Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Abdullah's grandson, Abdurrahman III, succeeded him in 912, and quickly restored Umayyad rule over Al-Andalus and even western North Africa.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In 929 he raised himself as Caliph, so that this kingdom now had a position equal to the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad and the Shi'ah caliphate in Tunis.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

This period of the caliphate is considered by Muslim writers to be the golden age of Al-Andalus.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The crops obtained through irrigation as well as foodstuffs imported from the Middle East are sufficient for the inhabitants of Córdoba and other cities in Al-Andalus, with the most developed agricultural economic sector in Europe.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Córdoba under this caliphate had a population of about 500,000, defeating Constantinople as the largest city in terms of number and prosperity in Europe. [9]


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In the Islamic world, Córdoba is one of the centers of advanced culture.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The works of Al-Andalus scholars and philosophers, such as Abul Qasim and Ibn Rusyd had a great influence on intellectual life in medieval Europe.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Jews and non-Muslims often come from abroad to study at various famous libraries and universities in Al-Andalus.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The most famous is Michael Scot, who translated the works of Ibn Rusyd, Ibn Sina, and Al-Bitruji and brought them to Italy.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

These works later had an important impact in the beginning of the Renaissance in Europe. [10] [11] The first Taifa period of the Caliphate of Córdoba suffered a downfall in the civil war between 1009 to 1013, and was finally abolished in 1031.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus was now split into many small kingdoms, called taifa.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In this period, Muslims in Al-Andalus again entered a period of internal infighting.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Ironically, in the event of a civil war, there were among the warring parties who asked the Christian kings for help.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Seeing the weakness and chaos that befell the political state of Islam, for the first time Christians in this period began to take the initiative of assault.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Although political life was unstable, intellectual life continued to develop in this period.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The palaces encouraged scholars and literatures to gain protection from one palace to another.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

These taifas were generally so weak that they could not defend themselves against attacks and requests for tribute from Christian kingdoms in the northern and western regions, among others, the Kingdom of Navarre, León, Portugal, Castile and Aragon, as well as Barcelona.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Eventually these attacks turned into conquests, so the taifa-taifa in Al-Andalus asked for help from the Banu Murabithun who had fundamental Islam in North Africa.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The Murabituns defeated the Castilian king Alfonso VI, in the Battle of Zallāqah and the Battle of Uclés, and eventually took control of Al-Andalus.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Murabitun, Muwahidun, and Banu Marin JMPL|230px|A Qur'an page with writing developed in Al-Andalus, 12th century.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In 1086, the Murabitun leader in Morocco Yusuf bin Tasyfin was invited by Muslim nobles in Iberia to defend Iberia from Alfonso VI, king of Castile and León.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In that year also Joseph crossed the straits of Gibraltar towards Algeciras, and defeated the Jews lamely in the battle of Zallāqah.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In 1094, Yusuf ibn Tashfin abolished power from all Islamic minor rulers in Iberia, and took over all their regions, except Saraqusthah, which ultimately fell into Aragonese hands in 1118.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

He also seized Valencia from the hands of Christians.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In 1143, this rule of Murabithun came to an end, both in North Africa and in Spain and was replaced by Muwahidun.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In Spain itself, as late as Murabithun, at first reappeared small taifas, but lasted only three years.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In 1146, Muwahhidun rulers centered in North Africa captured this area.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The ruler of Muwahidun moved the capital of Al-Andalus to Sevilla in 1170, and defeated the Castilian king Alfonso VIII in the Battle of Alarcos (1195).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

For a period of decades, this daulah underwent a lot of progress.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Christian forces can be repulsed.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

But not long after that, Muwahhidun collapsed.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In 1212 the combined Christian Kingdoms of Castile, Navarra, Aragon, and Portugal defeated the Muwahidun at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, and forced the Muwahidun sultan to leave Iberia.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Muslims in Iberia again split in the weak taifa-taifa, and were quickly conquered by Portugal, Castile and Aragon.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

After the fall of Murcia (1243) and the Algarve (1249), only the Banu Nashri-led Keamiran of Granada was the Islamic state left, but only as a vassal state paying tribute to the Kingdom of Castile.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

These tributes were in the form of gold from areas now named Mali and Burkina Faso, brought through trade lines in the Sahara Desert.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In the 14th century, the Banu Marin in Morocco advanced and threatened the Christian kingdoms of Iberia.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The Banu Marin then took over Granada and occupied its cities, such as Algeciras.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

However, they failed to seize Tarifa, which survived the attack of the Banu Marin until the arrival of King Alfonso XI-led Castilian Army.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Alfonso XI, assisted by Afonso IV of Portugal and Pedro IV of Aragon, defeated the Banu Marin at the Battle of Rio Salado (1340) and seized Al-Jaziratul Khadhra' (1344).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Alfonso XI also besieged Gibraltar, which was then controlled by Granada, during 1349-1350, but Alfonso XI and most of his army were destroyed by the plague of the Black Death in 1350. [12]


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

His successor, Pedro of Castile (the Cruel One), decided to make peace with the Muslims and fought against other Christian kingdoms. [13]


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

These events marked the beginning of 150 years of rebellion and civil war of Jews in Europe, which secured Granada's existence.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

After the peace treaty with King Pedro of Castile, Granada became a secure independent state until nearly 150 years following.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Muslims were given independence, freedom of movement and religion, and were exempt from tributes for 3-years.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

After three years, Muslims are required to pay tribute no more than was required earlier in the time of the Banu Nasri.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Civilization again experienced progress as in the time of Abdurrahman III.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Politically, however, this dynasty only reigns in a small area.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In 1469, there was a marriage between King Fernando II of Aragon and Queen Isabel I of Castile which signalled an attack on Granada, which was carefully planned and well-funded.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Fernando and Isabel then convinced Pope Cyctus IV to declare their war a holy war.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

They defeated one by one the resistance of the Muslims and eventually the siege ended when Sultan of Granada Muhammad Abu Abdullah (Boabdil) surrendered Granada's palace and fortress, the Alhambra to Christian dominions, and marked the end of Islamic rule in Iberia.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The Society of Al-Andalus Society consists of three main groups based on religion: Muslims, Christians, and Jews.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In each city, these communities live in different areas.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Muslims themselves, although united by the same religion, are sometimes divided by ethnicity, especially the difference between Arabs and Berbers.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The Arabs lived in the southern part and in the Ebro Valley in the northeast, whereas the Berbers lived in the mountainous regions that are now in the north of Portugal, and in the Meseta Central.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Muzarab (or Mozarab/Musta'rib) are Christians who live in Islamic rule in Al-Andalus and follow many customs, artistry, and words from Arabic, yet still maintain their Christian traditions and worship and the Latin derived language they possess, called Muzarab Language.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The Jews usually worked as merchants, tax collectors, doctors or ambassadors.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

