Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In ASEAN, he is considered meritorious to participate in developing this regional organization so that it is reckoned in the world.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

“Without the kindness and presence of Soeharto, we will spend a lot of gross domestic product rations in defence,” said Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating at the time.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Paul Keating called Soeharto a “father”.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In his book, Soeharto; Political Biography, Robert Edward Elson wrote, “Soeharto was a very important figure during the XX century in Asia.”


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Two United States Presidents, Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan also praised Soeharto's buzz.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

However, Soeharto claims he is a son of farmers with ordinary values that do not ambition to rule Indonesia and precede the interests of the nation.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

“I am at home, among my wife and children feel as an ordinary, just by chance given the conviction by the people to lead this country as president,” said Soeharto in a speech at the 67th Mother's Day Commemoration in Mojosari District, Mojokerto Regency, East Java on 22 December 1989.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Therefore, on September 14, 1991, President Soeharto rejected the request of the United States to acquire military bases in Indonesia after moving from the Philippines.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Soeharto was elected by the Assembly as president for the sixth time on 10 March 1993.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

This time, Try Sutrisno as vice president.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

After six consecutive times appointed by the Assembly as president, Soeharto began to declare if he did not ambition to become president for life (12 March 1994).


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In his leadership this period, President Soeharto dismissed Prof. Dr. Satrio Budiharjo Joedono as Minister of Trade before the end of the term (6 December 1995).


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Soeharto who began his power as a presidential official on March 12, 1967 and became president on March 27, 1968, continued to hold the position for 31 years.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Some originally predicted that Soeharto would reject his nomination again as president for a sixth period in 1998 after his wife passed away on 28 April 1996.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

That estimate turned out to be erroneous


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

When he reached 75 years old, he was not only willing to be re-nominated but accepted to be re-appointed president for the period 1998—2003.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

He received the bestowment of the Five Star or Rank of Major General when he was 76 years old (29 September 1997).


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

On July 25, 1996, President Soeharto accepted the PDI-led Soerjadi and rejected the leadership of Megawati Soekarnoputri to lead the Indonesian Democracy Party (PDI).


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Two days later came the events of 27 bloody July.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Efforts to overcome the crisis and dampen opposition The monetary crisis that hit Asia in 1997 hit Indonesia also.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In fact, the crisis hit also the economic crisis sector.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

On 8 October 1997, the President asked the IMF and World Bank for help to strengthen the financial sector and declared the storm definitely passed.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The president asked the whole people to remain stoic in the face of the turmoil of the monetary crisis (29 November 1997).


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In the midst of a severe economic crisis and a fairly sharp rejection, on 10 March 1998, the Assembly authorized Soeharto as president for the seventh time.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

This time, Prof. Ing BJ Habibie as vice president.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

On March 17, 1998, he donated his entire salary and allowance as president and asked the willingness of other top officials to submit his basic salary for one year in the framework of the monetary crisis.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Facing demands to step down, on 1 May 1998, Soeharto stated that reforms would be prepared starting in 2003.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

When in Egypt on May 13, 1998, President Soeharto declared willing to step down if the people wanted and would not maintain their position by force of arms.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Eleven ministers for economics and industry (equine) of the VII Development Cabinet resigned (20 May 1998).


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Monetary and economic crises are really eating away at his leadership system.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The impact, Soeharto could not survive at the head of the leadership of the country.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Only 70 days after being reappointed president for the seventh time, Soeharto was forced to step down from his position as president.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

President Soeharto lengser exactly May 21, 1998.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

At exactly 09.00 WIB (West Indonesia Time), Soeharto quit his position as president.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Television glass screens back then broadcast live second by second the process of his resignation.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The date of 12—20 May 1998 became a very long period.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

After all, those times his power was further entrenched by various actions and events.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Student action spread throughout the country.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Thousands of students staged acts of concern in various places.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Students of Trisakti, Jakarta took action not far from their campus.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Participants began to exit the campus courtyard and enter the arterial road and intend to come to the MPR/DPR Building which is very stategic.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

On 12 May 1998 afternoon, there was a news broadcast of the death of four Trisakti students.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

A day later, on May 13, 1998, the bodies of the four students who were killed were sent to their respective residences.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Students who attended sang the song Tumuh Bunga.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The students' death was widely broadcast through radio, television, and newspaper news.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The death of the four students seemed to be an explosion of a bigger event.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Thursday, May 14, 1998, the state capital (Jakarta) was hit by intense riots.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

On 15 May 1998, the plane carrying President Soeharto and his group landed before 05.00 am in the morning at the main air base of the TNI AU Halim Perdanakusuma from a visit to Cairo, Egypt to join the Group 15 High-Level Conference (Summit) of Group 15 (Group 15/G-15).


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

On 16 May 1998, the President held a series of meetings including consulting with elements of the House leadership.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

On 17 May 1998, Minister of Tourism, Arts, and Culture Abdul Latief submitted a letter of resignation as minister.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

On May 18, 1998, thousands of students came to the MPR/DPR Building.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The action ended along with the retreat of President Soeharto on 21 May 1998.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Those killed were two students in the class of 1995 and two students of the class of 1996.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Force 1995 consisted of Hery Hartanto (Faculty of Industrial Engineering Department of Mechanical Department) and Hafidhin Alifidin Royan (Faculty of Industrial Engineering Department of Mechanical Department).


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Moderate, the students killed in 1996 were Elang Mulia Lesmana (Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning Department of Architecture) and Hendriawan Sie (Faculty of Economics Department of Management).


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Soeharto built and expanded General Nasution's concept of “Middle Road” into a dwifunction concept to obtain theoretical base support for the military to expand its influence through government officials, including reserve allocation of seats in parliament and key posts in civil bureaucracy.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

This dwifunction role is the role of the military in the political sphere that is permanent.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Ali Murtopo's lunge with his intelligence agency began to threaten Soeharto.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The rivalry between Ali Moertopo and Sumitro was used to get rid of Ali.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

But Sumitro was immediately withdrawn from office and control of Kopkamtib was held directly by Soeharto because it was considered potential threatening.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Months after Malari's events as many as 12 newspapers were closed and hundreds of Indonesians including students were arrested and imprisoned.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In 1978 to eliminate the student movement, then the enactment of NKK/BKK (Normalization of Campus Life/Student Coordination Board).


