulate the behavior of others. [80]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

This hypothesis is supported by some cytoarkitectonic homology between the premotor region of monkey F5 and the Broca region in humans. [81]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The pace of vocabulary expansion is related to the child's ability to mimic non-word sounds and also in learning the pronunciation of new words.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Such a thing as speech repetition occurs automatically, rapidly [82] and separately on the brain for speech perception.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

[83] [84] Further imitation of such sounds may occur without understanding as in speech payment [85] and echolalia. [86]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Further evidence of this linkage comes from recent research, by measuring the brain activity of two participants using fMRI as they cued words between each other using hand cues through a game of charades — a modality that some experts suggest it might represent an evolutionarily precursor of human language.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Data analysis using Granger's Causality showed that the mirror nervous system of the observer does reflect the pattern of activity from activity in the sender's motor system, supporting the idea that motor concepts related to words are indeed transmitted from one brain to the brain Another uses a mirror system. [87]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Please be aware that the mirror nervous system appears fundamentally inadequate to play a role in syntax, as long as the essential property of human language applied in this hierarchical recursive structure is flattened out into a linear sequence of phoneme-phonemes that renders the recursive structure unable accessed by sensory detection. [88]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Theory of putting a child under According to Dean Falk's 'put a child under theor', the vocal interaction between an early hominin mother and her child gave rise to the early words of our ancestors. [89]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The basic idea is that evolved human mothers, unlike monkeys and apes, are unable to switch places and forage for food as their cubs hang behind them.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The loss of fur in human cases causes children does not mean that they do not want to hang.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Often, accordingly, the mother has to put their baby under.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

As a result, the babies must be reassured that they are not disowned.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The mother responds by developing 'motherese' — a system of direct communication to the baby that emphasizes facial expressions, body language, touching, patting, stroking, laughing, tickling and emotionally expressive calls.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The argument is that language could have evolved because of those things.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Criticism states that when this theory might explain a number of types of 'protolanguage' against infants - known today as' motherese '- it gives little to answer a more complicated problem, namely the emergence among adults words with syntax.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

However, in The Mental and Social Life of Babies, psychologist Kenneth Kaye writes that no language spoken can now develop without interactive communication between young children and adults.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

“No symbolic system can survive from one generation to the next if it cannot be easily captured by children in their normal conditions on social life. “[90]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Gramatization theory 'Grammaticalization' is a continuous historical process when stand-alone words evolve into grammatical additions, while they then become more specialized and structured.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Which initially takes the form of 'incorrect' use, becomes accepted, leads to unimaginable consequences, triggers a hit effect and prolongs a sequence of changes.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Paradoxically, grammar evolves because, in the final analysis, humans care more for understandings than the beauty of grammar. [91]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

If this is the way how grammar evolves now, according to that stream of thought, we can legitimately argue the same principle worked among our distant ancestors, when grammar itself was for the first time formed. [92] [93] [94] To reconstruct the evolutionary transition from the beginning of a language to a language with complex grammars, we need to know which order of hypotheses allows and which does not allow.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

To convey an abstract idea, the first way out of the speaker is to return directly to the recognizable concrete picture, often developing metaphors rooted in the same bodily experience. [95]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

A prevalent example is the use of concrete terms such as' belly 'or' back 'to convey abstract meanings such as' inside 'or 'behind the back'.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The same metaphorically is the strategy of representing temporary patterns in spatial models.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Hence in an English context it is often said 'It is going to rain', modelled from 'I am going to London'.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

We can shorten this in colloquial language to 'It's gonna rain'.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Even in times of rush, we don't say 'I'm gonna London' — the contraction is limited to the defining time of the job.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

From these examples we don't see why grammaticalization is consistency as search—from concrete meaning to abstract, rather than vice versa.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Proponents of grammaticalization theory imagine early languages as simple, perhaps consisting only of nouns. [96]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Even with those extreme assumptions, after all, it is very difficult to imagine what cognitive impediments realistically prevent people from using —say — 'spear' as if as a verb, as used in English ('Let's spear this pig! ').


