Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

Background of Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimasa's Promise to Ashikaga Yoshimi After the 3rd Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu and 4th Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimochi managed to overcome the chaos of Namboku-cho's age and rebellion by the influential shugo daimyō, the Muromachi shogunate established a government by the elders in the hands of a joint council of influential daimyō.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

The 6th Shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori ran the government system of despotism.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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In 1441, Yoshinori ordered the assassination of the Akamatsu Mitsusuke (Kakitsu Rebellion), and the decline of the Muromachi shogunate came into view.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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The 7th Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshikatsu was the son of Yoshinori's heir.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Yoshikatsu was appointed shogunate when he was 9 years old.


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He not long afterwards died, and only served shogunate for less than a year.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

Ashikaga Yoshikatsu was still 8 years old when appointed 8th shogun by Kanrei Hatakeyama Mochikuni.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Yoshimasa was nurtured by a mother named Hino Shigeko and a milk/concubine mother named Imamairi no Tsubone.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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He became an adult as a culturalist under the guidance of Ise Sadachika and the monk Kikeishinzui.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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But Yoshimasa's ability to lead the daimyō was severely lacking.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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His interest was only in tea ceremonies, Japanese gardens, and sarugaku.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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The shogunate was run by his wife named Hino Tomiko, Kanrei Hosokawa Katsumoto, and Yamana Mochitoyo.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Shōgun Yoshimasa intends to resign because of the chaos in the government and a sustained rebellion of the peasants (Tsuchi Ikki).


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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He was also unable to overcome the Famine of the Chōroku-Kansei Age (1459-1461).


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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When he was 29 years old Yoshimasa had not obtained a son from his wife Tomiko or from his concubines.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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The circumstances made him intend to give the post of shogun to Gijin, his younger brother who was already a monk of the Jōdokyō sect.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Gijin argues Yoshimasa was young and still may have offspring.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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He repeatedly refused to be made a shogun, but eventually agreed after being continuously persuaded.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Yoshimasa even made a personal contract letter promising “if of himself is born a son will be made a monk, and will not be made the head of a descendant successor family”.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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On 24 December 1464, Gijin quit as a monk and was made an adopted son by Yoshimasa.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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The name he used as the next would-be shogunate was Ashikaga Yoshimi.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Political changes of the Bunshō epoch In 1466, unexpectedly, Shōgun Yoshimasa on the advice of the closest aides (Ise Sadachika and Kikei Shinzui) transferred the post of head of the family from Shiba clan from Shiba Yoshikado to Shiba Yoshitoshi.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

Yamana Sōzen (Mochitoyo) who had family ties to Shiba Yoshikado allied with Isshiki Yoshinao and Toki Shigeyori to support Yoshikado.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Subsequently, Sadachika spread issues about rebellion with the intention of ousting Ashikaga Yoshimi.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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As a countermeasure, Katsumoto, who became Yoshimi's protector, banished Sadachika up to Ōmi Province with the help of Yamana Sōzen.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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As a result of political changes in the shogunate, Kikei Shinzui, Shiba Yoshitoshi, and Akamatsu Masanori temporarily lost positions in the government and were expelled from the capital.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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The dispute between Katsumoto and Sōzen The restoration of power of the Akamatsu clan was opposed by Yamana Sōzen who had meritoriously quelled the Kakitsu Rebellion.


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In 1458, Katsumoto planned to finish off Sōzen's military power by elevating Akamatsu Masanori who was also his son-in-law to be the daimyō of Kaga Province.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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As a result of this, the opposition among Katsumoto and Sōzen increasingly became.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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The feud between the two heated up with the seizure of the Shiba clan chief position between Yoshikado and Yoshitoshi.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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On December 12, 1465, was unexpectedly born a boy to Hino Tomiko and Shōgun Yoshimasa.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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The son was later named Ashikaga Yoshihisa.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Tomiko ambitions to make her biological son the heir to the post of shogunate, but the post has been promised to her sister-in-law (Ashikaga Yoshimi).


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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For the sake of realizing her wish, Tomiko approaches Yamana Sōzen.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Assisted by Sōzen, Tomiko secretly tried to prevent Ashikaga Yoshimi's appointment as shogun.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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On the opposite side, Yoshimi allied himself with Kanrei Hosokawa Katsumoto.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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As a result of this, fierce competition ensued over the right to be heir to the post of shogunate (head of the Ashikaga clan).


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Hino Tomiko and Yamana Sōzen who guarded Ashikaga Yoshimasa had to face off against Ashikaga Yoshimi and Hosokawa Katsumoto.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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The dispute over the successor to the post of shogunate also extended to these


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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The Shugo daimyō split in two into the Katsumoto faction and the Sōzen faction, and clashes between the two factions became difficult to avoid.


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Among the Yamana clan and the Hosokawa clan are actually tied family relations.


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Katsumoto was the son-in-law of Sōzen after beholding Sōzen's adopted son as his legal wife in 1447.


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Battle of Kamigoryō At that time, in the Hatakeyama clan that held the kanrei there was a fierce dispute over the post of head of the family.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Hatakeyama Yoshinari is at odds with his cousin named Hatakeyama Masanaga.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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The Hatakeyama clan is one of three kanrei clans assisting the Ashikaga clan (the other two clans are the Hosokawa clan and the Shiba clan).


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Between the two sides had killed each other, but Shogun Yoshimasa did nothing.


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Around 1455, thanks to the intrigues that Masanaga ran with Hosokawa Katsumoto, Shōgun Yoshimasa expelled Yoshinari as the chief official of the Hatakeyama family.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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As his successor, Masanaga was appointed leader of the Hatakeyama clan.


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After being expelled, Yoshinari asked Yamana Sōzen for help to reclaim his position.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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On 6 February 1467, Sōzen succeeded in persuading Shōgun Yoshimasa to grant amnesty for Yoshinari.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Shōgun Yoshimasa's wishes could not be denied Kanrei Hatakeyama Masanaga Katsumoto.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Yoshinari was invited to Hana no Gosho (Flower Palace) which was the official residence of the shogun.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Shōgun Yoshimasa cancelled a regular New Year's event to attend a banquet at the Sōzen residence house that Yoshinari attended.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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During the banquet, Shōgun Yoshimasa recognized Yoshinari as the leader of the Hatakeyama family, and Masanaga was asked to give up the official residence house of the kanrei.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Shogun Yoshimasa's decision was opposed by Masanaga who then resigned from the position of kanrei.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Shiba Yoshikado of the Yamana faction was appointed as Masanaga's replacement.


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Katsumoto attempted to force Shōgun Yoshimasa to issue orders killing Yoshinari.


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The venture fails after Sōzen learns of Katsumoto's plans on notice from Tomiko.


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Sōzen a number of warriors from the daimyō who supported him carried out a siege against the emperor's court and Hana no Gosho.


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He demanded Shōgun Yoshimasa to issue orders to kill Masanaga and Katsumoto.


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Shogun Yoshimasa allowed Katsumoto to be expelled.


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However, on condition that the other daimyō did not intervene, the order to attack Masanaga was given to Hatakeyama Yoshinari.


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Hatakeyama Masanaga who was treated as a rebel, requested the help of troops from Katsumoto, but the request was not granted.


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On February 22, 1467, after self-burning his residential house, Masanaga led troops towards Kamigoryō Shrine in Kyoto.


