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Cave 1 also resulted in additional discoveries of fragments of Dead Sea Manuscript Scrolls, linen cloths, jars, and other artifacts. [19]


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Excavations at Qumran (1951—1956) In November 1951, Roland de Vaux and his team from ASOR began a full excavation in Qumran. [20]


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In February 1952, the Badawi people managed to find 30 fragments inside the so-called Cave 2. [21]


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Discoveries from the second cave eventually yielded 300 fragments of 33 manuscripts, including fragments of Jubilee, Wisdom of Sirakh, and Ben Sira in Hebrew. [19] [20] In the following month, March 14, 1952, the ASOR team discovered a third cave containing fragments of the Jubilee and Scrolls of Manuscript Copper. [21]


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Between September and December 1952, various fragments and scrolls from Caves 4, 5, 6 were discovered by ASOR teams. [20]


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Increasing the economical value of these manuscript scrolls, as their historical significance was increasingly opened to the public, ASOR archaeologists and the Badawi people accelerated the search for the scrolls separately in the same general area of Qumran, which the distance is more than 1 kilometer.


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Between 1953 and 1956, Roland de Vaux led 4 additional archaeological expeditions in the area to find scrolls and artifacts. [19]


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The last cave, Cave 11, was discovered in 1956 and resulted in the finding of the last fragments around Qumran. [22]


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The fragments and scrolls of 972 manuscripts found at Qumran are mainly divided into two different formats: in the form of scrolls and in the form of fragments from earlier texts and scrolls.


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In the fourth cave, the fragments found reached 15,000 pieces.


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These small fragments became a bit of a problem for academics; G. L. Harding, director of the Jordanian Antiquity Service, began the work of reuniting all the fragments and after forty years he still had not completed them either. [23]


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Cave 1 The original seven manuscript scrolls from Cave 1 in Qumran are: [24] 1Qisaa (Great Scroll of the Book of Isaiah, copy of the Book of Isaiah) 1QISab (second copy of the Book of Isaiah) 1QS (“Rule of Society”; “Community Rule”) compare to 4Qsa-J = 4Q255-64, 5Q11 1QPhab (Manuscript Commentari Book of Habakkuk; Pesher on Habakkuk) 1QM (“War Scrolls”; “War Scroll”) compare with 4Q491, 4Q493 1QH (“Chants of Gratitude”; “Thanksgiving Hymns”) 1QapGen (Apocrifon Book of Genesis) Complete contents: Cave 2 Cave 2 discovered in February 1952, [21] yielded 300 fragments of 33 manuscripts, including the Book of Jubilee and The Book of Jesus the son of Sirach in the original Hebrew.


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Cave 3 Cave 3 discovered on March 14, 1952, [21] yielded 14 manuscripts including the mysterious Book of Jubilees and Copper Scrolls (Copper Scroll) and contained 67 hiding places, mostly underground, throughout the territory of Iudaea Province (Roman), now Israel.


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According to the “Copper Scrolls”, the secret boxes contained large quantities of gold, silver, copper, fragrances and manuscripts.


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Cave 4a and 4b Cave 4 discovered in August 1952, and excavated on 22—29 September 1952 by Gerald Lankester Harding, Roland de Vaux, and Józef Milik, [21] actually consists of 2 hand-sculpted caves (4a and 4b), but because the fragments are mixed, then all labeled 4Q.


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Cave 4 is most famous among the Qumran caves both because it is clearly visible from the Qumran plain and because of the large number of manuscripts found there, yielding 90% of the entire Dead Sea script, some 15,000 fragments of 500 different manuscripts, including 9—10 copies of the Book of Jubilees, alongside 21 tefillin and 7 mezuzot.


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Cave 5 Cave 5 which was discovered together with Cave 6 in 1952, shortly after the discovery of Cave 4, yielded about 25 manuscripts. [21]


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Cave 6 Cave 6 which was discovered together with Cave 5 in 1952, shortly after the discovery of Cave 4, yielded fragments of about 31 manuscripts. [21]


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A list of fragment groups collected from Wadi Qumran Cave 6: [28] [29] Cave 7 Cave 7 yields nearly 20 fragments of Greek language documents, including 7Q2 (“Letter of Jeremiah” = Barukh 6), 7Q5 (which became the subject of much speculation in the decades thereafter), and a language copy The Greek of the scroll of the Book of Enoch. [30] [31] [32] Cave 7 also produced a number of inscribed urns. [33]


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A list of fragment groups collected from Wadi Qumran Cave 7: [28] [29] Cave 8 Cave 8 yields 5 fragments: Book of Genesis (8QGen), Book of Psalms (8QPs), tefillin fragments (8Qphyl), a mezuzah (8QMez), and a book of chants (8Qhymn). [34]


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Cave 8 also produced several boxes of tefillin, a box of leather goods, many lamps, jars, and shoe soles. [33]


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List of groups of fragments collected from Wadi Qumran Cave 8: [28] [29] Cave 9 There is only one fragment found in Cave 9: Cave 10 In Cave 10 Archaeologists found 2 ostraca with inscription on it, along with a symbol of unknown meaning on a large piece of gray-colored rock: Cave 11 Cave 11 discovered in 1956 yielded 21 manuscripts, some of which were quite long.


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The Temple Scroll (“Temple Scroll”), so called because more than half of it relates to the construction of the Temple in Jerusalem, is the longest scroll found in Cave 11.


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It is now 26.7ft (8.15m) long.


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It is thought the original was 28ft (8.75m) long.


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The Temple Scroll was considered by Yigael Yadin to be “the Torah according to the Essenes (“The Torah According to the Essenes”).


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In contrast, Hartmut Stegemann, a contemporaneous scholar and friend of Yadin, believed the scroll was not considered so, but rather a document with no unique significance.


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Stegemann observed that the document was neither referred to nor cited by any known writings of Eseni. [35]


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Also inside Cave 11 was found an eschatology fragment about the biblical figure Melchizedek (11Q13) as well as a copy of the Book of Jubilees.


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According to former chief editor of the DSS editorial team John Strugnell, there are at least four scrolls from Cave 11 that become private collections, and are not open to pundits.


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Among these is an Aramaic manuscript containing the complete Book of Enoch. [36]


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List of fragment groups collected from Wadi Qumran Cave 11: Unknown fragments are clear of origin A number of scrolls fragments are not known clear their origin and archaeological value from which area of Qumran cave was found, but likely came from other archaeological sites in the area wilderness of Judea. [37]


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Hence, these fragments are assigned a temporary numbering of series “X”.


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The origin There is much debate as to the origin of the Dead Sea Manuscript Scrolls.


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The predominant theory states that the manuscripts are made by a Jewish sect living near Qumran called the Esseni, but this theory is opposed by some modern academics.


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The Qumran—Eseni theory The view among academics, which where it was almost universally held up to the 1990s, is the “Qumran—Eseni” hypothesis originally put forward by Roland de Vaux [38] and Józef Milik, [39] although independently both Eleazar Sukenik and Butrus Sowmy of St. Mark had attributed the manuscripts to the Eseni before the excavation at Qumran. [40]


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The Qumran—Eseni theory states that the manuscripts were written by the Eseni, or by other Jewish sectarian groups, who settled in Khirbet Qumran.