By the end of the 15th century there were about 50,000 Jews in Granada and 100,000 in all of Al-Andalus. [14]


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Muslims and Non-Muslims in Al-Andalus The Treatment of Non-Muslims JMPL|200px|Picture of a Jewish singer reading the story of Pesakh in Al-Andalus.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The treatment of non-Muslims in Al-Andalus is a material of discussion and debate among experts and observers, especially those interested in the common existence of Muslims and non-Muslims in the modern world.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Non-Muslims in Al-Andalus, such as Christians and Jews, in Islamic law are dzimmi, who are free to exercise their religious teachings, are not encouraged to convert to Islam, but pay a tax called jizyah. [15]


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Experts argue that minorities (including Jews) in Al-Andalus controlled by Muslims are treated much better than in Christian-controlled Western Europe, and they live in a “golden age” of tolerance, mutual respect and harmony between religions.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus was a key center of Jewish civilization in the Middle Ages, and produced renowned scientists, such as Maimonides, rabbis, philosophers, and physicians who became icons of the Jewish golden age in Al-Andalus.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The Jewish community in Al-Andalus is also one of the most stable and most prosperous Jewish societies.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Whereas Christians in Al-Andalus are called Muzarabs.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The Muzarabs are descendants of earlier Jews in Spain who still embraced Christianity but adopted Arab culture. [15]


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Their language, Muzarab, is a Roman language influenced by Arabic and written in Arabic alphabets.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

María Rosa Menocal, specialist in Iberian literature at Yale University, argues that “tolerance is an inherent aspect of Andalus society”. [16]


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In his book The Ornament of the World (2003), Menocal argued that as dzimmi, minority religions in Al-Andalus were afforded more limited rights than Muslims, but still better than in Christian-ruled areas of Europe.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Jews and Christian sects considered forbidden came from all over Europe to Al-Andalus, where they received tolerance.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Bernard Lewis had a different view, and argued that “the claims of tolerance now widely heard from Muslim apologists, and particularly apologists for Islam, are new and unknown in origin. “[17]


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Lewis rejected that Muslims and non-Muslims were given equal treatment in the past.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

He also said “how can one who embraces the right religion and the one who rejects it be done equally?


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

This is both impossible in theology and logic "[17] The rise and fall of Islamic power The ruler of Al-Andalus treats non-Muslims differently all the time.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

One of the periods of tolerance was the reign of Abdurrahman III and Al-Hakam II, when the Jews of Al-Andalus experienced prosperity, devoted their lives to serving the Caliphate of Córdoba, studying science, trade, and industry, especially the silk and slave trade, which participated in cultivating the country of Al-Andalus.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus became an asylum for persecuted Jews in other lands.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Christians in Al-Andalus, provoked by instances from other Christians along the borders of Al-Andalus sometimes asserted Christian claims, and deliberately sought martyrdom, even during times of tolerance.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

For example, 48 Córdoba Christians committed insults to the religion of Islam, and were eventually beheaded.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

They deliberately did so in order to die as martyrs, and they became known as the Martyrs of Córdoba.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Some people of the next generation pass on this, and they fully know what fate befell their predecessors. [18]


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

After the death of Al-Hakam II in 976, the situation began to deteriorate for non-Muslims in general.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In the next 100 years, on December 30, 1066, the first persecution occurred when Jews were expelled and hundreds of families were killed for unwilling to leave Granada, and the riots thereafter killed about 3,000 people. [19]


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Persecution of Jews also occurred occasionally during the time of Murabitun and Muwahidun, [20] but there are very few sources and do not give a clear picture of this. [21]


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

As violence broke out against non-Muslims, many Jewish and even Muslim scholars left the area of Muslim power to Toledo, which had more tolerance and had been controlled by Christian forces.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

About 40,000 Jews joined the Christian forces, and the rest joined Murabitun's forces facing king Alfonso VI of Castile.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The Muwahidun ruler who took power of Murabitun in 1147, [22] was more fundamentalist than Murabitun, and treated non-Muslims harshly.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Fearing death or coercion to move religion, many Jews moved to more tolerant Muslim areas in the South and East, [23] or to Christian areas in the North. [24] [25] Maimonides's own family moved to more tolerant Muslim areas.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

However, Muwahidun rulers also encouraged the development of art and writing, resulting among them Ibn Tufail, Ibn Araby, and Ibn Rusyd. [22]


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Cultural C.W. Previte-Orton wrote in the Cambridge Medieval History, writing [26] The brilliant Saracen civilization in Islamic Spain made the Moors, even in the deterioration of the Taifa states, as the most civilized people in the West.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Many tribes, religions, and races lived together in Al-Andalus, and each contributed towards intellectual progress in Andalus.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Books are much more widespread in Al-Andalus than in any other country in the West. [27]


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The intellectual history of Al-Andalus is seen from the results in the form of many Islamic and Jewish scholars.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus's intellectual progress began from an intellectual feud between the Banu Umayyads who controlled Al-Andalus, with the Bani Abbasids ruling in the Middle East.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The Umayyad rulers sought to multiply libraries and educational institutions in cities of Al-Andalus such as Córdoba, in order to defeat the Abbasid capital of Baghdad.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Although the Bani Umayyads and the Bani Abbasids competed with each other, these two caliphates allowed free passage between the two caliphates, which helped the spread and exchange of ideas and innovations over time.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In the 10th century, the city of Córdoba had 700 mosques, 60,000 palaces, and 70 libraries, and one of the largest libraries had up to 500,000 manuscripts. [28] [29] For comparison, the largest library in Christian Europe at that time had no more than 400 manuscripts, even in the 14th century The new Paris University has about 2,000 books. [28]


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Libraries, copyists, booksellers, papermakers, and schools throughout Al-Andalus publish 60,000 books each year, including treatises, poems, polemics and anthologies. [28]


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In comparison, modern Spain publishes an average of 46,300 books annually, according to UNESCO. [30]


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Philosophy of Islamic Philosophy of Andalus Historian Said Al-Andalusi writes that Caliph Abdurrahman III (912—961) collected a large number of books and provided refuge for scholars studying medicine and the “ancient sciences”.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

