Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

In general, it can be divided into two large parts, namely “real time (direct)” and “Post processing (after the activity is completed)”.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

The purpose of 'real time' is a navigation tool that uses SBAS or DGPS signals directly when used.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

While 'post processing' means data collected by navigation tools in reprocessing using data from DGPS ground stations.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

There are many DGPS ground stations around the world that we can use for this, both free and paid versions, even we can use them directly over the internet.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Although DGPS or SBAS can improve accuracy, it is provided that the signal emitted contains corrections for the region where we use navigation tools.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

If there is no data correction for the region, there will be no increase in accuracy.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Some sense of the term Cold & Warm start On the details of the navigation tool specifications, usually written the time required for cold and warm start.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

When the navigation tool is turned off, it still stores' locked 'satellite data previously.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

One of the stored data is ephemeris data, and this data is still valid for about 4-6 hours (for easier, use the 4-hour reference only).


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

When it is turned back on, the navigation tool will search for satellites based on stored data.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

If the stored data is still within that period, then the datadata can still be used by navigation tools to lock satellites, and cause faster navigation tools to 'lock' satellites.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

This is the so-called “Warm start”.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

When the stored data is expired, meaning it exceeds the time period above, then the navigation tool cannot use it.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

So the navigation tool has to start the whole process from scratch, and cause the required time to be even longer.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

This is the so-called “Cold start”.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

This whole process takes place in just a few minutes.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Waterproof IPX7 Standard is made by IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), the first number describes testing the resistance of the tool to solid objects, and the second number describes the resistance to liquid objects (water).


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

When the tool is only tested against one of the conditions (solid objects or liquid objects), then the letter 'X' is placed on the first or second number.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

IP X7 means: X indicates the tool is not tested against solid objects, while the number 7 means that it can be immersed in water with a depth of 15cm — 1 meter (on the site garmin added: for 30 minutes).


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

RoHS version In the manual of satellite-based navigation tools, this specification may be found.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

This is a provision made by the European Union regarding limits on the use of six hazardous types of materials in electronic devices manufactured after 1 July 2006.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

RoHS stands for Restriction of use of certain Hazardous Substances.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

The six types of restricted materials are Cadmium (Cd), Monster water/mercury (Hg), hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)), polybrominated biphenyls (PbBS) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and lead/lead (Pb).


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

All kinds of these materials can interfere with human health, including the waste of electronic devices we use.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Proposition 65 This is a provision made by the state government of California, United States of America.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

This provision aims to protect the population of California and drinking water sources from pollution of hazardous materials.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Under this provision, each factory is obliged to list warnings on its products, so that the user can make a decision to protect himself.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

There are many ingredients that are considered harmful, and this list may change with the times.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

A material that is considered dangerous can be removed from the list if at a later date it turns out to be harmless.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

For more details on the list of ingredients considered hazardous, can be seen in or Geocaching The term comes from the word 'Geo' taken from geography, and 'caching' taken from storing/hiding things.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Geocaching is actually a game to find hidden 'treasures' using satellite-based navigation tools.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

The activities are simple, first hide some small items (pens, pencils, and others) in several separate places, in such a way that they are not easily visible.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Record the coordinates of each of these places.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Then some groups tried to find all the things that were hidden.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Of course, it will not be too easy to find it, because each tool has a different accuracy.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

This activity can be combined with other activities, for example, waste cleaning activities in the park, or outbound activities, and so on.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Some sites on the internet manage games that take place around the world, one example can be seen in DOP It stands for 'Dillution of Precision', closely related to the location of satellites in space.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

DOP values are obtained from mathematical calculations, which show the 'level of trust' of a location calculation.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

When the satellites are located close together, the DOP value will increase, which causes the accuracy of satellite-based navigation tools to decrease.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

When the satellites are located far apart, the DOP value will decrease so that navigation tools become more accurate.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

If the DOP value is smaller than 5 (some say below 4), then the accuracy to be obtained is quite accurate.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

There are several values often found, namely HDOP (Horizontal Dilution of Precision), VDOP (Vertical Dilution of Precision), and PDOP (Positional Dilution of Precision — three-dimensional position).


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Location coordinates A coordinate point can be displayed with several formats.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Each user can set this format on navigation tools, mapsource programs, or other computer programs.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

This format can be set from the settings section of each program/navigation tool.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

There are several commonly used formats: hddd.ddddd0; hddd0mm, mmm'; hddd0mm'ss.s”; +ddd, ddddd0.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

So a point can be shown in several ways, for example: point S6010.536' E106049.614' is equal to point S6.175600 E106.826910 is equal to point S6010'32.2” E106049'36.9” equal to -6.175600 106.826910.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

The first part is the Latitude coordinates, which are followed by Longitude coordinates or often abbreviated Lat/Long.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Stay-Up Method Stay-Up Method is a derivative or combined method of several methods used as a simplification in solving problems encountered by programmers.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

This method is very suitable for finding coordinate points in a location for a programming base with components or GPS devices and a gadget, so that the value of the distance between the two points is obtained and if there is an object moving in units of time to it can determined its speed and acceleration.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

The combined method is adopted from the ground Navigation method and the Two Stay Two Stray method, so the description of the Stay-Up method is obtained as follows: Waiting for data information latitude1-2 and longtitude1-2 (from-GPS) Encoding data (GPS) Searching for the difference of both data (distance) Perform feedback per minute (speed) So that in this method a distance pointing system (gadget) works passively or sleeps motionless (Stay), that is, it can only operate or move (Up) if there is data sent by a source in this case GPS device to a member of the gadget.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

The source of information (GPS) provides certain coded data (latitude-longtitude) which is subsequently translated or encoded by the member (gadget) into an information that is easy to understand and understand to further use as a reference determinant of an outcome, namely distance and speed.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

POI Tourguide What is meant by this term is a merger between regular POIs with images, text, sound, and proximity alarms.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

When a satellite-based navigation tool enters the distance that has been set on the proximity alarm of a POI, the satellite-based navigation tool will automatically display photos and posts, and output sounds.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

A pool of tourguide POI coupled with a designated route can serve as a tour guide during the trip.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

But if the map used is different, then the route indicated by the navigation tool is likely to be different.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

POI tourguide can only be enjoyed by users of certain garmin product satellite-based navigation tools, namely nuvi series that have MP3, Zumo, street pilot c550, c580, 2730, 2820, 7200, 7500 capabilities.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Free online facilities are provided by GeoTourGuide (), and Geovative Solutions ().