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They composed these manuscripts and then hid them in caves near their residence during the Jewish Revolt, sometime between 66 and 68 A.D. The Qumran site was subsequently destroyed and the manuscripts were never found.


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A number of arguments are used to support this theory.


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There are striking similarities between the picture of a new member initiation ceremony in the Rules of Community and the description of the initiation ceremony of the Esseni mentioned in the work of Flavius Josefus —a Roman Jewish historian of the Second Temple Period.


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Josefus called the Eseni people shared property among the members of the community, as did the Rule of Community.


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During excavations at Qumran were found two ink places and a patch element thought to be a table, thus becoming evidence that some of the writing was done there.


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Other places of ink were found also nearby.


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Roland de Vaux called this area “skriptorium” based on the discovery.


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Several Jewish ritual bathing places (Hebrew: miqvah = מקוה) were found in Qumran, thus evidence of the presence of devout Jews on the site.


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Plinius the Old (a geographer after the fall of Jerusalem in 70 AD) describes a group of Esseni living in a wilderness community on the northwest coast of the Dead Sea near the ruins of the city of Ein Gedi.


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Qumran—Sectarian Qumran—Sectarian theory is a variation of Qumran—Eseni theory.


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The main subject of his difference from the Qumran—Eseni theory is the hesitation of attributing specifically the Dead Sea Manuscript Scrolls to the Eseni.


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Most supporters of the Qumran—Sectarian theory understand that a group of Jews living in or near Qumran is responsible for the Dead Sea Scrolls, but it cannot necessarily be concluded that the sectarian people are Esseni.


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Christian origin theory José O'Callaghan Martínez, a Spanish Jesuit, argues that one of the fragments (7Q5) constitutes part of the New Testament text of the Gospel of Mark, chapter 6, verses 52—53. [41]


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This theory was falsified in 2000 through paleographic analysis of certain fragments. [42]


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In recent years, Robert Eisenman has developed the theory that some manuscript scrolls depict early Christian communities.


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Eisenman also argues that the careers of James the Righteous and the Apostle Paul correspond to the events recorded in some of these documents. [43]


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Theory of the origin of Jerusalem Some academics argue that the scrolls were made by Jews living in Jerusalem, who hid the scrolls in caves near Qumran while fleeing the Romans during their escape from the Romans during The destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. Karl Heinrich Rengstorf first proposed that the Dead Sea Manuscript came from the library of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. [44]


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In later life Norman Golb proposed that the scrolls came from several libraries in Jerusalem, and not necessarily the library of the Temple of Jerusalem. [10] [45] Proponents of this theory refer to the diversity of thought and handwriting among the scrolls refer to as evidence to oppose the theory stating that Qumran was the area of origin of those scrolls.


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Some archaeologists also accept theories regarding the origin of the scroll apart from Qumran, including Yizhar Hirschfeld [46] and more recently Yizhak Magen and Yuval Peleg, [47] who all consider that the relic of the Qumran came from a Hashmonayim fortress used return during later periods.


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Qumran—Sadducee theory A special variation of Qumran—Sectarian theory that has had high popularity in recent times is the work of Lawrence Schiffman, who proposed that the community was led by a group of Zadokite priests (Sadducees). [48]


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The most important document used to support this view is the “Miqsat Ma'ase ha-Torah” (4QMMT), which cites the laws of purity (e.g. displacement of impurity) as being the same as what is referred to in the writings of the rabbis to the Sadducees. a festival calendar that follows Sadducee principles regarding the dating of certain festival days.


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Publication Controversy and physical publishing Some manuscript fragments and scrolls were published early.


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Most manuscripts measuring in length in the form of more complete scrolls were published soon after their discovery.


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All writings from Cave 1 made appearances in print between 1950 and 1956; those of the other eight caves were released in 1963; and the Scrolls of the Book of Psalms from Cave 11 were published 1965.


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Then immediately proceed with the translation of these manuscripts into English.


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Controversy Publishing such rolls took several decades, and various delays have been a source of academic controversy.


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The scrolls were within the control of a small group of academics led by John Strugnell, whereas most academics had no access to it and even over photographs of the text.


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Academics such as Hershel Shanks, Norman Golb, and many others argued for decades in favor of publishing such texts to make them available to researchers.


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This controversy ended in 1991, when the Biblical Archaeological Association was able to publish a “Reproductive Edition of the Dead Sea Manuscripts”, after an interference from the Israeli government and the Israeli Antiquity Authority (IAA). [49]


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In 1991 Emanuel Tov was appointed chairman of the Dead Sea Manuscript Foundation, and was followed by the publishing of those manuscript scrolls in the same year.


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Physical descriptions Most of these manuscript scrolls consist of small and fragile fragments, which many people consider publishing too slow.


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During translation work and early infighting by academics through the Rockefeller Museum, from the 1950s to the 1960s, access to documents that had not been published was limited only to editorial committees.


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Discoveries in the Judean Desert (1955—2009) The contents of the scrolls were published in a 40-volume series by Oxford University Press between 1955 and 2005, and are known as Discoveries in the Judaean Desert (“Discoveries in the Judaean Desert”). [50]


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In 1952, the Jordanian Antiquity Service formed a team of academics to begin research, contention, and translation of these manuscript scrolls with the intention of publishing them. [51]


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His initial issue, which was assembled by Dominique Barthélemy and Józef Milik, was published under the title Qumran Cave 1 in 1955. [50]


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After another series of publishing in the late 1980s and early 1990s, as well as the appointment of Emanuel Tov (a Dutch Israeli textual academician) as editor-in-chief of the Dead Sea Manuscript Publishing Project in 1990, the publishing of these scrolls became more fast.


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The Tov led team successfully published 5 volumes which included documents from Cave 4 in 1995.


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Between 1990 and 2009, Tov has helped the team publish 32 volumes.


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Volume XL, as the final volume, was published in 2009.


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Early Edition of the Unpublished Dead Sea Manuscript (1991) In 1991, Ben Zion Wacholder and Martin Abegg, researchers at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, Ohio, announced the creation of a computer program that used scrolls of previously published manuscript to reconstruct unpublished texts. [52]


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Officials of the Huntington Library in San Marino, California, led by Library Chief William Andrew Moffett, announced that they would allow researchers to have unlimited access to the full set of photos of those scrolls that belong to the library it.


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In the fall of that year, Wacholder published 17 documents that had been reconstructed in 1988 from a concordance and received by academics outside the International Team; in the same month, the publishing of a complete set of reproductions of the materials of Cave 4 in Huntington Library.


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Thereafter officials of the Israeli Antiquity Authority agreed to remove the restrictions they had put in place long ago on the use of the scrolls. [53]


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Reproduction Edition of the Dead Sea Manuscripts (1991) After some further delays, William John Cox as attorney represented a “client kept secret”, who provided a complete set of photographs that had not been published, and contracted for the publishing of the photographs.


