Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou Jiande (Hanzi: 王, 573—621) or also known as Prince Xia (王), was a leader of a peasant revolt during the late Sui Dynasty ruling over the Hebei region.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

He was considered the best rebel leader of the time.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

After his defeat in the Battle of Hulao of the Tang Dynasty, he was captured and sentenced to death.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Even if it was gone, his charisma and memories of him were still in the hearts of his men, so shortly after he was put to death, Liu Heita, one of his beloved generals rebelled against the Tang government until the end of 623.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou Jiande's early life was born in Zhangnan County (present-day Handan, Hebei Province) during the Sui Dynasty.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Since young he was known as an honest man and liked to help hard people so that his name was famous in the region where he lived.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Once upon a time, a friend of his parents left dead, but he was too poor to spoil them properly.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

At that time Dou who was hoeing his rice field immediately left his job to go to his friend and help him bury his parents.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

He reaped much praise from the men of the hobby because of this incident.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

He had been appointed leader in his region, but had escaped for a while because he was accused of criminal deeds, he only returned after getting a pardon from the court.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

When his father died, thousands attended his funeral, but Dou refused all their donations of sorrow.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

The year 611, Emperor Yang of Sui recruited many men for a military campaign to attack the Kingdom of Goguryeo, Korea.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou is on the recruiting list and he heads 2000 people to be sent to Korea.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

At the same time floods hit the eastern region of the Taihang Mountains.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

One of Dou's best friends named Sun Anzu, who was also on the list, lost his home due to the disaster, his wife also died as a result of starvation.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Because of this, Sun asked for an exemption from conscription on a local official, but the official was instead wrathful and lashed out at him.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Sun kills the official then flees to Dou's house willing to hide him.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou said to Sun, “When Emperor Wen ruled, this empire was so prosperous and prosperous.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Now Emperor Yang recruited millions of people to fight in vain against Goguryeo, plus now we have to deal with floods and famines, the summoned people never return.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

But the emperor never cared about all this instead of personally leading his army towards Goguryeo.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Really this empire will soon fall into chaos.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Whoever escapes death should do great things, what are you here as a fugitive for?”


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Then he gathered hundreds of people from his area to be led by Sun. They also became bandits in the Gaoji port area.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Meanwhile in Qinghe (present-day Xingtai, Hebei) which was still one province also came to power another bandit cabal led by Gao Shida and Zhang Jincheng.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

They knew and were in awe of Dou's reputation so as to never interfere with his territory.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Local officials from the surrounding region suspected Dou of conniving with the bandits so that one time Dou was not at home, they stormed his house and killed his family.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Together with 200 men, Dou fled to Gao's territory claiming himself as Duke of Donghai, Gao appointed him as a general.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Shortly thereafter Sun Anzu was killed by Zhang and most of Sun's subordinates fled to Dou.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou's strength has now increased by more than 10,000.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou was an open and accepted opinion of his people even if he differed from him, he was also fair in dividing booty and duty so that his men were willing to fight and sacrifice their lives for him.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

In 616, Guo Xuan, the governor of the military post of Zhuo (present-day Beijing) led government forces to combat Gao.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Gao who is aware that he is not as good as Dou, promotes Dou as the supreme leader in his army.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou asked Gao to guard his base, while he along with his 7000 troops faced Guo by pretending to defect from Gao and surrender to the government, to add to the enemy's confidence he had Gao sentence to death a woman claimed to be Dou's wife in public.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Guo Xuan who had begun to believe directly encountered Dou and devised a plan to attack Gao.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Unexpectedly by Guo, Dou ambushes and kills him.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

From this ambush Dou charmed many of Guo's troops and got additional war horses.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

This victory further lifted his reputation.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

At the end of that year, Yang Yichen, one of Sui's best generals, killed Zhang Jincheng in a battle.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

His army who survived surrendered themselves to Dou.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Next Yang continued his attack by eyeing Gao.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou suggested that Gao should not confront Yang directly, he said, “There is no one more great among the generals of Sui than Yang Yichen.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

He just defeated Zhang Jincheng and is now attacking us, it is difficult to beat him right now.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

I beg you to avoid it and let him wait until his combat spirit recedes.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Once his army is tired, we will ambush him and achieve a great victory.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

If you go through it now, I'm afraid you won't be able to beat it.”


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Unfortunately the suggestion was rejected by Gao, he ordered Dou guard the headquarters while he confronted Yang.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

At first he did win over Yang so as to make him big head, he immediately threw a party when he had not completely won.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

When Dou heard this, he was shocked and said, “The Duke of Donghai has not yet defeated the enemy, but has been so arrogant.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

The disaster is about to arrive, the Sui army will soon win and attack here, I am afraid it will not spare any of us.”


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou's estimate proved, a few days later, Yang managed to defeat Gao and kill him on the battlefield.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

After that he immediately attacked Dou's headquarters and made his army furious.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou got away and Yang who felt unable to pursue him, retreated.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou returned and consolidated the rest of Gao's forces, he also announced a period of mourning for Gao.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

After recovering his strength he began his pace by annexing the surrounding territories.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

The rebels of those days hated Sui officials so much, that wherever they encountered officials they would finish them off.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou however was different from other rebel leaders, he treated the Sui officials and the learned so well that many Sui officials voluntarily surrendered themselves and their cities to him.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

His strength grew more and more until it reached 100,000 more.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Serving Li Mi and Yang Tong Spring 617, Dou decried himself as the Prince of Changle, and changed Emperor Yang's Daye regime name to Dingchou as a sign of formally seceding from Sui rule.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Autumn of that year, Emperor Yang ordered Xue Shixiong who was stationed at the Zhuo military post to imipin 30,000 troops heading south fighting Li Mi, who was then considered the strongest rebel leader.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

When Xue's forces passed the Hejian military post (present-day Cangzhou, Hebei) near Dou's area of power, Dou's forces felt scared and fled.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

This made Xue look lightly towards Dou, considering him not as a threat.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Instead Dou seized this opportunity to launch an impromptu attack.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

He led 280 of his best troops to attack at night, while the rest of his army followed from the rear.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

He made a deal with his people. If they reached Xue camp at night, they would launch an impromptu attack, but when it came to dawn they would surrender to Xue.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dawn broke when Dou was about to reach Xue's camp so that because it was worried that his army was not Xue's counterpoint, he began to confer with his subordinates about the surrender plan.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Suddenly, a thick fog came to envelop the area, Dou also canceled his surrender plan and confidently said, “The sky is helping us”.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Then he attacked Xue's camp, causing the unprepared army to panic and mess.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Xue retreated to his territory with just under 100 remaining troops and there he died in a state of depression.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou who realized Li Mi, who had occupied central and eastern Henan, had forces much stronger than him, sent messengers to him to declare surrender.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Spring 618, Li Mi obtained a major victory over General Wang Shichong whom the Sui government sent to help defend the eastern capital, Luoyang.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Li styled himself as Duke of Wei.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou and several other rebel leaders persuaded Li to wear imperial titles to cement his standing, but Li rejected this persuasion.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

One of Li's subordinates, Fang Yanzao, directed Dou to meet Li as a sign of his loyalty.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou replied to the letter containing subtly denials on the grounds of being busy defending against attacks by Luo Yi, a former Sui general who had annexed Zhuo's military post.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

At the end of that year Wang retaliated defeated Li and forced him to flee west and surrender to Tang Emperor Gaozu (Li Yuan), a former Sui general who rebelled in 617 and founded a new dynasty the Tang Dynasty of 618.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

However shortly afterwards Li was sentenced to death for attempting to rebel.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Shortly thereafter, came word from Jiangdu (present-day Yangzhou, Jiangsu) that Emperor Yang had been killed in a coup led by his own general, Yuwen Huaji.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

A Sui official named Wang Cong, who was defending Hejian from Dou's invasion announced a period of grieving for the emperor.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Knowing this, Dou also sent a messenger to express sorrow.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Wang then declared surrender to Dou.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou's soldiers wanted Wang to be put to death for having previously defeated them several times, but Dou instead marked that Wang's loyalty to Sui deserved to be rewarded, so he gave Wang a post as head of the prefecture.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

A number of Sui military posts also surrendered to him after hearing of his generosity and his appreciation of those who were loyal and able.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou began to organize his people as befits a government structure, he set his capital at Leshou (present-day Cangzhou).