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Despite the grammatical beauties that linguists understand, people in the real world will use their nouns as verbs or verbs as nouns when desired.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Briefly, when a word-only language may seem theoretically possible, grammaticalization theory indicates that it cannot remain constant in that state for long.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Creativity controls grammatical change. [97]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

This view assumes certain behaviors in the listener.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Instead of punishing deviations from supposed use, listeners should prioritize mind-reading-imagination.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

We shouldn't take for granted cognitive attitudes.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Imaginary creativity—heeding leopard danger signs when there is no leopard, for example—is not a behavior that a vervet monkey would appreciate or punish. [98]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Creativity and reliability are conflicting desires; for 'Machiavellian' primates as in animals generally, the main pressure is to show reliability. [99]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

If humans leave those limits, it is because in our case, the listeners are more interested in the mental state.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Focussing on a state of mind is the same as accepting fiction—an inhabitant of imagination—as potential and compelling information.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

An example is the use of metaphor.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Literally, a metaphor is a false statement. [100]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Imagine Romeo's statement, 'Juliet is the sun! '.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Juliet is a woman, not a ball of hot gas in space, but the listeners (usually) do not insist on the truth of her facts.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

They want to know what the speaker has in his mind.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Grammaticalization is basically based on metaphor.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Banning its use would inhibit grammar from evolving and negate the disclosure of abstract thought.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

[95] [101] A critique of this is that if grammaticalization theory might explain language changes at the present time, it does not satisfactorily address a more complicated challenge—explaining the early transition from primate-style communication to the language we know today.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

But, the theory assumes that language has existed.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

As justified by Bernd Heine and Tania Kuteva: Grammaticalization requires a linguistic system that is often used in a community of speakers and conveyed from one group of speakers to another. [102]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Outside of modern man, those circumstances do not apply.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Theory of Tamed Apes According to research investigating the sound difference between white-rumped Munia and its coupled counterpart (Bengalese finch), wild munia use a distinctive sequence of high sounds, while the maintained ones emit a forced high sound.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

In wild finches, the syntax of the sound is to be favored by females - sexual selection - and relatively unchanged.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

However, in Bengalese finch, natural selection is replaced by a process of descent, in this case for the color complexion on the feathers, so separated from selective pressure, the distinctive sound syntax is allowed to disappear.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

It was replaced, over 1000 generations, by a variable and stages of learning.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Wild finch, furthermore, was unable to learn the sound sequences of other finches. [103]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Within the field of avian vocalization, the part of the brain that produces only born innate sounds has a simple neural pathway: the main motor forebrain center, known as the robust nucleus of the arcopallium, connects to the vowel-producing middle, which projects to the brainstem motor nuclei.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Oppositely, the part of the brain capable of studying sound, the arcopallium receives inputs from a number of parts of the forebrain, including from parts involved in learning and social experiences.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Control in producing sound becomes less limited, more dispersed, and more flexible.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

When compared to other primates, whose communication systems are limited to high stereotypes of shouting and screaming sounds, humans have very few born innate vocalizations, as examples of laughing and crying.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Furthermore, these born innate vocalizations are generated by limited neuronal pathways, with language generated by highly dispersed systems enclosing a number of regions on the human brain.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

A prominent language feature is that when language skills are derived, the language itself is transposed through culture.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Transposed through culture is also understanding, such as technology in ways of doing things, wrapped in language-based explanations.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Hence one will get a strong evolutionary trajectory between language and culture skills: proto-humans who are able to use first languages, and are assumed to be rudimentary, will have access to better cultural understanding, and cultural understanding, delivered in proto-languages that can be understood by the children's brain, it will be easier to transmit, thereby providing the benefits that can be obtained.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Because of this proto-humans still carry out, and continue to carry out, so-called niche constructs, making cultural niches that provide the key to understanding to survival, and continuous evolutionary change that optimizes its ability to adorn that niche.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Selection pressures that operate to support the instincts needed to survive the previous niche will be expected to slack as humans become dependent on self-created cultural niches, during innovations that facilitate cultural adaptation—in this case, innovation in language competence—will be more developed.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