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Robert Eisenman and James M. Robinson indexed the photographs and wrote an introduction for A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Reproduction Edition of the Dead Sea Manuscripts) published by the Biblical Archaeological Society in 1991. [54]


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Following the publication of the Reproductive Edition, Professor Elisha Qimron sued Hershel Shanks, Eisenman, Robinson, and the Biblical Archaeological Society for copyright infringement of one of the scrolls of the manuscript, the MMT, which was the result of its decipherment.


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The Jerusalem District Court won Qimron's lawsuit in September 1993. [55]


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The court issued an order banning the publication of the outlined text, and ordered the defendants to pay Qimron an amount of ILS 100,000 for copyright and attribution infringement.


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The defendants appealed to Israel's Supreme Court, which subsequently approved the district court's decision, in August 2000.


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The Supreme Court further ordered the defendants to hand over all copies in violation of that rule to Qimron. [56]


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The decision reaped international criticism from copyright law academics. [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] The Reproduction Edition of Facsimile Editions Limited (2007—2008) In November 2007 the Dead Sea Manuscript Foundation commissioned a publisher from London, Facsimile Editions Limited, to produced an edition of a reproduction of the Great Scroll of the Book of Isaiah (1QiSA), the Rule of Community (1QS), and the Pesyer Habakkuk (1QPhab). [62] [63] The reproduction resulted from 1,948 photographs, and therefore more precisely represents the condition of the scroll of the Book of Isaiah at the time of its discovery than the condition actually of those scrolls at this point. [62]


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Of the three reproduction sets of the first, one was exhibited at the Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls exhibition in Seoul, South Korea, and the second set was purchased by the British Library in London. The next 46 sets include reproductions of three framen from Cave 4 (currently contained in the collection of the Museum National Archaeology in Amman, Jordan) Testimonia (4Q175), Pesyer Yesayab (4Q162), and Qohelet (4Q109), were announced in May 2009.


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The edition is limited to only 49 numbered sets of all these reproductions either on specially prepared parchment paper or actual parchment.


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A full set of reproductions (three scrolls including a scroll of the Book of Isaiah and three Jordan fragments) can be purchased for $60,000. [62]


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All such reproductions have since been exhibited in various places, for example at the Qumrân exhibition.


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Le secret des manuscrits de la mer Morte at the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris (2010) [64] and Verbum Domini at the Vatican, Rome (2012). [65]


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Digital publishing of Olive Tree Bible Software (2000—2011) Almost all texts from non biblical manuscript scrolls have been recorded and marked for morphological purposes by Dr. Martin Abegg, Jr., a director of the Institute of Dead Sea Manuscripts at Trinity Western University in British Columbia, Canada. [66]


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The text is available on handheld devices through an application created by Olive Tree Bible Software, on Mac OS through a Conform emulator with a set of cross-references, and on Windows through applications created by Logos Bible Software and BibleWorks.


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Dead Sea Scrolls Reader (2005) Almost the entirety of the non biblical text of the Dead Sea Manuscript was released in CD-ROM media by publisher E. J. Brill in 2005. [67]


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The publication consisting of 6 volumes with a total of 2,400 pages was assembled by an editorial team led by Donald W. Parry and Emanuel Tov. [68]


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Unlike the translations of texts in physical publishing, Discoveries in the Judean Desert, the texts are sorted according to genres that include religious law, parabiblica texts, texts of wisdom and dating, liturgical works and poetry. [67]


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Biblical meaning Before the discovery of the Dead Sea Manuscript Scrolls, the oldest Biblical manuscripts in Hebrew were Masoret Texts dating back to the 10th century AD, for example the Aleppo Kodex. [69]


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Currently the oldest known manuscripts of the Masoret Text date from around the 9th century.


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The biblical manuscripts found among the various Dead Sea Scrolls push the time back a thousand years, namely the 2nd century BC. [70]


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These Hebrew-language manuscripts containing fragments of the Jewish Bible should not be mixed with the Greek-language Christian Bible code, which includes the books of the New Testament and the earliest manuscripts are the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 and the Sinaiticus Codex (both dating from the 4th century AD).


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According to The Oxford Companion to Archaeology: The biblical manuscripts of Qumran, which include at least fragments of every book of the Old Testament, except perhaps the Book of Esther, provide a cross of scriptural traditions much older than was available to earlier academics .


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Although some Qumran biblical manuscripts are nearly the same as the Masoretic, or traditional, Hebrew texts of the Old Testament, some manuscripts from the books of Exodus and Samuel found in Cave 4 show dramatic differences in both language and content.


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In its astonishing range of textual variants, the findings of the Qumran biblica have prompted academics to reconsider once-accepted theories regarding the development of modern biblical texts from just 3 groups of manuscripts: from Masoretic texts, from original Hebrew sources Septuaginta is native to Hebrew, and from the Samaritan Pentateukh.


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It is now becoming increasingly clear that Old Testament scripture used to be very uncertain until its canonization around 100 AD. [71] Biblical books found There are 225 biblical texts covered in the documents of the Dead Sea Manuscript, or about 22% of the whole, and into 235 texts including deuterocanonica books. [72] [73] The Dead Sea Scripples include all the books of the Tanakh (other than the Book of Esther) from the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament protocanon; including the 4 books of deuterocanonica contained in the Catholic Bible and Eastern Orthodox: Tobit, Ben Sira, Barukh 6 (also known as Epistle to the Prophet Jeremiah), and Psalm 151. [72]


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The Book of Esther remains undiscovered and academics believe that Esther was omitted because, as a Jew, her marriage to a Persian king may have been looked down upon by the inhabitants of Qumran, or because it writes down the festival of Purim which is not included in the calendar Qumran. [74]


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Below is a list of books, along with deuterocanonics, of the most widely represented Bibles found among the Dead Sea Manuscript scrolls, including the number of translatable Dead Sea texts and representing a copy of the scriptures of each biblical book: [75] [76] Non biblical books Most of the texts found on the Dead Sea Manuscript scrolls are non biblical and are considered unimportant to the understanding of the composition or canonization of biblical books, but there is a distinct consensus that views many of the works -This work was collected by the Esseni community —instead of being written or composed by them. [80]


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Academics now acknowledge that some of these works were made before the Esseni period, when some of the biblical books were still in the writing stage or compiled into their final form. [80]


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Initial Ownership The deal with the Badawi has caused the Dead Sea Manuscript scrolls to change hands to third parties until a lucrative sales transaction is successfully negotiated.


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That third party, George Isha'ya, was a parishioner of the Syrian Orthodox Church, who then immediately contacted St. Mark's Monastery in hopes of a price assessment for the texts.


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News of this discovery was then known by Metropolit Athanasius Yeshue Samuel, better known by the call of Mar Samuel.


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After researching the scrolls and guessing their antiquity, Mar Samuel expressed interest in buying them.