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Shogun Yoshimasa himself refused to intervene in the internal conflicts of the Hatakeyama family.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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However Sōzen was directed to leave titular Emperor Go-Hanazono and Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado to the shogunate's headquarters at Muromachi-tei, and Yoshinari assisted with additional troops.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Katsumoto at that time had not been involved because he was serving as a protector of Shōgun Yoshimasa.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Kamigoryō Shrine is surrounded by bamboo forest.


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To the west flows a small river, while to the south lies the Shōkoku-ji ditch.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Yoshinari came to attack Masanaga with the help of Shiba Yoshikado, Yamana Masatoyo, and Asakura Takakage.


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Fighting continued into the night.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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At midnight, Masanaga set fire to the temple to give the impression he had been killed suicide.


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After managing to escape, he is rumored to be hiding in the Katsumoto residence house.


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Widespread fire of warfare After the battle at Kamigoryō Shrine, Katsumoto gathered troops from 9 provinces including from Shikoku, and gathered them in Kyoto.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Katsumoto also invaded Harima Province and seized it from the Yamana clan.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Before the expropriation of the Yamana clan, the previous ruler of Harima Province was the Akamatsu clan (Akamatsu Masanori was Katsumoto's son-in-law).


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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Meanwhile in Kyoto, Katsumoto's forces burned bridges in various places, including bridges on the Uji River and Yodo River.


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All four corners of the city were occupied by Katsumoto's forces.


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Forces under the leadership of Takeda Nobukata and Hosokawa Shigeyuki in month 5 captured Wakasa Province belonging to the Isshiki clan.


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Isshiki Yoshinao's official residence in Kyoto and the headquarters of the general of the Western Forces were attacked.


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From Owari Province, Shiba Yoshitoshi stormed into Tōtōmi Province.


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Ashikaga Yoshimi had been trying to mediate with the two warring sides since a month earlier, but to no avail.


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In month 5, Katsumoto invites his allied daimyō in various regions to take up arms, including Hatakeyama Masanaga who was hiding in Hokuriku.


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After retaking control of Hana no Gosho, Katsumoto picked up Shōgun Yoshimasa, Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado and Titular Emperor Go-Hanazono from the shogunate's headquarters at Muromachi-tei on the grounds of protecting them from warfare.


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Katsumoto stationed the main troops at the official residence of the shogun (Imadegawa-tei).


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In the following month, Katsumoto obtained the shogunate flag he had requested from Shōgun Yoshimasa, and officially Katsumoto and his army became imperial troops.


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On the opposite side, Sōzen concentrated his main forces at Itsutsu-dōri, a street within the city of Kyoto.


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The two sides became facing each other, Hosokawa Katsumoto's forces were called Eastern Forces, while Yamana Sōzen's forces were called Western Forces.


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According to the historical book Ōninki, the Eastern Forces consisted of 160,000 warriors, and the Western Forces consisted of 110,000 warriors.


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Nonetheless, the number of warriors both sides had was likely grossly exaggerated.


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Western forces supported generals from Hokuriku, Shin'etsu, Tōkai, and Kyūshū (Chikuzen, Bungo, Buzen) regions.


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Compared to the Western Forces, the Eastern Forces supported more troops from the regions.


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The Hosokawa clan was the daimyō of the Kinai and Shikoku regions, plus troops from surrounding provinces who supported the Hosokawa faction.


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Instead, Western Forces assisted troops from the region who were dismayed by the Hosokawa clan and its allies.


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Western forces were also heavily assisted by parties at loggerheads with Takeda Nobukata such as Isshiki Yoshinao, Rokkaku Takayori, and Toki Shigeyori who although close to Shogun Yoshimasa were forced to join the Western Forces.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

Meanwhile, areas far from the capital city's surveillance such as the Kanto and Tōhoku regions, as well as southern Kyūshū were already large scale skirmishes between influential samurai clans.


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The uprising in the Kantō region is called the Kyōtoku Event.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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The battle battle situation was originally won by the Eastern Forces.


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Western forces were successfully expelled from the vicinity of the emperor's palace and Hana no Gosho.


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The imperial family and Shogun Yoshimasa were successfully secured.


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Shogun Yoshimasa supported the Eastern Forces and made it an imperial army.


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The Hosokawa clan and the territory of its allies came from around Kinai thus benefiting the position of the Eastern Forces.


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Circumstances changed until a number of 80,000 Yamana clan warriors who had previously occupied Tamba Province belonging to the Hosokawa clan were demoted to Kyoto.


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In the 8th month of 1467, the strength of the Western Forces recovered after receiving the assistance of troops from 7 provinces, among them Ōuchi Masahiro's troops from Suo Province, Kōno Michiharu's troops from Shikoku, and naval forces.


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Large death tolls were suffered by both sides in the fighting at Shōkoku-ji, but neither side lost or won.


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On 27 September 1467, Ashikaga Yoshimi abruptly fled the Eastern Forces, and asked Kitabatake Noritomo for protection from Ise Province.


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Yoshimi's defection is thought to be the cause of Shōgun Yoshimasa calling back Ise Sadachika who had previously been expelled as a result of the political changes of Bunshō's time.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

Yoshimi is thought to have defected from the Eastern Forces after learning he wanted to be removed by Shōgun Yoshimasa and Katsumoto, in order for Yoshihisa to be appointed shogun.


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After Yoshihisa's birth, Yoshimi had actually lost a place in the Muromachi shogunate.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

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The Ōnin War became prolonged as a result of Shōgun Yoshimasa breaking a promise to give the post of shogunate to Yoshimi, while Katsumoto protecting the shogunate also simultaneously supported Yoshimi.


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On the opposite side, Hino Tomiko and Yamana Sōzen supported Yoshihisa to be appointed shogun.


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After some time in Ise Province, Yoshimi was willing to rejoin the Eastern Forces after being persuaded by Katsumoto and Shōgun Yoshimasa.


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However Yoshimi again defected and hid in Mount Hiei.


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Katsumoto who had turned to be a supporter of Yoshihisa succeeded in excommunicating Yoshimi from all his positions in the palace.


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On December 19, 1467, the Western Forces sent envoys to Mount Hiei to fetch Yoshimi, and elevate him to “new shogun” and publicly declare war on the Eastern Forces.


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Western forces of the time also requested assistance from the remnants of the Southern Palace force called Go-Nanchō.


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On 31 December 1467, the imperial court decided to sack the officials from the Western Forces faction.


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They were mostly from the Sanjō clan which was at loggerheads with the Hino clan (Tomiko family, wife of Shōgun Yoshimasa) and supported Yoshimi.


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The war between the Eastern Forces and the Western Forces became more difficult because military groups from both sides, for their own benefit, repeatedly defected to the enemy side.


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Some of these later again defected to the home forces.


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Under the circumstances, few groups actually sought to win the war.


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The War of the Eastern Forces against the Western Forces ended in a state neither side lost or won.


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General Ashigaru Honekawa Dōken of the Eastern Forces tried to find names by muddling around in the back line with guerrilla warfare tactics.


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But most of his troops were criminal perpetrators, including groups of robbers and criminals, so the war could not also be ended.


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Entering 1469, the senior servant of the Ōuchi clan known as a literary expert as well as a military strategist named Masuda Kanetaka withdrew his army to Iwami Province.


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Together with Ōtomo Chikashige and Shōni Masasuke of Kyūshū, Kanetaka invites Ōuchi Noriyuki to invade into the power territory of the Ōuchi clan, but their attempt fails.