One way to think about human evolution is that we're like domesticated apes.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Just as tamer relaxes selection for sound stereotypes in finch—mate choice is replaced by choices made by the aesthetically pleasing sensibilities of the bird breeder and its customers—it could be that domestication of our culture has relaxed selection in many respects of the trait our primate behavior, causing old pathways to degenerate and re-form.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Considering that mammalian brains evolve uncertainly—the brain develops in a “bottom up” manner, with one group of neuronal interactions preparing steps for subsequent interactions—the degradation pathways are more skewed to search for and find new opportunities to connect synaptically.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The derivative differences of such brain pathways could have contributed to the complexity of the functions that characterize human language.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

And, as happens with finches, such de-differentiation can occur in a fast time. [104] [105] Speech and language for communication There are differences between speech and language.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Language doesn't have to always be spoken: it could have been written or hinted at.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Speak is one of the methods among a number of different methods of translating and trasting linguistic information, although arguably the most natural.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Some experts view language as the beginning of cognitive development, to its' ecternalization 'to serve communicative goals that occurred later in human evolution.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

According to a stream of thought, an important feature that distinguishes human language is recursion. [106] —in this context, the repeated process of embedding sentences in sentences.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Another scientist—the famous Daniel Everett—rejected that recursion was universal, citing some specific languages (namely Pirahã) that were thought to have deficiencies in this feature. [107]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Some experts consider that the ability to ask questions distinguishes human language from the communication systems of other beings. [108]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Some prime-primates in confinement (specifically bonobos and chimpanzees) who have studied use basic sign language to communicate with their human trainers are able to respond to complex questions and requests correctly, but fail to ask a question its simple.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Instead, the human child is able to ask her questions for the first time (using only question intonation) in a babbling period from their development, long before they can use structured syntax.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Although infants of different cultures absorb their original language from the environment, all languages of the world without exception—tonal, non-tonal, intonation and accent—use the same “question intonation” for yes-no questions. [109] [110] This fact is strong evidence of the universality of question intonation.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Cognitive and language development One of the interesting abilities possessed by language users is high-level referencing, or the ability to point to objects or states of something that does not occur directly for the speaker.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

This ability is sometimes related to the theory of mind, or to the concern of others as a living being like himself with his own desire and care.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

According to Chomsky, Hauser and Fitch (2002), there are six aspects of a high-level reference system: The theory of mind Capacity to obtain non-linguist conceptual representations, such as differences on objects/properties Recognizing Imitation vocal signals as a rational, purposeful, intentional system.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Voluntarily regulating signal production as evidence of deliberate communication Cognition numbers Theory of mind Simon Baron-Cohen (1999) argues that the theory of mind inevitably predates the use of language, based on evidence of use of the following characteristics by about 40,000 years that ago: communication, repair of failed communication, teaching, persuasion, deliberate deception, making goals and plans together, dividing focus or topic intentionally, and pretending.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Furthermore, Baron-Cohen argues that many primates have this ability, but not all.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Call and Tomasello's research into chimpanzees supports this argument, with a chimpanzee seeming to understand that other chimpanzees have care, knowledge, and purpose, but do not understand deception.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Many primates expose soulfulness in the direction of theory of mind, but it is not completely the same as that of humans.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Overall, there is a certain amount of consensus that a theory of mind is necessary to use language.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Thus, the development of the theory of mind in humans is necessary as an important precursor to the full use of language.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Introduction to the Figures In one study, rats and pigeons needed to press the button several times to get food: animals showed accuracy differences for numbers that were small than four, but after the numbers were raised, the error rate increased (Chomsky, Hauser & Fitch, 2002).


