Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Other minority languages are Danish spoken on the border with Denmark, the Frisian language on the northern border with the Netherlands, Turkish as the language of immigrants from Turkey, the Russian language brought by immigrants from Ethnic Germans from Russia, and some languages of immigrants from Russia, and some languages of immigrants other minorities (Italian, Vietnamese, Arabic, and Balkan countries). 67% of German residents say they can communicate at least one foreign language and 27% of residents say they can communicate with 2 other foreign languages besides German. [72]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Education More than 99% of German residents age 15 and older are estimated to read and write. [8]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Education in this country is taken care of by their respective states.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Since the 1960s, a reform movement tried to unify German secondary education into a Gesamtschule (comprehensive school); some German states later simplified their school systems.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

This system is known as Duale Ausbildung (“dualism education”) which makes students in vocational schools to be able to study in a company. [74]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

This successful educational model was subsequently adopted worldwide. [75]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Kindergarten level education is available to all children aged 3-6 years, but it is not compulsory.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

After that, the child gets compulsory education for at least 9 years.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The length of primary education in the country is ranging from 4 to 6 years. [74]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Next, secondary education is available in 3 kinds: Gymnasium to prepare students for university, Realschule, and Hauptschule for vocational school students. [76]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

A general requirement for entering a university in Germany is the Abitur, a qualification that is based on continuous tests during the last years including the final school exam.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

However, there are some exceptions, and the requirements set vary depending on the subject, university, and state.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

German universities are internationally known, with 6 universities in the top 100 (according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) in 2008), and 18 in the top 200. [77]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Most German universities are public universities, with tuition only around €60 per semester (reaching €500 in Niedersachsen state). [78] [79] Thus, education has become affordable for almost all German residents. [80]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Universities in Germany are also included in the ranks of the oldest universities in the world.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The University of Heidelberg is the oldest (standing 1386), then followed the University of Leipzig (1409), the University of Rostock (1419), the University of Greifswald (1456), the University of Freiburg (1457), the LMU Munich (1472) and the University of Tübingen (1477).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Most German universities focus on teaching rather than research.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Research is carried out by independent institutes working on academic fields, such as Max Planck, Fraunhofer, Leibniz and Helmholtz.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

These specialization institutes are not included in academic rankings, thus making German universities seem low-ranked (such as the ARWU rankings).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Several technological institutes in Germany have begun to shift their focus to research.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Culture From its history, German culture was shaped by European intelligentsia, both religious and secular Jews.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In the past, Germany was referred to as Das Land der Dichter und Denker (“the country of poets and thinkers”), [81] because of the large number of famous writers and philosophers who influenced the development of Western culture and thought.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

There are so many cultural institutions in this country.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

There are 240 government-subsidized theatres, hundreds of symphony orchestras, thousands of museums and more than 25,000 libraries spread across the country.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

There are also many visitors and connoisseurs: more than 91 million museum visitors each year, 20 million theater and opera visitors, and 3.6 million symphony orchestra visitors. [82]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Until 2012, UNESCO recorded 37 World Heritage Sites from Germany. [83]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany has also had high gender equality, [84] promoted the disability rights movement, and was socially tolerant of homosexuals.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Gays and lesbians can adopt infants, and civil union has been allowed since 2001. [85]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany has also changed its attitude towards immigrants, the government and its population have begun to argue that immigration is perfectly legal but must be controlled and has certain qualification standards. [86]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany was the second most valuable country in the world among 50 countries in 2010. [87]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

A global poll conducted by the BBC in 2011 said that Germany was known to have the most positive influence on the world in 2011, [88] and to be the most positively viewed country of 2013. [89]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Art Many German painters gained international prestige through their works.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Albrecht Dürer, Hans Holbein the Younger, Matthias Grünewald and Lucas Cranach the Elder were important artists in Renaissance times, Peter Paul Rubens and Johann Baptist Zimmermann in Baroque times, Caspar David Friedrich and Carl Spitzweg on Romanticism, Max Liebermann on Impressionism and Max Ernst on Surrealism.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Music German classical music consists of works by the world's most famous composers, among them Ludwig van Beethoven, Johann Sebastian Bach, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johannes Brahms, Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany is Europe's largest music market and the third largest in the world. [90]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

German popular music in the 20th and 21st centuries among them Neue Deutsche Welle (Nena, Alphaville), Ostrock (City, Keimzeit), Metal/Rock (Rammstein, Scorpions), Punk (Die Ärzte, Die Toten Hosen), Pop rock (Beatsteaks, Tokio Hotel), Indie (Tocotronic, Blumfeld) and Hip Hop (Die Fantastischfeld) and Hip Hop (Die Fantastischeld) Dear Vier, Deichkind).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

JMPL|straight|"Sea Castle” architecture on Usedom Island, an example of resort architecture.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Such models are popular in the Baltic Sea region.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

German-style architecture was, among others, Carolingian and Ottonian, which was a precursor of Romanesque.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Brick Gothic in medieval times Brick Expressionism in modern times is 2 different styles that developed in Germany.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Also in the Renaissance and Baroque, there are German-style elements in it (such as the Weser Renaissance and the Dresden Baroque).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

As industrialization developed in Europe, styles of classicism and historicism flourished in Germany, sometimes referred to as the Gründerzeit style due to the economic surge in the late 19th century.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

German contemporary architects among them Hans Kollhoff, Helmut Jahn, Behnisch, Albert Speer Junior, Frei Otto, Oswald Mathias Ungers, Gottfried Böhm, Stephan Braunfels and Anna Heringer.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The literature and philosophy of German Literature can be traced from Medieval times, with works by Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Notable German writers include Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Theodor Fontane.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

A collection of folklore legends published by the Grimm Brothers popularized German folklore.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Famous German writers of the 20th century include Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, Heinrich Böll and Günter Grass. [91]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

German publishers produce more than 700 million books each year with 80,000 titles, around 60,000 of them new titles.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany is the third largest country in the number of books published, after English-speaking countries and the People's Republic of China. [92]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Frankfurt Book Fair is an international book trade event that has been running for 500 years. [93]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

German philosophy was also influential.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Gottfried Leibniz's contribution to rationalism; philosophy of enlightenment by Immanuel Kant; the rise of classical German idealism by Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling; formulations of communist theory by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; development of perspectivism by Friedrich Nietzsche, and Gottlob Frege's contributions to analytical philosophy. [94]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Food German food varies depending on the region.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The southern regions of Bavaria and Swabia, for example, share culinary traditions with Switzerland and Austria.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In all regions, meat is consumed in the form of sausages. [95]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Organic food has a market share of about 2% and is expected to continue to increase. [96]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Although wine is widely drunk in many parts of Germany, the country's national alcoholic drink is beer.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The country's beer consumption is decreasing, but with a rate of 121.4 liters per person (2009), this number is still one of the highest in the world. [97]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The German restaurant is also the second most decorated restaurant in the world, after France. [98]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Pork, cattle, and poultry are the most common types of meat found in Germany.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The average German consumes 61kg (134lb) of meat each year.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Among all poultry, chickens are most consumed, next are ducks, geese and turkeys.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany's 27 million sports are members of sports clubs plus another 12 million people who are livelihoods from sports. [99]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Football is the most popular sport in Germany.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

With 6.3 million official members, the German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-Bund) is the largest football organization in the world. [99]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The Bundesliga, the highest league of German football, is Germany's most popular sports league with the most tournament visitors averaging in the world.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The German national football team won the FIFA World Cups in 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany won the 1972, 1980, and 1996 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The country hosted the 1974 FIFA World Cup and the 2006 FIFA World Cup and the UEFA Championship of 1988.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Notable footballers include Franz Beckenbauer, Gerd Müller, Jürgen Klinsmann, Lothar Matthäus, and Oliver Kahn.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Other popular sports include handball, volleyball, ice hockey, and tennis. [99]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Germany is one of the world automotive champion countries.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Constructors such as BMW and Mercedes are the main constructors of the automotive championship.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

Porsche has won the 24 Hours of Le Mans 16 times and Audi has won it 11 times.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

German driver Michael Schumacher is also the world's most Formula One champion. [100]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

In general, German sportsmen also became successful participants at the Olympics, ranking third on the number of total medal gains (combining West and East Germany).


