Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

It is also not clear whether this prohibition on the discussion of “sensitive issues” also applies to the ban itself.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

However, this law was still passed. [109]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

The Homeland Safety Act (Deed of Homeland Safety) which gives the government the power to arrest anyone deemed to be a danger to national safety for an indefinite period of time without legal review was also amended in 1971 by emphasizing the “ maintenance of harmony between people”. [111]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

These changes gained vehement opposition and opposition parties and abroad.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

When the first draft amendment was announced, Britain alleged that this change would “maintain the feudal system that dominates Malay society” by “giving this institution of constitutional monarchy great blocking powers”.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

The censorship of these sensitive issues is stamped in opposition to Tun Abdul Razak's call calling for “the full realization of sensitive issues must no longer be hidden in the carpet... “[112]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Some critics argue that Article 153 is nothing more than a “paper rice bowl” and does not even grant the Orang Asli and other aboriginal tribes special Malay rights. [113]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Another important policy enslavement has to do with the field of education.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

In 1970, the Malaysian government determined that Malay replaced English as the language of introduction in primary school, secondary school, and college education.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Although government financing of Chinese and Tamil education continues, many non-Malays consider this new policy to be the “most discriminatory”.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

The reason for the government is that this change will give Malays the opportunity to get better education.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

In addition, this policy is also expected to unite school students and maintain harmony among the people and indirectly emphasize “Malaysian state”. [105]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

In the same year, the National Cultural Policy (Basis of Kebudaya Kebangsaan) was announced.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Syed Nasir Ismail explained that this government policy aims to create a “Bumiputera Muslim identity” (Kebumiputraan Islamic identity) for all Malaysians. [114]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

In essence, the purpose of this National Cultural Policy is to assimilate the incomers (Chinese and Tamil) into the indigenous identity of Malaysia.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Despite the strong hatching from the Chinese, the Malaysian government refused to withdraw the National Cultural Policy. [115]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

To strengthen national unity, Malaysia's national ideology, Rukunegara, was introduced.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Politics and Malay Domination The old Perikatan Party model, in which each person was represented by a single party was abandoned with the formation of Barisan Nasional (BN) in 1974.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Several previous opposition parties, including the Movement, PPP, and PAS, merged into the UMNO-led BN.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Although MCA and MIC were included in BN, the influence of these two parties decreased due to the participation of other non-Malay parties in the coalition.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

In 1977, PAS was excluded from the coalition and UMNO became the sole Malay party representative in BN, although there were non-Malay parties that also represented Malay interests. [116]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Following the expenditure of PAS, PAS took a different approach to Malay special rights, condemning the New Economic Policy of discriminating against others as well as unIslamic. [117]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

In 1974, Mahathir was appointed Menterti in the Cabinet of Tun Razak.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

He became Deputy Prime Minister two years thereafter under Tun Hussein Onn who continued the post of Prime Minister after the sudden death of Tun Razak. [118]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

During the 1970s, when the New Economic Policy was in its prime, “Domestic Melayu” was a fact of state life accepted by most Malaysians. [118]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Manakala in the period from 1957 to 1969 “Malay Domination” was dammed by “interethnic bargaining” in the Perikatan Party government, since the May 13 Incident, many political experts viewed that the political environment had changed to be dominated by Malay and UMNO “hegemony control”; [ 119] in 1970, one cabinet member declared that Malay special rights would continue to exist “hundreds of years ahead”. [120]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Tunku observed in 1977 that “it seems that the non-Bumiputerans perceive that they have become second-class citizens within this country. “[121]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

The ethnic policy of the Malaysian government continues to be based on two basic arguments of Mahathir, namely the “historical” status of Malay power over Malaya and the “special needs” of Malays. [122]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Because public discussion of these issues is criminalized, there is very little local literature that discusses Malay supremacy.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

The Ultra group suspected of exploiting the 13 May riots later managed to control Malaysia.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Razaleigh, the then Minister of Finance, was flattered as the “Father of Bumiputera Economics”. [123]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Black Moses and Mahathir, both of whom are increasingly ascending gaits in the political sphere maintain their image as part of the “ultra” group, although it is not clear whether this is intentional.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Journalist K. Das once claimed that Musa informed him that “a young Malaysian politician must play the “racialist card” in full even when none of the chauvinist bones are in his body. “[124]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

After retiring, Moses said that “national leaders tend to seek scapegoats when faced with crisis situations in desperation” and use racial tactics to fill their “empty stomachs”. [125]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first implemented in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

The UMNO Youth Movement in particular kept this “ultra” image since the 1960s. One of its deputy chairmen said that “UMNO's goal is to fight for the interests of the Malay race and this must be passed on.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

We don't want any factions within UMNO. “[126]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

In 1980, Tun Hussein Onn announced that he would lay down his post to Mahathir by due to deteriorating health.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Mahathir became prime minister in 1981 with Moses Hitam as his deputy.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Mahathir Administration Affirmative Action and Chinese protests The affirmative policies of the New Economic Policy continued under Mahathir's administration.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Political experts regard his rule as a continuation of the “hegemony control” of Malaysian politics by the Malays and UMNO in particular. [119]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

At this time, Mahathir focused on consolidating his power within UMNO and government. [127]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

As a result, there was very little direct confrontation between Malays and non-Malays regarding Ketuanan Malays.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

In 1981, MCA conducted an evaluation of the New Economic Policy and other government policies through the Chinese point of view.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

The results of this evaluation showed several problems, namely the suspicion that the citizenship status of Malaysian Chinese was not appreciated, and claimed that the New Economic Policy's goal of abolishing race identification based on economic functions had been abolished. [128]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

In addition, it was argued that non-Malays were not proportionally represented in Parliament and cabinet due to manipulation of electoral district areas (gerrymandering).


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Most Malay-dominated rural electoral areas exceed heterogeneous urban electoral areas, although the population of urban electoral areas exceeds the population of rural electoral areas. [129]


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Although the MCA issued this report, UMNO avoided direct controversy with the MCA on this issue.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Tensions began to emerge after the Malaysian General Election of 1986, when UMNO managed to gain a majority of Parliamentary seats, allowing UMNO to form a government on its own without coming into coalition with other parties.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Some UMNO leaders seriously discussed the possibility of a government without this coalition.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

One such leader, Abdullah Ahmad, publicly supported Malay supremacy permanently and downgraded the status of non-Malays as second-class citizens.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

These calls were ultimately unharmed and the Barisan Nasional coalition government continued.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

However, some UMNO officials commemorate non-Malay parties not to “play with fire” by questioning issues such as the special rights of the Malays (Rights of the Orang Malays).


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

In the UMNO General Assembly that year, Mahathir stated: “We do not expect to steal the rights of others.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

But let no one else steal our rights.”


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

When parliament convened, the DAP began calling for its objections regarding the division of Malaysians into “first-class and second-class citizens”.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

In reply, some UMNO MPs began to mention non-Malays as foreign arrivals in parliament.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

When DAP tried to search economic distribution among people to evaluate the progress of the New Economic Policy, the parliamentary regulations (Majlis Mesyuarat Regulations) were amended to prohibit such searches.


