Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

In this connection, land and river lines are an important means for the implementation of the connection between the interior and the city area, between the city and the surrounding area and the city one with the other city.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

International trade of the time of Old Java

Inter-regional (regional) and international relations use sea lanes as their main means. [15]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Islands in the archipelago The merchants of the archipelago are generally not mentioned their regional origin.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Their presence in Java can only be inferred indirectly from the sources of the inscriptions.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The Old Malay-speaking Gondosuli II (927 AD) inscription mentions a figure named da puhawa Glis.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

According to Zoetmulder, puhawa means skipper or captain of a ship.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

This indicates that since the beginning of the 10th century there had been a community of Malay traders living in the interior of Central Java. [16] [17] This relationship was maintained until when the center of the kingdom moved to East Java.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Trade between Java with the surrounding islands is described in the Kamalagyan Inscription of 959 Ç.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

In it is mentioned that after the dam at Kamalagyan was built, people around it were able to boate upstream to pick up merchandise in the port of Hujung Galuh.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

In this port they can trade with traders from other islands (para puh wa para ban ga sa ri dw ntara).


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

This inscription does not name the region of origin of these traders but it is thought that some of these traders came from islands nearest to Java, among others, Sumatra Island and Bali Island.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

At that time, Java Island was often visited by traders from Sumatra Island.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Chau-ju-kua said that the Kingdom of Sriwijaya was related to the Jung-ya-lu (Chung-kia-lu) area that existed in Java. [18]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

But the location of this area is not yet known for certain.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Java's relationship with Sriwijaya has been happening for a long time.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Despite the long-standing trade relationship, written sources in Java further expose the competition between the two in politics and trade. [19]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

This conflict began since the establishment of the kingdom of Sriwijaya and continued until the next few centuries. [12]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Such political connections appear to the finding of several Old Malay-language inscriptions in Java as evidence of Sumatran intervention into Java.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

One of them is Gondosuli inscription 749 Ç (827 AD).


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The Gondosuli inscription mentions a ship's nakhkoda (da puh wa glis) who gave offerings to sacred buildings.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The content of the inscription gives clues to the existence of a community of Malay people in Java. [11]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

If at that time the voyage between Java and Sumatra was common, trade relations may also have occurred, especially perhaps in the port of Sumatra there are some goods that are not obtained in Java.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The written data never mentioned the trade relationship between Java and the Malacca Peninsula.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

But based on Portuguese records from 1511 AD, many Javanese people lived in Malacca, there were even Javanese traders who could have thousands of slaves. [20]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Circumstances like this certainly can't take place quickly but through a relationship that lasted a long time ago.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

It is possible that the relationship had already taken place before the Majapahit period.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Meanwhile, Java and Bali had a relationship that lasted for a long time, even during the time of King Dharmawangsa Tguh, Bali was under the influence of Java.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

In addition to political relations, Java and Bali are also involved in close economic relations.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

This is evidenced by the similarity of currency designations of a number of inscriptions in Java and Bali such as mas, masaka, pirak and so on.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

From the discovery of ancient money in Bali, there are the same as ancient money in Java. [21]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The Sembiran inscription (1056 AD) mentions the arrival of saudagar-merchants from across who gathered at Manasa (ma kana yan hana banyaga sake sabera jong, camenduk i manasa).


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Javanese traders are thought to be among these traders.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

With the influence of Java on Bali, of course voyage between the two islands is common.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

In addition, the similarity of currency sizes can make transactions easier.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

But there is no information on traded commodities.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Chinese news from the Sung Dynasty often said that some of the goods exported by Java were products from its colonies.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

This indicates that Java also traded with other islands in the archipelago, including spice trade with the Maluku islands and sandalwood with Nusa Tenggara. [22]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

But there is no written evidence of how the products reached Southeast Asia. [12]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

In the records Chau ju-kua is mentioned about nutmeg produced in Huang-ma-chu Island and Niu-lun, Javanese colonies.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The islands are Moluccas. [23]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Having only heard the information from the traders, Chau ju-kua didn't know exactly the challenge.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The Maluku Islands likely did not colonize Java, but ships from Java came to the Moluccas to pick up spices and exchanged for rice.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

So the relationship that happens is a trade relationship.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Southeast Asia The Southeast Asian countries mentioned in the inscription include Khmer, R n, and Champa.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The countries had trade relations with Java as shown in the Taji Inscription (901 AD).


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The Cane Inscription 943 Ç (1021 AD), Patakan Inscription, Hyang Descending Inscription and Garaman Inscription 975 Ç (1053 AD) also mention communities of people from Khmer, R n, and Champa residing in Java.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The Campa Kingdom occupied the area of central Vietnam and the northern part of the territory of present-day South Vietnam.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The region was controlled in about the 9th century to the 10th century before being split into small kingdoms. [24]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Epigraphic and archaeological data indicate a political relationship between Champa and Java, among others, the Javanese attack to Champa in 787 AD to 802 A.D. In addition, Java also had an influence in Campa art at that time.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Javanese influences include Khu'ong-my Temple in the form of new style decoration in the form of convoluted shady leaves. [25]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The location of Champa which is on the path of bronze engineering trajectory stretching from North China to the archipelago archipelago including Java indicates the existence of maritime shipping lanes in prehistoric times and developed into trade in later times as mentioned in the texts Arabic. [26]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

In addition to Champa, there are also traders from Khmer (Cambodia) and R men (Pegu) located in the Burma region.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The existence of Khmer people is narrated in Wurudu Kidul Inscription 922 A.D.The Wurudu Kidul inscription mentions a villager of Wurudu Kidul named Sang Dhanadi refused to pay foreigners taxes because he was not a Khmer as alleged. [27]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The content of the inscription indicates the fact that Khmer people had settled in the interior of Java in the period of the Medang Kingdom when it was still centered in Central Java.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Countries in Southeast Asia in general have roughly the same commodities, especially produce.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

But judging by the existence of these traders in Java even for a long time, it is not closed the possibility of exchange of goods typical of each country.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Trade relations with mainland Southeast Asian countries cannot be explained further because apart from inscriptions from the time of Airlangga and Mapañji Garungan, there is no other written data.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

South Asia Archipelago stretches east of India as a continuation of mainland Southeast Asia.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

With the shipping technology that has been developed in the voyage to West Asia, it is not too difficult to develop coastal voyages along the coast of Southeast Asia into an oceanic voyage directly across the Indian Ocean to Sumatra. [28]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The names of countries in Southeast Asia are often referred to in ancient books in India.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Some of them are Suvarnabh mi and Yavadv pa which refers to the name of Sumatra. [29]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Meanwhile, inscriptions in Java such as Kuti Inscription, Prasati Kaladi and Pal buhan inscription inscribed various kingdoms in South Asia starting from the 9th century. [30]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

These areas are inscribed again in Airlangga inscriptions namely ling (Kalingga), rrya (North Indian people), singhala (Srilanka), pan ikira, rawida (Dravida in South India, malyala (Malayalam, area in South India), and karnnataka (karnnake).