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Germany ranked fifth, [101] while at the 2006 Winter Olympics they managed to become champions. [102]


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

The country hosted the Summer Olympics 2 times, in 1936 and 1972.


Question: What is the extent of West Germany?

Germany

References See also Colombia List of States of Germany List of Cities in Germany List of Presidents of Germany List of Vice-Presidents of Germany List of German figures List of German Chancellors List of Vice-Chancellors List of islands in Germany Wehrmacht German Nation Nazism German Football Association Wikipedia German German Unification German Reunification German Democratic Union German Samoa Donau History German New Guinea German Emperor German Cuisine Nazi Holocaust German football national team Germany Border Oder-Neisse Indonesian Student Association in Germany Outlink Transclusion error: { {en}} is only for use in File namespace.


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— Actual multilingual German web portal from BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of Germany — Germany's international broadcaster at UCB Libraries GovPubs at Curlie — by the German Federal Foreign Office — Federal Statistical Office Germany Geographic data related to at OpenStreetMap from International Futures Government Tourism Category:Countries in Central Europe Category:G8 Countries Category:G20 Countries Category:NATO Member States Category:European Union Member States Category:United Nations Member States Category:Western Europe


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Main Page One Piece (Japanese:ンース, Hepburn:Wan Pīsu) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Eiichiro Oda.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The manga has been published in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine since July 22, 1997, and has been bundled into 91 tankōbon volumes.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The story chronicles the adventures of Monkey D. Luffy, a boy who possesses the ability of a rubber-like elastic body after accidentally eating the Devil Fruit.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

With his pirate crew, named the Straw Hat Pirates, Luffy explores the Grand Line in search of the world's largest treasure known as “One Piece” in order to become the next Pirate King.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The manga has been adapted into an original video animation (OVA) produced by Production I.G in 1998, and an anime series produced by Toei Animation, which began airing in Japan in 1999.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

In addition, Toei has also produced thirteen animated films, one OVA and eleven television special episodes.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Several companies have developed different types of trinkets such as trading card games and some video games.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Its mangan version has been licensed for release in English in North America and the United Kingdom by Viz Media and in Australia by Madman Entertainment.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Its anime version had been licensed by 4Kids Entertainment for the release of the English version in North America in 2004, before the license was revoked and subsequently acquired by Funimation in 2007.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

One Piece has received acclaim for its storyline, drawings, characterizations, and humor.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Several volumes from this manga have broken publishing records, including the highest initial print run of any book in Japan.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The official website for Eiichiro Oda's One Piece manga announced that the manga has achieved a Guinness World Record for the category “the most copies published for the same comic book series by a single author”.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Through May 2018, the manga has sold to over 440 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling manga series in history.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

One Piece also became the best-selling manga for ten consecutive years in 2017.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The popularity of the One Piece Manga began to be serialized in Shonen Jump magazine issue #34 on August 4, 1997.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Her animen began production by Toei Animation on Fuji Television on October 20, 1999.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

At first, Eiichiro Oda planned that One Piece would run about 5 years, and he had set his ending.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

But he too “enjoyed” the storyline and now he doesn't know when One Piece will end.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

One Piece is the best-selling manga throughout the history of Shonen Jump.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

This manga is also what caused Shonen Jump's total sales to rise on this past 11 years.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Volume 25 holds the record for manga sales in Japan, with 2,630,000 units sold at first print.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

And volume 46 reached over 140,000,000 units sold and was the fastest manga to reach total sales of 100,000,000.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

To date One Piece is breaking the record as the best-selling manga in history.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

One Piece's success even exceeds the combined no 2 Naruto, no 3 Kimi ni Todoke, no 4 Fairy Tail, no 5 Bleach, no 6 Bakuman, no 7 Gintama, and no 8 Fullmetal Alchemist with total One Piece sales of over 300 million copies.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

One Piece also broke the fastest selling world record with volume 63 sold 2,119,400 in 4 days (although the previous record also held One Piece volumes 60 and 61).


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

In addition One Piece also broke the Japanese record as the most first Prints.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

One Piece volume 63 holds the Japanese record with 3.9 million copies in the first print (although the previous record held One Piece 60, 61, and 62) the record before One Piece is Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix with 2.9 million copies.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Protagonists The following list of figures is focused solely on the Straw Hat Pirate Group.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The roles of being the “bad guys” in the series are diverse, ranging from other Pirates to members of the government (World Government).


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

But the one who acts as an enemy in outline is the navy.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Monkey D. Luffy Alias: Straw Hat, Rubber Man.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Job title: Capt.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Ransom/Bounty: ฿1,500,000,000 Luffy has the ideal of becoming a Pirate King after meeting Shanks the Redhead who layovers on the island of his birth, Fusha.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The straw hat that became his trademark was a gift from Shanks and he promised to give the hat back to him when they reunited.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Luffy is a demon fruit eater Gomu Gomu no Mi so he became a rubber man. This ability makes him have the same attributes as rubber, such as stretchy, electric silencer, etc.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The characteristic feature of his fighting is to attack by elongating parts of his body.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

All his savior names are always prefixed with the word “Gomu-gomu” and then followed by the name of the weapon or artillery (e.g.: 'Gomu Gomu no Pistol', 'Gomu Gomu no Bazooka', 'Gomu Gomu no Gatling', etc).


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Gear Second: The technique accelerates blood flow but his organs are not destroyed due to the rubber attributes on his body.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The effect of this Gear Second is that speed or agility increases.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The word “jet” is also appended in the name of his savior (example: Gomu Gomu no Jet pistol).


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

If coupled with Haki, his fist will cause an explosive effect.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Gear Third: The technique of bone-killing by blowing it like a balloon.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The effect of Gear Third is that its attack power increases, but attack speed decreases.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The word “Gigant” is also appended in the name of his savior (example: Gomu Gomu no Gigant Pistol).


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

If added haki his hand becomes black and gets louder.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Gear Four: The technique of enlarging a body the size of a gorilla, by incorporating boushuku haki.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

This power is similar to the body of a gorilla with extremely powerful crushed power.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

And coupled with the strength of the piercing that can be mental in the air. (this power appeared in the dressrosa while fighting the sichibukai Donquixote Doflamingo).


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Hybrid: Combined of Gear Second and Gear Third.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The word “Shell” is appended in the name of his savior.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Roronoa Zoro Alias: Pirate Hunter, Three Swords.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Position: Vice Captain, Swordsman.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Ransom/Bounty: ฿320,000,000 Is the first crew to join the Straw Hat Group and serve as vice-captain.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

His fighting technique uses 3 swords which are rare swords in the world of One Piece.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Zoro has ideals to become the strongest swordsman in the world, inheriting the ideals of his childhood best friend, Kuina, who died in an accident.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Nami Alias: Cat Thief.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Job title: Navigator.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Ransom/Bounty: ฿66,000,000 Navigator of the Straw Hat Group who can feel the changing weather with his body.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Another ability besides navigation is stealing and making maps.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The ideal of Nami is to create a map of the whole world.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The weapon used was a stick with various modifications from Usopp.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Usopp Alias: Long Nose, God Usopp, Soge King.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Job title: Sniper.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Ransom/Bounty: ฿200,000,000 Snipers in the Straw Hat Pirate Group.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Aspiring to be a brave sniper across the ocean and want to go to Elbaf Island.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