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The four scrolls passed into his hands, which are now famous as the Scroll of the Book of Isaiah (1Qis-a|1qisaa), the Rule of Community, the Pesyer Habakkuk (an interpretation of the Book of Habakkuk), and the Genesis Apocrypon.


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In the antiquities market soon sprung up more manuscript scrolls; Professor Eleazer Sukenik and Professor Benjamin Mazar, the Israeli archaeologists at the Hebrew University, soon had three of them: the Rules of Warfare, the Hymn of the Pronunciation of Gratitude, and another scroll of the Book of Isaiah (1QiAb) which more fragmented.


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On June 1, 1954, an advertisement in the Wall Street Journal announced the sale of four Dead Sea Manuscript scrolls. [81]


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Then July 1, 1954, the reels, after various smooth negotiations accompanied by three men including the Metropolit, arrived at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City.


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The buyers were Professor Mazar and Yigael Yadin, the son of Professor Sukenik, at a price of $250,000, which is equivalent to about $2.14 million in 2012, and brought it to Jerusalem. [82]


Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

Current holdings Almost all of the current collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts are under the ownership of the government of the state of Israel, and are housed within the Shrine of the Book on the grounds of the Israel Museum.


Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

This ownership is held against both the Palestinian and Jordanian authorities.


Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

List of known holdings of Dead Sea Manuscript fragments: See also Biblical Archaeology Geniza Cairo Papyrus Oxyrhynchus Library Nag Hammadi Septuaginta Masoret Text Reference Notes Edward M. Cook Library, Solving the Mysteries of the Dead Sea Scrolls: New Light on the Bible, Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1994 Frank Moore Cross, The Ancient Library of Qumran, 3rd ed., Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1995.


Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

ISBN 0-8006-2807-1 Norman Golb, Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls?


Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

The Search for the Secret of Qumran, New York: Scribner, 1995 Barbara Thiering, New York: Harper Collins, 1992 Geza Vermes, The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English, London: Penguin, 1998.


Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

ISBN 0-14-024501-4 (a good translation, but complete only in the sense that it includes translations of complete texts, but ignores fragmentary gulugan rolls and more specifically does not include biblical texts.)


Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

Other sources Michael Wise, Martin Abegg, Jr, and Edward Cook, The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation, (1996), HarpersanFrancisco paperback 1999, ISBN 0-06-069201-4, (containing non-Biblical passages from his manuscripts) Martin Abegg, Jr, Peter Flint, and Eugene Ulrich, The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible: The Oldest Known Bible Translated for the First Time into English, (1999) HarpersanFrancisco paperback 2002, ISBN 0-06-060064-0, (contains biblical passages from its manuscripts) Dead Sea Scrolls Study Vol 1:1Q1-4Q273, Vol. 2:4Q274-11Q31, (solid disc), Logos Research Systems, Inc., ASIN: B0002DQY7S (contains the non-Biblical passages of these scrolls, with Hebrew and Aramaic transcriptions parallel to the English translation) Hershel Shanks, editor, Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls: A Reader From the Biblical Archaeology Review, Vintage Press reprint 1993, ISBN 0-679-74445-2 Lawrence H. Schiffman, Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls: their True Meaning for Judaism and Christianity, Anchor Bible Reference Library (Doubleday) 1995, ISBN 0-385-48121-7, (examines these scrolls as Jewish documents, and proposes that they comes from the Sadducees group instead of Esene) Hershel Shanks, The Mystery and Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Vintage Press 1999, ISBN 0-679-78089-0 (recommended introduction to his discovery and research history) Theodore Heline, Dead Sea Scrolls, New Age Bible & Philosophy Center, 1957, March 1987 reprint edition, ISBN 0-933963-16-5 Joseph A. Fitzmyer, Responses to 101 Questions on the Dead Sea Scrolls, Paulist Press 1992, ISBN 0-8091-3348-2 Carsten Peter Thiede, The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Jewish Origins of Christianity, PALGRAVE 2000, ISBN 0-312-29361-5 Outlinks Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

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Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

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Dead Sea Manuscript

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Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript


Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

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Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

- The place of discovery of Dead Sea manuscripts.


Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript


Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

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Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript


Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

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Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript


Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

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Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript


Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

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Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

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Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

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Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

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Dead Sea Manuscript

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Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript


Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

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Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript


Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

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Dead Sea Manuscript

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Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

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Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

- Continued attempts to publish those manuscripts on the internet in English translation.


Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript


Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

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Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

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Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

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Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

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Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

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Question: Is that a collection of Dead Sea Manuscripts?

Dead Sea Manuscript

Dead Sea, Manuscript Category:Artifacts related to the Bible Category:Hebrew Manuscripts Category:Jewish Texts


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Transmigration (from Dutch: transmigratie) is a program created by the Indonesian government to move residents from a densely populated area (city) to another area (village) within the territory of Indonesia.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Inhabitants who transmigrate are called Transmigrants.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

History of transmigration in Indonesia The official goal of the program is to reduce poverty and overcrowding on the island of Java, provide opportunities for people willing to work, and meet the needs of manpower to cultivate resources in other islands such as Papua, Kalimantan, Sumatra, and Sulawesi.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Criticism has it that the Indonesian government seeks to take advantage of transmigrants to displace local populations, and to undermine local separatist movements.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

The program several times caused disputes and scuffles, including clashes between arrivals and local natives.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Along with strategic environmental changes in Indonesia, transmigration is carried out with the following new paradigm: Supporting food security and provision of boards Supporting alternative energy policies (bio-fuels) Supporting the equalization of investment to all regions of Indonesia Support national resilience of outlying islands and border areas Accounting for the resolution of unemployment and poverty Transmigration is no longer a program of population transfer, but an effort for the development of the territory.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

The method is no longer centralistic and top down from Jakarta, but based on cooperation between regions of transmigrant shippers with transmigration destination areas.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Locals are increasingly given a great opportunity to become transmigrant locals (TPS), the proportion up to 50:50 with transmigrant Residents Origin (TPA).


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

The legal basis used for this program is the Law of the Republic of Indonesia]] Number 15 Year 1997 on Transmigration (formerly Law Number 3 of 1972) and Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 Year 1999 on Implementation of Transmigration (Previously PP Number 42 Year 1973 ), plus several Presidential and Inpres supporters.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Terms to become a Transmigrant: An Indonesian citizen is every citizen who is domiciled in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Surnamed is evidenced by a Marriage Letter and Family Card.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Have a valid Resident Card (KTP).