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

This policy was vehemently opposed by many student organizations.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The relationship of student activities with the campus is only to those who are allowed by the government through the control mechanism of the deanate and rectorate.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The mouth of the press was silenced with the birth of Press Principal Law No. 12 of 1982.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

This Act indicates a restriction or warning regarding the content of the news or broadcast.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Mass organizations formed must obtain government permission with only one government-made professed organization allowed standing.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

So that the mass organization is nothing more than the New Order puppets.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Then in 1979—1980 came a group of purnawirawan high-ranking officers of the armed forces and critically known civilian figures, incorporated in Petition 50, issued a series of leaflets complaining of the political stance of the New Order government that made the Army a supporters of Golkar's victory, as well as demanding political reform.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In return, the government blocked them.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

This group failed and was never able to appear again as an effective opposition group against the New Order government.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The culmination of the New Order During his reign, President Soeharto set economic growth as a staple of government duties and objectives.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

He raised many technocrats and economic experts who had previously been at odds with President Soekarno who tended to be socialist.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The technocrats who are generally western-educated and liberal (United States) are graduates of Berkeley so they are better known in the economic clicks as the Berkeley Mafia among Indonesian Economics, Industry and Finance.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In his time, Indonesia received economic and financial assistance from donor countries (developed countries) that were incorporated in IGGI which was supported by the Dutch government.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

But in 1992, IGGI was terminated by the Indonesian government because it was considered to be interfering in Indonesian domestic affairs, particularly in the case of East Timor after the Dili Incident.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

This role of IGGI was replaced by a French-sponsored CGI donor agency.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In addition, Indonesia received assistance from other international agencies under the United Nations such as UNICEF, UNESCO and WHO.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

But unfortunately, the failure of economic management that rests in the trickle down effect system (trickle down) that attaches importance to economic growth and management of the economy in a handful of circles as well as the poor economic management of industrial and financial trade (EKUIN) government, making Indonesia ended up relying on International donors especially post-Crisis 1997.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In the field of economics also, it was noted that Indonesia experienced self-sufficiency in rice in 1984.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

But the feat turned out to be untenable in the following years.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Then Indonesia's economic progress was considered so significant that Indonesia had been included in a country that approached the New Industry countries along with Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand, in addition to Singapore, the Republic of China, and South Korea.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In the political field, President Soeharto unified political parties so that at that time it was known three political parties namely the United Development Party (PPP), Golkar (Golkar) and the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) in its efforts to simplify political life in Indonesia as a result of the political period of president Soekarno who used a multiparty system which resulted in the fall of the cabinet and considered the cause of stagnant development.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Then the issuance of Political Law and the sole principle of Pancasila which colored political life at that time.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

But on the way, there was inequality in political life in which there arose the term “single majority” in which Golkar was made the main party and “castrated” the other two political parties in every election run.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Various discontent arose, but could be muted by the system in those days.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Along with the rise in education level during his reign due to economic growth, there arose various criticisms and discontent over inequality in development.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Economic, social and political gaps give rise to disaffected circles and demand improvement.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Later during his reign, there were recorded violent events in society that were generally laden with political interests, besides indeed due to discontent from the public.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Some accounts of President Soeharto's New Order repressive actions were judged to initiate suppression of the Chinese tribe, banned the use of written Chinese writing in various written materials, and shut down Chinese organizations due to accusations of their sympathy for communists.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In addition the political rights of ethnic Chinese were restricted and Kong Hu Cu's religion was not recognized its existence.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Nevertheless, Soeharto engaged in a familiar friendship with Lee Kuan Yew who was once the Prime Minister of Singapore who was ethnic Chinese.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In 1970 Soeharto banned student protests after widespread demonstrations against corruption.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

A commission found that corruption was very common.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Soeharto approved only two cases and then closed the commission.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Corruption then became an endemic.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

He ruled through military control and media censorship.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

He took control of financially by giving easy deals and monopolies to his brothers, including his six children.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

He also continued to play different factions in the military against each other, starting by supporting nationalist groups and then supporting Islamic elements.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In 1973 she won the subsequent five-year term through the “electoral college” elections. and was also re-elected in 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, and 1998.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Soeharto amended the election law by allowing only three parties to contest the election, including his own party, Golkar.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Therefore all existing Islamic parties were required to merge into the United Development Party, while non-Islamic parties (Catholic and Protestant) as well as nationalist parties were combined into the Indonesian Democratic Party.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In 1975, with the approval of even the requests of the United States and Australia, he ordered Indonesian troops to enter Portugal's former colony East Timor after Portugal withdrew and the Fretilin movement held power that caused chaos in East Timor's own people, as well as the United States' concerns over Fretilin's not what he thought invited the interference of the Soviet Union.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Then a pro integration government installed by Indonesia requested the region integrate with Indonesia.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

On 15 July 1976 East Timor became a province of East Timor until the area was transferred to UN administration in 1999.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Corruption became a heavy burden in the 1980s. On 5 May 1980 a group then better known as Petition 50 demanded greater political freedom.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The group consists of military members, politicians, academics, and students.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Indonesian media suppressed the news and the government mecekal signatory.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

After in 1984 this group alleged that Soeharto created a one-party state, several of its leaders were imprisoned.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Soeharto's human rights record has also deteriorated year after year.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In 1993 the United Nations Human Rights Commission made a resolution expressing deep concern for human rights violations in Indonesia and in East Timor.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

U.S. President Bill Clinton endorsed it.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In 1996 Soeharto attempted to remove Megawati Soekarnoputri from the leadership of the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI), one of the three official parties.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In June, Megawati supporters occupied the party's headquarters.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

After security forces detained them, riots broke out in Jakarta on 27 July 1996 (the events of Grey Saturday) known as the “Kudatuli Events” (Two Seven July Riots).


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Stepped down from the position of president In 1997, according to the World Bank, 20 to 30% of Indonesia's development funds had been misappropriated over the years.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Asia's financial crisis in the same year brought nothing good for President Soeharto's administration when he was forced to request a loan, which also meant a thorough and detailed examination from the IMF.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Despite declaring not to be re-nominated as President in the period 1998—2003, especially at the Golongan Karya event, Soeharto still ensured that he was re-elected by parliament for the seventh time in March 1998.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

After several demonstrations, riots, political and military pressure, as well as culminating in the occupation of the DPR/MPR RI building, President Soeharto resigned on 21 May 1998 to avoid divisions and erupting instability in Indonesia.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The administration was continued by the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia, B. J. Habibie.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In his 32-year-long rule, there has been abuse of power including corruption and human rights abuses.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

This is one of the factors of the end of the Soeharto era.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

However, Michel Camdesus, Director of the IMF admitted that what the IMF did in Indonesia was nothing but a catalyst for the fall of the Soeharto Government.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

As cited by the New York Times, Camdesus stated “we created the conditions that obliged President Soeharto Left his job" [12].


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In the Credentials Room, Istana Merdeka, Jalan Medan Merdeka Utara, Jakarta, President Soeharto read the speech last time, thus: “Since the last few times, I follow carefully the development of our national situation, especially the aspiration of the people to reform in all spheres of national and state life.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

On the basis of my deep understanding of those aspirations and driven by the belief that reform needs to be implemented in an orderly, peaceful, and constitutional manner.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

For the sake of maintaining the unity and unity of the nation and the continuity of national development, I have stated the plan for the formation of the Reform Committee and change the composition of the VII Development Cabinet.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

However, reality to this day suggests such a Reform Committee could not materialise due to the absence of an adequate response to the planned formation of the committee.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In the desire to implement reforms in the best way earlier, I judged that with the unrealization of the Reform Committee, the change in the composition of the VII Development Cabinet became no longer necessary.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Mindful of the above circumstances, I would argue it is very difficult for me to be able to perform the duties of state government and development properly.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Therefore, by observing the provisions of Article 8 of the 1945 Constitution and earnestly paying attention to the views of the leadership of the House and the leaders of the factions in it, I decided to declare to quit my position as President of the Republic of Indonesia since I read the statement. this was on Thursday, May 21, 1998.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

My statement quitting the position as President of the Republic of Indonesia I presented before the brothers and also the leadership of the MPR on the occasion of the relationship.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

According to Article 8 of the 1945 Constitution, then Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia, Prof. Dr. Ing. BJ Habibie who will continue the remaining time of the position of President/Mandatarist of the MPR 1998—2003.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

For the help and support of the people as long as I lead the country and the nation of Indonesia, I thank you and apologize if there are mistakes and shortcomings, hopefully the Indonesian nation remains successful with Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

From today also the Development Cabinet VII demisionary and to the ministers I thank you.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Because the circumstances do not allow to hold the pronunciation of oath before Parliament, so to avoid the vacancy of the leadership in organizing the state government, presumably the vice president's brother will now also carry out the oath of office of the president before the Supreme Court of Indonesia.”