His father, Yasopp, was a sniper in the Shanks Pirate Group.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Very fond of lying, and telling stories aloft.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Fight with slingshot shot with unique bullets and traps.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

After 2 years of exercise is able to control Pop Green, a plant that can grow aggressively and quickly.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

In the Arc Dressrosa Usopp gets the power of sight haki, which she can see Sugar (a member of the Donquixote Doflamingo pirate family) wanting to touch Luffy and Law with the aim of transforming them into toys, and she can see the presence of sugar and shoot a trap containing image himself with his eyes and tongue protruding out.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

According to himself, he was among the 3 weakest people in the group, in addition to Nami and Chopper.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Although one of the weakest 3, he was the one who dared to fight against the captain Monkey D. Luffy and burn the flag of the World Government.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Vinsmoke Sanji Alias: Black Legs, Circular Eyebrows.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Job title: Chef.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Ransom/Bounty: ฿330,000,000 Chef in the members of the Straw Hat Pirates and is a rival of Roronoa Zoro.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Sanji was a nobleman from the powerful land of Germa 66 he fled his kingdom becoming a chef on a ship.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

He's a chef who aspires to discover the legendary ocean where all sources of foodstuffs come from, namely All Blue.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

He was also a disciple of Zeff the Red Kaki, a powerful chef from Baratie Restaurant who used to be a pirate.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Sanji is very flirtatious towards women.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Sanji has a principle that will not hurt women even if they have to die.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Sanji uses both his legs to fight and never uses his hands because according to him, hands are a treasure trove for a chef.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Sanji fights with a very powerful kick technique.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

He can also wear a “Diable Jump/Diable Jumble” tenknik that makes his feet give off fire.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

This technique can strengthen his kicks and exert a burning effect on his enemy.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Includes 3 strongest members of the Straw Hat Group.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

In addition, his latest flagship is Hell Memories which always reminds him while on the island of Okama where Emporio Ivankov (a member of the Revolutionary Forces) and this move is more powerful than Diable Jambe and Sky Walk that can walk above the sky.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Tony Tony Chopper Alias: Cotton Candy Lovers.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Job title: Doctor.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Ransom/Bounty: ฿100 This reindeer tangible doctor has seven forms of change.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Chopper carried out the wishes of the world's greatest doctor Hiluluk, who aspires to cure all the diseases that exist in the world.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

He is Hito Hito's demon fruit eater so as to speak like a human being.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The power of Hito-Hito's fruit also makes it able to transform into various forms including becoming a monster.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

After 2 years, he can wear his monster form without losing consciousness.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Nico Robin Alias: Son of the Devil.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Job title: Archaeologist.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Ransom/Bounty: ฿130,000,000 The world's only archaeologist left from Ohara Island who examines the origin of the initials' D 'through Poneglyph who reveals the true occurrence of 100 years of lost history.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

It is the most sought by the world government because it is considered a demon that can destabilize world peace.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

This is evidenced by the game value at the time when the age of 8 years is very high.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Devil fruit eater Hana Hana can thus double her limbs anywhere (but more often double her hands).


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Fighting with his body, can be used for various variations of moves (such as growing a hand on the opponent's body and hitting it).


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

When using his powers he crosses his arms.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Franky/Cutty Flam Alias: Cyborg.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Job title: Carpenter.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Ransom/Bounty: ฿94,000,000 Cyborg as well as a ship carpenter who aspires to build a dream ship, a ship capable of wading across the ocean like the ship of Pirate King Gol D. Roger, Oro Jackson, made by Tom.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

As Tom is captured by the Navy, Frangky intends to stop the oversea train transporting Tom to Ennies Lobby.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

As a result, he was hit by the train and narrowly died.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

To survive, he changes his body structure with various technologies to become a Cyborg.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Franky's fighting techniques are quite varied.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

He uses weapons hidden all over his body, and uses Cola as fuel. 2 years later, after regrouping, Frangky reassembles his body with advanced technology from the Navy, which is the result of research from Vegapunk, a scientist from the Force The sea.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

In addition he has now developed a combat robot that he named “General Iron Pirates”. and these robots can transform into combat motorcycles and steel tanks.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Brook Alias: The Humming Swordsman.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Job title: Musician.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Ransom/Bounty: ฿83,000,000 Afro haired skull man and also a musician who was recruited after the events of Thriller Bark.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

He was a pirate who promised a whale named Laboon and aspired to continue the journey to Raftel, the island of the end of the world and promised to come back to Laboon.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Fight using his sword and violin.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The power of his music can hypnotize people listening to his songs and can also lull people.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The demon fruit eater Yomi Yomi which means to come back to life.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

In fact he died a long time ago, but because of the power of this demon fruit his spirit returned and found the remains that had lived bones.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

After 2 years of practice being able to connect his broken body, his sword can freeze and can remove the spirit from the body of his skull.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The Manga One Piece Manga Media Location was created by Eiichiro Oda.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

One Piece manga began to be published by Weekly Shonen Jump magazine since August 4, 1997.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Until November 20, 2013 One Piece already has 799 chapters and 75 volumes.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

One Piece manga is the best-selling manga in Japanese history.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The One Piece manga has sold more than 300 million copies.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The One Piece manga also received many acclaim and accolades.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Anime The Popularity of One Piece in Weekly Shonen Jump, made Toei Animation decided to create its anime series.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The animen rating is very high and until now has been released 789 episodes on May 21, 2017, 13 films, and 3 OVAs.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The beginning of the One Piece anime era is actually a One Piece OVA, which is One Piece: Defeat the Pirate Ganzackt! , published in 1997 then followed weekly impressions per episode.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Starting episode 207 forward, One Piece was broadcast in a high-definition video feature with 1080i resolution.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

One Piece broadcast an average of 4 episodes per month.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

Movies Since 2000, every spring Toei Animation releases a one-piece animated film.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The released films had a better graphic level than weekly impressions.


Question: where was Eiichiro Oda born?

One Piece

The following is a list of films that have been released: Reference Advanced reading Outlinks (in Japanese) in Weekly Shōnen Jump (in Japanese) at Toei Animation (in Japanese) on Viz Media at Madman Entertainment in Funimation (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia Category:Manga of the year 1997 Category:Anime films of the year 1998 Category:Anime series of 1999 Category:Anime films of the year 2008 Category:Anime and adventure manga Category:Anime series that are based on manga Category:Asia Television Limited Category:Cyborg Comics Category:Anime and Manga Fantasy Category:Fuji Television Television Category:Funimation Category:Japanese Action Television Series Category:Japanese Fantasy Television Series Category:Manga that were adapted into films Category:Odex Category:Piracy in Fiction Category:Manga Shōnen Category:Manga Shueisha Category:Fiction about size change Category:Original video animation Toei Animation Category:Television Toei Animation Category:Toonami Category:Manga Viz Media Category:Warfare in Fiction Category:Pirates in anime and manga


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Nail herbs, nails, or ferns are a group of plants with a true system of vessels (Tracheophyta) but never produce seeds for their sexual reproduction.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Instead of seeds, this group of plants releases spores as a means of dissemination and propagation, resembling groups of organisms such as lichens and fungi.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Spike plants are scattered throughout all parts of the world, except perennial snowy areas and oceans, with a tendency to be found growing in places infertile for agriculture.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

The total known species is about 12,000 [2], with an estimated 1,300 [3] to 3000 more [4] species of which grow in the Malesia region (which includes Indonesia).


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

The classical grouping of members of the nail plant (Pteridophyta, in the broadest sense, i.e. according to Haeckel (1866) [5]) on current knowledge is considered paraphyletic.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Of the groups of the main branches of vascular plants, one group of which includes wire spikes, seedlings, as well as ranes, turned out to be the earliest dividing from the rest of the group.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

The group is now included in the Lycopodiophyta divisio.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

This led to “Pteridophyta” now having two notions: a broad meaning (as the classical meaning, includes Lycopodiophyta) and a narrow meaning (the classical meaning minus Lycopodiophyta).