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Several free version programs have also been available, Tourguide Editor can be downloaded from, which is available for some computer operating systems.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Mapsource programs can also be used to create a Tourguide POI, as well as a wide variety of XML editors available on the internet.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Of all the available free ways, it is easiest to use the Extra POI Editor program that can be downloaded from.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Military usesGPS is used for war purposes, such as guiding the direction of bombs, or knowing the position the troops are in.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

In this way, we can find out which friend is the opponent to avoid the wrong target, or determine the movement of troops.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

NavigationGPS is widely also used as a navigation tool such as a compass.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Some types of vehicles have been equipped with GPS for nivigation aids, by adding maps, it can be used to guide riders, so that riders can know which lane should be chosen to reach the desired destination.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Geographic Information SystemFor the purposes of Geographic Information Systems, GPS is often also included in the creation of maps, such as measuring border distances, or as a reference measurement.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Vehicle tracking systemAnother use of GPS is as a vehicle tracker, with bamtuan GPS vehicle owner/fleet manager can know where the vehicle/its moving assets are at the moment.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Earthquake monitorEven today, high-precision GPS can be used to monitor the movement of the ground, whose order is only mm in a year.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Monitoring ground movement is useful for estimating the occurrence of earthquakes, whether volcanic or tectonic movements Other systems Main article: Satellite navigation systems Other satellite navigation systems under development by other countries are: Beidou — Local systems in the PRC to be developed became an international system named COMPASS.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Galileo — System under development by the European Union, with assistance from the PRC, Israel, India, Moroko, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, and Ukraine.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

GLONASS — Russian-owned system under repair.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) — Indian-developed system.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

The role of satellite-based navigation tools in the world of health The role of navigation tools in the world of public health is inseparable from the use of GIS (Geographical Information System), or the general term is mapping.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

When used in health, these two things are closely related to health information systems in the broadest sense.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Its use in the world of public health aims to help provide information so that decision-makers can do their job more easily and accurately.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Decision makers here do not always mean the administrative structure of government, but it can also mean community groups and individuals.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

If the decision maker does not use the information provided, then this activity is simply a waste of time, effort, and funds.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Currently, there are many parties using satellite-based navigation and mapping tools in planning, deciding, implementing, and evaluating community-based programs.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

The most commonly used are NGOs (NGOs) both internationally and nationally, in disaster control programs.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Usage in the field of health in Indonesia is still very little, it can be said that there is almost no.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

The biggest problem is the cost and resources available, so it's rare for parties to be interested in developing them.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Had it been available, knowledge of the benefits of the information obtained was also still dubious.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

The question that needs to be answered is: How important are the benefits to get?


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

This question is central because even if the information from the mapping is not available, all activities during this time can still be carried out.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

True, without information from the results of the mapping, public health programs can be done.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

But, what about the 'time' it takes to achieve the desired condition?


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

And can it be more accelerated when the decisions taken are more targeted?


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

This is where the main function of the health information system is, it should be able to provide the necessary information, so that decision makers can do their job properly.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

The same mistake does not need to be repeated again in the future.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

For example, outbreaks of the same disease are not resolved in the same way year after year, so they end up becoming routine outbreaks.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Mapping along with the use of satellite-based navigation tools is part of the entire health information system.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Without being supported by other parts, the benefits obtained will not be maximum.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Furthermore, if the decision made has nothing to do with the information obtained, then the function of the information system becomes lost.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

The type of information that can be displayed depends on the data entered into this mapping system.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

This mapping system can combine data numbers (in the form of statistics, survey results, monthly reports, and so on) from the health information system with visual maps.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

So it can be viewed both macro and micro.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

For example, in the image on the right, a picture of the places of treatment providers of tuberculosis treatment in Zambia in 2004 taken from WHO (World Health Organization) material.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

The information to be displayed will resemble this information, which will have no meaning if it is not accompanied by a 'story' and followed by analysis.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

For example, from this map it can be seen that service coverage has not been able to reach the entire area evenly.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

This information can be used by decision makers to improve those conditions.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Mapping coverage does not have to be within a large area, but can be used for a small area, for example a village.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

The map in the example above also consists of a combination of smaller areas, which can be selected to display on the screen.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

This type of visual information as above does not absolutely have to be available, because the analysis can be done using the numbers contained in the health information system.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

So, the main function of the mapping above is to make it easier for decision makers to improve existing conditions.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

With the presence of visual information like this, the user can be easier to see the situation and conditions at hand.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

The next step remains with the decision-maker.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

WHO already provides a free program for these mapping purposes, which will be able to be used in conjunction with their survey program (also free).


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

The program can be downloaded free from.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Furthermore, on the WHO website, the results of this mapping can be put together with other countries online.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Of course only the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia can do so for the territory of the Republic of Indonesia.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Mapping results from around the world can be seen at the address:.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

See also Vehicle tracker Geographic Information System Takometer Reference gauge Tanoe, Andre, October 2009.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

GPS For beginners, the basics of daily use.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

* * CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Open Courseware from MIT, 2012 Outside links Responsible for operation of the Global Positioning System at Curlie —General public education website created by the U.S. Government —Status of the GPS constellation, government policy, and links to other references; includes satellite almanac data.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

—Responsible for designing and acquiring the system on behalf of the United States Government.


Question: What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers manual: and Orbits for the Global Positioning System satellites in the Global Navigation Satellite System —The official Precise Positioning Service specification (Java applet) Simulation and graphical depiction of space vehicle motion including computation of dilution of precision (DOP)


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android (/ˈæn.drɔɪd/; an-droyd) is a Linux-based operating system designed for touchscreen moving devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. [11]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android was originally developed by Android, Inc., with financial support from Google, which later purchased it in 2005. [12]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The operating system was officially released in 2007, along with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of hardware, software, and telecommunications companies aimed at advancing the open standards of mobile devices. [13]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The first Android phones went on sale in October 2008. [14]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android user interfaces are generally direct manipulations, using touch gestures similar to real actions, such as sliding, tapping, and pinching to manipulate on-screen objects, as well as virtual keyboards for writing text.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In addition to touchscreen devices, Google has also developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars, and Android Wear for watches, each of which has a different user interface.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android variants are also used on portable computers, game consoles, digital cameras, and other electronic equipment. [15]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android is an open-source operating system, and Google releases its code under the Apache License. [11]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Open source code and licensing licenses on Android allow the software to be freely modified and distributed by device makers, wireless carriers, and application developers.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In addition, Android has a large number of application developer communities (apps) that extend the functionality of the device, generally written in a customization version of the Java programming language. [16]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In October 2013, there were more than one million apps available for Android, and about 50 billion apps had been downloaded from Google Play, the main Android app store. [17] [18] A survey in April—May 2013 found that Android was the most popular platform for people developers, used by 71% of mobile app developers. [19]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

At Google I/O 2014, Google reported there were more than one billion monthly active users of Android, an increase from 583 million in June 2013. [20]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The above factors have contributed to the development of Android, making it the most widely used smartphone operating system in the world, [21] beating Symbian in 2010. [22]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android is also an option for tech companies who want a low-cost, customizable, lightweight operating system for high-tech devices without having to develop it from scratch. [23]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The open nature of Android has also prompted the emergence of a large number of app developer communities to use open source code as the basis for app creation projects, by adding new features for advanced users or operating Android on devices that was officially released using another operating system. [24]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