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Ages between 18 to 50 years in accordance with the Resident Card (KTP), unless otherwise stipulated in the cooperation agreement between regions.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Never transmigrated as evidenced by Certificate from the Head of Village/Lurah where the registrant is domiciled.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Able-bodied as evidenced by Doctor's Certificate.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Have the skills as needed to develop the potential resources available at the destination site as stipulated in the cooperation agreement between regions.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Signing a statement of ability to carry out obligations as a transmigrant.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Passed the selection as evidenced by the Certificate of Passing from the Team given the authority to carry out the selection.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

History of the Dutch Age The Dutch colonial government pioneered this policy in the early 19th century to reduce the overcrowding of the island of Java and supply labour for plantations on the island of Sumatra.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

The program slowly faded in the last years of the Dutch colonization period (1940s), then re-run after Indonesia became independent to ward off food scarcity and economic dilapidation during Soekarno's reign twenty years after World War II.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

In its peak year, 1929, more than 260,000 Cultuurstelsel contract workers were brought to the east coast of Sumatra, 235,000 of whom came from the island of Java.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

The arrivals work as porters; if a worker asks for his contract to be terminated by the company (desertion), he will be punished with forced labor.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

The death and torture rate among porters at the time was very high.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Post-independence JMPL|250px|ABC coverage in 1995 on the impact of transmigration on the Dani tribe in Papua After Indonesian independence was recognized by the Dutch in 1949 under the Soekarno administration, the transmigration program continued and expanded its coverage until Papua.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

At its peak between 1979 and 1984, 535,000 families (nearly 2.5 million inhabitants) moved residency through transmigration programs.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Its demographic impact was enormous in a number of areas; for example, in 1981, 60% of the 3 million inhabitants of Lampung province were transmigrants.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

In the 1980s, the program was funded by the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank as well as Western countries that praised Soeharto's anti-communist policies. [1]


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

As a result of the 1979 energy crisis and increased transportation costs, budgets and transmigration plans were cut. [2]


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

In August 2000 following the Asian financial crisis and the fall of the Soeharto regime, the Indonesian government began to reduce the scale of the transmigration program due to a small amount of budget.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

The Indonesian government takes care of the transmigration program through the Department of Labor and Transmigration although the scale is smaller than in previous years.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

The department annually relocates 15,000 families or nearly 60,000 people.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

This number slowly increased as the transmigration budget increased (Rp2.3 trillion) and transfer target (20,500 families) in 2006. [3]


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

The goal According to the Indonesian government and development community, the goal of the program is to move millions of Indonesians from the densely populated islands of Java, Bali, and Madura to the outer islands that are populated little to create an even population density.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Transmigration will alleviate poverty by providing land and new opportunities for poor arrivals.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Transmigration will also benefit Indonesia by increasing the utilization of natural resources on less populated islands.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

The program also aims to unite the entire nation by creating a single Indonesian national identity that replaces regional identity.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

The Indonesian government officially states that there is no separation of “indigenous tribes” and incomers in Indonesia, as Indonesia is a country of “indigenous tribes run and led by natives to natives”. [4]


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Economic Impact In various cases, the program failed to improve migrants' living standards.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

The soil and climate in the destination area are generally not as hazy as the volcanic soils of Java and Bali.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

The arrivals were usually landless people who had no farming skills so their success was threatened. [5]


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Environment Transmigration has also been criticized for speeding up logging of sensitive rainforests as it explodes population numbers in areas where it is little populated.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Migrants usually move to new “transmigration villages” built in areas untouched by human activity.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

By occupying the land, natural resources become depleted and the land is excessively cultivated resulting in deforestation.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Social and political program resulted in a feud between tribes who knew each other through transmigration.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

For example, in 1999, Dayak and Malay tribes feuded with Madura transmigrants in the Sambas riots.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

In 2001, the Dayak and Madura tribes were involved in the Sampit conflict that killed thousands and forced thousands of Madurians to evacuate.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Transmigration is also highly controversial in Papua and West Papua provinces where most of the population are Christian.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

A number of Papuans accuse the Indonesian government of Islamization through transmigration. [6]


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Transmigration numbers from Java and Madura made population numbers in other areas explode, especially in Sumatra, Borneo, and Papua.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Based on the 2010 census, approximately 4.3 million transmigrants and their descendants live in North Sumatra, 200,000 in West Sumatra, 1.4 million in Riau, and nearly 1 million in Jambi, 2.2 million in South Sumatra, 400,000 in Bengkulu, 5.7 million in Lampung, 100,000 in Bangka-Belitung, and nearly 400,000 in the Islands Riau, with a total number of 15.5 million people on the island of Sumatra.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

In Kalimantan, there are approximately 700,000 transmigrants and their descendants in West Kalimantan, 400,000 in Central Kalimantan, 500,000 in South Kalimantan, and more than 1 million in East Kalimantan, with a total of 2.6 million across the island of Borneo.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Although the official figures are kept secret by the government, more than one is also estimated to have settled in Papua and West Papua.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

The number of transmigrants across Indonesia reaches 20 million people.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Transmigrants are not always from Java and/or Islamic.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

In 1994, when East Timor was still part of Indonesia, the largest transmigrant groups were Balinese who were Hindu (1,634 people) and Catholic Javanese (1,212 people). [7]


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Criticism Indigenous peoples view this program as an effort by the Indonesian government centered on the island of Java to expand its economic and political power in other regions, especially by moving people who have close ties to the island of Java and loyal to the Indonesian government .


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Government agencies tasked with taking care of transmigration are often accused of ignoring local customs or ulayat land rights.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

This abandonment of local customs occurred on the island of Borneo which was inhabited by the Dayak tribe.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Environmental damage due to transmigration projects is not caused by stupidity, but rather due to inattention, no continuation of programs, and absence of accountability as long as transmigration is implemented.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Many weaknesses are presented in the project such as the potential for land erosion, the potential for soil fertility, lack of protection from disease outbreaks, negative effects on the wild environment and indigenous tribes, deforestation, and the need to strengthen the capacity of transmigrants to manage sources natural power.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Program audits sometimes show that proposed precautions are precisely unrealistic and poorly supervised by the government. [8]


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Papua In the provinces of Papua and West Papua, the transmigration program resulted in the number of indigenous melanesia (a mix of various cultures and tribes) much less than the number of arrivals on their own land.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Melanesian Papuans have inhabited the island of New Guinea for approximately 50,000 years, then its western part was annexed by Indonesia in 1969. [9]


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

In the past 50 years, the number of West Papuans has been exceeded by the number of arrivals, mostly from the island of Java. [10]


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

The program was criticized as trying to wipe out West Papuans through slowly ethnic cleansing. [11]


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

There is open conflict between incomers, governments, and indigenous citizens due to cultural differences—especially in terms of administration and culture such as nudes, food, and gender.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Religion is also a problem because most residents of West Papua are Christian or hold traditional beliefs, while the Indonesian arrivals are mostly Muslim.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Indonesia herds West Papuan children to Islamic boarding schools for a “re-education” process. [12]


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Many West Papuans were displaced to Papua New Guinea.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

As of January 2013, there are 8,000 West Papuan refugees in the country. [13]


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

The population growth rate in Papua is very high thanks to transmigration.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Opponents of transmigration argue that a lot of resources are wasted for the sake of putting people incapable of self-sufficiency resulting in damage that threatens the existence of tribal communities.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Various massive mining contracts in Papua by United States and British-Australian companies were also issued.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Australia has since ignored or silenced the voice of West Papuans demanding independence from Indonesia because it feared that it would upset Southeast Asia's largest military force. [14]


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

In March 2006, Indonesia withdrew its ambassador from Australia because Australia granted refugee visas to 42 West Papuans who came in wooden canoes. [15]


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Diplomatic relations were only normal eight months later after Australia signed the Lombok treaty; [16] the content of the agreement was that the West Papuan independence movement in Australia would not be gubris again. [17]


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Australia continues to silence West Papuan activists after Prime Minister Tony Abbott said that, “Australia will not give a place to launch protests against Indonesia”. [18]


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Australia has also signed a memorandum of understanding with Papua New Guinea that West Papuans displaced to Australia could be relocated to Papua New Guinea. [19]


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Transclusion error Outlink reference: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead., a 2001 report by “Down to Earth”, a United Kingdom-based organization that takes care of environmental issues in Indonesia.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

This report is a critical discussion of the program implementing this program in the Soeharto administration.