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Autumn 618, five large birds appeared in Leshou among 10,000 more small birds.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

After they left, Dou felt that they were phoenixes symbolizing something good, so he changed his regime name to Wufeng (五, meaning five phoenixes).


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Later on the advice of his officials namely Song Zhengben and Kong Deshao, he changed his title to Prince Xia.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

That year also he carried out an impromptu attack and killed a rebel leader named Wei Dao'er, who claimed himself as Emperor of Wei.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

He then sent Luo Yi a letter and persuaded him to join.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Luo, who had previously also received a similar letter from Gao Kaidao, another rebel leader, considered Dou and Gao were merely bandits and he did not deserve submission to them, hence he turned himself in to the Tang government.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou led his army to attack Luo, but he failed to seize Luo's headquarters at Youzhou (Zhuo's former military post) and was forced to resign.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Meanwhile elsewhere, Yuwen Huaji after assassinating the emperor, led Xiaoguo's elite forces north.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Previously he raised Emperor Yang's nephew, Yang Hao as emperor, but shortly thereafter he poisoned Yang Hao.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

After suffering successive defeats from Li Mi and Li Shentong (a Tang general who was also Emperor Gaozu's cousin), Yuwen fled to the city of Liaocheng, Shandong and there he elevated himself as Emperor Xu.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

In spring 619, Dou issued a statement, “I am the people of Sui and the emperor of Sui is my master. Since Yuwen Huaji has killed my master, then he is my enemy and I must attack him.”


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

He then led the troops to Liaocheng, the two forces faced off the city walls and Dou managed to defeat and force him to retreat back to the city.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou tightly besieged Liaocheng, a rebel leader named Wang Bo, whom Yuwen once bribed to help him defend the city, betrayed, he opened the city door for Dou and welcomed him.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou captured Yuwen and formally encountered Emperor Yang's consort, Empress Xiao, before the empress he called himself a 'servant'.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

He then announced a mourning period for Emperor Yang while appeasing the Sui officials who were forced to join Yuwen.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

He also sentenced to death Yuwen and his cronies, and disbanded Xiaoguo's forces and Emperor Yang's concubines brought with him.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

The Tang Book, written based on the point of view of the Tang government, praised Dou's actions, “Whenever Dou Jiande won a battle or took control of a city, he would distribute war booty among his soldiers justly while he himself took nothing.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

His daily life is very frugal and unpretentious, he does not eat meat in feasts, he eats only low-quality vegetables and wheat.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

His wife, Mrs. Cao, wears only roughing clothes, not silk, and only has less than 100 dayang.”


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

After his victory, Dou reconciled with Wang Shichong and declared submission to Yang Tong, the emperor Yang's grandson who was crowned after the news of the emperor's killing but in reality was only a puppet controlled by Wang.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Yang Tong confirmed Dou's title as Prince Xia.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou employed key officials of the Sui Dynasty in his administration.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

He placed so much trust in Pei Ju whom he assigned to organize his government like an imperial form.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Independent regime as Prince Xia Summer 619, Wang Shichong ejected Yang Tong from the throne and elevated himself as Emperor Zheng.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou responded to it by severing ties with Wang, then he began using royal ordinances in regards to the expenditure of commandments and ritual ceremonies, but he still wore his title as Prince of Xia and did not convert him to emperor.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

He raised emperor Yang's toddler grandson Yang, Yang Zhengdao as the duke of Xun and gave the posthumous name Min to the late Emperor Yang.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou established communion with Shibi Khan (Ashina Duojishi) of the Eastern Tujue (Turkic tribe), at the request of Ashina's wife, Princess Yicheng of Sui, he dispatched Empress Xiao, Prince Yang Zhengdao, and Yuwen Huaji's chief to her.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

In the next few months, Dou expanded his territory to the northern part of the Yellow River which was still not controlled by Wang Shicong nor the Tang government.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Autumn 619, General Li Shentong who was in charge of military operations in the region lost and withdrew to Liyang (present-day Hebi, Henan) whereupon he joined another Tang general, Li Shiji, a former vassal of Li Mi.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

In the winter of that year, while on his way to Weizhou (present-day Xinxiang, Henan), Dou was ambushed by Li Shiji so with wrath he retaliated by storming Liyang and successfully charming Li Shentong, Li Gai (Li Shiji's father), Wei Zheng, and Princess Tong'an (Emperor Gaozu's sister).


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Li Shiji although he escaped, returned a few days later to surrender because his father was in Dou's hands.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou raised Wei Zheng as one of his staffs, and Li Shiji was tasked with guarding Liyang, he kept Li Gai, Li Shentong, and Princess Tong'an hostage but still treated them with respect.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

He moved his capital from Leshou to Mingzhou (present-day Handan, Hebei).


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Until then, most of the area north of the Yellow River and east of the Taihang Mountains had been under his authority.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

The territories had been free from the influence of Luo Yi (who had now changed clan to Li at the grace of Emperor Gaozu) and Gao Kaidao.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Winter 619, Li Shiji considered about to flee to Tang territory, but he feared his father being held hostage was put to death by Dou, hence he attacked Zheng, Wang Shichong's territory to grab Dou's trust.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

In one battle against Zheng, Li managed to capture an officer named Liu Heita.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou was greatly impressed on Liu and elevated him as Duke of Handong.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Liu soon became one of Dou's right hands, he often played a role in surprise attacks and spy missions.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Around the beginning of 620, Li Shiji suggested that Dou attack Caozhou and Daizhou (both now a region of Heze, Shandong) controlled by a rebel leader named Meng Haigong who surrendered to Wang Shichong.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Li planned to ambush Dou once he crossed the Yellow River, but Dou's arrival was delayed because his wife, Mrs Cao, was in labor.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

However an ally of Li, Li Shanghu, was impatient and he ambushed Mrs Cao's brother, Cao Dan, but failed to kill him.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Hearing this news, Li Shiji fled to Tang territory. Dou's subordinates urged that Li Gai be put to death for his son's treason, but Dou said, “Li Shiji is the Tang man we captured and he did not forget his former superior, he was a faithful man, what mistakes were made by his father?”