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

In the Garaman inscription issued in 1053 AD during the reign of Mapañji Garungan, the list increases with the name of Cwalika or Tamil area. [31]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

There are two types of Indian traders in Southeast Asia.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

First, aristocratic merchants are large merchants and of high social status.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

There were few in number and built settlements in several areas of Southeast Asia.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The group is thought to play a role in developing Hindu Buddhist culture into its trading area in Southeast Asia.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Second, itinerant traders are merchants of lesser status and constitute the majority in the Indian merchant community in Southeast Asia.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

This group of itinerant and uneducated merchant types made voyages from the Indian Sea to Southeast Asia and formed settlements around their intended ports. [14]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

This second group is most commonly referred to in the inscriptions of Airlangga period.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Most of the origin of these South Asian peoples is the territory of South India, that is, along the coast.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Its strategic territory to trade made it easier for the people of South India to sail from port to port as itinerant traders than aristocratic merchants who attached great importance to status.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

In later developments, traders from India along with Arab and Persian traders, also played a role in spreading Islam in Southeast Asia including in Java.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

This is evidenced by the existence of ancient nisan-nisan in Java whose writing style is similar to writing styles from Gujarat or Cambay.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

For example, the ancient headstone on the tomb of Fatimah binti Maemun uses kufi-style letters that are only obtained by import from Gujarat or Cambay because tombs in Indonesia usually use naskh style writing. [32]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Based on the number of years listed on the gravestone (1082 AD), the merchant community lived in Java during the Kediri Kingdom.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

But other written data that could shed further light on the merchant community was not found.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

China When the Chinese began to pay attention to the southern area, the first country to visit was the northern part of Annam, along its coast then reached Cambodia and passed until the Gulf of Siam.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

After that they reached the coast of the Malayan Peninsula.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

From the coast of the Malayan Peninsula the Chinese people began to know the way to Sumatra and Java. [33]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Based on archaeological data, the relationship between China and the Archipelago occurred not long after China's relationship with Mainland Asia became known. [34]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

At first Chinese kings were less interested in the Southeast Asian region because it was considered a less civilized region located far from the center of Chinese civilization in the north.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

But with the growth of maritime trade from West Asia to South China through the archipelago, the role of Southeast Asian produce, including the results of the Indonesian Archipelago in conjunction with Chinese trade has developed. [35]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Javanese trading activities with China clearly began to be depicted in news from the Tang Dynasty.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

In Java, Chinese names began to be listed in the 782 Ç Kancana Inscription. [8]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

But when Asian trade was crowded in the span of the 10th century to the 12th century, there were none of the inscriptions in Java that referred to the kingdom in China.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Even inscriptions from the time of Airlangga that often refer to other countries in Asia do not list kingdoms in China. [36]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Written sources mentioning China are only Serat Pararaton and Kidung Harsawijaya whose content is not about trade but conflict with the Chinese army.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Meanwhile, archaeological data also show that the relationship between Java and China clearly took place around the 9th to 10th centuries A.D. This is based on ceramic finds dating back to the Tang Dynasty period (618 — 906 AD) along the northern coast of Java. [37]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Although very little written data in Java reveals the trade relationship between Java and China, Chinese news especially from the Sung Dynasty can describe the relationship of these two countries.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The Chinese viewed Southeast Asia as a whole as the South Sea and often referred to Java by the name She-p o or Sho-p u until in the period of Mongol rule, this designation changed to Chau-wa. [38]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Chau ju-kua says that the kingdom of Sho-po or Javanese can be reached in about a month's voyage from Tsuan-chou. [23]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Towards the 10th century the Chinese government began to regard the countries of the South Sea as a region of great importance.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

This is evidenced by the caption in the Book of Sung-shih.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

In the book, it says that the Chinese government organized a bureaucratic overhaul of trade officials at ports and dispatch ambassadors to these countries (Southeast Asia mainland and islands) with the aim of persuading its traders to visit the ports in South China. [39]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

In the late 10th century, alongside India and Middle Eastern countries, China was a highly influential country in the ocean trade in Southeast Asia.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

For Java trade, China is very important because the country is the largest consumer of products from Southeast Asia, especially products from Java. [22]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

China's position was also very important for the continuity of international trade in those days.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Therefore, Java is very concerned about good relations with the country.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

In addition to economic reasons, Java also expects protection from its enemies because China is a big powerful country.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

This was realized by frequent dispatches of messengers and offerings made by Javanese kings to China.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

West Asia Arab merchant ships began to enter Southeast Asian waters from as early as the 7th century AD and continued several centuries later.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Arab traders reached Southeast Asia in their quest to seek spices and medicines. [14]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

At that time there was no data proving the arrival of Arab traders in Java because the inscriptions in Java never contained the names of countries or various dynasties in the Middle East.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

But trade between these two countries is thought to have occurred during the time of Old Java.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Arab traders were likely among the foreign traders who came to Java as Chau-ju-kua mentioned. [23]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Chinese news shows the arrival of traders of Ta-shi (Arabic) countries to the island of Sumatra. [23]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The Arabic news from Al-Idrisi also mentioned the island of Sumatra called Javaga and also the surrounding islands, but there was no mention of Java directly.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

However goods reaching Java and Arab merchants' interest in spices suggest that Arab traders also engaged trade with Javanese merchants.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

They met at several major ports in Southeast Asia.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

One of them the port belongs to Sriwijaya.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The Chau-ju-kua report and the Arabic news indirectly indicate that there is a community of Arab traders in the port of Sriwijaya. [23]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Many Javanese traders therefore went to Sumatra to trade with Arabs.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

According to De Casparis, traders from East Java went to regions in the east such as Maluku, Nusa Tenggara and Sulawesi to exchange rice and other products for spices and sandalwood.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

These items were brought to Sriwijaya and exchanged for ceramics from China, fabrics from India and fragrances from Arab countries. [40]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Commodities trading Layasi Java lost strategically when compared to Sriwijaya which is its heavy rival.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Therefore, Java relied more on trading commodities.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The records of Chou-ku-fei (1,178 AD) mention that Java was richer in luxury goods and more varied although Sriwijaya was a more important trading center in terms of goods from the west.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

In his book Chou-ku-fei says it happened not only because Java itself was rich, but because it also served as a trading hub for the islands to the east. [12]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Inscriptions and manuscripts in Java have almost no mention of goods traded with other countries.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

But complete evidence of these items can be obtained in foreign news.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Java produces goods that can be exported but also buys goods from other countries for resale.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

According to Chau-ju-kua, these items are also obtained from the countries of its colonies both in Java Island and on other islands.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Export commodities Chinese news many mention the produce from Java which is often encountered by Chinese traders who come to Java.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The produce include rice, beans and fruits such as papaya, coconut, banana, sugarcane and taro and salt.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

These foodstuffs were likely purchased by foreign traders to fill supplies on board. [33]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

In addition to foodstuffs, Java also produces specially traded natural products such as gold and silver goods, rhinoceros cula, ivory, aloe wood, sandalwood, anise oil, pinang fruit, sulfur and sapan wood, turtle bark, laka wood and pearls. [41]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Chau ju-kua also mentions that Java produces pepper, cloves, cucumbers and turmeric.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Although not a native Javanese product, the role of spices is huge in giving advantages.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

This is because some other products such as aloe wood and laka wood have the lowest quality when compared to San-fo-tsi (Sriwiyaya) and Chen-la (Cambodia).