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

The narrow-meaning nail plant group is holophyletic or monophyletic, and is now called Pteridophyta or, to avoid confusion, called Polypodiophyta or Monilophyta.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

The oldest nail fossils date back to Devon, about 360 million years ago [6] but modern tribes and types appeared only about 145 million years ago, in the early Cretaceous period, when flowering plants were already dominating the earth's vegetation.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

The utilization of nail plants by humans is limited.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Most become ornamental plants, a small portion eaten, as medicinal herbs, or raw materials for tools for daily activities.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Characteristic and botanical The outer form (morphology) of spikes plants is manifold, according to the results of the evolution of their adaptation.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

In general, ferns are known for their leaves growing from shoots in “roll open” (Javanese: mlungker) or circinate vernation in English.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Nevertheless, this feature actually applies only to spikes of leptosporangiatae and members of the Marattiales.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

The external appearance of spikes there are trees (tree spikes, usually unbranched), shrubs, epiphytes, vines, floats in water, hydrophytes, but usually in the form of terna with rhizomes that radiate in the ground or humus.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

The photosynthetic and reproductive organ of spikes is called ental (English frond) of varying sizes, from a few millimeters to six meters.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

The fledgling true nail ental always rolls like the handle of a violin and becomes one characteristic feature.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Most members of the paku-pakuan grow in wet tropic areas.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Pakuan tend to be found in marginal growing conditions, such as moist forest floors, hilly cliffs, clinging or creeping on tree trunks or rocks, in waterpools/lakes, areas around volcanic craters, as well as sidelines of unmaintained buildings [3].


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Sufficient availability of water over a certain time span is necessary because one of the stages of its life depends on the presence of water, namely as a medium of movement of sperm cells towards the egg.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Therefore, this plant is also more widely found in wet and shaded mountain areas.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Hereditary turn (metagenesis) The lifecycle of spikes knows the hereditary turn (metagenesis), which consists of two stages: gametophytes and sporophytes.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

The spike plant that we easily see is a form of sporophyte phase (sporophyte, meaning “plant with spores”) because it produces spores.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

The generational form of gametophyte (gametophyte, meaning “plant with gametes”) is called protalus (prothallus) or protalium (prothallium), which is a small plant in the form of green sheets, similar to liver lichen, not rooted (but has pseudo roots (rizoid) as its replacement), not stemless, leafless.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Prothallium grows from spores that fall in moist places.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Protalium produces anteridium (antheridium, spermatozoid producing or male sex cells) and archaegonium (archegonium, ovum-producing organ or egg cell).


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Both anteridium and archaegonium are microscopic in size, it is not easy to see the eye without the help of special tools.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Fertilization of an absolute egg requires water assistance as the spermatozoid medium moves by swimming towards the archagonium to fertilize the egg.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

The fertilized ovum develops into a zygote, which in turn grows into a new sporophyte.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Some spike plants (such as members of Selaginellales and Salviniales) have smaller sized male spores, called microspores, than female spores, called megaspores or macrospores.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

This symptom is called heterospore (the growth is called heterospor).


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Groups with equally large spore sizes are called homospors.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Seed plants (Spermatophyta) also have lifecycles such as heterospor spikes but have evolved further so that their gametophyte stage cannot live independently and must be buffeted to life by sporophytes.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

The spores produced directly grow into pollen (males) or embryonic sacs (females).


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Member coverage and classification Traditionally, as taught in secondary schools, spikes (Pteridophyta, broad meaning) include all spored plants (Tracheophyta), or spored cormophies in addition to liver lichen (Hepatophyta), horn moss (Anthocerophyta), and herbs true moss (Musci) [7].


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Pteridophyta is placed in a divisio taxon with five classes: Psilotiinae (e.g. Psilotum bare spikes) Lycopodiinae (e.g. rane, kumpai, and wire spikes) Isoëtinae Equisetinae (betung grass or horsetail spikes) Filicinae/Filices (true/true spikes, includes Eusporangiatae (order Ophioglossales and Marattiales) and Leptosporangiatae).


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Until now, the science that studies these groups is called pteridology and experts are called pteridologists.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Fundamental changes were published by Smith et al. (2006) [1], by submitting revisions to present-day nail plants (not covering extinct fossil spike plants) based on morphological data and supported by the results of molecular analysis (plastid DNA sequences).


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Under this proposal, Lycopodiinae and Isoëtinae are considered vascular plants that first separated from the others, thus grouped in their own divisios: Lycopodiophyta (or Lycophyta [8]).


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Nails and seedlings are in another group, called Euphyllophytina (or Pterophyta [8]).


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Subsequently all the remaining spored cormophytes are joined in one large group, which is worth saying as a member of the real spike plant divisio (Pteridophyta).


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

New names proposed to prevent the consternation of Pteridophyta coverage are “Monilophyta” (from moniliform, “necklace-shaped”, referring to the necklace-like stele shape that the plant belongs to which is considered the ancestor of all modern nail plants [9]) or “" Polypodiophyta” (from Polypodium, a genus of which being the type genus).


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

This revision of Smith et al. (2006) also shows that a number of nail-pakuan that used to be considered primitive spikes, such as members of Psilotales, turned out to be more closely related to Ophioglossales (which were formerly members of the class Filicinae considered more “modern”), while tail spikes horses (Equisetales) are as close to true spikes as well as towards Marattiales.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Since this new classification was published, coupled with some continued improvements [10] [11], the agreement on the classification of nail plants until 2013, is as follows (up to the taxon of the nation/order) [1] [12]: Classification of spikes (with narrowed scope) it divides into four class [13]: Psilotopsida (includes the nation Psilotaless and ophioglossales), about 92 species of Equisetopsida (horsetail spikes and including its extinct relatives), with about 15 species still surviving on earth Marattiopsida, about 150 species of Polypodiopsida (covering the entire spikes leptosporangiataea), more than 9000 species.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Continued research then exists that separates Psilotales from Ophioglossales [10].


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

As a result of this grouping, Marattiales and Ophioglossales, traditionally regarded as “true spikes” (one of them due to their young leaf shoots that develop rollingly unfolding), do not belong to the “truly true” class of spikes (sensu Leptosporangiatae) [14].


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

The development of nail plant classification until 2014 generally agreed on the classification to the level of the nation (order), but still issues how the relationship between these nations and their respective members in it.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

For example, Rai and Graham (2010) state “until now perhaps what can be said based on modern studies on the form of relationships among large groups of genealogies in monilophyta is that we do not really know them" [15].


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Grewe et al. (2013) still ensure the inclusion of horsetail spikes in the plant of spikes, but also reminds there is obscurity in the actual position. [10].


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

They showed that horsetail spikes form a group with Psilotopsida, in contrast to Smith et al. (2006) who placed horsetail spikes as cousins of Marattiopsida and Polypodiopsida.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

The most recent classifications that indicate the direction of changes in the classification of spikes, including Lycopodiales, published by Christenhusz and Chase (2014) [16].


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Utilization Due to the tendency to grow in marginal places, spikes are not a group of plants that have a prominent cultural role.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Many of its members become ornamental plants, whether garden, yard, or put in pots as veranda plants or indoor plants (indoor plants).


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Examples are various sword nails (Nephrolepis), various epiphytic spikes (e.g. deer antler spikes, kadaka, Davallia, Drynaria, often spontaneously grown and then preserved), suplir (Adiantum), various tree spikes, and some water spikes for aquarium trimmers (i.e.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Ceratopteris thalictroides).


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Young entals some types of spikes can be vegetable, such as vegetable spikes Diplazium esculentum, kadaka (in Taiwan), and Cyathea (by Maori people in New Zealand).