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In 1471, Asakura Takakage who was the main force of the Western Forces defected to the Eastern Forces after being made daimyō of Echizen Province by Shōgun Yoshimasa.


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As a result of prolonged war and the actions of the marauder group's anarchy, Kyoto was repeatedly burned and left neglected as a prairie.


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The war also extended to the province that became the territory of the daimyō dominion who dispatched his army to Kyoto.


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As a result, they were unable to focus attention on the war in Kyoto.


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The daimyō initially fought each other to become the shogunate's greatest military power, but eventually lost the reason to go to war after the shogunate suffered a setback.


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The end of the war. After the daimyos lost their reason to fight, the soldiers of both sides also became warring.


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On April 14, 1473, Yamana Sōzen died, followed by Katsumoto who died on June 6 of the same year.


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On January 7, 1474, Shōgun Yoshimasa retired after elevating his son, Ashikaga Yoshihisa as shogun.


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On April 19, 1474, Yamana Sōzen's son Yamana Masatoyo reconciled with Hosokawa Katsumoto's son named Hosokawa Masamoto.


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In the meantime, the Eastern Troops that inspired Hatakeyama Masanaga's forces and Akamatsu Masanori's forces still continued to fight against the Western Forces that inspired Hatakeyama Yoshinari's forces and Ōuchi Masahiro's forces.


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But after Ōuchi Masahiro withdrew to Suo Province, the Western Forces practically dispersed and the fighting in Kyoto ended.


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Nine days later, the shogunate held a feast celebrating the end of the war.


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During the war, hundreds of thousands of warriors gathered into the capital.


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The war lasted for 11 years although the generals who initially led the war were already more dead.


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Ōuchi Masahiro was willing to return to Suo Province after receiving assurances from Hino Tomiko to be able to continue control of his territory.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

Strengths of both sides Eastern Forces Shugo daimyo Hosokawa Katsumoto alongside Hosokawa clan: Setsu Province, Izumi Province, Tamba Province, Awaji Province, Sanuki Province, Awa Province, Tosa Hakateyama Masanaga Province: Etchū Province, (Kawachi Province) Shiba Yoshitoshi, Shiba Mochitane: Owari Province, Echizen Province, Tōtomi Province) Kyōgoku Michikiyo: Hida Province, Ōmi Province (half the area), Izumo Province, Oki Akamatsu Masanori Province: Harima Province, Kaga Province (half the area), (Bizen Province, Mimasa Province) Yamana Koretoyo: Yamashiro Province, Takeda Nobutaka Bingo Province, Takeda Kuninobu: Wakasa Province, Aki Province (half the area) Imagawa Yoshitada: Suruga Togashi Masachika Province: Kaga Province (half the area) Kitabatake Noritomo: Ise Province (half the area) Ōtomo Chikashige: Bungo Province, Province Chikugo Shōni Masasuke: Hizen Province, Tsushima Province (Chikuzen) Kikuchi Shigetomo: Higo Shimazu Tatsuhisa Province: Satsuma Province, Ōsumi Province, Hyuga Province (did not participate in warfare) Nobility Ogasawara Ienaga, Kiso Ietoyo, Matsudaira Nobumitsu, Kira Yoshizane Tsutsui Junei, Tōchi Tōkiyo, Kikkawa Tsunemoto, Yoshimi Nobuyori, Masuda Kanetaka, Ōuchi Noriyuki, Kobayakawa Hirohira, Kōno Norimichi, Sagara Nagatsugu Western Forces Shugo daimyo Yamana Mochitoyo and the entire Yamana clan: Tajima Province, Inaba Province, Hōki Province, Mimasa Province Harima, Bizen Province, Bitchu Province (Yamana Koretoyo does not participate) Hatakeyama Yoshinari: Kawachi Province (Kii Province, Yamato Province) Hataketama Yoshimune: Noto Shiba Yoshikado Province: Echizen Province, Owari Province, Totomi Isshiki Yoshinao Province: Tango Province, half Ise Ogasawara Kiyomune Province: Shinano Toki Shigeyori Province: Mino Rokkaku Takayori Province: half Ōmi Kōno Michiharu Province: Iyo Ōuchi Masahiro Province: Nagato Province, Suo Province, Buzen Province, Chikuzen Province Nobility Kira Yoshifuji, Anegako Ujike (Hida Province), Togashi Kōchiyo, Mōyri Toyri Takeda Mototsuna, Kobayakawa clan, Shibukawa Tadashige, Shimazu Suehisa, Isshiki Tokiie The redevelopment of Kyoto among the nobles and people expelled from the city of Kyoto due to the Ōnin War opened new lands in the area around Kyoto, such as in Yamashina, Uji, Ōtsu, Nara, and Sakai.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

After the Ōnin War (1479), the environmental and security conditions of Kyoto became very bad, epidemics, fires, robberies, and riots were frequent.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

Coupled with the homecoming of the daimyō and their followers to their home provinces, the rebuilding of Kyoto city took place very slowly.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

As a result of the frequent calamities that befell Kyoto, the emperor repeatedly changed the names of the times (Chōkyō, Entoku, Meiō).


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

Earlier in 1451, Shōgun Yoshimasa revived Japanese trade with the Ming Dynasty which had stalled after the death of Ashikaga Yoshinori.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

Such trade could enrich the coffers of shogunate officials and daimyō circles close to the shogunate.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

Compared with before the war, the financial state of the shogunate during the war is actually more stable.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

But the shogunate's cash was not used by Shōgun Yoshimasa to state and help the people, but instead used for his penchant for erecting magnificent buildings (including Ginkaku-ji) and Japanese gardens.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

Most of Kyoto's rebuilding efforts were carried out by wealthy businessmen.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

In between, they revived Gion Matsuri in 1500.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

They remember that originally Gion Matsuri was held to eliminate disease outbreaks, and the re-organization of Gion Matsuri was thought to improve the economic state of Kyoto.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

Footnotes List of Nagashima Fukutarō libraries.


Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

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Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

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Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

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Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

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Question: What are the casualties of the Ōnin War?

Ōnin War

Category:History of Japan


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Marvel Comics or Marvel Worldwide Inc. formerly Marvel Publishing Inc. and Marvel Comics Group is the name of a company from the United States that produces comic books and other related media.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Marvel was first founded under the name “Timely Publications” in 1939 and briefly renamed “Atlas Comics” before eventually becoming Marvel Comics in 1961.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Now, Marvel has become one of the largest comic book publishers along with its old rival company DC Comics. [2]


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Marvel is best known for having corrected popular comic characters such as Captain America, Spider-Man, Iron Man, Hulk, Thor, Black Widow, Doctor Strange, Daredevil, Wolverine and Ant-Man and teams such as the Avengers, Guardians of the Galaxy, Fantastic Four, and X-Men, and antagonists such as the Avengers, Guardians of the Galaxy, Fantastic Four, and X-Men, and antagonists such as Doctor Doom, Red Skull, Green Goblin, Ultron, Doctor Octopus, Magneto, Venom and Loki.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Most characters of Marvel's creation operate within a world known as the Marvel Universe.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Later, many of those Marvel characters appeared in other entertainment media such as cartoon series, movies, and video games.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Marvel also has its own wiki site.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

The site was launched in 2006 and contains various information in the Marvel universe. [3]


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

In 2009, The Walt Disney Company stated it agreed to purchase Marvel Entertainment for USD 4 billion ain a stock and cash transaction.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

As such, the Mickey Mouse and Snow White creator company was entitled to comic characters including “Spider-Man,” “Iron Man” and “X-Men”.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