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Foreign news mentioned that in Java found a wide variety of spices and sandalwood.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

One of them, that is, pepper is stored in large quantities and stored in warehouses.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

In addition to products from Java Island, it is estimated that spices and sandalwood are also obtained from the Maluku Islands and Nusa Tenggara.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The Medang kingdom in Java is also known by the Chinese people as producing quality handicraft goods.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

These items include cotton cloth, pandan mats, miniature houses of sandalwood and swords with handles from rhinoceros or gold. [41]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Description: * Re-exported imported goods Imported commodities Imported goods imported by Java are also very rarely referred to by inscriptions.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

One of the inscriptions mentioning imported goods is Sara an Inscription from the time of Sindok.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

In it mentioned ken bwat lor or cloth made in the northern regions among the objects presented to officials in a sima ceremony.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

In addition in the Turyyan inscription mentioned wdihan bwat kli or perhaps it can be interpreted a cloth made in India.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Those types of cloth are thought to have been imported goods of such high value that they were only given to high officials of the kingdom, including the king.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Indian and Chinese garments were bought by the richer elite.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Indian fabrics are favored for their brilliant colors and beautiful patterns, as well as their standing as rare items. [42]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Sometimes cloth from India was also brought as an offering to the Chinese state.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The Chinese news did not mention directly foreign goods traded in Java.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

But Chau Ju-Kua mentioned that foreign traders made exchanges using goods such as gold and silver vessels, black damask, sinabar, alum, borax, arsenic (warangan), ceramics, and iron and copper goods. [23]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

During the Majapahit period, Javanese merchants imported clothing materials, especially robes for priests and ceremonial tools, it is likely that this had already taken place in earlier times in line with the development of Hinduism and Buddhism in Java. [43] JMPL|Tang Dynasty ceramic collection stored in the museum Di Among these imported goods, ceramics is a widely preferred item in Java and other countries in Southeast Asia.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

This massive demand in Southeast Asia is not only met by China but also from northern Southeast Asia (Cambodia and Vietnam).


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

By the end of the 12th century, an increasing number of imported ceramics began to be brought in from high-temperature kilns in Cambodia and northern Vietnam.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

But high-quality glass-mixed ceramics from China are the main merchandise for even greater distances because they are beautifully decorated and burned at higher temperatures than the kilns in Southeast Asia. [44]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

System of transactions In traditional societies, leaders or kings with the elites often act as merchants.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

It is related to diplomatic duties and warfare to acquire goods or commodities coming from distant places. [45]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Trade can be distinguished into three kinds: Trade with a reciprocal system, which is trade conducted by two parties based on reciprocal relationships and mutual respect for each other.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

This connection is usually carried out with a ceremony, the sending of ambassadors or deputies, and political activities among rulers.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The types of commodities exchanged are valuables that usually only circulate among the elite.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Trade by means of redistribution is trade conducted through administrative processes and treaties between the parties involved and carried out formally by the kingdom.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Export and import of goods is carried out by the royal side.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

The central government acts as manager to collect produce from all areas of its power and further redistribute to meet the needs of the entire community.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Trading with the market system, namely this trade has the characteristics of supply and demand regulated by the mechanism of pricing or standardization of transaction tools (currencies).


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

In trading with the market system will be regulated specifically about goods, warehousing, transportation and transactions.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

In addition, there is still a system of barter and silent trade (silent trade) which is a switch from reciprocal trading to a market system. [46]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Based on written data, the Ancient Mataram Kingdom in Java used reciprocal trading system as well as trading with market system.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Reciprocal trade can be conducted under the redistribution center exchange model and is usually conducted in the center by the rulers. [47]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

This was realized by sending messengers, among others to China and India.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Instead, foreign traders also gave gifts to the king in Java as a request for permission to trade in his territory.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Trade with the market system is thought to take place since the 3rd century BC in Southeast Asia.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

This is evidenced by the utilization of the transaction system with the currency of the period.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

These trades can be carried out directly or with intermediaries. [47]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Trading in Java has also used a transaction system with money since the Ancient Mataram kingdom was still centered in Central Java.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

This is evidenced by archaeological finds and the mention of currency size names in inscriptions.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

But the Chinese news also mentioned that the barter system in trading still remains in use in transactions with foreign traders even though the Javanese can already make currency from gold and silver pieces.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

Chinese currency is also used in transactions.


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

This is evidenced in Chu-fan-chi which mentions traders who smuggled bronze currency from China. [23]


Question: when did Indonesia make international trade first?

See also Indonesia Economic History India's Relations with Indonesia International trade Reference Category:History of Java Category:History of international trade Category:International trade Category:Kingdom in the Archipelago


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Unit Bravo 90 (abbreviated as Satbravo-90) formerly named Denbravo 90 is a special operations implementing unit of Khas Troop Corps directly under Dankorpaskhas.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Bravo 90 Paskhas unit is tasked with carrying out intelligence operations, crippling enemy alutsista/installations in support of air operations and terror attack of pirates as well as other operations according to military commander policy.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

It spelled out the most youthful Indonesian special forces formation.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Newly formed on a limited basis in the TNI-AU Khas Troop Corps environment in 1990, Bravo means the best.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

The concept of its formation refers to General Guilio Douchet's thinking: It is easier and more effective to destroy an opponent's air power by destroying his base/installation as well as his alutsistas on the ground than it is to have to fight in the air.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Unit Bravo 90 has the Motto: Catya Wihikan Awacyama Kapala means Loyal, Skilled, Successful Sat Bravo 90 is incorporated in the Crisis Control Center (“Pusdalsis”) of BNPT which consists of a joint of special units, such as Special Detachment 81 (Terror Countermeasures) from TNI-AD, Denjaka from TNI-AL, and I Gegana Regiment Brimob Corps from POLRI.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Pusdalsis consisting of combined elite units of the TNI-POLRI is assigned as a terror handling force to be sent in case of terrorism activities such as plane hijacking. [1]


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

The history of Satbravo-90 Unit Bravo '90 Paskhas was born during the era of the leadership of Marsma TNI Maman Suparman, as the Commander of Puspaskhas period 1990.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

The idea of Bravo as a special unit of Paskhasau emerged from the initiators, namely Marsdya TNI (Purn.)


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Budhy Santoso who was then serving as Dirops Puspaskhas (Asops Korpaskhas) with the rank of Letkol and Colonel Psk (Purn.)


