Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The Canadian Protector laid siege to the vast Hudson Bay.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The Canadian Shield up to the Atlantic Coast in Labrador, the uata part of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The island of Newfoundland, the easternmost area of North America, is at the mouth of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the world's largest estuaria, and the first area that Europeans live in.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Canadian waters protrude out eastward from the southern coast of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, between the bay to the north, and the Atlantic to the south.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The provinces of New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia are separated by the Bay of Fundy, the Atlantic branch that undergoes the largest variation of tide-downs in the world.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Prince Edward Island is Canada's smallest province.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

In western Ontario, the vast, flat, Canadian prairie comprises the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, spreading towards the Rocky Mountains, which divide the provinces of Alberta, and British Columbia.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The vegetation of Northern Canada ranges from conifer forests down to the tundra, and eventually Arctic barrens in the far north.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Northern Canada is surrounded by a vast archipelago consisting of some of the largest islands on Earth.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Canada is famous for its chilly climate.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Winters here can be very rough in many areas, with the risk of blizzards, and ice storms, and temperatures reaching as low as -50°C may occur in the North.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Coastal British Columbia being an exception; she has a milder winter climate than other places.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

In the densely populated region, summers range from warm to moderately hot, reaching over 30°C in Montreal, and 15°C Iqaluit, Nunavut.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

In Vancouver, temperatures are usually between 0 to 25°C throughout the year, but in some places on the prairie, temperatures can be as low as -40°C in winter, and as high as 35°C in summer.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

In the Great Lakes region, temperatures range from -30°C to 35°C.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The country endured four different seasons.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Political Privileges as Canada's head of state are held by a Governor General, who is generally a senior politician or other prominent Canadian, who is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The Governor General is a non-partisan figure who fulfills a variety of ceremonial roles, including providing Royal Assent to the Bill passed by the Lower House of Representatives, and the Senate, reciting the Speech from the Throne, signing state documents, opening, and ending the session of parliament officially, and dissolved parliament during the election period.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The Queen, and particularly the Governor-General, presides on behalf of only and has very little real power, as they almost always act according to the advice of Canada's Head of Government, namely the Prime Minister.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

They served symbolically as a sustainable government, which is when there is a change of government.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The Constitution of Canada (see) governs the official framework of the state, but its embodiment must be viewed anyway from the point of multiplicity of traditions, and unwritten conventions (see Westminster System).


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The patriation of the constitution, with the procedure for its amendment, was approved one night in November of 1981.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Quebec nationalists named the night the 'Night of the Long Knives' - cause it took place without the permission of the Province of Quebec.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The Governor General appoints the Prime Minister of Canada (PM), who is usually the leader of the political party holding the most seats in the Lower House of Representatives.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The PM in Cabinet appointment considers proposals from a convention of members of the PM's party within the Lower Representative House, and the Senate.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Executive power is exercised by the PM, and the cabinet, all of whose members are sworn in the General Caucus Council of Canada.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The legislative branch of government, namely the Parliament, has 2 seats: the appointed Lower Representative House, and the appointed Senate.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Elections for the Lower Representative House are conducted by the Governor General on the recommendation of the PM, and must occur no less than 5 years after the previous election.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Canada has three main national parties: the New Democratic Party (NDP), which is an advanced party that leans towards the “left”, the Liberal Party of Canada, and the Conservative Party of Canada, which is a party that leans towards the “right”.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The left-right classification can however be misleading, because there are a number of members in the three main parties who are “left” on social issues, and “right” on economic issues.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

As a result, all three parties can have complex numbers of seats in the spectrum of right-left political decisions.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The Keerland-based party, the Bloc Québécois, gained many seats in the Province of Quebec, and promoted Quebec independence from Canada.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Also there are many smaller parties, and some have no representation in Parliament at the 2004 federal election.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Independent candidates are rarely elected (Chuck Cadman was an exception in the 2004 election).


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The Liberal Party has formed a Canadian government for 32 years.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Its leaders who had been Prime Minister of Canada were Paul Martin, and Jean Chrétien.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

In December 2003, the Conservative Party of Canada was formed.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The party is a composite of the Canadian Alliance, and the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The Conservative Party subsequently won the January 23, 2006 parliamentary election, and the Liberal Party was in opposition within parliament.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Stephen Harper who leads the Conservative Party, is currently the Prime Minister of Canada.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The Canadian judiciary plays an important role in realizing federal, provincial, and municipal laws, and regulations; and has the power to strike down laws that violate the constitution.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

All judges are at a superior level, authorized in matters of appeal, and the Supreme Court of Canada are elected, and appointed by the federal administration, after consultation with official non-governmental bodies.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The position of the court is at the lowest level with jurisdiction limited to a province or territory, housed in each provincial or territory government.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The Supreme Court of Canada represents the law breaker of the latter (see court system in Canada).


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Canada is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth, La Francophonie, Organization of American States, NATO, G8, and APEC.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Canada's Canadian provinces and territories consist of 10 provinces, and 3 territories.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

These provinces have a large degree of autonomy from federal administration, while the territorials somewhat lack them.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Each has symbols of provinces and territories.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

These provinces are responsible for most Canadian social programs (such as health care, education, and welfare), and together collect much revenue from the federal government, and are something unique among federations around the world.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The federal administration can initiate national policies that can be rejected by the provinces, but in reality this is rare.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The “equation of payment” was created by the federal government to ensure uniform standards of service were appropriate, and taxes were safeguarded between rich, and poor provinces.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Criminal law is a primary responsibility of the federal government, and is uniform across Canada.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

However its walking is a provincial responsibility, most provinces run service to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The RCMP is the only police force in the world that runs three different levels of law: munisipal, provincial, and federal. The 10 provinces are unicameral, elevating legislators with a government headed by PM who is elected in the same way as PM.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Each province also has a lieutenant governor who is not an actual government representing the queen, appointed on the recommendation of the PM of Canada.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Most political climates of that province include provincial counterparts on 3 national federal parties.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

After all, some provincial parties are not officially related to the federal party that got the same name.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Some provinces have regional political parties, likeSaskatchewan Party.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The political climate of the Province of Quebec is quite different, with the main split between separatism, represented by the Parti Québécois, and federalism, represented by the Parti Libéral du Québec. The 3 territories have smaller political power than the provinces, having been createby law by Parliament national rather than their status which has been enshrined in the Constitution.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