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Then it saved Li Gai's life.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Shortly thereafter he defeated and killed Li Shanghu.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

During the time he ruled he developed agriculture, the people were safe and quiet without being haunted by local bandits which were commonplace during the chaotic Sui-Tang transition, merchants and travelers felt safe when it came to passing the night on the way.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Summer 620, Dou once again attacked Li Yi but again failed to seize Youzhou.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

At the same time, Wang Fubao, one of his top generals, engaged disputes with other generals who envied his accomplishments.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

The defamed Wang betrayed and the slanderous Dou sentenced Wang to death.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

That said, Dou has since begun to suffer many military defeats.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

In the autumn of that year, Emperor Gaozu offered peace negotiations approved by Dou, in response he freed Princess Tong'an, but Li Shentong was still made a hostage.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Winter of the same year again he launched an attack on Li Yi and for the umpteenth time again failed to seize Youzhou.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

At about the same time, Chuluo Khan, Ashina Qilifu, who was Ashina Duojishi's brother and successor planned to carry out a massive invasion against Tang.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

As part of his plan he invited Dou to meet him in Jinzhou (present-day Linfen, Shanxi) and Jiangzhou (present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), but Ashina Qilifu died shortly thereafter so even the plan was urung to happen.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

The same year, Dou sentenced Song Zhengben to death, who often kept criticism on him for a false accusation.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Since then no one dared criticize him so his regime began to regress.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

In spring 621, Dou succeeded in defeating Meng Haigong, Meng was captured and made a general by him.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Fall and death In that year as well, Li Shimin, the son of Emperor Gaozu conducted a major invasion against Zheng's capital, Luoyang.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Wang Shichong who was unable to resist the attack single-handedly asked Dou for help although the relationship of the two had deteriorated since Wang killed Yang Tong.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

An official of Dou, Liu Bin suggested that he help Wang by arguing that if Tang succeeded in defeating Zheng, there would be a domino effect and Xia would be threatened, and if they won they could use this opportunity to annex Zheng's territory.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou agreed to this suggestion and sent messengers on Wang to promise reinforcements, at the same time he also sent Li Dashi, as an emissary to face Li Shimin, asking him to stop the attack on Luoyang city.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

However Li Shimin charmed Li Dashi and did not reply to Dou's message.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou combined his forces with the two-man forces of rebel leaders who had been subject to him, Meng Haigong and Xu Yuanlang.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

From Meng's headquarters in Caozhou they turned to Luoyang to join the Zheng forces commanded by General Guo Shiheng.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

They managed to defeat several cities controlled by Tang forces.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

He informed Wang that his army was on the way and once again sent a message on Li Shimin in order to withdraw the troops and return some of the Zheng cities he had seized.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Li discussed this proposal with his generals who largely argued they should avoid Dou.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

However one Tang general, Guo Xiaoke, argued another, he was convinced that this was a golden opportunity to defeat Wang and Dou.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Guo suggested to Li Shimin that he lead his army to the Hulao Canal, east of Luoyang and defend it from Dou's invasion.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Li agreed, he ordered his younger brother, Li Yuanji and General Qutu Tong to remain at Luoyang continuing the siege, while he and his troops headed to the Hulao Canal.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Wang had actually seen the movement of Li's troops, but he did not know what his purpose was, so did not dare to act.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Li Shimin's forces immediately confronted Dou's frontline troops.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Li Shimin who was upwind sent Dou a message to let him withdraw his support of Wang, but Dou remained insistent and led his own army into Hulao.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

The two forces were now in a position of not advancing and not retreating at Hulao.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou's strategist, Ling Jing suggested that cancel the troops' motion to Luoyang and divert them to Fenzhou (present-day Luliang, Shanxi) and Jinzhou belonging to Tang thus balancing the situation, then attacking the Tang capital, Chang'an (present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi), thus Li's forces who were being besieging Luoyang was forced to have to be pulled back to defend the capital.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

However the envoys Wang Shichong, Wang Wan (his nephew) and Zhangsun Anshi urged Dou to help Luoyang immediately as the situation was getting more precarious and the city was on the verge of falling.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Mrs. Cao who happened to hear it, tried to persuade her husband to follow Ling Jing's advice, she said, “The strategy of the secretary general (Ling Jing) should be accepted, I don't understand why your Majesty didn't accept it.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Supposedly His Majesty entered through Fukou (present-day Handan, Hebei) and led to the weak points of the Tang forces, combining forces and taking control of the northern region of the Taihang Mountains.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

It then joined the Tujue tribe and attacked Guanzhong (a region near the Tang capital) so that it would force them to retreat to save the capital.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

For what is worrying about not being able to free Luoyang from the encirclement?


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

If we stay here, the officers and soldiers will be exhausted and exhausted a lot of resources, and we will not win.”


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

But Dou rejected his wife's suggestion and said, “You women will never understand such matters.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

We will move to save Luoyang who is critical and almost fell.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

If we ignore it and run away, it will show us to fear the enemy and it is very contrary to loyalty and truth.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

I wouldn't do like that. '


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

One day in summer 621, Dou launched a massive invasion against the Hulao Canal, but Li Shimin did not serve his challenge with the intention of allowing his combat morale to plummet.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Only when the Xia Army began to be exhausted, Li made a retaliatory invasion that caused the Xia army to be engulfed in panic and fuss.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou was wounded hit by a spear but managed to get away, unfortunately when arriving at the Yellow River and was about to cross it he was knocked off his horse.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Two Tang generals, Bai Shirang and Yang Yuwei who were pursuing him eventually captured him and brought him to face Li Shimin.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Li scolded him, “I just attacked Wang Shichong, what did I do to you until you had to interfere in this affair?”


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Dou replied cynically, “If I don't come to help, your military campaign will certainly continue.”


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Hearing the news of Dou's arrest, his wife along with the official Qi Shanxing fled to Mingzhou.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Li Shimin brought Dou, Wang Wan, and Zhangsun Anshi to the forefront to be shown to Wang Shichong.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Wang thought about to make a final attempt to break through the encirclement and escape to Xiangyang (present-day Xiangfan, Hubei), but his generals said that Dou's help was needed for that, with Dou's entanglement there was little to do.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Wang was also forced to surrender to Li Shimin.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

The entire Zheng and Xia territories were now annexed by the Tang government.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Li took Wang and Dou to Chang'an to be confronted with his father, Emperor Gaozu.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Wang gets a pardon but Dou is sentenced to death.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

When the news of his death broke, his former generals, who had surrendered to Tang as well as hiding in remote areas, rebelled under Liu Heita's leadership.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Liu announced a period of mourning and succeeded in recapturing Xia territory, but he was eventually defeated by Li Shimin and next by Li's elder brother, Li Jiancheng and put to death in 623.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Liu Xu, author of the Book of Tang, written based on the perspective of the Tang Dynasty, praised Dou in his work, he wrote, “Dou Jiande a man who upheld loyalty and righteousness so that the people respected him.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

With his prowess he conquered the region north of the Yellow River.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

He trained and commanded his soldiers well, also recruiting talented men.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

He broke off relations with Wang Shichong and sentenced Yuwen Huaji to death.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

He pardoned Xu Gai (Li Gai before changing clan) and relieved Li Shentong.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

He was a careful and agile man, full of understanding and capable of making decisions.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

When his new regime was about to rise, it was a pity that he sentenced to death Song Zhengben and Wang Fubao for slander, and did not accept the brilliant strategy of Ling Jing and Mrs. Cao.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Eventually he had to fall and meet a bad end.