Question: When was the concept of Malay first applied in Indonesia?

Ketuanan Malay

Source Category:Law in Malaysia Category:Ethnocentrism Category:Discrimination in Malaysia


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (Spanish: Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, FMLN) was a political party in El Salvador that was formerly an organization of revolutionary guerrillas.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

In 1980 the FMLN was formed as an umbrella group of four left-wing guerrillas organizations and the Communist Party of El Salvador to combat the government of El Salvador.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

After the signing of the peaceful consent in 1992, all armed units of the FMLN were demobilized and their organization became a legal political party.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The FMLN is now one of the country's two main political parties.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The pre-historical FMLN FMLN is named after the rebel leader Farabundo Martí, who led laborers and peasants in an uprising to transform El Salvador's society after the devastation caused by the eruption of the Izalco volcano in 1932.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

In response, the military regime led by General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, who seized power in a coup in 1931, carried out an effective but brutal counter-insurgency campaign.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The campaign, known as “La Matanza” (=massacre), led to the death of some 30,000 people accused of supporting the rebellion.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Many of these killed were farmers and members of various groups of indigenous peoples inhabiting El Salvador.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Many innocent civilians died killed.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The Communist Party of El Salvador the Communist Party of El Salvador was formed in the 1930s. One of its main leaders was Farabundo Martí.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Some of its leaders later in life include Cayetano Carpio and Schafik Handal.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

From the 1950s to the 1970s, the Communist Party of El Salvador opposed armed struggle and was primarily involved in legal general elections and labor union organizing.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

After the Cuban revolution in 1959, and with increasing radicalization in the 1960s, some people in El Salvador's Communist Party neighborhood began advocating armed struggle to overthrow El Salvador's military dictators.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Eventually they had to leave the Communist Party to start an armed struggle.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

People's Liberation Forces “Farabundo Marti” In 1970, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of El Salvador, Cayetano Carpio, quit the Communist Party to form a new organization to wage an armed struggle to overthrow the military dictatorship.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The new organization became the People's Liberation Forces “Farabundo Marti” (Spanish: Fuerzas Populares de Liberación “Farabundo Martí”, also known by its abbreviation, FPL).


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Throughout the 1970s FPL grew and became the largest and most influential organization of El Salvador's leftist groups.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

In the 1970s many other revolutionary organizations were also formed.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The other three eventually became part of the FMLN in 1980 together with the FPL and the Communist Party.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

They were the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People's Revolutionary Forces - ERP), the Resistencia Nacional (National Resistance Armed Forces - RN), and the Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores Centroamericanos (Revolutionary Labor Party of Central America - PRTC).


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP) ERP formed in 1972.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The main leader of the ERP was Joaquín Villalobos.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

They were based primarily in Morazán with an almost entirely centralized perspective on the military aspect of this struggle, and paid less attention to the political organizing aspect.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Resistencia Nacional (RN) RN was formed in 1975 as a fraction of the ERP.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The RN was formed by people who left the ERP after the ERP leadership killed members of a group within their own organization that advocated more mass orientation, as opposed to the militaristic orientation that the ERP had at the time.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The group killed included El Salvador's famous poet, Roque Dalton.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The RN put into practice the policies that Dalton and his thought-provoking colleagues had advocated, which put more priority to sectoral organizing among the masses of the people (among labor unions, student organizations, etc.).


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The RN is mainly based in Morazán.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores Centroamericanos (PRTC) PRTC is part of an organization throughout Central America advocating regional revolution instead of revolution in country after country.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The PRTC left their Central American-scaled organization when they joined the FMLN.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Civil War and the rise of the FMLN On December 17, 1979, in a time of national crisis, the three dominant organizations (FPL, RN and PCS) of the leftist groups of El Salvador formed the Coordinadora Político-Militar (Political-Military Coordinator).


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The first manifesto of the CPM was published on 10 January 1980, and the next day the Coordinadora Revolucionaria de Masas formed as a unity of revolutionary mass organizations.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The CRM later merged with the Frente Democrático Salvadoreño (Front for Democracy of El Salvador) to form the Frente Democrático Revolucionario (Front for Revolutionary Democracy).


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

There have been allegations that the unification of the five organizations that make up the FMLN was partly thanks to the services of Fidel Castro of Cuba, who helped negotiations between these groups in Havana in December 1979.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

While these five groups call themselves fighters and socialists, they have serious ideological and practical differences, and among some of these groups there have been some serious conflicts, and even bloodshed in the 1970s. On 22 May 1980 the success of the negotiations resulted in unification among the main guerrillas forces under one flag.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The Unified Revolutionary Leadership (Dirección Revolucionaria Unificada) was formed by FPL, RN, ERP and PCS.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The DRU consists of three members of the Political Commission from each of these organizations.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The DRU manifesto stated, “There is only one leadership, one military plan and only one command, one political line.”


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Despite continued infighting, the DRU managed to coordinate the efforts of this group and equip its forces.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

On 10 October 1980 four organizations formed the Frente Farabundo Martí de Liberación Nacional (FMLN).


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

In December of the same year, the El Salvadoran branch of the Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores Centroamericanos broke away from its central organization and affiliated with the FMLN.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

So, the following organizations formed the FMLN (registered by magnitude at the time of the signing of the peace accord in 1992): Fuerzas Populares de Liberación “Farabundo Martí” Partido Comunista de El Salvador, armed wing Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Partido de la Revolución Salvadoreña, armed wing of Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (El Salvador) Fuerzas Armadas de la Resistencia Nacional Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores Centroamericanos, armed wing Ejército Revolucionario de los Trabajadores Centroamericanos moments of armed struggle included: Juventud Farabundista (FPL) Juventud Comunista Salvadoreña (PCS) Juventud Revolucionaria (PRS) Jóvenes en Resistencia (RN) Juventud los Muchachos (PRTC) FMLN in armed struggle After the formation of the FMLN, they organized the first major military offensive them on 10 January 1981.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

At this overture, the FMLN established operating control over most areas of the Morazán and Chalatenango Departments, which in general remained under the rule of the guerrillas until the end of the civil war.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The fighters consisted of children to elderly people, both male and female, and most of them trained in FMLN camps in the mountains and forests of El Salvador to learn military techniques.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The FMLN's largest other attack was carried out in November 1989.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

In that attack the FMLN managed to surprise the government and military of El Salvador by seizing power in most areas of the Country and even entering the capital city of San Salvador.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

In San Salvador the FMLN immediately took control of many poor neighborhoods until the military disseminated their positions — including policing the civilian population — to expel the FMLN guerrillas.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

One of the most famous battles in San Salvador took place at the Sheraton Hotel, where guerrillas and government soldiers fought floor-to-floor that hotel.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The FMLN attack in November 1989 was unsuccessful in achieving its goal which was to overthrow the government.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