There is no lieutenant governor to represent, and fulfill the function of queen.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Politically neutral commissioners are appointed by the federal administration to act as “Canada's senior representative government”.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Only Yukon regional legislators follow the same political system as provincial legislators. The other 2 territories use a consensus government system with no party, which each member proposes as an independent, and the premier is appointed by, and from members.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Relations between the federal, and territorial administration have strained.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Much of the opposition between the 2 levels of government has become between the use of sources of income, and funding.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Poverty rates in the territory have been on a fixed basis large due to isolation, extreme hardship, and fare of supply goods, and scarcity of jobs.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The economic economy of Canada is now approaching that of the United States with its market-oriented economic system, production patterns, and high standard of living.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

In the last century, tremendous growth in production, mining, and service sectors has transformed the country from a rural economy to an urban industry.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Energy can be fulfilled on its own, Canada has plentiful natural gas reserves on the east coast, and three western provinces, as well as an abundance of other resources.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Canada has managed to avoid an economic recession after 2001, and has maintained economic growth at its best within the G8 group.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

With its abundance of natural resources, skilled labor, and modern capital factories, Canada enjoys the prospect of a solid economy.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Overshadowed by two difficulties, the first being political differences over the constitution between Quebec, and the rest of Canada.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

It has raised the possibility of a breakup in the federation.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

However, as the economy has strengthened, especially in Quebec, fears of disunity have eased.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Another long-term concern is the concern of the flow of professionals to the south (USA) commonly called “Brain Spending”, being lured by high payments, low taxes, and high-tech opportunities.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

In unison, “Brain Income” also occurred, with an influx of well-educated immigrants (mainly from developing countries) to Canada.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Canada's official bilingual languages are English, and French.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

On 7 July 1969, French was equated to English through the federal government.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

It began as a process that defined Canada as a bilingual country, and multicultural on a federal level.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

English, and French have equal status within the Parliament of Canada, within federal courts, and across federal institutions.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Everyone is entitled to criminal trial in English or French.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The public has the right, when there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government service in English or French.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The official language of minority groups in many provinces, and territories have the right to be taught in their language.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Since multiculture is official policy, to become a citizen one must be able to speak both in English and French.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Almost out of 98% of Canadians speak either English or French or both.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province, a position specifically guaranteed by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, with its citizens having the same language rights at the provincial level as all Canadian citizens have at the federal level.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Some provincial governments, particularly Manitoba, and Ontario, offer many services on its French minority population.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Quebec's official language is French, as defined by the Charter of the French Language which protects the use of French, but also provides certain rights to English speakers, and native languages.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Quebec provides many governmental services in French, and English.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

French is primarily spoken in Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, and southern Manitoba.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

In the 2001 census, 6,864,615 people registered French as the mother tongue, out of which 85% lived in Quebec, and 17,694,835 people registered French as the mother tongue.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Languages other than official languages are also important in Canada, with 5,470,820 inhabitants registering a language that is not an official language as an official language (the above 3 statistics also include people registering more than one language).


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Among the groups of native languages that are not the most important official languages are Chinese (853,745 native language speakers), particularly Cantonist (322,315); Italian (469,485); and German (438,080).


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Native groups of the Constitution Act of 1982 recognizes 3 main groups of natives in Canada: Natives, Inuit, and Métis.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The native population is growing almost 2 times as fast as the rest of the population in Canada.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Natives compose about 3% of Canadians, or roughly 790,000 people.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

About 69% constitute Native, 26% Métis, and 5% Inuit.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Now, more than 50 different languages are spoken by natives, most of whom are spoken only from Canada.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

In any case, entirely however slightly in a slump.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Within the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut, there are 11 official languages: English, and French with special standing, and 6 indigenous languages: Chipewyan, Cree, Dogrib, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, and South Slavey.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The only native languages that are fully believed to be supported today are Cree (with 72,885 native language speakers), Inuktitut in the NWT, and Nunavut; 29,010 speakers), and Ojibwe along with Cree, Ojibwe would compose 150,000 speakers).


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Educational Education in Canada is provided, funded, and overseen by federal, provincial, and local governments.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Education falls within the jurisdiction of the provincial administration, and the curriculum is overseen by the provincial administration.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Education in Canada is generally divided on Primary education (Primary School, Public School), then Secondary education (High School), and higher education (University, College).


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

In each province there is a school board that oversees education services, and the organization of educational programs.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Education is compulsory for residents of canada up to the age of 16 in all provinces of Canada, except for Ontario, and New Brunswick, where age is compulsory up to 18.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

In some provinces there are some exceptions to not being obliged to pass on education at the age of 14 which can be provided under certain circumstances.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Canada mandates school for 190 days a year, officially starting from September (after Labor Day) to the end of June (usually the last Friday of the month, except in some cases in Quebec when it's just before June 24 - the province of the holiday).


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The demographics of the 2001 Census recorded 30,007,094 people, and from April 2005 its population has been estimated by Statistics Canada a number of 32.2 million people.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

In the 2001 Canadian National Census, respondents reported his ethnic origin at. 39.42% of respondents identified his ethnic origin as “Canadian people”.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Most of them are believed to be of early British, Irish, and French immigrant heritage. 20.17% identified their ethnic origin as English; 15.75% as French, 14.03% as Scottish, 12.90% as Irish.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

A number of other groups were also reported (but only Germans (9.25%), and Italians (4.29%) reported more than 4% of respondents.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The number of “visible minorities” is 13% of Canada's population (excluding First Nations, Métis, and Inuit; the percentage of nonwhites is 17%).


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Cultural Culture of Canada is largely influenced by the culture, and traditions of England, and France as a result of its colonial past.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

In addition, Canadian culture has also been influenced by American culture due to its proximity to 2 countries, and the migration of people, ideas, capital, and politics across borders.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Despite that inherited culture, Canadian culture has developed many unique traits.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

In many ways, a more strapping, and obviously Canadian culture has developed in current years, mainly because of the sense of nationhood that pervaded Canada in the ceding years, and following Canada's Hundred Years in 1967, and also because of the focus on programs to support the arts, and Canadian culture by the federal government.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Early Europeans helped from the foundation of Canadian culture.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

During the colonization of Canada the settlers wrote much folklore about the land around them.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Paul Bunyan's stories were a product of Canadian-French folklore, and the fast-motion dance style of Newfoundland found its origin in Ireland.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Many American films, authors, TV spectacles, and musicians are equally well known in Canada, and vice-versa crosses boundaries.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Many cultural products of those types are now more and more sold leading to a unified “North American” market, and not specifically Canadian or American.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The U.S., and Canadian governments receive various close fellowships of workers in official trade, economic, and corporate matters.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

As Canada, and the US have grown closer, many Canadians have developed feelings, and complex concerns, with regard to what makes Canada a “different” nation in North America.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The large American cultural presence has prompted some fears of a “cultural takeover,”, and has initiated the formulation of many legal institutions, and governance protecting Canadian culture.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Most Canadian culture remains asserted in contrast to American culture (see Canadian Identity).