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

All this is not because Heaven has sided with the others, but because the strategy is not perfect.”


Question: What is Prince Xia's father's work?

Dou Jiande

Category:Birth 573 Category:Death 621 Category:Sui Dynasty Figures Category:Chinese Rebels Category:Figures sentenced to Death


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

Salted fish is a foodstuff made from fish meat preserved by adding a lot of salt.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

With this method of pickling fish meat that usually rots in a short time can be stored at room temperature for a period of months, although it usually has to be closed tightly. In addition, marinated fish meat will last longer and avoid physical damage due to infestation insects, caterpillars of flies and some other destructive renik bodies.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

The process of making various types of fish commonly salted, both land fish and sea fish.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

These fish are collected in a container and then sprinkled or soaked in a concentrated salt solution.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

Large fish are usually cleaved or cut into pieces first so that salt can easily seep into the meat.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

Due to the difference in density and osmosis pressure, the salt crystals will pull the liquid cells in the flesh of the fish out of its body.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

Meanwhile salt particles seep into the meat of the fish.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

This process lasts until a balance of salt concentration outside and inside the meat is achieved.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

High salt concentrations and shrinking cell fluid will stop the autolysis process and inhibit the growth of bacteria in fish meat.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

After that, these fish are sunbathed, boiled or fermented to increase their durability.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

Factors that affect The speed of penetration of salts into the body of fish is influenced by several things.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

Among them: Salt concentration The higher the concentration of salt used, the faster the process of salt entry into the meat of the fish.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

It will be better when used crystalline salts to marinate.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

Salt type Pure kitchen salt (NaCl 95%) is more easily absorbed and produces salted fish of better quality.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

Folk salts contain other elements (Mg, Ca, sulfuric compounds), impurities, bacteria and others that can inhibit the penetration of salt and spoil the taste of fish.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

Thickness of fish meat The thicker the fish meat, the salting process will take longer and more salt.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

So that the big fish are usually split, chopped or thinly sliced before salting.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

Fat content in meat A high fat content (above 2%) will slow down the penetration of salt into the fish meat.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

Freshness of fish meat Less fresh fish has softer flesh and body fluids that are easy to get out, so the salting process can be faster.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

But also the salt that comes in can be too much so that the fish becomes too salty and stiff.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

Fish meat temperature The higher the temperature of the fish meat, the faster the salt enters the body of the fish.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

Salted fish and harmful preservatives Traditional salted fish processing almost always requires the help of sunlight to speed up drying, and prevent the fish from becoming rotten.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

The problem is that the sun doesn't always shine sufficiently each day, especially in the rainy season where cloudy clouds often cover the sky.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

As a result, many fish are poorly preserved, decrease in quality, and even become rotten.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

To reduce losses, while processors take shortcuts using chemicals such as pesticides and formalin.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

These ingredients that are harmful to health are used as additional preservatives to prevent spoilage.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

Formalin also prevents excessive reduction of fish weights due to evaporation of the bodily fluids of marinated fish.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

A safe alternative to additional preservatives is khitosan.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

However, the ingredients extracted from shrimp and crab shells are not yet popular and have not been mass-produced in Indonesia.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

See also Salting Food Preservation of Afrianto Library, E. and E. Liviawaty. 1989.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

Fish pickling and processing.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

Publisher Kanisius, Jogyakarta.


Question: How long is the process of making Ca-Smelt?

Salted fish

ISBN 979-413-032-X Outside links, Daily Compass November 2005 (archive) Category:Foodstuffs Category:Food Preservation


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous demonstrations with violence by members of the gay community protesting police raids that occurred in the early hours of June 28, 1969 at the Stonewall Inn, an area of Greenwich Village, New York City.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The demonstration is widely regarded as the most significant event that sparked the gay liberation movement and the modern struggle for gay and lesbian rights in the United States. [2] [3] Gays and lesbians in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s faced a more legal system antihomosexual versus the legal system the Warsaw Pact countries had. [note 1] [4] Homophilia groups in the United States initially sought to prove that gay people could assimilate into society, and they chose nonconfrontational education for both homosexuals and heterosexuals.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The situation heated up in the United States in the last years of the 1960s decade due to the active of many social movements, including the African-American Civil Rights Movement, the Contraculture of the 1960s, and antiwar demonstrations.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The influence of the situation, plus the neighborhood is liberal in Greenwich Village hastened the occurrence of the Stonewall riots.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Very few public places were openly willing to accept gay people in the 1950s and 1960s, usually bar-bars, although bar owners and bar managers were rarely gay ones.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Stonewall Inn was a bar that was owned by the Mafia. [5] [6] Although it served a wide variety of customers, it was known to be very popular among the poorest and the most marginalized among the gay community: drag queen, newly self-conscious representative of the transgender community, youth female-female, male prostitutes, and homeless youth.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Police raids on gay bars were a routine occurrence in the 1960s. But the officers quickly lost control when dealing with the situation at the Stonewall Inn, and invited the incited crowd to riot.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Tensions between New York City police and gay residents led to the occurrence of more protests on the night of the following day, and several nights that followed.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

In just a few weeks, residents of Greenwich Village quickly organized into activist groups that unified efforts to set up places for gays and lesbians so they could express sexual orientation overtly without fear of arrest.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

In the wake of the Stonewall riots, gays and lesbians in New York City faced generational, class, and racial barriers to becoming a cohesive community.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Within six months, two gay activist organizations were formed in New York, concentrating on confrontational tactics, and three newspapers were established to promote gay and lesbian rights.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

In the following few years, gay rights organizations were established throughout the United States and the world.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

On June 28, 1970, the first Gay Pride marches were held in Los Angeles, Chicago, and New York to commemorate the Stonewall Riots.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Similar marches were also organized in other cities.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Gay Pride events are now held annually towards the end of June to mark the Stonewall riots. [7]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The background of Homosexuality in the United States of the 20th century According to historian Barry Adam, after the social upheaval of World War II, many people in the United States felt a strong desire to “restore prewar social order and withstand the forces of change”. [8]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Encouraged by a national program of anticommunism, Senator Joseph McCarthy conducted hearings seeking communists within the United States government, the United States Army, as well as other government-funded agencies and services, to the point of causing national paranoia.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Anarchists, communists, and other circles that are soulless and subversive are considered security risks.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

In 1950, homosexuals were put on this list by the United States Department of State based on the theory that they were vulnerable to blackmail.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Deputy secretary of state James E. Webb wrote in a report, “Those who engage frankly in deviant acts are generally believed to have less emotional stability than normal people. “[9]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Between 1947 and 1950, 1,700 federal job applications were rejected, 4,380people were dismissed from the military, and 420 people were dismissed from government jobs on suspicion of being homosexuals. [10]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and police departments compiled lists of people known to be homosexuals, favored places, and their comrades.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The United States Postal Service keeps addresses where objects related to homosexuals are transmitted. [11]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Local authorities and state governments also joined: bars serving homosexuals were shut down, and their customers were arrested and their names exposed in newspapers.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Cities do “clean brooms” to rid neighborhoods, parks, bars, and beaches of gays.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

They were forbidden to wear clothing of the opposite sex, and the university expelled lecturers suspected of being homosexual. [12]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Thousands of gay men and women are publicly humiliated, physically harassed, fired, jailed, or put in mental hospitals.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Many among gays lead double lives, keeping their private lives secret from their professional lives.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

In 1952, the American Psychiatric Association included homosexuality in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as a sociopathic personality disorder.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

A large-scale homosexual study conducted in 1962 was instated for justification to include it as a disorder resulting from a veiled pathological fear of the opposite sex caused by parent-child traumatic relationships.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

This view is widely influential among the medical profession. [13]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

But in 1956, psychologist Evelyn Hooker conducted a study comparing happiness and ability to adjust between men claiming to be homosexual and heterosexual men.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

He found no discrepancy. [14]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Evelyn Hooker's research astounded medical circles and established her as a hero among gay men and lesbians, [15] but homosexuals remained in the DSM until 1973.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Riot At 1.20am, Saturday 28 June 1969, four police men dressed in dark suit thugs, two uniformed patrol officers, along with Detective Charles Smythe and Deputy Inspector Seymour Pine arrived at the double entrance of the Stonewall Inn and shouted “Police!