Question: Which region is the first Transmigration area in Indonesia?

Transmigration

Category:Indonesian Society Category:Human migration Category:United New Order Category:New Order


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Sulaa (also commonly referred to as Topa Village) is the most historical area in Baubau City [1].


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Topa is nicknamed as the “Country of Sejuta Springs” because it has a natural source of spring water as the main source of life needs of its people.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

In addition, Topa is also nicknamed as “Kampung Diplomat” for historically being the first landing of the Kingdom of Buton marked by the discovery of the historic place “Sulaana Tombi”, which is the historical site where the “Longa-Longa” flag was attached as the symbol flag of the Buton Kingdom.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Formerly in the region was inhabited by three “utusu” (read: messengers or diplomats), who named La Bawea as ruler of the Northern Topa region, Laode Nurdin as ruler of the Central Topa region, and La Balawa as ruler of the Topa Southern region.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

On the one hand, Topa is nicknamed as “Kampung Tenun” because in this region becomes the largest producer of Buton Weaving Sarong crafts in Indonesia.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

In this region there are three main beaches, namely Nirvana Beach, Lakeba Beach, and Tobe-Tobe Beach (as Topa's main beach).


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

In its development, at the beginning of 2011 in this region has started to operate the largest Pertamina in Eastern Indonesia while supplying all fuel needs in Central Indonesia to Eastern Indonesia.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

A short history Historically Sulaa was a stopover area for traders outside Buton since the 19th century.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

The name Sulaa was taken from a place located at the northern end of the village of Topa.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

The region is nicknamed as “Kampung Diplomat” because it has historically been the first landing of the Buton Kingdom marked by the discovery of the historic place “Sulaana Tombi”, that is, the historical site where the flag “Longa-Longa” was planted as the symbol flag of the Buton Kingdom.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Thus Sulaa and Topa have name meanings that each have a special meaning.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Sulaa Village is an area or coastal tourist area that some of the people are fishermen and weaving craftsmen. [2]


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Sulaa Village Located about 7 kilometers from downtown Baubau, not far from Nirwana beach.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Here you can witness firsthand the process of making a typical Buton woven glove.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Buton's distinctive weave is very unique in terms of manufacture and design and produces a variety of motifs and colors.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

However, the motif is so distinctive that we can still identify it as a typical Buton weave (when we compare with the weave motifs of other regions).


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Another prominent feature of this village is the cultivation of seaweed.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

If you see a lot of floating objects (usually from plastic bottles of mineral water) tied to ropes and still floating above the surface of the water, it means underneath there is seaweed being bred.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

This is one of the important commodities of Baubau city, and the Baubau City Government always supports the investment climate, both private and foreign, for this commodity.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

The state of Sulaa Village area has a land area of 9,00km², the sea area ranges a quarter of the entire sea area in Baubau City.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Sulaa area has potential for the development of marine transportation facilities and infrastructure.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

It is geographically located in the southern part of the equator at between 4.15°—4.22° South latitude and between 122.25°—122.26° East Longitude or located West of Baubau City.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Sulaa sub-district in general has a flat, sandy surface and few ravinous hills.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

In this region because it is very adjacent to the sea, stretches an interisland strait that is a potential pathway to develop the transport and fisheries sectors.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Sulaa Village has also many springs, namely places where the spring water is used to meet the needs of life in the form of water sources for drinking that comes directly from nature.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

These springs generally have potential that can be used as a place of tourism, a source of hydroelectric power, and household needs.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

In 2011 the impact of climate change and current weather felt Sulaa Village fishermen Betoambari District Baubau, both fishing and aquaculture fishermen.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

According to custom, every year in May to June fishing fishermen are ready to go to sea, and aquaculture fishermen usually have prepared rafts and seaweed seedlings, but differently in 2012 no fishermen have done that activity because they are still in doubt about the condition unstable seas.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Sulaa Village area consists of 4 division areas, namely: Topa Pantai, Topa Mainland, Lombe Region, and along the Lakeba region.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Industry In 2012, assistance from the Ministry of Social Affairs has been promoted for Sulaaa village.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

The help is additional capital materials for reinforcement for the artisans of woven fabric, so as to increase the productivity and quality of the fabric produced.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

In addition in 2012, Sulaa will again get assistance from the Ministry of Social Affairs approximately Rp100 million rupiiah.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Therefore, attention to the people in the ward will still continue to be buried so as to boost the economy and the public per capita income.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

In 2011, 30 people who were getting help.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

In 2012, 1000 people will again be given a strengthening of business capital especially craftsmen woven fabrics.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

The year after being targeted, the entire community of Sulaa has received assistance.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Because Sulaa sub-district has become a national program, he continued, the area will be designed as an area or home industrial area by lifting ptoensi owned.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

So that the community economy can grow and people's parkaipta income can increase.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

In Sulaa has also operated several major companies, such as: PT Arahon Indah, Lakeba Restaurant, and Pertamina Pesisir Kota Baubau.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Topa Tourism is the most developed region in terms of tourism, it is characterized by seven important areas, namely the main area of Buton Weaving Sarong industry, Sulaa Sea Reserve, Tobe-Tobe Beach, Manjawari Water baths, Sulaa Festifal Tourism, where the first Buton Olympics held , and carried into the center of Buton Weaving sarong craftsmen in Asean.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Nirvana Beach The white sandy beach extends 500 meters overlooking the high sea.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Tourists can channel the hobby of water sports or simply relax in the warm beach atmosphere.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Unleash and enjoy the comfort of the sea nature.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Lakeba Beach White sandy beach dotted with Blue Bridge extends into the sea.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

There is a very seafood-friendly Restaurant and La Keba Restaurant.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

The distance from the city centre is about 7km.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Ride on land.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Tobe-Tobe Beach Is a major beach located directly on the Western coast of the region.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

This beach is also the center of livelihood of the people of Topa.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Seafood can be seaweed (read: “gelatin”), various types of reef fish such as Red fish, Boronang fish, etc.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Topa Bathhouse “Country of a Million Springs” If you want to feel the freshness of the water directly connected to the shallow sea, then this is the place you should visit.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

In this location there are hundreds of springs from various sources, where the water tastes fresh and can be drunk directly without cooking process.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Manjawari Water Baths This bath is also used as a family bath tour.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

This forge is also the second Kamali Beach in Baubau City, a public area located on the coast of the Topa sea that is most loved by the community.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Tourists through the sea lanes, is the main one to visit because it is located very close, strategic.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Cave Lakasa This tourist attraction is about 7 Km from the center of Baubau City.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

It has a depth of about 100m and inside the cave there is a puddle that can be used as a bathing place.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

In this cave there is a very unique stalag mit.


