Question: what is the distance of Iraq to Turkey?

Turkish

Turkey: A Country Study (1996).


Question: what is the distance of Iraq to Turkey?

Turkish

Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.


Question: what is the distance of Iraq to Turkey?

Turkish

ISBN 0-8444-0864-6.


Question: what is the distance of Iraq to Turkey?

Turkish

Public Links — Topical multilingual website about Turkey. from the BBC News at Encyclopædia Britannica from UCB Libraries GovPubs at Curlie from International Futures Geographic data related to at OpenStreetMap Government Tourism Wikimedia Atlas of Turkey Main Page travel guide from Wikivoyage from UNESCO from Lonely Planet Economy Category:G20 Countries


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

Ir Ovot (Hebrew: עיריר אובות, עיר אובועעיריריר אובות, עיר אובות, Ir Obot; lit.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

Oboth Municipality), was an agricultural cooperative (kibbutz) in Israel of 1967-1980s, located in the northeast of the Negev region, Arava, and still refers to a small group of houses near New Ein Hatzeva (En Haseva).


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

It is the site of a vast archaeological complex known as Tamar Fortress (“Tamar Fortress”) or Hatzevah Fortress (Hatzevah Fortress; Hebrew: מצודת חצבה) which is titled to the 10th century BC (period of the United Kingdom of Israelite/First Temple).


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

The geography of Ir Ovot lies south of the Dead Sea and southeast from Dimona in the plain arid Araba valley below the Negev plateau and to the south of the Jordan Rift Valley within the greater Great Rift Valley.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

The settlement is bordered by the Ein Hatzeva block consisting of farming villages on opposite sides of Highway 90 near the Jordanian border, and within the boundaries of the Arava Regional Region.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

History of the kibbutz and modern village Originally the site of the Ein Husub police station during the British Mandate over Palestine, the location was seized by the Israel Defense Forces in 1948.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

The village of Ir Ovot was established in 1967, in a quiet area apart from the presence of a small military base and café on the roadside leading to Eilat.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

The kibbutz was founded by a group of United States Jews led by former law student and court clerk Rabbi Simcha Pearlmutter, a Jew from Miami, Florida.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

History of Hatzeva Fortress First observed and documented by Alois Musil in 1902, the Roman fort was identified on Fritz Frank's 1932 trip in the region.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

In 1934, Nelson Glueck identified the location as the Nabatæan caravanserai which was taken over into a headquarters by the Romans, but the site's true meaning was only revealed by Benjamin Mazar and Michael Avi-Yonah's 1950 discovery of pottery shards from the First Temple period.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

In the 1960s, it was first proposed by Yohanan Aharoni that the site might be the same as the Tamar mentioned in the Book of Ezekiel (and), as well as written as Tamara by Eusebius of Caesarea. [1]


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

The first cleanup excavation took place in 1972 under the direction of Aharoni and Rudolph Cohen, but the work was more done by Cohen, Yigal Yisrael, and more recently Tali Erickson-Gini, after the involvement of the “Blossoming Rose” in 1986 in partnership with Israel Antiquities Authority, Jewish National Fund and Tamar Regional Council.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

It is known that in addition to Tamar as Fort Hatzeva, or alternatively identified with Tadmur, a town of Solomon, the site has six strata indicating the settlement of Early Israelites, Nabatæan, Edomic, Romans, and Arabs.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

These include the 1,000-year-old shade tree, and the largest Paliurus spina-christi in Israel. [2]


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

The area was used for crew training at conservation sites before they worked on the Masada site. [3]


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

10th century BC The oldest ruins, tied to the Solomon period in the 10th century BC, resemble other contemporary Negev highland fortresses and belong to the period of Negevite pottery.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

With a range of the 10th to 6th centuries BC, Negevite was also found at Tel Kadesh-Barnea and Tel el-Kheleifeh (Ezion-Geber); these are likely the strata destroyed by Pharaoh Sisak like other sites from that period.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

9th to 8th centuries BC The second layer consists of very large fortifications from the Iron Age surrounded by casemate walls.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

This First Temple period building of the Kingdom of Judah is almost as large as contemporary cities such as Tel Be'er Sheva, and with an area of 10,000 square meters is four times larger than other walled cities in the Negev.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

Excavations revealed a complex of four-chambered gates, facing north near the northeast corner and three sheds, a pair of barns, a moat and a series of defensive walls.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

The city was likely built by King Amaziah of Judah, in the 8th century BC who fortified the kingdom of Judea and went to war with the neighboring country of Edom to the north of Arabah, or by his son Uziah whose construction of his tower in the wilderness is mentioned in Book 2 Chronicles.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

The 7th to 6th centuries BC The third fortress from the Late First Temple period in the 7th to 6th centuries BC was found only in the form of traces of the walls, making it difficult to reconstruct the floor plan.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

However, an eastern wall with two separate towers 14 metres (46ft) was successfully reconstructed.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

A well filled with clay and stone splinters, which can be rearranged into 74 vessels for worship, suggesting it likely was a temple of the Edomites.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

Barasanas, chalices, altars and human statues had been unearthed outside the fortress walls on the northern edge of the site in 1993, near the foundation of a small building, which appears to have been a temple.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

Several similar fragments of the vessel have been found in a temple of the Edomites at Horvat Qitmit, about 45 kilometres (28mi) northwest of this place.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

A cobblestone seal stamp was found inside the castle, with images of two men in long robes on either side of the altar, providing another indicator that this originated in the Edom culture.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

The objects in the well of the late 7th century BC, may have been destroyed in a religious reform campaign spearheaded by King Josiah mentioned in the Book of 2 Kings.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

The 1st to 4th centuries AD Evidence of Roman administration and military presence abounds, and the crossing from the east—west of the Spice Strip to Gaza and the north—south route towards the Red Sea made it a border post of high economical value.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

The layout of the Roman fortifications was similar to other imperial outposts in the region.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

An official Latin inscription confirming the date of the area around the castle in the 3rd century AD was found on a large limestone slab in Yotvata near there.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

The site is the largest in the area at 46 square metres (495sqft), and includes four towering towers at the corners of the castle.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

The artifacts informed the possibility of destruction in the middle of the fourth century AD, possibly due to an earthquake in 344, although it was soon rebuilt with increased, stone floors and destroyed again two decades later, possibly by an earthquake in 363.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

A thermae and a caravanserai from the same period are also found, and are similar to thermæ in Ashkelon and other nearby lands.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

A series of rooms from a fortress that stood earlier, in the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD, reveal artifacts pointing to a Nabatæan settlement before it was annexed by the Romans.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

Similar pictorial coins of Nabatæan kings have been found, along with storage jars and other vessels.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

7th to 8th centuries A stratum of building fragments from the Early Arabian period was found directly below ground level, along with evidence of the existence of a farm located above the former Roman thermæ and below the modern structure.


Question: What is the area of the Negev, Arava region?