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Wahyu Widjojo who was then serving as Dan Depolat (Dan Wing III) with the rank of Letkol.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

These two Pamen were alumni of AAU in 1968.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

The concept of forming Bravo Unit 90 is based on resultantive thinking about the development of theory or critisism (science and technology), data or empiricism (history) and value or constructivism Some basic references, both universal and domestic. [2]


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

The inauguration of Unit Bravo-90 was confirmed on 16 September 1990 by KSAU Marshal of the TNI Hanafie Asnan.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

In carrying out its operations, Bravo can also move without identity.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

It can melt in the units of the Paskhas, or single-handedly.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Like the intelligence world Not playful, Bravo-90 also equips its personnel with a variety of advanced combat specific qualifications, ranging from combat free fall, scuba diving, assault climbers, HALO (High Altitude Low Opening) or HAHO (High Altitude High Opening), advanced sports and further fighter (PLT), dalpur trimedia (land, sea, air), diving, firing class 1, advanced command and able to use information technology and communication with multimedia means.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

This elite army also went to the rations to practice shooting with three times more sharp bullets than other regular troops.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

It is intended to train their precision and speed to act within a fraction of a second.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Organizational Structure Unit Bravo-90 Satbravo has 3 detachments called Detachments 901, 902 and 903 Detachment 901 specializes in intelligence, Detachment 902 is qualified special action specialization and Detachment 903 specializes in special engineering assistance.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

But actually the 3 detachments have an evenly distributed expertise in the field of counter terrorism.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Anti-terror forces orange beret also often train with “his brothers in Sat-81 Gultor Kopassus TNI AD, Kopaska TNI AL and Denjaka] Marine TNI AL.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Bravo currently already has a close-combat facility (CQB).


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Even for the hostage release exercise on the plane, Bravo immediately carried it on board both TNI-AU and PT. IN. Bravo also became the first special force in Indonesia to master Systema martial arts which is the hallmark of the Russian elite forces.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Current Unit Bravo 90 is in charge of three Detachments with different khuqualifications namely: Detachment 901/Intelligence Detachment 902/Special Action Detachment 903/Special Assistance Education Phase Bravo-90 Bravo Education about 6 months.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Conducted in Pusdiklat Paskhas especially Khussus Education Unit, Satdik 02 Further and Satdik 03 Special.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Its members are selected from the best students ranked 1-40 graduates of the Paskhas Command School and active personnel in the Commando/Wing Battalion.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

All are strictly selected from IQ, opportunity, required military specialization skills, and health.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

All with the assistance of TNI-AU institutions that are competent with their respective fields.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

It seems that the trainers of the Terror Counterror Detachment “ala” the AU Special Forces are not playing.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Sharp bullets are used in late-stage exercises.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

As a result, the candidates Bravo are also full of calculation, meticulous, fast, as well as precise in acting.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Battled total and depleted — out.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

That's the ultimate conclusion of Bravo education.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

They are imprinted into elite Paskhas soldiers who are ready to be fielded anywhere throughout Indonesia.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Upon graduation, these young Bravo personnel are entitled to bravo brevets, insignia, Call Sign and other Bravo standard combat gear.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

They are also divided into 3 Alfa teams and Team Ban Nik.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

For Bravo personnel who have been considered senior, can be transferred to a special team that is nothing but “contains” Bravo warriors capable outside the air matra namely Frogmens capable of performing infiltration by sea, Combat Dive, UDT, EOD, Zeni Demolisi, Aviation, electronics etc.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Assignment Range of Bravo-90 Unit Started since 1992 in the security of KKT in Jakarta, Chinese migrant repatriation mission, and Team-Team Shear mission as the detachment of the Team—Team from NKRI.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Bravo was tasked with controlling Comoros Airport in the ITFET task force (Indonesian Task Force in East Timor), but security of the city centre was also entrusted to Bravo's command.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

They served until the final seconds of the red-and-white descent from the earth of Lorosae After that in the Ambon conflict, Bravo experienced various frontal warfare from land to land in shelling 2 warring camps.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Bravo is incorporated in Yon Gab 1 alongside Kopassus and Taifib Marines.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

In the Aceh conflict, Bravo was tasked with securing airports and lanuds throughout the NAD region.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Inventory Weapons Unit Bravo-90 Pistol Scorpion has lived memories.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Now Bravo has his gun gun CQB, which is MP 5.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

A portion is a grant from Korea.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

And yet so is still good.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

The gun also used SiG Sauer.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Bravo members are equipped with uniform full gears with the latest equipment.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Starting from bullet-proof vest, NVG, GPS, foot and knee protection, special shoes, eye protection, throwing knife to point to point communication device.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Even in special situations, Bravo can take TNI-AU aircraft from transport aircraft to fighter aircraft to support its operating mission.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Bravo has also now possessed the SAR-21 (Singapore Air Rifle) weapon.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Reportedly Bravo got 50 pieces of this type of weapon from the Army Mabes Tactical Vehicles Bravo-90 Detachment Bravo-90 Paskhas TNI-AU currently operates at least several types of tactical vehicles including: Land Rover Defender MRCV (multi role combat vehicle) Bravo-90 tactical vehicle (rantis) This one is indeed special.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Includes Land Rover type bulletproof heavy duty defender equipped with folding ladder and car support.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

This ladder is commonly used in storming buildings (building assault).


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

In order for the car to stand stable, the buffer is lowered hydraulically to withstand the wobble.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Looking at the barges, this Bravo-90 rantis is a type of Defender Td5 with a long chassis station wagon base.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

The car from the manufacturer is lego for 20,495 pounds sterling (standard) is powered by a diesel engine with a capacity of 2500cc.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

When viewed further, of course there are special facilities added.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Call it a footrest plate attached around the perimeter of the car body.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Certainly not without purpose the facility was created.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

The plate serves as the footing of the troops standing around the perimeter of the car.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Thus then the troops can be didropped quickly.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Aerospace Military Vehicle (DMV-30T) This “Humvee” and “sangar” similar vehicle is the first and original product of PTDI assembly.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

This vehicle gets a register number in the TNI-AU environment which is 4020-10.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

The DMV uses a 3000 cc Ford Ranger disel engine and Mazda technology The look is getting mighty with the main weapon of the GRMG machine gun stored on the roof of the vehicle, as well as the 5.56 mm caliber FN Minimi weapon poking out of the front cabin not fitted with glass.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

The movement of the new car is ensured to remain agile, both on the highway and in even rugged terrain.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Four large size tires are attached to two axles with a height of the cabin floor to the ground about 90 centimeters.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

When shot, the tire part will still stand and function maximally because it is equipped with an iron layer that is mounted circularly on the tire part.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

This combat vehicle is designed for a capacity of four soldiers with seats made of fibre glass that is painted typical of TNI lofty color.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

The DMV has a travel resistance of up to 600 kilometers.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Unlike the usual vehicles, the chassis of the DMV is built with iron pipe quality according to the standards and specifications of the military version of the Bravo-90 Unit Headquarters. In 2009, Detachment Bravo-90 was planned to have occupied its new headquarters in area of Rumpin, Bogor.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

This area is considered very strategic because it is close to the two main lanuds of the AU military namely Lanud Atang Sanjaya, Bogor and Lanud Halim Perdanakusuma, Jakarta so that it is easy to move troops throughout Indonesia.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

This area also has fast access to government centers (especially Istana Negara Jakarta and Istana Negara Bogor, MPR-DPR Building and TNI Headquarters in Cilangkap) as well as to the state gate at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Cengkareng, Tangerang.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