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

In recent years, Canada has increasingly differentiated itself from the U.S. with more liberal social policies, and more conservative fiscal policies.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The Canadian government (and more broadly, Canadians) supports the idea of universal health care, gay marriage, and marijuana decriminalization.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

At the same time, they have supported spending budgets that klop, tax cuts, and free trade.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Canadians also tend to live in or near large areas of cities such as Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Winnipeg, Ottawa, Calgary, and Edmonton.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

National symbols The use of the maple leaf as a symbol of Canada was reverse-sequenced in the 18th century, and depicted on current flags, and earlier, dollar cents, and on heraldry.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Canada is known for its vast forests, and its mountain range (including the Rocky Mountains in Alberta, and British Columbia), and the wild animals that live with it, such as great deer, caribou, otters, polar bears, and grizzly bears.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

Canada is widely known for its Royal Canadian Mounted Police force, and products made from domestic natural resources, such as makddnsddk syrup.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

About hockey, Canada's official winter sport, is also often used as a symbol of national unity, and pride.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

The snowy, winter, and northern climate of the country have also created the views of Canadians.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

International order Total amount of foreign trade (import-export), 2003: fourth (out of 185) Human Development Index, 2004:4th (out of 177) Reporters Without Borders World-wide Press Freedom Index 2004: fifth out of 167 countries¹ Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2004 () - 12th Out of 146 countries Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal Index of Economic Freedom, 2005 () - 16th (more than 155) Bumsted Reference, J. 2004.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

Canadian

History of the Canadian Peoples, Oxford University Press See also Canadian Black Canadian Armed Forces Education in Canada Foreign relations Canada List of Canadian figures List of cities in Canada Military Canada Monarchy in Canada Religion in Canada Same-sex marriage in Canada Separation movement in Canada Slavery in Canada Canada and weapons of mass destruction List of countries in the world Outlink Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

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Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

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Question: Where lies the geography of Canada?

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Category:G8 Countries Category:G20 Countries


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The Republic of the Gambia is a country in West Africa.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The smallest country in mainland Africa is unique because if the country of Senegal is considered mouth, the Gambia is the tongue.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The Gambia borders only Senegal to the north, east and south.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The Gambia River stretches across the central part of the Gambia and flows into the Atlantic Ocean to the west and according to the line it is also the boundary of the Gambia formed from the middle to the Atlantic Ocean.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The country measuring 10,500km² with a population of 1.7 million people is capital Banjul, with the largest conurbation Serrekunda.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

On 18 February 1965, Gambia was granted independence by Great Britain and then joined the Commonwealth, until withdrawing in October 2013.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The Gambia receives the same historical origin as many west African countries, with the slave trade a major factor in the founding of a colony on the Gambia River, first by the Portuguese and later by Britain.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Since independence, Gambia experienced a steady period, except during the brief 1994 military dictatorship period. [1]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Agriculture in the Gambia follows the traditional matched cropping system by relying solely on peanuts as its main commodity.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Gambia is a country rich with agriculture, with its economy controlled by agriculture and animal husbandry, fisheries, and travel.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Unfortunately, almost one-third of its population live below the poverty line between the interstate with an income of US$1.25 a day. [2]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Etymology The name “Gambia” is derived from the term Mandinka Kambra/Kambaa, meaning river of the Gambia.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

After independence as a commonwealth territory, the country used the name The Gambia.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

After the proclamation of the republic in 1970, the long name of the country became Republic of the Gambia (Republic of the Gambia). [3]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The Yahya Jammeh administration changed its long name to Islamic Republic of The Gambia (Islamic Republic of Gambia) in December 2015.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

On 29 January 2017 new President Adama Barrow said the name of the country would revert to the Republic of Gambia. [4] [5] Post-Independence History Gambia achieved independence on 18 February 1965, as a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth, with Elizabeth II as Queen of the Gambia, represented by Governor General.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Shortly thereafter, the national government staged a referendum proposing that the country become a republic.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

This referendum failed to receive the two-thirds majority needed to amend the constitution.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

On 24 April 1970, Gambia became a republican state within the Commonwealth, following a second referendum.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Prime Minister Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara became President, an executive post, combining between the head of state and head of government President Sir Dawda Jawara was re-elected five times.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

A coup attempt on 29 July 1981 followed a weakening economy and allegations of corruption against leading politicians. [6]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The coup attempt occurred while President Jawara was visiting London and was implemented by the left-wing National Revolutionary Council, made up of the Kukoi Samba Sanyang party namely the Socialist And Revolutionary Labour Party (SRLP) and elements of the Field Forces, a paramilitary force covering most of the force armed state. [6]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

President Jawara requested military assistance from Senegal, which deployed 400 troops to Gambia on 31 July.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

By 6 August some 2,700 Senegalese soldiers had been deployed, defeating rebel forces. [6]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Between 500 and 800 people were killed during the coup and subsequent violence. [6]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

In 1982, in the time following the 1981 attempted coup d'état, Senegal and Gambia signed a confederation agreement.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The Senegambia Confederation aimed to merge the armed forces of the two countries and to unify their economies and currencies.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

After only seven years, Gambia permanently withdrew from confederation in 1989.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

In 1994, the Provisional Armed Forces Legal Council (AFPRC) removed Jawara's government and banned opposition political activity.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Lt. Yahya A.J.J. Jammeh, chairman of the AFPRC, became head of state.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Jammeh was only 29 years old at the time of the coup.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The AFPRC announced a transition plan to return to democratic civilian rule.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The Provisional Independent Electoral Commission (PIEC) was established in 1996 to conduct national general elections and transformed into the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) in 1997 and was responsible for voter registration and the conduct of elections and referendums.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

In late 2001 and early 2002, Gambia completed a full cycle of presidential, legislative, and local elections.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

President Yahya Jammeh, who was elected to continue in the position he had assumed during the coup, took the oath of office on 21 December 2001.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

On 2 October 2013, the Gambian interior minister announced that Gambia would leave the Commonwealth of Nations with immediate effect, ending 48 years of membership of the organization.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The Gambian government said it had “decided that Gambia will never be a member of a neo-colonial institution and will never be a party to institutions representing an extension of colonialism”.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Incumbent President Yahya Jammeh faced opposition leaders Adama Barrow of the Independent Coalition party [7] and Mamma Kandeh of the Gambia Democratic Congress party [8] in the December 2016 presidential election.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Gambia sentenced main opposition leader and human rights defender Ousainou Darboe to 3 years in prison in July 2016, [9] disqualifying him from running for president.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Following the December 1, 2016 election, the electoral commission declared Adama Barrow the winner of that election. [10]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Yahya, who has ruled for 22 years, first announced he would step down after losing the 2016 election before declaring the results annulled and demanding new elections, thus triggering a constitutional crisis and leading to a stampede by the ECOWAS coalition. [11]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