Ir Ovot

Additional library references (Hebrew) See also Biblical archaeology Incense Route - Desert Cities in the Negev Iudaea Province History of ancient Israel and Judah Category:Ancient Israel and Judah


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark) is the most minor, and southernmost Nordic country.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Denmark is located about southwest from Sweden and south from Norway.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The country is located in Scandinavia, Northern Europe so it belongs to the European Union but is not in the Scandinavian Peninsula.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Denmark borders the Baltic Sea and the North Sea.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

It includes a peninsula in northern Germany named Jylland (Jutlandia), Fyn Islands (Funen), Sjælland (Zealand), Vendsyssel-Thy, Lolland, Falster, Bornholm and hundreds of smaller islands, often called the Danish archipelago.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Denmark once long controlled the Baltic Sea.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Prior to the excavation of the Kiel Canal, the waterway to the Baltic Sea was passable only through the three Denmark Straits.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Denmark's only land boundary is with Germany, while its neighbours bounded by the sea are Sweden to the northeast, and Norway to the north.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The country adheres to a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system of government.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Denmark has one central government, and 98 munitipalities as local governments.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Denmark has been a member of the European Union since 1973, but until now has still not joined the Eurozone.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Denmark is one of the founders of NATO and the OECD.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Denmark is also a member of the OSCE.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Denmark, which adheres to the concept of a mixed-market capitalist economy as well as social welfare, is a country that has.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Based on Forbes magazine, Denmark is the country that has the best business climate [1].


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

From 2006 to 2008, surveys said that Denmark was “the most pleasant place in the world”, viewed from health, well-being, and education standards [2].


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The 2009 Global Peace Index survey said that Denmark was ranked the second most peaceful country in the world, after New Zealand. [3]


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

In 2009, Denmark was one of the least corrupt countries in the world based on the Corruption Perceptions Index, second place after New Zealand. [4]


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The official language, Danish, is cognate with Swedish and Norwegian, because the languages have strong historical, and cultural ties. 82% of the Danish population, and 90.3% of the Danish tribe are followers of the Lutheran church.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

As of 2010, 548,000 people (9.9% of Denmark's population) were immigrants or descendants.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The majority (54%) are from Scandinavia or other parts of Europe, the rest are from countries in Asia and Africa.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Greenland and the Faroe Islands were territories of the kingdom of Denmark with political power of its own.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Regions (Provinces) Since January 1, 2007, based on the 2007 Danish Municipal Reform, Denmark revised the division of its administrative areas into 5 regions replacing the 13 amt system and merging some small municipalities into several larger municipalities so that the number 270 shrank to only 98 municipalities.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Etymology The origin of the word “Danmark”, the relationship between the Dane tribe with Denmark, and the history of the incorporation of Denmark as a single kingdom are still disputed [5] [6].


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Some argue “Dan” came from the Dane Dane tribe or from Dan the legendary king in the Dane tribe.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Two of these opinions are referenced from the books of the Dane tribes of Scandinavia, Greece, and the Romans such as Ptolomeus, Jordanes, and St. Gregory of Tours), as well as medieval literature such as Adam of Bremen, Beowulf, Widsith, and the Poetic Edda).


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Some books state [7] “Dan” and “Dane” are derived from a word meaning “flat ground”, or from German Tenne meaning floor, English den means cave, Sanskrit dhánu⸺- (नुस्स्) means desert.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

-Mark means forest area or border area, probably because it borders a forest south of Schleswig's Keharyapatihan, [8] as does -mark in Finnmark, Telemark, and Dithmarschen. [9]


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Some early descriptions of the origin of the word 'Danish', are found in the Chronicon of Lethrense (12th century), Sven Aggesen (late 12th century), Saxo Grammaticus (early 13th century), and Eric's Ballad (mid-15th century).


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Lethrense's chronicon explains that it was when Roman Emperor Augustus fought Denmark in Dawud's time.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Denmark at the time consisted of the seven regions of Jutlandia, Fyn, Sjælland, Møn, Falster, Lolland and Skåne led by King Ypper of Uppsala.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

He had three sons, Nori, Østen, and Dan.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Dan was sent to lead Sjælland, Møn, Falster, and Lolland, known for the Videslev area.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

When the Jutlandians fought Emperor Augustus they called Dan to help them.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

After winning, they made him king of Jutlandia, Fyn, Videslev, and Skåne.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

A council decided to name this united land as “Danmark” (Dania) from the name of their new king, Dan.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

According to historian Jordanes [10] Dani in “The origin of the Deed nation of the Goths” since 551 is estimated to be the earliest mention of the Danes. [11]


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The Danevirke defensive structure was built in several stages from the 3rd century onwards, and the small size of the construction business was in 737 donated to the appearance of the King of Denmark. [12]


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Prehistoric History Based on archaeological discoveries in Denmark, traced archaeological objects in the Eem Interglacial Period from 130,000-110,000 BC. [13]


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Denmark has been populated since about 12,500 BC, and agriculture has existed since 3,900 BC. [14]


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The Nordic Bronze Age (1,800—600 BC) in Denmark was marked by tomb mounds, which left many discoveries, including the lur (an ancient trumpet without holes) and the Trundholm solar combat chariot.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

During the Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC - 1 AD), natives began to migrate south, although [14] the first Danes came between the Pre-Roman Iron Age and Iron Age Germania [16] in the Roman Iron Age (1-400 AD).


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The Roman provinces maintained trade lines and relations with native tribes in Denmark, evidenced by the discovery of Roman coins in Denmark.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Evidence of strong Kelt cultural influence, is traced from this period in Denmark, and much of Northwestern Europe, and is supporting evidence in the discovery of the Gundestrup kettle.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The first Danish inhabitants came from east of the Danish Islands (Sjælland) and Skåne.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

They use ancient North Germanic languages.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

According to historians, before they came, most of Jutlandia and the surrounding archipelago was inhabited by the Jutlandia tribe, descendants of the inhabitants known from ancient historical sources (such as Tacitus and Ptolemeus).


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Most of the Jutlandia people are known as the Angle people and the Sakson people.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

They were invited by the British as mercenaries by the King of Britonia named Vortigern and given the south-east area of Kent, namely the Isle of Wight, and they settled down.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Then their culture was absorbed or lost due to the invasion of Angle and the Saxons, who formed the Anglo-Saxons.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The remaining Jutlandia population was assimilated to the Dane tribe.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Viking Age Between the 8th to 10th centuries, the Danes were known as the Vikings.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Together with the Norwegians and Swedes, they colonized, raced, and traded in all parts of Europe.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The first time Viking explorers discovered Eslandia through an accident was in the 9th century, through the path of the Faroe Islands (Føroyar) and eventually discovered the “vinland” (wine land) now also known as New Foundland.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

For some time the Viking nation also conquered parts of England, known as the Danelaw, Ireland and France, giving name to the Normandy part of France.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

As affirmed by the Jelling stone, the Danes were united, and Christianized around 965 by Harald Bluetooth, the second recognized Danish king. [17]