In addition, Den Bravo-90 is also planned to be able to protect the Development and Science and Technology Center (Puspiptek) owned by BPPT and LAPAN facilities in Serpong area, Tangerang.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Unit Validation Based on the Validation and regrouping of Korpaskhas in accordance with the decision of the Chief of Staff of the Air Force No. 527/IX/2013 dated September 10, 2013.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Previously named Detachment Bravo 90 was upgraded to Unit Bravo 90.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

This anti-terror unit carries Detachment 901, Detachment 902, and Detachment 903.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Current Commander Named “Detachment Bravo 90": Lettu Psk Lintong Siregar (1990-1992) Lettu Psk Waroka, Alm. (1992) Captain Psk Muhammad Nassier (1992-1999) Captain Psk Yudi Bustami (1999-2002) Captain Psk Novlamirsyah (2002-2004) Major Psk Deny Muis (2004-2006) Captain Psk Fay Rassy. stanza (2006-2008) Letkol Psk M. Djuanda (2008-2012) Letkol Psk Ari Ismanto (2012-2013) when named “Unit Bravo 90": Colonel Pas Novlamirsyah (2013-2015) Colonel Pas Roosen Lombok Sinaga (2015-2016) Colonel Pas Dodi Irawan (2016-2018) Colonel Pas Nana Setiawan (24 April 2018 - present) Reference Outside Links (2016-2018) Colonel Pas Nana Setiawan (24 April 2018 - present) Reference Outside Links (2016-2018) in English) Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the Bravo Unit 90 formed?

Bravo Detachment 90

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. (in English) (in English) (in English) Category:TNI Category:Typical Troop Corps


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

George Washington (February 22, 1732 [lower-alpha 2] — December 14, 1799) was a general and statesman known as one of the Founding Fathers of the United States as well as its first president from 1789 to 1797.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

He led Patriot forces during the American Revolutionary War and successfully drove them towards the door of independence from Great Britain.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

He also headed the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that established the new federal government.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

Thanks to his leadership during the struggle to liberate the United States, he was given the title “Father of the Nation”.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

Washington was born in a wealthy family that owned tobacco and slave lands in the Colony of Virginia.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

He had the opportunity to obtain an education, and when he was seventeen years old, he had a successful career as a land gauge.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

He then became a leader of the Virginia militia during the French and Indian War.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

During the time of the Revolutionary War, he was sent as an envoy to the Continental Congress, and he was roundly elected commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and he succeeded in obtaining victory in the Siege of Yorktown that ended the war.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

In 1783, when victory was already in plain sight, he stepped down from his post as commander-in-chief.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

Washington was unanimously elected President of the United States by the Electoral Institute in the first two national elections.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

He sought to establish a powerful and wealthy government, and he was able to remain fairly behaved in mediating the rivalry between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

After the eruption of the French Revolution, Washington declared his country's neutrality and at the same time also supported the controversial Jay Treaty.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

His tenure as president has abandoned various customs that are still continued by subsequent presidents.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

Washington's Farewell Speech is considered one of the most influential statements regarding republicanism.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

He was born in a society accustomed to slave labor, so he owned many slaves, but he grew increasingly annoyed with the institution of slavery and even he freed his slaves in his will.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

He was a member of the Anglican Church and the secret organisation Freemasonry.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

He called for tolerance of all faiths while he was still a general and president.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

After his death, Washington was remembered in a variety of ways, including monuments, artwork, place names, stamps, and currency, and experts have considered him one of the best United States presidents of all time.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

Presidential Footnote Reference - President of the United States; Published by the United States Department of Lighting and Cultural Affairs, Jakarta (2003) The Presidents, A Reference History.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

Editors.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

Henry F. Graff.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

Second edition.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

Publishers Scribners 1996.


Question: where was George Herbert Walker Bush born?

George Washington

Category:Presidents of the United States Category:100 Figures by Michael H. Hart Category:United States military figures


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

Joanne Kathleen Rowling or better known as J. K. Rowling ().


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

As a single mother living in Edinburgh, Scotland, Rowling was thrust into the spotlight of international literature in 1999 as the first three series of Harry Potter teen novels took over the top three spots on the New York Times best-seller list after obtaining the same win in the United Kingdom.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

Rowling's fortunes were further accrued when the 4th series, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published in July of 2000.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

This series became his best-selling selling book in history.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

Harry Potter Pioneer As a graduate of the University of Exeter, Rowling moved to Portugal in 1990 to teach English.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

There she met and married a Portuguese journalist.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

Their daughter, Jessica was born in 1993.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

After her marriage ended in divorce, Rowling moved to Edinburgh together with her son living adjacent to Rowling's younger sister's home.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

In Edinburgh, Rowling faced problems to support herself and her son.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

While living in that distress, Rowling began writing a book.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

It said Rowling got the idea about writing the book while on her way up a train from Manchester to London in 1990.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

After several turns down, Rowling managed to sell the book, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone for sums as much as $4000.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

By the summer in 2000, Harry Potter's first three books: Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, and Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban had nodded a profit of more or less 480 million US dollars in its three-year term with prints of 35 million manuscripts in 35 languages.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

By July 2000, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire had been printed for the first time 5.3 million manuscripts with an additional order of 1.8 million manuscripts.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

Rowling, who is now one of the richest women in Britain, designed to create seven books for the series, each of which narrates every year Harry Potter is a boy wizard and his friend at Hogwarts Magic School.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

His fifth book, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, has gone on the market on 12 midnight June 21, 2003, simultaneously worldwide after approximately 3 years the fourth book was published.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

The sixth book of Harry Potter and the Blood-Mixed Prince has also been officially launched simultaneously around the world at 12.01pm 16 July 2005.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

To launch the book's launch, he held a special crowd at Edinburgh Castle.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

He immersed himself in some greetings and spent some time with the childhood readers who scanned his books.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

So far, the worldwide launch of her sixth book has received more attention than any other Harry Potter book launch.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

After passing success with her sixth book, Rowling launched her seventh book entitled Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in 2007.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

From Books to the Wide Screen Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone has been elevated to the big screen under the direction of director Chris Colombus which began airing on 16 November 2001.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

At the end of its opening week in the United States, the film had broken records with a profit of around 93.5 million US dollars (20 million dollars more than the previous record holder, the 1999 film, The Lost World: Jurassic Park).


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

By the end of that year, it had also been the most profited film throughout 2001.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

The film sequel to the series, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, began airing on November 15, 2002 and became the third film to best opening end week in the history of breaking the stage.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

A third film, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban had begun airing on 4 June 2004.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

The family End of December 2001, Rowling was married to Dr. Neil Murray at their home in Scotland.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

Their second child and first son, David Gordon Rowling Murray, was born on 24 March 2003, at the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

To keep her son then, Rowling said she would rarely appear in front of crowds and sign a fifth book that at the time was newly waged.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

Shortly after announcing the sixth book of the Harry Potter series after it was perfectly written, Rowling gave birth to a daughter on 23 January 2005 and was named after Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

Now, J. K. Rowling has finished concocting the seventh and final book of the series.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

He said he would not connect the series again and he wanted to try to concoct a new genre.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

See also Harry Potter Outlink Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

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Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

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Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

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Question: who are J.K. Rowling's parents?

