Question: Who invented the theory of Monism and dualism?

Monism and dualism in international law

Monist states depend only on judges and not on members of the legislature, but judges can also make mistakes.


Question: Who invented the theory of Monism and dualism?

Monism and dualism in international law

If a judge in a monist country makes a mistake when applying international law, then that country violates international law just as much as a dualist state that does not allow its judges to apply international law directly and fails to change or does not change correctly and effectively. [11]


Question: Who invented the theory of Monism and dualism?

Monism and dualism in international law

One reason for preferring dualism is the fear that national judges do not know international law, which is a very complicated area of law, and therefore there is a high probability that they will make mistakes.


Question: Who invented the theory of Monism and dualism?

Monism and dualism in international law

See also International customs Non-refoulement — Displaced law — Political asylum Referral Category:International law Category:Legal Theory Category:Monism Category:Dualism


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The Battle of Rennell Island (レンル海) was a naval battle that occurred on 29-30 January 1943 in the South Pacific between Rennell Island and Guadalkanal in the south of the Solomon Islands.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The battle was the last major naval battle between the United States Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy during the prolonged run of the Guadalkanal campaign in the Solomon Islands campaign of World War II.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

In this battle, Japanese naval torpedo bomber aircraft based on land, attempted to provide cover for the evacuation of Japanese soldiers from Guadalkanal which was soon to be implemented.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Over the course of two days, the Japanese several times made attacks on United States warships operating in task forces stationed south of Guadalkanal.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

In addition to approaching Guadalkanal with the intention of combating any Japanese ships coming into the range area, the task force was tasked with protecting convoys of Allied transports carrying replacement troops to Guadalkanal.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

As a result of Japanese air attacks, casualties on the part of the United States fleet consisted of one cruiser sunk, one destroyer sustained heavy damage.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The other ships in the task force were forced to withdraw from the southern area of the Solomon Islands.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Japan's success driving out a United States aircraft carrier task force in this battle co-accounted for Japan's success in evacuating the rest of its soldiers from Guadalkanal on 7 February 1943.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Japan surrendered Guadalkanal into Allied hands, and simultaneously ended the fighting over Guadalkanal Island.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Background On 7 August 1942, Allied soldiers (mainly the United States) landed on Guadalkanal, Tulagi, and the Florida Islands in the Solomon Islands.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The Allied landings on the islands were intended to prevent Japan from using Guadalkanal as a military base threatening the supply route between the United States and Australia, as well as secure the islands as a starting point for a campaign aimed at the end of isolating the main Japanese base at Rabaul, and indirectly supported the Allied-waged New Guinea campaign.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The Allied landings on Guadalkanal were the beginning of the Guadalkanal Campaign which lasted for six months. [6]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The last massive effort the Japanese made to dislodge Allied armies from Guadalkanal and Tulagi ended in Japan's crushing defeat in the Naval Battle of Guadalkanal in early November 1942.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

After that, the Japanese Navy was only able to deliver minimal amounts of supplies and a small percentage of replacement troops for the Japanese Army forces already in Guadalkanal.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Due to the threat from Allied aircraft based at Henderson Airfield on Guadalkanal as well as aircraft from the region's carriers, the Japanese carried out supplies only at night, mainly using destroyers or submarines in missions dubbed Allied as “Tokyo Express. “[7]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

However, the number of supplies and replacement troops delivered were not enough to meet the needs of the Japanese army in Guadalkanal.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Until December 7, 1942, about 50 Japanese servicemen were killed each day as a result of malanutrition, disease, and Allied ground or air attacks. [8]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

On 12 December 1942, the Imperial Japanese Navy proposed that Guadalkanal be abandoned.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Although initially received opposition from the leadership of the Japanese Army who still hoped Guadalkanal could finally be recaptured from the Allies, the Imperial Japanese General Headquarters which had received approval from the emperor, on 31 December 1942 agreed to evacuate all Japanese soldiers from Guadalkanal, and established a new defensive line for the Solomon Islands in New Georgia. [9]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The Japanese called the evacuation operation from Guadalkanal under the name Operation Ke (), and according to the plan began to be implemented on 14 January 1943. [10]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

One important element to the plan for the operation was the air superiority campaign which according to the plan began on January 28, 1943, with the aim of hindering Allied ships or aircraft attempting to thwart the evacuation of all Japanese soldiers from Guadalkanal in the final stages of Operation Ke. [ 11]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Nonetheless, the Allied armies misrepresented the preparations for Operation Ke as the beginning of a new offensive the Japanese would undertake to retake Guadalkanal. [12]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

At the same time, Admiral William Halsey, Jr. who served the full commander of the Allied forces in the battle of Guadalkanal was being pressured by his superiors to quickly complete the replacement of the 2nd Marine Regiment located on Guadalkanal with United States Army troops.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The 2nd Marine Regiment had been fighting against the Japanese since they were landed on Guadalkanal in August 1942. [13]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Halsey hoped to take advantage of events he believed to be the next Japanese offensive to trap the Japanese naval fleet into a naval battle, while the Allies could freely deliver replacement troops from the United States Army to Guadalkanal. [14]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

On 29 January 1943, Halsey prepared five battleship task forces he sent sailing to the southern Solomon Islands area.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The task force was worn as a veil for convoys of United States reinforcements, while simultaneously fighting the Japanese sea fleet that was within range.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The five task forces included two aircraft carriers, two escort carriers, three gunships, 12 cruisers, and 25 destroyers. [15]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

In front of all five task forces were positioned troop convoys (Task Force (TG) 62.8) which had a strength of four transports and four destroyers. [16]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

In front of the troop convoy between Rennell Island and Guadalkanal was placed a close auxiliary group which was named Task Force 18 (TF18) under the command of Admiral Young Robert C. Giffen.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Task Force 18 consisted of the heavy cruisers USS Wichita, Chicago, and Louisville; the light cruisers Montpelier, Cleveland, and Columbia; the escort carriers Chenango and Suwannee plus eight destroyers.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The commander of TF18 is Admiral Giffen based in Wichita. [17]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The aircraft carrier task force pinpointed the USS Enterprise aircraft carrier sailing roughly 400 kilometres behind TG62.8 and TF18.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The aircraft carrier's task force units and gunships are roughly 240 kilometres deep behind.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Admiral Giffen who wore the cruiser Wichita as a command ship and two escort carriers had just arrived in the Pacific Ocean after taking part in Operation Torch which was part of the North African Campaign. [18]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Chicago had also just arrived back in the South Pacific after completing repairs after suffering damage from the Battle of Savo Island nearly six months earlier. [17]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Battle Preliminary In addition to protecting troop convoys, TF18 was ordered to rendezvous at 21:00 on 29 January 1943 with four United States destroyers dispatched from the base at Tulagi.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

TF18 and 4 destroyers were tasked with sweeping in the New Georgia Strait north of Guadalkanal on the following day, and simultaneously as veil ships to protect the landing of troops from transports on the Guadalkanal. [3]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