On 20 January 2017, Jammeh announced that he had agreed to step down and would leave the country.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The politics and administration of the Districts of the Gambia are divided into eight local government areas, including the country's capital, Banjul, which is classified as a city.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Divisions of the Gambia are created by the Independent Electoral Commission in accordance with Article 192 of the National Constitution. [12]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The local government area was then further subdivided (2013) into 43 districts.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Of these, Kanifing and Kombo Saint Mary (which shares Brikama as the capital with the Brikama Local Government Area) are effectively part of the Greater Banjul region. [13]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Gambia's geography is less than 50 kilometers (31 mi) wide at its widest point, with a total area of 11,295 km2 (4,361 sq mi).


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

About 1,300 square kilometers (500 square miles) (11.5%) of the Gambia's territory is covered by water.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

It is the smallest country in mainland Africa.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Comparatively, The Gambia has a total area slightly smaller than the island of Jamaica.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Senegal surrounds Gambia on three sides, with 80 km (50 mi) of coastline in the Atlantic Ocean marking its western end. [12]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

These boundaries were defined in 1889 following a treaty between Britain and France.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

During negotiations between France and Britain in Paris, France at first gave the British about 320 km (200 mi) of the Gambia River to control.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Beginning with the placement of boundary marks in 1891, it took nearly 15 years after the Paris meeting to determine the final boundary of the Gambia. [14]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Gambia's climate has a tropical climate.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The summer and rainy season usually lasts from June to November, but from then to May, cooler temperatures predominate, with less rainfall. [12]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The climate in Gambia closely resembles that of neighboring Senegal, southern Mali, and from the northern part of Benin. [15]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Gambia's economy has a liberal market-based economy characterized by traditional subsistence agriculture, historic dependence in peanuts for export income, re-export trade built around sea ports, low import duties, minimal administrative procedures, exchange rates which fluctuates without foreign exchange controls, and a significant tourism industry.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

From 2006 to 2012, Gambia's economy grew annually at a pace of 5-6% of GDP. [16]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Agriculture is responsible for about 30% of gross domestic product (GDP) and employs about 70% of the workforce.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

In agriculture, groundnut production accounted for 6.9% of GDP, other crops 8.3%, livestock 5.3%, fishing 1.8%, and forestry 0.5%.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

A limited amount of its primary manufacturing is agriculturally based (e.g., peanut processing, bread, brewery, and tannery). Other manufacturing activities include soap, soft drinks, and clothing.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Previously, the UK and other EU countries were Gambia's main domestic export market.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

However, in recent years Senegal, the United States, and Japan have become significant trading partners of the Gambia.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

In Africa, Senegal represented the largest trading partner of the Gambia in 2007, contrasting with previous years which had made Guinea-Bissau and Ghana as equally important trading partners.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Globally, Denmark, the United States, and China have become important source countries for Gambian imports.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Britain, Germany, Ivory Coast, and the Netherlands also provide their fair share of Gambian imports.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Gambia's trade deficit for 2007 was US$331 million.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Gambia's Serekunda Satwa Market, like this green monkey, attracts demographic tourists The rate of urbanization in 2011 was 57.3%. Provisional figures from the census of 2003 show that the gap between urban and rural population is shrinking as more and more areas are declared urbanized areas .


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

While urban migration, development projects, and modernization led many Gambians to Western customs and values, traditional dress and celebrations and extended family traditions became an integral part of daily life.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The PPPBB Human Development Report for 2010 placed Gambia at 151st out of 169 countries on the Human Development Index, putting it in the 'Low Human Development' category.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The index compares life expectancy, school term, national gross income per capita and several other factors.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The total fertility figure was estimated at 3.98 children/women in 2013. [17]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Ethnic groups There are various ethnic groups living in the Gambia, each preserving its own language and traditions.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Ethnic Mandinka are the largest group, followed by the Fula, Wolof, Jola, Serahule, Serer, Karoninka, Manjago and Bianunkas.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The Krio people, also known as the Aku, constitute one of the smallest ethnic minorities in Gambia.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

They are descendants of the Sierra Leonean Creole people and are centralized in the capital.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Roughly there are 3,500 non-African citizens including Europeans and families of Lebanese origin (0.23% of total population).


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Most of the minority of European origin were from the British nation, although many of them had left Gambia after independence.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

English is the official language of the Gambia.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Other languages are Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, Serer, Krio, Jola and other indigenous regional languages.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Due to the geographical environment of the country, knowledge of French (the official language in most of West Africa) is relatively widespread.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Constitutional Education mandates free and compulsory primary education in The Gambia.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

A lack of resources and educational infrastructure has made implementing this difficult.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

In 1995, the gross primary participation figure was 77.1% and the net primary participation figure was 64.7% School fees had long prevented many children from school, but in February 1998, President Jammeh ordered the cessation of fees for the first six years of school.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Approximately 52% of primary school pupils are female.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The figure may be lower for girls in rural areas, where cultural factors and poverty prevent parents from schooling their daughters.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

About 20% of school-age children study in Quranic schools.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Religion Article 25 of the constitution protects the rights of citizens to adhere to the religion of their choosing. [19]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

In December 2015, Reuters reported that Gambia was declared an Islamic state by the then president, Yahya Jammeh.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Islam is the dominant religion, practiced by 90% of the population.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The majority of Muslims in the Gambia adhere to Sunni laws and traditions, [20] while large concentrations follow the Ahmadiyyah tradition. [21]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Almost all commercial activities in the Gambia cease during major Muslim holidays, including Eid al-Adha and Eid. [22]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Most Muslims in the Gambia follow the Maliki madhab. [23]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Also, a community of Shia Muslims exists in Gambia, mainly from Lebanese Arab immigrants and others to the region. [24]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The Christian community represents about 8% of the total population.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Being west and south from Gambia, most Christian communities identify themselves as Roman Catholic.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

However, small Christian groups were present, such as Anglicans, Methodists, Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and small evangelical denominations. [20]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The remaining 2% of the population adheres to indigenous beliefs, such as the Serer religion.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Serer religions include cosmology and belief in a supreme deity called Roog.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Some of his religious festivals include Xoy, Mbosseh, and Randou Rande.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Every year, adherents of the Serer religion carry out an annual pilgrimage to Sine in Senegal for the Xoy ceremony.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Serer religion also has a fairly significant imprint on Senegambian Muslim society in all Senegambian Muslim festivals such as “Tobaski”, “Gamo”, “Koriteh” and “Weri Kor” are removable words from Serer religion. [25]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Like the Serer, the Jola people also have their own religious customs.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