J. K. Rowling

Rowling Rowling


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

JMPL|Indonesian Muslims read the Quran after performing prayers at Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Indonesia has the largest number of Muslims in the Islamic world in Indonesia is the largest majority of Muslims in the world.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

The 2010 Population Census data shows there are about 87.18% or 207 million people out of a total of 238 million people who are Islamic.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Although Islam is the majority, Indonesia is not an Islamic country.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

History of the entry of Islam The spread of Islam according to a number of records Various theories regarding the entry of Islam into Indonesia continue to appear today.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

The focus of discussion regarding the arrival of Islam in Indonesia has so far revolved around three main themes, namely the place of origin, its carriers, and the time of its arrival.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

As many know if the limestone producing area is Barus City (North Sibolga-Sumatra) has been used by pharaohs in Egypt for the burial process of pharaohs mummies.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Based on this, it proves that long before Islam came, the people of the archipelago have been in contact with the outside world.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

It is possible that Islam had converted in the archipelago occurred during the Prophetic period or the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Regarding the place of origin of Islam that touched Indonesia, among historians there are several opinions.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Ahmad Mansur Suryanegara tied it into three major theories.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

First, the theory of Gujarat, India.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Islam is believed to have come from the Gujarat — India region through the role of muslim Indian traders in around the 13th century A.D. Second, Makkah theory.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Islam is believed to arrive in Indonesia directly from the Middle East through the services of Muslim Arab traders around the 7th century A.D. Third, Persian theory.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Islam arrived in Indonesia through the role of Persian traders who came to Gujarat before going to the archipelago around the 13th century A.D. They argued about the fact that there are many Persian expressions and words in Malay, Acehnese, and even Javanese. [1]


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Through the Sultanate of Tidore which also controlled the Land of Papua, since the 17th century, the furthest reaches the spread of Islam has reached the Onin Peninsula in Fakfak Regency, West Papua.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

If Western Historians think that Islam entered Indonesia starting in the 13th century is incorrect, Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah argues that in 625 AD a Chinese script reported that found a group of Arabs who had settled on the West coast of Sumatra (Barus). [2]


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

At the next time, the territory of Barus will enter the territory of the kingdom of Sriwijaya.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

In 30 Hijriyah or 651 AD during the reign of Khilafah Islam Utsman ibn Affan (644-656 AD), ordered to send his messenger (Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan) to the land of Java namely to Jepara (at that time his name was Kalingga).


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

The result of the visit of this Islamic ambassador was king Jay Sima, son of Queen Sima of Kalingga, converted to Islam. [3]


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

But according to Hamka himself, it occurred in 42 Hijri or 672 AD. [4]


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

In 718 A.D. King Srivijaya Sri Indravarman after during the time of the caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz (717 - 720 AD) (Umayyad dynasty) once sent a letter with Umar bin Abdul Aziz at once mentioned his title with 1000 elephants, the host caretaker in the court of 1000 princesses, and children The king is under the umbrella of the banner.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

His Majesty thanked the gift from the Caliph of the Children of Umayyads. [5]


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

In this regard, Hamka cited the opinion of SQ Fatimi which compares with The Forgotten Kingdom Schniger that indeed what is meant is Sriwijaya about the Takus Estuary, which is close to the area with many elephants, namely Mount Suliki.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Moreover, in the framework of the former temple there, an elephant statue that is presumably worth in aana.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

The year of the letter mentioned Fatemi that he was mentioned 718 AD or 75 Hijri.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

From there, Hamka stated that Islam had come to Indonesia since the first century of Hijri. [6]


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

In addition, the fact that can not be ignored is that the existence of the book izh-harul Haqq fi Genealogy of King Ferlak written by Abu Ishaq al-Makrani al-Fasi who originated in Makran area, Balochistan calls that the Kingdom of Perlak was founded in 225 AH/847 AD ruled successively by eight sultan. [7]


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

The refutation of 13 century Indonesian Sign Islamic Theory through Gujarat Merchants The theory of Islam Enter Indonesia 13th century through Gujarat traders, in the opinion of most people, is not true.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

If true then of course Islam will develop mostly in Indonesia is the flow of Shi'ah because Gujarat at that time was Shia, but the reality of Islam in Indonesia dominated Shafi'i Mazhab.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Another refutation is evidence of the emergence of Islam in the early days with evidence of Tarikh Nisan Fatimah binti Maimun (1082M) in Gresik. [8]


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Colonial period In the 17th century AD or in 1601 the Dutch East Indies kingdom came to the archipelago to trade, but in later developments they colonized this area.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

The Dutch came to Indonesia with its chamber of commerce, the VOC, since then almost all of the archipelago's territory was controlled except Aceh.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

At that time between the Islamic kingdoms in the archipelago has not had time to form alliances or cooperation.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

This is what caused the process of spreading da'wah to be truncated.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

With the sumuliayatul (perfection) of Islam for which there is no separation between certain aspects of life and others, this has been applied by scholars of the time.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

When the colonization came, the scholars turned the boarding school into the headquarters of the struggle, the students (students of the boarding school) became jundullah (army of God) who were ready to fight the invaders, while the clergy became warlords.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

The potentials grew and developed in the 13th century into a force of resistance against invaders.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

This can be proven by the existence of the wisdom during the Islamic kingdom whose verses contain calls for struggle.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Scholars decried jihad against the Dutch invaders.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

In the late 19th century, an ideology of Islamic renewal emerged that Jamal-al-Din Afghani and Muhammad Abduh emerged.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

The Minangkabau scholars who studied in Cairo, Egypt played a lot in spreading these ideas, among them were Muhammad Djamil Djambek and Abdul Karim Amrullah.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Islamic renewal that grew so rapidly supported by the establishment of renewal schools such as Adabiah (1909), Diniyah Putri (1911), and Sumatra Thawalib (1915).


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

In 1906, Tahir bin Jalaluddin published the update newspaper al-Iman in Singapore and five years later, in Padang published the dwi-weekly newspaper al-Munir. [9]


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Demographics Most of the Islamic ummat in Indonesia are in Western Indonesia, such as in the islands of Sumatra, Java, Madura and Borneo.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

As for the Eastern region, many Muslims are settled in Sulawesi, West Nusa Tenggara, and North Maluku and certain enclaves in East Indonesia such as Alor, Fakfak, Haruku, Banda, Tual and others.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

The procurement of transmigration from Java and Madura that was massively carried out by the Suharto administration for three decades to the eastern regions of Indonesia has led to an increase in the number of Muslims there.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Islamic architecture is very much influential on building architecture in Indonesia.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Betawi house is one of them, is a form of building architecture that is influenced by Islamic complexion.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

On one of the Q&A forums on the Muslim Era website [10], it was mentioned that Betawi House which has a wide terrace, and there is a bale-bale for gathering place, is one of the architectural features of Islamic civilization in Indonesia.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Mosque JMPL|250px|Masjid Raya Medan al Ma'shun, is one of the characteristics of Islamic architecture building in Indonesia The mosque is a place of Muslim worship that can be found in various places in Indonesia.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