But many analysts point out that the FMLN's exhibition of strength in that 1989 offensive was to be the turning point of this war, when it became clear that the government would not be able to defeat the FMLN militarily.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Shortly after the November 1989 attacks, the U.S. government began supporting a negotiated solution to this civil war, while until then they had pursued a military policy to defeat the FMLN.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Because the U.S. government is the main funding supporter of El Salvador's government and military, they have considerable influence on the course of events there.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Thus, when the U.S. began advocating negotiations rather than military solutions, a peace treaty between the FMLN and the El Salvadoran administration was reached in a relatively short period of time in 1992.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

After the peace agreement: the participation of the FMLN in the JMPL|left|Schafik Handal elections submitted a declaration of solidarity to the Venezuelan Ambassador After the achievement of the ceasefire through the 1992 Chapultepec Peaceful Approval, the FMLN became a legal political party.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The FMLN has taken part in general elections in 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2003, 2004, and 2006.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The 1994, 1999, and 2004 elections were to elect a president.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The elections of 1994, 1997, 2000, 2003 and 2006 were for seats in parliament, mayoral and munisipal councilors. jmpl|175px|ka|A general meeting of the FMLN together with Shafik in Jiquilisco, prior to the presidential election in 2004 the current FMLN, together with ARENA, was one of two political parties that dominant in El Salvador.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Since 2000, the FMLN has alternated with ARENA controlling the most seats in the Legislative Council.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The FMLN has controlled the mayoral seats in many major cities in El Salvador since 1997, including the capital city of San Salvador and its neighboring city Santa Tecla.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The current FMLN mayor for San Salvador is Violeta Menjivar, the first female mayor in San Salvador, who was elected with a slim victory in 2006.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The FMLN mayor for Santa Tecla is Oscar Ortiz, who has served since 2000.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

In the legislative elections, held on 16 March 2003, the FMLN won 34.0% of the electorate vote and 31 out of 84 seats in the Legislative Council of El Salvador, and became the political party with the most councillors.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The FMLN candidate in the March 21, 2004 presidential election, Schafik Jorge Handal, obtained 35.6% of the vote, but was defeated by Antonio Elías “Tony” Saca of the Nationalist Republican Alliance.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

In the 12 March 2006 legislative elections the FMLN gained 39.7% of all votes and 32 out of 84 council seats.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The FMLN also maintains mayoral seats in El Salvador's largest cities, San Salvador and Santa Tecla, as well as hundreds of other municipalities across the nation.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Post-war splits and internal changes After the end of the civil war in 1992, the FMLN became a legal political party.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

At the end of the war, the FMLN still consisted of five political parties — FPL, CP, ERP, RN, PRTC — each maintaining its own organizational structure.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

During the civil war and continued in the post-war period, people did not immediately join FMLN members themselves, but instead joined one of these five component groups. 1994 - The split of ERP and RN leaders After the end of the war, it was clear that there was a split- serious divisions within the FMLN, parts of which have existed since the war were still ongoing but hidden from the general eye.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

What particularly became clear between 1992 and 1994 was that the leaders of the ERP and the RN had a number of disagreements with the leaders of the other parties.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Not after the 1994 Legislative Council elections, the leaders of the ERP and RN left the FMLN, and at least at first they took many members with them.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Leaders from this split (including FMLN commander Joaquin Villalobos of the ERP) later formed the Partido Democrata (Democratic Party), which was not long-lived.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Many ERP and RN members who came out in 1994 then re-joined the FMLN. 1995 - Dissolution of five organizations to serve as a single party After the 1994 general election and the 1994 split, momentum grew to unite the FMLN into a single organization, without internal parties separate ones.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

In 1995, the five parties that had previously formed the FMLN dissolved themselves.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

It was during this time that the FPL, CP, ERP, RN and PRTC disbanded, and what remained was the unified FMLN.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

People can directly become members of the FMLN instead of voting for one of its five component parties.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

While this decision dissolved the parallel organizational structures within the FMLN, allegiances following organizational lines still remain strong, some even still discernible today.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Split Renovadores In the 1999 presidential election, the FMLN nominated Facundo Guardado as their candidate.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

This was a controversial decision and many in the FMLN did not support Guardado, as they believed that his politics were shifting to the right.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Out of these internatl conflicts, arose two organized tendencies within the FMLN - the Renovadores and the Coriente Revolucionario y Socialista (Revolutionary Socialist Current).


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The two main leaders of the CRS were the figures of FMLN histories leaders Schafik Handal and Salvador Sanchez Ceren.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The main leader of the Renovadores was Facundo Guardado.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

As a charismatic former FPL commander, Guardado has a support base within the FMLN.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

He criticized the historical leadership and considered it too communist and called for a renewed ideology.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The CRS criticized Guardado for advocating social democratic politics and for not clearly opposing neoliberalism.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

After several years of internal upheaval, during which the Revolutionary Socialist Current won most of the internal elections in this organization, Guardado became more frustrated, attacking FMLN leaders he disagreed with, and committing actions that were opposite decisions- decisions that have been taken by the party.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Eventually he was fired and some of his supporters left the FMLN.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Guardado attempted to form the Renovadores as his own political party, but they gained very little support in the 2003 election and subsequently dispersed.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

After the split between the Renovadores vs. the Revolutionary Socialist Current, the FMLN leadership decided to stop the organized internal tendencies and since then nothing has happened. 2005 - FDR split In 2004 and 2005, the FMLN suffered another split.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Five members of the Legislative Council from the FMLN, along with a number of their supporters, left the FMLN to form a new political party, the Revolutionary Democratic Front (Spanish: Frente Democratico Revolucionario).


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Some of the main leaders of this split were Ileana Rogel and Francisco Jovel.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

The people who came out to form FDR chose this name because it still had something to do with the revolutionary movement of El Salvador; an organization with the same name was formed under the leadership of the FMLN in the time of the civil war to unite the parties and the persons who did political jobs were legal in the time of the civil war.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Contrary to the previous split of the FMLN which openly declared that they were ideologically in the 'middle' or 'left-of-center' or no longer declared itself 'revolutionary', the people who broke away to form FDR claimed themselves still as part of revolutionary legacy of the FMLN.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

In the 2006 elections, none of FDR's candidates won office, except for Nejapa's defending mayor, Rene Canjura.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Canjura was a popular FMLN mayor of the Nejapa Municipality for three consecutive periods, and therefore under FMLN statutes, was not eligible to run for the next fourth period.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Because of this he left the FMLN and managed to win in 2006 as the FDR candidate.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

Other than him, none of FDR's candidates were in the 2006 election.


Question: Who was the founder of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front?