As of November 2013, Android controlled the share of the global smartphone market, led by Samsung products, with a percentage of 64% in March 2013. [25]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

As of July 2013, there are 11,868 different Android devices with various versions. [26]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The success of this operating system has also made it the target of patent ligitation “smartphone wars” among technology companies. [27] [28] Through May 2013, a total of 900 million Android devices have been activated worldwide, and 48 billion applications have been installed from Google Play. [ 29] [30] Android History, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, in October 2003 by Andy Rubin (founder of Danger), [31] Rich Miner (founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.), [32] Nick Sears [33] (former VP of T-Mobile), and Chris White (head of WebTV interface design and development) [12] for developing “smart mobile devices that are more aware of their user's location and preferences”. [12]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The original goal of Android development was to develop an advanced operating system intended for digital cameras, but later it was realized that the market for such devices was not large enough, and Android development was shifted for the smartphone market to rival Symbian and Windows Mobile (Apple's iPhone had not been released at the time). [34]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Although Android developers are experienced technology experts, Android Inc. operated secretly, it was only revealed that the developers were creating a software intended for mobile phones. [12]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Still that same year, Rubin ran out of money.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Steve Perlman, a close friend of Rubin, loaned him $10,000 in cash and rejected an offer of stock in the company. [35]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Google acquired Android Inc. on August 17, 2005, making it a wholly owned subsidiary of Google.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android Inc. founders such as Rubin, Miner and White remained employed at the company after it was acquired by Google. [12]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

After that, not much is known about the development of Android Inc., but many presumptions state that Google plans to enter the mobile phone market with this action. [12]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

At Google, a team led by Rubin began developing a mobile device platform using the Linux kernel.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Google markets the platform to mobile device manufacturers and wireless carriers, with the promise that they provide flexible, updatable systems.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Google has selected several software and hardware company partners, and signaled to mobile operators that this cooperation is open to anyone wishing to participate. [36] [37] [38] Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continues to grow until December 2006. [39]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The BBC and Wall Street Journal report that Google is working hard to include its apps and search engine on mobile devices.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Various print media and online media indicate that Google is developing mobile devices under the Google brand.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Some of them speculate that Google has determined its technical specifications, including mobile phone manufacturers and network operators.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In December 2007, InformationWeek reported that Google had filed several patent applications in the field of mobile telephony. [40] [41] On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance (OHA) was established.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

OHA is a consortium of tech companies such as Google, mobile device manufacturers such as HTC, Sony and Samsung, wireless carriers such as Sprint Nextel and T-Mobile, as well as chipset manufacturers such as Qualcomm and Texas Instruments.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

OHA itself aims to develop open standards for mobile devices. [13]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

At that time, Android was unveiled as its first product; a mobile device platform using the Linux kernel version 2.6. [13]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The first commercial mobile phone to use the Android operating system was the HTC Dream, which was launched on October 22, 2008. [42]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In 2010, Google released the Nexus series; smart phone and tablet devices with the Android operating system produced by mobile phone manufacturer partners such as HTC, LG, and Samsung.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

HTC is working with Google in releasing the first Nexus smartphone product, the Nexus One. [43]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

This series has been updated with newer devices, for example, the Nexus 4 smartphone and the Nexus 10 tablet produced by LG and Samsung. [44]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

On October 15, 2014, Google announced the Nexus 6 and Nexus 9 produced by Motorola and HTC. [45]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

On March 13, 2013, Larry Page announced in his blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to work on new projects at Google. [46]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

He was replaced by Sundar Pichai, who previously served as head of the Google Chrome division, which developed Chrome OS. [44]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Since 2008, Android has gradually made a number of updates to improve the performance of the operating system, add new features, and fix bugs contained in previous versions.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Each major version released was named alphabetically based on the names of desserts or sugared snacks; for example, version 1.5 was named Cupcake, which was later followed by version 1.6 Donut.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The latest version is 5.0 Lollipop, which was released on October 15, 2014. [47]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Features Interface User interface on Android is based on direct manipulation, [48] using touch input similar to actions in the real world, such as swiping (swiping), tapping, and pinching, to manipulate objects on the screen. [48]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

User input is responded quickly and there is also a touch interface like a water surface, often using the vibration capabilities of the device to provide haptic feedback to the user.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Internal hardware such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to user actions, for example to adjust screen position from portrait to landscape, depending on how the device is positioned, or allow the user to steer the vehicle while playing races by rotating the device as a steering wheel control simulation. [49]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

When turned on, the Android device will load on the front screen (homescreen), namely the main navigation and information center on the device, similar to the desktop on a personal computer.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android's front screen usually consists of app icons and widgets; app icons serve to run related apps, while widgets display live and auto-update content, such as weather forecasts, user email inboxes, or show news tikers directly from the front screen. [50]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The front screen can consist of several pages, users can swipe back and forth between one page to another, allowing Android users to set the appearance of the device according to their tastes.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Some third-party apps available on Google Play and in other app stores are extensively capable of reorganizing Android's front-screen theme, and can even mimic the look of other operating systems, for example Windows Phone. [51]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Most mobile phone manufacturers and wireless carriers customize the appearance of their homemade Android devices to differentiate them from their competitors. [52]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

At the top of the screen is a status bar, which displays information about the device and its connectivity.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

This status bar can be “pulled” down to open a notification screen showing important information or app updates, such as emails received or incoming SMS, by not interfering with user activities on the device. [53]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In early versions of Android, this notification screen could be used to open relevant apps, but once updated, this function is further enhanced, for example, the ability to call back phone numbers from missed call notifications without having to open the main app. [54]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

This notification will remain until the user sees it, or it is deleted and disabled by the user.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android apps allow users to install third-party apps, either obtained from app stores such as Google Play, Amazon Appstore, or by downloading and installing APK files from third-party sites. [55]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

On Google Play, users can browse, download, and update apps published by Google and third-party developers, in accordance with Google compatibility requirements. [56]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Google Play will filter the list of available apps based on their compatibility with users' devices, and developers can limit their created apps to specific carriers or countries for business reasons. [57]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

App purchases that do not match the user's liking can be returned within 15 minutes of download. [58]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Some mobile operators also offer direct billing for app purchases on Google Play by adding app purchase prices to users' monthly bills. [59]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In September 2012, there were more than 675,000 apps available for Android, and the estimated number of apps downloaded from the Play Store was 25 billion. [60]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android applications are developed in the Java programming language using the Android software development kit (SDK).