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

A moment later, President Soeharto handed over the head of the state leadership to Prof. Dr. Ing. BJ Habibie.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

After carrying out the oath of office, finally BJ Habibie officially held the position of the 3rd president of the Republic of Indonesia.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Welcome from former President Soeharto, leaders and deputy leaders of MPR/DPR, ministers as well as anyone who participated in the pronunciation of the presidential oath of office at that time.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Not too long, the Minister of Defense Security and Commander of ABRI General TNI Wiranto read a statement of attitude, thus: first, understanding the evolving situation and the aspirations of the public, ABRI supports and welcomes the request to stop Mr. Soeharto as President of the Republic of Indonesia and based on the constutusion of supporting Vice President Mr. BJ Habibie as President of the Republic of Indonesia.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Second, ABRI remains compact and one hopes and invites all Indonesian people to accept the personal will of President Soeharto that has been in accordance with the constitution, namely Article 8 of the 1945 Constitution.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Third, in this case, ABRI will still play an active role in order to prevent irregularities and other things that could threaten the integrity of the nation.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Fourth, upholding the noble value of the nation's culture, ABRI will maintain the safety and honor of the former Presidents/Mandataries of MPR including Mr. Soeharto and his family.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Fifth, ABRI invites all parties to be calm, prevent the occurrence of riots and violent acts that will eventually harm the community themselves.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Cases of alleged corruption Main article: Suharto's alleged corruption case After Soeharto officially stepped down from his position as president, various elements of society began to demand that the deprivation and trial of the former president who was the longest-serving power in Indonesia.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

On September 1, 1998, the Attorney General's team announced an indication of the use of foundation money under the administration of former President Soeharto.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Through Indonesian Pendidikan Television (TPI) on September 6, 1998, Soeharto appeared and stated that he had no wealth abroad.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Attorney General AM Ghalib and Minister of Wasbang/Pan Hartarto met him on Jalan Cendana (Jakarta) to clarify the revelation (21 September 1998).


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

On 21 November 1998, the Development Work Faction (FKP) proposed to the government to assign former President Soeharto as a municipal prisoner.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

This is the initial act of depreciation of Soeharto's property and wealth which allegedly originated from Collusion, Corruption, and Nepotism (KKN).


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

On 3 December 1998, President BJ Habibie instructed Attorney General AM Ghalib immediately take legal action examining former President Soeharto.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

On December 9, 1998, Soeharto was examined by the Attorney General's team in Jakarta High Prosecutor in connection with foundation funds, national car program, Soeharto's wealth abroad, and the Tapos case.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Time magazine launched news about Soeharto's wealth abroad which reached US$15 billion (22 May 1999).


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

On May 27, 1999, Soeharto submitted a special power of attorney to Attorney General AM Ghalib to check his wealth in Switzerland and Austria, as reported by Time Magazine.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

On 2 June 1999, Soeharto seconded Time Magazine to the National Police Headquarters of the Republic of Indonesia over defamatory allegations on its news.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Soeharto demanded damages of about 27 billion US dollars.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Soeharto owns and heads seven foundations, namely Yayasan Dana Sejahtera Mandiri, Yayasan Supersemar, Yayasan Dharma Bhakti Sosial (Dharmais), Yayasan Dana Abadi Karya Bhakti (Dakab), Bhakti Muslim Pancasila Charitable Foundation, Yayasan Gotong Royasan Humanitarian, Trikora Foundation.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In 1995, Soeharto issued Presidential Decree Number 90 Year 1995.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

This presidential election appealed to entrepreneurs to contribute 2 percent of their profits to Yayasan Dana Mandiri.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The results of the investigation of the seven Soeharto foundations resulted in a 2,000s page thick file.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

This file contains the results of an examination of 134 fact witnesses and 9 expert witnesses, following hundreds of authentic documents of the results of the seizure of two teams that have been formed by the Attorney General, since 1999.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

According to Transparency International, Soeharto embezzled the largest amount of money compared to any other world leader in history with an estimated 15—35 billion U.S. dollars during his 32-year reign. [13]


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

On May 12, 2006, coinciding with the commemoration of the Trisakti Tragedy, Attorney General Abdul Rahman Saleh issued a statement that it had issued a Decree Termination of Prosecution (SKPP) case of former President Soeharto, whose contents stopped the prosecution of alleged corruption of former President Soeharto on seven foundations he led on grounds of the defendant's unfit physical and mental condition submitted to the trial.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

SKPP was issued by the South Jakarta District Attorney on May 11, 2006, but SKPP was declared invalid by the South Jakarta District Court on June 12, 2006.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Civil case Political Heritage As president of Indonesia for more than 30 years, Soeharto has influenced Indonesia's history a lot.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

With the transfer of power from Soekarno, Soeharto with the support of the United States eradicated communism and forbade the formation of communist parties.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The making of East Timor as the 27th province (then) was also done because of his concern that the Fretilin party (Frente Revolucionaria De Timor Leste Independente/Revolutionary Front for East Timor Independence) would come to power there if left independent.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

This has resulted in the swallowing of hundreds of thousands of civilian fatalities.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The authoritarian system that Soeharto ran in his reign made him popular with the designation “Father”, which in the long term led to decision-making in the House of Representatives at that time connotatively referred to by the Indonesians as the “ABS” system or “Asal Mr. Glad”.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

In the field of health To control the population of Indonesia, Soeharto started a Family Planning campaign that advocated each couple to have enough 2 children.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

This was done to avoid a population explosion that could later result in various problems, from starvation, disease to environmental destruction.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Education in the field of education Soeharto spearheaded the Compulsory Learning project aimed at improving the average grade of Indonesian children's school.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

At first, the project exempted primary education pupils from tuition (Education Financing Donations) so that children from poor families could also attend school.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

This was later developed into a 9-year Compulsory Study.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Death On January 27, 2008 at 13:10pm, Soeharto passed away at Pertamina Central Hospital Jakarta.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Then around 14.35, the body of former President Soeharto was sent from the RSPP to the residence at Jalan Cendana number 8, Menteng, Jakarta [14].