The deal will give Disney ownership of more than 5,000 of Marvel Entertainment's figurehead characters.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Those Superheroes will be available in all forms of merchandise and cool trinkets as a venture from Disney to interest boys to buy them, as Reuters cited. [4]


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

The purchase was finalized on December 31, 2009.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

History Timely Publications Timely Publications, the forerunner of Marvel Comics, was founded in 1939 by Martin Goodman based in New York and comics published by his company focused on the theme of superheroes (superheroes). [5]


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Timely Publications' first comic was Marvel Comics #1, published in October 1939 and received great reviews.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Another Timely comic titled Captain America which was first released in March 1941 also earned tremendous reviews and sold up to a million copies. [6]


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

In these times, Timely also recruited people who later became legends of the U.S. and even world comics industry, Jack Kirby and Stanley Lieber (commonly known by the pen name “Stan Lee”) as editors.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Atlas Comics The superhero-themed comic industry went into decline after World War II.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

As a result of this phenomenon, the comic company Goodman nurtured began to expand its comics genre to genres other than superheroes such as adventure, criminal, comedy, to around war.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

At this time, precisely in 1951, Timely changed its name to Atlas Comics and the logo was also changed to the globe logo.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

During the Atlas Comics name, the Goodman-led comic company more “tailed” or used the genre that was popular on the market as their comic genre, unlike when they still went by the Timely name where they were quite innovative by carrying a superhero theme.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Marvel Comics Atlas was eventually renamed Marvel Comics in 1961 and that name is still used today.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

In those days, precisely in the early 1960s decade, the superhero theme in the comics industry rose again after Marvel's competitor company, DC Comics, successfully modeled popular comics figures such as the Flash, Superman, and other members of the Justice League of America superhero organization.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Marvel also capitalized on the momentum by publishing a comic that also tells the story of the Fantastic Four superhero group in September 1961. [7]


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

From then until 1969, Marvel has published 831 comic books of which almost all were made by Stan Lee.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

In this period, various popular comic characters such as Spider-Man, X-Men, and the Hulk for the first time appeared.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Although DC Comics is touted as the pioneer of the revival of superhero themes in the comics industry after World War II, Marvel is considered a pioneer in changing the type of superhero storytelling that circulated during this time.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Comics historian Peter Sanderson wrote that Marvel managed to create new concepts in storytelling by bringing in more serious themes so that people like teenagers and adults could also be interested in reading comic stories. [8]


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

One example of the concept of new storytelling is two or more characters who are at first friendly, but then they have opposite views so that they giggle and finally they both fight each other where one becomes the hero, while the other becomes villains.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

The figures in Marvel comics are also considered more grounded and humane where superhero characters who have secret identities also have problems living with those dual identities.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Bankruptcy and Revitalization In 1996, Marvel was briefly declared bankrupt after Marvel's leader at the time, Ronald Perelman, sold his Marvel company stock and there was a concerned industry slump in the mid-decade 1990s. The problems that beset this Marvel company were eventually brought to court and investigations were conducted to determine the financial activities undertaken by Perelman.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Later it became known that in the run-up to the bankruptcy period, Perelman had time to issue junk bonds (junk bonds) to obtain ownership rights over other children's entertainment companies.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

After a protracted process, having been declared bankrupt a year earlier, in 1997 the court finally declared that the right to hold Marvel's next company was Isaac Perlmutter, owner of ToyBiz toy store which was also one of Marvel's branch companies.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

With the help of his associates such as his business associate Avi Arad, publisher Bill Jemas, as well as editor Bob Harras, Perlmutter sought to restore the company's condition. [9]


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

After revitalization With the new millennium, Marvel returned from bankruptcy and again began to diversify with offerings.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

In 2001, Marvel withdrew from the authority of Comic Code and opened its own comic code, the Marvel Rating System.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Marvel also opened print versions such as Ultimate Marvel and Marvel Ages.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

As in 2009, Marvel remains a major comics publisher, even as the industry has dwindled to a fraction of its peak size the previous decade.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Current years In 2009, Marvel Comics closed its Open Submissions Policy, whereby the company had received unsolicited samples from aspiring comic book artists, saying waiting time for the review process had resulted in a non-compliant professional job. [10]


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

On August 31, 2009, The Walt Disney Company announced that it had agreed to acquire Marvel Entertainment for $4 billion in cash and stock.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Disney already has had a deposit guarantee from Marvel related to TV series since 2001, when it bought Saban Entertainment. [11]


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

The deal is scheduled for a shareholder vote on December 31, 2009. [12]


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Martin Goodman ownership (1939—1961—1968) Parent company Magazine Management Co. (1968—1973) Cadence Industries (1973—1986) Marvel Entertainment (1986—1998) Marvel Enterprises Marvel Enterprises, Inc. (1998—2005) Marvel Entertainment, Inc. (2005—2009) Marvel Entertainment, LLC (2009—present, wholly owned subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company) Marvel characters in other media Marvel characters and stories have been adapted to many other media.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Some of these adaptations were produced by Marvel Comics and a similar company, Marvel Studios, while others were produced by companies that licensed Marvel material.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Films As of early September 2015, films based on Marvel properties represent the highest-grossing franchise in the U.S., having generated gross revenues of over $7.7 billion [13] as part of a worldwide gross amount that totaled more than $18 billion.


Question: when was DC Comics founded?

Marvel Comics

Reference Outside Category:Comic Book Publishers United States Category:Marvel Entertainment Category:Subsidiaries of The Walt Disney Company


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

The development of film has a long journey until it eventually becomes like a movie in the present rich with effects, and it is very easy to obtain as a medium of entertainment.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

The development of film began when the use of Thomas Alfa Edison's finding kinethoscope device which in those days was used by individual audiences.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Early films were still dumb and colorless.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Film screenings in theaters for the first time were conducted in the early 20th century, until the first time the Hollywood film industry, even today rejuvenated the globally popular film industry.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

By 1927 technology was capable enough to produce talk films whose dialogues could be heard live, but were still black-and-white.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Until 1937 film technology was already able to produce more interesting color films and followed by storylines that were gaining popularity.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

In the 1970s, movies could already be recorded in bulk quantities using videotape which was then sold.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

The 1980s invented laser disc technology, then VCD and then overtook DVD technology.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Until now digital movies are more practically widely loved so as to make the popularity of movies increase and movies become closer to the serarian of modern society.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Definition of film According to the Great Dictionary of Bahasa Indonesia, film can be interpreted in two senses.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

The first, film is a thin membrane made of celluloid that is used to store negative images of an object.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Second of all, movies are interpreted as plays or live images.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

In a special context, films are interpreted as live plays or motion pictures that are usually also stored in thin celluloid media in the form of negative images. [1]


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Although now films can not only be stored in celluloid membrane media only.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Films can also be stored and played back in digital media.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Film history The history of film cannot escape the history of photography.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

And the history of the photograph cannot escape its supporting equipment, such as a camera.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

The world's first camera was invented by a Muslim Scientist, Ibn Haitham.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

This physicist first discovered the Camera Obscura with the basis of the study of optical science using the aid of solar light energy.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Developing the idea of such a simple camera, began to find more practical cameras, that the innovation was so rapidly developing that cameras began to be used to record motion pictures.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

The basic idea of a film on its own, thought by accident.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

In 1878 when several American gentlemen gathered and from light talk raised a question: “Are all four feet of a horse in the hovering position at the same time when the horse is running?”