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

This SDK consists of a set of development tools, [61] including a debugger, a software library, a handset emulator based on QEMU, documentation, sample code, and tutorials.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Officially supported by the Eclipse integrated development environment (IDE), which uses the Android Development Tools (ADT) plugin.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Other development tools available include the Native Development Kit for applications or extensions in C or C++, Google App Inventor, visual environments for novice programmers, and various cross-platform mobile web application frameworks.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In order to deal with Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China, Android devices sold on RRT are generally adapted to country-approved services. [62]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Memory management Because Android devices are generally battery-powered, Android is designed to manage memory (RAM) to maintain minimal power consumption, in contrast to desktop operating systems that can connect to unlimited power sources.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

When an Android app is no longer in use, the system will automatically suspend it (suspend) in memory—technically it is still “open”, but by being suspended, it will not consume resources (e.g. battery power or processing power), and will” silent” in the background until the app is reused.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

This method has the dual benefit of not only improving the response of Android devices because apps don't need to be closed and reopened from scratch at any time, but also ensuring that apps running in the background don't spend power in vain. [63]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android manages apps stored in memory automatically: when memory is weak, the system will disable inactive applications and processes for a while, applications will be disabled in reverse order, starting from the last one used.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

This process is invisible to the user, so the user does not need to manually manage memory or disable the application. [64]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

However, user confusion over memory management on Android has led to the emergence of several popular third-party task killer apps on Google Play. [65]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Hardware requirements Until November 2013, the latest version of Android required at least 512MB of RAM, [66] 32-bit ARMv7 processors, MIPS architecture, or x86, [5] as well as OpenGL ES 2.0 compatible graphics processing units (GPUs). [67]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The main hardware platform on Android is the ARM architecture.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

There is also support for x86 from the Android-x86 project, [5] and Google TV using a special x86 version of Android.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In 2013, Freescale announced involving Android in its artificial i.MX processors, namely the i.MX5x and i.MX6x series. [68]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In 2012, Intel processors also began to appear on the main Android platforms, for example, on mobile phones. [69]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Some hardware components are not required, but they are already standard in certain devices.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Some features were initially needed as requirements, but were later dispensed with.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

After Android became a smartphone OS, some hardware, such as microphones, gradually turned into optional devices.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In addition, the camera is designated as a mandatory device for Android phones. [70]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android devices incorporate a variety of optional hardware components, including video cameras, GPS, hardware orientation sensors, game controls, accelerometers, gyroscopes, barometers, magnetometers, proximity sensors, pressure sensors, thermometers, and touchscreens.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0, and 3.0.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Some applications explicitly require certain versions of OpenGL ES, so suitable GPU hardware is required for Android devices to run certain applications. [67]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android development was developed privately by Google until the latest changes and updates were ready for release, and information regarding the source code also began to be disclosed to the public. [71]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

This source code will only run without modification on certain devices, usually on the Nexus series. [72]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

There are separate binaries provided by the manufacturer for Android to operate. [73]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The green Android logo was originally designed for Google in 2007 by graphic designer Irina Blok. [74] [75] [76] The design team was tasked with a project to create an easily recognizable universal icon by including specific robot icons in the final design.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

After a number of design developments based on themes of science fiction and space films, the team finally drew inspiration from the human symbol contained on the toilet door, and modified its shape into a robotic shape.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Since Android is open-source software, it was agreed that the logo should also be open, and since its release, the green logo has been redesigned again in countless variations. [77]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Google's update schedule provides key updates for the Android version, with a timeframe every six to nine months.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Most devices are capable of receiving updates over the air (OTA). [78]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The latest major update is Android 6.0 Marshmallow. [79]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Compared to the mobile operating system of its main rival, iOS, Android updates are usually slower to receive by its users' devices.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

For devices other than the Nexus brand, usually new updates can be received within months of the release of the official version. [80]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

This is due to the large variety of Android hardware, so each update must be customized specifically, for example: Google's official source code runs only on Nexus devices.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Porting Android on certain hardware done by mobile phone manufacturers takes time and process, these manufacturers generally give priority to their latest devices to receive updates, and streamline older devices. [80]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Therefore, old smartphones are often not updated if the manufacturer decides that it is just time-consuming, although in fact the device is capable of receiving updates.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

This problem is compounded when manufacturers adapt Android to the interface and applications of their creation, which this must be reapplied for each recent release.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Other delays could also be caused by wireless carriers; after receiving updates from mobile phone manufacturers, carriers would adapt them to their needs, for example conducting extensive testing of the network before sending updates to users. [80]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The lack of post-sales support from mobile phone manufacturers and carriers has raised criticism from consumers and technology media. [81] [82] Some critics state that the industry has financial motives not to update their devices, such as the absence of updates for old devices and updating new devices with the aim of increasing sales, [83] an attitude they call “insulting”. [82]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The Guardian reported that the complicated update method occurred because it was the manufacturer of the phone and its operator who had designed it that way. [82]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In 2011, Google, working with a number of industrial companies, formed the “Android Update Alliance”, with the promise that they would provide updates in a timely manner for each device within 18 months after the release of the official version. [84]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Since its founding until 2013, the organization has never been touted again. [80]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Google then began updating its apps, including Google Maps and Google Play Music, as independent apps separate from Android, and also introduced system-level components that provide APIs for Google apps, which are auto-installed and updated directly by Google through Google Play, as well as supports almost all Android devices with versions above 2.2. [85]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Linux kernel Until November 2013, Android used a kernel based on Linux kernel version 3.x (version 2.6 on Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich and its predecessors).


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The middle appliances, software libraries, and APIs are written in C, and the application software runs on application frameworks, including the Java-compatible library based on Apache Harmony.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android uses Dalvik virtual machines with timely compilation to run Dalvik's' dex-code '(Dalvik Executable), usually translated from Java bytecode. [86]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The architecture of the Linux kernel on Android has been changed by Google, in contrast to the development cycle of the usual Linux kernel. [87]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

By default, Android does not have the original X Window System or the full set support of standard GNU libraries.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Therefore, it is difficult to port Linux libraries or applications on Android. [88]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Support for simple C and SDL applications can be done by injecting Java shim and using JNI, [89] for example on the Jagged Alliance 2 port for Android. [90]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

One feature that Google tried to contribute for the Linux kernel was a power management feature called “wakelocks”, but this feature was rejected by major kernel developers because they felt that Google had not shown its intention to develop its own code. [91] [92] [93] April 2010, Google announced that it would hire two employees to develop the Linux kernel community, [94] however, Greg Kroah-Hartman, maintainer of the stable version of Linux kernel, stated in December 2010; he was concerned that Google was no longer trying to change the main Linux code. [92]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Some Android developers at Google hint that “the Android team is already getting saturated with this process”, because they are just a small team and are forced to do urgent work for the sustainability of Android. [95]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In August 2011, Linus Torvalds stated: “eventually Android and Linux will return on the common kernel, but probably for the next four or five years”. [96]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In December 2011, Greg Kroah-Hartman announced the start of the Android Mainlining Project, which aims to restore some of Android's drives, patches, and features on the Linux kernel, beginning with Linux 3.3. [97]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