However, the escort carriers under the command of First Admiral Ben Wyatt sailed so slowly (a speed of 18knots) that it impeded Giffen's ships from arriving on time at the rendezvous point on schedule.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Therefore, Giffen left the escort carriers behind with a flock of two destroyers at 14:00, and continued the voyage at 24knots (44km/h). [19]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

In a state of caution to the threat of Japanese submarines that according to Allied intelligence warnings were in the area, Giffen ordered the cruisers and destroyers in his fleet to prepare for antisubmarine defences, leaving Giffen's ships unprepared against airstrikes.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The cruisers were sailed in a two-column formation, each separated by 2,300 m.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Wichita, Chicago, and Louisville, successively were on the right, while Montpelier, Cleveland, and Columbia were on the left.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The six cruisers were spread out in a 3kilometer-long semicircular line ahead of the column of cruisers. [3]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The Giffen fleet was tracked by Japanese submarines reporting the position and direction of the Giffen fleet to units at the naval headquarters. [19] [20] At around noon, based on reports from submarines about the Giffen fleet, 16 Mitsubishi G4M Type 1 bomber aircraft from the Group Air 705 (705AG) and 16 Mitsubishi G3M Type 96 bomber aircraft of the 701st Air Group (701AG) took off from Rabaul carrying torpedoes to attack Giffen's ships.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

One Type 96 aircraft returned to base due to engine damage, so the attack was carried out by 31 bomber aircraft.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The 705th Air Group leaders were Lieutenant Tomō Nakamura and Major Joji Hagai. [3] [21] Action of 29 January At sunset, when Task Force 18 was heading in a northwesterly direction 80km (50mi) north of Rennell Island or 160km (100miles) south of Guadalkanal, the radar of several Giffen ships detected the arrival of these unknown aircraft 100km (60 miles) west of their formation.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Having previously insisted on an absolute radio quip, Giffen gave no orders about the action to be taken in the event of any unidentified contact or any order to his men in relation to the matter. [17]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

After sunset, Task Force 18's combat air patrol of two escort carriers returned to their ships because day was already night, and left Giffen's ships without air protection. [22]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The radar contact that Giffen's ships received was actually 31 Japanese torpedo bombers approaching, and rotating south of Task Force 18 so they could attack from the east where the sky was dark.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The darkness of the night sky disguised the arrival of Japanese bomber aircraft from the east.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Instead, Giffen's ships are visible as silhouettes due to the presence of twilight light on the western skyline.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The planes of 705th Air Group began the first attack which began at 19.19.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Nakamura's planes released torpedoes that all escaped, and one aircraft was shot down by the anti-aircraft guns of Giffen's ships. [23]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Believing the Japanese attack was over, Giffen ordered his ships to cease the zig-zag maneuvers and continue the voyage towards Guadalkanal at the same direction and speed.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Japanese reconnaissance aircraft meanwhile began dropping flare bullets and buoyancy lights to mark the direction and speed of Task Force 18.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Flares and buoyancy lights were worn by Higai-led bomber aircraft as clues during the next attack. [24]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The attack from 701st Air Group began at 19.38.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Chicago was hit by two torpedo pieces which caused heavy damage and made the engines come to a complete halt.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

One other torpedo hit Wichita, but did not detonate.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Two of the Japanese bomber aircraft were shot down by antiaircraft fire, including the aircraft that Higai piloted and overpowered him.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

At 20.08, Giffen ordered his ships to reverse course, lower speeds to 15 knots (28km/h), and cease antiaircraft fire.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The actions taken by Giffen succeeded in making the Japanese planes miss the mark, and all the aircraft had left the battle area by 23:35. [23] [25] In complete darkness, Louisville withdrew Chicago which was in an engine dead state, and slowly headed south away away battle area, escorted by the rest of Task Force 18. [26]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Halsey's January 30 action immediately took steps to protect an already ravaged Chicago.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The escort carriers were asked to ensure combat patrol aircraft could be dispatched after the day began to light.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The Enterprise task force asked him to approach and increase the number of escort carrier combat patrol aircraft.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Navajo tugs were also required to take over the task of towing Chicago from Louisville, and were carried out at 08.00. [24]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Between dawn and 14:00, a number of Japanese reconnaissance aircraft approached Task Force 18.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Although all were eventually driven off by fighter patrol planes, Japanese reconnaissance aircraft were still able to observe and report on Chicago's position.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

At 12:15, 11 Type 1 torpedo bombers of the 751st Air Group based at Kavieng and wearing Buka as a layover area, carried out an attack on the Chicago cruiser which was being towed by tugs.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

United States ships were already anticipating the arrival of the bomber aircraft after a report contained a warning from an Australian coastwatcher in the Solomon Islands estimating the arrival time of Japanese aircraft at 16.00.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Nonetheless, Halsey ordered the other cruisers to leave Chicago behind, and head for the port of Efate in the New Hebrides.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

After removing six destroyers to protect Chicago and Navajo, Halsey's fleet reached Efate at 15:00. [27]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

At 15.40, Enterprise was 69km (43miles) from Chicago.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Ten warplanes from the Enterprise formed a combat air patrol to protect the already damaged Chicago.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Four combat air patrol aircraft conducting the chase shot down one Type 1 bomber acting as a guide.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

At 15:54, Enterprise radar detected the arrival of swarms of Japanese bomber aircraft, and launched 10 additional fighter aircraft to attack the Japanese aircraft formation.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

But the escort carriers experienced technical difficulties in launching their aircraft until they were unable to join combat air patrol formations attacking Japanese bomber aircraft until the battle ended. [28]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

At first, Japanese bomber planes appear to be trying to approach and attack the Enterprise, but then turn towards Chicago after being attacked by six combat air patrols from the Enterprise aircraft carrier.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Four more combat air patrol aircraft were pursuing Japanese bomber planes of the 751st Air Group by the time they got within range of antiaircraft gun fire from the Chicago escort cruiser.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Two bomber aircraft were shot down before they were able to drop torpedoes.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Six Japanese bomber aircraft were shot down shortly afterwards, but after they removed the torpedo-torpedoes they were carrying. [29]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

One torpedo hit the destroyer USS LaVallette in the forward engine room section, killing 22 crewmen and inflicting heavy damage.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Chicago was subjected to four torpedoes, a torpedo lodged in the front of the platform, and three other torpedoes hit the engine part.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Chicago's skipper, Ralph O. Davis ordered the crew to abandon ship, and the cruiser sank, starting from the stern section, 20 minutes later.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The Navajo and the destroyers escorting her managed to rescue 1,049 Chicago crewmen who survived, [30] but 62 crewmen were killed. [31]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The final attack of Japanese torpedo bomber aircraft failed to find the rest of the United States ships.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The Navajo withdrew La Vallette, and all ships of the remaining Task Force 18 were able to return to the port of Espiritu Santo without any further incidents. [32]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