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Medieval Denmark Beyond the High and Late Middle Ages, Danish monarchs controlled Skåneland (Skåne, Halland and Blekinge), Danish Estonia, like the duchy of Schleswig and Holstein in northern Germany.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

In 1397, Denmark entered the Union of Kalmar with Norway and Sweden-Finland.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

It was a united Scandinavian states that looked after the interests of each other's lands, and lasted until Sweden flared up in 1523.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The Protestant Reformation arrived in Scandinavia in the 1530s, and following the civil war of the Princes Feud, Denmark entered Lutheranism in 1536.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Then in that year, Denmark entered a union with Norway and its colonies.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Modern History 2.5 centuries of war with Sweden followed.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Skåneland was ceded to Sweden in the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, and the Danish-Norwegian union broke up with the Treaty of Kiel in 1814, as Norway entered a new union with Sweden, which lasted until 1905.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Denmark kept colonies in Iceland, the Faroe Islands (Foroyar) and Gronland.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Separated from the Nordic colonies, Denmark controlled Danish India (Tranquebar in India) from 1620 to 1869, the Danish Gold Coast (Ghana) from 1658 to 1850, and the Danish West Indies (United States Virgin Islands) from 1671 to 1917.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The Danish liberal, and national movement gained momentum in the 1830s, and after the European Revolutions of 1848 Denmark became a constitutional monarchy on 5 June 1849.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

After the Second Schleswig War (Danish: Slesvig) in 1864, Denmark was forced to cede Schleswig-Holstein to Prussia, in a defeat that left a deep mark on Danish national identity.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

After these events Denmark took a neutral policy, as a result of which Denmark remained neutral in World War I. After the defeat of Germany, the powers of Versailles offered the return of the Schelswig-Holstein-area which was then part German—to Denmark.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Fearful of iredentism, Denmark refused to consider the regaining of that territory, and insisted on a plebiscite relating to the return of Schleswig.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Both Schleswig Plebiscites occurred successively on February 10, and March 14.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

On 10 July 1920, after a plebiscite, and the signing by the king on 9 July in the re-union document, North Schleswig (Sønderjylland) conferred on Denmark, then enfranchised 163,600 inhabitants, and 3,984km².


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The day of the union (Genforeningsdag) is commemorated on June 15 every year in Valdemarsdag.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Despite remaining neutral, Denmark was invaded by Germany (Operation Weserübung), on 9 April 1940.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Although granted self-sustaining power (which ended in 1943, due to a culminating resistance movement), Denmark remained militarily occupied throughout PD II.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

As a result of Danish sympathy to the Allies was very strong; 1,900 Danish policemen were detained Gestapo and with escorts were sent to be interned at Buchenwald.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

During the war, Iceland declared independence, and in 1948 the Faroe Islands gained domestic power.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

After the war, Denmark became one of the founding members of the United Nations and NATO and in 1973, joined the European Economic Community (later, the European Union).


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

In 1979, Groenland gained domestic power.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Danish politics is the oldest monarchy in continental Europe.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

In 1849, it became a constitutional monarchy with the adoption of a new constitution.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Its ruler is officially the head of state, a role that is ceremonial, since executive power, exercised by the king or queen, is exercised through a cabinet of ministers, with the PM enacting the principle of primus inter pares).


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Legislative power was given to the monarchy, and the Danish parliament, known as the Folketing, consisting of (no more than) 179 members.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Judicial power is in the hands of the courts.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Parliamentary elections must be held at least every 4 years; however the PM can hold for an early election.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

If Parliament carries out a motion of no confidence against the PM so the government comes to a standstill.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The country is often held in minority governments.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Denmark practiced universal suffrage in all issues, women were considered equal to men according to Danish law (but they were not subject to conscription, even so they could follow voluntarily).


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The death penalty was phased out in Denmark in 1930.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Enacted briefly after World War II, by the wider public. 46 people were sentenced to death for war crimes, after the death penalty was not enforced for several years.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

In 1978 it was finally abolished again.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

It is illegal to make it Danish law to extradite its citizens to a country where they will face the death penalty.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Geography Denmark's border with Germany is 68km long, and surrounded by 7,314km of coastline.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Its area is 43.094km2.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Since 2000 Denmark has been connected with the Øresund Bridge to southern Sweden.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Denmark's northernmost point is Skagen (north coast of Skaw) at 57° 45' 7" north latitude, southernmost is Gedser (southern end of Falster) 54° 33' 35" north latitude, westernmost is Blåvandshuk at 8° 4' 22" east longitude, and easternmost is Østerskær at 15° 11' 55" east longitude, i.e. Ertholmene archipelago 18km to the northeast of Bornholm.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The difference in distance points west to east is 452km, from north to south is 368km.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Denmark consists of the Jutlandia peninsula (Jylland) and 443 named islands (a total of 1,419 islands whose area is above 100 m²) [18].


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Of the whole, 367 are inhabited [19], with its largest islands being Sjælland (Zealand) and Funen (Fyn).


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The island of Bornholm lies to the east, in the Baltic Sea.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Many of these large islands are connected by bridges: the Øresund Bridge connects Sjaelland with Sweden, the Great Belt Bridge connects Funen with Sjælland, and the Little Belt Bridge connects Jutlandia with Funen.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Small ferries or flights (flights with a maximum weight of 12,500 pounds) connect it to smaller islands.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Major municipalities in Denmark are København in Sjælland, Århus, Aalborg and Esbjerg in Jutlandia; and Odense in Funen.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The country is flat with little elevation, with an average height of 31 m above sea level.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Its highest natural point is Møllehøj, 170.86 m high.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Other hills southwest of Århus are Yding Skovhøj at an elevation of 170.77 m, and Ejer Bavnehøj 170.35 m. [20]


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Its deep-sea acreage is: eastern Denmark (210 km2); western Denmark (490 km2).


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Denmark's coastline is 7,314km.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Nowhere in Denmark is the distance to the coast more than 52km.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The area of Denmark cannot be calculated due to frequent marine erosion, and the addition of coastal material, and because of land reclamation projects by humans to reduce erosion.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

On the south coast of Jutlandia, the pairs are between 1, and 2m, and the tide line moves out, and in 10km long.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

On a [[phytogeography|phytogeographic]] basis, Denmark (including Greenland, and the Faroe Islands) belongs to the Kingdom Boreal, and shares with Artik, Atlantic Europe, and the Central European provinces of the Circumboreal region.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Based on WWF, the territory of Denmark can be divided in two ecoregionals: Atlantic mixed forest, and Baltic mixed forest.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The Faroe Islands include the boreal grasslands of the Faroe Islands, while the Green Land has the ecoregional high artic tundra of Kalaallit Nunaat, and the low artic tundra of Kalaallit Nunaat.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The climate is temperate.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The snow season is not too cold with average temperatures in January, and February is 0°C and summers are cold with an average temperature in August of 15.7°C [21].