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The ambulance carrying Mr. Harto's body was accompanied by a number of family vehicles and relatives and bodyguards.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

A number of journalists approached when the motorcade moved towards Jalan Cendana, resulting in a television reporter hit.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Along Tanjung and Jalan Cendana thousands of people welcomed the accompaniment of vehicles carrying Mr. Harto's body.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

A series of vehicles carrying the body of former President Soeharto entered Jalan Cendana, around 14.55, Sunday (27/1).


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono accompanied by Vice President Jusuf Kalla and several ministers who are following a limited cabinet meeting on food security, taking a press conference for 3 minutes and 28 seconds at the President's Office, Jakarta, Sunday (27/1).


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The president expressed his deep condolences on the death of former Second Indonesian President Haji Muhammad Soeharto.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Sunday Afternoon at 16.00 WIB, President Soesilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Vice President Jusuf Kalla, first prayed to Cendana.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The funeral of former president Soeharto's corpse was sent from the funeral home in Jalan Cendana, Jakarta, Monday, January 28, 2008, at 07.30 pm [15] to Halim Perdanakusuma Airport.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Then the remains will be flown from Halim Perdanakusuma Airport to Solo at 10:00pm to then be buried in Astana Giri Bangun, Solo, Monday (28/1).


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The body arrived at Astana Giri Bangun that afternoon before 12.00 pm.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The deceased was lowered into the liang lahad at 12:15pm [16] along with the gathering of azan zuhur.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The deceased had been in burrow lahat that afternoon at 12:17pm.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Soeharto's funeral ceremony was led by ceremony inspector Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

See also Javanese Cultural Items List of Indonesian President List of libraries Benedict R. Anderson en Ruth T.McVey, A Preliminary Analysis of the 1 October 1965 Coup in Indonesia (Cornell University, 1971).


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Press Release.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

International Monetary Fund. (31 October 1997) Robert Cribb, “Genocide in Indonesia,1965—1966".


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Journal of Genocide Research no. 2:219 —239, 2001.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

“Jakarta Leftist Out As Army Chief” New York Times 15 October 1965 CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) McDonald, H., Suharto's Indonesia, Fontana Books, 1980, Blackburn, Australia, ISBN 0-00-635721-0 Ricklefs, M.C. 1991.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300 2nd Edition, Stanford: Stanford University Press.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

ISBN 0-333-57690-X John Roosa, Pretext for Mass Murder, The 30 September Movement & Suharto's Coup d'État.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

The University of Wisconson Press, 2006.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

ISBN 978-0-299-22034-1.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

“Sukarno Removes His Defense Chief” New York Times 22 February 1966 Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA, Tim Weiner.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Doubleday, New York 2007 (ISBN 978-3-596-17865-0), chapter 15, CIA and Indonesia.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Whose Plot? -New light on the 1965 Events, Journal of Contemporary Asia 9, no.2 (1979) :197—215.


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Reference Outside Links in the Library of the President of the Republic of Indonesia on BBC |-!


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Political offices |- |Precededby Soekarno as Prime Minister | Chairman of the Presidium of the Indonesian Cabinet 1966—1967 |Positions abolished |-!


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Military offices |- |New title | Pangkostrad 1963—1965 | Succeededby Umar Wirahadikusumah |- |-!


Question: when did the Noble Eagle Lesmana enter the Universita Trisakti first?

Soeharto

Government offices {{subst: #if:soeHarto|}} [[Category: {{subst: #switch: {{subst:uc:1921}} || UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of birth missing {{subst: #switch: {{subst:uc:2008}} ||LIVING =( living people)}} | #default =1921 births}]] [[Category: {subst: {#switch: {{subst:uc:2008}} || LIVING =Living people| UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of death missing | #default =2008 deaths}}]] Category:Figures from Bantul Category:President of Indonesia Category:Javanese Figures Category:Commander of the Military Regional Command XII/Tanjungpura Category:KSAD Category:Commander of the Army Strategic Reserve Command Category:Figures Order New Category:Indonesian National Army Commander Category:Military Regional Command Commander IV/Diponegoro Category:Politician Party Golongan Karya


Question: What is the number of provinces in the world in 2015?

List of provincial capitals in Indonesia

Indonesia is a unitary state in the form of a republic [1] that has 34 provincial capitals.


Question: What is the number of provinces in the world in 2015?

Although the phrase capital city uses the word city, in fact, not all provincial capitals in Indonesia are cities.


Question: What is the number of provinces in the world in 2015?

This happens in the capital of the country, Jakarta, [2] which is the capital of Jakarta Special Region Province (DKI Jakarta) [3] and is also the province of Jakarta itself.


Question: What is the number of provinces in the world in 2015?

In addition, the capital of the province that is not a city is also found in several other provinces, namely West Sulawesi and West Papua which are the regencies, [4] [5] North Kalimantan which is a sub-district, [6] and North Maluku which is a sub-district. [7]


Question: What is the number of provinces in the world in 2015?

During the history of the establishment of Indonesia, there have been several times the transfer of the capital of the country, as well as those in North Maluku marked by the transfer of the capital from Ternate to Sofifi in 2010. [8]


Question: What is the number of provinces in the world in 2015?

This transfer was done because according to the legal basis of North Maluku, Law No. 46 Year 1999, the capital of North Maluku is Sofifi. [9]


Question: What is the number of provinces in the world in 2015?

However, due to the limitations of Sofifi infrastructure, Ternate was made a temporary capital city. [10]


Question: What is the number of provinces in the world in 2015?

West Kalimantan Province has also planned to transfer the capital from Pontianak by conducting a feasibility study. [11]


Question: What is the number of provinces in the world in 2015?

In addition, there was an attempt to transfer the capital of Maluku from Ambon to Makariki, [12] but it was not realized. [13]


Question: What is the number of provinces in the world in 2015?

Jakarta which also acts as the capital of Jakarta Province [3] and the country [2] is the largest provincial capital in Indonesia with a population of 10,177,924 inhabitants in 2015, [14] while the smallest capital city is Sofifi with a population of 1,783 inhabitants in 2013. [15]


Question: What is the number of provinces in the world in 2015?

If reviewed from the geographical side, the largest capital city in Indonesia is Mamuju with an area of 5,064.19 km², [16] while the smallest is also Sofifi with an area of 20.98 km². [15]


Question: What is the number of provinces in the world in 2015?

BNAMDNPADPBRJMBPLGBGLBDLPGPTPGJKBDGSMGYYKSBYSRGDPRMTRKPGPTKPLKBJMSMRTJSMNDPALMKSKDIGTOMAMAMBSFF [lower-alpha 2] JAPMNK List of capital cities List of provincial capitals in Indonesia contains capital city rank, province name, capital city name population data of the capital city (number of inhabitants, growth population, and population density), the area of the capital city, the Human Development Index (IPM) of the capital city, and the head of the capital city region.


Question: What is the number of provinces in the world in 2015?

In addition, this list features colors and symbols whose meanings can be seen in the caption table.


Question: What is the number of provinces in the world in 2015?

After that, there are things to pay attention to when viewing the list that the following will be mentioned.


Question: What is the number of provinces in the world in 2015?

The “Number” column displays the capital number from 1—34 based on the order of the provinces according to the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. [19]


Question: What is the number of provinces in the world in 2015?