The Japanese oxtail widely publicized the victory in the Battle of Rennel Island, and claimed to have sunk a gunship and three cruisers. [33]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Instead the United States side for some time attempted a cover-up of the Chicago sinking from the public.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Allied Supreme Commander in the Pacific Admiral Chester Nimitz even threatened to “shoot” his men who leaked secrets of the sinking of the Chicago to the press. Halsey and Nimitz blamed Giffen as the cause of the defeat, and wrote it in the official report of Giffen's accomplishments for the period. [34]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Defeats and indictments against Giffen did not seem too bad to affect Giffen's career.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

He continued his career as commander of Allied cruisers and battleships task forces in the Pacific until 1944, and then his rank was raised to admiral madya. [35]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

While Japanese aircraft were preoccupied in combat against the fighter patrol aircraft of Task Force 18, the Allied transports successfully completed their mission of replacing the rest of the Marine forces throughout the last two days of January 1943.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Around the same time, other Allied task forces, including two aircraft carrier task forces were stationed in the Coral Sea in anticipation of the Japanese offensive expected to occur south of the Solomon Islands. [33]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

But in fact, the Japanese were carrying out covert operations that evacuated the rest of the Japanese army from Guadalkanal throughout three nights between 2 February and 7 February 1943.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

After Task Force 18 was forced to retreat, there was little Allied sea power left in the Guadalkanal area so the Japanese managed to take most of the rest of their ground forces, while the Allies were unaware of any evacuation until the operation was completed. [10]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Capitalizing on their success in securing Guadalkanal, the Allies continued their fight against Japan culminating in the defeat of Japan and the end of World War II. [36]


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Footnotes Reference Further reading Outlink Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help) Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) — Article originally printed in World War II magazine.


Question: What was the cause of the Battle of Rennell Island?

Battle of Rennell Island

Coordinates: Category:1943 Conflicts Category:Solomon Islands in 1943 Category:Pacific Ocean Palagan in World War II Category:Historical Solomon Islands Category:Military history of Japan during World War II Category:World War II Naval battles involving Japan Category:World War II naval battles involving the United States Category:Sea battles of World War II involved Australia


Question: What is the name of the oldest church in the world?

Church of Nativity

The Church of the Nativity or Church of Nativity (Arabic: كنيسة المهد) in Bethlehem is one of the oldest church buildings in the world still used as a place of worship.


Question: What is the name of the oldest church in the world?

Church of Nativity

The building was erected on top of a cave which by tradition is the cradle of Christ, and is venerated as a holy place by Christians.


Question: What is the name of the oldest church in the world?

Church of Nativity

Antiquity chronicles of this tradition are tested by the Christian apologist Yustinus Martyr (about 100 - 165), who lists in his written work Dialogue with Trypho that the Holy Family once took refuge inside a cave outside the city. :


Question: What is the name of the oldest church in the world?

Church of Nativity

Joseph was lodging in a cave near the village; and when they were in that place Mary gave birth to Christ and put him in a manger, and it was in this place that the magi who came from the land of Arabia found Him. (Article LXXVIII).


Question: What is the name of the oldest church in the world?

Church of Nativity

Origenes of Aleksandria (185 AD—circa 254) notes: In Bethlehem people point to the cave as where He was born, and the manger in the cave as where he was laid wrapped in swaddling cloth.


Question: What is the name of the oldest church in the world?

Church of Nativity

And it was heard in those places, and among the unbelievers, that Jesus was born in that cave which was revered and revered by Christians.


Question: What is the name of the oldest church in the world?

Church of Nativity

(Contra Celsum, book I, chapter LI).


Question: What is the name of the oldest church in the world?

Church of Nativity

The first basilica on the site was built by Santa Helena, the mother of Emperor Constantine I. Under the supervision of Bishop Makarios of Jerusalem, construction was completed in 333.


Question: What is the name of the oldest church in the world?

Church of Nativity

The building burned down in the Revolt of the Samaritans in 529.


Question: What is the name of the oldest church in the world?

Church of Nativity

The basilica that exists today was rebuilt in its present form in 565 by Emperor Justinianus I. When the Persians under the leadership of Kosroes II invaded in 614, they unexpectedly did not destroy the building.


Question: What is the name of the oldest church in the world?

Church of Nativity

According to legend, their commander-in-chief Shahrbaraz was moved to his heart by the image of the Three Magi in Persian dress in the church, and ordered to leave the building intact.


Question: What is the name of the oldest church in the world?

Church of Nativity

The warriors of the Crusades made repairs and additions to the building during the reign of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem with the permission and assistance of the Byzantine Emperor, and the first King of Jerusalem was crowned within the church.


Question: What is the name of the oldest church in the world?

Church of Nativity

From year to year, the area of the building was augmented, and now its area has covered about 12,000 cubic meters.


Question: What is the name of the oldest church in the world?

Church of Nativity

This church was one of France's direct involvement in the Crimean War against Russia.


Question: What is the name of the oldest church in the world?

Church of Nativity

The church is jointly administered by officials of the Greek Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church, and the Armenian Apostolic Church.


Question: What is the name of the oldest church in the world?

Church of Nativity

These three Churches preserve the monastic communities on the site.


Question: What is the name of the oldest church in the world?

Church of Nativity

Christmas celebrations of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem and the Armenian Apostolic Church follow the Julian Calendar for liturgical purposes, while the Roman Catholic Church follows the modern Gregorian Calendar.


Question: What is the name of the oldest church in the world?

Church of Nativity

Thus Christmas Eve Worship for Eastern and Western Christians falls on different days.


Question: What is the name of the oldest church in the world?

Church of Nativity

Roman Catholics celebrate Christmas on 25 December; Orthodox Churches celebrate Christmas on 7 January.


Question: What is the name of the oldest church in the world?

Church of Nativity

Tomb of Santa Paula, under the church Gallery Images of Mary and Jesus in the Church building The 4th century Constantine era mosaic floor was rediscovered in 1934 The Door of Humility, the main entrance into the Church of Nativity Footnotes See also the Nativity of Jesus Bethlehem Mosque Omar in Bethlehem, not far away from Nativity Church Outside links Coordinates: Category:Church Category:The Birth of Jesus Category:Buildings and structures in Israel Category:Catholic places of pilgrimage Category:Eastern Rite Catholic Church


Question: what is the area of India?

List of countries by area

The following is a list of countries in the world by area of their region.


Question: what is the area of India?

List of countries by area

The sizes are given in SI metric units.


Question: what is the area of India?

List of countries by area

Regions of dependency are indicated along with its principal country; total area area is also indicated, but this list is compiled by area area The list of countries by area area The following states are arranged by area area, including provinces outside but not including areas of power.


Question: what is the area of India?

List of countries by area

Note The 196 countries on this list are member states of the United Nations coupled with Taiwan, the Vatican and Kosovo.


Question: what is the area of India?

List of countries by area

This list also includes 11 countries that have a total of 66 dependent regions (dependencies), of which 23 of them are not permanently resided and therefore are not on the list of countries by population.


Question: what is the area of India?

List of countries by area

The total is 259 countries and dependent regions.


Question: what is the area of India?

List of countries by area

The description of the African Union is 29,797,500 km2, and is the largest country in the world if counted as a single country.


Question: what is the area of India?

List of countries by area

Source header to force TOC CIA World Factbook, accessed December 10, 2012.