After previous attempts failed, Linux eventually included wakelocks and autosleep features on the 3.5 kernel.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The interface is still the same, but the new Linux implementation has two different suspend modes: suspension to storage (traditional suspension used by Android), and suspension to discs (hibernation, similar to features present on desktops). [98]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Inclusion of this new feature will be completed in Kernel 3.8, Google has opened a public code repository containing their experimental work to redesign Android with Kernel 3.8. [99]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Flash storage on Android devices is divided into partitions, such as “/system” for the operating system, and “/data” for installation of applications and user data. [100]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Unlike the Linux desktop distribution, Android device owners are not granted root access on the operating system, and sensitive partitions such as /system are read-only.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

However, root access can be obtained by exploiting security flaws on Android, this way is often used by open source communities to improve the performance of their devices, [101] but can also be utilized by irresponsible parties to spread viruses and destructive device. [102]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Related to the issue of whether Android can be classed into Linux distributions is still widely debated. [103]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The Linux Foundation and Chris DiBona, [104] Google's head of open sources, support this.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Whereas others, such as Google technician Patrick Brady, opposed it, he reasoned that Android was less supportive of most GNU tools, including glibc. [105]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The Android open source community has an active community of developers and enthusiasts who use Android source code to develop and distribute modified versions of their homemade Android. [106]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

These developer communities often provide updates and new features for devices faster when compared to manufacturers/operators, even though they do not undergo extensive testing or lack quality assurance. [24]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

They strive to continue providing support for older devices that no longer receive official updates, or modify Android devices to run using other operating systems, such as the HP TouchPad.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

These communities often release updates for pre-rooted devices, and contain modifications that are not suitable for non-technical users, for example the ability to overclock or over/undervolt the device's processor. [107]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

CyanogenMod is the community's most widely used firmware, and is the basis for a number of other firmware. [108]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Historically, device manufacturers and mobile operators have typically not supported firmware development by third parties.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Manufacturers are concerned that there will appear unsuitable functions if the device uses unofficial software, so it will lead to the appearance of additional costs. [109]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In addition, modified firmware such as CyanogenMod sometimes offer features that make operators have to incur premium costs, for example tethering.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

As a result, technical constraints such as lockdown (bootloader) and limited root access can generally be encountered on most Android devices.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

However, software made by the developer community grew in popularity, and after the United States Congress of Librarians allowed the “jailbreaking” of mobile devices, [110] mobile phone manufacturers and carriers began to soften their attitude towards third-party developers.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Several mobile phone manufacturers, including HTC, [109] Motorola, [111] Samsung [112] [113] and Sony, [114] began to provide support and encourage third-party software development.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

As a result, the hardware restriction constraints for installing unofficial hardy devices began to gradually diminish after an increasing number of devices that have the ability to unlock the bootloader, the same as the Nexus series of phones, although users had to lose the warranty of the device they if do. [109]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

However, even though mobile phone manufacturers have approved third-party software development, some mobile operators in the United States still require their users' phones to be “locked”. [115]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The ability to unlock and hack systems on smartphones and tablets continues to be a source of debate among developer communities and industry; the community reasoned that unofficial development was undertaken because the industry failed to provide timely updates for users, or to stay continue the latest version support for their older devices. [115]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Security and privacy Android apps run in a sandbox, an isolated area that has no access on the system, except for access permissions explicitly granted by the user when installing the app.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Before installing the application, the Play Store will display all the necessary permissions, for example: a game needs to activate vibration or save data on the SD Card, but it does not need permission to read SMS or access the phone book.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

After reviewing these permissions, users can choose to accept or reject them, and can install the app only if they receive them. [116]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Sandbox and permissions systems on Android can reduce the impact of bug vulnerabilities on apps, but developer ignorance and limited documentation have resulted in apps routinely requesting unnecessary permissions, reducing their effectiveness. [117]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Several software security companies such as Avast, Lookout Mobile Security, [118] AVG Technologies, [119] and McAfee, [120] have released their created antivirus software for Android devices.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The software actually does not work effectively because the sandbox also works on those applications, thus limiting its ability to scan the system in greater depth. [121]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The results of research by security firm Trend Micro show that premium service abuse is the most common type of malware that attacks Android; text messages will be sent from an infected phone to a premium phone number without consent or knowledge users. [122]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Other vandals will display unwanted ads on the device, or send personal information to unauthorized third parties. [122]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Security threats on Android are reported to be growing gradually, but technicians at Google state that malware and virus threats on Android are simply exaggerated by antivirus companies for commercial reasons, [123] [124] and accuse the antivirus industry of taking advantage of the situation to sell its products to users. [123]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Google confirms that the presence of malicious destructive devices on Android is actually very rare, [124] and a survey conducted by F-Secure shows that only 0.5% of Android destroyers come from Google Play. [125]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Google recently used its Google Bouncer destructive scanner to keep tabs on and scan apps on Google Play. [126]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

It aims to flag suspicious apps and warn users of potential problems with apps before they download them. [127]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android version 4.2 Jelly Bean was released in 2012 with enhanced security features, including a vandal scanner included in the system; this scanner not only checks for apps installed from Google Play, but can also scan apps downloaded from sites third party.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The system will provide alerts notifying users when apps try to send premium text messages, and block those messages, unless the user allows them. [128]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android smartphones have the ability to report the location of Wi-Fi access points, especially if the user is on the move, to create databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of such access points.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

This database forms an electronic map that can position the location of the smartphone.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

It allows users to run apps such as Foursquare, Google Latitude, Facebook Places, and to deliver location-based ads. [129]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Some third-party monitoring software can also detect when personal information is sent from an app to a remote server. [130] [131] Android's open-source nature allows security companies to customize devices with highly secure uses.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

For example, Samsung is working with General Dynamics through the “Knox” Open Kernel Labs project. [132] [133] In September 2013, it was revealed that the intelligence agencies of the United States and Britain; the NSA and the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), have access to user data on devices iPhone, Blackberry, and Android.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

They can read almost the entire information on the smartphone, including SMS, location, email, and notes. [134]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Source code license for Android is available under open source and free software licenses.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Google publishes most of the code (including network and telephone codes) under the Apache License version 2.0. [135] [136] [137] The rest, Linux kernel changes are under the GNU General Public License version 2.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Open Handset Alliance develops changes to the Linux kernel with open source code that is purified all the time.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

For the rest, Android is privately developed by Google, with the source code published to the public when the new version is launched.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Usually Google works with hardware manufacturers to develop a “flagship” device (e.g. the Google Nexus series) accompanied by a new version of Android, then publishes its source code after the device is released. [138]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In early 2011, Google chose to temporarily withhold the Android source code for tablets released with version 3.0 Honeycomb.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

According to Andy Rubin in an official Android blog post, the reason is because Honeycomb was released to run on the Motorola Xoom product, [139] and Google did not want third parties to “worsen the user experience” by trying to operate a version of Android intended for tablets on phones smart. [140]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The source code was finally published in November 2011 with the release of Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich. [141]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

While it is open-ended, device manufacturers cannot use Google's Android trademark, unless Google certifies that it complies with their Compatibility Definition Document (CDD).