The “Name” column displays the name of the province according to the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Indonesia


Question: What is the number of provinces in the world in 2015?

The “Capital City” column displays the name of the capital city without prefixed the type of administrative division.


Question: What is the number of provinces in the world in 2015?

The column “Area Area (km²)” displays the area of the mainland region of the capital city.


Question: What is the number of provinces in the world in 2015?

See also List of provinces in Indonesia List of districts in Indonesia List of cities in Indonesia List of provinces in Indonesia by IPM List of provinces in Indonesia by PDRB List of provinces in Indonesia by PDRB per capita Footnote Referral Category:Capital cities of provinces in Indonesia Indonesia Category:List of places in Indonesia Category:List of Capital cities


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Synagogue or Kanisah [1] (English: Synagogue) is the name of a Jewish place of worship. [2]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

In the original language (Greek: συναγωγή, synagogē or sunagogē, means “assemblage”; French/English: synagogue) consists of the Greek word συν (syn, = together), and αγωγή agogé, study or education, synagogue has the meaning of “learning together” in addition to gathering together. [2]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

The word is a translation of the Hebrew word, eda, which means congregation, so the true sense of synagogue is not a particular place or building but a fellowship. [3]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Synagogue, along with the rabinic judaism movement, has an important role in shaping Jewish religious patterns until now, especially after the temple which became the center of worship of the Jewish people was destroyed in 70 A.D. [4] In addition, the synagogue is also thought to have a great influence on the worship patterns of the people Christianity and Islam through the use of churches and mosques. [4] [5] There are various theories regarding the origin of the synagogue, namely as follows. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Since the time of Moses the Jewish tradition mentions the roots of the synagogue beginning as early as the time of Moses, or even in the time of the Patriarchs. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Flavius Jocefus and Philo state that the synagogue was founded by Moses as a place where the Jews listened to the Torah once a week. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Targum Onkelos states Jacob as the servant of the synagogue (), whereas Targum Yonatan says that Jethro invited Moses to teach the people of Israel about the prayers that should be spoken in their synagogues. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Then the Targum Chronicles interpreted the sacrificial hill in Gibeon as a synagogue. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Since the time of Josiah's Reformation there was a theory from Julian Morgenstern that synagogues began to stand in Israel as a result of Josiah's Reformation, which was when the altars and sacrificial hills of the non-Jewish religious tradition were destroyed. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

According to Morgenstern, temples in the far reaches of Israel continue to be used as religious gatherings on the Sabbath and during Jewish celebrations. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Another opinion was given by J. Weingreen who refuted Morgenstern's opinion on the grounds that Josiah's reforms had destroyed temples in far corners as well. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

According to him, Josiah established other places in exchange for these temples for the worship of the people. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

However, Weingreen's theory is seen as weak because it has no evidence from Josiah's reformation history. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Prior to the Disposal R. W. Moss submitted the opinion that the synagogue had existed before the time of the Banishment to Babylonia of the 6th century BC. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

He stated that in the beginning the synagogue was a school and local government agency before developing into a center of worship during the time of Disposal. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Since the Makabe period there are some experts who state the origin of the synagogue in the Makabe period or after the inhibition of the Makabe era. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

This is based on archaeological evidence that states that in the 3rd century, synagogues were not yet known in Palestine. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Archaeological evidence states the oldest synagogue whose relics were found in Palestine dates back to the 1st century A.D. [5] However, this theory is weak because the Makabe uprising seems to be closely related to the synagogue, which is said that copies of the Torah were taken and burned by enemies, thus proving that synagogues had existed prior to the Makabe uprising. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

At the time of the Banishment, most experts supported the opinion that the early synagogue stood at its disposal in Babylon since the 5th century BC. [4] [5] [6] The arguments of the experts were based on the Jewish people away from the temple which was the center of their worship, whereas they needed to maintain their faith identity in Babylon which is a foreign place. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Therefore, the Jews began to gather in their own homes and discuss Scripture regularly, as well as performing sacrificial celebrations and other celebrations in certain places and that is what eventually became the origin of the synagogue. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

This argument is supported by the fact that the hope of returning to the Palestinian homeland is still maintained among the Jewish people despite having lived in disposal for decades. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

In addition, the Torah still maintained its use, even getting its more formal form at the time of the Disposal. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

One of the earliest accounts of people gathered together to discuss the Word of God is written in the Book of Ezekiel Chapter 8:1. [7]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Synagogue Development Looking at the offensive information about the synagogue, it can be concluded that the synagogue had long existed before the time of the New Testament. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Jesus Christ often visited a number of synagogues in Galilee (for example in the Gospel of Mark chapter 1).


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

In New Testament records, synagogues have been ubiquitous, both in Palestine and outside Palestine. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

When Paul and his colleagues first visited a city in Rome, they first visited the local synagogue.


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

In other archaeological evidence, there is evidence of the existence of a synagogue in Egypt in the 3rd century BC, and certainly not the first to be established there. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

In the post-Disposal period, the institution of the Temple was redeveloped and became the religious center of the Jews. [2]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

However, the role of synagogues remains important as a place of communion of Jews in the community. [2]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Therefore, Jews outside Palestine used to collect annual offerings to support worship in the Temple, especially for those who could not come to the Temple to follow the annual rite. [2]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

In addition, the synagogue also plays a role to maintain Jewish identity in the city through the reading of Scripture, prayers, and celebrations of the Jewish great day. [2]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

The development of the synagogue was also greatly influenced by the development of the Pharisees in the 2nd century BC. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

At that time, the people who could read and interpret the Torah were Pharisees, so they played a great role in local fellowships among the Jewish people. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

The same happened when the Temple was destroyed in 70 AD and the Jewish people dispersed to other places. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

The survival of Jewish identity became dependent on the Pharisees, who were also called rabbis because only they could read and interpret the Torah. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

They played an important role in local synagogues in the places where Jews lived. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

It was during this time that study of the Torah, prayers, and good deeds replaced Temple rites and sacrificial offerings. [4]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

The important role of synagogues and rabbis still ongoing today. [4]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Throughout Jewish history, synagogues were built by a variety of people, such as the great people and certain peoples. [8]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

For example, Sephardi synagogues established by Sephardians displaced to large cities, where there were already Jewish congregations. [8]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Eastern European Jews are characterized by the presence of kloiz (literally, “gathering places”) where professed congregations worship together.