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Matsuzawa (1985) tried to teach arabic numerals.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The difference between primates and humans in this case is huge, when chimpanzees need thousands of experiments to learn the numbers 1-9 with each number requiring approximately the same training time; and, having learned the meaning of 1, 2 and 3 (and sometimes 4), children easily understand the highest integer value by using derivative functions (for example, 2 greater than 1, 3 is 1 lift greater than 2, 4 is greater 1 number than 3; upon reaching the number 4 it seems that almost all children have “a-ha!”


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

moments and understand the value of all integers n is greater 1 than the previous number).


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

In simple terms, other primates learn the meaning of numbers one by one using the same approach by referring to symbols while children first simply learn the list of symbols (1,2,3,4...) and then later they will learn their true meaning. [111]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

These results can be seen as evidence of the application of the “open-ended generative property” of language in number recognition in humans. [112]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Linguistic Structure Lexical-phonological Principles of Hocket (1966) provides a detailed list of features that are important for explaining human language.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

In the area of lexical-phonological principles, two features of such a list are very main: Productivity: users can create and understand very unfamiliar messages.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

New messages are freely created by mixing, analyzing from, or changing old ones.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

No new or old element freely becomes semantically new due to environment and context.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

It is telling that in every language, new idioms are constantly created.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Duality (in patterns): a number of elements that have meaning are the result of creation from a small number of elements that lack meaning individually and differentially.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The sound system of the language is formed from a number of simple phonological items.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

By the phonotactic rules of a language, those items can be re-merged and put together, giving birth to morphology and open vocabulary.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

A key feature of the language is that a limited and simple number of phonology items give birth to an indefinite vocabulary system with rules that define the shape of each item, and its meaning related to its form.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Sync phonology is a simple combination of pre-existing phonological units.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Related to this, another key feature of human language is: lexical syntactic (vocabulary), with existing units combined, generating new items semantically (meaning) or different vocabulary.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Some elements of the lexical-phonological principle are known to exist outside humans.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

When all (or almost all) have been documented in a form in the natural world, few exist in the same one species.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The singing of birds, apes, and whale sounds all expose synthetics of phonology, combining sound units into large structures without enhancing or giving new meaning.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Some primate species have simple phonology systems with units pointing at some entiti in the world.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

However, in difference with the human system, the units in such primate systems usually occur in isolation.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

There is a new piece of evidence stating that Campbell's monkey also exposes lexical synthics, combining two cries (a cry warning of the presence of predators with “boom”, a joint stating reduced danger), but it remains unclear whether they are lexical or phenomena morphology.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Pijin and Pijin creole are significantly simplified languages with only rudimentary languages and a limited vocabulary.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

In the early days of its development pijin consisted only of nouns, verbs, and adverbs with few or no chapters, prepositions, connectives or verb auxiliaries.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

His grammar has no word order and his words no tonality. [113]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

If communication occurs between groups that use pijin for a long time, the pijin will become complex in several generations.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

If a child in one generation uses pijin as a native language then it will develop into a creole language, which is more regular and uses more complicated languages, with regular phonology, syntak, morphology, and syntactical usage.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The syntak and morphology of that language could have had its own local innovations that were not derived from its parent language.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Research into creole languages around the world has explained that they have remarkable similarities in languages and evolved uniformly from pijin within a generation.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

This similarity is clearly apparent although the creole does not have the same source.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

In addition, creoles have similarities although they are formed in different isolation one to another.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Syntak similarities include word order in Subject—Verb—Object (SKO).