One of the main religious ceremonies of the Jolas is the Boukout.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Due to immigration from South Asia, Buddhists, Hindus and followers of Baha'i beliefs were also present. [20]


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Culture Although Gambia is the smallest country in mainland Africa, its culture is the product of diverse influences.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

National borders narrow line on both sides of the Gambia River, a body of water that has played an important part in the nation's destiny and is known locally as the “River”.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Without natural hindrance, The Gambia has become home to most of the ethnic groups present throughout West Africa, especially in Senegal.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The European nation also became a prominent figure in Gambia's history because the Gambia River was navigable deep into the continent, a geographical feature that made the area one of the most profitable sites for the slave trade from the 15th through the 17th century.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

(It also makes it strategic for the cessation of this trade after it was banned in the 19th century.)


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Cuisine from Gambia used to contain peanuts, rice, fish, meat, onions, tomatoes, cassava, chili peppers and oysters from the Gambia River harvested by the women.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Sport Like neighboring Senegal, the national and most popular sport in Gambia is grappling.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Football and basketball are also popular.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Football in The Gambia is administered by the Gambia Football Association, which is affiliated to both FIFA and CAF.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

The GFA prevails football leagues in the Gambia, including the top division GFA League First Division, as well as the Gambia national football team.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Nicknamed The Scorpions, the Gambia national team has never qualified for either the FIFA World Cup or the African Football Championship at senior level.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

See also List of countries in the world Reference Outside links Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

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Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

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Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

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Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia


Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

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Question: When did the Republic of Gambia become independent?

Gambia

Category:Countries in Africa


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

Asia (/ˈeɪə/ (listen) or /ˈeɪə/) is the largest and most densely populated continent in the world, located in the eastern part and the northern hemisphere.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

The continent covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and comprises 30% of its land area.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

With about 4.3 billion people, there is 60% of the world's human population today.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

Asia has a high growth rate in the modern era.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

For example, during the 20th century, the Asian population nearly quadrupled. [3]


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

The Asian and European continents are continents connected by land and both form a giant continent referred to as Eurasia.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

The boundary between Asia and Europe is so blurred that some countries such as Turkey can sometimes be incorporated into Asia as well as Europe.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

Some of the landscapes often used to separate the two continents are the Dardanella Strait, the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus Strait, the Black Sea, the Caucasus Mountains, the Caspian Sea, the Ural River (or Emba River), and the Ural Mountains to Novaya Zemlya.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

In addition to directly adjacent to the European Continent, the Asian Continent also has a direct boundary with the African Continent which has a land border and meets around the Suez Canal.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

Given its size and diversity, the concept of Asia — the name goes back to classical times — actually may have more to do with human geography than physical geography. [4]


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

Asia is very diverse and within each of its regions there are ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economies, historical relations and systems of government.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

The etymology of The word “Asia” entered into Indonesian, via Dutch, from Ancient Greek Ασία (Asia; see also list of traditional Greek placename names).


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

The name was first attempted in Herodotus (in 440 before AD), which refers to Asia Minor; or, with the intention of describing the Persian Wars, to the Kingdom of Persia as an enemy of Greece and Egypt.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

Although before Herodotus, Homer knew of a Trojan cleft named Asios, son of Hyrtacus, ruler over several cities, and he described the marshes as “ασιος” (ilias 2, 461).


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

A Greek term derived from Assuwa, a state confideration in Western Anatolia in the 14th century AD.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

Hittite assu - “Good” is likely part of that name.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

In addition, the principal origin of the word of the term is likely from the Akkadian word (w) aṣû (m), which is still a relative of the Hebrew word יצא, meaning “out” or “up”, referring to the direction of the sun at dawn (sunrise) in the Middle East, and also seems to relate to the Phoenician word asa which means east.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

This contrasts perhaps with the European origin of the proposed word, from Arabic and Parsi erēbu “in” or “sunset” (for the sun).


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

Even so, the origin of Mesoppotamian hope or the Middle East will not explain how the term “Asia” first came to be combined with Anatolia as living in the west of the Persian Arabic language.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

Division of the region As already mentioned, Asia can be considered a part of the larger Eurasian continent.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

For division by these terms, see Northern Eurasia and Central Eurasia.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

Asia itself is often divided into several regions: Central Asia There is no definite consensus on the use of this term, but it usually includes: Russian Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Georgian Kazakhstan and the contested regions Abkhazia and South Ossetia Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the region to which Nagorno-Karabakh East Asia East Asia is also called the Far East, because Europeans see its geographical location very far from Europe.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

The term includes: Pacific Ocean Islands, and Japan on the Korean Peninsula: North Korea and South Korea People's Republic of China, the special administrative regions of Hongkong and Macao, and the conflicted regions of Tibet and Taiwan Mongolia Southeast Asia The area includes the Malacca Peninsula, Indochina and islands in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

Countries belonging to this area are: In mainland Southeast Asia: Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

In Southeast Asian Islands: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei and Timor-Leste.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

Malaysia is divided into two parts by the South China Sea, and the mainland, the first mainland on the Malacca Peninsula, and the second is on Borneo Island.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

With this part of the mainland and part of the archipelago The name of two Malaysian islands: East Malaysia Islands is located on the island of Borneo.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

It consists of the two states of Sabah and Serawak.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

The West Malaysian Islands are located in the south of Thailand.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

Consisting of Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Kelantan, Johor, Perak, Pahang, etc. Papua Island in the western part of which belongs to Indonesia was incorporated into Southeast Asia because South Asian Politics South Asia consists of: Himalayan Countries: India (nickname for Indian country is a Subcontinent of Asia or Asia advance), Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh Indian Ocean Countries: Sri Lanka and Maldives Afghanistan and Iran West Asia Often called by Middle Eastern names although the term is also sometimes used to refer to countries in North Africa.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

West Asia can be further subdivided to: in the Middle Sea: the island nation of Cyprus in the Levant or the Near East: Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq in the Arabian Peninsula: Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, Yemen and sometimes also Kuwait in the Sinai Peninsula: Egypt Israel and Palestine Also see Country- Gulf states for different groupings containing some of the above countries.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

Population density The following is a list of countries and regions by their population density in number of inhabitants/km2.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