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

That question was answered when Eadweard Muybridge made a 16 frame picture of a running horse.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

From 16 frames of the running horse image, a series of movements in order so that the image of the horse impressed is running.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

And it is evident that there is one moment where the horse's feet do not touch the ground when the middle horse is galloping. The concept is almost the same as the concept of a cartoon movie.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

The motion picture of the horse became the first motion picture in the world.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Where in those days had not been invented cameras that could record dynamic motion.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

After Muybridge's invention of the first time moving image, camera innovation began to develop when Thomas Alfa Edison developed the function of a regular image camera into a camera capable of recording motion pictures in 1888, so that cameras began to be able to record dynamically moving objects.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

So began a new era of cinematography characterized by the creation of a kind of short documentary by the Lumière Brothers.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

The film, which is recognized as the first cinema in the world was screened on the Boulevard des Capucines, Paris, France under the title Workers Leaving the Lumière's Factory on 28 December 1895 which was later set to be the birthday of cinematography.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

An inaudible film that is only a few seconds long depicts how factory workers leave their workplaces when they come home. [2]


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

At the beginning of the birth of the film, it does seem that there is no clear purpose and storyline yet.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

But when the idea of filmmaking begins to be touched by the realm of industry, start the film is made more conceptual, having a clear line and story.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Although in the new era of the film world, the images are still colorless aka black-and-white, and not yet supported by audio effects.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

At that time, when people are watching the screening of a movie, there will be music players accompanying live yag motion pictures displayed on the screen as sound effects.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Film classification As the world of film develops, more and more films are produced with different complexions.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

In outline, films can be classified by story, creation orientation, and by genre.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Based on the story, films can be distinguished between Fiction and Non-Fiction films.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Fiction is a film made based on human imagination, in other words the film is not based on real events.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Then non-fiction films whose creation was inspired by an event that actually happened which then incorporated cinematographic elements with the addition of certain effects such as sound effects, music, light, computerization, screenplay or script that enthralled and so forth to supported the appeal of those Non-Fiction films.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Examples of non-fiction films for example the film The Iron Lady which was inspired from the life of Margaret Thatcher.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Then based on their creation orientation, films can be classed in both commercial and noncommercial films.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Commercial films, the orientation of which is business and the pursuit of profit.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

In this classification, films are indeed used as industrialization commodities.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

So that the film is made in such a way as to have a selling value and attractive to be viewed by various layers of audiences.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Commercial films are usually lighter, attractive, and understandable so that more people are interested in witnessing them.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Unlike the non-commercial films that are not business oriented.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

In other words, this non-commercial film is made not in order to pursue profit targets and the principle is not to make the film as a commodity, but rather purely as an art in conveying a message and full of goals.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Since it is not made on the basis of business interests and profits, then usually segmentation of non-commercial filmgoers is also limited.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Examples of non-commercial films for example are propaganda films, which are made with the aim of influencing the mass mindset to fit the message they are trying to convey.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

In Indonesia itself an example of propaganda film that is quite literate is the film G30S/PKI.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Or a documentary that raises a special theme, such as documentation of flora and fauna life or documentation that elevates the life of street children, and so forth.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

In addition, some films that are indeed made not for business purposes, are actually made with the aim to achieve certain awards in the field of film and cinematography.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Movies like this usually have a very deep moral message, an aesthetic that is concerned with the details, with the screenplay arranged in such a way that every movement and speech can contain such a rich meaning.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Movies like this are usually not easily digested by many people, because it is the target of making it not based on the demands of the market.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Art, aesthetics, and meaning are benchmarks of filmmaking like this.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Examples in Indonesia such as the film Pasir Berbisik produced by Christine Hakim and Daun di Atas Pillow which revolves around the life of street children.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Then classification based on film genre itself.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

There are various film genres commonly known to the public during this time, including: Action Comedy Drama Adventure Epic Musical War Science Fiction Pop Horror Gangster Thriller Fantasy Disaster/Disaster [3] Movie Industrialization Major studio film industry There are eight film producers giants that have been rejuvenating the world movie industry, among them Columbia Fox MGM Paramount Universal Warner Brothers Buena Vista (Disney) TriStar (Sony) [2] They are part of the vertical integration of the conglomeration that dominates the distribution and production of films.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Each of the companies has the ability to produce 15 to 25 films each year.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

But indeed the film production company has reduced its productivity by producing fewer films in the range in 2008-2009 and becoming more conservative and cautious in all their distribution and production decisions.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Now, large companies dare to invest an average of about US$66,000,000 in film, plus advertising and promotion costs around an average of US$36,000.0000. [2]


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

The names of top actors and directors are also the calculation of their profit sources that are centred through market demand.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

A big name actor like Johnny Depp for example, who was able to make US$ 50,000,000 at the end of a movie and an additional profit of around US$ 20,000,000 just by his performance alone.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

So the betting numbers are very high, so the demands to be able to produce big hits films become very big.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

A young company, DreamWorks, pioneered by Steven Spielberg in 1995 is now reaping success in the field of animated films, but still has to face stiff competition in the share of others.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

The success of Shrek and Madagascar's film production has made DreamWorks a competitor worthy of account by PixarStudio, which produces popular animated films, especially Disney animated films. [2]


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Independent film production Most outtakes films of 2009 are no longer only produced within the studio.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Many began producing independent (indie) films.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Nevertheless, rarely of those who are successful are distributed to the market.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Approximately 900 independent films were produced in America in 2009.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

However only 500 films of them were actually distributed and marketed.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

So, for directors of indie films themselves, the main target is to successfully distribute their films.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Problem financially, indie films usually don't cost too much.


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

So financial gain is not the main target of indie filmmaking. [2]


Question: When was animated film first invented?

Film Developments

Category Reference:Communication Technologies


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Power Line Communication (PLC) or communication via power cable, also known as Power Line Digital Subscriber Line (PDSL), mains communication, Power Line Telecom (PLT), Power Line Networking (PLN), or Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) is a system for carrying data on conductors that also used for electric power transmission.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

So that the power grid in addition to serving as a power source also becomes a conductor medium of communication.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Electrical power is transmitted through high-voltage transmission lines, which are distributed over medium voltage, and used inside buildings at low voltages.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

PLC can be applied at any stage.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Most PLC technologies restrict themselves to a set of wires (e.g., place wires), but some can cross between two levels (e.g., both distribution network and place cable) .Usually transformers prevent propagating signals allowing some bridged PLC technology to form very large network.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Basic Knowledge All communication lines through the cable operate by adjusting the modulated carrier signal on the cable system.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Different types of communication over cables use different frequency bands, depending on the characteristics of the transmission signal of the power cable used.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Since electrical wiring systems were originally intended for AC power transmission, used conventional, wire electrical circuits have only limited ability to carry higher frequencies.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Propagation problems are the limiting factor for each type of communication over wires.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

A new invention called E-Line that allows a single electrical conductor on an overhead power line to operate as a waveguide to provide low RF propagation attenuation through the microwave energy path while providing rate information of several Gbps constitutes exceptions to this restriction.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Data rates through electrical wiring communication systems vary widely.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Low-frequency carriers (about 100—200kHz) in high-voltage transmission lines may carry one or two analog voice circuits, or telemetry and control circuits with data rates equivalent to several hundred bits per second; however these circuits may be miles in length.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Higher data rates generally imply a short span, a local area network operation at millions of bits per installation can only cover one floor of an office building, but eliminate the installation of dedicated network wiring.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