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

We're taking over this place!” [17] [note 2] Two male policemen and two female policemen who were all in disguise had entered first that night to gather visual evidence, while the Public Moral Squad waited for the code outside.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Once inside, they by wearing a pay phone in the bar, summoning help from the Sixth Police Sector.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The music was turned off and the main light was turned on.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Roughly 200 people were at the bar that night.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Customers who had never experienced were raided by police became confused.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Some people who were aware of what was going on, were running towards the doors and windows in the bathroom, but the police blocked up at the doors.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Michael Fader recalled, “It all happened so quickly, before it dawned on you seemed to have been arrested.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Suddenly there were police there and we were all told to line up and prepare identification cards before being herded out of the bar. “[17]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The raids did not go according to plan.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

According to standard procedures, customers are asked to line up, their identification is checked.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Female cops invite customers dressed as women into the restroom to ascertain their gender, then all men who dress as women will be arrested.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Those dressed as women on that night refused to be examined by police.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

According to David Carter, (author of Stonewall, The Riots That Sparked The Gay Revolution), “When Jerry Hoose, founder of the Gay Liberation Front arrived at the Stonewall Inn that night, [the first night of the Stonewall riots], he was met by his partner named John Goodman.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

John Goodman then said to her, “as soon as Jackine Hormona started fighting the police, Marsha Johnson and Zasou Nova joined in.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

After the riots, Morty Manford and Marty Robinson, two important figures in the Gay Activist Alliance, both told Robin Souza, that Marsha P. Johnson started the riots.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

According to the story that Robin Souza later told me [David Carter], that Marsha Johnson said, “I have civil rights”, and then threw a duct glass at a glass, and that was the beginning of the riots.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

These events for the Gay Activist Alliance became known as “a glass of duct sounding to the whole world”.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

In this case, myths reflect facts, and I think if we weigh all the evidence together, we must conclude that she, [Marsha P. Johnson] is the most likely person, among the first people to physically resist the police.”


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Source: David Carter around the 15 minute section, Male customers in the row start refusing to pull out their identification cards.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The police decided to take everything in the bar to the police station, after separating the cross-dresser patrons in a room behind the bar.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Maria Ritter who was known as Steve by her family, reminisced, “The biggest fear for me was that I was arrested.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The number two biggest fear is that a picture of me getting in newspapers or television coverage wearing my mother's dress!” [18]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Both customers and police remember that the sense of discomfort spread very quickly, caused by police who began storming several lesbians, “hooting some of them inappropriately” while carrying out a shakedown. [19]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Start when have you ever seen a homosex fight back?...


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Now, circumstances have changed.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Tuesday night is the last night for... damn it.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

A big part of the theme [that night] was, “This misfortune must end!”


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

—Anonymous, participants in the Stonewall riot [1] The police wanted to transport alcoholic beverages seized from the bar by means of a patrol van.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Twenty-four beer crates and 19 bottles of liquor were seized, but the patrol van had not yet arrived, so customers who were caught had to wait while lining up for roughly 15 minutes. [18]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Customers who were not arrested, were released from the front door.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

But they did not leave as usual, but they stood outside.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The crowd of people watching began to add up.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Within minutes, between 100 and 150 people had gathered outside, some of them being those removed from Stonewall.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

A number of people came after seeing the arrival of police cars and the presence of crowds.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Although some customers had already been forcibly pushed or kicked out of the bar, some patrons who had been released by the police sprang into action before the crowd by posing and saluting the police excessively.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The aplaus of the crowd made them even bolder, “Wrists go limp, hair gets neat, and the reaction to applause is classic. “[20]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

When the first patrol van arrived, according to Inspector Pine's recollection, the crowd of people, most of them homosexuals, had grown at least tenfold than the number of people arrested before, and they all became very quiet. [21]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Confusion on radio communications delayed the arrival of a second patrol van.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Police began escorting Mafia members to the first van, while being cheered by onlookers.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Subsequently, ordinary employees were raised into the same van.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

An onlooker shouted, “Gay power!” , someone started singing “We Shall Overcome”, and the crowd reacted with delight and general good humor mixed with “intensified and growing hostility”. [22]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

One officer shoved a sissy who retaliated by hitting him on the head with a wallet while the crowd began cheering him.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Writer Edmund White who happened to be passing by, reminisced, “Everyone is restless, angry, and high-spirited.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

No one person has a slogan, even no one has an attitude, but something is turbulent. “[23]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

At first the crowd pelted police vans with one-penny metal bills, then bottles of beer, while rumors spread among the crowd that patrons still inside the bar were being beaten.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

A tussle ensued when a handcuffed woman was being escorted from the bar door to a waiting police van.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The woman tried to run away repeatedly, and fought against four policemen, cupping and screaming, for about ten minutes.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Her appearance was like a “typical New York lesbian woman” whose dress and appearance were not feminine, and “a big male woman, very lesbi”, she had already been beaten on the head by an officer with a baton for, as an eyewitness admitted, complaining her handcuffs were too toned. [24]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The audience remembered the woman whose identity was not known until now, [note 3] sparking the crowd to fight back when she looked at the crowd and shouted, “Why are you men not doing anything?”


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

After an officer lifted and threw him into the back of the van, [25] the crowd turned hordes of rioters and so “went berserk”, “There was a time when the situation turned into explosive”. [26]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The last limit of patience The police attempted to control part of the crowd, and knocked down several people in between.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

But the action actually heats up the atmosphere.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Some of the handcuffed men fled inside the van after police left them unattended (intentional, according to some witnesses). [note 4] [27] When the police van attempted to be corralled by the mob, the two police cars and the police van, with some tires already sliced, left immediately.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

However Inspector Pine ordered them to return as quickly as possible.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The uproar attracted more people who already knew what had happened.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Someone in the crowd declared that the bar was raided because “they didn't pay the police”, and was immediately answered by others with shouts of “Let's pay them!” [28]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Metal money flew in the air towards the police accompanied by shouts by the mob, “Pig!”


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

and “Faggot cops!”


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Beer cans were thrown and police attacked abruptly, dispersing part of the crowd past picking up piles of bricks from adjacent construction sites.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The already outgunned police fought a mob numbering 500 to 600 people, huddling several, including folk singer Dave Van Ronk who was interested in watching the commotion from a bar, two adjoining buildings from Stonewall.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Although Van Rok is not gay, he has experienced police violence when participating in antiwar rallies.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

“To my knowledge, anyone who sides against the police, everything is on my side, and that's the reason I persisted...