See also History of El Salvador Civil War El Salvador Ana Maria Cayetano Carpio Roque Dalton Schafik Handal Ferman Cienfuegos Roberto Roca Leonel Gonzales Joaquín Villalobos Outlinks (in Spanish) (in Spanish) (in Spanish) Liberation Front Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front Farabundo Marti National


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Indonesian film has a long history and was a king in its own country in the 1980s, when Indonesian film recreated local cinemas.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Famous films at the time include, Note the Boy, Blok M and many other films.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Famous young stars at the time include Onky Alexander, Meriam Bellina, Lydia Kandou, Nike Ardilla, Paramitha Rusady, Desy Ratnasari.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

In those years the Indonesian Film Festival was still held every year to give awards to Indonesian film people at that time.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

But for one reason or another Indonesian film grew increasingly in the 90s which made almost all Indonesian films dwell in themes that are specifically adults.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

At that time Indonesian film was no longer hosted in its own country.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Films from Hollywood and Hong Kong have usurped the position.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

It lasted until the beginning of the new century, appeared the film Adventure Sherina played by Sherina Munaf, a little singer full of Indonesian talent.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

The film is actually a movie musical reserved to children.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Riri Riza and Mira Lesmana who were behind the scenes managed to make the film a milestone for the revival of Indonesian cinema.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Long queues at theaters for a month further signify the film's commercial success.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

After that, other films appear with different segments that are also commercially successful, for example Jelangkung film which is a milestone trend of teen horror films that also perched in theaters in Indonesia for quite a long time.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Other than that there's still the movie What's with Love? which released the figures of Dian Sastrowardoyo and Nicholas Saputra to the movie scene which is a teen romance film.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Since then various films with a similar theme to the film Adventure Sherina (played by Derbi Romero, Sherina Munaf), which is similar to Jelangkung (Di Sini Ada Satan, Tusuk Jelangkung), and also teen romance like Let Bintang Menari, Eiffel I'm in Love.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

There are also some films with somewhat different themes such as Arisan! by Nia Dinata.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

In addition to commercial films, there are also many non-commercial films that managed to win awards everywhere entitled Pasir Berbisik featuring Dian Sastrowardoyo with Christine Hakim and Didi Petet.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Apart from that there are also films played by Christine Hakim such as Leaves on a Pillow which tells about the life of a street child.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

The other Garin Nugroho films, such as I Want to Kiss You Once, there is also a movie Marsinah which is full of controversy because it is lifted from the true story.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

In addition, there are also films such as Beth, Novel without the letter R, Kwaliteit 2 which participated in enlivening the revival of Indonesian film.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

The Indonesian Film Festival was also held again in 2004 after a 12-year vacuum.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Today it can be said that the Indonesian film world is writhing waking up.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Indonesians began to consider Indonesian films as a choice in addition to Hollywood films.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Although the variety of the film genre is still very limited, but the direction to go there has been seen.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

The history of the period 1900 - 1942 The early era of Indonesian film began with the establishment of the first cinema in Indonesia on December 5, 1900 in Tanah Abang area, Batavia under the name Idoep Fig which premiered various silent films.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

The first film made for the first time in Indonesia was a 1926 silent film titled Loetoeng Kasaroeng and made by Dutch directors G. Kruger and L. Heuveldorp.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

When the film was made and released, the country of Indonesia did not exist and is still the Dutch East Indies, a colony of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

The film was made with support by local actors by the Jawa Film Company NV in Bandung and appeared the first time on 31 December, 1926 at the Elite and Majestic theatres, Bandung.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

After the Dutch director produced local films, next came the Wong brothers who were hijras from the Shanghai film industry.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Originally only Nelson Wong came and directed Lily van Java (1928) at the South Sea Film Co. Later his two younger brothers Joshua and Otniel Wong followed and founded the company Halimoen Film.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Since 1931, local filmmakers began making talking films.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

The first experiment was conducted by The Teng Chun in the inaugural film Boenga Roos from Tcikembang (1931) but the result was very bad.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Some other films at the time include the first talking film made by Halimoen Film, namely Indonesia Malaise (1931).


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

In early 1934, Albert Balink, a Dutch journalist who never went into the world of film and only studied film through readings, invited the Wong Brothers to make the film Pareh and brought in a Dutch documentary film, Manus Franken, to assist in the making of the film .


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Because of Franken's frequent background in making documentaries, so many scenes from Pareh feature the natural beauty of the Dutch East Indies.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Movies like this apparently do not have the appeal for local filmgoers because in their daily life they have often seen these images.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Balink did not give up and returned to create ANIF film company (ANIF film company building is now a PFN building, located in Jatinegara area) by being assisted by Wong brothers and an indigenous journalist named Saeroen.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Eventually they produced making the film Terang Boelan (1934) which managed to become the first local story film that received a wide welcome from the lower class audience.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Period 1942 - 1949 At this time, film production in Indonesia was used as a tool of Japanese political propaganda.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Film screenings in theaters are only restricted to the appearance of Japanese propaganda films and pre-existing Indonesian films, so it can be said that this era can be called the era of the deterioration of national film production.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

In 1942 alone, Nippon Eigha Sha, a Japanese film company operating in Indonesia, could only produce 3 films namely Pulo Inten, Bunga Semboja and 1001 Nights.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

The disappearance of private ventures in the field of film and the sheer amount of production produced by Japanese-led studios in itself narrowed the space of motion and life opportunities of artists and film employees and the formation of new stars almost non-existent.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

But those who have been born as artists cannot simply leave their profession.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

The only way out to be able to continue to develop and nurture talent and sustain life is to go on stage theatricality.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Some professional theatrical troupes from that era include Bintang Surabaya, Pancawarna and Eastern Cahaya in Java Island.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

In addition, a collection of Maya amateur skits was established, where there were several learned artists under the leadership of Usmar Ismail who later became the Father of National Film.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

The period 1950 - 1962 National Film Day is commemorated by Indonesian film members every 30 March because on precisely March 30, 1950 was the first day of shooting film Blood & Doa or Long March of Siliwangi directed by Usmar Ismail.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

This is caused because the film is considered as the first local film characterized by Indonesia.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

In addition, this film is also the first film actually directed by a native Indonesian and also produced by a film company owned by a native Indonesian called Perfini (Indonesian National Film Company) where Usmar Ismail is also noted as the founder.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

In addition in 1951 was inaugurated anyway the Metropole, the grandest and largest cinema at the time.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

In these times the number of cinemas increased rapidly and most were owned by non indigenous circles.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

In 1955, the Association of Cinema Entrepreneurs All Indonesia and Combined Cinema Entrepreneurs All Indonesia (GAPEBI), which eventually melted into Combined Cinema All Indonesia (GABSI).