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Devices must also meet the licensing requirements of Google's closed-source applications, including Google Play. [142]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation have criticized the intricacy of the Android brand, and recommend alternative operating systems such as Replicant. [143] [144] They argue that hardware drives and hardy devices are necessary to operate Android is exclusive, and Google Play also offers paid software.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Reception JMPL|left|Eric Schmidt, Andy Rubin, and Hugo Barra at the Google Nexus 7 tablet launch press conference.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android was warmly welcomed when it was unveiled in 2007.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

While analysts are impressed by the renowned technology company partnering with Google to form the Open Handset Alliance, it is still doubtful whether mobile phone manufacturers will be willing to replace their operating systems with Android. [145]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The idea of an open source and Linux-based development platform has attracted the interest of technology experts, [146] but there have also arisen concerns regarding the intense competition Android will face with established players in the smartphone market such as Nokia and Microsoft. [147]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Nokia responded to it by stating: “we don't see this as a threat," [148] while one member of Microsoft's Windows Mobile team stated: “I don't understand, what impact they will produce. “[148]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android quickly grew to become the most widely used smartphone operating system, [23] and became “one of the fastest mobile operating systems ever. “[149]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Reviewers hailed Android's open-source nature as one of the defining strengths of its success, allowing companies such as Amazon (Kindle Fire), Barnes & Noble (Nook), Ouya, Baidu, and others, to flock to release software and hardware which can operate on the Android version.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

As a result, tech site Ars Technica called Android a “standard operating system for launching new hardware” for companies without having to have its own mobile platform. [23]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The open and flexible nature of Android is also enjoyed by users: Android allows its users to customize its devices extensively, and apps are also freely available in non-Google app stores and on third-party websites.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

This factors into one of the advantages that Android phones have when compared to other phones. [23] [150] Although Android is very popular, with device activation rates three times higher than iOS, there are reports stating that Google has not been able to take advantage of their products to the maximum, and web services ultimately turn Android into a money-earner, as analysts had previously predicted. [151]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The Verge argues that Google has lost control of Android because of the breadth of customization that developers and users can do, also because of the high proliferation of non-Google apps and services—for example Amazon Kindle Fire directs users to visit Amazon apps store, which competes directly with Google Play.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Google's SVP, Andy Rubin, whose position as head of the Android division was replaced in March 2013, was blamed for failing in building healthy partnerships with mobile phone manufacturers.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The main leader of Android products in the global market is Samsung; one of its products, Galaxy, has been instrumental in the introduction of the Android brand since 2011. [152] [153] Whereas other Android phone manufacturers such as LG, HTC, and Google-owned Motorola Mobility, have fought hard for marketing its products since 2011.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Ironically, at a time when Google didn't get anything from the proceeds from selling Android products directly, Microsoft and Apple instead managed to win a lawsuit over patent royalty payments from Android device manufacturers. [152]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android is also said to be very “fragmented”, [154] that is a condition when various Android devices, both in terms of hardware variations and differences in running software, are tasked with developing applications to run consistently, more complicated by comparison with iOS, whose applications vary less. [155]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

For example, according to OpenSignal data in July 2013, there are 11,868 models of Android devices with various screen sizes and Android versions, while most iOS users use iPhone devices with the latest version. [155] [156] Tablets Despite the success in smartphones, the adoption of Android for tablet computers initially runs slow. [157]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

One of the main causes is the presence of a situation known as “chicken or egg”, that is, the conditions when consumers are hesitant to buy an Android tablet due to the lack of high-quality tablet applications, while on the other hand, the developers are also hesitant to spend time and their resources to develop tablet applications until the availability of a significant market for those products. [158] [159] The content and “ecosystem” of applications proved to be more important when compared to hardware specifications after the commencement of tablet sales.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Due to the lack of apps for tablets in 2011, Android tablets were initially forced to have to install apps reserved for smartphones, so the screen size did not match the large screen of the tablet.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In addition, the sluggish growth of Android tablets is also due to the dominance of Apple's iPad which has many iOS apps compatible with tablets. [159] [160] The growth of Android tablet apps is slowly starting to increase, however, at the same time, a large number of tablets are using other operating systems such as the HP TouchPad and BlackBerry PlayBook were also released to the market to capitalize on the success of the iPad. [159]


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

InfoWorld dubbed this business with the designation “Frankenphone business”; a short-term low-investment opportunity that imposes the use of an optimized Android smartphone OS (before Android 3.0 Honeycomb for tablets was released) on devices by ignoring the user interface.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

This approach failed to grab market traction with consumers and worsen the reputation of Android tablets. [161] [162] What's more, some Android tablets like the Motorola Xoom are priced at the same price, or more expensive than the iPad, which further worsens sales.


Question: When was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

An exception is in Amazon's Kindle Fire, which is sold at a cheaper price and the ability to access content and the “ecosystem” of Amazon apps. [159] [163] This began to change in 2012 with the release of the Nexus 7, and the encouragement from Google to developers to create Better tablet apps. [164]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android tablet market share finally succeeded in overtaking the iPad in mid-2012. [165]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Market share Research firm Canalys estimates that in the second quarter of 2009, Android had a 2.8% share of smartphone sales worldwide. [166]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In the fourth quarter of 2010, this number jumped to 33%, becoming the world's best-selling smartphone platform. [21]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Through the third quarter of 2011, Gartner estimates more than half (52.5%) of the global smartphone market is controlled by Android. [167]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

According to IDC, in the third quarter of 2012, Android controlled 75% of the global smartphone market share. [168]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In July 2011, Google revealed that there were 550,000 new Android devices activated each day, [169] increasing from 400,000 per day in May, [170] and in total, more than 100 million Android devices have been activated worldwide, [171] with a growth of 4.4% per week. [169]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

By September 2012, 500 million Android devices had been activated, with 1.3 million activations per day. [172] [173] In May 2013, at Google I/O, Sundar Pichai announced that the total of Android devices that had been activated amounted to 900 million. [174]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android's market share varies by location.