Question: What is the largest historical building in Sulaa?

Sulaa, Betoambari, Baubau

Category Reference:Betoambari, Baubau


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

London (/ˈlndən/ (listen)) is the capital of the United Kingdom and the United Kingdom, it is the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and also the largest urban zone in the European Union by area. [note 1] Located along the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millenniums since it was founded by the Romans in the 1st century under the name Londinium. [5]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The centre of ancient London, namely the City of London, still largely retains its medieval boundaries.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Since the 19th century, the name London has also been used to refer to the metropolis that developed around this centre. [6]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The conurbation of these urbanized territories ultimately form the London Region and the Greater London administrative region. [7] [8] The borough is governed and governed by the mayor of London and the London Assembly elected by general election. [9]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

London is a leading global city that excels in arts, business, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transport. [10]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

London, along with New York City, is the world's leading financial center, [11] [12] [13] and being the fifth-largest GDP city in the world, or the highest in Europe. [14]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

It is said to be the cultural center of the world. [15] [16] [17] [18] London is also the most visited city, [19] and is noted as the city with the busiest airports in the world based on international passenger traffic. [20] London's 43 universities form a concentration of Europe's largest higher education. [21]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted organizers of the modern Summer Olympics three times. [22]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

London consists of diverse peoples and cultures with over 300 languages spoken by various ethnicities. [23]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In March 2011, London was recorded as a population of 8,174,100 inhabitants, or about 12.5% of the population of the United Kingdom as a whole. [24]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

This makes London the largest city in the European Union by population. [25] [26] The Greater London urban area is also the second largest urban area (after Paris) in the EU with a population of 8,278,251 inhabitants, [27] while the London metropolitan area is the largest in the European Union. The European Union with its population estimated at 12 to 14 million inhabitants. [28] [29] Previously, London had also been the largest city in the world in the period 1831-1925. [30]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

London has four World Heritage Sites, namely: the Tower of London; the Kew Botanic Gardens; a complex of historic sites comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey and St. Margaret's Church; as well as the historic settlement of Greenwich (where the Royal Observatory marks the main meridian, which is 0° line longitude, and GMT). [31]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Other notable London landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the Eye of London, St. Paul's Cathedral, Piccadilly Circus, Tower Bridge, Wembley Stadium, London Bridge and Trafalgar Square.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

London is also the location of numerous museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events, and other cultural institutions, including the British Museum, the National Maritime Museum, the Library of Great Britain, the National Gallery, the Tate Modern, Wimbledon, and 40 West End theatres. [32]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, [33] and the second widest after the Shanghai Metro. [34]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The history of the etymology The origin of the name London cannot be ascertained. [35]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The name is an ancient name and can be found in sources dating back to the early 2nd century.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The name London is recorded around 121 AD as Londinium given by the Roman rulers of Britain. [35]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The earliest explanation of the origin of London, although nowadays this explanation is ignored, was put forward by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his Historia Regum Britanniae. [35]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

There it is explained that the name London was invented by King Lud who supposedly conquered this city and named it Kaerlud. [36]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Since 1899, it is generally believed that the name London comes from the Kelt language meaning a place belonging to a person named *Londinos.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

However, this explanation was ultimately also rejected. [35]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In 1998, Richard Coates put forward his theory that the name London comes from a word in a pre-Kelt Old European language that is * (p) lowonida meaning 'a river too wide to be groosed'.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Coates argues that this name is aimed at calling the River Thames flowing across London.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

From this word, these settlements got their name from the Kelt language, namely *Lowonidonjon. [37]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The main difficulty lies in conciliating the Latin form of Londinium with the modern form Llundain of the Wales language.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

It is thought that this Wales name was re-borrowed in English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis for reconstructing the original name.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Until 1889, the name “London” was only intended to call the City of London, but since then it has also been used to refer to the County of London and is currently used to call Greater London as a whole. [6]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Prehistoric times Although there is evidence of scattered Briton settlements in the London area, the earliest major settlements were established by the Romans in 43 A.D. [38] These settlements only last for 17 years.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In 61, the Iceni Tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed and grounded the city. [39]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Thereafter, London was rebuilt from scratch with mature design and in the end flourished to replace Colchester as the capital of the Roman Province for the Britannia region in 100.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

At its peak, in the 2nd century, Roman London was inhabited by about 60,000 inhabitants.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Towards the 7th century, the Anglo-Saxons established a new settlement called Lundenwic located approximately one mile (2km) from the old Roman town, around the area now named Covent Garden. [40]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

It is possible that it was once built a fishing and trading port at the mouth of the Fleet River.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Trading activities in this place flourished until the city was occupied by the Vikings and the inhabitants were forced to move eastward, returning to the site of Roman Londinium in order to use its walls as protection. [41]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The Viking threat continued to increase, until in 886 Alfred the Great retook London and made peace with a Danish leader named Guthrum. [42]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Subsequently, the original Saxon town of Lundenwic was renamed Ealdwic (“old town”); this name remains in use today as Aldwych, located in the City of Westminster. [43]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Two recent discoveries suggest that London's existence may be much older than previously thought.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In 1999, remains of a bridge from the Bronze Age were discovered on the northern shore of Vauxhall Bridge. [44]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

It is not known whether this bridge spanned across the River Thames or headed to an island (which was lost) in the middle of that river.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Dendrological results indicate that the materials used to make the bridge date back to 1500 BC.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In 2010, a large wooden structure thought to date back to 4500 BC was discovered on the lower coast of the Thames, to the south of Vauxhall Bridge. [45]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The function of this Mesolithic Age structure is unknown, but its size is at least about 50m x 10m, and there are 30cm high poles that will be visible when the water recedes.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

These two structures are located on the South Bank, at the crossing point where the River Effra meets the River Thames, about 4km upstream from Roman London.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The effort required to build these structures implies that in those days, London had been inhabited by at least a few hundred people.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The medieval age JMPL|left|straight|250px|Battle of Hastings in 1066 which marked the fall of London into the hands of the Normans.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

After the fall of Roman power in the early 5th century, London became neglected.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

However, starting in the 6th century, an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed to the west of the old Roman city, on the site today known as Covent Garden and the Strand, and was inhabited by about 10,000—12,000 inhabitants. [40]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In the 9th century, London was repeatedly attacked by the Vikings that it was forced to be moved back to the Roman city of Londinium. [41]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

After the unification of England in the 10th century, London which had become the largest city and most important trading center in England also rose to become a political center, although it still had to compete with Winchester, which at the time was the capital of England. [40]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In the 11th century, King Edward the Stiffener built Westminster Abbey and Westminster, a royal residence estate located a short distance upriver from London.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Since then, Westminster has gradually taken over London's role as the national centre of business and government. [46]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