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Even when creoles are derived from languages with different word order they often evolve into SKO sequences.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The skew creole has similarity in usage patterns for definite and indeterminate clauses, and has change rules for sentence structure although in its native language it does not exist. [113]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Evolusiner time span of Primate Languages The field of primatologists can give us an idea of how Great Apes communicate in the wild. [29]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The main discovery is that primates, including great apes, produce graded and undifferentiated sounds categorically, with listeners seeking to evaluate subtle gradations in emotional parts and body states of the signaller.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Apes are very difficult to produce vocalizations in the absence of circumstances related to emotion. [114]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

In captivity, apes have been taught basic forms of sign language and have been persuaded to use lexigrams—symbols that graphically do not describe words—on computer typesettes.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Some macaques, such as Kanzi, have studied and used hundreds of lexigrams. [115] [116] The Broca area and the Wernicke Area of the primate brain are responsible for controlling the muscles of the face, tongue, mouth, and larynx, and also for recognizing sounds.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Primates are known to make “vocal cries”, and these cries are made by circuits in the stem-brain and limbic system. [117]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Apparently, modern scans on the brain in chimpanzees who were babbling proved that they used Broca's area to babble. [118] and there is evidence that monkeys that hear other monkeys chattering use the same brain region as humans listening to talk. [119]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

In the wild, the communication of vervet monkeys has been widely studied. [113]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

They are known for making ten different vocalizations.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Many of them are used to commemorate members of the group when predators approach.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

They include the “shout of the leopard”, the “cry of the snake”, and the “cry of the eagle”.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Each shout triggers a different defense strategy in monkeys that hear such cries and scientists can elicit a predicted response from the monkey by using speakers and recorded sounds.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The vocalizations of the others are used for identification.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

If the baby monkey screams, the mother will turn to her, but the other vervet monkey mother turns to the monkey mother to see what she will do. [120]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

In the same way, researchers have shown that chimpanzees (in captivity) use different “words” to point to different foods.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

They recorded vocalizations made by the chimpanzee, for example, for wine, and other chimpanzees would point to images of grapes when listened to the sound. [121]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Early-Homo Regarding pronunciation, there is speculation worth considering regarding language skills from early-Homo (2.5 to 0.8 million years ago).


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Anatomically, some experts believe the ability of bipedalism, which evolved in australopithecine about 3.5 million years ago, has brought about changes to the skull, making the vocal system more heavily L-shaped.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The shape of the trak and larynx located close below the neck is an important prerequisite for most human-generated sounds, especially once on live letters.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Other scientists believe that, based on the position of the larynx, Neanderthals lacked the anatomy needed to produce the sounds in full made by modern humans. [122] [123] It was previously proposed that differences between the vocal tracts of Homo sapiens and Neanderthals can be seen in fossils, but the discovery of Neanderthal hyoid bones (see below) identical to those found in Homo sapiens, has weakened the theory.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Still some argue that low larynx does not affect the development of speech skills. [124]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The term language-antiquity, defined by linguist Derek Bickerton, is a primitive form of communication that has its drawbacks: a complete syntax of timekeeping words, aspects, auxiliary verbs, etc. class-closed vocabulary (for example, non-lexical) A level in the evolution of languages resides among the languages of the great apes and modern human languages that have been complete.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Bickerton (2009) puts first the emergence of ancient languages with the emergence of early Homo, and relates its emergence to the pressures of behavioral adaptation to niche constructions from scavenging faced by Homo habilis. [125]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Anatomical features such as the vowel of the letter L evolve constantly, not appearing suddenly. [126]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Hence it is more possible when Homo habilis and Homo erectus during the Lower Pleistocene had some kind of simple form of communication between modern humans and other primates. [127]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Homo sapiens primeval Steven Mithen proposed the term Hmmmmm against the pre-linguistic communication system used by ancient Homo, starting from Homo ergaster and reaching its highest level of use in the Middle Pleistocene times on Homo heidelbergensis and Homo neanderthalensis.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Hmmmmm is an acronym of the English word for holistic (non-combined), manipulative (speech constitutes command or suggestion, not explanation), multi-modal (acoustic as gestural and mimic), musical (musical), and mimetic. [128]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Homo heidelbergensis H. heidelbergensis is a close relative (mostly probably due to derivatives from migrating) of Homo ergaster.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