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In July 2012, Android's market share in the United States was 52%, [175] and increased up to 90% in RRT. [176]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

During the third quarter of 2012, the worldwide share of the Android smartphone market was 75%, [168] with total enabled devices totaling 750 million and 1.5 million activations per day. [173]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In March 2013, Android's share in the global smartphone market was led by Samsung products, which was 64%.


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Market research firm Kantar reports that Google's besutan platform accounted for more than 70% of all smartphone device sales in RRT during this period.


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Still in the same period, the level of loyalty to the use of Samsung products in the UK (59%) was the second highest after Apple (79%). [25]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Until November 2013, Android's market share was rumored to have reached 80%.


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Of the 261.1 million smartphones sold in August, September, and October 2013, about 211 million of them were Android devices. [177]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Platform usage The table below shows data on the percentage of the number of Android devices accessing Google Play recently, and running a specific version of the Android platform until September 9, 2014.


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android 4.1/4.2/4.3 Jelly Bean is the most widely used version of Android, which is approximately 53.7% of all Android devices worldwide. [178]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

App hijacking There are some concerns regarding the ease of Android paid apps to be hijacked. [181]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In May 2012, Eurogamer, the developer of Football Manager, stated that the ratio of pirated players vs. original players was 9:1 on their home-made games. [182]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

However, not all developers take issue with this piracy rate; in July 2012, the developers of the game Wind-up Knight revealed that the piracy rate on their games is only 12%, and most of it comes from China, a country whose Android users cannot buy apps from Google Play. [183]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In 2010, Google released a tool that serves to validate official purchases for use in applications, but developers complain that it is not efficient enough.


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Google countered that the tool was intended as a sample framework for developers to modify and develop it according to their needs, not as a solution to end piracy. [184]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In 2012, Google released a feature in Android 4.1 that encircled paid apps so that they could only run on the device from which they were purchased, but this feature was temporarily disabled due to technical issues. [185]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Legal issues Both Android and Android phone manufacturers have been involved in various patent law cases.


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

On August 12, 2010, Oracle sued Google over allegations of copyright and patent infringement dealing with the Java programming language. [186]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Oracle initially demanded $6.1 billion in damages, [187] but this lawsuit was rejected by a United States federal court, which asked Oracle to revise its lawsuit. [188]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In response, Google filed several defenses, claiming that Android did not infringe Oracle's patents or copyrights, that Oracle's patents were invalid, and several other defenses.


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Oracle states that Android is based on Apache Harmony, a clean room implementation of Java class libraries, and independently developed a virtual machine called Dalvik. [189]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In May 2012, the jury in the case found that Google had not infringed Oracle's patents, and the judge ruled that the Java API structure used by Google was not copyrighted. [190] [191] In addition to charges directly against Google, various “proxy wars” were also waged against Android indirectly by targeting Android device manufacturers, with the aim of minimizing the chances of such manufacturers adopting the Android platform and increasing the cost of launching Android products to the market. [192]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Apple and Microsoft sued several Android device manufacturers over patent infringement issues; Apple's prolonged lawsuit against Samsung became a highly publicized case.


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In October 2011, Microsoft revealed that it had entered into patent licensing agreements with ten mobile phone manufacturers whose products controlled 55% of the global market of Android devices, [193] including Samsung and HTC. [194]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The patent infringement case between Samsung and Microsoft ended with an agreement that Samsung would allocate more resources to develop and market phones with Microsoft's Windows Phone operating system. [192]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Google has publicly expressed its frustration in facing a patent infringement lawsuit in the United States, alleging that Apple, Oracle, and Microsoft are working to undermine Android's digitality through patent litigation, instead of innovating and competing with how to create products and better service. [195]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In 2011-2012, Google bought Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion.


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The effort is seen as a move in Google's defense to protect Android, as Motorola Mobility holds more than 17,000 patents. [196]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

As of December 2011, Google also purchased more than a thousand patents from IBM. [197]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In 2013, Fairsearch, an organization supported by Microsoft, Oracle, and others, filed a complaint against Android with the European Commission, stating that the free distribution of Android devices was a form of anti-competitive price competition.


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The Free Software Foundation Europe, which Google donates, denied Fairsearch's allegations. [198]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Use on other devices JMPL|150px|ka|Sony SmartWatch: an example of an Android companion device.


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

The open and customizable nature of Android causes the operating system to also be used on other electronic devices, including laptops and netbooks, smartbooks, [199] Smart TVs (Google TV), and cameras (Nikon Coolpix S800c and Galaxy Camera). [200] [201] In addition, the Android operating system is also developed its applications on smart glasses (Google Glass), watches, [202] ear burgers, [203] car CDs and DVD players, [204] mirrors, [205] portable media players, [206] fixed networks, [207] and VoIP phones. [208]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Ouya, a video game console using the Android operating system, became one of Kickstarter's most successful products, funded by $8.5 million for its development, which was followed by other Android-based video game consoles such as Project Shield by Nvidia. [ 209] [210] In 2011, Google introduced “Android @Home “, a new automated technology that utilizes Android to control several household tools such as light contacts, power sockets, and thermostats. [211]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Controlling the lights is said to be controllable from an Android phone or tablet.


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Android principal Andy Rubin asserted that “turning the lights on and off is nothing new, Google is thinking more ambitiously and the goal is to use its position as a cloud service provider to bring Google products into customers' homes. “[212]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

In August 2011, Parrot launched a car stereo system with the Android platform, known as Asteroid and equipped with voice commands. [213] [214] In September 2013, Clarion released a car stereo system with the more advanced Android platform, known as AX1 and Mirage, uses Android 2.3.7 and 2.2 (Gingerbread) and comes with GPS-based navigation, a 6.5-inch display, and various options for wireless data access. [215] [216] Various other devices, although not using Android, are also designed with an interface that serves as a companion or complementary to Android devices, such as Sony's SmartWatch or Samsung's Galaxy Gear. [210]


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

See also Android version history Android Rooting Android software development List of Bada Android OS-related articles Reference Notes Outlink Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

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Question: when was the Kernel created?

Android (operating system)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. on YouTube Category:Acquisition Google Category:Cloud Client Category:Linux Category:Google Software Category:Software of the Year 2008 Category:ARM Operating System Category:Mobile Phone


Question: was Hamka's first novel?

Hamka

ALIH Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah Category:Indonesian figures


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Christmas (from Portuguese meaning “birth”) is the feast day of Christians commemorated annually by Christians on 25 December to commemorate the day of the birth of Jesus Christ.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Christmas is celebrated in the evening service on 24 December; and the morning service on 25 December.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Some Orthodox churches celebrate Christmas on January 6 (see also Epiphany).