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

So, there are kloiz tailors, kloiz waterbearers, and so on. [8]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

One kloiz that hitherto still attached the name is the Breslov Synagogue in Uman, Ukraine, which accommodates thousands of worshippers at the annual Breslover event Rosh Hashana kibbutz (prayer meeting). [8]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

The synagogue is called “New Kloiz” to distinguish it from the “Old Kloiz”, built by Nathan of Breslov in 1834. [8]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

The function of the Educational Synagogue There are experts who argue that religious education in the form of reading and interpretation of the Torah is the main function of the synagogue. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

It is known that in the synagogue, the Torah is not only spoken of and discussed during service times, but also within the curriculum of daily education. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

In addition, lessons on general matters are also given in the synagogue. [3]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

The synagogue is also a place for prospective members of the Jewish religion who are of Gentile origin. [9]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

In the New Testament books such people are called “God-fearing people”. [9]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Therefore, it can be concluded that the synagogue is also a place of education for Jewish candidates, but of course this depends on the situation and regulations of each synagogue. [9]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

There are also other experts who argue that the main function of a synagogue is in terms of worship. [3]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Worship is carried out there on the Sabbath and other great days. [3]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

The center of worship is the reading of the Torah, and the entire design and atmosphere of the room is directed to the reading. [3]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

In addition, the synagogue also serves as a place of prayer during the Jewish prayer hours, and by moving towards Jerusalem. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Meetings In addition to educational and worship functions, the synagogue also serves as a place for community meetings to discuss social, political, and religious issues. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Therefore, a synagogue can also be a court venue (compare and). [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

The Arkôn Arkôn Synagogue Officer is the principal officer in the synagogue who is the head and plays an important role in all activities that take place. [3]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Its main task is to organize the order of the synagogue and the people who gather there, as well as supervise the worship that takes place. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Khazzân Khazzân is an officer responsible for menial tasks up to supervisory duties in general, including also performing administrative tasks. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

He was in charge of caring for the synagogue building, the furniture, the books of the synagogue. [3]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

He was also the one who stood atop the synagogue building and proclaimed the beginning of the Sabbath and the feast times. [3]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Shielîakh Sibûr Shilîakh Sibûr is tasked to say prayers in worship. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

The terms of a Shielîakh Sibûr are active, mature, head of the family, not rich, not merchant, have a loud voice, and be good at teaching. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

It is possible that at first the Syelîakh Sibûr was not a position but a person called specifically to perform these duties. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

It often happened that this position was captured by the Khazzân, so that eventually gradually the two positions melted into one so that the terms Khazzân and Syelîakh Sibûr were simply equalized. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

The worship of the Synagogue of Worship within the synagogue has elements of shema, prayer, reading of the Torah and the books of the Prophet, and the pronunciation of blessings. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Shema Shema is a Jewish confession of faith that contains belief in the oneness of God (). [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

In the Gospel books, Jesus quotes shema to answer the question, “Which law is primarily in the Torah?” [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Prayer prayers are called syemoneh ezreh or eighteen blessings. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Its definitive form was composed in 110 AD, but some of its initial sentences were composed after the collapse of the city of Jerusalem in 70 AD. [5] To say the prayer, the devotees stood and at the end of the prayer they said 'amin'. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Torah reading Torah reading follows a certain pattern that lasts for three years so that after three years the entire Torah has been read entirely. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Readings of the Prophet's books exist, but do not yet have a certain pattern so the selection of readings is left to those in charge of reading them. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

In Palestine, Torah reading is followed by translation of the text of that reading into Aramaic. [3]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Then in the synagogues of the outer Palestinian countryside, the Torah reading was translated into Greek. [3]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

The person who translates must be the one who is considered capable because there are strict rules regarding the accuracy of the texts of the Scriptures. [3]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

The description of the Nas Scripture After the Scripture is recited, sometimes there is the task of deciphering its contents.


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

However, the description is not an obligatory part of worship. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

In the New Testament texts this is evident from the story in which Jesus and Paul are invited to elaborate Scripture in certain synagogues (,). [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

The pronunciation of the Blessing of Worship is closed by the attendant saying the blessing after being gestured by Khazzân. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Some consider that the tradition originated from the temple rite. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

The officer stands facing the people, while the devotees stand with their hands raised at shoulder level, while repeating, word by word, what the officer spoke. [5]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Women in Synagogue Regarding the role of women in the synagogue, there is still debate, including about the role of women in worship. [3]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Philo notes that in the synagogue of Aleksandria, women were separated from men, and occupied the outdoor rooms (portico) whereas the men occupied the inner space. [3]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

However, through the discovery of twenty inscriptions (sculpted writings on stone) from ancient Jewish synagogues, the names of women who became prominent members and leaders in Jewish communities. [2]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

This shows the social situation of the time that at a certain place and time, women could also occupy a high position in the religious life of the Jewish community. [2]


Question: When was the first Synagogue built?

Synagogue

Category Reference:Religion Category:Jewish


Question: What is the gas pressure in a vacuum room perfect?

Vacuum

Vacuum refers to the volume of space that is essentially empty of matter, so that the air pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure [1].


Question: What is the gas pressure in a vacuum room perfect?

Vacuum

The term is derived from the Latin word vacuus which intends blank.


Question: What is the gas pressure in a vacuum room perfect?

Vacuum

Even leaving aside the complexity of the vacuum state, the classical sense regarding a perfect vacuum is exactly zero gas pressure, but this is merely a theoretical concept and has never been observed in practice.


Question: What is the gas pressure in a vacuum room perfect?

Vacuum

References


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

The Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia (abbreviated Kemenkumham RI) is a ministry within the Government of Indonesia that aims for legal affairs and human rights.


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

The Ministry of Law and Human Rights is subordinate to and accountable to the President.


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

The Ministry of Law and Human Rights is headed by a Minister who since 27 October 2014 is held by Yasonna Laoly.


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

Ministry of Justice (1945-1999), “Department of Law and Legislation” (1999-2001), “Department of Justice and Human Rights” (1999-2001), “Ministry of Justice and Human Rights” (2001-2004), “Department of Law and Human Rights” (2004-2009), and “Ministry of Law and Human Rights Man” (2009—present).


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

The History of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights was first formed on 19 August 1945 under the name of the Ministry of Justice.


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

The first minister of Justice to take office was Soepomo. [1]


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

The Ministry of Law and Human Rights during the Dutch government was called Van Justitie Department based on Herdeland Yudie Staatblad regulation No.576. [2]


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

In the session of PPKI in 1945 set about the Ministry of Justice in the structure of the State according to the Constitution.


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

In the Constitution mentioned departments including the Ministry of Justice that take care of courts, prisons, prosecutors and so on.


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

In the PPKI hearing was also made a determination about the main duties issue of the scope of the Ministry of Justice although briefly still referred to the regulation of Herdeland Yudie Staatblad No.576. [2]


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

On October 1, 1945 the authority of the Ministry of Justice was expanded, namely the Attorney based on Government Information of 1945 dated 1 0ktober 1945 and the Supervision of Topograpi based on the Government Determination of 1945 No. 1/S.D. admission to the Ministry of Defense based on the Government Determination of 1946 number 8/S.D. [1] When the Department of Religion was formed on January 3, 1946, the High Islamic Court was removed from the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Indonesia and entered the Department of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia based on Government determination of 1946 No. 5/S.D. [1] On July 22, 1960, the cabinet meeting decided that the prosecutor be a department and the decision was stated in the Indonesian President's Decree Number 204/1960 dated August 1, 1960 which is valid since July 22, 1960.


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

Since then, the Indonesian Prosecutor separated from the Ministry of Justice.