Question: what is the area of India?

List of countries by area

See also List of Countries List of countries by number of inhabitants List of countries by population density List of countries by continent List of countries by period of formation Area area


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

jmpl Heidelberg is an autonomous municipality (Kreisfreie Stadt) in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, located on the banks of the river Neckar.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Heidelberg is famous for its very famous castle, old town and old university in the world.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Until 2008, more than 145,000 inhabitants lived in this 109 km² (42 mi²) town.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Heidelberg was a union authority.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The district of Rhein-Neckar surrounds Heidelberg and is capitalized here although Heidelberg is not part of the district.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Heidelberg is on the Neckar River, at the point it leaves a narrow and rugged valley in the Odenwald to flow into the valley of the river Rhein, which 20km (12 miles) to the south-west of Heidelberg will join the Rhein at Mannheim.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Heidelberg is part of a dense area known as the Greater Rhein-Neckar Region.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The Cultural Important Buildings of Heidelberg is one of the major German cities that was not destroyed in the 2nd world war.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

A special part of the town is the old town from Baroque times (Barocke Altstadt).


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

In the old town there is a 1.6km long main road.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The street is devoted only to pedestrians (Fußgängerzone).


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The pedestrian-only street in Heidelberg's old town is the longest pedestrian-only street in Europe.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Along this road stand important buildings.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The Castle (Schloss) of Heidelberg Castle or commonly known as Heidelberger Schloss is the most famous building ruins in Germany.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

This building was originally a fortress located in a strategic place as a blockhouse.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The castle later became the residence/palace of the king in Pfalz.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Since the damage in 1689 and 1693 due to the war seizure of the throne from the heirs of the kingdom of Pfalz, the building is only partially restored.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

In 1764 one part of this building was again damaged by due to a fire caused by the lacing of lightning.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The ruins of this palace building stand 80 metres high on the mountain cliffs that dominate the city face of Heidelberg.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Old Bridge/Alte Brücke The official name of the Old Bridge (famous by the name Alten Brücke) is the Karl-Theodor Bridge.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The bridge is the oldest building in Germany, which was first mentioned in 1248.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Before it was built permanent bridges, repeatedly built wooden bridges that were repeatedly damaged by ice.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

In its present form, this permanent bridge was built in 1788.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

However at the end of the 2nd world war two pillars of the bridge were hit by bombs.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

By 1947 this bridge had been completed repaired.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Heidelberg Palace, Old Bridge and River Neckar Gate of the Old Bridge Heidelberg on the north side of the river Neckar View towards Philosophenweg (Philosophy Street) Important Church Buildings The Church of the Holy Spirit or famous as Heiliggeistkirche is a building most famous church in Heidelberg.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The church is located in the centre of the city, not far from Heidelberg Palace.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Inside this church were once kept, very famous manuscripts.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

However, during the 30-year war the collection of manuscripts was stolen and given to the Pope as a gift.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The oldest church of the city of Heidelberg is St. Peter's Church otherwise known as Peterskirche.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The age of this church is approximately 900 years.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

In late medieval times, this church served as the University Chapel.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The church serves also as his resting place (graveyard) of approximately 150 professors and royal bigwigs.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Not far from the Peterskirche stands the Jesuit Church which was completed in 1749.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The church is a witness to the history of counter-reform in Heidelberg.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The churches that stood in tandem with the construction of the western part of the city (Weststadt) in the early 20th century were Christ Church (Christuskirche) in 1904 which was a church for Protestant Christians, and St. Bonifatius Church in 1903 which was a church for Catholics.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Heiliggeistkirche Jesuit Church Peterskirche Church of Christ in Weststadt Church of St. Bonifatius in Weststadt Historic Buildings The oldest building in the city of Heidelberg is the building that now serves as a hotel.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The oldest building is named the Hotel “Zum Ritter”.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The building was built in 1592 by one family of cloth merchants.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The building is located face-to-face with the Heiliggeistkirche.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

On the border of the eastern part of the old town of Heidelberg stands the city gate named Karlstor.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

It was built over 6 years and completed in 1781.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Inside the old town stand historical buildings, namely the buildings of the University of Heidelberg.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

One of the most important is the library building of the University of Heidelberg.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

In this library are also stored ancient manuscripts.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Among the ancient manuscripts stored there is a manuscript of Kidung Tantri Kediri which is still well preserved.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Hotel “Zum Ritter” Barock Building “Haus zum Riesen” Building Academy of Sciences Building Former Pharmacy Palace of Studies and Research University and Heidelberg High School is known as a student city.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

What makes it named for a student town is the existence of Heidelberg University in the city.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The university was founded in 1386 and is the oldest university in Germany.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Campus locations are located in two locations.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The first location was located in the old town of Heidelberg.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

There are many historical buildings in the old town that become campuses for psychiatric, social and legal sciences.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

While the second location is on the site of the new campus in Neuenheimer Feld, which is an integrated campus for the natural sciences.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

In 1904 the Heidelberg Pedagogical High School was founded.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

In 1931 stood the High School of Church Music (Hochschule für Kirchenmusik Heidelberg).


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Originally this high school was established for church musicians for the State Protestant Church in Baden.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

In later life the school is open to the public.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

SRH Heidelberg High School is a private college owned by the SRH company (SRH Group).


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

SRH Heidelberg High School was founded in 1969.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

In 2004 it became a private college first accredited by the German Scientific Agency (a kind of National Accreditation Board - Higher Education).


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

This private college is in the “Science Tower” in the Wieblingen area.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The Higher School of International Management (Hochschule für Internationales Management Heidelberg/HIM) is a private school recognized by the state.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Bachelor and Master's programs at this college are recognized and accredited in higher education systems in Germany and the United Kingdom.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The educational system that runs in this institution is the “dual-degree” system, that is, graduates in addition to getting a diploma from HIM recognized in Germany, they will also get a diploma from a college in England recognized there.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

In 1979 it was founded the Higher School of Judaism Studies (Hochschule für Jüdische Studien).


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The high school has a campus in the old town.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Schiller International University, an American university, established a campus in Heidelberg.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Schiller International University this branch of Heidelberg offers Bachelor and Master's programs in International Business and International Relations & Diplomacy.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Forschung In Heidelberg there are a number of research institutions, specifically in the field of biological sciences.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The most important research institution is, of course, the University of Heidelberg.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Under this university stand research institutes, for example Heidelberg Biochemistry Centre (Biochemie Zentrum Heidelberg/BZH), Interdisciplinary Centre of Neuro Sciences (Interdisziplinäre Zentrum für Neurowissenschaften/IZN), Interdisciplinary Centre for the Sciences of Count (Interdisziplinäre für Zentrum wissenschaftliches Rechnen/IWR), South Asian Institute (Südasien Institut/SAI), Heidelberg Center for American Studies (HCA), Heidelberg Center Lateinamerican, Heidelberg Center for Astronomy (Zentrum für Astronomie Heidelberg/ZAH), Institute of Ethnology, etc.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Very well known research institutes are the German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum/DKFZ) founded in 1964 and the Centre for Molecular Biology (Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie Heidelberg/ZmbH) founded in 1983.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

In addition Heidelberg is also the centre of activities of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) established in 1974.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Branches of this European research institution are in Monterotondo (Italy), Hinxton (England), Grenoble (France) and Hamburg (Germany). 18 European countries participated in the study.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

The Max-Planck research institution (Max-Planck-Institut) established four research institutions in Heidelberg, namely the Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (international law studies), Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (study of atomic physics), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (astronomical studies) and Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung (studies of medicine).