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

At that time in addition to PFN owned by the state, there were two largest film companies in Indonesia, namely Perfini and Persari (headed by Djamaluddin Malik.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

The period 1962 - 1965 This era was characterized by several important events, especially concerning political aspects, such as the action of the film that was called a film that became an agent of United States imperialism, boycotts, billboards, and burning of movie theaters.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

At that time the number of cinemas decreased very drastically due to political turmoil.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

If in 1964 there were 700 theaters, in the following year, in 1965 there were only 350 theaters left.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Period 1965 - 1970 This era was affected by political turmoil caused by the events of G30S PKI which made cinema entrepreneurs had a dilemma because the circulatory mechanism of film was damaged due to the anti-imperialism movement, while the national film production was still little so that the supply for insufficient cinema.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Back then very high inflation crippled the film industry.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

These difficulties were coupled with the government's policy of holding sanering in 1966 which led to massive inflation and crippled people's purchasing power.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

At the end of this era Indonesian film was quite helped by flooding imported films so as to restore the business of cinema and also increase the animo of the public to watch which ultimately increased the number of audiences.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Period 1970 - 1991 In this time the technology of filmmaking and the era of bioscoping were advancing, although on the one hand it also experienced competition with television (TVRI).


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

In 1978 was founded Sinepleks Jakarta Theater by Indonesian entrepreneur, Sudwikatmono following the building of Studio 21 in 1987.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

As a result of the emergence of large capital cinema giants resulted in monopolies and has implications for the onset of a crisis for cinemas - small cinemas due to the number of audiences being massively absorbed by large theaters.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

In these times also arose the phenomenon of video-tape piracy.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Period 1991 - 1998 In this period Indonesian film can be said to experience a surf and only able to produce 2-3 films every year.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

In addition Indonesian films are dominated by sex-themed films that unsettle society.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

The demise of the film industry is also supported by the rapid development of private television, as well as the emergence of VCD, LD and DVD technologies that become new competitors.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Coinciding with this era was also born Law No. 8 Year 1992 on Filman which regulates the impossibility of production permit obligations which contributes to the deterioration of film production.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

The obligation that remains to be done is the registration of production that even the process can be done through letters.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Even since the Department of Lighting was dissolved, there is almost no more authority that takes care of and is responsible for the process of national film production.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

The impact turned out to be less favourable so that filmmakers no longer registered their films before they went into production thus making it difficult to obtain Indonesian film production data - both mainstream and indie - accurately.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

In this era also appeared a book about Indonesian film, namely 'Perak Layar: 90 Years of Cinema in Indonesia which was published in 1992 and peeling the stages of Indonesian film only until the period 1991.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Period 1998 - present This era is considered an era of national film renaissance.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

This revival is shown from Indonesian film conditions experiencing encouraging growth in production numbers.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

The first film to appear in this era was Cinta in a Piece of Bread by Garin Nugroho.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

After that appeared Mira Lesmana with Sherina's Adventures and Rudi Soedjarwo with What's with Love?


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

(AADC) which is successful in the market.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Until now the number of Indonesian film production continues to increase rapidly although still dominated by the themes of horror films and teen films.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

In 2005, Blitzmegaplex was present in two major cities in Indonesia, Jakarta and Bandung.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

The presence of cinemas with this new concept ended the dominance of the Cineplex held by the group of 21 that for many years dominated movie viewership.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Best Indonesian Film For a long time there have been several parties whether institutions, media or individuals who strive to classify Indonesian films of all time that deserve to be the best films based on certain categories.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

One of them is the tabloid Bintang Indonesia which at the end of 2007 tried to sort out what films can be categorized as the best Indonesian films.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

From 160 films that entered were selected 25 films that can be categorized as the best Indonesian films of all time.


Question: What is the first movie musical made in Indonesia?

Indonesian Filming

Colombia's Tjoet Nja' Dhien (1986) Naga Bonar (1986) What's Up with Love? (2001) Pursue Daku Kau I Catch (1985) The Storm Surely Passed (1977) Arisan! (2003) November 1828 (1978) Gie (2005) Taxi (1990) Mother (1986) Three Dara (1956) Si Doel Anak Betawi (1973) (My Love in) Blue Campus (1976) Doea Sign Eye (1984) Si Doel Modern Child (1976) Sherina Adventures (1999) Leaves on the Pillow (1997) Girlfriend Missed Train (1988) First Love (1973) Si Mamad (1973) Teen Bride (1971) My Love in Flats (1987) Gita Cinta from High School (1979) Eliana, Eliana (2002) Inem Sexy Waitress (1977) The films were chosen by 20 observers and film journalists namely [1]: Colombia Yan Widjaya (senior film journalist) Ilham Bintang (senior film journalist) Ipik Tanojo (Bali Post) Eric Sasono (film observer) Arya Gunawan (film observer) Noorca M. Massardi (senior film journalist) Yudhistira Massardi (Gatra) Leila S. Chudori (Tempo) Frans Sartono (Kompas) Yusuf Assidiq (Republika) Aa Sudirman (Voice Update) Taufiqurrahman (Jakarta Post)) Eri Anugerah (Media Indonesia) Sandra Kartika (Deputy Editor in Chief Tabloid Teen) Telni Rusmitantri (Cheque & Ricek) Ekky Imanjaya (Website Layarak.com) Wahan Prakasa (Movie Monthly) Orlando Jafet (Cinemags) Poernomo Gontha Ridho (Koran Tempo) Ekal Prasetya (Seka Indonesia) Reference See also List of Indonesian Film Festival Indonesian films List of Indonesian films that are blocked by Pranala outer (in English) (in English) *


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Masashi Kishimoto (本元, Kishimoto Masashi, Template:Born [1]) is a Japanese Mangaka.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Masashi Kishimoto began to develop his talent for drawing since elementary school age.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

He became a famous mangaka since his work, Naruto was a great success both in Japan itself or in other countries.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

She loved reading manga from a young age, until she showed her desire to write manga herself.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Akira Toriyama and Katsuhiro Otomo were as his main inspirations.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

In 1999 Naruto was first published in Shounen jump making Kishimoto receive the hop step award.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Masashi Kishimoto's twin brother, Seishi Kishimoto, is also a manga artist with his famous works 666 Satan (O-Parts Hunter) and Blazer Drive.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

During Naruto publishing, Kishimoto married and became a father. [2]


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Early History of Masashi Kishimoto's life was born in Katsuta, Okayama Prefecture, Japan on November 8, 1974.Kishimoto began to develop his drawing talents since sitting on the elementary stool. Kishimoto was born as twins.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Kishimoto called the creator of the famous manga series Dr.Slump and Dragon Ball, Akira Toriyama, influenced him greatly. Kishimoto also claimed that the manga and anime series titled Akira by Katsuhiro Otomo also influenced his works.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

When not yet in school he is very happy to watch Doraemon.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Friends of his age liked to draw the serial's characters and he often told his friend's drawing mistakes and pointed out how the character was supposed to be drawn.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

His hobby of drawing is getting more and more so.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

His school notebooks were filled with drawings of his work.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

So much like drawing to the point that when he healed while playing hide and seek he drew.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Doraemon as his favorite anime ended when watching the Mobile Suit Gundam series.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Begin he drew robot characters from that series.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

After that he loved Dr.Slump by Akira Toriyama.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

He drew the character of Dr.Slump and included a crayon drawing of an Arale-chan figure in a contest.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Kishimoto also liked the Shonen Jump manga series titled Kinnikuman.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