His successor Caliph Al-Hakam II (Al-Mustansir), built a university and a number of libraries in Córdoba.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Córdoba became one of the world's leading centers of medical and philosophy learning.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

But when Al-Hakam II's son Hisham II ascended the throne (976), the real power was in the hands of Al-Mansur ibn Abi Amir. [31]


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

He was a religious figure who disliked science, so many books collected painstakingly by Al-Hakam II were burned in public.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

After Al-Mansur's death in 1002, the philosophy in Al-Andalus rose again.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

A number of famous scholars have sprung up, including Maslamah Al-Majriti (? -1008), a daring adventurer who explored Islamic areas and other areas, and belonged to the Ikhwan As-Shafa organization.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Al-Majriti assisted in the translation of the works of Ptolemeus Almagest, created and improved various astronomical tables, and spearheaded geodesy and triangulation. [32]


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Al-Majriti's famous disciple was Abu Hakam Al-Kirmani, [33] who later became a teacher to the eminent philosopher and physician Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), who gave birth to his magnum opus titled Tadbir al-Mutawahhid.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Another major figure was Ibn Thufail, a native of Wadi 'Asy, a small hamlet east of Granada and died at an advanced age in 1185.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

He wrote a lot on issues of medicine, astronomy and philosophy.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

His very famous philosophical work is Hayy bin Yaqzhan.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The later part of the 12th century AD bears witness to the emergence of Aristotle's greatest follower in the philosophy arena in Islam, Ibn Rusyd of Qurthubah.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

He was born in 1126 and died in 1198.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Characteristic is his scrupulousness in interpreting Aristotle's manuscripts and prudence in exploring problems concerning the harmony of philosophy and religion.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

He is also a fiqh expert with his work Bidayatul Mujtahid.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Jewish philosophy and culture With the tolerance of Jews in Al-Andalus, and the retreat of Jewish cultural centers in Babylonia, Al-Andalus became the center of Jewish intellectual thought.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Writers such as Judah Halevi (1086-1145) and Dunash ben Labrat (920-990) have contributed to the life of Al-Andalus, and more importantly contributed to the development of Jewish philosophy.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The highlight of Jewish philosophy was the Jewish thinker from Al-Andalus Maimonides (1135-1205), who published his works in Morocco and Egypt, for avoiding the violently ruling Muwahidun dynasty in Al-Andalus.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

He concocted a Guidebook for the Confused, and renewed Jewish law, thus nicknamed “the new Moses” (Maimonides's own first name was Moses/Moses). [15]


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Physicians and physicians from Al-Andalus have important donations to the field of medicine, including anatomy and physiology.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Among these was Abul Qasim az-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), the “father of modern surgical science”, [34] who wrote the Book of at-Tashrif, an important book in medicine and surgical science.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

At-Tashrif is an encyclopedia consisting of 30 volumes, which was later translated into Latin and used in medical schools in European and Islamic cultures for centuries.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The science of 'Abbas bin Famas was luminary in chemistry and astronomy.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

It was the first to discover the manufacture of glass from stone.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Ibrahim ibn Yahya al-Naqqash was well known in the science of astronomy.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

He can determine the time of occurrence of a solar eclipse and determine how long it will be.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

He also managed to create modern binoculars that can determine the distance between the solar system and the stars.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Ahmad ibn Ibas of Qurthubah was an expert in medicine.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Ummul Hasan binti Abi Ja'far and sister al-Hafidz are two medical experts from among women.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In the field of history and geography, the western Islamic region gave birth to many famous thinkers, Ibn Jubair of Valencia (1145—1228) wrote about the Muslim lands of the Middle Sea and Sicily; and Ibnul Khatib (1317—1374) compiled a history of Granada.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The historian above took up residence in Al-Andalus, which later moved to Africa.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Religious In the field of fiqh, Al-Andalus is known as an adherent of the Maliki madzhab.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The one who introduced this madzhab there was Ziyad bin 'Abdul Rahman.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The next development was determined by Ibn Yahya who became a qadhi during the time of Hisham I. Other fiqh experts among them were Abu Bakr ibn Al-Quthiyyah, Mundzir ibn Sa'id al-Balluthi and the famous Ibn Hazm.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Art and literature In the field of music and sound, Al-Andalus achieved brilliance with his character Al-Hasan ibn Nafi' nicknamed Ziryab.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Every time there are meetings and banquets, Ziryab always shows his permissibility.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

He is also well known as a song compter.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

His knowledge was passed down to his children both men and women, and also to slaves, so that his fame was widespread.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Arabic has been the language of administration in the Islamic government in Al-Andalus.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

That is acceptable to both Islamic and non-Islamic people.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In fact, Spanish natives numbered their native languages.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

They are also many who are experts and proficient in Arabic, both speaking and grammar skills.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

These include: Ibn Sayyidih, Ibn Malik who concocted Alfiyyah, Ibn Khuruf, Ibnul Hajj, Abu Ali al-Isybili, Abu al-Hasan ibn Usfur, and Abu Hayyan al-Gharnathi.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

As the language progressed, literary works sprang up, such as Al-'Iqdul Farid by Ibn Abdu Rabbih, Al-Dzakhirahji Mahasin Ahlul Jazirah by Ibn Bassam, Kitab al-Qalaid the fruit of Al-Fath ibn Khaqan, and so on.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Architecture The aspects of physical development that get the attention of Islamic ummat very much.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In commerce, streets and markets were built.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Agricultural fields likewise.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

A new irrigation system was introduced to the Iberian peoples who did not know before.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Dam-dams, canals, secondary channels, tertiary, and water bridges were erected.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

High places, that way, also got water rations.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The Arabs introduced hydraulic arrangements for irrigation purposes.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

If the dam is used to check the bulk of water, the reservoir (pond) is made for conservation (water storage).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The hydraulic arrangement was built by introducing a water wheel of Persian origin named naurah (Spanish: La Noria).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Besides, the Islamists also introduced rice farming, citrus plantations, orchards and gardens.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The most notable physical developments are the construction of buildings, such as the construction of cities, palaces, mosques, settlements, and gardens.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Among the magnificent developments are the Mosque of Córdoba, Madinatul Zahra, the Ja'fariyah Palace in Saraqusthah, the walls of Toledo, Al-Makmun Palace, Giralda, and Al-Hamra' Palace in Gharnathah.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Córdoba Córdoba was one of the main cities of the Visigoths, which was later taken over by the Banu Umayyads.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