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Other research institutions for example the State Institute for Education of Agriculture, State Astrology Institute Heidelberg-Königstuhl, Heidelberg Academy of Sciences (Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften), European Media Laboratory (EML), Private Informatics Research Institute, Centre Protestant Studies (Forschungsstätte der Evangelischen Studiengemeinschaft e.V.).


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Heidelberg City Library Founded in 1904 has more than 200,000 media.


Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

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Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

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Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

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Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

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Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

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Question: Is Heidelberg Germany's oldest city?

Heidelberg

Category:Cities in Baden-Württemberg Category:Cities in Germany


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata (often written Kusumadinata, Kusumahdinata, kusumah dinata, Anggakusumadinata; better known as Pak Machjar or Pak Mahyar;) is a Sundanese artist and musicologist.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

He is known as the author of Sundanese songs, educator specializing in advancing Sundanese art- voice education, researcher and theorist of Sundanese music, creator of the Sundanese tone notation system da mi na ti la and inventor of the 17 Sundanese tone ladders system.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Biographer Pak Machjar in West Java is better known as an artist creator of Sundanese songs is actually an educator and musicologist, especially ethnomusicologist who specializes in pelog and salendro.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

His knowledge about the art of pelog and salendro music was obtained from childhood by joining several interpreters and nayaga, among them learning rebab at the best nayaga Pak Etjen Basara, Mr. Sura and Mr. Natadiredjo, learning gamelan at Pak Sai and Pak Idi, and learning how to work on Mr. Oetje famous courtesman in Bandung.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Mr. Machjar's introduction to the methods of science and physical sciences, and western music science occurred during the time he was a pupil at a teacher's school (Kweekschool and Hogere Kweekschool).


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

With the foundation of western music and physical science in depth, he conducted measurement and research the frequency of sounds from gamelan devices and songs sung and played on the rebab.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

In 1923 (still in school bench) he had created kanayagan fiber (Sundanese tone ladder notation) da mi na ti la, as well as writing a book of Sundanese sound art theory titled 'Elmuning Kawih Sunda'.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

After completing HKS and being placed as a teacher at HIS Sumedang (1924-1932), he continued his research on raras art theory.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

An important turning point in his career as a researcher was his meeting with Mr. Jaap Kunst, a Dutch ethnomusicologist, between 1927-1929, who was conducting sound art research throughout the archipelago.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Here there is an exchange of science, between music science from Jaap Kunst and gamelan or pelog-salendro science from Pak Machjar.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

It was during this period that he understood more deeply the concept of sound vibration as well as how to measure it with instruments that concerned his mathematical conversion to music using logarithm values, the concept of interval cents from Ellis (1884) and Hornbostel (1920) and music rules from Reiner.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

In 1933, he was assigned to establish sound arts education in all indigenous schools in western Java with the da mi na ti la system.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

During the period of Japanese occupation (1942-1945) he taught at a teacher's school then from 1945 to 1947 he worked as a teacher of natural science, history and English at (SMP/high school) Bandung.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

After that he was appointed head of the Education office (coordinator of Lower Education) in Sumedang (1947-1950) and was assigned to art-voice education in West Java lower and secondary schools in Bandung (1950-1952).


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Subsequently he worked expert staff at the West Java Cultural Service in Bandung.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Then in 1958 (until 1959), he was appointed as President Director of Karawitan Sunda Conservatory of Bandung.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

For the rest he was an outstanding lecturer teaching acoustics and gamelan sciences at Karawitan Conservatory of Surakarta (1953-1959).


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Married to Mrs. Saminah one of the first graduates of Van Deventer's female teacher school in Salatiga.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

He was endowed with 10 children, but unfortunately no one was in art, but mostly in the field of natural sciences; Machjeu Koesoemadinata (alm), Kama Kusumadinata (alm, volcanologist at the Directorate of Volcanology, Department of Mines), Ny Karlina Sudarsono (alm), dr. Soetedja Koesoemadinata (alm), Prof. Dr. R. Prajatna Koesoemadinata (emiritus professor in geological sciences ITB), Dr. Santosa Koesoemadinata (retired biological researcher at the Department of Agriculture), dr. Rarasati Djajakusumah (alm), Prof. Dr. Roekmiati Tjokronegoro, (teacher in chemistry at Padjadjaran University), Drs. Moehammad Sabar Koesoemadinata, MSP. (Geologist Kwarter at the Center for Research and Development of Geology), and Ir. Margana Koesoemadinata (alm, acoustician at LIPI and later at MOE).


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Discovery and handiwork As a songwriting artist, Pak Machjar created traditional Sundanese songs such as Lemah Cai, Dewi Sartika, Sinom Puspasari, as well as composers of traditional Sundanese songs and wrote them in da mi na ti la notation.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

As an artist he was also a showwriter and pioneered Gending Karesmen (Sundanese opera) which he called Rinenggasari with his works include Sarkam Sarkim (1926), Permana Permana Sari (1930), Sekar Mayang (1935), Tresnawati (1959) and Devil Mindo Wahyu (1968).


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

As a music theorist, particularly in the fields of Pelog and Salendro, he formulated the da mi na ti la notation system for Sundanese songs, researched and wrote theories regarding raras and gamelan arts among them Ringkesan Pangawikan Rinengga Swara (1950), Art Science Raras (1969) and also songbook- Sundanese song.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Together with Mr. Jaap Kunst, he also produced many writings (publications) on gamelan music theory.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Among the research and creation results from Mr. Machyar are the experimental gamelan with 9-tone ladders (1937) for pelog and 10-tone gamelan for salendro (1938), in which both were lost during the time of the Japanese occupation (1942—45).


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

In addition to the creation of the monumental gamelan Ki Pemerun (1969), he also made a 17-tone ladder acoustic guitar.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

His greatest contribution lies in the results of a truly scientific research leading to the universality (unified theory) of sound art is the theory of 17 Sundanese tone ladders (1950) in which an octave consists of 17 equal intervals of 70 10/17 cents, where the tone of each barrel ( tone ladder) Sundanese can be taken.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

This model is universal because it has very complete tones and can be played to accompany songs from various tone charts.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

In his research, he used monochord sound vibration gauges that he made at the help of the master lute and nayaga expert Pak Idi.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

This tool is equipped with a vibration (frequency) obtained on the good services of Mr. Jaap Kunst from the musicology laboratory at Europa.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Every time the monochord is about to be used it first calibrates it with a sound fork with a raw vibration (660 hz).