Unlike the figures in the countries article, the figures in this table are based on the area that includes the waters (lakes, reservoirs, rivers) and hence perhaps the numbers are smaller here.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

All of Russia, Egypt, and Turkey are mentioned in this table, although only part of the territory of those countries is in Asia.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan are also listed here, although those countries may also be considered part of Europe.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

The West Bank and Gaza Strip are not listed separately, but instead are incorporated as part of the Palestinian territories. Region and territoral names with Benderaluas (km²) Population (estimate July 1, 2008) Population density (per km²) Central Asian capitals:Kazakhstan [5] 2,724,92715,666,5335.7astana198,5005,356,86924.3bishkektajikistan143,1007,211,88447.0dushanbeturkmenistan488,1005,179,5739.6ashgabatuzbekistan447,40028,268,44157.1tashkentAsia East: [6] 9,584,491,21,491,21,044,605134.0BeijingHong Kong [7] 1,0927,903,3346,688.0HongKong377,835127,288,628336.1Tokyo (Taiwan) [8] 35,98022,920,946626.7Taipei [9] 25460,82318,473.3Macaumongolia1,565,0002,996,0821.7ulan Bator98,48049,232,844490.7Seoul120,54023,479,095184.4pyongyangNorth Asia: [10] 17,075,400142,200,00026626,8184.4pyongyangNorth Asia: [10] 17,075,400142,200,00026,8268sco826,84PyongYangNorth Asia: [10] 17,075,4002,200,Southeast Wasia: [11] Brunei Darussalam5,770381,37160.8Bandar Seri Begawan [12] 181,03513,388,91074Phnom PenhinVietnam [13] 1,419,588237,512,355159.9Jakartalaos236,8006,677,53424.4vientianemalaysia329,84727,780,00084.2kuala LumpurMyanmar678,50047,758,22462.3Naypyidaw300,00092,681,453281.8lamani4,60470442,681,453281.8lamani4,60447044,00092,681,453281.8lamani4,60470442,681,453281.8lamani4,608,1676,369.0Singaporerathailand514,00065,493,298121.3BangkokTimor Leste [14] 15,0071,108,77763.5dilivietnam331,69086,116,559246.1Hanoisouth Asia:afghanistan647,50032,738,77542.9kabulbangladesh144,000153,546,901926.2dhakabhutan47,000682,32114.3thimphuindia [15] 3,167,5905,41,14,000226318.2New Delhi300379,1741,067.2malénepal140,80029,519,114183.8kathmandupakistan803,940167,762,049183.7islamabadSri Lanka65,61021,128,773298.4KolomboWest Asia:1,960,58223,513,33012.0Riyadharmenia [29,80016] 2,968,586111.7yerevanAzerbaijan [17] 46,8703,845,12782.0bakubahrain665718,306987.1manamageorgia [18] 20,4604,630,84199.3tbilisiiran1,648,19565,875,22342Tehran437,07228,221,18154.9baghdadisrael20,7707,112,359290.3West Jerusalem [19] Kuwait17,8202,596,561118.5Kuwait CityLebanOn10,4523,971,941351351351351351351351351351351351351351351351351351351351351351351351351351351353.6Beirutoman212,4603,311,64012.8Muscat Palestine [20] 345419,1081214.8Jerusalem EastQatar11,437928,63569.4Doha [21] 9,250792,60483.9Nicosia185,18019,747,58692.6Damascus [22] 756,76871,892,80776.5Ankara82,8804,621,39929.5Abu Dhabi527,97023,013,37635.4asan9asan9asan9asan9asan9asan9asan9aSana2,3006,198,67757.5ammanTotal43,810,5824,050,404,19389.07 Asia is the widest and well-known regional or continent, depending on what are the restrictions.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

Traditionally the boundary is part of the continental mass that sprawls from Africa — Eurasia is located in the mouth of the Suez Canal, the Ural mountains and south of the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

About 60% of the world's population lives in Asia, where 2% of them occupy the northern part and half of the interior such as (Siberia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, western part of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan); of which 98% live diseparo the rest.


Question: What is the area of the Asian continent?

Asian

References


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Media perfection theory (English: Media Richness Theory, abbreviated MRT) is a framework used to describe the ability of communication media to reproduce information.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

The theory was introduced by Richard L. Daft and Robert H. Lengel in 1986 as an expansion of Social Information Processing Theory. [1]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

MRT is used to rank and evaluate the perfection of certain communication media, such as telephone, video conferencing, and electronic mail.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

For example, phones cannot reproduce social cues that are visual such as gestures so this medium is less perfect than videoconferencing which allows transmission of motion and body language.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Based on contingency theory and information processing theory, MRT explains that more complete personal communication media are usually more effective at communicating more ambiguous things than other less complete media.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Background Theory of media perfection was introduced in 1986 by Richard L. Daft and Robert H. Lengel. [1]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Referring to information processing theory as a theoretical foundation, MRT was originally developed to describe and evaluate communication media used in organizations.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

In presenting a theory of media perfection, Daft and Lengel seek to help organizations overcome communication challenges, such as vague and confusing messages, or conflicting interpretations of messages. [1]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Other communication experts have tested this theory to develop it, and more recently the theory of media perfection has been adapted by adding new communication media such as video and online conferencing.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Although media perfection theory deals with media use, instead of media choice, empirical studies of this theory often study what medium a manager would choose to communicate, and not the effects of that media use. [2]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Since its introduction, the theory of media perfection has been applied to contexts beyond organizational and business communication.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Information Perfection Theory is defined by Daft and Lengel as “the ability of information to change understanding in a given time interval” [1] Media perfection theory states that all media have varying abilities to allow users to communicate and transform understanding.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

This level of ability is known as the 'perfection' of the medium. [3]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

MRT places all media on a continuous scale based on their ability to communicate complex messages. [4]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Media that can efficiently address differences in reference frames of reference and clarify ambiguous issues are considered more perfect than communication media that take longer to convey understanding.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

The main reason for choosing a medium of communication for a particular message is to reduce the obscurity of the message or incorrect interpretation of the message. [3]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

If the message is less emphatic, then the message will become ambiguous and difficult to understand by the recipient of the message.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

The more obscure a message, the more cues and data it takes to interpret it correctly.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

For example, a simple message created to set the time and place of a meeting can be communicated in a short email, but detailed messages such as about the results of work and expectations of one's performance would be better communicated through face-to-face interaction.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

The theory includes a framework with a range of obscurity and uncertainty from low to high.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Low vagueness and uncertainty describe well-defined situations, whereas vagueness and high uncertainty describe ambiguous events requiring clarification by managers.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Daft and Lengel also emphasize that the clarity of a message can be compromised when communication occurs between departments, given that each department could be trained to have different expertise or communication norms that conflict with each other.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Determining the perfection of media In an article about the theory of media perfection written in 1988, Daft and Lengel mentioned, “The more learning that can be obtained through media, the more perfect the medium.”