H. Ergaster some researchers believe that this species to be the first hominid to be able to make controlled sounds, likely mimicking the vocalizations of other animals. [129] and H. heidelbergensis developed more elaborate cultures since from that point on and possibly developed a form of language symbolic first.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Homo neanderthalensis The discovery of Neanderthal hyoid bones in 2007 stated that Neanderthals anatomically could have produced sounds like modern humans.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The hypoglossal nerve, which is sent through the canal, controls the movement of the tongue and its size is said to affect the ability to speak.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Hominids that lived more than 300,000 years ago had hypoglossal canals more similar to chimpanzees than humans. [130] [131] [132] Although Neanderthals had an anatomy that made it possible to speak, Richard G. Klein in 2004 doubted that they had languages like languages modern.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Doubt him based on fossil records from ancient humans and his stone utensils.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Since 2 million years after the appearance of Homo habilis, the stone technology of the hominids changed very little.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Klein, who had worked for a long time with stone tools, explained the rugged stone tools in ancient humans made it impossible to group by their function, and reported that Neanderthals didn't really care how the final shape of their tools were.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Klein argued that the Neanderthal brain had not yet reached the level of complexity for modern speaking, although the physical components of producing sound had evolved. [133] [134] The issue of culture and technology from Neanderthals is still one of controversy.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Homo sapiens The first modern human anatomy appears in the fossil record 195,000 years ago in Ethiopia.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

But although anatomically modern, the existing archaeological evidence leaves few indications that they behaved differently to Homo heidelbergensis.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

They had the same Acheulean stone tools and were a little efficient hunting of Late Pleistocene modern humans. [135]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The transition to a more sophisticated Mousterian occurred about 120,000 years ago, and this occurred in the time of H. sapiens and H. neanderthalensis.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The Behavioral development of modernity in H. sapiens, which does not occur in H. neanderthalensis or other variations of Homo, ranges from 70,000 to 50,000 years ago.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The development of more sophisticated tools, the first time formed of more than one material (example: bone or horn) and can be grouped in several categories and functions (such as projectile tips, carving tools, knives, and raiding and stab tools) is considered evidence of the emergence and flourishing of the an intact language, assumed because it was needed to teach the manufacturing process to its derivatives. [133] [136] The biggest step in language evolution was the progress from primitive, communication like a pijin language to creole-shaped communication with languages and syntak like languages modern. [113]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Some experts believe that this step can only occur due to biological changes in the brain, such as mutations.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

It is also said that genes such as FOXP2 may have mutated making manusa able to communicate.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

However, recent genetic studies have shown that Neandertal shares FOXP2 with H. sapiens. [137]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Therefore he does not have a unique mutation with H. sapiens.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

In fact, he indicated that genetic changes preceded Neandertal — H. sapiens apart.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

There is still much debate about whether language evolved gradually over millennia or emerged directly.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

Broca and Wernicke's area of the primate brain also appears in the human brain, the first area that partakes in much cognitive and perceptual work, ending in language proficiency.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

The same circuits in primate brains, stem and limbic systems, regulate non-verbal sounds in humans (laughing, crying, etc), stating that the center of human language is a modification of neural circuits common in all primates.


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

This modification and skil for linguist communication appear particularly unique in humans, which implies that the language organs passed down after the human lineage are separate from the primate lineages (chimpanzees and bonobos).


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

It clearly states, word language is a modification of the larynx that is unique to humans. [117]


Question: When was Carl Barks born?

The origin of the language

According to the hypothesis Origin from Africa, about 50,000 years ago [138] a group of humans left Africa and continued to inhabit almost part of the earth, including Australia and the Americas, which had never been inhabited by ancient hominids.