After his victory at the Battle of Hastings, Guillaume the Conqueror, was crowned King of England at the recently completed Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066. [47]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

William then built the Tower of London.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The development was the first of a large number of Norman castles in England built using stone.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The tower was built in the southeast corner of the city to intimidate the natives. [48]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In 1097, William II began the construction of Westminster Hall, adjacent to the site of Westminster Abbey.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

This building further became the basis for the formation of the new Palace of Westminster. [49] [50] Entering the 12th century, the central government institutions that had previously accompanied the royal family traveling throughout the country became increasingly large and sophisticated and also centralized in one place, namely in Westminster, although the royal treasury which moved from Winchester chose to settle in the Tower of London.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In the process, the City of Westminster gradually developed into an effective capital city within the field of government.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

But its neighbouring city, the City of London, remains the largest city and trading centre in Britain that flourishes under its own government, the Corporation City of London.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

By 1100, the population of the City of London numbered about 18,000 inhabitants, and by the year 1300, that number swelled to 100,000 inhabitants. [51]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The Black Death calamity that hit London in the mid-14th century caused London to lose almost a third of its total population. [52]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

London was also the target of the Peasants' Revolt that erupted in 1381. [53]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Early modern times During the Tudor Period, a wave of reforms occurring in England caused the state to turn to Protestant madhabs, and most businesses in London changed owners from previously church-owned to private and individual property. [54]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The opening of shipping lines from Holland to England in 1565 led to an increase in trading activities in London. [55]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

This led to the establishment of the Royal Exchange in the same year. [56]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Mercantilism that progressed and followed by the growth of monopolistic trading congestion such as the East Indies Company (EIC) led to widespread trading activities into the New World (American continent).


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

London eventually became a major port in the North Sea and was filled with immigrants coming from other British regions as well as from outside the country.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The number of inhabitants of London increased rapidly from about 50,000 inhabitants in 1530 to 225,000 inhabitants in 1605. [54]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In the 16th century, William Shakespeare and the luminaries who were raised with him lived in London when the development of theatrical art was opposed by the royal side.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Towards the end of the Tudor period in 1603, London was still very turbulent.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

There was an assassination attempt on James I at Westminster during the ongoing rebellion of the Gunpowder Plot on 5 November 1605. [57]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In the early 17th century, London was faced with a catastrophic plague of disease spreading in the city. [58]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

This disaster reached its peak with the onset of the Great Plague in 1665—1666 which killed an estimated 100,000 inhabitants of London, or a fifth of the total population at the time. [59]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In 1666, the Great Fire of London broke out on Pudding Lane in central London and quickly scorched the wooden buildings that filled the city at the time. [60]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

London's rebuilding efforts after the Great Fire took up to 10 years under the supervision of Robert Hooke, [61] [62] who was a London architect. [63]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In 1708, Christopher Wren's greatest work, namely St. Paul's Cathedral was completed.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

During the George era, new estates to the west of London such as Mayfair began to be built.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Meanwhile, the opening of new bridges crossing the River Thames also encouraged development in South London.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

While to the east, the Port of London was extended to the lower reaches of the river. [64]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In 1762, Buckingham Palace was purchased by George III and subsequently the palace was enlarged over the following 75 years.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In the 18th century, London was haunted by various acts of criminality.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Therefore, Bow Street Runners was formed in 1750 as a professional police force. [65]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Approximately 200 acts of criminality are subject to the death penalty, [66] there are no exception to women and children who are hanged only for petty theft. [67]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

More than 74 percent of London-born children die before turning five. [65]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Coffee shops became the most crowded and popular place to discuss various issues at that time.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In addition, the population of London is also becoming increasingly literate and the development of printing press technology that expands the spread of news is also growing rapidly.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Fleet Street in London was then a media hub in the United Kingdom. [68]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Samuel Johnson says: You will find no one, especially the intelligentsia, who will be willing to leave London.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Whoever feels bored with London is bored with his life; for only in London is all the enjoyment of life. —Samuel Johnson, 1777 [69] The current history of London was the largest city in the world from 1831 to 1925. [70]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

London's congested conditions led to the outbreak of a cholera epidemic. [71]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The epidemic had claimed more than 14,000 lives in 1848 and 6,000 in 1866. [72]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The growing traffic congestion caused the idea of the establishment of the world's first series of urban railroads.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The Metropolitan Board of Work was tasked with overseeing the infrastructure expansion effort in London and in several surrounding counties.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In 1889, the agency was replaced by the London County Assembly, which was created to manage development in the county-county around London.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

When World War II erupted, attacks waged by the German Luftwaffe such as The Blitz had cost more than 30,000 lives of Londoners and wiped out many homes and buildings throughout the city.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Not long after the war was over, the 1948 Summer Olympics were hosted at the old Wembley Stadium, although by then London had still not fully recovered from the ravages from warfare.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In 1951, the Festival of Britain was held on the South Bank.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The Great Fog event that occurred in 1952 led to the unveiling of the Clean Air Act 1956 which ended the “pea soup pis” fog phenomenon that briefly tarnished London's good name.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

From the 1940s onwards, London became a place of residence for a large number of immigrants who came from various former British colonies such as Jamaica, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

This makes London one of the most culturally diverse cities in Europe. [65]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

London had been the fashion hub of the world long before Paris bore that status.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

From the mid-1960s, London became a centre for young people's culture around the world demonstrated with the emergence of the Swinging London sub-culture sourced from King's Road, Chelsea and Carnaby Street.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

London's role as the center of world fashion was resurrected in the era of skinhead and punk culture.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In 1965, London's political boundaries were expanded to account for the growth of urban areas.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Therefore, a new London Assembly was formed.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

During the events of The Troubles in Northern Ireland, London became the target of a bomb attack waged by the Provisional IRA.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The pervasive racial gap in the 1980s led to the outbreak of the 1981 Brixton Riots.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Population numbers in Greater London continued to decline in the decades following World War II, estimated at a shrinkage in London's population from 8.6 million in 1939 to 6.8 million in the 1980s. London's major ports move downriver at Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklands precinct becoming a centre for regeneration as part of the Canary Wharf development project born out of the impact of London's revival as a world financial centre in the year 1980s. The Thames delimiter was completed in 1980, aiming to protect London from the threat of the tide from the North Sea.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

The Greater London Assembly was dissolved in 1986, this made London the only metropolis in the world operating without a central government.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

In 2000, governance across London was restored with the establishment of the Greater London Authority.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

To welcome the arrival of the 21st century, built the Millennium Dome, the Eye of London and the Millennium Bridge.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

On July 7, 2005, three pieces of the London Underground subway and a decker bus were bombed in a series of terrorist attacks. [73]


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

Local Government Government Government of London consists of two levels, namely the citywide strategic level and the local level.


Question: What is the population of the city of London in 2017?

London

City-wide governance is coordinated by the Greater London Authority (GLA), while local governance is exercised by 33 smaller authorities. [74]