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

On average Denmark has 121 days of precipitation per year, on average receives 712mm per year, autumn is the wettest season, and spring is the driest season.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Since Denmark is in the northern hemisphere, the length of day, and night varies.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

In winter the sun rises at 09.00, and sets at 16.00, while in summer the sun rises at 02.15, and sets at 22.00.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The shortest day commemorated around Christmas (Danish: jul) is usually Christmas Eve.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The word jól (plural noun) indicates that pre-Christian societies celebrated the shortest day with many celebrations.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Attempts by the Catholic church to change its name to kristmesse were unsuccessful.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

The longest day celebration is sankthansaften (twilight of Saint John).


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

Danish Further reading notes (in Indonesian) See also List of countries in the world List of Danish figures Controversy caricature Prophet Muhammad Jyllands-Posten Outlink Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

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Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

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Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

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Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

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Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark


Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

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Question: Brapa sprawling city of Copenhagen?

Denmark

European Union Category:Countries in Northern Europe


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

A chemical element is an atomic species that has the same number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., the same atomic number, or Z,). [1]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

A total of 118 elements have been identified, of which 94 occur naturally on earth.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

While the remaining 24, are synthetic elements.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

There are 80 elements that have at least one stable isotope and 38 elements that are radionuclides that, over time, decay into other elements.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Iron is the most abundant constituent element of the earth (by mass), while oxygen is the most abundant in the Earth's crust. [2]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Chemical elements compose ordinary matter in the universe.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

However, astronomical observations suggest that observed ordinary matter composes only 15% of the matter in the universe: the rest is dark matter; its composition is unknown, but it is not composed of chemical elements. [3]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Two of the lightest elements, hydrogen and helium, were mostly formed in the Great Explosion and are the most common elements in the universe.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The next three elements (lithium, beryllium, and boron) are mostly formed through cosmic ray spalation, and are therefore rarer than heavier elements.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The formation of elements with protons between 6 to 26 occurs and continues in the stars of the main series through stellar nucleosynthesis.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The high abundance of oxygen, silicon, and iron on Earth reflects its plentiful production in those stars.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Elements with more than 26 protons form through supernova nucleosynthesis in supernovae, which, when they explode, splash these elements as supernova remnants deep into space, which fuse with planets when they form. [4]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The term “element” (or “element”) is used for atoms with a certain number of protons (regardless of whether they are ionized or chemically bonded, e.g. hydrogen in water) or as pure chemical substances containing a single element (e.g. hydrogen gas). [1]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

For the meaning of the second, it has been proposed also the terms “elementary substance” and “simple substance”, but it has not received wide acceptance in English chemical literature, while in some other languages the equivalence is widely used (for example French: corps simple, Russian: простое вещество).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

A single element can form many substances that differ in structure; they are called elemental allotropes.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

When different elements combine chemically, with the atoms bonded through chemical bonds, they form chemical compounds.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Only a few elements are found unbinded as pure minerals.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Natural elements of this kind include copper, silver, gold, carbon (as coal, graphite, or diamond), and sulfur.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

All elements, except highly inert ones such as precious gases and precious metals, are usually found on earth in their chemical combined form, as chemical compounds.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

While about 32 chemical elements present on earth in natural form are unincorporated, most are located as mixtures.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

For example, the primary mixed atmospheric air is nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, while solid elements naturally occur in alloyed metals, as in iron and nickel.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The history of the discovery and use of elements began since primitive human societies that discovered natural elements such as carbon, sulfur, copper and gold.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Subsequent civilizations extracted the elements copper, tin, lead and iron from its seeds through smelting, using coal.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Alchemists and chemists successively identified many more; the entire naturally formed element had been known by 1950.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The properties of chemical elements are summarized in the periodic table, which composes the elements according to atomic number increments in rows (“periods”) which are repetitions (“periodically”) of the chemical and physical properties of its columns (“groups”).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

In addition to unstable radioactive elements with short half-lives, the entire element is available industrially, mostly of low [Cat 1] purity.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Description The lightest chemical elements are hydrogen and helium, both created through Big Bang nucleosynthesis during the first 20 minutes of the universe, [5] with a ratio of about 3:1 by mass (or 12:1 by atomic number), [6] [7] along with the next two renic elements, lithium and beryllium.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Almost all other elements encountered in nature are formed through various natural nucleosynthesis methods. [8]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Small numbers of atoms are naturally produced on earth through nucleogenic reactions, or in cosmogenic processes, such as cosmic ray spalation.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The new atoms are also produced naturally on earth as radiogenic decay isotopes from radioactive decay processes such as alpha decay, beta decay, spontaneous fission, cluster decay, and other rarer modes of decay.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Of the 94 naturally formed elements, elements with atomic numbers 1 to 82 have at least one stable isotope (with the exception of technesium, element 43, and prometium, element 61, which have no stable isotopes).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Isotopes considered stable are those that are not (or have not) been observed to undergo radioactive decay.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Elements with atomic numbers 83 to 94 are unstable from the point of view of radioactive decay of the entire detectable isotope.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Some of these elements, notably bismuth (atomic number 83), thorium (atomic number 90), and uranium (atomic number 92), have one or more isotopes with half-lives long enough to survive as remnants of the stelar nucleosynthesis explosion that produced heavy metals prior to the formation of the Solar System.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

For more than 1.9×1019 years, more than a billion times longer than the current estimated lifespan of the universe, bismut-209 (atomic number 83) has the longest alpha decay half-life among naturally occurring elements, and is almost always considered equivalent to 80 stable elements. [9] [10 ] The heaviest element (i.e. the one above plutonium, element 94), undergoes radioactive decay with a very short half-life and is not found in nature so it must be synthesized.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

As of 2010, there are 118 known elements (in this context, “known” means that it has been fairly well researched, though only from a few of its decay products, to be sure to differ from other elements). [11] [12] Of these 118 elements, 94 formed naturally on earth.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Six of them are formed in very renic quantities: technesium, atomic number 43; prometium, number 61; astatin, number 85; fransium, number 87; neptunium, number 93; and plutonium, number 94.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Ninety-four of these elements have been detected abundantly in the universe, in the spectra of stars as well as supernovae, where there is a short-lived formation of radioactive elements.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The first ninety-four elements have been detected directly on earth as primordial nuclides present since the formation of the solar system, or as natural fission or transmutation of uranium and thorium products.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The remaining, 24 heavier elements, not found today either on earth or on astronomical spectra, have been artificially produced: they are entirely radioactive, with very short half-lives.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

If any atoms of this element were present in the formation of the earth, they could be certain to have completely decayed, and if they were present in novae (new stars), they would have been in very small numbers to know.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Technesium is non-natural that was first synthesized, in 1937, although a few technesium has been encountered in nature (as well as its elements have been encountered naturally in 1925). [13]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The pattern of artificially produced and natural disclosure later in life has repeated itself with other rare natural radioactive elements. [14]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Elemental lists are available by name, atomic number, density, melting point, boiling point, and by symbol, as well as by ionization energy of chemical elements.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Stable and radioactive elemental nuclides are also available as a list of nuclides, which are sorted by half-life for unstable ones.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