He and his brother often tried to create their own hotshot characters.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Kishimoto named his hero Wasabiman or Mustardman which he took from the name of the seasoning.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

After Dr.Slump, another of Akira Toriyama's works, the Dragon Ball anime series became an idol of Kishimoto.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

He was very obsessed with Akira Toriyama.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

At that time he began to think being a mangaka was fun and aspired to become a famous mangaka like Akira Toriyama.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

He started creating a manga titled Hiatari-kun, a story revolving around a teenage ninja that could be said to be Naruto's initial idea.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

In elementary school he didn't get the money to buy Shonen Jump magazine which cost 190 Yen at the time, but there were friends willing to make it.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

In the game info section of Shonen Jump magazine he first noticed an image similar to Akira Toriyama's scratch.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

The game titled Dragon Quest was designed by his idol mangaka.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Unfortunately Kishimoto doesn't have its own Famicom game.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Kishimoto's parents did not want to buy him and his sister, so they attempted to borrow on their friend.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Then their father finally bought Famicom and the first Dragon Quest software he owned.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

The father who was originally anti video games eventually came into play.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Entering junior high school, Kishimoto has a new hobby, which is playing baseball.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Baseball kingdom and also because the lessons are getting heavier makes him have little time or nothing to draw.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

As Kishimoto realized he was too big to draw, he saw a movie poster when he got home from school, which was the best picture he saw.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

The image he saw was an Akira anime poster by Katsuhrio Otomo.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

This reawakened his drawing spirit and attempted to draw like Otomo.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Kishimoto's scratches underwent major changes after studying Akira.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

He spent a lot of time learning and understanding Otomo's style, but to no avail.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Kishimoto realized that it was Otomo's original style and no one could emulate it.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

He eventually tried to create his own style, but it turned out to be very difficult and even barely possible.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

So began Kishimoto trying to draw like Otomo.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

In the 11th grade high school bench, Kishimoto managed to create a 31-page manga.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

He asked for his sister's opinion.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

His work was judged ugly by his sister.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Kishimoto did not accept and asked for his father's opinion.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

His work was also branded ugly by his father.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Even so Kishimoto realized that his dream of being rewarded as a beginner mangaka can be realized if he continues to work.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

After creating some manga that he rated not very good, he wondered what made other people's manga look good.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

His flurry of drawing made Kishimoto's feat shattered.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

He graduated high school with a ranking of 38th out of 39 students.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

With that value he felt he wouldn't be able to continue college.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Not being able to make a good manga and not having high achievements makes Kishimoto wonder what he will be.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Eventually Kishimoto continued his education at the art academy.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

It was during this college that he created a manga titled Karakuri which managed to attract the attention of publisher Shueisha to publish it in 1996.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Because of this work Kishimoto got the Hop Step Award, a monthly award of Shonen Jump magazine given for talented amateur mangaka.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

After graduating from college, Kishimoto worked hard making the Naruto manga which was then loaded at Akamaru Jump in August 1997.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

She later changed her story and represented Naruto in the weekly magazine Shonen Jump in 1999.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

This is the story of Naruto we know today, the story that made Kishimoto's name famous.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Kishimoto's first job was working as a manga artist Karakuri (カラク), which he sent to Shueisha in 1995.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

This earned him the Shōnen Jump Weekly “Hop Step Award” in 1996, which is given to new manga artists. [3]


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

This was followed in 1997 by a one-shot version of Naruto (NARUTO－ルト), published in Akamaru Jump Summer.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

In December 1997, Kishimoto became a Weekly Shōnen Jump artist for the first time with the serial version of Karakuri in the 1998 Weekly Shōnen Jump Nos. 4-5, but it was soon cancelled due to poor performance in reader voting.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

In September 1999, the Naruto edition version premiered at 'Shōnen Jump Weekly 1999 No. 43, and quickly became a hit.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Naruto is still ongoing, with over 60 published volumes, and has sold over 113 million copies in Japan and over 95 million copies in the United States, [4] followed by over 93 million copies worldwide (outside Japan and the United States) alongside volume 36, also being was adapted into two successful anime series.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Naruto manga has become one of Viz Media's top manga, [5] accounting for nearly 10% of all manga sales in the United States in 2006. [6]


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

The seven volumes released by Viz became the first manga to ever win a Quill Award when it received the award for “Best Graphic Novel” in 2006. [6]


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

In response to Naruto's success, Kishimoto said in Naruto Collector Winter 2007/2008 he was thrilled that audiences in America had understood and understood Ninjas.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

This suggests that American audiences have good taste.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Therefore they can accept something that was previously foreign to them. “[7]


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Two former assistants, Osamu Kajisa (Tattoo Hearts) and Yuuichi Itakura (Hand's), have also had success after they worked for Naruto. [8] [9] [10] In 2009, Kishimoto designed an additional costume for video game character Lars Alexandersson on Tekken 6, and in 2010 this character appears in Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 2 as part of a special cross-promotion. [11]


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

In 2010, Kishimoto also produced a one-shot baseball manga, Bench (ン, Benchi), as part of Jump's project “Top of the Super Legend”, the sixth one-shot manga series by renowned artist Shōnen Jump Weekly.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

For Naruto's ninth film, Road to Ninja: Naruto the Movie, Kishimoto was responsible for both story and character design. [12]


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

In order to promote the film, Kishimoto also worked at Motion Comic Naruto.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

The DVD showing scenes from the 3D manga was given to the first 1.5 million people who went and watched to the cinema. [13]


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

In connection with the promotion Naruto Kishimoto informed Tetsuya Nishio in July 2012 that the series would take more than a year and a half to end.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

However, Kishimoto admitted that it appears that his homemade manga will continue until the time frame he specifies. [14]


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

In April, 2012, it was announced that Kishimoto would publish his long-postponed one-shot version of mafia manga, Mario, in Jump Square, [15] based on RAW, 160 pages of a script he began working on before Naruto became a serial. [16]


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Throughout 2013, several one-shots of Kishimoto were seen the presence of English Debut issues in the digital magazine's Weekly Shōnen Jump, including Mario, Bench, and the original Naruto stub.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

The manga Karakuri one-shot (1996; Wins the Hop Step Award, published in Hop Step Award Selection 18 ('95~'96) (1996), Akamaru Jump Winter (1997), and Naruto: The Official Premium Fanbook (2009) Naruto one-shot (1997; published in Akamaru Jump Summer (1997) and Naruto: The Official Fanbook (2002 ) Karakuri (December 21, 1997; its debut and canceled term on Shōnen Jump Weekly 1998 No. 4-5) Naruto (September 21, 1999 — present; became a serial in Shōnen Jump Weekly, which debuted on Shōnen Jump Weekly 1999 No. 43) Bench one-shot (October 11, 2010, published in Shōnen Jump Weekly 1999 No. 43) Bench one-shot (October 11, 2010, published in Shōnen Jump Weekly 2010 No. 45) Mario one-shot (May 2, 2013, published in Jump Square 2013 No. 6) Naruto Book: First Official Data Bookas dasdasdas (NARUTO―ルト― [·の) Mario one-shot (May 2, 2013, published in Jump Square 2013 No. 6) Naruto Book: Rin no Sho Kyarakutā Haru Dēta Bookdasdasdas, lit.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