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

The tool turned out to be quite accurate so that it was also used by musicologists such as Prof. Collin McPhee from the United States and C. Campagne, director of the music school in Bandung.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

The monochord in is his main tool that accompanies him everywhere in conducting research on Pelog Salendro until the end of his life.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Ki Pemawun On the initiative and assistance of the Tourism Industry of West Java Province, chaired by R.A. Sjukur Dharma Kesuma, in 1969 Mr. Machjar created a gamelan named 'Ki Pemawun' (meaning the firstborn) which is the largest gamelan ever in Indonesia.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

This gamelan was created to demonstrate the discovery of the theory of 17 tone ladders system.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

In addition to Laras Salendro, madenda, degung, kobongan Mataraman, songs with Western musical tones can be played on this gamelan.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Although Ki Pemerun gamelan is technically difficult to play because it is something that is not common and takes a long time for training, but as a study material, its existence is very important.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Not a few thinkers from other countries were amazed at the rise of the gamelan.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

According to ethnomusocologist Andrew Weintraub (2001), the emergence of gamelan selap that is developing now, is essentially the influence of the gamelan Ki Pemerun.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

It is a pity that Ki Pemawun gamelan then lost.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

The only trace left is probably just of this gamelan game that was briefly recorded and photographed by Dr. Margaret Kartomi, professor of music from Monash University, Australia.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Awards Among the awards he obtained, is the highest award in the field of culture; Charter of Anugerah Seni, as an expert and constituent of Karawitan Sundanese theory from the Minister of Education and Culture (August 17, 1969), award as the creator of songs rampak as Ibu Dewi Sartika (4 December 1975), and an award from the Sunda Artists Association (9 May 1959).


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

See also List of Indonesian composers Referring Colombian Ajip Rosidi (ed), 2000, Mahjar Angga Kusumadinata: Sundanese Encyclopdi - Nature, Man and Culture (including Cirebon and Betawi culture), Pustaka Jaya, Jakarta, p., 390 Ellis, Alexander J., 1885, On the musical scales of various nations: Journal of the Soc. of Arts, p.487 Heri Herdini, 2002, Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata Mind Activities And Works, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta, 271 p.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Heri Herdini, 2002, Raden Machyar Angga Koesoemadinata, Ideal Human Figure.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

People's Mind, Heri Herdini's khasanah column, 2002 Gamelan Ki Pemawun, Proof of History that Disappeared Without Trace.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

People's Mind, Hood's signature column, Mantle, 1954, Patet in Javanese Music, J.B Wolters-Groningen-Djakarta, 323p.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Hornborstel, Erich M. Von, 1921, Eine tafel zur Logarithmischen Darstelung von Zahlenverhaltnissen; Z. F. Physik, VI, p.29 Koesoemadinata, R.M.A, 1940, Ringkesan Elmoening Kanajagan, Tjalah ka-1, Departement O. & E., Weltevreden Kunst, Jast en R.M.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

A Koesoemadinata, 1930, Een en ander over Pelog en Salendro; Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, LXIX (1929-30), p.320-352, Kunst, Jaap, 1934, De toonkunst van Java, Deel I en Deel II, Gravenshage, Martinus Nijhoff, 519p.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Kusumadinata, R.M.A, 1950, Ringkesan Pangawikan Rinenggaswara (Ringkesan elmuning kanajagan), Pelog 9 raras, Salendro 15 raras and Salendro 17 raras, Noordhoff Kolf NV, Djakarta Kusumadinata (Koesoemadinata), R.M.A, 1969, Art Sciences Rarnja; Pradnja Paramita, Djakarta, 139p.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Priadi Dwi Hardjito, 1983, Ethnomusicology of Nada Philosophy, ASTI Sutardjo A. Wiramiharja, 2009, Ngadegung Ku Guitar, Why Not? , People's Mind (Saturday 18 July 2009).


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Weintraub, Andrew N., 2001, Instruments of Power: Sundanese “Multi-Laras” Gamelan in New Order Indonesia, Ethnomusicology vol. 45, No 2society for Ethnomusicology, Publish University of Illinois Press, page 197-227.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Weintraub, Andrew N., 2001, Koesoemadinata, Raden Machjar Angga, The New Grove Dictinioary of Music and Musicians, 2nd ed, edited by Stanley Sadie, Volume 13, Grove, Page 735-736.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Weintraub, Andrew, N. 2004, Power Plays: Puppet Golek Puppet Theater of West Java, (page 134), Ohio University Press,, 320 pages.


Question: What is the highest education of Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata?

Raden Machjar Angga Koesoemadinata

Outlinks Category:Indonesian Biography Stub Category:Indonesian Artists Category:Figures from Sumedang Category:Sunda Nobility Category:Sunda Artists Category:Indonesian Pop Culture Figures


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Ameba is a genus belonging to protozoa that are unicellular eukaryotes (organisms with membrane-bound cell organelles).


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Ameba its name comes from the Greek word amoibe meaning change.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

There are many of the most extensively studied species is Amoeba proteus.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Most species are very small and invisible to the naked eye.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Despite its small size, the genome content is several times more than that of the human genome.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

The species A. dubia consists of about 370 billion base pairs, whereas the human genome has about 3 billion base pairs.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Ameba is found in land as well as aquatic habitats.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

In fact, it can thrive in almost any type of habitat.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Some parasites in nature, thereby causing harm to humans and animals.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

To date, six species of parasites were identified that cause mild to severe disease in humans.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Therefore, these unicellular eukaryotic organisms are widely studied in microbiology.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Let's briefly talk about the characteristic features of the Ameba.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

A cell membrane encloses the cytoplasm of the cell and organelles of the ameba.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Since there is no cell wall, its cellular structure is uncertain.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

It can expose in any form, based on the surrounding conditions.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

It has pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding purposes.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

The pseudopods are an extension of the cytoplasm.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Ameba ingests food by way of phagocytosis, meaning it surrounds bacteria or other small protista, and secretes digestive enzymes into the vacuole.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Digestion of food particles occurs in vacuoles with the help of enzymatic action.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

An ameba can have more than two nuclei in a cell. Similar to other protozoa, it reproduces vegetatively either by mitosis or cytokinesis.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Under the strong division of the ameba, the portion containing the core survived, while the part without the core died.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

When an organism is exposed to a deadly environment, it turns into an active form, known as an ameba cyst.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

It continues to remain in the form of a cyst until it meets normal environmental conditions.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

The ameba classification of Ameba was first discovered by August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof in 1757. [2]


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Scientists originally named the ameba as Proteus animalcule according to the Greek god Proteus who could change its shape.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

The name “amibe” was given by Bory de Saint-Vincent, from Greek amoibè (αμοιβή), meaning transformed.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Ameba is very sensitive to stimuli, which is obvious from shrinkage or expansion of cells, depending on the surrounding conditions.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

As for maintaining osmotic pressure in cells, vacuoles are responsible for the same.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

When ameba is stored in a hypertonic (concentrated) saline solution, the cell shrinks and prevents the ingress of salts.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Conversely, when exposed to hypotonic fresh water, ameba cells expand and swell.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

The taxonomy of these organisms is often unclear and confusing because the ameba has distinctive morphological features.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

This is also partly due to the fact that many other species of protista resemble these unicellular eucariots in their anatomy and behavior.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

One distinctive feature that distinguishes marine ameba from that of freshwater species is their lack of contractile vacuoles and enzymes.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Scientific studies are underway to classify ameba using small gene ribosomal RNA (rRNA SSU) subunits.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Such ameba is one of the simplest forms of eukaryotic organisms on earth, often considered a representative organism in the process of evolution.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Also, it is studied extensively in cell research in order to determine the relationship between the cytoplasm and the cell nucleus. Transclusion Outer link reference error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

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Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: are Protozoa omnivores?