One of the most convenient, and certainly the presentation of the most traditional elements is in the form of a periodic table, which groups elements with a semblance of chemical properties (and usually also have a similar electron structure).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Atomic number The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom, and defines the chemical element. [15]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

For example, the entire carbon atom contains 6 protons in its atomic nucleus; thus the carbon atomic number is 6. [16]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Carbon atoms can have different numbers of neutrons; atoms of the same element but having a different number of neutrons are known as isotopes. [17]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The number of protons in an atomic nucleus also determines the electric charge, which in turn determines the number of electrons that atom is under unionized conditions.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Electrons occupy atomic orbitals that determine the diverse chemical properties of atoms.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The number of neutrons in atomic nuclei usually has a very small effect on the properties of chemical elements (except in the case of hydrogen and deuterium).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Therefore, all carbon isotopes have almost identical chemical properties because all of them have six protons and six electrons, although carbon atoms can have, for example, 6 or 8 neutrons.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

This is the basis of thinking of determining the characteristics of chemical elements using atomic number, and instead of mass number or atomic mass.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The emblem of atomic number is Z. Isotopes are atoms of the same element (i.e., with the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei), but have a different number of neutrons.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Therefore, there are, for example, three main isotopes of carbon.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The entire carbon atom has 6 protons inside the core, but they can have 6, 7, or 8 neutrons.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Thus, its mass numbers are 12, 13, and 14, respectively.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The three carbon isotopes are known as carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14, often abbreviated as 12 C, 13 C, 14 C. Carbon in everyday life and in chemical science is a mixture of 12 C (about 98.8%), 13 C (about 1.1%) and about 1 atom per gazillion 14 C. Most Natural elements (66 out of 94) have more than one stable isotope.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Other than hydrogen isotopes (each of which has very much different relative masses—enough to cause chemical effects), the isotopes of the listed elements are chemically almost indistinguishable.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The entire element has isotopes that are radioactive (radioisotopes), although not all of these radioisotopes occur naturally.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Radioisotopes generally decay into other elements by emitting alpha or beta particles.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

If an element has an isotope that is not radioactive, it is referred to as a “stable” isotope.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Whole known stable isotopes occur naturally (see primordial isotopes).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Most radioisotopes not encountered in nature have been described after being artificially created.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Certain elements have no stable isotopes and consist only of radioactive isotopes: specifically, elements without stable isotopes are technesium (atomic number 43), prometium (number 61), and whole elements with atomic number more than 82.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Of the 80 elements with at least one stable isotope, 26 of them have only a stable isotope.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The average number of stable isotopes for 80 stable elements is 3.1 stable isotopes per element.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The largest number of stable isotopes that occur for a single element is 10 isotopes (tin, atomic number 50).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Isotopic mass and atomic mass The elemental mass number, A, is the number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in an atomic nucleus.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Different isotopes of a given element are distinguished by its mass number, which is conventionally written as a superscript to the left of the atomic emblem (for example 238 U).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Mass numbers are always integers and have units of “nucleons”.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

For example, magnesium-24 (24 is the mass number) is an atom with 24 nucleons (12 protons and 12 neutrons).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

While the mass number is only an enumeration of the number of neutrons and protons, resulting in an integer, the mass number of an atom is a real number that states the isotopic mass (or “nuclide”) of a particular element, expressed in units of atomic mass (symbol: u).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

In general, the mass number of a given nuclide has a slightly different value than its atomic mass, since the mass of each proton and neutron is not exactly 1 u; the electron has only a slight contribution to the atomic mass when the number of neutrons exceeds the number of protons, and (finally) the energy of the nuclear bond.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

For example, the atomic mass of chlorine-35 up to five meaningful numbers is 34.969 u and chlorine-37 is 36.966 u.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

However, the atomic mass in u for each of the isotopes is very close to its simple mass number (always in the 1% range).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The only isotope that has an atomic mass exactly the original number is 12 C which definitively has a tepa mass of 12, since u is defined as 1−12 of the mass of a naturally free carbon-12 atom in the ground state.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The standard atomic weight (commonly referred to as the “atomic weight”) of an element is the average atomic mass of the entire isotope of a chemical element found in a given environment, weighted according to the abundance of its isotope, relative to the unit mass of the atom.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

This number can be any fraction that does not approach an integer.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

For example, the relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.453 u, which is very much different from an integer because it is an average of 76% chlorine-35 and 24% chlorine-37.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

When the value of the relative mass of an atom differs by more than 1% from the integer, as a result of leveling, it shows that its existence in nature is represented by more than one isotope in large quantities.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Chemical purity and isotopic purity Chemists and nuclear scientists have different definitions related to pure elements.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

In chemistry, a pure element means a substance whose entire (or almost all) atoms have an atomic number or number of protons, which is the same.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

While nuclear scientists define a pure element as something containing only one stable isotope. [18]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

For example, a copper wire is chemically purity 99.99% if its 99.99% are copper atoms, with 29 protons each.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

However he is not isotopically pure because ordinary copper contains two stable isotopes, 69% 63 Cu and 31% 65 Cu, with different numbers of protons.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

However, pure gold bars are stated to be chemically pure as well as isotopically as regular gold contains only one isotope, 197 Au.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Atomic allotropes of chemically purity elements can chemically bind one to another through more than one way, allowing pure elements to be contained in many chemical structures (spatial rearrangements of atoms), known as allotropes, which have different properties.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

For example, carbon can be found as diamond, which has a tetrahedral structure around the perimeter of each carbon atom; graphite, which has a layer of carbon atoms with a stacked hexagonal structure; graphene, which is a single layer of very strong graphite; fulerene, which has an almost spherical shape, and carbon nanotubes, which are tube-shaped with a hexagonal structure (even this differs from one another in terms of electrical properties).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The ability of an element to reside in more than one form of structure is known as 'allotropi'.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The standard state, also known as the referent state, of an element is defined as its most thermodynamically stable state at a pressure of 1 bar and a given temperature (usually at 298.15 K).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

In thermochemistry, an element is defined to have an enthalpy of formation of zero in its ground state.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

For example, the standard state of carbon is graphite, since the structure of graphite is more stable than other allotropes.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Properties Some categories can be broadly applied to elements, including attention to their physical and chemical properties in general, the state of matter under many conditions, its melting and boiling points, its type mass, its crystal structure as a solid, and its origin.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

General properties Some common terms are used to mark the general physical and chemical properties of chemical elements.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The first differentiator is between metals, which readily conduct electricity, nonmetals, which do not conduct electricity, and a small group (metaloids), which have properties between them and often behave as semiconductors.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

More detailed classification is often indicated through the presentation of colors in the periodic table.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

This system limits the terms “metal” and “nonmetal” to only certain metals and nonmetals from such an abundance of metals and nonmetals.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Versions of the periodic table classification used here include: actinides, alkali metals, soil alkali metals, halogens, lanthanide, transition metals, post-transition metals, metaloids, reactive nonmetals, and noble gases.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