“Naruto [Secret Book: Record of Confrontation] Character Official Data Book"DasdasDasdas) [17] Naruto: The Official Fanbook (NARUTO―ルト― [·の]), lit.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

“Naruto [Secret Book: Record of Warriors] Official Fan Book”) [18] Naruto: Second Official Data Book (NARUTO―ルト― [·のの)


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

“Naruto [Secret Book: Record of Battle] Character Official Data Book”) [19] Naruto: Third Official Data Book (NARUTO―ルト― [·の)


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

“Naruto [Secret Book: Record of Someone] Character Official Data Book”) [20] Naruto: The Official Premium Fanbook (NARUTO―ルト― [·の), lit.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

“Naruto [Secret Book: Record of Everyone] Official Premium Fan Book”) [21] Art book The Art of Naruto: Uzumaki (本, Kishimoto Masashi Gashū: Uzumaki, lit.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

“The Art of Masashi Kishimoto: Uzumaki”) [22] Paint Jump: Art of Naruto (PAINT JUMP Art of NARUTO－ルト) [23] The Art of Naruto: Naruto (NARUTO―ルト―イラストNARUTO, Naruto Irasuto-shū: Naruto, lit.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

“Naruto Illustration Collection: Naruto”) [24] Naruto Novel: Tales of a Gutsy Ninja (NARUTO―ルト―ク, Naruto: Dokonjō Ninden) — 2010, illustrator Naruto: Blood Prison (NARUTO―ルト―の城（Buraddo Purizun) — 2011, illustrator Naruto Jinraiden: The Wolf that Howled at the Sun (NARUTO－ルト の日, Naruto Jinraiden: Ōkami no Naku Hi) — 2012, Other illustrator Tekken 6 — 2009, supporting character designer Road to Ninja: Naruto the Movie — 2012, screenwriter and character designer.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Motion Comic: Naruto — 2012, designer.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Influence Since childhood, Kishimoto loved reading manga, he was inspired to write one manga after seeing Akira's film poster.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

This led him to analyze the artwork of Akira, Katsuhiro Otomo, as well as Akira Toriyama, and a number of artists he admired.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Realizing that the two had their own style regarding design, Kishimoto decided to draw manga in his own style. [25]


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

When Kishimoto originally created the Naruto series, he looked to other shōnen info to gain manga influences while trying to make his characters as unique as possible. [26]


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Kishimoto cited Akira Toriyama's Dragon Ball series as one of his influences, and noted that Goku, the role of utam in Dragon Ball, was key in the making of Naruto Uzumaki due to his energetic and mischievous personality. [27]


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

When redesigning three characters for his series, Kishimoto cited The Matrix, as one of his favorite films, and as the inspiration for the outfit worn. [28]


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

He also cites Yoshihiro Togashi as one of the favorite manga authors, [29] while Sanpei Shirato's Sasuke manga, a series for which Kishimoto is passionate about, inspired Kishimoto in the development of Sasuke Uchiha's character. [30]


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

During the publishing of his series, Kishimoto married and had children.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Changes to his personal life affected the series when he made the heroine Naruto Uzumaki meet his parents, something the author wanted to convey to the character based on his own experience as a father. [2]


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

When drawing characters, Kishimoto followed a five-step process that he applied as follows: drafting and rough sketching, drafting, thickening, shading, and coloring.


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

These steps are followed when he draws real manga and creates color illustrations that usually decorate tankōbon covers, Weekly Shōnen Jump covers, or other media, but this way he utilizes them for secluded changes. [31]


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

For example, he used an airbrush for one Weekly Shōnen Jump cover illustration, but he decided not to use it for later images. [32]


Question: who is the author/creator of the manga anime series Naruto?

Masashi Kishimoto

Outlink References at Anime News Network's encyclopedia Category:Mangaka


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

The system derived from Latin (systēma) and Greek (sustēma) is a unity consisting of components or elements linked together to facilitate the flow of information, matter or energy to achieve a goal.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

This term is often used to describe a set of interacting entities, where a mathematical model can often be created.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

The system is also a unity of interconnected parts that are located within a region as well as having locomotion items, common examples such as countries.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

The state is a collection of several other unitary elements such as interconnected provinces so as to form a country where the role of driving the people in the country.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

The word “system” is widely used in everyday conversations, in discussion forums as well as scientific documents.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

This word is used for many things, and in many fields, so its meaning becomes diverse.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

In the most general sense, a system is a set of objects that have a connection between them.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Elements in a System In principle, each system consists of four elements: Objects, which can be parts, elements, or variables.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

It can be physical, abstract, or both at once; depending on the nature of the system.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Attributes, which determine the quality or nature of ownership of the system and its objects.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Internal relations, among the objects in it.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

The environment, the place where the system is located.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

System elements There are several elements that make up a system, namely: objectives, inputs, processes, outputs, limits, control mechanisms and feedback as well as the environment.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Here's an explanation of the elements that make up a system: 1.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Goals Every system has a goal (Goal), either just one or maybe many.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

It is this goal that becomes the motivation that directs the system.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Without purpose, the system becomes directionless and uncontrollable.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Of course, the goals between one system and another are different.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

System input is everything that goes into the system and further becomes the processed material.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Inputs can be tangible (physically visible) or invisible things.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

An example of a tangible input is raw material, while an intangible example is information (e.g. customer service demand).


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Process process is part that makes changes or transformations from input into useful and more valuable output, such as information and products, but can also be useless things, such as waste waste waste.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

In chemical plants, processes can be raw materials.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

In a hospital, the process can take the form of surgical activity of the patient.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Output output (output) is the result of processing.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

In information systems, the output can be information, suggestions, report printouts, and so on.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

The so-called boundary (boundary) of the system is the separator between the system and the area outside the system (environment).