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

In western tradition, Christmas commemorations also contain non-religious aspects.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Some of the Christmas traditions that come from the West include Christmas trees, Christmas cards, exchanging gifts between friends and family members as well as stories about Santa Klaus or Santa Claus.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Etymology The word “christmas” comes from the Latin expression Dies Natalis (Birth Day) .In English the celebration of Christmas is called Christmas, from the old English term Cristes Maesse (1038) or Cristes-messe (1131), meaning Mass of Christ.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Christmas is also written Χ'mas, a ranking that matches the Christian tradition, because the letter X in Greek stands for Christ or in Greek Chi-Rho.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

In the Indonesian Bible itself is not found the word “Christmas”, there is only the birth of Jesus.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

The birth of Jesus according to the Bible The story of Jesus' birth in the New Testament gospels is written in the books of Matthew () and Luke ().


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

According to Luke, Mary learned from an angel that she had conceived from the Holy Spirit without a cure.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Afterwards she and her husband Joseph left their home in Nazareth to walk to the city of Bethlehem to register in a census ordered by August, Roman Emperor at the time.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Since they had no place to stay in the city, the baby Jesus was laid in a manger (malaf) [1] [2].


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

The birth of Christ in Bethlehem Efrata, Judea, in the hometown of David, the ancestor of Joseph, fulfilled the prophecy of the prophet Micah ().


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

(In ancient Israel they knew there were two cities of Bethlehem, the other city of Bethlehem was in the land of Zebulon.)


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Matthew records the genealogy and birth of Jesus from a virgin, and then turns to the arrival of the magi from the east—thought to be Arabia or Persia—to see the newly born Jesus.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

The sages first arrived in Jerusalem and reported to the king of Judea, Herod the Great, that they had seen a star—now called the Star of Bethlehem—welcoming the birth of a king.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Further research guided them to Bethlehem Judea and the home of Mary and Joseph.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

They offered gold, frankincense, and myrrh to the infant Jesus.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

While staying overnight, the magi get a dream containing a warning that King Herod is planning the murder of the child.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

So they decided to go straight home without telling Herod the success of their mission.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Matthew later reports that Jesus' family fled to Egypt to avoid the actions of King Herod who decided to kill all children under two years old in Bethlehem to eliminate rivals to his power.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

After Herod's death, Jesus and family returned from Egypt, but to avoid the new king of Judea (Herod the Great's son, Herod Archelaus) they went to Galilee and stayed in Nazareth.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

The other side of the story of Jesus' birth conveyed by the Gospel book of Luke is the delivery of that message by the angels to the shepherds.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

In the Gospel of Matthew it is recorded that there are Magi from the East coming to Judea because of seeing a great star shining over the area of Jerusalem.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

They followed the star all the way to the city of Bethlehem, the birthplace of Jesus.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Some astronomers and historians have sought to explain the combined number of traceable space events that might explain the never-before-seen sighting of the giant star, the most powerful opinion is from Johannes Kepler, who explained that The star of Christmas or Star of Bethlehem is astronomically a conjunction of the planets Jupiter and Saturn at the constalation of Pisces.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

And this conjunction was true in December of the year 7 BC.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

At first the Magi wondered to the people of Jerusalem, then they were brought before king Herod.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

King Herod asked the scriptwriters, where the Messiah would be born.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Based on the Bible, the Messiah will be born in Bethlehem and this information is used to help the magi know where Jesus was born.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Herod requested after meeting the baby so that they could then report to Herod.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

But knowing Herod's evil intentions, the magi did not return to report to Herod.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

The origin of Christmas commemorations The commemoration of the day of Jesus' birth was never Christ's command to do.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Stories from the New Testament never mention any celebration of the day of Jesus' birth performed by the early church.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Klemens of Alecsandria mocked those who attempted to calculate and determine the day of Jesus' birth.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

In the first centuries, the spiritual life of the members of the congregation was more directed towards the resurrection of Jesus.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Christmas gets no attention.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Birthday celebrations are generally — especially by Origenes — considered a pagan custom: people like Pharaoh and Herod who celebrate their birthdays.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Christians don't do so: Christians celebrate the day of his death as his birthday.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

But in the East people have thought about the miracle of God's emergence in the flesh.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

According to old writings a Christian sect in Egypt had celebrated the “feast of Epiphania” (the feast of the Inauguration of God) on 4 January.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

But what this sect meant by the feast of Epiphania was the appearance of Jesus as the Son of God — that is, when he was baptized in the Jordan.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

The Church as a whole does not only consider Jesus' baptism to be Epiphanian, but especially his birth in the world.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

In accordance with this presumption, the Church of the East celebrates the feast of Epiphania on January 6 as the feast of the nativity and feast of the baptism


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

The celebration of these two feasts takes place on 5 January evening (towards January 6) with a beautiful worship arrangement, consisting of Bible Reading and praise praise.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Ephraim of Syria considered Epifania to be the most beautiful feast.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

He said: “The night of the celebration of Epiphania is the night that brings peace in the world.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Who wants to sleep at night, when the whole world is on guard?”


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

On the eve of the celebration of Epiphania, all church buildings are decorated with garlands.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

This feast in particular is joyfully celebrated in the cave of Bethlehem, where Jesus was born.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

The history of Christmas Celebration only began in about 200 AD in Aleksandria (Egypt).


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Egyptian theologians designate 20 May but some are on 19 or 20 April.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

In other places the celebration is carried out on January 5 or 6; some are in December.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

The celebrations on 25 December began in 221 by Sextus Julius Africanus, and were only widely accepted in the 5th century.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

There are various religious celebrations within non-Christian societies in December.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Today it is commonly accepted that the celebration of Christmas on December 25 is the acceptance into the church of the tradition of non-Christian celebration of the (god) of the sun: Solar Invicti (“The Invincible Solar”), by asserting that Jesus Christ is the Great Solar as per the Bible news (see Malachi 4:2; Luke 1:78; Great Kidung 6:10).


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

JMPL|left|Joseph, Mary, and baby Jesus There is an opinion that December 25th is not the date of Jesus' birth.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

This opinion is reinforced based on the fact that on the night the shepherds still keep their sheep in the pasture.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

(Luke 2:8).


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

In December there is no way the shepherds will still be able to keep their sheep in the pasture because winter by the time has arrived so there is no grass growing anymore.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Advocates of the December birth date argue despite the winter, the sheep remain in their enclosure in the pasture and remain guarded by shepherds, and although there is no grass, the pasture is still called pasture.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

There is also an opinion that the celebration of Christmas is sourced from pre-Christian Roman tradition, a memorial to the god of agriculture Saturn falls on a week in December with its commemoration peak on the day of the winter turning point (winter solstice) which falls on December 25 in Julian calendar.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

Such memorials called Saturnalia were a major social tradition for the Romans.


Question: When is the day of Jesus' birth commemorated by Christians?

Christmas

In order for the Romans to adhere to Christianity without abandoning their own traditions, at the instigation of the first Christian emperor of the Romans, Constantine I, Pope Julius I decreed in 350 that the birth of Jesus be commemorated on the same date.