High Frequency Communication (≥ MHz) High-frequency communication can (re) use most of the radio spectrum for communication, or may use select medium paths, depending on technology.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Network in the Home (LAN) Communication via cable can also be used at home to interconnect home computers (and network peripherals), as well as all home entertainment devices (including TVs, Blu-ray players, game consoles and Internet video boxes such as Apple TV, Roku, KodakTeater, etc.) that have Ethernet ports.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Consumers can purchase a set of powerline adapters at electronics stores that make cable connections using existing electrical cables in the home.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

The powerline adapter stays plugged into a wall outlet (or into a connection cable or power strip, but not to every unit with surge suppression and filtering, as this can beat the signal) and then connected via CAT5 to that home router.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Then, a second (or third, fourth, fifth) adapter can be installed in any other outlet to give instant network and Internet access to an Ethernet-complete Blu-ray player, console games (PS3, Xbox 382, etc.) laptop or Internet TV (also called OTT for Over-the-top video) that can access and stream video content to the TV.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

The most established and widely used network standard for this product, the powerline adapter, is from the HomePlug Powerline Alliance.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

HomePlug AV is the most current specification HomePlug (HomePlug 1.0, HomePlug AV and HomePlug new Green PHY for smart grids consists of a set of specifications and has been adopted by IEEE P1901 group as the basic technology for their standard, due to be published and authorized in the month September or October 2010.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

HomePlug estimates that more than 45 million HomePlug devices have been deployed worldwide.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Broadband Over Powerline (BPL) or Broadband over power lines is a lastmile network for multimedia services (voice, data, and video) with power cable transmission media.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Technically, Internet service through this power cable is called Broadband Through cable i.e. data transfer is carried out through a network of power cables with PLC technology.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

BPL consists of a gateway placed near the transformer that is connected in the cable as an interface from the BPL network to the IP network (Internet).


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Repeaters are placed on power poles as signal boosters spaced between 350 — 500 meters depending on the condition of the existing power grid.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

CPE is a BPL modem on the customer side.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

BPL devices superimpose carrier frequencies between 2 — 30MHz on the PLN power grid working at 50Hz to pass multimedia information from and to customers using BPL.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

With the installation of BPL gateway and BPL repeater then all electrical sockets in the house have allowed for multimedia or internet services.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Medium Frequency Communication (kHz) Home Control (Narrow Line) Communication technology via cable can use home power cable power as transmission medium.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Usually home-control communication devices via cables that operate by modulating in carrier waves between 20 and 200kHz to household cables in the transmitter.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

The carrier is modulated by a digital signal.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Each receiver in the system has an address and can be individually commanded by a signal sent over a household cable and decoded in the receiver.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

The device can be plugged into an ordinary electrical outlet, or wired permanently in place.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Since the carrier signal can propagate to the nearest house (or apartment) on the same distribution system, this scheme of control has a “home address” designating the owner.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Electricity Line Communication in Narrow-Line with Low Speed Narrowband communication or narrow-line communication through power lines is dispersed as soon as electrical power supply is widespread.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Around 1922 the first operator frequency systems began working on high-voltage cables with frequencies of 15 to 500kHz for the purposes of telemetry. [1]


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

In 1930, ripple carrier signals were introduced in medium (10-20 kV) and low voltage (240/415V) distribution systems.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Over the years the search continued for inexpensive bi-directional technology and suitable for applications such as remote meter readers.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

For example, Tokyo Electric Power Co. ran experiments in 1970 that reported successful bi-directional operations with several hundred units [2] Since the mid-1980s, there has been a surge in interest in using the potential of digital communication techniques and digital signal processing.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Drives are used to produce reliable systems that are cheap enough to be widely installed and able to save cost effectively with wireless solutions.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

But narrow line communication channels present many technical challenges, mathematical channel models and job surveys are available [3] Applications of electrical communication are very diverse, as would be expected in widely available media.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

One natural application of communication on narrow electrical lines is the control and telemetry of electrical fixtures such as meters, switches, heaters and household appliances.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

A number of active developments are considering applications from a systems point of view, such as demand-side management. [4]


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

In this case, a smart domestic household appliance will coordinate the use of resources, for example, limit peak loads.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Control and telemetry applications include both 'side utility' applications, which involve equipment belonging to utility companies (i.e. between supplying transformer substations up to domestic meters), and 'consumer-side' applications involving appliances in consumer premises.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Possible side application utilities include Automatic Meter Reading (AMR), dynamic fare control, load management, load profile recording, credit control, pre-payment, remote connection, fraud detection and network management, and could be expanded to include gas and water.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Electrical Line Communications in Narrow-Line with High-Speed - Distribution Line Carrier (DLC) DLC uses existing electrical distribution networks in medium voltage (MV) - i.e., 11 kV, Low Voltage (LV) as well as building voltage.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

It is very similar to a transporter over an electric line.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

DLC uses with frequencies from 9 to 500kHz with data rates up to 382 kbit/sec.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

DLC is suitable (even in very large networks) for dual realtime energy management applications.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

There is no interference problem with radio users or electromagnetic radiation.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Distances of more than 15 kilometers can be achieved through medium voltage networks with external inductive or capacitive coupling,.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

On low-voltage networks, a direct connection can be made because the DLC has a built-in capacitive coupler.This allows end-end communication from the substation to the customer building without a repeater.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Low Frequency Communications (<kHz) BenefitsPower line carrier systems have long been a favorite in many utilities because they allow them to be able to move data through the infrastructure they control.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Many technologies are capable of running multiple applications.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

PLC is one of the technologies used in the automatic meter reading industry.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Both, a one-way system and a two-way system, have been used successfully for decades.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Interest in this application increased rapidly in recent history—not so much because there was interest in automating manual processes, but because there was interest in obtaining new data from all meter points in order for better control and operate the system.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

PLC is one of the technologies used in Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) systems.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

By way of one- (inbound only) systems, the reading “overflows” from the end device (the meter that is), through the communications infrastructure, to a “master station” that publishes the readings.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

A one-way system may be at a lower cost than a two-way system, but it is also difficult to reconfigure should the operating environment change.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

In two-way systems (supporting both outbound and inbound), commands can broadcast from the master station to terminate the device (meter) - allowing for network reconfiguration, or to acquire readings, or to relay messages.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Devices at the end of the network can then respond (inbound) with messages that carry the desired value. Outbound messages injected at the utility substation will propagate to all downstream points.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

This type of broadcast allows communication systems to simultaneously reach thousands of tools—all known to have power, and have been previously identified as candidates for warehouse loads.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

PLC can also be a component of a smart power grid.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) The importance of BPL Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) is one of the technological developments that certainly help human life.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

As stated by McLuhan about technology, “Technology is an extension of human senses (extensions of man), so it is also known as media as self-fulfilling (medium is the message).