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Different types of Azolla are symbiotic with air-free nitrogen-binding bacteria (Anabaena azollae).


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

As a result, Azolla biomass (“azo” means binding to nitrogen) contains high nitrogen and is utilized in agriculture as green manure [17].


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

There are types of spikes that are both heavy metal hoarders and potential in phytoremediation, such as Pteris vittata and Azolla spp. [18].


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Spores extracted from Lycopodium strobilus are utilized as lycopodium powder commonly used for explosive effects because they will ignite very strongly but with low temperatures making it safe enough for entertainment.


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

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Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

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Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

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Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

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Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes


Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

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Question: What are the features of nail plants?

Plant spikes

Category:Botany Category:Plantae Category:Pteridophyta


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

Nokia Corporation is the world's largest telecommunications equipment manufacturer as well as being the largest company in Finland.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

Its headquarters is in the Finnish city of Espoo, and the company is best known for its mobile phone products.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

Nokia manufactures mobile phones for the entire market and major protocols, including GSM, CDMA, and W-CDMA (UMTS).


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

Currently the license of the Nokia branded smart phone and handheld phone business has been owned by HMD Global alongside FIH Mobile (a subsidiary of Foxconn) from December 2016 to next 2026.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

HMD Global is in charge of developer while FIH Mobile is in charge of manufacturing.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

History of Nokia The word Nokia comes from the name of a community living on the river Emakoski in the country of Southern Finland.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

Nokia was founded as a pulp milling company by Fredrik Idestam in 1865.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

The Finnish Rubber Company later established its factory in the surrounding area in the early 20th century and began using the Nokia brand.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

Shortly after the end of World War I, the Finnish Rubber Company acquired the Nokia Wood Milling Company and the Finnish Cable Company (a manufacturer of telephone and telegraph cables).


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

The three companies were merged into Nokia Corporation in 1967.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

It was later developed into a pulp machine and paper maker in 1920 and was the leading papermaking mill in Europe.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

In the 1950s Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Björn Westerlund predicted, that the future growth of several sectors of wood pulp and paper would be limited and instead built an electronics division in the Helsinki cable factory, from here that the forerunner began to serve to the mobile sector.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

For 15 years Nokia Elektronik endured a trial period of diverse errors.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

However, from all the mistakes and experiments, gradually awakened the substantial skills of a talented group of experts.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

The 1970s Nokia and the television-making factory Salora joined forces to develop a mobile phone (mobile phone).


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

In the 1980s the whole of Salora was integrated into Nokia.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

At the same time Nokia acquired the telephone network operations of the Government Telecommunications Company Televa.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

However, not all the efforts made by Nokia to become the world's leading mobile phone manufacturer were successful.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

In the 1980s it bought a German television factory, SEL, but was forced to abandon it because it did not run smoothly.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

In early 1981, Nokia successfully launched a product called Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT).


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

NMT represents the world's first multinational mobile network.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

Because of this, throughout the decade of the 1980s NMT was introduced to a number of countries and received a tremendous welcome.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

Then at the beginning of the 1990s, Nokia had a crisis, but the new CEO, Jorma Ollila, decided to focus on mobile telephony and telephone networks.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

As a result, the first GSM phone in the world appeared in Finland in 1991.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

Then the global mobile phone market began to develop very quickly in the mid-1990s and Nokia products became the number one.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

Now as many as 2,100 series of Nokia phones are successful.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

The sales target of 500 thousand units was successfully achieved in 1994.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

With a workforce of 54 thousand people, Nokia products are sold in 130 countries.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

Now probably everyone knows a mobile phone that is easy in operation is Nokia, because that's Nokia's motto.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

Since long ago the country of Finland was very dependent on the forest, which was timber, as one of the Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Jyrki Vesikansa said, “We used to live from the forest, but now we can add to Nokia”.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

On August 15, 2007, the central Nokia conducted a recall of the battery type BL-5C, one of the most popular batteries for Nokia phones at this time. [4]


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

On September 3, 2013, Microsoft will buy Nokia's device and services business unit for 3.79 billion euros (5 billion U.S. dollars) and 1.65 billion euros (2.2 billion U.S. dollars) to license Nokia patents.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

If it is debated, Microsoft will have to reach 5.44 billion euros (7.2 billion U.S. dollars or about Rp 79 trillion) for its plan to acquire Nokia's main business. [5]


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

Gallery Nokia Lumia 920 and Nokia N9.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

Nokia smartphone products.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

Nokia 3530, one of Nokia's mobile phone products.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

Several types of mobile phones manufactured by Nokia.


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia


Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

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Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

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Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

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Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

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Question: where is the head office of Symbian Ltd?

Nokia

Category:Finnish Companies Category:Telecommunications Companies Category:Companies Founded in 1865


Question: What is a molecular structure?

Chemical structure

Chemical structure is a modeling of the structure of a chemical compound that provides information about how a different atom forms a molecule, or an aggregate of atoms.


Question: What is a molecular structure?

Chemical structure

This information includes molecular geometry, electron configuration and, where appropriate, crystal structure. [1] [2] Molecular geometry refers to the spatial order of atoms in a molecule (including bond lengths and bond angles) as well as the chemical bonds that hold atoms together.


Question: What is a molecular structure?

Chemical structure

Molecular geometry should explain the simplest forms of molecules such as oxygen or nitrogen, which are more complex, such as protein molecules or DNA. [3] [4] By this term we can also refer to structures where there is no molecule itself.


Question: What is a molecular structure?

Chemical structure

Ionic or covalent compounds do not form molecules but form three-dimensional networks, large aggregates of atoms or ions, with regular, symmetric and periodic structures.


Question: What is a molecular structure?

Chemical structure

Once the chemical structure of a molecule is known or assumed, it is possible to represent it using molecular spherical models such as ball-and-peg models or filled-space models. [5]


Question: What is a molecular structure?

Chemical structure

Covalent molecular geometry The spatial arrangement of atoms in a given molecule is one that allows the formation of bonds between these atoms with the slightest repulsion between their electron clouds, which tend to move as far as possible to each other.


Question: What is a molecular structure?

Chemical structure

Valence electron skin pair repulsion theory (VSEPR theory) provides an approximate prediction of the shape or structure of many single molecules from shared electron pairs and free electron pairs on each of the central atoms. [1]


Question: What is a molecular structure?

Chemical structure

The molecular geometry of a chemical compound can be roughly described by the structure formula, using 2D and 3D models.


Question: What is a molecular structure?

Chemical structure

The electron configuration describes the distribution of atomic electrons between different energy levels and sub-levels as well as the orbital occupation of compound molecules.


Question: What is a molecular structure?

Chemical structure

Simple molecular geometry and structure VSEPR theory provides a good approximation of the shape and structure of many molecules, which is complemented by other inputs such as hybridization theory or hybrid orbital theory (OH).


Question: What is a molecular structure?

Chemical structure

The table below shows some simple molecules, with some of the most common forms.


Question: What is a molecular structure?

Chemical structure

Obviously, as the number of atoms in a molecule increases, the complexity of its structure increases and the difficulty of determining it increases.


Question: What is a molecular structure?

Chemical structure

Some molecules whose structure is difficult to determine are as follows.


Question: What is a molecular structure?

Chemical structure

Determination of chemical structure In determining the structure of a chemical compound, which generally aims to obtain, at a minimum, the pattern and multiplicity of bonds between all atoms in a molecule; When possible, one can look for the three-dimensional spatial coordinates of the atoms inside the molecule (or solid substances other).


Question: What is a molecular structure?

Chemical structure

Methods by which one can explain the structure of a molecule include spectroscopy such as nuclear magnetic resonance (proton and carbon-13 NMR) [12], various mass spectrometry methods (to give the overall molecular mass, as well as mass fragments) [13] [14], and ray crystallography -x whenever possible. [15] [16] The latter technique could produce three-dimensional models with optical resolution resolution resolution, as long as crystals were available.