Ameba

Category:Protista Category:Amoeboid Category:Amoebozoa


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

Soeharto's fall was the event of Soeharto's retreat from the position of President of Indonesia.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

Soeharto stepped down on 21 May 1998 after the collapse of support for him.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

Soeharto has been Indonesia's president for 32 years.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

Before he stepped down, Indonesia had a political and economic crisis in the previous 6 to 12 months.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

BJ Habibie continued for at least a year from the remainder of his presidency before later being replaced by Abdurrahman Wahid in 1999.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

Soeharto's fall also marked the end of the period of the New Order, a regime in power since 1968.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

Resignation speech “Since the past time, I carefully follow the development of our national situation, especially the aspiration of the people to reform in all spheres of national and state life.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

On the basis of my deep understanding of those aspirations and driven by the belief that reform needs to be implemented in an orderly, peaceful, and constitutional manner.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

For the sake of maintaining the unity and unity of the nation and the continuity of national development, I have stated the plan for the formation of the Reform Committee and change the composition of the VII Development Cabinet.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

However, reality to this day suggests such a Reform Committee could not materialise due to the absence of an adequate response to the planned formation of the committee.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

In the desire to implement reforms in the best way earlier, I judged that with the unrealization of the Reform Committee, the change in the composition of the VII Development Cabinet became no longer necessary.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

Mindful of the above circumstances, I would argue it is very difficult for me to be able to perform the duties of state government and development properly.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

Therefore, by observing the provisions of Article 8 of the 1945 Constitution and earnestly paying attention to the views of the leadership of the House and the leaders of the factions in it, I decided to declare to quit my position as President of the Republic of Indonesia since I read the statement this was on Thursday, May 21, 1998.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

My statement quitting the position as President of the Republic of Indonesia I presented before the brothers and also the leadership of the MPR on the occasion of the relationship.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

According to Article 8 of the 1945 Constitution, then Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia, Prof. Dr. Ing. BJ Habibie who will continue the remaining time of the position of President/Mandataris of the MPR 1998-2003.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

For the help and support of the people as long as I lead the country and the nation of Indonesia, I thank you and apologize if there are mistakes and shortcomings, hopefully the Indonesian nation remains successful with Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

Starting today also the Development Cabinet VII demisionary and to the ministers I thank you.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

Because the circumstances do not allow to hold the pronunciation of oath before Parliament, so to avoid the vacancy of the leadership in organizing the state government, presumably the vice president's brother will now also carry out the oath of office of the president before the Supreme Court of Indonesia.”


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

Reference Advanced reading of Chandra, Siddharth and Douglas Kammen. (2002).


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

“Generating Reforms and Reforming Generations: Military Politics in Indonesia's Transition to Democracy.”


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

World Politics, Vol. 55, Nos. 1.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

Dijk, Kees van. 2001.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

A country in despair.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

Indonesia between 1997 and 2000.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

KITLV Press, Leiden, ISBN 90-6718-160-9 Kammen, Douglas and Siddharth Chandra (1999).


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

A Tour of Duty: Changing Patterns of Military Politics in Indonesia in the 1990s.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

Ithaca, NY: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project Publication No. 75.


Question: In what year was president Soeharto dethroned?

Fall of Soeharto

Outlinks Category:Reform Era Category:New Order Revolution Category:May 1998 Category:Soeharto


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

In Christian tradition, the majus (from Latin: magus) or Sages also Kings of the East are often considered to be persons from the kingdom of Media, perhaps Zoroastrian priestesses, or perhaps also magi (plural form of magus) who knew astrology from ancient Persia.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

The Gospel of Matthew states that they came from the east to Jerusalem to worship Christ.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

According to Matthew they walked by following a star that came and became known as the Christmas Star.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

As they approach Jerusalem, Herod tries to trap them to tell the whereabouts of Jesus, so that Jesus may be killed.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

When they found Jesus, these sages gave gifts, among which were gold, frankincense, and myrrh.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

These kings from the east are then warned in a dream by angels of Herod's evil plans towards the infant Jesus and they finally decide to go home through different paths.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

This led Herod to act to kill all the young children in Bethlehem as an attempt to thwart the prophecy regarding the newborn king and eliminate a rival he thought would usurp his throne.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

But at the time of the massacre, Jesus' parents had been warned by angels to evacuate to Egypt until Herod died.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

Chronology of the coming of the Magi Unlike often depicted that the Magi visited the infant Jesus in the cage where Jesus was born, together with the shepherds, they visited Jesus not at the same time as the shepherds, but after Jesus was older from 40 days.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

Apparently they saw the star marking the birth of Jesus in their homeland, likely in Persia.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

Given the distance of Persia to Judea was miles, it would take several weeks to arrive in Jerusalem.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

Meanwhile, when even 8 days, Jesus was circumcised and named Jesus.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

Then after turning 40 days, even the time of his mother's appointment, Jesus was taken to Jerusalem to be handed over to God.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

It is unlikely that Jesus' parents (Joseph and Mary) brought Jesus back to the sheeppen where he was born but they had been living somewhere else by the time the Magi visited.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

This is a thing that dismayed a lot of people.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

See also Chronology of the life of Jesus and the Nativity of Jesus.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

On the night after the Magi came, the angel of the Lord came in Joseph's dream, telling him to take Mary and the baby Jesus out of the way to Egypt, to avoid killing children in Bethlehem at the behest of king Herod.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

The number of Magi in the Gospel of Matthew, the only gospel containing this story, there is no mention of the number of Magi who worship the infant Jesus.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

In addition there is also no mention of their gender nor their names.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

The Bible also makes no further mention of this Magi.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

In a tradition later illustrated in various stories, films, and illustrations, the number of Magi worshipping Jesus is depicted as three, this is based on the number of gifts (gold, myrrh, and frankincense) given to Jesus' parents.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

There is a tradition that says that the number of the Magi who originally departed were four, but one of the Magi did not reach the sheep pen where Jesus was born and met Jesus later in life.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

Land of origin According to tradition, they are believed to be of Persian origin and are suspected to be adherents of Zoroastrian beliefs.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

The name Syrian Tradition calls their names Larvandad, Hormisdas, and Gusnasaf, while Armenian tradition mentions only two names, Kagba and Badadilma.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

In the European tradition, they are often called the “Three Kings”, which are named Baltasar, Melkior and Kaspar.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

Then they were described as Asians, Africans and Europeans.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

Origenes, a church father who died in about 254 M. was the first to use these names.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

In the 6th century this story of the Three Magi emerged as a popular story.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

The Magi offerings brought to the baby Jesus have their own symbol: Gold symbolizes the baby Jesus who will become the great king of the infant Jesus symbolizing the baby Jesus who will be the archpriest of Myrrh symbolizes the baby Jesus who will die to atone for the sins of man Artwork related The story of the Magi evokes many works of art in the form of stories, songs, paintings, even opera.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

A number of works of art related to the story of the Magi are: Amahl and the Night Visitors, opera by Gian Carlo Menotti The Other Wise Man, the novel by Henry van Dyke The Four Wise Men, the novel by Michel Tournier Following the Path of the Wise Men, the novel by Cynthia Gage See also Christmas Nativity of Jesus Astrology Zoroaster Matthew 2 Outlink Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

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Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

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Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

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Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

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Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

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Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

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Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East


Question: Who are the Magi?