In these systems, alkali metals, earth alkali metals, and transition metals, as well as lanthanide and actinides, are special classes of metals viewed from a broader point of view.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Equally, reactive nonmetals and noble gases are nonmetals when viewed from a broader perspective.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

In some presentations, halogens are not differentiated, with astatin identified as a metaloid and others identified as nonmetallic.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Another basic thing commonly used to distinguish chemical elements is the form of matter (phase), which is solid, liquid, or gas, at standard temperature and pressure (STP).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Most tangible elements are solid at conventional temperature and atmospheric pressure, while some are gaseous.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Only bromine and mercury are liquid at 0°C (32°F) and normal atmospheric pressure; sesium and gallium are solid at that temperature, but melt at, successively, 28.4°C (83.1°F) and 29.8°C (85.6°F).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Melting point and boiling point Melting and boiling point, usually expressed in degrees Celsius at the pressure of one atmosphere, are commonly used to define the character of various elements.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

These characters for most elements have been known, however, for some radioactive elements available in very small quantities are not yet known.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Helium remains in liquid form though at absolute zero state at atmospheric pressure, so He has only a boiling point, and has no melting point on conventional serving.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Density Density at certain standard temperatures and pressures (STP) is often used in determining elemental character.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Density is often expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Some gases that at the measurement temperature of the tangible gas, its type mass is usually expressed for its gas form; when liquefied or solidified, the gaseous element has the same density as other elements.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

When an element has an allotrope with a different density, one of the representing allotropes is usually chosen in the presentation of the conclusion, while the density for each allotrope can be expressed in the detail section.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

For example, three well-known allotropes of carbon (amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond) have specific densities of 1.8—2.1; 2.267; and 3.515g/cm3, respectively.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Crystal structure The elements studied to date as solid samples have eight types of crystal structure: cubic, cubic center of body, cubic center face, hexagonal, monoclinical, ortorombic, rombohedral, and tetragonal.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

For some elements of synthetic transuranium, the available samples are very few to be able to determine their crystal structure.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Its generosity and origin on earth Chemical elements can also be categorized by their origin on earth.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The first ninety-four elements occur naturally, while elements with atomic number over 94 are only artificially produced as synthetic products through artificial nuclear reactions.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Of the 94 naturally occurring elements, 83 are considered to be primordial and are stable or weakly radioactive.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The remainder, 11 naturally occurring elements, have half-lives that are too short to be at the beginning of the Solar System, and are therefore considered ephemeral elements.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Of the 11 ephemeral elements, 5 elements (polonium, radon, radium, actinium, and protactinium) are generally decay products from thorium and uranium.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The remaining six ephemeral elements (technesium, prometium, astatin, fransium, neptunium, and plutonium) have a very rare temperament, as products of decay modes or rare nuclear reaction processes involving uranium or heavy elements.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

All elements with atomic numbers 1 to 40 are stable, while those numbered atomic number 41 to 82 (except technesium and prometium) are metastabile.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The half-life of this metastabile “theoretical radionuclide” is so long (at least 100 million times longer than the estimated age of the universe) that its radioactive decay cannot yet be detected through experiments.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Elements with atomic numbers 83 to 94 are metastabile from the point of view that their radioactive decay can be detected.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Three of these elements, bismuth (element 83), thorium (90), and uranium (92) have one or more isotopes with half-lives long enough to survive as remnants of the stelar nucleosynthesis explosion that produced heavy elements before the formation of our solar system.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

For example, at more than 1.9×1019 years, it is more than a billion times longer than the universe estimates.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Bismut-209 has the longest alpha decay half-life of any other natural element. [9] [10] A total of 24 very heavy elements (i.e. elements after plutonium, elemental 94) undergo radioactive decay with short half-lives and cannot produce decay products in the form of aged elements long.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Therefore they do not occur naturally at all.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Periodic table The properties of chemical elements are often summarized using the periodic table, which elegantly arranges the elements based on the rise of atomic numbers into rows (“periods”) underlying the periodic looping of the chemical and physical properties of columns (“groups”).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The standard table currently contains 118 confirmed elements as of April 10, 2010.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Despite the presentation before the periodic table, its invention is generally credited to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, who with his table provides an illustration of the trend of the repetition of the properties of chemical elements.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The table layout has been adapted and expanded over time due to the discovery of new elements and the development of new theoretical models to explain chemical behavior.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The periodic table is currently used wherever in the environment of chemical disciplines, as it is able to provide a very useful framework for grouping, performing systematics and comparing across different forms of chemical behavior.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The table also has many applications in physics, geology, biology, materials science, engineering, agriculture, medicine, nutritional science, environmental health, and astronomy.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The principle is specifically very important in the field of chemical engineering.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Names and symbols Various chemical elements are formally identified based on their unique atomic number, based on agreed names, and by their symbols or emblems.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Atomic number Chemical elements that have been known to have atomic numbers from 1 to 118, which are conventionally presented in Arabic numerals.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Since such elements can be sorted according to their atomic number, usually from lowest to highest (as the periodic table), a group of elements is sometimes mentioned with notation of the sort “up to”, “after”, or “from... up to”, such as “up to iron”, “after uranium”, or” from lanthanum to lutesium”.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The terms “light” and “heavy” are sometimes also used informally to indicate relative atomic number (rather than density), as in “lighter than carbon” or “heavier than lead”, although technically the weight gain or atomic mass of those elements (atomic weight or atomic mass) is not always directly proportional to its atomic number.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Name chemical element The naming of various substances now known as elements predates atomic theory, as names were given locally by various cultures to various minerals, metals, compounds, alloys, mixtures, and other materials, although at the time it was not known such chemicals were elements or compounds.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Because they are identified as elements, names that exist for elements that have been known since ancient times (e.g., gold, mercury, iron) are kept in most countries.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

National differences arise related to elemental names, whether for convenience, linguistic pleasure, or nationalism.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Some illustrative examples: German speakers use “Wasserstoff” (water substance) for “hydrogen”, “Sauerstoff” (acidic substance) for “oxygen” and “Stickstoff” (strangling agent) for “nitrogen”, while English and some romances use “sodium” for “sodium” and “potassium” for “potassium”, and the French, Italians, Greeks, Portuguese, and Poles prefer “azote/azot/azoto” (from the root meaning “unliving”) to “nitrogen”.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

For the purpose of international communication and trade, the official names of chemical elements, both ancient and recently recognized, are decided by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), which has decided on a kind of international English, using the name of the language Traditional English even when the chemical symbol of an element is based on a Latin or other traditional word, for example adopting “gold” rather than “aurum” as the name for the 79th element (Au).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The IUPAC prefers the British spellings “aluminium” and “caesium” rather than the US spellings “aluminum” and “cesium”, as well as the US “sulphur” rather than the British “sulphur”.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

However, elements that are practical to sell in large numbers in many countries often still have national names used locally, and countries whose national languages do not use Latin letters tend to use IUPAC elemental names.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