By Muslim rulers, the city was built and beautified.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Large bridges were built over the river flowing in the middle of the city.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Gardens were built to adorn the capital of Al-Andalus.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The trees and flowers were imported from the East.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Around the capital stand magnificent palaces that further beautify the scenery, each palace and park is given its own name and at its peak is the Palace of Damascus.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Among other Córdoba city prides is the Grand Mosque of Córdoba.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

According to Ibn ad-Dala'i, there are 491 mosques there.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Besides, a special feature of Islamic cities is the presence of bathing places.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In Córdoba alone there are about 900 baths.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In the vicinity stand picturesque villages.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

As the river water was undrinkable, Muslim rulers established aqueducts from mountains that were 80km long.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Granada Granada was the last place of defense of Muslims in Spain.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

There gathered the remnants of Arab power and Islamic thinkers.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The position of Córdoba was taken over by Granada in the late days of Islamic rule in Spain.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Its building architectures are well known throughout Europe.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The beautiful and magnificent Alhambra Palace is the centre and pinnacle of the heights of Moorish architecture.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The palace is surrounded by no less beautiful gardens.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Factors supporting progress and deterioration Factors supporting the progress of Al-Andalus are largely determined by the presence of powerful and authoritative rulers, who are able to unite the forces of Muslims, such as Abdurrahman I, Abdurrahman II, and Abdurrahman III.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The political success of these leaders was supported by the wisdom of other rulers who pioneered the most important scientific activities among the Bani Umayyad rulers in Al-Andalus in this regard were Muhammad I (852-886) and Al-Hakam II (961—976).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Religious tolerance was enforced by the rulers against Christian and Jewish adherents, so they participated in realizing the Islamic Arab civilization in Iberia.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

For Christians, as well as the Jews, special judges are provided who deal with matters according to the teachings of their respective religions.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The people of Al-Andalus constitute a compound society, composed of various communities, both religious and nation-related.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

By enforced religious tolerance, those communities can work together and contribute their advantages.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Although there was a fierce rivalry between the Banu Abbasiyads in Baghdad and the Umayyads in Al-Andalus, cultural relations from East and West were not always warfare.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

From the 11th century onwards, many scholars traveled from the western end of the Islamic region to the eastern end, while carrying books and ideas, thus bringing about the cultural unity of the Islamic world.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Political divisions during Mulukul Thawa'if and afterwards did not lead to the retreat of civilization.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

It was even the pinnacle of the progress of science, art, and culture of Al-Andalus.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Every ruler in Málaga, Toledo, Sevilla, Granada, and others sought to rival Córdoba.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

If previously Córdoba was the only center of Islamic science and civilization in Iberia, Muluk ath-Thawa'if managed to establish new centers of civilization that were even more advanced.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Factors causing decline Conflict with Christian kingdoms.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Muslim rulers don't Islamize perfectly.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

They had been satisfied with his destiny and allowed them to maintain their laws and customs, including the position of traditional hierarchy, where there was no armed resistance.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

However, the presence of Arab Muslims has strengthened the sense of nationality of Iberian Christians.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

It caused the life of the Islamic state in Iberia never to cease from opposition between with Christian kingdoms.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The absence of a unifying ideology.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

If in other places the muallafs were treated as equals of Islam, in Iberia, as the politics of the Banu Umayyads ran in Damascus, the Arabs never accepted the aborigines.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

At least until the 10th century, they still gave the term 'ibad and Muwallad to those muallafs, a phrase that was considered pejorative.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

As a result, existing non-Arab ethnic groups often gnawed and undermined the peace.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

It brought great impact on the socio-economic history of the country.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Economic hardship.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In the second half of the Islamic period in Iberia, the rulers built cities and developed science very “seriously”, thus neglecting fostering the economy.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

As a result, economic difficulties arise that are very aggravating and affecting political and military conditions.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

This led to a power struggle among the heirs.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In fact, it was because of this that the power of the Umayyads collapsed and Muluk ath-Thawaif appeared.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Granada which was the last Islamic center of power in Spain fell into the hands of Catholic Rulers among whom also caused this problem.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Remoteness.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus is like a remote world from the rest of Islam.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

He always fought alone, with no help except from North Africa.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Thus, no alternative force was able to stem the Christian resurgence there.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Influence over Europe Al-Andalus was the most foremost place for Europe in absorbing Islamic civilization, both in political, social, and economic relations and civilization between countries.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Indeed many channels how Islamic civilization affected Europe, such as Sicily and the Crusades, but the most important channel was Al-Andalus.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus was the most foremost place for Europe to absorb Islamic civilization, both in the form of political, social, and economic relations and civilization between countries.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Europeans witnessed the fact that Al-Andalus was under Islamic rule far left its European neighboring countries, especially in the fields of thought and science in addition to physical edifices.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Foremost among these was the thought of Ibn Rusyd (1120—1198).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

He removed the shackles of taqlid and advocated freedom of thought.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

He reviews Aristotle's thoughts in a way that captivates the interest of all liberal-minded people.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

He put forward sunnatullah according to Islamic notions against Christian pantheism and anthropomorphism.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Such was his influence in Europe, until in Europe arose the Averroeism movement that demanded freedom of thought.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The church side rejected the rational thought that this movement of Averroeism brought.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

It began from this movement of Averroeism in Europe then born reform in the 16th century and rationalism in the 17th century.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Ibn Rusyd's books were printed in Venice of 1481, 1482, 1483, 1489, and 1500.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Even its complete editions were published in 1553 and 1557.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

His works were also published in the 16th century in Naples, Bologna, Lyon, and Strasbourg, and in the early 17th century in Geneva.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The influence of Islamic civilization, including in the thought of Ibn Rusyd, to Europe originated in the large number of European Christian youths studying at Islamic universities in Al-Andalus, such as those in Qurthubah, Isybiliyyah, Malaqah, Gharnathah, and Salamanca.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

During their studies in Al-Andalus, they were active in translating books by Muslim scientists.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The center of that translation was Thulaithulah.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

After returning home to his country, they established the same school and university.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The University in Europe is the University of Paris founded in 1231, thirty years after the death of Ibn Rusyd.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In late medieval Europe, only stood 18 pieces of universities.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Within those universities, the sciences they obtained from Islamic universities were taught, such as medical sciences, exact sciences, and philosophy.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The most studied philosophic thought is the thought of Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina and Ibn Rusyd.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The influence of Islamic science over Europe that had been ongoing since the 12th century gave rise to the revival movement (Renaissance) of Greek heirlooms in Europe in the 14th century.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The development of Greek thought in Europe this time through Arabic translations that were studied and then translated back into Latin.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Although Muslims were eventually expelled from Iberia in a very violent way, his legacy has taken aim at important movements in Europe.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The movements were: the revival of classical Greek culture (Greek Renaissance) in the 14th century that began in Italy, the reform movement in the 16th century, rationalism in the 17th century, and the enlightenment (aufklärung) in the 18th century.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Reference Advanced Reading Al-Djazairi, S.E. (2005).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Bayt Al-Hikma Press.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