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Every time you turn your head, the police are creating outrage "[28] Ten police officers, including two female policemen, barricaded themselves, Van Ronk, Howard Smith (writer for The Village Voice), and several handcuffed prisoners secured inside the Stonewall Inn for their safety.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Various testimonies about this riot confirmed the absence of a pre-arranged organization or the real cause of the rally; the events that occurred later were spontaneous. [note 5] Michael Fader explained, We all had a collective feeling that we seemed to have had enough of this misfortune.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

This feeling is not something tangible that one can say to others, but rather everything that many years of pent up finally broke out on one particular night in one particular place, and it was not an organized rally...


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Everyone in the crowd felt that we would never come back.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

That moment was the last limit of our patience.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

It's time for us to take back something that's been taken away from us...


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Although people are different, and they all have different reasons, but this is mostly about the extraordinary anger, the stupendousness, everything is one, and everything is as it develops on its own.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The police are the ones who are doing as much damage.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

We're really trying to retaliate and get away.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Also we feel that we will finally be free, or free at the very least to show that we demand freedom.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

We're not going to walk away timidly at night and let them persecute us—those events led us to defend the establishment for the first time and in a very harsh way, and that's what shocked the police.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Outside there is a new wind, a long-delayed freedom, and we will fight for it.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Freedom is different in shape, but in essence we will not be happy from here.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

And we are not. [29]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The only photograph taken on the first night of the riots shows that homeless youths sleeping near Christopher Park Park, fighting with police. [30]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The Mattachine Society's monthly bulletin published a month later attempted to explain the reason the riots occurred: [The bar] was largely catering to a group of people who were not welcomed, or unable to obtain, homosexual get-togethers...


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Stonewall became a base for such children.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

When it was raided, they fought it.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

That reason, and the fact that they're not afraid of losing anything, and is at most just the most tolerant and open-minded place for gays in town, explains it all. “[31]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Garbage cans, trash, bottles, rocks, and bricks were thrown at buildings, breaking windows.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Witnesses stated that female-female gay men (flame queens), petty criminals, and “street gay boys” who are the most outcast in the middle of gay society, were responsible for the throwing of the first projectile, as well as the lifting of the parking meter used to break down the door- Stonewall Inn door. [32]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Sylvia Rivera who was fully clothed that night, and was inside Stonewall during the raid recalled, “You've been treating us like dirt for years?


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Ah-ah, Now it's our turn!...


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Those nights were the greatest moments of my life. “[33]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The mob ploughed through the trash and fed it to smashed windows while police grabbed the fire department's water hose.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The absence of water pressure caused water hoses to be ineffective at dispersing the crowd, and apparently instead emboldened them. [note 6] When the protesters managed to breach a window that had been covered with plywood by the bar owner to prevent raids by the police, the policemen inside pulled out the handguns from their gun holsters.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The doors opened and police officers brandished their weapons toward the angry mob crowd, threatening to start shooting.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The Village Voice writer Howard Smith who was inside the bar with police, took a wrench from the bar and stuffed it into his pants, though not sure it would later be worn against the mob or the police.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

He witnessed someone disbursing charcoal igniter oil inside the bar, then it was turned on and police were made targets, sirens sounded and fire trucks arrived.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The raid lasted 45 minutes. [34]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Worsening situation New York City's Tactical Police Force (Tactical Police Force), abbreviated as TPF, arrived to free the police trapped inside Stonewall.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

One officer's eye was injured, and several others were bruised as a result of flying fragments.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Bob Kohler who took the dog walk that night, saw the arrival of TPF.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

“I've seen enough riots to know that the excitement is over...


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The police were totally humiliated, This never happened.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

They are angrier than usual, I guess, because all the rest of the people have rioted... but the fairies should not rib... before no group has ever managed to force the police to retreat, so their anger is overwhelming.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

I guess, they want to kill. “[35]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Strengthened in large numbers, After coming greater amounts of aid, the police detained anyone they could detain, and loaded them into patrol vans to be taken to the prison.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Inspector Pine recalled, “Fights broke out against the transvestites who wouldn't get into the patrol van”.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Pine's memory was corroborated by another witness across the street who said, “All I could see in those fights were transvestites, and they were fighting desperately”. [36]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The TPF formed formations of falangs and tried to clear the streets by marching slowly while pushing back the masses.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Publicly mobs taunt the police.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The mob cheered, spontaneously performed leg dance moves kicking upwards in rows (kick line), and sang The Howdy Doody Show theme song whose lyrics were changed to: “We're Stonewall girls/We wear curly wigs/We don't wear underwear/We show hair pubis”. [37]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Lucian Truscott reports in The Village Voice: “The stagnant situation there is caused by some gay people doing stupid deeds, forming a coorland row face to face with a line of helmeted police and armed with night sticks.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

When the gay ranks began making kick line moves, TPF advanced back and cleared out the crowd chanting gay power ranging from Christopher to Seventh Avenue. “[38]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

One participant who was previously at Stonewall during the raid said, “The police overran us, and that's when I realized that [challenging the police] was not a good thing, because they hit me in the back with a nightstick.”


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

According to another testimony, “I will never forget the sight.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Armed police [night sticks] face off with gays dancing kick line on the other side.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

So amazing...


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

And all of a sudden, that kick line move, I think was a banter against the macho nature...


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

I guess that's when I became angry.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The reason people get beaten with sticks.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

And because of what?


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Dance the kick line. “[39]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Craig Rodwell, owner of Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop reported himself seeing police chasing rally participants along a tortuous road to then sober up they arrived at the next corner behind the police.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Part of the mob stopped the cars, reversing them to block Christopher Street.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Jack Nichols and Lige Clarke in a column published by Screw magazine stated that “a mass crowd of protesters chased [police] up to blocks away while shouting, 'Arrest them! '” [38] By 4.00 in the morning, the streets had been successfully cleared.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Many people lounged on the entrance steps of the building or gathered in the adjacent Christopher Park throughout the morning.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

They were distraught in disbelief what had happened.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Many witnesses recalled the surreal atmosphere and gripping silence in Christopher Street, although there was already “electricity in the air”. [41]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

One witness remarked, “There is a beauty of postpartum...


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Now it's clear, not least to me, that a lot of people are really gay, and, you know, this is our way”. [42]


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Thirteen people were detained.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Several people among the mob were home-raised, [note 7] and four police officers were injured.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Almost all the items at the Stonewall Inn were destroyed.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Inspector Pine intends to close and dismantle the Stonewall Inn that night.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Payphones, toilets, glass, jukeboxes, and cigarette vending machines were all destroyed, likely in a riot or by police. [34] [43] See also Sylvia Rivera Marsha P. Johnson's film After Stonewall, a documentary from Stonewall to the late 20th century Before Stonewall, the decades-old documentary before Stonewall Stonewall, a fictional film about the events that ended with the Stonewall Uprising riots, documentaries made from film archives, photographs, documents, and eyewitness statements Footnote Reference Bibliography of Adam, Barry (1987).


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement, G. K. Hall & Co. ISBN 0-8057-9714-9 Bronski, Michael (ed.) (2003).


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Pulp Friction: Uncovering the Golden Age of Gay Male Pulps, St. Martin's Griffin.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

ISBN 0-312-25267-6 Cain, Paul (2007).


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Leading the Parade: Conversations with America's Most Influential Lesbians and Gay Men, Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 0-8108-5913-0 Carter, David (2004).