Question: What is a molecular structure?

Chemical structure

When a molecule has an unpaired electron spin in the functional cluster of its structure, ENDOR and electron spin resonance spectroscopy can also be performed. [17]


Question: What is a molecular structure?

Chemical structure

Vibration, infrared and Raman spectroscopy techniques, provide important supporting information regarding the number and proximity of multiple bonds, and regarding the types of functional groups (whose internal bonds provide vibration marks) [18]; further inferential studies that give insight into Contributing molecular electronic structures include cyclic voltametry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The latter technique becomes even more important when molecules contain metal atoms, and when crystallographically required crystals or specific types of atoms required by NMR are not available for exploitation in structure determination.


Question: What is a molecular structure?

Chemical structure

Finally, more specialized methods such as electron microscopy also apply in some cases.


Question: What is a molecular structure?

Chemical structure

See also Chemical Structure Diagram Principle Pauli's Principle of Aufbau Octet Crystallography Reference Further reading Warren Gallagher, 2006, “Lecture 7: Structure Determination by X-ray Crystallography,” in Chem 406: Biophysical Chemistry, self-published course notes, Eau Claire, WI, USA:University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Department of Chemistry, see, accessed July 2, 2014.


Question: What is a molecular structure?

Chemical structure

Category:Chemistry Category:Analytical chemistry


Question: what is the name of the currency used in India?

Indian Rupee

The Indian rupee (Devanagari: रुपया) (symbol: ₹; ISO 4217 code: INR) is the official currency of the Indian state of which each unit is divided into 100 paisa.


Question: what is the name of the currency used in India?

Indian Rupee

The most commonly used symbol for the rupee is Rs.


Question: what is the name of the currency used in India?

Indian Rupee

The currency was used first since 1862.


Question: what is the name of the currency used in India?

Indian Rupee

Like the Indonesian Rupiah, the Indian word “Rupee” (read rupi) is derived from Sanskrit rupyakam (रूप्यकम्) meaning silver.


Question: what is the name of the currency used in India?

Indian Rupee

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Question: what is the name of the currency used in India?

Indian Rupee

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Question: what is the name of the currency used in India?

Indian Rupee

History of Rupee until 1923AD Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: what is the name of the currency used in India?

Indian Rupee

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: what is the name of the currency used in India?

Indian Rupee

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Question: what is the name of the currency used in India?

Indian Rupee

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: what is the name of the currency used in India?

Indian Rupee


Question: what is the name of the currency used in India?

Indian Rupee

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: what is the name of the currency used in India?

Indian Rupee

Category:Currency Category:Economy of India India


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

JMPL|Arca Harihara, the combined deity of Shiva and Vishnu as a depiction of Kertarajasa.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Originally located at Simping Temple, Blitar, it is now in the collection of the National Museum of the Republic of Indonesia.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Kertarajasa Jayawardhana or also called Raden Wijaya (born:? - death: Majapahit, 1309) was the founder of Majapahit Kingdom as well as the first king of Majapahit who reigned in 1293-1309, held Prabu Kertarajasa Jayawardana, or complete Nararya Sanggramawijaya Sri Maharaja Kertarajasa Jayawardhana.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Original Name Raden Wijaya is a name commonly used by historians to name the founder of Majapahit Kingdom.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

The name is contained in Pararaton written around the end of the 15th century.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Sometimes Pararaton also wrote it in full, namely Raden Harsawijaya.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Whereas according to the evidence of inscriptions, during Wijaya's life (13th or 14th century) the use of raden title was not yet popular.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Nagarakretagama written in mid-14th century calls the founder of Majapahit named Dyah Wijaya.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

The title “dyah” was a popular title of nobility at the time and became the forerunner of the title “Raden”.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

The term Raden itself is thought to be derived from the word Ra Dyah or Ra Dyan or Ra Hadyan.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

The most appropriate original name of the founder of Majapahit is Nararya Sanggramawijaya, as this name is contained in the Kudadu inscription issued by Wijaya himself in 1294.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

The title Nararya is also a title of knighthood, although the title Dyah is more often used.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Origins According to Pararaton, Raden Wijaya was the son of Mahisa Campaka, a prince of the Singhasari Kingdom.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

He grew up in the neighbourhood of Singhasari Kingdom.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

According to Pustaka Rajya Rajya i Bhumi Nusantara, compiled by Cirebon Sultanate included into the Wangsakerta Manuscript.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Raden Wijaya is the son of couple Rakyan Jayadarma and Dyah Lembu Tal.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

His father was the son of Prabu Guru Darmasiksa, king of the Sunda Kingdom of Galuh, while his mother was the daughter of Mahisa Campaka of Singhasari Kingdom.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Thus, Raden Wijaya is a fusion of Sundanese and Javanese blood.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

After Rakyan Jayadarma was killed poisoned by his enemy, Lembu Tal went home to Singhasari taking with him Wijaya.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Thus, Raden Wijaya was supposed to be the 27th king of the Sunda Kingdom of Galuh.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Instead, he founded Majapahit after the death of king Kertanegara, the last Singhasari king, who was his mother's cousin.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

The above story is similar to Babad Tanah Jawi which calls the founder of Majapahit Kingdom named Jaka Sesuruh son of Pabu Sri Pamekas king of Pajajaran Kingdom, which is also located in the Sunda region.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Jaka Semuruh fled to the east because he was defeated by his half-brother named Siyung Wanara.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

He then built Majapahit Kingdom and turned to override Siyung Wanara.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

The above news is opposite to Nagarakretagama calling Dyah Lembu Tal was a man, son of Narasinghamurti.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

The manuscript praises Lembu Tal as a valiant yuda officer and was the father of Dyah Wijaya.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

The genealogy of the Raden Wijaya Family in the Balawi inscription of 1305 proclaims him to be a member of Wangsa Rajasa.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

According to Nagarakretagama, Wijaya was the son of Dyah Lembu Tal, son of Narasinghamurti.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

According to Pararaton, Narasinghamurti alias Mahisa Campaka was the son of Mahisa Wonga Teleng son of Ken Arok founder of Wangsa Rajasa. [1].


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

According to Balawi and Nagarakretagama inscriptions, Raden Wijaya was married to four princesses of Kertanagara, the last king of Singhasari Kingdom, namely Tribhuwaneswari, Narendraduhita, Jayendradewi, and Gayatri.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

While according to Pararaton, he married only two princesses Kertanagara, as well as a princess from Malayu Kingdom named Dara Petak, one of the two princesses brought back from Malay by troops who used to be sent by Kertanagara known as Pamalayu Expedition during the time of the Singhasari kingdom.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Dara Petak was one of the daughters of Srimat Tribhuwanaraja Mauliwarmadewa the Malay King of Dharmasraya Kingdom [2].


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

According to the Sukamerta inscription and the Balawi inscription, Raden Wijaya had a son from Tribhuwaneswari named Jayanagara. [3] Whereas Jayanagara according to Pararaton was the son of Dara Petak, and according to Nagarakretagama was the son of Indreswari.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Meanwhile, from Gayatri were born two daughters named Dyah Gitarja and Dyah Wiyat.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

But there is also another opinion, where Raden Wijaya also took Dara Jingga who is also one of the princess of the Malay Kingdom as his wife apart from Dara Petak, because Dara Jingga is also known as sira alaki deity — she who married the deity.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Established Majapahit Village According to Kudadu Inscription, in 1292 there was a revolt of Jayakatwang regent Gelang-Gelang against the rule of Singhasari Kingdom.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Raden Wijaya appointed Kertanegara to defeat the Gelang-Gelang forces attacking from the north of Singhasari.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Wijaya manages to repulse his enemy.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

However a larger rebel force came from a southerly direction and succeeded in killing Kertanagara.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Realizing that, Raden Wijaya fled about to take refuge to Terung to the north of Singhasari.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

But as he continued to be pursued by the enemy he chose to go eastward.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

With the help of village chief Kudadu, he managed to cross the Madura Strait to meet Arya Wiraraja the ruler of Songeneb (old name Sumenep).