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Media perfection is a function of the following characteristics: [5] [6] Ability to handle multiple signs of information at the same time Ability to facilitate rapid feedback Ability to build personal focus Ability to utilize natural language Choosing the right medium Media perfection theory predicts that managers will choose a mode of communication based on the clarity of a message with the richness of a medium.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

In other words, the communication channel will be selected based on its communicative level.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

However, often other factors affect, such as the resources available to the communicator.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Daft and Lengel predict that managers will concentrate more on task efficiency (achieving communication goals as efficiently as possible) and not consider other factors, such as developing and maintaining relationships. [7]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Later researchers have also shown that attitudes toward a medium may not be able to predict their likelihood of use, given that not everyone uses a medium based on personal choice.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

If organizational norms and resources support one type of media, it will be difficult for a manager to choose another form of media to communicate his message. [8]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Social presence refers to the degree to which a medium allows a communicator to feel the presence of an interlocutor psychologically or the degree to which the medium can indicate the presence of actual communication participants.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Tasks involving interpersonal skills, such as resolving dissent or negotiating, demand a high social presence; other is the case with routine information-exchange tasks that do not so require social presence.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Therefore, face-to-face media such as group meetings are more appropriate for tasks that require high social attendance; whereas electronic mail or mail is more appropriate for tasks requiring low social presence. [9]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Another model that deals with the theory of media perfection as an alternative, specifically in choosing the right media, is the social influence model.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

How we perceive media, in this case to decide on the scale of media perfection, depends on the “perception of socially created media characteristics,” reflecting social forces and norms and their context. [10]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Each organization has different goals and missions.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Thus, with different organizational cultures and environments, the way each organization perceives a media is also not the same, as is how each organization uses and measures the perfection of a medium.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

The communicator also considers how personal the nature of a message is to determine the appropriate medium to communicate.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

In general, richer media is considered more personal because it involves verbal and nonverbal cues, body language, tone of voice, and gestures that signal a person's reaction to a message.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Rich media can create a closer relationship between a manager and a subordinate.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

The sentiment of a message can also have an influence on the chosen medium.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Managers may wish to convey negative messages directly or through richer media, even though the message is quite clear, to facilitate better relationships with subordinates.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

On the other hand, conveying negative messages to less wealthy media will avoid the communicator from guilt and also the reaction of the recipient of the message. [7]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

With changing business models that allow employees to work outside the office, organizations should reconsider this type of face-to-face communication.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Furthermore, concerns for poor channels should be brushed aside.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

In the current context, managers must decide which media should be used through trial and error, for example comparisons between employees working in offices with those working outside the office.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Business today can be done on a global scale.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

For the sake of saving and reducing travel time, organizations must adopt new types of communication media in order to stay abreast of the development of business functions in modern times.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Concurrency In April of 1993, Valacich et al. Suggesting concurrency is included as an additional characteristic to determine the richness of a medium.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

They define environmental concurrency to represent “the communication capacity of the environment to support different communication episodes without prejudice to other episodes that may occur simultaneously between the same or different individuals.” [11] Further, they explain though the idea of This concurrency can be applied to the media described in Daft and Lengel theory, new media provides a greater chance of concurrency than before.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Industrial Applications Organizational and business Communications Theory of media perfection was originally conceived with the context of organizational communication to better understand interactions within the enterprise.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

MRT is used to determine the “best” medium for an individual or organization to communicate. [12]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

For example, organizations may know that important decisions must be discussed in face-to-face interactions; where email use would be inadequate. [13]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

From an organizational perspective, policyholders may need oral media to help solve problems, whereas employees whose duties are quite clear, simply use written media forms only.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Nonetheless, from an individual perspective, people prefer oral forms of communication due to the presence of communication cues that allow for more accurate and efficient interpretation of messages.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Organizational information processing perspectives also highlight the important role of communication.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

This perspective suggests that organizations collect information from the environment, process that information, and then follow up on it.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Organizational communication increases when environmental complexity, turbulence, and information burdens increase.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Organizational effectiveness in processing information becomes very important when the business environment is more complex and ever-changing.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Today, the company uses technologies such as video conferencing that allow participants to see each other even when in different locations.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

This technology enables organizations to perform communication better than traditional conference phones that only offer audio cues to engaged participants.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Daft and Lengel's media and performance sensitivities also assert that not all executives or managers within organizations have the same ability in selecting effective media to communicate.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Higher-performing executives or managers tend to be more “sensitive” to the wealth of media required than managers with lower performance.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

In other words, competent executives chose richer media for non-routine messages and so did vice versa. [14]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

From a consensus and satisfaction view, groups with communication media that are too lean for their tasks seem to experience more difficulties than groups with communication media that are too rich for their tasks. [15]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

In addition, groups more often face-to-face achieve higher consensus changes, higher decision satisfaction, and higher satisfaction scheme decisions.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Job exchange and recruitment In the context of job recruitment, face-to-face interaction with company representatives, such as on a job exchange, should be perceived by applicants as a rich medium.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Job exchanges allow instant feedback in the form of questions and answers, as well as the use of communication cues such as verbal messages and body language tailored to the interests and questions of the job seeker.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

By comparison, stasis messages such as reading information on company websites or electronic noticeboards can be defined as leaner media because the information is not tailored to the needs of job seekers, the feedback does not occur directly; and because The form of writing, does not involve tone of voice or body language.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Interactions between job seekers and employers affect how candidates process information regarding the organization.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Candidate interactions with companies through rich media as well as poor media can shape jobseekers' beliefs. [16]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Some companies have begun using livelier tools to answer questions about job recruitment such as video, animation and virtual agencies.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

More interactive elements such as the use of a United States Army virtual agent, Sergeant Starr, have been shown to improve information transfer for ambiguous or complex messages such as corporate value or mission. [17]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Virtual and teleworking teams Many organizations have employees spread over different time zones.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

To facilitate productive cooperation and team dynamics, organizations can utilize communication and coworking technologies.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Workman, Kahnweiler, and Bommer (2003) found that ideally teleworking uses a variety of media types, from poor to rich, where workers can choose the medium best suited to their tasks and workings. [18]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Furthermore, different jobs may require different media types as well.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

More concrete and structured jobs such as planning, administration or operations may be better suited to poor media choices, while more software design and development jobs have uncertainty or types of jobs that require more negotiation demanded the use of richer media channels. [18]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