According to the data of the Institute of Ta'mir Masjid Indonesia, currently there are 125 thousand mosques managed by the institution, while the overall number based on the data of the Department of Religion in 2004, the number of mosques in Indonesia as many as 643,834 pieces, this number increased from the data of 1977 which a total of 392,044 pieces.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

It is estimated that the number of mosques and mushala in Indonesia is currently between 600-800 thousand pieces. [11]


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

According to the statement of Komjen Pol Syafruddin Deputy Ketum Board of Mosques Indonesia said according to the data in 2017, that Indonesia has about 800 thousand mosques.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

In that, the management of mosques in Indonesia is different from mosques in other countries.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

The government does not directly build and manage mosques, but through self-help, as well as in terms of management. [12]


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Pesantren education is one of the Islamic education systems in Indonesia with distinctive and unique characteristics, it is also considered the oldest education system in Indonesia. [13]


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

In Indonesia, the Ministry of Religious Affairs is the responsible holder of religious education and religious education preparing a strategic plan established through the Decree of the Minister of Religion No. 39 of 2015.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

The things that are there are then poured into the formulation of the duties and functions of the Directorate of Education Diniyah and Pondok Pesantren Kemenag according to Regulation of the Minister of Religion No. 42 of 2016.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

The scope of services of the Directorate of Education of Diniyah and Pondok Pesantren includes formal education, which includes formal education, muakan education unit, and ma'had 'ali.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Non-formal diniyah education includes madrasah diniyah takmiliyah, Quran education, and equality education programs as well as boarding schools as organizers and educational units. [14]


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

In addition, in Islamic education in Indonesia also known the existence of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (basic), Madrasah Tsanawiyah (advanced), and Madrasah Aliyah (intermediate).


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

For the level of Islamic universities in Indonesia is also advancing along with the times, this can be seen from the continued variety of Islamic universities.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Almost every province in Indonesia can be found by the State Islamic Institute as well as some other Islamic universities such as State Islamic University (UIN) with different names based on the names of past Islamic broadcasting figures such as in Makassar with the name of State Islamic University Sultan Alauddin is abbreviated (UINAM).


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Based on data from the Directorate General of Islamic Education at the beginning of 2018, out of 326,327 Islamic educational institutions under house, 76.1% or 248,290 institutions are education diniyah and boarding school.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Divided into 28,194 boarding schools, 84,966 madrasah diniyah takmiliyah, as well as 135,130 Quran education.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

The remaining 23.9% other Islamic educational institutions are divided into raudhatul athfal (27,999), madrasah ibtidaiyah (24,560), madrasah tsanawiyah (16,934), madrasah aliyah (7,843) and religious colleges (756).


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

It does not include a number of educational institutions in the form of equality education program at boarding school (1,508), formal diniyah education (59), muakan education (80), and ma'had 'aliy (29). [14]


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Then talk about other statistics, out of a total of 2,378,566 educators, 63% or 1,4999,859 teaching in education diniyah and boarding school.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

These teachers are responsible for 18,196,034 students or 64.2% of all Islamic education students (28,324,088 persons). [14]


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Politics With the majority Muslim population, politics in Indonesia is inseparable from the influence and role of Muslims.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

This political revival began among the Hajj who brought news of French attacks on Morocco, Libyan Muslims attacked, and Egyptian nationalist movements against British imperialists.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

It also shaped the faithful feelings of fellow Muslims, and stirred up an impudence towards colonialism and European imperialism. [15]


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

However, Indonesia is not an Islamic country, but there are some areas that are given privileges to implement Islamic Shari'a, such as Aceh.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Along with the 1998 reforms, in Indonesia the number of Islamic political parties grew.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

In the 1999 election, 17 Islamic parties—namely 12 Islamic parties and 5 other parties with Islamic and Pancasila—participated in the election.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Their readiness in terms of administration—except PPP which is old—is admirable considering that they can follow all the requirements of elections that are quite strict, similar that each party must have branches in at least 14 provinces.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Nevertheless, the entire Islamist party lost far to the PDI which raked in about 34% of the vote. [16]


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

In that election, the PPP won 11,329,905 votes (10.7 percent) and was entrenched in third place, [17] therefore the United Development Party won the top 5.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

The Star Moon Party was able to form its own faction even though only 13 members, and the Justice Party only gained 7 House seats. [16]


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

If previously there was only one Islamic political party, namely the United Party of Development - as a result of the government's policy limiting the number of political parties, in the 2004 election there were six political parties based on Islam, namely United Development Party, Prosperous Justice Party, Party Reform Star, National Mandate Party, Nation Awakening Party and Star Moon Party.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

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Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

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Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

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Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

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Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

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Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Munjid, Achmad.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

“” () (Opinion) The Jakarta Post.


Question: When did Islam enter Indonesia?

Islam in Indonesia

Friday September 14, 2012.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

The United States dropped atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, in August 1945, the final stages of the Second World War.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The United States dropped the bomb with the consent of the United Kingdom as contained in the Quebec Agreement.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The two bombing operations that killed at least 129,000 lives were the use of wartime nuclear weapons for the first and last time in history.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

In the last year of World War II, the Allies were getting ready to launch an invasion on the Japanese mainland that cost great money.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The United States previously carried out a bombing campaign that destroyed many Japanese cities.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The war in Europe finished after Nazi Germany signed the instrument of surrender on 8 May 1945.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

However, Japan refused to meet Allied demands for an unconditional surrender.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The Pacific War continued.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Together with Great Britain and China, the United States asked Japanese troops to surrender in the Potsdam Declaration of July 26, 1945 or face “rapid and great destruction”.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Japan ignored the ultimatum.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

In July 1945, the Allies-pioneered Manhattan Project successfully carried out atomic bomb testing in the New Mexico desert.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

They produced nuclear weapons based on two drafts in August. The 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces was equipped with a special Boeing B-29 Superfortress Silverplate version capable of transporting nuclear bombs from Tinian in the Mariana Islands.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

On August 6, the U.S. dropped a Little Boy (Little Boy) uranium atomic bomb on Hiroshima.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

United States President Harry S. Truman called for Japan to surrender 16 hours later and gave warning of an “unprecedented rain of wreckage from the air on the face of the earth.”