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Together with Arya Wiraraja, Raden Wijaya planned a plot to reclaim the throne from Jayakatwang's hands.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Wijaya promised that if he succeeded in defeating Jayakatwang, then his area of power would be divided in two for himself and Wiraraja.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

The first trick was executed.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

At first, Wiraraja broke the news to Jayakatwang that Wijaya declared surrender to defeat.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Jayakatwang who had rebuilt his ancestral land, namely Kadiri Kingdom accepted him with pleasure.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

He also sent a messenger to pick up Wijaya at Jungbiru port.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

The next decision, Wijaya asked the Tarik Forest in the east of Kadiri to be built as a hunting tourism area.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Wijaya claimed he wanted to settle there.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Jayakatwang who is fond of hunting soon blurts him unsuspectingly.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Wiraraja also sent Songeneb people to help Wijaya open the forest.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

According to Kidung Panji Wijayakrama, one of Madura found maja fruit that tastes bitter.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Therefore, the settlement village established by Wijaya was also named Majapahit.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Being the King of Majapahit Yuan Dynasty records tell in 1293 a Mongol army of 20,000 men led Ike Mese landed in Java to punish Kertanagara, because in 1289 Kertanagara had wounded a messenger sent by Kublai Khan the Mongol king.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Raden Wijaya took advantage of the arrival of these Mongol forces to destroy Jayakatwang.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

He also invited Ike Mese to cooperate.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Wijaya asked for help to reclaim the rule of Java Island from the hands of Jayakatwang, and thereafter only was he willing to declare submission to the Mongols.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Jayakatwang who heard of Wijaya and Ike Mese's fellowship immediately sent Kadiri forces to destroy them.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

But the forces were instead successfully defeated by the Mongols.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Subsequently, combined Mongol and Majapahit forces as well as Madura moved to attack Daha, the capital of the Kadiri Kingdom.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Jayakatwang eventually surrendered and was taken captive in a Mongol ship.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

After Jayakatwang was defeated, Wijaya requested permission to return to Majapahit preparing for his surrender.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Ike Mese allowed it unsuspecting.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Arriving at Majapahit, Wijaya killed the Mongol soldiers who were escorting him.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

He then led a counterattack in the direction of Daha where Mongol forces were feasting to victory.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

The sudden attack saw Ike Mese lose many warriors and was forced to withdraw his forces leaving Java.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Wijaya then crowned himself king of Majapahit.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

According to Kidung Harsa Wijaya, the coronation occurred on the 15th of the Kartika month of 1215 Saka, or coinciding with 12 November 1293.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

The reign of In ruling Majapahit, Wijaya raised his once loyal followers in the struggle.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Nambi was appointed patih Majapahit, Lembu Sora as patih Daha, Arya Wiraraja and Ranggalawe as pasangguhan.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

In 1294 Wijaya also gave an endowment to the village leader Kudadu who used to protect him during his escape towards Madura Island.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

In 1295 a cunning magnate named Mahapati incited Ranggalawe to revolt.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

This revolt was triggered by Nambi's appointment as patih, and became the first civil war to engulf Majapahit.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

After Ranggalawe was killed, Wiraraja resigned from his position as a master.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

He charged Wijaya's promise of division of the kingdom's territory.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Wijaya observes it.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Thus, since then, the territory of the kingdom only stayed half, where the eastern one was led by Wiraraja with the capital at Lamajang (old name Lumajang).


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

In 1300 there was a murder event of Ox Sora, Ranggalawe's uncle.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

In the Ranggalawe rebellion, Sora sided with Majapahit.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

However, when Ranggalawe was savagely killed by Kebo Anabrang, Sora felt unable to stand it and turned to kill Anabrang.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

This event was brought forth by Mahapati so that there was an atmosphere of divisiveness.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

At its peak, Sora and his two comrades, namely the Blue Elephant and Jurudemung were killed by the Nambi group in the courtyard of the palace.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Late Life According to Nagarakretagama, Raden Wijaya died in 1309.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

He was buried at Antahpura and enshrined at Simping as Harihara, or a fusion of Vishnu and Shiva.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Raden Wijaya succeeded Jayanagara as his successor king.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Library of Babad Tanah Jawi, Starting from the Prophet Adam Until 1647. (terj.). 2007.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Yogyakarta: The Narrative of Marwati Poesponegoro & Nugroho Notosusanto. 1990.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

National History of Indonesia Volume II.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Jakarta: Balai Pustaka R.M. Mangkudimedja. 1979.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Pararaton Fiber Volume 2.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Jakarta: Department of Education and Culture, Indonesian Literature Book Publishing Project and Slamet Muljana Region. 2005.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Towards the Peak of Splendor (1965 reissue).


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Yogyakarta: LKIS Slamet Muljana. 1979.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Nagarakretagama and His Historical Tafsir.


Question: Who are Prince Wijaya's parents?

Raden Wijaya

Jakarta: Bhratara Reference See also Yuan-Mongol Invasion of Java Wijaya, Raden Category:Kingdom Majapahit Wijaya Category:East Java Figures Category:Javanese Figures Category:Historical Sunda Category:Rajasa Dynasty


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Lophopsittacus mauritianus (broad-billed parrot, raven parrot) is a large extinct parrot in the family Psittaculidae.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

That species is also endemic from the island of Mascarene, Mauritius in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

It is unclear whether the rest of the species is particularly concerned with the species, but it is classified as a member of the tribe Psittaculini, along with other Mascarene parrot.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The species is similar to the Rodrigues bayan (Necropsittacus rodricanus), and is very pertinent.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The head of Lophopsittacus mauritianus is large in its body proportions, and there is a difference in feathers on the front of its head.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The bird has a very large beak, comparable in size to the beak of the macaw hyacinth, which allows it to break hard seeds.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The subfossil bones indicate that the species had great sexual dimorphism in overall size and size than the surviving parrot birds, The color of its plumage is unknown, but contemporary descriptions indicate that the bird had diverse colors, which include blue head, and possibly body and red blur.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The bird is believed to be a lowly aviator, although it is unable to fly.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Lophopsittacus mauritianus was initially referred to as “Indian crow” in Dutch ship journals from 1598.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Only a few contemporary descriptions and three depictions are known.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The species was originally described scientifically from a subfossil of the lower jaw in 1866, but was not linked to old records until the rediscovery of a detailed sketch in 1601 that accompanied the old descriptions.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The bird had become extinct in the 17th century as a result of deforestation, preyed on by invasive species, and possibly also hunting.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Taxonomy The earliest known description of Lophopsittacus mauritianus was provided by Dutch explorers during the Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia, led by Admiral Jacob Cornelis van Neck in 1598.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

They appear in a report published in 1601, which also contains the first illustration of the bird, along with the first illustration of a dodo.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Dutch sailors visiting Mauritius categorized Lophopsittacus mauritianus separately from the parrot birds, and referred to them as “Indische crows” (translates to “Indian crows”) without accompanying useful descriptions, leading to confusion when journaling- their journals are reviewed. [3]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The English naturalist Hugh Edwin Strickland inserted “Indian crow” into the genus Buceros hornbill in 1848, because he interpreted the picture on the head in an illustration of 1601 as a horn. [3]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The Dutch and French also referred to South American macaws as “Indian crows” in the 17th century, and the name was used for the hornbill by Dutch, French and English language wearers in the Indies. [4]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Sir Thomas Herbert referred to Lophopsittacus mauritianus as “Cacatoes” (cockatoos) in 1634, with the description “parrot-like bird [sic], fierce and persistent" [lower-alpha 1], but naturalists were unaware that he was referring to the same bird. [3]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Even after a subfossil of a bayan aligned with the description was discovered, French zoologist Emile Oustalet argued that the “Indian crow” was a hornbill whose remains were found.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Mauritian ornithologist France Staub supported the idea in late 1993.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