According to the IUPAC, a chemical element is not a name of the self in English; consequently, the full name of an element is not capitalized in English, although it is derived from the name of the self, as in californium and einsteinium. [Cat 2] Isotopic names of chemical elements are also not disapitalized if written down, for example, carbon-12 or uranium-235.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Chemical element symbols (such as Cf for californium and Es for einsteinium), are always capitalized (see below).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

In the second half of the 20th century, physics laboratories were able to produce atomic nuclei of chemical elements with half-lives that were too short for large enough numbers to be called existing.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

These elements are also named by the IUPAC, which generally adopts the name chosen by the inventor.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

This practice could lead to the controversial question of research groups actually discovering chemical elements, a question that was delayed long enough for elements with atomic number 104 and subsequently.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

(See chemical element naming controversy).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The spawn of the controversy involved the nationalistic naming of chemical elements in the late 19th century.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

For example, lutesium is named in reference as Paris, France.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The Germans, reluctant to relinquish naming rights to France, often called it cassiopeium.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Similarly, the niobium discovered by British discoverers was originally named columbium, referring to the New World.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

It was used extensively by American publications prior to international standardization (in 1950).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Chemical symbols Specific chemical elements Before chemistry became a science, alchemists had devised mysterious symbols for both metals and common compounds.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

However this is used as shorthand in diagrams or procedures; there is no concept of combining atoms to form molecules.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

As it progressed in the theory of atomic matter, John Dalton invented his own simpler symbol, based on circles, to describe molecules.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The current system of chemical notation was created by Berzelius.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

In this typographic system, chemical symbols are not mere abbreviations — although each consists of the letters of the Latin alphabet.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

They are intended as universal symbols for all languages and alphabets.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

These symbols were originally intended to be entirely universal.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Because Latin was the common language of science at that time, so the symbol was an abbreviation based on the names of metals in Latin.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Cu was taken from Cuprum, Fe from Ferrum, Ag from Argentum, and so on.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Symbols are not followed by a point as do abbreviations.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Subsequent chemical elements are also given unique chemical symbols, based on the name of the element, but not necessarily in English.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

For example, iron has the chemical symbol “Fe” according to its Latin name ferrum.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The same applies also to “Hg” (hydrargyrum) for mercury, “Sn” (stannum) for tin, “Au” (aurum) for gold, “Ag” (argentum) for silver, “Pb” (plumbum) for lead, “Cu” (cuprum) for copper, and “Sb” (stibium) for antimony.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Chemical symbols are understood internationally when the name of an element may require translation.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

There have been differences in the past.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

For example, Germany and the Netherlands in the past used “J” (for the alternative name Jod) for iodine, but now use “I” and “Iod”.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Indonesia also once followed Germany and the Netherlands, using “J” and “Jodium”.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

At the beginning of the Enhanced Spelling (EYD), the name became “Iodine”, but the symbol still uses “J”, since “Y” has been used for itrium.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The first letter of a chemical symbol is always written using capital letters, as in the previous example, and the next letter, if any, is always lowercase.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

So, the symbols for californium and einsteinium are Cf and Es.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

General chemical symbols There are also symbols in chemical equations for groups of chemical elements, for example in comparison formulas.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

These are often single capital letters, and those letters are reserved and not used for specific elemental names.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

For example, “X” denotes a group of variables (usually halogens) in a class of compounds, whereas “R” is a radical, meaning the structure of compounds such as hydrocarbon chains.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The letter “Q” is reserved for “heat” in chemical reactions.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

“Y” is also often used as a general chemical symbol, although it is also a symbol of itrium.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

“Z” is also often used as a group of generalized variables.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

“E” is used in organic chemistry to denote electron-withdrawing groups or electrophiles; similarly to “Nu” denoting nucleophiles.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

“L” is used to represent a common ligand in inorganic chemistry and organophyaltals.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

“M” is also often used instead of common metals.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

There are at least two additional, two-letter generic chemical symbols that are also used informally, “Ln” for each lanthanide element and “An” for each actinide element.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

“Rg” was formerly used for rare gaseous elements, but the rare gas group has now been renamed noble gas and the symbol “Rg” has now been used for the element roentgenium.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Isotope isotope symbols are distinguished according to atomic mass number (total protons and neutrons) for a given isotope of an element, then the number is combined with the symbol of the element in question.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

IUPAC prefers that isotope symbols be written in superscript notation for the sake of practicality, for example 12 C and 235 U. However, it is used also other notations, such as carbon-12 and uranium-235, or C-12 and U-235.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

As a special case, the three natural isotopes of elemental hydrogen are often designated as H for 1 H (protium), D for 2 H (deuterium), and T for 3 H (tritium).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

This convention is easier to use in chemical equations, replacing the need to write down mass numbers for each atom.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

For example, the formula for heavy water can be written D 2O instead of 2 H 2O.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Elemental origins Only about 4% of the total mass of the universe is made of atoms or ions, and only that anyway is represented by chemical elements.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

This fraction is about 15% of total matter, with the rest of the matter (85%) being dark matter.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The nature of dark matter is unknown, but it does not consist of atoms of chemical elements because it does not contain protons, neutrons, or electrons.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

(The remaining non-matter portion of the mass of the universe is arrayed upon the more mysterious dark energy).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

All 94 naturally formed chemical elements are thought to have been produced by at least four cosmic processes.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Most of the hydrogen, helium, and small amounts of lithium in the universe are produced primordially within the first few minutes of the Great Bump.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Three subsequent processes occurring over and over are thought to have produced other elements.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Stelar nucleosynthesis, an ongoing process inside a star, produces all elements in the atomic number range of carbon to iron, but little lithium, beryllium, or boron.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Elements with atomic numbers heavier than iron, such as uranium and plutonium, are produced by explosive nucleosynthesis in supernovae and other cosmic explosive events.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The spalation (fragmentation) of cosmic rays of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen is important for the production of lithium, beryllium and boron.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

During the initial phase of the Great Bump, nucleosynthesis of hydrogen nucleosynthesis produces hydrogen-1 (protium, 1 H) and helium-4 (4 He), as well as small amounts of deuterium (2 H) and (on the order of 10−10) lithium and beryllium in extremely small amounts.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Even much smaller amounts of boron may have been generated in the Great Blump, as it has been observed in some very old stars, while carbon is not. [19]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

It is generally agreed that no element heavier than boron was produced in the Big Bang.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

As a result, the primordial abundance of atoms (or ions) consists of about 75% 1 H, 25% 4 He, and 0.01% deuterium, with only a single stroke of lithium, beryllium, and possibly boron. [20]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Subsequent enrichment of halo galaxies occurs due to stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova nucleosynthesis. [21]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

However, elemental abundance in intergalactic space can still be very similar to primordial conditions, except it has been enriched in some way.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

On Earth (and elsewhere), various elements in renic quantities continue to be produced from other elements as products of the nuclear transmutation process.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

These include some produced by cosmic rays or other nuclear reactions (see cosmogenic and nucleogenic nuclides), and others produced as decay products of long-lived primordial nuclides. [22]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