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

In the process of human communication, the term channel or medium of message delivery is known.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

BPL here is a technology that extends the channel/medium of communication, so that distance is no longer an obstacle to communication.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Moreover, this BPL technology can carry broadband through the power grid that is already many around us.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

This extension of the function of the medium will overhaul the old living environment so as to create a new environment, that is, a world without borders.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Data transfer in various formats such as voice, video, and data; which is easy, fast, available anywhere and reliable in residential and binical areas is now a necessity rather than simply an option.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

The need for access to information is now a need for urban communities, especially high speed internet so that data exchange can take place quickly anywhere.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Companies large and small, rely on, expect and require speed Internet access and ease of installation for new offices.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

As time develops and the trend of living in the apartment develops, the residents of the apartment expect easy and convenient broadband access.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

It is a competitive advantage for building managers to provide such services so as to facilitate them to interact.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

A technology worth considering and utilizing is BPL.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Broadband over Powerline (BPL) is a communications technology that utilizes power grids to channel data signals.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

As an equivalent is ADSL, but BPL uses a power cord instead of a telephone cable.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

The following image provides an illustration of various communication services that can be channeled through the power grid with BPL technology.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

How to Work Implementation of Internet service distribution to apartments, hotels or other multi-storey buildings commonly known as MTU can be described as the following illustration: Internet signals up to buildings can be streamed through fiber optic networks, xDSL, wireless or means others carried by Internet service providers.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Then the signal is redistricted through electrical meshes or coaxial cables according to the needs and distances you want to reach.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Once from the electrical outlets (plugs) we use adapters and ethernet cables to transmit the data signal to the computer.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

With this kind of configuration the entire main building and its associated ones are already getting data distribution or are ready to perform an Internet connection.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

The development of data networks by utilizing electrical mesh uses is not limited to providing Internet services only.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

This infrastructure can also be used for surveillance networks (CCTV), phone services, video and others.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

The advantages of network development by utilizing BPL technology are: BPL technology is very easy to implement quickly in various conditions and situations.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Easy installation Easy network structure development Has adequate bandwidth and can be developed Support network security Does not require new wiring (economical) Signal can travel long distances Compatibility and Interoperability; standard technology used products The market enables interaction between different types, types and brands of Resource Sharing, the concept of implementing this technology shares the same resources as much as possible.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Provision of open communication infrastructure for Multihabitable Building (MTU) A concept where to make an internet-ready building, which is also often known as Internet Ready Building (IRB).


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

IRB provides a high speed communication access model with the primary target of commercial and residential buildings.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

With the implementation of this BPL (Broadband over Powerline) system, telecommunication services can be disseminated quickly and without the need for new infrastructure development.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Lack Power lines are inherently a noise-filled environment; whenever a device is turned on or off, a pop or click appears into the line.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Energy-saving tools often introduce harmonization noise into the row.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

So those systems should be designed to deal with these disruptions.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

The BPL should be able to capture these as natural cues and work around them.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

For this reason BPL can be thought of as a midway between wireless transmission (where there is also little control of the media through the propagating signal) and transmission cables (but not requiring all new cables).


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Failure Scenario There are several forms of communication signals that may experience errors when delivered.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Interference, cross chat, multiple active devices, and multiple passive devices all produce noise or attenuation to the signal.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

When faults become significant, devices controlled by those signals may fail, become inaccessible, or operate in unwanted modes.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Interference: Interference from nearby systems can cause signal degradation such that the modem may not be able to determine certain frequencies among many signals within the same bandwidth.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Signal Attenuation by Active Device: Devices such as relays, transistors, and rectifiers make noise (noise) in their respective systems, increasing the likelihood of signal degradation.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Arc-fault circuit interrupter (AFCI) devices, required by some recent electrical codes for the living room, also have the potential to thin out the signal. [5]


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Signal Attenuation by Passive Device: Transformers and DC-DC converters muffle the frequency of the input signal almost completely.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

“Bypass” becomes the necessary device for the signal to be passed to the receiving node.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

The bypass device can consist of three stages, a filter in series with a protection stage and a koupler, placed in parallel with the passive device.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Footnotes Reference Blackburn, J. L., 11th ed. 1982.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Applied Protective Relaying.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Newark, N.J.: Westinghouse Electric Corp., Relay-Instrument Division.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

McLuhan, Marshall, & Khairani, Quentin. 1997.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Global War and Peace in the Village.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

California, CA: Hardwired.


Question: Does Power Line Communication use wifi?

Power Line Communication

Outside Links Category:Technology


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Songket is a type of traditional Malay and Minangkabau woven fabric in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Songket is classed in the brocade weave family.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Songket is woven by hand with gold and silver thread and is generally worn on official occasions.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Metallic metal yarn woven in the fabric creates a brilliant sheen effect.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

The term Kata songket comes from the term sungkit in Malay and Indonesian, meaning “hook” or “gouge”.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

This has to do with the method of its manufacture; hooking and taking a pinch of woven fabric, and then slipping the gold thread. [1]


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

In addition, according to the transient people, the word songket is also probably derived from the word songka, a typical Palembang songkok that is believed the first time the habit of weaving with gold thread began. [2]


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

The term menyongket means 'weaving with gold and silver thread'.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Songket is a luxurious woven fabric that is usually worn during kenduri, celebration or party.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Songket can be worn wrapped around the body like a sarong, draped over the shoulders, or as a destar or ramp, headband ornament.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Tanjak is a kind of headdress hat made of songket cloth that is commonly worn by sultans and princes and nobles of the Malay Sultanate. [3]


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

According to tradition, songket can only be woven by virgin or teenage girls; but now men also weave songket. [2]


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Some traditional Sumatran songket fabrics have patterns that contain certain meanings.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Songket had to go through eight ranks before becoming a piece of cloth and still traditionally woven.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Since weavers are usually from villages, it is not surprising that even the motives are polled with local animals and plants.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

This motif is often also named by typical Malay pastry names such as serikaya, wajik, and talam flour, which is thought to be the king's favorite confectionery.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

The history of songket weaving is historically associated with the settlement area and Malay culture, and according to the interim people this technique was introduced by Indian or Arab traders. [2]


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

According to Palembang folk saga, the origin of songket cloth is from the ancient trade between China and India.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

The Chinese provided silk threads whereas Indians contributed gold and silver threads; hence, be songket. [4]


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Songket fabric is woven on Malay frame looms.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Intricate patterns were created by introducing extra gold or silver threads with the use of a strand of leper needle.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

It is not known exactly where songket came from, according to Kelantan tradition this kind of weaving technique originated in the north, namely Cambodia and Siam, which then developed southward in Pattani, [5] and finally reached Kelantan and Terengganu around the 1500s. [6] Small industry home-weaving songket now still survives in the suburbs of Bahru City and Terengganu. [7]


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

However, according to the weavers of Terengganu, it was the Indian traders who introduced this weaving technique first in Palembang which may have prevailed since the time of Sriwijaya (7th to 11th centuries). [2]


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

According to Indonesian tradition, the golden songket cloth is associated with the glamour of Sriwijaya, [8] [9] prosperous maritime merchandise which sprang in the 7th to 13th centuries in Sumatra.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

This is due to the fact that the most mahsyur songket craft center in Indonesia is the city of Palembang.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Songket is a luxurious fabric that originally requires a certain amount of real gold to be used as gold thread, then hand-woven into a beautiful fabric.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Historically the gold mines in Sumatra were located in South Sumatra and in the interior of the Minangkabau plateau.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Although gold threads were found in the ruins of the Sriwijaya site in Sumatra, along with unsharpened pomegranate mirah stones, as well as pieces of gold plates, until now there is no definitive evidence that local weavers had used gold thread as early as the 600s to 700s AD. [2]


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Songket was probably developed in a later period in Sumatra.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Songket Palembang is the best songket in Indonesia, both measured in terms of quality, nicknamed “Queen of Kain”.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Exclusive songket takes between one and three months to complete, while regular songket only takes about 3 days.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Initially the men used songket as a destar, ramp or headband.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Then then then the Malay women began to wear songket sarong with clothes kurung.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Documentation regarding the origin of songket is still unclear, the possibility of songket weaving reached the Malayan peninsula through marriage or fellowship between Malay aristocrats, because the precious songket is often used as a maskawin or holding in a marriage.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Such practices are prevalent by Malay countries to bind strategic fellowship.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