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

System boundaries determine the configuration, scope, or capabilities of the system.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

For example, a football team has the rules of the game and limited players' abilities.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

The growth of a grocery store is affected by customer purchases, competitor movements and limited funds from banks.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Of course the limits of a system can be reduced or modified so that it will change the behavior of the system.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

For example, by selling shares to the public, a company can reduce the limitations on funds.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Control Mechanism and Feedback The control mechanism is realized by using feedback, which clips the output.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

This feedback is used to control both input and process.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

The goal is to organize for the system to run according to purpose.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Environmental Environment is everything that is outside the system.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

The environment could have an effect on system operation in the sense it could be detrimental or beneficial to the system itself.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Adverse environments must, of course, be restrained and controlled so as not to interfere with the continuity of system operation, while the beneficial ones must continue to be maintained, as they will spur against the viability of the system.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Types of systems There are different types of systems by category: On the basis of openness: open systems, where outsiders can influence them closed systems.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

On the basis of components: Physical system, with components of matter and energy.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Non-physical systems or concepts, containing ideas.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

The reference to Manetsch and Park (1979) is cited in Eriyatno. 1999.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

“Systems Science: Improving the Quality and Effectiveness of Management”.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Volume One.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

IPB Press, Bogor.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

These can be studied in Niklas Luhmann's “Soziale Systeme”.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Grundriss einer allgemeinen Theorie, Frankfurt, Suhrkamp, 1994.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Martin, Roderick, in the book “Sociology of Power”, p. 2-3.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Systems theory was intimated in the 1940s by biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy under the title “General Systems Theory”, and developed later by Ross Ashby who intimated the concept of “Cybernetics”.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Eriyatno. 1999.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

“Systems Science: Improving the Quality and Effectiveness of Management.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Volume One.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

IPB Press, Bogor.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Thing.


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System


Question: What is the definition of the system?

System

Outlinks (in English) (in Indonesian) May 13, 2005.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

The Prague Pact (English: Peace of Prague; German: Prager Frieden; Czech: Pražský mír) was a peace treaty signed on 30 May 1635 by the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand II and Elector John George I of Sachsen representing most of the lands belonging to the Protestants of the Roman Empire Holy.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

This ended the civil war in the Thirty Years' War; however, a truce was still made due to continued intervention on German soil by Spain, Sweden, also in the middle of 1635 by France, until the Peace of Westfalen was agreed in 1648.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

Overview In September 1634 Protestant forces under the command of Bernahard of Saxe-Weimer were defeated at the Battle of Nordligen in Bavaria.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

The majority of German princes then abandoned the Protestant coalition that agreed with the Prague Pact.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

This deal was struck between Elector Sachsen and the Holy Roman Emperor.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

The treaty annulled the Edict of Restitution in the Peace of Augsburg.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

The decree has stated that there is only one religion in a country, namely the religion of the ruler.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

It is not ending the war, instead the opposite is happening.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

Catholic French citizens, now fearful of an increase in the power of the Habsburg Wangsa, allied themselves with the Protestants.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

This also attacked the Spanish-controlled Netherlands and the Thirty Years' War turned from a religious war to a war that contested power and land. [1]


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

In 1632, for a brief moment, the Empire would be dissolved or transformed into a Sweden-led Protestant confederation consisting of most of the kingdoms and cities to the east and to the north of the Donau river.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

However, even before the battle of Nördlingen, many Protestant princes allied with the Swedish kingdom had resented the Swedish leadership.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

This was true especially of Johann Georg of Saschen who saw himself as a genuine leader of the German Protestants; reluctant to leave this role to foreign monarchs such as Gustavus Adolphus, he was of course not willing to hand it over to Chancellor Oxenstierna, who directed policy Swedes in Germany after the death of Gustavus Adolphus.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

Therefore, it is not surprising that Prince Elector sought understanding with the Emperor after the Battle of Nördlingen and cancelled his communion with Sweden.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

Ferdinand was equally keen to end the war in Germany.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

The issue of having his son Ferdinand (III), victor of Nordlingen, elected King of the Romans is still unresolved and even if the five Catholic prince-chiefs had a clear majority in the College of Electors, the consent of Brandenburg and Sacshen was important if the prince Other Protestants accepted the new Emperor after Ferdinand's death.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

Moreover, by the end of 1534 tensions between France and Spain had grown.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

Madrid was eager to win the Emperor's support for an all-out war against France which seemed the thing that happened inevitable.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

However, Ferdinand II could only support his Spanish cousin effectively if he succeeded in ending the conflict in the Empire.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

In fact, Spanish diplomats actively sought to promote peace struggles in the Empire during the years 1634-35.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

They commissioned the dissemination of pamphlets that appealed to national sentiment in Germany and tried to mobilize this sentiment against France. [2]


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

Legislation After lengthy negotiations, the main terms of the treaty were: [3] The Edict of Restitution in 1629 was effectively repealed, on condition that the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 was re-established on 12 November 1627.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

However, according to Reservatum ecclesiasticum the Protestant administrator the Archbishop rics and did not get a seat or vote at the Imperial Diet.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

Ferdinand II continued to push for Counter-Reformation in Habsburg territory.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

Formal alliances of Imperial States between them or with foreign powers were forbidden.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

It applied to the Catholic and Protestant Leagues of the Heilbronn League, which later dispersed.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

The armies of the various states were to be united under the command of the Prince as the Emperor's general, to form an Army of the Holy Roman Empire as a whole, which would wage war against the invading forces.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

Amnesty was granted to princes who had fought against Imperial forces, except for the exiled descendant of the former “Winter King”, Elector Palatine Friedrich V (1596-1632).


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

The idea of a 'German State' that should defend its honor and greatness against its enemies; once mentioned before 1630 by Spanish writers took a prominent place in official Spanish documents and political tracts in the early 1630s, whereas Richelieu and his disciples appealed more to the idea of German 'freedom' threatened by Habsburg absolutism.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

Although some German princes and statesmen were convinced that communion with Spain was the best way to promote German greatness.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

German was indeed often found in pamphlets and German tracts in the mid-1630s. The disasters of previous years and the presence of foreign soldiers on German soil certainly sharpened the sense of national identity in Germany.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

Nonetheless, the gap between patriotic rhetoric and practical politics remained large, “as most princes were very reluctant to sacrifice their own interests against common interests.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

The compromise reached in 1635 between the Protestants and the Emperor has since been fragile from the start.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

Initially Prince Elector Saschen, the main spokesman for the Protestant and Swedish allies, had sought to maintain as many of the old demands of the Protestant princes as possible. [4]


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

Thus, reservatum treaties, which forced ecclesiastical rulers to abdicate if they converted to Protestant religion, were to be abolished and a key date or 'normative year' (Normaljahr) introduced for all disputes about Church lands and religious rights and privileges; a minority who lived in kingdoms governed by rulers of different religions.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

In Johann Georg's view, this date is supposed to be 1612 old.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

Thus, dioceses or monasteries that were secularized or administered by Protestants in that year would remain so permanent and Protestant Subjects of Catholic rulers who openly practiced their religion at this point could also continue to do so.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

The idea of Normaljahr was a promising one and indeed became one of the keys to the peaceful settlement of 1648.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

However, even until November 1634, when Johann Georg signed a preliminary treaty with the Emperor's devotees in Pirna, he had had to abandon a number of his demands. [4]


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

The last treaty was signed on 30 May 1635 in Prague.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

That applies not only to the Emperor and Sachsen, but also to all the princes and Imperial Estates preparing to accept his terms and not explicitly excluded from the emperor's soon-to-be-promulgated amnesty.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

By this time Ferdinand II had managed to change his terms even further with the help of his own Catholic princes.


Question: What is the purpose of forming the Prague Pact?

Pact of Prague (1635)

Nevertheless, there was opposition to the concessions in the imperial court.