For example, a single (but detectable) carbon-14 (14 C) is continuously produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays hitting nitrogen atoms, and argon-40 (40 Ar) continues to be produced through potassium-40 (40 K) decay that occurs primordially but is unstable.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

In addition, three actinides that occur primordially but are radioactive, thorium, uranium, and plutonium, decay through a series of repeatingly produced but unstable radioactive elements such as radium and radon, which are tentatively present in samples of these metals or ores or its compounds.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The other three radioactive elements, technesium, prometium, and neptunium, occur only incidentally in natural materials, which are produced as individual atoms through nuclear fission from the nuclei of various heavy elements or in other rare nuclear processes.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Human technology has produced various additional elements beyond this first 94, now known atomic number up to 118.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Abundance The following graph (log scale record) shows the abundance of elements in our Solar System.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

This table shows the twelve most common elements in our galaxy (spectroscopically estimated), measured in parts per million, by mass. [23]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Nearby galaxies that have evolved along similar lines have heavier enrichment of elements than hydrogen and helium.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

More distant galaxies are viewed as they appear in the past, so their elemental abundance appears more approximate to a primordial mix.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

After all, since physical laws and processes are generally valid throughout the observed universe, scientists expect that these galaxies evolved into elements in equal abundance.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The abundance of elements in the Solar System corresponds to their origin from nucleosynthesis in the Great Bump and a number of progenitor supernova stars.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Highly abundant hydrogen and helium are the products of the Great Bump, but the next three elements are rare because they have little time to form in the Great Bump and are not made within the star (however, they form in small quantities through the breakdown of elements that heavier in interstellar dust, as a result of collisions by cosmic rays).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Starting with carbon, elements are produced in stars through buildup from alpha particles (helium nuclei), resulting in an abundance of elements with alternately larger atomic numbers (these are also more stable).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

In general, such elements up to iron are created in massive stars that process into supernovae.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Iron-56 is very common, as it is the most stable element that can be easily prepared from alpha particles (the decay product of radioactive nickel-56, which is ultimately made of 14 helium nuclei).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Elements heavier than iron are made of energy-absorbing processes in massive stars, and their abundance in the universe (and on Earth) generally decreases as its atomic number increases.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

—Up here first— The abundance of the chemical elements on Earth varies from air to crust to ocean, and in various types of life.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The abundance of elements in Earth's crust differs from that in the Solar system (as seen in the Sun and heavy planets like Jupiter) mainly in selective loss of the very lightest elements (hydrogen and helium) and also volatile fluorescent, carbon (as hydrocarbons), nitrogen and sulfur, as a result of solar heating in the early formation of the solar system.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Oxygen, the most abundant Earth element by mass, is retained on Earth by combination with silicon.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Aluminum at 8% by mass is more common in the Earth's crust than in the universe and solar system, but the composition of the far more bulky mantle, which has magnesium and iron in place of aluminum (which occurs there only at 2% of mass) more closely mirrors the elemental composition of the solar system, save for the noted loss of volatile elements to space, and loss of iron which has migrated to the Earth's core.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The composition of the human body, by contrast, more closely follows the composition of seawater—save that the human body has additional stores of carbon and nitrogen necessary to form the proteins and nucleic acids, together with phosphorus in the nucleic acids and energy transfer molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that occurs in the cells of all living organisms.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Certain kinds of organisms require particular additional elements, for example the magnesium in chlorophyll in green plants, the calcium in mollusc shells, or the iron in the hemoglobin in vertebrate animals' red blood cells.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

History The evolving Definition The concept of “elemental” as an indivisible substance has progressed through three major phases of history: The classical definition (as the ancient Greeks had), the definition of chemistry, and the definition of the atom.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Classical definition Ancient philosophy posits a set of classical elements to explain patterns observed in nature.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

These elements were originally called soil, water, air and fire, rather than chemical elements as in modern science.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The term 'elemental' (stoicheia) was first used by the Greek philosopher Plato around 360 BC in his dialogue Timaios, which included a discussion of the composition of inorganic and organic bodies and was a speculative treatise of chemistry.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Plato believed that the elements introduced a century earlier by Empedokles consisted of diminutive forms of polyhedron: tetrahedron (fire), octahedron (air), icosahedron (water), and cube (ground). [24] [25] Aristotle, c. 350 BC, also used the term stoicheia and added elements the fifth called ether, which forms the sky.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Aristotle defined an element as: An element — something results in the parsing of something else, but it itself cannot be broken down into any other. [26]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Chemical definition In 1661, Robert Boyle proposed his theory of corpuscularism which preferred the analysis of matter as constituted by irreducible units of matter (atoms) and, chose to agree with Aristotle's view of the four elements or the view of Paracelsus about the three fundamental elements, letting the question of the number of elements remain open. [27]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The first modern list of chemical elements is presented by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789 through his book Traité Élémentaire de Chimie, containing thirty-three elements, including light and calories. [28]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

In 1818, Jöns Jakob Berzelius had determined atomic weights for forty-five of the later accepted forty-nine elements.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Dmitri Mendeleev had sixty-six elements in his periodic table as of 1869.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

From Boyle to the early 20th century, elementals were defined as pure substances that could not be decomposed into simpler substances. [27]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

In other words, chemical elements cannot be converted into other chemical elements through chemical processes.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The elements during this time are generally distinguished by their atomic weights, the properties of which are measurable with sufficient accuracy by available analytical techniques.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Definition of atom In 1913 British physicist Henry Moseley found that nuclear charge is the physics base for atomic number, further refined when the properties of protons and neutrons were revealed, eventually leading to the current definition of an element based on atomic number (number of protons per nucleus atoms).


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The use of atomic number, rather than atomic weight, to distinguish elements has greater predictive value (since these numbers are integers), and also resolves some ambiguities in the chemical-based view due to the various properties of isotopes and allotropes within the same element.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Currently, IUPAC defines an element otherwise existing if it has an isotope with a lifespan longer than the 10−14 seconds required for a core to form an electron cloud. [29]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

In 1914, there were known seventy-two elements, all occurring naturally. [30]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The remaining natural elements were discovered or isolated in subsequent decades, and various additional elements have also been produced synthetically, most of which were initiated by Glenn T. Seaborg.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

In 1955, element 101 was discovered and named mendelevium in honor of D. I. Mendeleev, the first figure set the element periodically.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

More recently, the synthesis of element 118 (named oganeson) was reported in October 2006, and the synthesis of element 117 (tenesin) was reported in April 2010. [31]


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

The discovery and recognition of various elements The ten materials familiar to various prehistoric cultures now known as chemical elements are: Carbon, copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, sulfur, tin, and zinc.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Three other ingredients now accepted as elements are arsenic, antimony, and bismuth, which were recognized as distinct substances before 1500.


Question: what are the types of minerals that have been discovered?

Chemical elements

Phosphorus, cobalt, and platinum were isolated before 1750.