ISBN 0-9551156-1-2 Cohen, Mark (1995).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages Princeton University Press.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

ISBN 0-691-01082-X Collins, Roger (1989).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710—797, Blackwell.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

ISBN 0-631-19405-3 Frank, Daniel H. and Leaman, Oliver (2003).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Jewish Philosophy.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Cambridge University Press.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

ISBN 0-521-65574-9 Harzig, Christiane, Hoerder, Dirk and Shubert, Adrian (2003).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The Historical Practice in Diversity.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Berghahn Books.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

ISBN 1-57181-377-2 Kennedy, Hugh (1996) .Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus, Longman.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

ISBN 0-582-49515-6 Kraemer, Joel (2005).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Moses Maimonides: An Intellectual Portrait.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In Kenneth Seeskin (Ed.).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The Cambridge Companion to Maimonides.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Cambridge University Press.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

ISBN 0-521-81974-1 Luscombe, David et al. (Eds.) (2004).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 4, c.1024-c.1198, Part 1.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Cambridge University Press.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

ISBN 0-521-41411-3 Marín, Manuela et al. (Eds.). (1998).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The Formation of Al-Andalus: History and Society.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Ashgate.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

ISBN 0-86078-708-7 Menocal, María Rosa (2002).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Back Bay Books.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

ISBN 0-316-16871-8 Netanyahu, Benzion (1995).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The Origins Of The Inquisition In Fifteenth Century Spain.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Random House, Inc. ISBN 0-679-41065-1 O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1975).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

A History of Medieval Spain.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Cornell University Press.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

ISBN 0-8014-9264-5 Reilly, Bernard F. (1993).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The Medieval Spains.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Cambridge University Press.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

ISBN 0-521-39741-3 Roth, Norman (1994).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Jews, Visigoths and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Brill.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

ISBN 90-04-06131-2 Shuaib, Joesoef (1997).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

History of the Umayyad Daulat II in Cordova.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Jakarta: PT.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Moon Star.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Stavans, Ilan (2003).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The Scroll and the Cross: 1,000 Years of Jewish-Hispanic Literature.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

London: Routledge.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

ISBN 0-415-92930-X Wasserstein, David J. (1995).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Jewish élites in Al-Andalus.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

In Daniel Frank (Ed.).


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

The Jews of Medieval Islam: Community, Society and Identity.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Brill.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

ISBN 90-04-10404-6 Outlink (in Spanish) Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

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Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

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Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

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Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. by Stanley G. Payne Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

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Question: Was the cause of the Mayan tamadun collapse?

Al-Andalus

Category:Historical Spain Category:Historical Portugal Category:Islamic History Category:Jewish History Category:Medieval


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

In organic chemistry, a thiol is a compound containing a function group consisting of a sulfur atom and a hydrogen atom (-SH).


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

As a sulfur analogue of the alcohol group (-OH), this group is referred to either as a thiol group or a sulfhydryl group.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

Traditionally, thiol is often referred to as mercaptan.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

Tatanama When a thiol group is a substituent to an alkane, there are several naming ways: The method recommended by IUPAC is to add the suffix -thiol to the alkane name.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

This method is almost identical to alcohol tatanama.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

For example: CH3SH will be methanatiol.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

The old method, the word mercaptan replaced alkhol in the name of the compound's alcohol analogue.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

For example: CH3SH becomes methyl mercaptan.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

(CH3OH named methyl alcohol) As a prefix, the term sulfanyl or mercapto is used.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

For example: mercaptopurina.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

Etymology The term mercaptan comes from Latin mercurium captans, which means 'grasping the monster', because the group -SH binds strongly to the elemental mercury.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

Physical properties Odor Many thiol compounds are liquids with an odor similar to the smell of garlic.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

The smell of thiols is often very strong and pungent, especially those with light molecular mass.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

Thiol will bind strongly to skin proteins.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

Natural gas distributors began adding assorted acid-smelling thiols into such odorless natural gas after the New London school blasting case in 1937 in deadly New London, Texas.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

Nevertheless, not all thiols smell bad.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

For example, thioterpineol is responsible for the unpleasant aroma of Citrus fruit × paradisi Boiling point and solubility. Due to the low electronegativity difference between hydrogen and sulfur, the S-H bond is practically nonpolar covalent.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

Thus the S-H bond of thiol has a lower dipole moment compared to the O-H bond of alcohol.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

Thiol does not manifest the effect of hydrogen bonding, neither against water molecules, nor against itself.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

Therefore, thiols have a low boiling point and are less soluble in water and other polar solvents compared to alcohols.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

Chemical properties Synthesis The method of making thiols is similar to the manufacture of alcohols and ethers.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

The reaction is usually faster and higher endemic because the sulfur anion is a better nucleophile than the oxygen/ thiol atom is formed when halogenoalkanes are heated with sodium hydrosulfide solution.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

CH3CH2Br + NaSH heated in ethanol (aq) → CH3CH2SH + NaBr Additionally, disulfides can be easily reduced by reductors such as lithium aluminium hydride in dry ether to two thiols.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

R-S-S-R' → R-SH + R'-SH The thiol group reaction is a sulfur analogue of the hydroxyl group (-OH) found in alcohols.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

Because sulfur and oxygen are in the same class of the periodic table, it has similar chemical bonding properties.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

Like alcohol, in general, it gets deprotonated to form RS− (called thiolates), and is chemically more reactive than the protonated thiol form of RSH.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

Thiol chemistry relates to alcohol chemistry: thiols form thioethers, thioacetals, and thioesters, which are analogized with ethers, acetals, and esters.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

Furthermore, thiol groups can react with alkenes, forming thioethers.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

Acidity The sulfur atom of thiols is more nucleophilic than oxygen atoms in alcohols.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

The thiol group is slightly acidic with a pKa of 10 to 11.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

With the presence of bases, thiolate anions will form, and are very strong nucleophiles.


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

These clusters and anions can be easily oxidized by reagents such as bromine, resulting in disulfide (R-S-S-R). 2R-SH + Br2 → R-S-S-R + 2HBr Oxidation by stronger reagents, such as sodium hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide, yields sulfonic acid (RSO3H).