No hornbill remains have been found on the island, and apart from the extinct species of New Caledonia, the hornbill is not found on any oceanic island. [4]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The first known physical body of Lophopsittacus mauritianus is a subfossil lower jaw collected along with the first batch of dodo bones in the Mare aux Songes swamp. [5]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

British biologist Richard Owen described the lower jaw in 1866 and identified it as being from a species of large parrot, which he named the binomial name Psittacus mauritianus and the common name “broad-billed parrot”. [3] [6] The holotype specimen has now been lost. [4]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

In 1868, shortly after the 1601 journal of the VOC ship Gelderland was rediscovered, German ornithologist Hermann Schlegel tested an unlabeled ink pen sketch inside.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Recognizing that the image, which was adtributed to the artist Joris Joostensz Laerle, depicted a parrot described by Owen, Schlegel relates to the descriptions of old journals.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

In 1875, because the bones and tufts were significantly different from the species Psittacus, the British zoologist Alfred Newton placed them on his own genus, which he called Lophopsittacus. [7]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Lophos is an ancient Greek word for tuft, referring to the front tuft of the bird, and psittakos means parrot. [4] [8] In 1973, based on the remains collected by Louis Etienne Thirioux in the early 20th century, the British ornithologist Daniel T. Holyoak placed a a small subfossil of Mauritian bayan in the same genus as Lophopsittacus mauritianus and named it Lophopsittacus bensoni. [9]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

In 2007, on the basis of a comparison of subpfisl, correlated with 17th- and 18th-century descriptions of small gray bayans, Hume reclassified it as a species in the genus Psittacula and called it the gray bayan Thirioux. [4]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

In 1967, James Greenway speculated that the Mauritian grey bayan-bayan report referred to Lophopsittacus mauritianus. [10]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The evolution of the taxonomic Affinity of Lophopsittacus mauritianus has not been ascertained.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Through their large jaws and other osteological displays, ornithologists Edward Newton and Hans Gadow considered it very concerning Rodrigues' bayan (Necropsittacus rodricanus) in 1893, but could not be sure if they entered the same genus, since only Rodrigues' bayan was has tufts. [11]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

British ornithologist Graham S. Cowles found that their bones were not very similar to be considered close relatives in 1987. [12]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Some endemic Mascarene birds, including the dodo, are of South Asian ancestry, and British palaeontologist Julian Hume proposes that the species is also like all the bayans that exist there.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Sea levels were lower in size in the Pleistocene epoch, thus allowing the species to colonize some of the less isolated islands of those days. [13]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Although most extinct species of bayan from the Mascarene little is known, subfossil remains indicate that they had the same appearance as large heads and jaws, small pectoral bones, and strong knee bones.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Hume argues that they have a common origin in radiation from the Psittaculini tribe, basing the theory on morphological displays and the fact that the bayan-bayans of Psittacula undertook colonization of several isolated islands in the Indian Ocean. [4]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Psittaculini invaded the region as many times, as some species specialize so much that they evolved significantly on hot-spot islands before Mascarene was sea-separated. [13]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Description Lophopsittacus mauritianus has distinctive tufts or front feathers.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The hurdle on its skull indicates that the tuft is very well ordered, and that the bird, unlike the cockatoo, cannot inflate or lower it. [4]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The 1601 sketch of Gelderland was reviewed in 2003 by Hume, who compared the completion of the tunta to the pencil sketch underlining it and found that the pencil sketch showed some additional details.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The pencil sketch depicts the tuft as the tip of a circular feather that sits in front of the head at the base of its beak, and shows long primary hidden feathers, large secondary feathers, and a deeply forked tail. [14]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Sub-fossil sizes known in 1893 indicate that his lower jaw was 65—78 millimetres (2.6—3.1in) long, 65mm (2.6in) wide, his femur was 58—63mm (2.3—2.5in) long, his shin was 88—99mm (3.5—3.9in), and toes were 35mm (1.4in). [11]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Unlike other Mascarene bayans, Lophopsittacus mauritianus has a flat skull. [4]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Subfossils show that the stud was larger in size, had a size of 55—65 centimetres (22—26in) and its females had a size of 45—55cm (18—22in).


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Both sexes have disproportionately large heads and beaks.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Sexual dimorphism in size between male and female skulls is the largest among bayans. [4]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Differences in the residual bones of the body and arms were less apparent; nonetheless, the bones had greater sexual dimorphism in overall size than any living bayant.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The difference in size between the two birds in the sketa of 1601 is due to how it looks. [15]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

A 1602 record from Reyer Cornelisz is usually interpreted as the only contemporary mention of the size difference among Lophopsittacus mauritianus, listing “large and small Indian crows” among the animals from the island.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

A complete transcription of the original text was only published in 2003, and showed that a comma had been wrongly placed in the English translation; “large and small” instead referred to “field hen”, mingkin red mandar and smaller Sauzier tree mandar. [16]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

There is some combination of confusion about the color of Lophopsittacus mauritianus. [17]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The 1598 voyage report of van Neck, published in 1601, contains the first illustration of the bayan, with a citation stating that the bird had “two or three colors”. [2]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The last record of such fowl, and the only specific mention of colour, is from Johann Christian Hoffman in 1673—75: There are also swans, flamingos, three species of pigeons of diverse colors, green and striated parakeets, red crows with sharp beaks and blue heads, which flew with its hardship and was named 'Indian crow' by the Dutch. [2]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

In addition to the mention of several colors, authors such as Walter Rothschild claim that the journal Gelderland described the bird as a whole grayish-blue, and he reiterated the designation in his 1907 book Rothschild Extinct Birds. [18]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Subsequent testing of the journal by Julian Hume simply debunked the description of the dodo.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

He suggested that different face images represent separate colors. [14]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The head is tinged blue, and as of 2007, Hume suggested that the beak is red, and the rest is grayish or blackish, which also occurs in other members of the Psittaculini. [4]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

In 2015, an account of Johannes Pretorius's 1660s report on his stopover in Mauritius was published, wherein he described the bird as “very beautifully coloured”.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Hume reinterpreted Hoffman's notes, and suggested that the bird was bordery with a red body, blue head, and red beak; the bird was illustrated thus in Ria Winters' artificial papers.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Colorful or shiny plumage that changes appearance according to air highlights also exerts pressure that the species has other colors. [19]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

In addition, the notes also suggest that the species has size dimorphism, has color differences based on sex, which explains some differences in old descriptions. [20]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Behavior and ecologist Johannes Pretorius (in Mautirius from 1666 to 1669) looked at the now extinct variety of Mauritian fowl, and explained the behaviour of Lophopsittacus mauritianus as follows: Indian crows are very beautifully coloured.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

They can't fly and aren't found very often.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

This breed is a very bad character poultry.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The animal will die sooner than survive. [19]


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Although Lophopsittacus mauritianus forages on the ground and is low aviator, its tersometatarsus is short and fattenous, impilating some arboreal characteristics.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The Newton brothers and several authors after them stated that the species was flightless, due to its short wings and large size featured in the Gelderland sketch of 1601.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

According to Hume, the underline pencil sketch actually displays that the wings are not too short.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

They appear large, as they are generally a species of woodland adaptation, and a large looking alula, a feature of low-flying birds.


Question: is the Parrot Tribe extinct?

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

The keel size is short, but by no means it cannot fly, because the flying bayan Cyanoramphus also has a short keel, and even the flightless kakapo, with its vestigal keel, can glide. [4]