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Stonewall: The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution, St. Martin's Press.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

ISBN 0-312-34269-1 Clendinen, Dudley, and Nagourney, Adam (1999).


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Out for Good, Simon & Schuster.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

ISBN 0-684-81091-3 Deitcher, David (ed.) (1995).


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The Question of Equality: Lesbian and Gay Politics in America Since Stonewall, Scribner.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

ISBN 0-684-80030-6 Duberman, Martin (1993).


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Stonewall, Penguin Books.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

ISBN 0-525-93602-5 Edsall, Nicholas (2003).


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Toward Stonewall: Homosexuality and Society in the Modern Western World, University of Virginia Press.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

ISBN 0-8139-2211-9 Faderman, Lillian (1991).


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth Century America, Penguin Books.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

ISBN 0-14-017122-3 Faderman, Lillian and Stuart Timmons (2006).


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Gay L.A.:


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, and Lipstick Lesbians.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Basic Books.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

ISBN 0-465-02288-X. Fejes, Fred (2008).


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Gay Rights and Moral Panic: The Origins of America's Debate on Homosexuality, Palgrave MacMillan.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

ISBN 1-4039-8069-1 Gallo, Marcia (2006).


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Different Daughters: A History of the Daughters of Bilitis and the Rise of the Lesbian Rights Movement, Seal Press.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

ISBN 1-58005-252-5 Katz, Jonathan (1976).


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. Thomas Y. Crowell Company.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

ISBN 0-690-01165-2 LaFrank, Kathleen (ed.) (January 1999)., U.S. Department of the Interior: National Park Service.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Marcus, Eric (2002).


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Making Gay History, HarperCollins Publishers.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

ISBN 0-06-093391-7 Teal, Donn (1971).


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

The Gay Militants, St. Martin's Press.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

ISBN 0-312-11279-3 Williams, Walter and Retter, Yvonne (eds.) (2003).


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Gay and Lesbian Rights in the United States: A Documentary History, Greenwood Press.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

ISBN 0-313-30696-6 Witt, Lynn, Sherry Thomas and Eric Marcus (eds.) (1995).


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Out in All Directions: The Almanac of Gay and Lesbian America.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

New York, Warner Books.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

ISBN 0-446-67237-8.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Outside Links, New York Times, June 22, 2009 by Karl Frisch, The Huffington Post - Video reporting by Democracy Now! on imdb.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

A 2005 documentary film by Victor Silverman and Susan Stryker concerning the riots at Compton's Cafeteria, San Francisco prior to the events of Stonewall.


Question: Why did the Stonewall Riots happen?

Stonewall Riots

Coordinates: Category:Greenwich Village Category:History of LGBT civil rights in United States Category:History of the United States Category:LGBT history in New York City Category:LGBT history in United States Category:Rebellion and civil unrest in New York City


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Justin Drew Bieber (/ˈbiːbər/; born March 1, 1994) [4] [5] is a Canadian singer and songwriter.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

After talent search manager Scooter Braun discovered it via YouTube videosHis was covering the song in 2008 and he was contracted by RBMG, Bieber released his debut EP, My World, at the end of 2009.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

This EP was certified platinum in the US. [6]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Bieber became the first artist to have seven songs from a debut record on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. [7]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Bieber released his first full studio album, My World 2.0, in 2010.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

The album debuts at or nearly at number one in several countries, was certified three times platinum in the US, [6] and yielded the single “Baby”.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Following her debut album and promotional tour, she released the 3D concert film Justin Bieber: Never Say Never and her second studio album, Under the Mistletoe (2011), which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

His third studio album, Believe (2012) produced the single “Boyfriend”, which was at number one in Canada.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Her fourth studio album Purpose was released in 2015, producing three number-one singles: “What Do You Mean?” , “Sorry”, and “Love Yourself”.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Afterwards, Bieber became a feature on numerous successful collaborations, including “Cold Water”, “Let Me Love You”, “Despacito (Remix)”, and “I'm the One”.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Sales of her albums and singles in the US reached a total of 44.7 million. [6] [8] She is estimated to have sold 140 million records, making her one of the world's best-selling music artists, and becoming the second person to have 100 million followers on Twitter in August 2017 after Katy Perry.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Bieber has won numerous awards throughout his career, including an American Music Award as Artist of the Year in 2010 and 2012, a Grammy Award as Best Dance Recording for the song “Where Are Ü Now”, and a Latin Grammy Award. [9]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

She has been in the top ten of Forbes magazine's most powerful celebrities in the world list, in 2011, 2012, and 2013. [10]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

In 2016, Bieber became the first artist to pass a total of 10 billion viewers on Vevo. [11]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Early Life Bieber was born on March 1, 1994, in London, Ontario, at St. Joseph Hospital [12] and grew up in Stratford, Ontario. [13]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Bieber is the only child of Jeremy Jack Bieber and Patricia “Pattie” Mallette.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Bieber's parents never married. [14]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Mallette, who was underage in childbirth, raised her son with the help of her mother, Diane, and her stepfather, Bruce [15] His mother was of French descent; his great-grandfather's father was of German descent, and Bieber's other descendants were English, Scottish and Irish. [16] [17] [18] He also states that she has some Aborigin-Canadian ancestry. [19]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Through Jeremy, Bieber has three younger half-siblings.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Jeremy and his ex-girlfriend Erin Wagner have two children, a daughter named Jazmyn (born 2009) and a son named Jaxon (born 2010).


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

They separated after seven years of contact in 2014. [20]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Jeremy later married his fiancée named Chelsey in February 2018 and gave birth to their daughter, Bay (born in August 2018). [21] [22] Bieber also has a younger half-sister Allie, the daughter of his stepmother. [23]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Pattie works in an office as a low-income clerk, raising Bieber as a single mother in housing with cheap rents.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Bieber has maintained contact with his father. [24]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Bieber entered a French-speaking elementary school in Stratford, Jeanne Sauvé Catholic School. [25]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Growing up, he learned to play piano, drums, guitar, and trumpet. [13] [26] He graduated high school in Stratford, Ontario, from St. Michael Catholic Secondary School in 2012 [27] with a 4.0 GPA. [28]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

In early 2007, when he was 12 years old, Bieber sang a Ne-Yo song titled “So Sick” for a local singing competition in Stratford and came second. [26] [29] Mallette uploaded a video of Bieber's performance on YouTube for their family and friends in order to be able to see it.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

He continued to upload videos of Bieber singing various R&B songs, and Bieber's popularity on the site grew. [30]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

At the same time, Bieber made a show in front of the Avon Theatre during the tourist season.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Career 2008-2010: Early career and My World When looking for videos from different singers, Scooter Braun, a former So So Def marketing executive, opened one of Bieber's videos in 2007 involuntarily.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Impressed, Braun went to the theater where Bieber was performing, Bieber's school, and finally contacted Mallette, who was reluctant because Braun was a Jew.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

He recalled praying once, “Lord, servant gave it to you.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

You can send the servant of a Christian man, a Christian label” and “Lord, you don't want this Jewish man to be Justin's guardian, do you?”