Question: what is meant with organosulfur compounds?

Thiol

R-SH + 3H2O2 → RSO3H + 3H2O Example thiol Methanatiol - CH3SH Ethanatiol - C2H5SH Coenzyme A Lipoamide Glutationa Sisteina 2-Merkaptoethanol ditiotreitol/ditioerythritol (epimer pair) 2-Mercaptoindola transglutaminase See Tal exchange -Disulfide Outlinks by D. Witt, R. Klajn, P. Barski, B.A. Grzybowski at Northwestern University., by The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, by Columbia Gas of Pennsylvania and Maryland, by About Chemistry Category:Functional Clusters Category:Organosulfur compounds


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The European Union (abbreviated EU) is an intergovernmental and supranational organization, consisting of European countries.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Since 1 July 2013 it has had 28 member states.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The union was established in that name under the Treaty of European Union (better known as the Maastricht Treaty) in 1992.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

However, many aspects of the EU arise before that date through the earlier organization, going back to the 1950s. This international organization works through a combined supranational and intergovernmental system.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

In some areas, decisions are established through deliberations and consultations among member states, and in other areas supranational organ institutions carry out their responsibilities without the need for the approval of their members.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Important organ institutions within the EU are the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the European Court, and the European Central Bank.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

In addition, there is also a European Parliament whose members are elected directly by the citizens of the member states.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

On 12 October 2012, the European Union was designated as the 2012 recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

EU members have 28 member states, namely the European Parliament confers in Brusel, Belgium and (several times a year) in Strasbourg (France).


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The European Parliament is directly elected by its population.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The beginnings and history of Experiments to unite the European state have begun before the formation of modern states; they have occurred several times in European history.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Three thousand years ago, Europe was dominated by Celts, and then conquered and ruled the Mediterranean centered Empire of Rome.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The beginning of this unification was created by forced means.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The Franks Empire of Charlemagne and the Holy Empire of Rome united vast territories under loose administration for several hundred years.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Later in the 1800s customs union under Napoleon Bonaparte, and the conquests in the 1940s by Nazi Germany took place only temporarily.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Due to its collection of European languages and cultures, this unification experiment usually involves occupation from an unwilling country, creating instability.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

One experiment of unification peacefully through cooperation and equation of members was made by pacifist Victor Hugo in 1851.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

After World War I and World War II, the desire to establish the European Union intensified, driven by a desire to rebuild Europe and eliminate the possibility of another war.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Therefore, the European Coal and Steel Community was formed by Germany, France, Italy, and the Benelux countries.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

This came about by the Treaty of Paris (1951), signed in April 1951 and started in July 1952.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

After that it was formed also the European Economic Community was established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957 and implemented on 1 January 1958.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Later that community turned into the European Society which was the 'first pillar' of the European Union.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The European Union has evolved from a trade body into an economic and political cooperation.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Major policies From the change of its name from “European Economic Community” to “European Community” to “European Union” signifies that this organization has changed from an economic unity to a political union.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

This trend is characterized by an increasing number of policies within the EU.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

This picture of increased centering is offset by two factors.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

First, some member states have some strong domestic traditions of regional governance.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

This led to an increased focus about European regional and regional policies.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

A Committee of the Regions was established as part of the Maastricht Treaty.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Second, EU policy includes a number of different cooperation.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Autonomous decision-making: member states have given to the European Commission the power to issue decisions in certain territories such as for example competition laws, State Aid controls and liberalisation.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Harmonisation: the laws of member states are harmonized through the EU legislative process, involving the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

As a result of this EU law is increasingly noticeably present in the systems of member states.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Co-operation: Member states, which meet as the Council of the European Union agreed to cooperate and coordinate their domestic policies.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Tensions between the EU and national (or sub-national) competences persist long in the development of the EU.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

(See also Inter-governmentanism vs. Supra-nationasism (above), Euroskepticism.)


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

All prospective member states must enact legislation in order to align with the joint European legal framework, known as the Acquis Communautaire.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

(See also European Free Trade Association (EFTA), European Economic Area (EEA) and European Single Sky.)


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

See table of countries that took part in a number of initiatives.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

External policy An external tariff with customs duties, and a similar position in international trade negotiations.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Funding for programs in prospective member states and other Eastern European countries, as well as aid to many developing countries through its Phare and Tacis programs.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Establishment of a single market European Energy Community through the South-East European Energy Community Agreement on Cooperation and harmonization in other territories Freedom for EU citizens to vote in local government elections and the European Parliament in any member state as well.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Cooperation in criminal matters, including mutual intelligence sharing (through EUROPOL and the Schengen Information System), agreements on joint definitions of crimes and extradition procedures.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

A common foreign policy as a future target, but nevertheless this is still a long time will be realized.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The division between member states (in letter eight) and those members who were then not yet joined (in the Vilnius letter) at the time of the 2003 Iraq storming highlights how far this goal was ahead before he could become a reality.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

A common security policy is targeted, including the establishment of a European Rapid Reaction Unit with 60,000 members for the purposes of maintaining peace, an EU military staff and an EU satellite center (for intelligence purposes).


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Joint policy on acylum and immigration.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Co-funding for technology research and development, through a four-year Draft Program for Technology Research and Development.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The Sixth draft Programme was in effect from 2002 to 2006.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

EU politics has competence based on EU Treaties and the principle of subsidiarity which states that EU action can only be taken when a goal cannot be adequately achieved by only a member state.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Laws promulgated by EU institutions are issued in several ways, in general they can be classified into two groups: laws that come into force without the need to measure national scale implementation, and laws that apply to those needs.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The EU administration has seven institutions: the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union, the European Commission, the European Council, the European Central Bank, the European Court of Justice, and the European Court of Audit.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The authority to scrutinise and amend legislation is shared between the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, while executive duties are handled by the European Commission and, on a limited basis, by the Council of Europe (not to be condoned with the so-called Council of the European Union first).