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

The separation was backwarded by the prosecutor's plan to tangle the case involving the Minister of Justice at the time. [3]


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

The transfer of the General Judiciary and Administrative Judiciary of the State from the Ministry of Law and Human Rights to the Supreme Court stems from Law No. 35 of 1999 concerning the Principal Provisions of Judicial Power which was then spelled out in Law No. 4 of 2004 on Power Judiciary and Law No. 5 of 2004 on Amendments to Law No. 14 of 1985 concerning the Supreme Court.


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

On March 23, 2004 President Megawati issued the Indonesian Presidential Decree No. 21 of 2004 concerning the transfer of the organization, administration and financial and environment of the General Judiciary and State Administrative, Religious Court to the Supreme Court which was then followed up with the handover of receipt The transfer of organization, administration and finance in the General Judicial and Administrative Judiciary of the State to the Supreme Court on March 31, 2004. [4]


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

The name of the Ministry of Justice has changed its name several times because it is adapted to the functions of the Department, namely from the Ministry of Justice to the Department of Law and Invitation and now the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. [2]


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

Duties and Functions Based on Presidential Regulation Number 44 of 2015, the Ministry of Law and Human Rights has the task of organizing government affairs in the field of law and human rights to assist the President in organizing the government of the country.


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

In carrying out these duties the Ministry of Law and Human Rights conducts functions: formulation, determination and implementation of policies in the field of legislation, general law administration, correctional, immigration, intellectual property, and human rights; coordination implementation of duties, coaching, and providing administrative support to all elements of the organization in the Ministry of Law and Human Rights; management of belonging/wealth of the country which is the responsibility of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights; supervision of the implementation of duties in environment of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights; implementation of technical guidance and supervision on the implementation of affairs of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights in the regions; implementation of national law development; implementation of research and development in the field of law and human rights; implementation of development of human resources in the field of law and human rights; implementation of technical activities on a national scale; implementation of technical activities from the center to the region; and the implementation of substantive support to all elements of the organization in the Ministry of Law and Human Rights.


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

Organizational structure The organizational structure of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights based on Presidential Regulation Number 24 of 2010 is as follows: Secretariat General of the Directorate General of Legislation of the Directorate General of Public Law Administration Directorate General Correctional Directorate General of Immigration Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights Directorate General of Human Rights Inspectorate General of National Legal Development Agency of Legal Research and Development Agency and Human Rights Human Resource Development Agency Legal and Human Rights Human Staff Expert in Political and Security Expert Staff Economic Staff Expert Staff Expert Staff Expert Staff Interagency Staff Expert Staff Expert Field Strengthening Bureaucratic Reform Regional Office (kanwil) Ministry of Law and Human Rights is a vertical agency of the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights is a vertical agency of the Ministry of Justice and Law and Human Rights domiciled in each province, which is under and accountable to the Minister of Law and Human Rights.


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

Kanwil consists of several divisions as well as a number of Technical Implementation Units (UPT), including Immigration Office, Correctional Institution (Penitentiary), Open Penitentiary • Narcotics Penitentiary, State Prison House (Rutan), Rutan Branch, State Confiscation House (Rupbasan), Correctional Hall (Bapas), Balai Legal Treasure (BHP), as well as Immigration Detention House (Rudenim).


Question: Where is the head office of the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights?

Reference See also List of Ministers of Law and Human Rights Indonesia Ministry of Immigration Academy (AIM) Academy of Correctional Sciences (AKIP) External Links of Law and Human Rights API


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan is a clause in the National Constitution of Japan that prohibits war by the state.


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

This constitution came into force on 3 May 1947, that is, immediately after the completion of World War II.


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

In the script, the state officially rejects war as a right of sovereignty and prohibits the resolution of international disputes through the use of force.


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

The article also states that, in order to achieve these objectives, armed forces with the ability to go to war will not be maintained.


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

The history of Article 9 was added to the Constitution of Japan during the time of the Allied occupation of Japan after World War II.


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

The source of those pacifist clauses is still disputed.


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

According to Supreme Allied Commander Douglas MacArthur, the provision was proposed by Prime Minister Kijūrō Shidehara, who “wanted it to prevent any form of military for Japan - in the form of any military institution”. [1]


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

Shidehara's view was that withholding weaponry would be “meaningless” for the Japanese people in the post-war era.


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

That is because any substandard after-war military conditions will not earn the public rewards, and will even make the public obsessed with the goal of rearming Japan. [2]


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

Shidehara acknowledged his role in his memoir Fifty Years of Diplomacy (Gaikō Gojū-Nen) published in 1951, in which he recounts that the idea came to him while on a train to Tokyo.


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

MacArthur himself justified Shidehara's role on several occasions.


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

But according to some interpretations, Shidehara denies having accepted the proposal, [3] and the inclusion of Article 9 is mainly due to the efforts of the members of the Government Section (Min-Sei-Kyoku) of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (Rengō-Koku-Gun-Saikō-Shirei-Kan), particularly Charles Kades, one of the close associate of Douglas MacArthur.


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

The article was approved by the Japanese Parliament on 3 November 1946.


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

Kades rejected the proposal of a sentence prohibiting the use of Japanese force “for its own security”, as he believed that self-defense was the right of every nation. [4]


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

Complete manuscript of this chapter in Japanese: “第日本国民、。


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

二の


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

国の、


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

” Official translation of this chapter in English: “ARTICLE 9.


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes. (2) To accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained.


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized.”


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

Translation of this chapter in Indonesian (unofficial): “ARTICLE 9.


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

Aspiring sincerely for international peace based on justice and order, the people of Japan forever renounce war as a right of sovereignty of the nation and the threat or use of violence as a way of resolving international disputes. (2) To achieve the purpose of the paragraph above, land, sea, and air forces, as well as other potential wars, will not be sustained.


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

The right of states to declare war will not be recognized.”


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

Interpretation during the Cold War, there began to arise a desire from the United States occupying forces for Japan to take a more active military role in the struggle against communism. [5]


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

Following the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, the United States 24th Infantry Division pulled out Japan and sent out fighting on the Korean front lines, thus causing Japan to become without armed protection.


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

MacArthur then ordered the formation of a 75,000-man strong National Reserve Police (Keisatsu yobitai, National Police Reserve) to maintain public order in Japan and ward off any chance of outside attack.


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

Its formation was carried out under the leadership of Colonel Frank Kowalski of the United States Army (later he became a member of the U.S. Congress) using surplus Army equipment.