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Three days later, on August 9, U.S. dropped an implosion-type plutonium bomb (Fat Man) on Nagasaki.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

In the first two to four months after the bombing occurred, the impact killed 90,000—146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000—80,000 in Nagasaki; approximately half the victims in each city were killed on the first day.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

In the months beyond, many people were killed due to the effects of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries accompanied by sickness and malnutrition.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

In the two cities, most of the dead were civilians despite a large military garrison in Hiroshima.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

On 15 August, six days after bombing Nagasaki and the Soviet Union declared war, Japan declared surrender to the Allies.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

On September 2, Japan signed an instrument of surrender that automatically ended World War II.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The effect of this bombing on Japan's surrender and its ethical reasons are still debated today.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Background of the Pacific War In 1945, the Pacific War between the Empire of Japan and the Allies entered its fourth year.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The Japanese fought fiercely for the U.S. victory to be haunted by the large number of casualties.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Of the 1.25million United States troops who were killed in World War II, including military personnel who were killed on duty and injured on duty, nearly one million were killed in the period from June 1944 to June 1945.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

In December 1944, the number of U.S. soldiers who had fallen reached its highest number, 88,000 troops per month, due to the Ardennes Offensive by Germany. [1]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

In the Pacific, the Allies returned to the Philippines, [2] seized Myanmar, [3] and stormed Borneo. [4]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Offensive was waged to wipe out Japanese forces still entrenched in Bougainville, New Guinea, and the Philippines. [5]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

In April 1945, United States forces landed on Okinawa and fought fiercely until June.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

As the war progressed, the ratio of Japanese and U.S. casualties fell from 5:1 in the Philippines to 2:1 on Okinawa. [1]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

As the Allies continued to push toward Japan, the condition of the Japanese nation grew worse.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The tonnage of Japan's fleet of merchant ships dropped from 5,250,000 gross tons in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945, and 557,000 tons in August 1945.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The scarcity of raw materials forced Japan's war economy to fall in the later half of 1944.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The weakened economy of the community throughout the war reached its severity in mid-1945.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The absence of boats also affects the fishing fleet.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

In 1945, fish catches were only 22% of 1941 yields.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The 1945 rice harvest reached its lowest amount since 1909.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

As a result, hunger and malnutrition broke in society.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The industrial production of the United States is far superior to that of Japanese industry.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

By 1943, the United States was producing nearly 100,000 aircraft per year, differing from the 70,000 aircraft produced by Japan during World War II.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

In the summer of 1944, the U.S. deployed nearly a hundred aircraft carriers in the Pacific, more than the 25 aircraft carriers the Japanese had throughout the war.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

In February 1945, Prince Fumimaro Konoe informed Emperor Hirohito that defeat was inevitable again and advised the Emperor to abdicate. [6]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Preparations for the invasion of Japan Before Nazi Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945, a number of plans were prepared for the largest operation of the Pacific War, Operation Downfall, which was the invasion of Japan. [7]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The operation is divided into two parts: Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The overall operation of the plan began in October 1945.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Olympic was a series of landings of the U.S. Sixth Army to annex one third of Japan's large southern island, Kyūshū. [8]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Operation Olympic was resumed in March 1946 by Operation Coronet, the capture of the Kantō Plain, near Tokyo on Honshū island, by the First, Eighth, and U.S. Tenth Army. Europe, and the Japanese winter is fast over. [9]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Japanese geographers made these invasion plans known to Japan; they were able to accurately predict Allied invasion plans and adapt their defense plan, Operation Ketsugō.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Japan planned an all-out defense of Kyūshū leaving no reserves for subsequent defense operations. [10]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Four veteran divisions were withdrawn from the Kwantung Army in Manchuria in March 1945 to reinforce forces in Japan, [11] and 45 new divisions were activated between February and May 1945.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Most of the divisions were imobil divisions for coastal defense, but the other 16 were highly experienced automobile divisions. [12]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

In all, 2.3million Japanese Army soldiers were prepared to defend major Japanese islands.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

They are aided by 28million civilian militia men and women.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Casualty estimates vary but are very high.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The Deputy Chief of General Staff of the Imperial Japanese Navy, Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi, estimated that the number of Japanese citizens killed could reach 20million inhabitants. [13]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Research dated June 15, 1945, conducted by the Joint War Plans Committee, [14] submitting planning information to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, estimated that Olympic would sacrifice between 130,000 to 220,000 U.S. troops, 25,000 to 46,000 of whom fall.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The results of the study were delivered on June 15, 1945 after receiving the results of the Battle of Okinawa.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The research highlighted Japan's weak defenses due to highly effective sea-blocking and bombing campaigns by the United States.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The Chief of Staff of the United States Army, General George Marshall, and the Commander of the ground forces in the Pacific, General Douglas MacArthur, signed the Joint War Plans Committee estimate approval document. [15]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The United States was shocked by the Japanese troop buildup tracked by Ultra intelligence. [16]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson was so alarmed by the estimated number of U.S. army casualties that he commissioned Quincy Wright and William Shockley to conduct separate research.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Wright and Shockley spoke with Colonel James McCormack and Dean Rusk, and studied casualty estimates that Michael E. DeBakey and Gilbert Beebe delivered.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Wright and Shockley estimated that the number of casualties on the Allied side reached between 1.7 and 4million lives if the scenario was like that, 400,000 to 800,000 of them fell, while the casualties on the Japanese side reached between 5 to 10 million lives. [17] [18] Marshall began to consider the use of weapons that “were ready to wear and certainly capable of reducing the number of deciduous American soldiers”: [19] poison gas.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Fosgene, mustard gas, tear gas, and cyanogen chloride in large quantities were transferred to Luzon from arsenals in Australia and New Guinea as part of preparation for Operation Olympic.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

MacArthur assures that Chemical Warfare Service units are trained to use them. [19]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The use of biological weapons in Japan was also considered. [20]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Air raids on Japan When the United States developed plans for an air campaign against Japan prior to the Pacific War, the achievement of Allied bases in the Western Pacific in the first few weeks of the Pacific conflict signified that air attacks only began in mid-1944 after the Boeing B -29 Superfortress ready to deploy to combat. [21]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Operation Matterhorn involved moving India-based B-29 aircraft to bases around Chengdu, China, in preparation for the assault of strategic targets in Japan. [22]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The effort failed to meet the strategic objectives of the plan's formulators due to logistical problems, mechanical difficulties of bomber aircraft, vulnerability of preparation bases in China, and long mileage to Japanese cities. [23]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Brigadier General of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Haywood S. Hansell determined that Guam, Tinian, and Saipan in the Mariana Islands were suitable for B-29 bases, but at that time were still Japanese-controlled. [24]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Strategy was replaced to suit the air war, [25] and the islands were recaptured between June and August 1944.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Several air bases were built, [26] and B-29s were flown from the Mariana Islands in October 1944. [27]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The bases can be supplied by cargo ships without hindrance. [28]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

XXI Bomber Command began its Japanese assault mission on 18 November 1944. [29]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Initial attempts to bomb Japan from the Mariana Islands were as ineffective as the B-29s in China.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Hansell continued high-level precise bombing operations targeting important industries and transportation networks even though these tactics did not have a major impact. [30]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The venture failed due to logistical difficulties with far-flung bases, technical problems experienced by new and advanced aircraft, hostile weather, and enemy resistance. [31] [32] Hansell's replacement, Major General Curtis LeMay, became commander of the operation in January 1945 and was still initially pass on the same exact bombing tactics with unsatisfactory results anyway.


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

The attacks initially targeted important industrial facilities, but most of the Japanese production process was carried out in small workshops and residents' homes. [36]


Question: what is the number of countries that used atomic bombs during the 2nd world war?

Under the pressure of USAAF headquarters in Washington, LeMay changed tactics and decided that low-level firebombing of urban Japan was the only way to destroy their production capabilities; switching from precise bombing to bombing territory with burn bombs. [37]