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The monetary policy of the eurozone is regulated by the European Central Bank.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The interpretation and application of EU law and its treaties is ensured by the European Court of Justice.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

In addition, there are also additional bodies in charge of providing advice for the EU or operating within specific areas.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The European Commission The European Commission acts holding executive functions and is responsible for initiating legislation and daily leadership of the European Union.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The Commission also became the motor of European integration.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The Commission works as a government cabinet, with 27 Commissioners working in different policy areas, one person from each member state, but the Commissioners are bound to a commitment to represent the interests of the European Union as merit, not the interests of their respective countries.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

One of the 27 members of the cabinet serves as President of the Commission (currently José Manuel Durão Barroso), appointed by the Council of Europe.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Twenty-six other Commissioners were then appointed by the Council of the European Union with the persuasion of the nominated president.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

After that.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The European Parliament held elections for the approval of all 27 Commissioners as a single body.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

After the Commission President, the most prominent Commissioner is the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign and Security Policy, ex officio the Vice-President of the Commission.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The European Council of Europe briefings the EU, and holds hearings at least four times a year.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The European Council consists of the President of the European Council, the President of the European Commission and one deputy per member state; either head of state or head of government.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The European Council is described by some parties as the “supreme political authority” of the EU.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The European Council is actively involved in negotiating treaty change and defining the EU's policy agenda and strategy.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The European Council uses its leadership role to resolve disputes between member states and EU institutions, as well as to resolve political crises and dissent over controversial issues and policies.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Externally, the Council of Europe functions as a “collective Head of State” and ratifies important documents (for example international treaties and approvals).


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

On 19 November 2009, Herman Van Rompuy was elected as the first permanent President of the Council of Europe.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

On 1 December 2009, the Treaty of Lisboa was enacted and Van Rompuy came into office.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Ensuring external representation of the EU, moving consensus and resolving differences between members is the duty of the President, both during the European Council convocation and in the time period between two convocations.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The European Council (European Council) is an institution different from the European Assembly (Council of Europe), an international organization that is freelancing from the European Union.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The Parliament of the European Parliament makes up half the legislative body of the European Union (the other half being the Council of the European Union, see below).


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

A total of 736 (soon to be 751) Members of the European Parliament (UK: MEP) are directly elected by EU nationals every five years based on proportional representation votes garnered by each political party.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Although the European Parliament is elected nationally, the members sit according to political factions, and not by virtue of their nationality.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Each state has a number of seat allotments which are then divided into sub-national constituencies where this does not affect the proportional nature of the voting system.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union pass laws jointly in almost all regions under ordinary legislative procedures.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

This also applies to EU budget issues.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Ultimately, the Commission is accountable to Parliament, requires the consent of Parliament to take office, and must report back to Parliament as well as subject to criticism or disregard from Parliament.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The President of the European Parliament carries out the role of speaker (speaker) within the parliament and represents the Parliament externally.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The PE President and Vice-President are elected by the European Parliament every two and a half years.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The European Court of Justice of the Council of the European Union Council, or often referred to as the Council, and sometimes as the Council of Ministers, forms the other half of the EU legislative institutions, accompanying the Parliament.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The council consists of a minister from each member state.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The composition of the Board can be capricious and depends on the areas of policy addressed.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Despite the different compositions, the Council was nevertheless regarded as a single body.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

In addition to its legislating function, the Council also performs executive functions in the Joint Policy on Foreign and Security.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The Budget of the Twenty-eight EU member states has an agreed budget of €120.7 billion for 2007 and €864.3 billion for the period 2007-2013.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The budget constitutes 1.10% and 1.05% of the estimated GDP of EU member states for the respective periods.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

By comparison, UK spending for 2004 is expected to be €759 billion, and France is estimated to have spent €801 billion.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

In 1960, the budget of the European Economic Community was 0.03% of GDP.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

In the 2010 budget of €141.5 billion, the largest expenditure item was cohesion & competitiveness, which is about 45% of the total budget, overtaken by agriculture with about 31% of the total budget.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Rural development, environment, and fisheries take up about 11% of the budget, the administration about 6%, the EU as a global partner and citizenship, freedom, security and justice are the caretaker, with only about 6% and 1% of the entire EU budget being used in their respective profits- each ihwal.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The European Union's fifth institution, the European Court of Audit ensures that the EU budget is properly accounted for.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The Court provides an audit report for each book year to the Council and Parliament.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Parliament uses audit reports to decide between approving or rejecting the Commission's handling of the budget.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The Court also gave opinions and proposals on financial legislation and anti-fraud measures.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The Court of Auditors is legally obliged to give the European Parliament and the Council of Europe “a statement of confidence over the reliability of the accounts and the legality and regularity of the underlying transactions”.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The court has not given absolute approval to EU accounts since 1993.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The picture of the European position Economy When considered as a single entity, the European Union has the largest economy in the world with a 2004 GDP of 11,723,816 PPP.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The EU economy is expected to grow further in the next decade in line with more countries joining the union - and moreover these new countries are usually poorer than the EU average, and therefore it is hoped that rapid GDP growth will help the dynamics of the Union Europe.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Even so the EU will only grow by about 0.3% in the 2nd quarter of 2005, while other industrialized countries such as the United States are expected to grow around 3.2%.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Standard of living Here is a table and three graphs show GDP (PPP) per capita and nominal GDP per capita for the European Union and its members.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The data is for the 2005 estimate and the graph is from 2004.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Source: CIA World Factbook All other figures, source: IMF web site (,,).


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Comparison with other blocks/countries In 2003.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The color is cyan for the largest number, green for the smallest.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Source: CIA World Factbook 2004, IMF 1 NAFTA Member The name of the European Union in European languages Here is the name “EU” in 24 official languages spoken in the European Union. [1]


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Reference See also Schengen Agreement 1985 European Council European Commission European Parliament European Central Bank Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

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Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

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Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

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Question: what is the number of countries incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Category:International Organizations Category:Nobel Peace Prize Winners Category:Intergovernmental Organizations Category:G20 Countries


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The Netherlands (Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdərlnt] (listen)) was a participant state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, consisting of twelve provinces in Northwest Europe, and three islands in the Caribbean.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The Dutch word in Indonesian is a defective loan from the Portuguese vocabulary: holanda, olanda, wolanda, bolanda, and lastly into dutch.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The European Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north, and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares a nautical border [1] with Belgium, Germany, and Great Britain.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The Netherlands adheres to a parliamentary democracy structured as a unitary state.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

Its capital city is Amsterdam, while the centre of government, and its monarchical position is in The Hague. [2]


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

Holland as a whole is often called “Holland”, although North Holland, and South are only two of its twelve provinces.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The current official name is the Kingdom of the Netherlands.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The Netherlands is geographically a low-surface country, with roughly 20% of its area, and 21% of its population is below sea level, [3], and 50% of its land is less than a meter above sea level. [4]


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

This unique reality is enshrined in its name: Nederland (Dutch), which means “low-land lands”; this name is also used with some variations in other European languages.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