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

However, the church chairman convinces him to let Bieber go with Braun.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

At the age of 13, Bieber went to Atlanta, Georgia, with Braun to record demo tapes.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Bieber began singing to Usher a week later. [31]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Bieber soon signed with Raymond Braun Media Group (RBMG), the cooperation company between Braun and Usher.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Justin Timberlake also reportedly wanted to coach Bieber, but lost offers with Usher.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Usher then asked for help finding a record label for his artists to a manager named Chris Hicks, who helped audition by contacting L.A. Reid of The Island Def Jam Music Group [32] Reid signed Bieber to Island Records in October 2008 (which involved the company cooperation between RBMG and Island Records) and elevated Hicks as executive Vice President of Def Jam where he would be able to manage Bieber's career at the label.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Bieber then moved to Atlanta with his mother to develop his career with Braun and Usher.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Braun became Bieber's manager in 2008.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Bieber's first single “One Time”, was released to radio while Bieber was still recording his debut album.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

The song reached number 12 on the Canadian Hot 100 in its first week of release in July 2009, and later peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

During the fall of 2009, the song has been successful in international markets.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

The song was certified Platinum in Canada and the United States and Gold in Australia and New Zealand.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Her first album release was an extended play titled My World, released on November 17, 2009 the album's second single, “One Less Lonely Girl”, and two promo singles, “Love Me”, and “Favourite Girl”, which were released exclusively on the iTunes Store and reached an order of less than four top of the Billboard Hot 100.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

“One Less Lonely Girl” was later also released to radio and was in the charts of the top fifteen of Canada and the United States, being certified Gold.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

My World was eventually certified in the US and Double Platinum in Canada and the United Kingdom.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

To promote his album, Bieber performed on several live shows such as mtvU's VMA 09 Tour, European program titled The Dome, The Next Star on the YTV broadcast, The Today Show, The Wendy Williams Show, Lopez Tonight, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, It's On with Alexa Chung, Good Morning America, Chelsea Latately, and 106 & Park on the BET canal.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Bieber also guest-starred in an episode of True Jackson, VP at the end of 2009.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Bieber sings a song courtesy of Stevie Wonder titled Someday at Christmas for U.S. President Barack Obama and first lady Michelle Obama at the White House at the Christmas in Washington event, broadcast on December 20, 2009, on U.S. television networks.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

TNT.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Bieber was also one of the performers on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest on December 31, 2009. 2010-11: My World 2.0 and Never Say Never Bieber became a reader nominee at the 52nd Grammy Awards on January 31, 2010.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

She was invited to be the vocalist in a re-making project of the song titled “We Are the World” (song written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie) as a celebration of the song's 25th anniversary to help Haiti after the Haiti earthquake in 2010.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Bieber sang the opening part, which was sung by Lionel Richie in the original version.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

On March 12, 2010, a version of the song belonging to K'naan titled “Wavin' Flag” recorded by a Canadian musician collective known as Young Artists for Haiti was released.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Bieber took part in the song, singing the last part.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

In January 2010, “Baby”, was released from his album debut, My World 2.0.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

The song featured Ludacris, and became an international hit.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

The song ranked at number five on the US Billboard Hot 100 charts, peaking at number three on the Canadian Hot 100 [33] and reaching the top ten in several international markets. [34]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Two promotional singles “Never Let You Go”, and “U Smile" entered in the top thirty hits on the US Hot 100, and top-twenty hits in Canada. [34]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

According to review aggregator Metacritic, the album has received “generally favorite reviews”. [35]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

The album debuts at number one on the US Billboard 200, making Bieber the youngest male solo artist to top since Stevie Wonder in 1963. [36]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

My World 2.0 also debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, Irish Albums Chart, Australian Albums Chart, and New Zealand Albums Chart, [34] and reached the top ten of fifteen other countries. [37] [38] To promote the album, Bieber performed at several live shows including The View, Kids Choice Awards 2010, Nightline, Late Show with David Letterman, The Dome and 106 & Park. [39] Sean Kingston appears on the album's next single, “Eenie Meenie”.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

The song reached the top ten in the United Kingdom and Australia, and the top twenty from most other markets.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

On April 10, 2010, Bieber was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live. [40]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

On July 4, 2010, Bieber performed at the Macy's Fourth of July Fireworks Spectacular in New York city. [41]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

The next single from My World 2.0, “Somebody to Love”, was released in April 2010, and a remixed version was released featuring Bieber's mentor Usher.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

On June 23, 2010, Bieber went on his first official headlining tour, My World Tour, beginning in Hartford, Connecticut, to promote My World and My World 2.0.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

In July 2010, it was reported that Bieber was the most searched celebrity on the Internet. [42]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

In the same month the music video for “Baby “, surpassed Lady Gaga's “Bad Romance” to become the most viewed, and the least liked on Youtube. [43] [44] In September 2010, it was reported that Bieber accounted for three percent of all traffic on Twitter, according to an employee of the social networking site. [45]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

In Bieber's second album, due to puberty, his voice was heavier than in his first album. [46]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

In April 2010, Bieber discussed his vocals and commented, “My voice broke.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Like every teenage kid, I deal with that stuff and I have the best vocal coach in the world.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Some of the tones I reached in “Baby” I couldn't reach anymore.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

We had to lower the key when I sang live”. [47]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Bieber guest-starred on the premiere episode of crime drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation on the CBS broadcast, which aired on September 23, 2010.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

He played a “troubled teenager faced with a difficult decision with his single brother”, who was also a bomber on the series.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Bieber was also present in a subsequent episode that aired on February 17, 2011, in which his character was murdered. [48]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Bieber performed briefly “U Smile”, “Baby”, and “Somebody to Love” and briefly played drums at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12, 2010. [49]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Bieber announced in October 2010 that he would be releasing an acoustic album, entitled My Worlds Acoustic. [50]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

The album was released on November 26, 2010 in the United States and features acoustic versions of songs from previous albums, and accompanied by the release of a new song titled “Pray”. [51]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

A part-film biographical 3-D, concert film starring Bieber entitled Justin Bieber: Never Say Never, was released on February 11, 2011, directed by a Step Up 3D director named Jon Chu.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

The film topped the box office with an estimated gross revenue of $12.4 million on opening day from 3,105 theaters. [52]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

The film grossed $30,300,000 on the weekend and was eclipsed by romantic comedy Just Go with It, which grossed $31,000,000. [53]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Never Say Never reportedly exceeded industry expectations, nearly equaling Miley Cyrus' 2008 3-D concert film earning $31,100,000, titled Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert, which holds the record for the top debut for a music documentary. [54]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Never Say Never's gross revenue amounted to $98,441,954 worldwide. [55]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

It was accompanied by a remix of her second album, Never Say Never - The Remixes, released on February 14, 2011, and included remixes of songs from her debut album, with guest appearances from Miley Cyrus, Chris Brown, and Kanye West and others. [56]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

Time magazine included Bieber on their list of the 100 most influential people in the world on their annual list. [57] In June 2011, Bieber ranked #2 on Forbes' version of the Best-Paid Celebrities under 30 list.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

He is the youngest star, and 1 of 7 musicians on the list, having raked in $53,000,000 in a 12-month period. [58]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

On November 1, 2011 Bieber released a Christmas-themed album titled Under the Mistletoe, his second studio album.


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

The album debuts at number #1 on the Billboard 200, selling 210,000 copies within its first week of release. [59]


Question: Has Taylor Swift ever played a movie?

Justin Bieber

The first single from the album, “Mistletoe” was numbered one on the US Billboard Holiday Digital Songs charts. [60]