A study of virtual team dynamics in 2009 showed that richer media use in virtual work environments can reduce time-wasting habits or the likelihood of the onset of feelings of being unappreciated by individually contributing group members. [19]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Online shopping The perceived wealth of an online store should be considered when analyzing online buying and selling content.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Experience gained online, revenue, as well as consumer confidence in online stores have a significant positive effect on consumers' intentions to make purchases online.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

The experience consumers get while online has a significant positive effect on the perceived wealth of the online store, whereas the perceived risks associated with using online stores have a significant negative effect on consumer confidence in online stores.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

According to media perfection theory, an online store will be more efficient for tasks that can be analyzed whereas a physical store is more efficient for tasks that cannot be analyzed.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

This knowledge will enable companies to efficiently adapt to how to use online stores and how to use multi-channel strategies to better meet consumer needs.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Therefore, online stores need to understand the nature of consumer tasks in the shopping process and how consumers perceive the wealth of an online store. [20]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

In other words, companies must decide on the effectiveness of the arrangement of channels with different levels of wealth that help consumers to search for and purchase goods. [21]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Media Instant messaging and SMS Media Perfection theory implies that the sender of a message must choose a medium with the right wealth to communicate the desired message or fulfill a particular task. [5]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Message senders using less wealthy communication media should consider the limitations of that medium in terms of feedback, gesture, message adaptation, and emotion.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

For example, determining whether an SMS is pitched seriously or sarcastically is relatively difficult. [22]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Poor a negates the transmission of tone and facial expressiveness which is useful in detecting sarcasm.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

However, results from a study conducted by Anandarajam et al. on the use of instant messaging by Generation Y concluded that “the more users perceive instant messaging as a rich communication medium, the more likely they are to believe the medium is useful for socializing”. [23]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Although Generation Y regards texting as a rich medium, evidence suggests that accessible and non-intrusive media (such as texting and Twitter) are more often used to share positive events than negative, and richer and intrusive media (such as telephones) more often used to share negative rather than positive events. [24]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Furthermore, to better understand the use of MSN (then called Microsoft Messsenger service) by teenagers, Sheer examined the effects of media richness and communication control.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Among other findings, this Sheer study suggests that “rich features, such as web cameras and MSN Spaces seem to facilitate an increase in the number of acquaintances, new friends, friends of the opposite sex, and, thus, the total number of friends. “[25]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Electronic mail In recent years, as people's knowledge increases towards the use of electronic mail the line between face-to-face communication and electronic messaging has become blurred.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Electronic messaging is now considered a verbal tool because it allows for quick feedback, use of natural language, and emotion through acronyms and emoticons.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

However, electronic messages also have a drawback: volume overload.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

E-mail often contains large amounts of non-work-related information or spam.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

This' garbage 'filtering can be time-consuming.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Time spent while managing electronic mail may result in information overload.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

With an excess of electronic mail, people may find themselves out of information from the huge amount of content they receive.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

This can be a barrier for individuals to deliver a response more quickly. [26]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Electronic mail has the capacity to transmit more informational content than other channels such as voicemail. [27]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Nonetheless, perceptions of E-mail as a rich platform also vary. [28]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

These different perceptions contribute to how these channels are used.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

For some users, the choice of content will be different.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

They will probably use pictures or video when they consider electronic mail to be a rich channel, where the rest might just utilize text.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

This perception also influences the choice of linguistic features.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Users who view electronic mail as a channel similar to a spoken channel will type in a different way than those who view email as a written channel. [29]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Video conferencing Video conferencing software has been used not only by virtual teams in large companies, but also in classrooms and casual conversations.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Software or Video Conferencing Systems (VCS) such as Skype and Google Hangouts allow visual cues to compare audio conversations.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Research shows that VCS is the midpoint between phone use and face-to-face meetings in terms of media wealth. [30]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Although videoconferencing does not have the same richness as face-to-face conversations, a study regarding videoconferencing has posited that richer types of content presentations are positively correlated to higher levels of concentration but show mixed results when correlated with perceived benefits. [31]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Distance education and e-books In evaluating student satisfaction with distance courses, Sheppherd and Martz concluded that the use of technology with richer media influences how students evaluate course quality.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Courses that use tools such as “discussion forums, document sharing features, and video broadcasts” are seen as more favourable. [32]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Lai and Chang in 2011 used media richness as their research variable to examine users' attitudes towards e-books, stating that the use of rich media content such as hyperlinks and other multimedia, offers a different reading experience than printed books. [33 ]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Further research by Lan and Sie (2010), on text-based communication channel categories, found that there were significant differences that should help instructors determine technology choices. [34]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Lan and Sie studied the use of SMS, email and RSS; and found that SMS was better suited for fast delivery, email enabled a greater wealth of content, and RSS was the ideal format for content presentation on mobile devices.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

E-books and e-learning are becoming useful tools in the academic world.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

One of the key characteristics of e-learning is the ability to integrate various media, such as text, images, audio, animation and video to create multimedia learning materials. [35]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Media selection in e-learning is important because of the ever-increasing cost of developing non-textual e-learning materials.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Learners can benefit from richer media use on courses that contain ambiguous and complex content, as well as vice versa. [36]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Community engagement Media used online has also been shown to stimulate community engagement.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Utilizing the Internet to facilitate community deliberation has proven to be a successful and cost-effective way to engage the public in large numbers. [37]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Research has shown that mixed modality media (both rich and poor) can be useful in education and community engagement. [37]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Through new social networks and various online platforms, the media opens up opportunities for “greater visibility and community building potential over the past 'ephemeral' civic cultural practices.” [38] The explosion of creativity on the internet can be connected to formal institutions such as government and education to enable a broader base of participation, leading to strong engagement from citizens and gaining access to broader sources of knowledge and insight.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

An example of Indonesia Media Perfection Theory when viewed from its application in office life in Indonesia, it can be seen that managers still prefer face-to-face media to provide important information.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

It is in accordance stated by Daft & Lengel that face-to-face media remains the most rich medium because it involves both verbal and nonverbal language all at once. [1]


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

But with regard to the emergence of new media, Indonesians are not able to escape technology.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Face-to-face culture, although still the most rich, now no longer has to be inside the same temoat.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Technology can penetrate space and time.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

The culture of communication conducted in recent times has become mediated face-to-face communication with the help of information and communication technology.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Verbal language can be replaced with emojis or symbols so even easier interpretation of their meaning.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

The culture of the Indonesian people also evolved following technology.


Question: who was the initiator of the Theory of Media Perfection?

Theory of media perfection

Because it is realized or not, society is widely influenced by electronic media.