Much of the land that is below sea level is the result of human intervention, this is due to widespread peat extraction, and poorly controlled over the centuries, and degrading of the surface several metres high.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

Even in flooded areas such peat extraction is continued through dredging.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

Since the late 16th century land reclamation began; later large areas of polders are now preserved by elaborating drainage systems involving several embankments, canals, and pumping stations.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

Much of the territory of the Netherlands is formed by the estuarial of three important rivers of Europe, which jointly with its tributaries form the Rhein-Maas-Schelde delta.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

Most parts of the country are very flat, with exceptions at the foothills in the south-east, and a few rows of hills in the central part.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The Netherlands is one of the first few countries to have an elected parliament, and it is a founding member of the European Union, G-10, NATO, OECD, WTO, and a participant of the Beneluks trilateral economic union.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The Netherlands was one of the countries that once controlled Indonesia, and only recognized Indonesian sovereignty on 27 December 1949, but now recognized an independent Indonesia on 17 August 1945.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

In 2011, the Netherlands once reached the tenth highest ranking of percapita income in the world.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The country is host to the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, and five world judiciaries: the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the International Court of Justice, the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Court, and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The first four are based in The Hague; also home to the EU's criminal intelligence agency, Europol; and the European judicial cooperation body, Eurojust.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

This reality has been the cause of the emergence of the nickname “the legal capital of the world” for the City of The Hague. [5]


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The Netherlands exercises the principle of a mixed-market economy, ranking 17th out of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. [6]


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

In May 2011, the Netherlands achieved status as the “happiest” country according to results announced by the OECD. [7]


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The Netherlands is one of the most populous countries in the world.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The Netherlands is also well known for its dikes (dijk), windmills, pumped timber, tulips, and its open, and liberal, society.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

History Under the reign of Karel V (Holy Roman emperor, and king of Spain) this region (now the Netherlands) was one of the 17 regions of the Netherlands, which encompassed most areas known today as Belgium, Luxemburg, and the North of France.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

After gaining independence from Phillip II (son of Karel V) in 1648, the Netherlands became a republic called the Republic of the Seven Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Provinciën).


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The republic became an economic ruler, and an adept explorer of the seas in the 17th century.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

This age is known as the Dutch Golden Age.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

Among the international companies that started here include VOC.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The Netherlands once had several colonies, one of the most famous being Nederlands-Indië (namely Indonesia), and Suriname which was exchanged for Nieuw Amsterdam, or now known as New York by the British Empire.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The colony was first administrated by the Vereeinigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC), and West-Indische Compagnie (WIC or official is Geoctroyeerde West-Indische Compagnie (GWIC)), both of which are two privately owned companies.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

Three centuries later, these companies got into financial difficulties, and the territories in which they operated were taken over by the Dutch administration (in 1815, and 1791).


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

It was during this time that the area became an official colony of the Dutch government into the French Empire by Napoleon Bonaparte, who was then released after his defeat.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

After that, the Kingdom of the Netherlands was established in 1815 by covering areas recognized today as Belgium, and Luxemburg.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

Belgium gained independence in 1830, while Luxemburg split after the death of King Willem III.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

In the 19th century, the Netherlands was already an industrialized nation comparable to its neighboring countries.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

In the 19th century.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The Netherlands can be categorised 'sluggish' in the process of industrialization when compared by its neighboring countries, mainly because of its dependence on water infrastructure, and wind power.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The Netherlands was neutral during World War I, and World War II.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The Netherlands was conquered by the Nazis in May 1940 at the time of world war II, and forced it to become a supporter of the Axis (Axis) countries.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The Dutch were instantaneous in those days to be dominated by the Nazis.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

Over 100000 Dutch Jews were murdered during that time.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The Allied 21st Army Group carried out military operations aimed at liberating the Netherlands following the landings at Normandy by British, Canadians, Poles, and Americans fighting in the Netherlands starting from 1944 until the Netherlands was liberated in 1945.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

After the war, the Dutch economy became more advanced with the Netherlands becoming a member of the Benelux, and the European Community.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The Netherlands also became a member of NATO.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The Netherlands was a pioneer country of the European Union during the organization's founding in 1992.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

Geography One of the interesting forms of face in the Netherlands is that the land surface is very flat.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

Almost half of the Dutch country is less 1 meter above level.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

Nevertheless, the province of Limburg, which is in the landmark part of the Netherlands, is a little hilly.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The highest surface is Vaalserberg, located in the province of Limburg, has an elevation of 321 m.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The lowest surface is Nieuwerkerk aan den IJssel, which is 6.76 below sea level.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

Much of the low ground is escorted by dijk, and sea walls.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

Some areas in the Netherlands, such as the Flevoland area, must be reclaimed.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The reclaimed area was called a polder.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

One of the famous constructions is the Afsluitdijk (Embankment Cover), which separates the lake IJssel (IJsselmeer, formerly called the Zuider or Zuiderzee sea) with the sea of Wadden (Waddenzee).


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The length of the embankment is 32km, and the width is 90 m.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The country is divided into two main parts by the Rhine (Rijn), Waal, and Maas rivers.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The main wind direction in the Netherlands is the southwest, which leads to a simple archipelago climate, with cold summers, and simple winters.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The Dutch government has been a constitutional monarchy since 1815, and a parliamentary democracy since 1848.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The Netherlands is described as a consociational country.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

Politics, and the government of the Netherlands are interrupted by an effort to achieve wide diversity regarding important affairs, in the political community and society as a whole.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

In 2010, The Economist placed the Netherlands as the 10th most democratic country in the world.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The King of the Netherlands is the head of state, now King Willem-Alexander.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

According to the Dutch constitution, the position of the head of state is equipped by limited powers of attorney.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

The head of state can use his influence when a new cabinet is about to be formed, where that influence will act as a neutral intermediate among political parties.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

In addition, the monarch (the title of queen has no constitutional significance) is entitled to meetings, and consultations.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

Depending on the personality, and the monarch's relationship with the council of ministers, the king could have influence beyond the powers granted by the constitution.


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

Political parties The administrative division of the Netherlands is divided into 12 administrative regions named after provinces (provincies).


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

Groningen Friesland/Fryslân Drenthe Overijssel Flevoland Gelderland Utrecht Noord-Holland (North Holland) Zuid-Holland (South Holland) Zeeland Noord-Brabant (North Brabant) Limburg Each area is divided over municipalities (gemeenten).


Question: What is the area of the naval ship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën?

Netherlands

There are several islands in the Caribbean that are under Dutch rule: the Netherlands Antilles, and Aruba.