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

To avoid possible constitutional violations, military items were given civilian names: tanks, for example, were named “special vehicles”. [6]


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

Shigesaburo Suzuki, a leader of the Japanese Socialist Party (JSP), filed suit in Japan's Supreme Court to declare the establishment of the National Reserve Police an unconstitutional act, but his case was rejected by the grand assembly because it was deemed less relevant. [7]


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

Debate The majority of Japanese citizens agree on the spirit of Article 9 and consider it personally important. [8] [9] But since the 1990s there has been a shift away from attitudes, which are more tolerant of possible revisions to the article, thus allowing for adjustments between the role of the Japan Self-Defense Forces with Article 9. [10] [11] In addition, some citizens also consider that Japan should have engaged the Self-Defense Forces in collective defense efforts, for example as it was once constituted under the United Nations Security Council in the Gulf War. [12]


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

Prime Minister Shinzo Abe marked the 60th anniversary of Japan's Constitution in 2007 with his call to conduct a bold review of the document, so as to permit the state to take a greater role in global security as well as evoke return to national pride. [13]


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

International comparison In Article 11 of the Italian Constitution there is a form similar to Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan, but the use of military force is allowable for self-defense (articles 54 and 78) and also for the purpose of keeping peace, if approved by international organizations: [14]” L'Italia ripudia la guerra come strumento di offesa alla libertà degli altri popoli e come mezzo di risoluzione delle controversie internazionali; consente, in condizioni di parità con gli altri Stati, alle limitazioni di sovranità e necessarie ad un ordinamento che assicuri la pace Ustizia FRA le Nazioni; promuove e favorisce le organizzazioni internazionali rivolte a tale scopo.”


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

(“Italy rejected war as an instrument to attack the freedom of nations and as a means of resolving international infighting; it agreed to the existence of limits on sovereignty deemed necessary to enable a peaceful and just legal system among nations, with his guaranteed terms the principle of reciprocity; he advocated and encouraged that international organizations strive to advance such goals.”)


Question: Why doesn't Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution allow war?

Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan

See also Japan Self-Defense Forces Reference Outlinks (article and audio) Global Campaign Article 9 Category:Government of Japan Category:Law in Japan Category:Military of Japan


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

The name “Indonesia” comes from various historical series whose peak occurred in the middle of the 19th century.


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

Past records refer to the archipelago between Indochina and Australia by various names, while Chinese chronicles refer to the region as Nan-hai (“South Sea Islands”).


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

Various ancient records of Indian peoples name this archipelago Dwipantara (“Islands of Tanah Seberang”), a name derived from the word in Sanskrit dwipa (island) and between (outer, opposite).


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

The Ramayana story by pujangga Walmiki tells the search for Sinta, Rama's wife who was kidnapped by Rahwana, up to Suwarnadwipa (“Golden Island”, thought to be the island of Sumatra now) located in the Dwipantara Islands.


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

The name “Indonesia” comes from two Greek words namely, Indus (νδός) meaning “India” and the word Nesos (νσος) meaning island/archipelago, hence “Indo-nesia” means “Indian archipelago”. [1]


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

The Arabs referred to the territory of the archipelago as Jaza'ir al-Jawi (Java Islands).


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

The Latin name for frankincense, benzoe, comes from the Arabic name, luban jawi (“Javanese frankincense”), because Arab traders obtained frankincense from the trunks of Styrax sumatrana trees that used to grow only in Sumatra.


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

To this day our Hajj congregation is still often called “Javanese” by Arabs, including for Indonesians from outside Java once.


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

In Arabic it is also known the names of Samathrah (Sumatra), Sholibis (Sulawesi Island), and Sundah (Sundanese) called kulluh Jawi (“everything Javanese”).


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

The first European nations thought that Asia consisted only of Arabs, Persians, Indians, and Chinese.


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

For them, the vast area between Persia and China was all the Indies.


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

The South Asian Jazirah they called “Indies Advance” and mainland Southeast Asia was named “Rear Indies”, while the archipelago acquired the name of the Indies Islands (Indische Archipel, Indian Archipelago, l'Archipel Indien) or East Indies (Oost Indie, East Indies, Indes Orientales).


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

Another name that will also be used is “Kepulauan Melayu” (Maleische Archipel, Malay Archipelago, l'Archipel Malais).


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

The political unit under the Dutch colony has the official name Nederlandsch-Indie (Dutch East Indies).


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

The Japanese occupation government 1942-1945 used the term To-Indo (East Indies) to refer to its destiny territory in this archipelago.


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

Eduard Douwes Dekker (1820—1887), known by the pseudonym Multatuli, once used a specific name to mention the Indonesian archipelago, namely “Insulinde”, which means also “Islands of the Indies” (in Latin “insula” means island).


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

The name “Insulinde” was subsequently less popular, although it was once the name of a newspaper and movement organization in the early 20th century.


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

Indonesian Name In 1847 in Singapore was published an annual scientific magazine, Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA, BI: “Journal of the Islands of the Indies and East Asia”), managed by James Richardson Logan (1819-1869), a Scot who achieved a legal scholar from University of Edinburgh.


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

Then in 1849 an ethnologist of the British nation, George Samuel Windsor Earl (1813—1865), incorporated himself as editor-in-chief of the JIAEA magazine.


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

In JIAEA volume IV of 1850, pages 66-74, Earl wrote the article On the Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations (“On the Eminent Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations”).


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

In his article, Earl asserted that it was time for the people of the Indian Islands or Malay Islands to have a distinctive name (a distinctive name), because the name of the Indies is not appropriate and often called with other Indian mentions.


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

The Earl put forward two choice names: Indunesia or Malayunesia (“nesos” in Greek means “island”).


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

On page 71 of his article it says (translated to Indonesian from English): “...


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

The inhabitants of the Indies Islands or the Malay Archipelago would each be “Orang Indunesia” or “Orang Malayunesia"”.


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

The Earl himself stated choosing the name Malayunesia (Malay Archipelago) rather than Indunesia (Indian Islands), because Malayunesia is very appropriate for the Malay race, whereas Indunesia could also be used for Ceylon (Srilanka designation at that time) and Maldives (foreign designation for Maldives Islands).


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

Earl argues also that the Malay language is worn throughout this archipelago.


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

In his writings the Earl did use the term Malayunesian and did not use the term Indunesian.


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

In JIAEA Volume IV it was also, pages 252-347, James Richardson Logan wrote the article The Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago (“Ethnology of the Islands of the Indies”).


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

At the beginning of his writing, Logan also stated the need for a distinctive name for the archipelago now known as Indonesia, because the term Indian Archipelago (“Islands of the Indies”) was too long and confusing.


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

Logan then levied the Earl's discarded Indunesian name, and the letter u was replaced with the letter o in order to better pronounce.


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

So the Indonesian term was born. [2]


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

And it proves that some Europeans still believe that the inhabitants of this archipelago are Indians, a nickname retained because it is familiar in Europe.


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

For the first time an Indonesian word appeared in the world with printed on page 254 in Logan's writing (translated to Indonesian): “Mr Earl suggested the ethnographic term “Indunesian”, but rejected it and supported “Malayunesian”.


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

I prefer the purely geographical term “Indonesia”, which is just a shorter synonym for the Islands of the Indies or the Islands of the Indies” Since then Logan consistently used the name “Indonesia” in his scientific writings, and gradually the use of this term spread among scientists of ethnology and geography. [2]


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

In 1884 the professor of ethnology at the University of Berlin named Adolf Bastian (1826-1905) published a five-volume book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipel (“Indonesia or the Islands in the Malay Archipelago”), containing the results of his research while wandering in archipelago was in 1864 to 1880.


Question: When was JAWS first used in Indonesia?

History of Indonesian names

Bastian's book is the one that mobilizes the term “Indonesia” among Dutch scholars, so that the assumption arises that the term “Indonesia” is Bastian's creation.