The songket craft center is located in a kingdom that is politically important because of its expensive manufacturing materials; its true gold thread is indeed made from real pure gold sheets. [10]


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Songket as a fashion diraja was also mentioned in the manuscript of Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir in 1849. [11]


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Songket motifs have traditional motifs that are already characteristic of the culture of this craft-producing region.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

For example, motifs Saik Kalamai, Buah Palo, Barantai Putiah, Barantai Red, Tampuak Manggih, Salapah, Firefly, Fire-api, Cukie Baserak, Sirangkak, Silala Rabah, and Simasam are typical songket Pandai Sikek, Minangkabau. [12]


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Some local governments have patented their traditional songket motifs.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Of 71 songket motifs owned by South Sumatra, only 22 motifs registered with the Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Of the 22 Palembang songket motifs that have been listed include Bungo Intan, Lepus Pulis, Nampan Perak, and Limar Beranti motif.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

While 49 other motives have not been registered, including Berante Berakam's motif on the official uniform of Sriwijaya Football Club.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

In addition to Berante Berakam motifs, some other motifs that have not been listed are Songket Lepus Bintang Berakam motifs, Nago Besaung, Limar Tigo Negeri Tabur Intan, Limar Tigo Negeri Gorgeous Manis, Lepus Bintang Full, Limar Full Rose Bercage, and a number of other motifs. [9]


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Songket is now reviewed by materials, ways of manufacture, and price; songket was originally a luxurious fabric of nobles that showed the glory of the degree and dignity of the wearer.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

But now songket is not only intended for the rich and residing community, because of its varying price; from the usual and fairly cheap, to the exclusive at a very expensive price.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Now with the use of synthetic gold thread, songket is no longer extraordinarily expensive as once upon a time that used real gold.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Despite this, the best quality songket is still appreciated as a graceful form of artistry and is quite expensive.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

From time immemorial until now, songket is a popular choice for traditional wedding fashion Malay, Palembang, Minangkabau, Aceh and Bali.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

This cloth is often given by the groom to the bride as one of the marital offerings.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Today, Malay men's official fashion is often wearing songket as a cloth wrapped over trousers or as a destar, tanjak, or headband.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

As for the women songket is wrapped as a sarong cloth that is combined with kebaya or baju kurung.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Although derived from traditional crafts, the songket industry is a vibrant and dynamic craft.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Songket craftsmen especially in Palembang are now trying to create new, more modern motifs and a selection of softer colors.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

This is an effort to keep track of the times and loved by the community. [9]


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

As an art object, songket is often framed and used as a decorator of the room.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Modern application of songket fabric is very variegated, ranging from women's bags, songs, even mobile phone bags.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Songket craft centers In Indonesia, songket weaving handicraft centers can be found in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Bali, Sulawesi, Lombok and Sumbawa.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

On the island of Sumatra the most famous and superior songket craft center is in the area of Pandai Sikek and Silungkang, Minangkabau, West Sumatra, [12] and in Palembang, South Sumatra.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

In Bali, songket weaving artisan villages can be found in Klungkung district, particularly in Sidemen and Gelgel villages.


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

While in Lombok, Sukarara village in Jonggat district, Central Lombok regency, is also famous for its songcraft. [13]


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Outside Indonesia, songket artisan areas are found in Malaysia; among others on the eastern coast of the Malaya Peninsula [14] especially home industries in the suburbs of Bahru City, Kelantan and Terengganu; and in Brunei. [10]


Question: What is the type of songket fabric from Palembang?

songket

Footnote Category:Textiles Category:Indonesian Apparel


Question: Where is the human rights office in Indonesia?

The Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia (abbreviated Kemenkumham RI) is a ministry within the Government of Indonesia that aims for legal affairs and human rights.


Question: Where is the human rights office in Indonesia?

The Ministry of Law and Human Rights is subordinate to and accountable to the President.


Question: Where is the human rights office in Indonesia?

The Ministry of Law and Human Rights is headed by a Minister who since 27 October 2014 is held by Yasonna Laoly.


Question: Where is the human rights office in Indonesia?

Ministry of Justice (1945-1999), “Department of Law and Legislation” (1999-2001), “Department of Justice and Human Rights” (1999-2001), “Ministry of Justice and Human Rights” (2001-2004), “Department of Law and Human Rights” (2004-2009), and “Ministry of Law and Human Rights Man” (2009—present).


Question: Where is the human rights office in Indonesia?

The History of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights was first formed on 19 August 1945 under the name of the Ministry of Justice.


Question: Where is the human rights office in Indonesia?

The first minister of Justice to take office was Soepomo. [1]


Question: Where is the human rights office in Indonesia?

The Ministry of Law and Human Rights during the Dutch government was called Van Justitie Department based on Herdeland Yudie Staatblad regulation No.576. [2]


Question: Where is the human rights office in Indonesia?

In the session of PPKI in 1945 set about the Ministry of Justice in the structure of the State according to the Constitution.


Question: Where is the human rights office in Indonesia?

In the Constitution mentioned departments including the Ministry of Justice that take care of courts, prisons, prosecutors and so on.


Question: Where is the human rights office in Indonesia?

In the PPKI hearing was also made a determination about the main duties issue of the scope of the Ministry of Justice although briefly still referred to the regulation of Herdeland Yudie Staatblad No.576. [2]


Question: Where is the human rights office in Indonesia?

On October 1, 1945 the authority of the Ministry of Justice was expanded, namely the Attorney based on Government Information of 1945 dated 1 0ktober 1945 and the Supervision of Topograpi based on the Government Determination of 1945 No. 1/S.D. admission to the Ministry of Defense based on the Government Determination of 1946 number 8/S.D. [1] When the Department of Religion was formed on January 3, 1946, the High Islamic Court was removed from the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Indonesia and entered the Department of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia based on Government determination of 1946 No. 5/S.D. [1] On July 22, 1960, the cabinet meeting decided that the prosecutor be a department and the decision was stated in the Indonesian President's Decree Number 204/1960 dated August 1, 1960 which is valid since July 22, 1960.


Question: Where is the human rights office in Indonesia?

Since then, the Indonesian Prosecutor separated from the Ministry of Justice.


Question: Where is the human rights office in Indonesia?

The separation was backwarded by the prosecutor's plan to tangle the case involving the Minister of Justice at the time. [3]


Question: Where is the human rights office in Indonesia?

The transfer of the General Judiciary and Administrative Judiciary of the State from the Ministry of Law and Human Rights to the Supreme Court stems from Law No. 35 of 1999 concerning the Principal Provisions of Judicial Power which was then spelled out in Law No. 4 of 2004 on Power Judiciary and Law No. 5 of 2004 on Amendments to Law No. 14 of 1985 concerning the Supreme Court.


Question: Where is the human rights office in Indonesia?

On March 23, 2004 President Megawati issued the Indonesian Presidential Decree No. 21 of 2004 concerning the transfer of the organization, administration and financial and environment of the General Judiciary and State Administrative, Religious Court to the Supreme Court which was then followed up with the handover of receipt The transfer of organization, administration and finance in the General Judicial and Administrative Judiciary of the State to the Supreme Court on March 31, 2004. [4]