The Magi of the East

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. (in German) Category:Jesus Category:Christmas Category:New Testament Figures Category:Magi


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Italy (Italy), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana [1] [2] [3] [4], is a unitary state parliamentary republic in Europe [note 1] Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Italy borders France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and the Vatican.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Italy covers an area of 301.338 km² (116,347 mi²), and is influenced by the temperate climate and mediterranean climate.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Judging by the shape, maps of Italy are shaped like boots or in Italy are often called lo Stivale [5] [6].


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

With a population of 61 million people, Italy is the fourth most populated EU member state.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Since the Classic Era, Italy has been inhabited by various peoples and civilizations.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Like the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and the ancient Greeks who established settlements in the south of Italy, the Etruscans and Kelts inhabited central and northern Italy, as well as Ancient Italian tribes and Italic peoples scattered throughout the Italian Peninsula and Insular Italy (Sardinia and Sicily).


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

The Italic tribes or known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom which eventually worked into a republic that successfully conquered and assimilated other nearby civilizations.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Rome eventually emerged as the dominant power in the mediterranean basin, successfully conquering much of the ancient world and becoming the leading cultural, political and religious center in Western civilization.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Relics of the Roman Empire are widespread and can be seen in the global distribution channels of civil law, republican rule, Christianity and Latin writing.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

During the Middle Ages, Italy suffered a sociopolitical collapse amid adverse barbarian invasions, but by the 11th century many Italian city-states and maritime republics rose to achieve prosperity through shipping, trade, and banking, laying the foundation for capistalism modern [7].


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

The independent statelets [note 2], which acted as Europe's main trading centre with Asia and the Near East, enjoyed a greater degree of democracy and wealth compared to the feudal monarchies consolidating throughout Europe at the time.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Most of Central Italy remained under the control of the theocratic Papal States, while Southern Italy was feudal until the 19th century, as a result of a succession of Byzantine, Arab, Norman, Spanish, and Bourbon conquests in the region. [8]


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

The Renaissance began from Italy and spread throughout Europe, by bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration and art.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

At this time Italian culture was flourishing, and produced well-known scholars, artists and polymatists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo, and Machiavelli.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Also famous Italian explorers such as Marco Polo, Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci and Giovanni da Verrazzano who discovered new routes to the Far East and the New World, which aided the European Age of Exploration.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Nevertheless, Italy's commercial and political power diminished with the opening of the Atlantic trade route and the route to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope crossing the Middle Sea. [9] [10] [11] And again, Italian city-states continued to engage in bloody warfare, culminating in The Italian wars of the 15th and 16th centuries, which eventually left them exhausted, with no one emerging as the dominant power.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Weakened rulers soon fell victim to the conquests of European powers such as France, Spain and Austria.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

In the mid-19th century, there arose a movement in support of Italian nationalism and independence from foreign control.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

This movement led to a revolutionary political upheaval called the Risorgimento to unite the countries in Italy.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

After various failed attempts, finally the Italian War of Independence and the Expedition of the Thousand succeeded in unifying the countries of Italy in 1861, and is now a great power after centuries of foreign domination. [12].


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Italian New Kingdom rapidly industrialized, especially in the north, and colonial empires, [13] while in the south most were still poor and excluded from industrialization, and fueled a large and influential diaspora. [14]


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Despite being one of the main cast in World War I, Italy experienced a period of economic crisis and social chaos, leading to the rise of a fascist dictatorship in 1922.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in military defeat, economic destruction, and Italian civil wars.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

After liberation and rise of resistance, Italy abolished the monarchy and restored democracy, enjoyed a prolonged economic boom, freed from sociopolitical chaos (such as, Anni di Piombo, Mani pulite, Second Mafia War, Maxi Trial and assassination of anti-mafia officials) and became a major developed country. [15] [16] [17] Currently, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and the eighth largest in the world.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Has a very high rate of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

The country plays an important role in regional as well as global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, and is a regional power [18] [19] and a great power. [20] [21] Italy is a founder and leading member of the European Union and a member of various international institutions such as the UN, NATO, OECD, OSCE, WTO, G7/G8, G20, Union for the Mediterranean, European Assembly, Uniting for Consensus, and more.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

As a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, is the most numerous, and is the fifth most visited country in the world.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

The etymology of “Italian” etymology assumptions are numerous, and the collection of solutions written by historians, and the language is very long. [22]


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

According to one of the more general explanations, the Italian term, from Latin: Italian [23], is borrowed through Greek from Oska Víteliú meaning “land of the calf” (compare: Latin vitulus “calf”, Umbrian language vitlo “calf”) [24].


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

The bull or cow was once a symbol of tribes in southern Italy, and was often depicted butting Roman wolves as a symbol of unwillingness to cede Italian independence during the Social War.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

The Greek historian Dionysios of Halikarnassos states a treatise together with the legend that Italy was named so in honor of Italus [25] as mentioned Aristotle [26], and Thukidides [27].


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

The Italian name was originally used only to refer to the region that is now called Southern Italy, according to Antiokus of Syracuse, the southern part of the Bruttium Peninsula (now Calabria, the Province of Reggio, and part of the Province of Catanzaro and the Province of Vibo Valentia).


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

But in this time of Antiochus Enotri and Italian became synonyms, and this name also applies to most of Lucania.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Greeks over time applied the name “Italy” to a larger area, but in the time of Emperor Augustus (late 1st century BC) this term extended to the entire peninsula until the Alps. [28]


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Prehistoric History and Antiquity The results of excavations throughout Italy have successfully revealed the presence of Neanderthals that have existed since Paleolithic times, approximately 200,000 years ago, [29] Modern humans were present at roughly 40,000 years ago.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

The ancient peoples of pre-Roman Italy — such as the Umbrians, the Latins (the origin of the Romans), the Volskians, the Samniums, the Kelts, and the Ligurians who inhabited northern Italy, and many others — constituted the Indo-Europeans; the main historical societies that did not including Indo-Europeans were the Etruscans, the Elimi people, the Sikani people of Sicily and the prehistoric people of Sardinia.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Between the 17th and 11th centuries BC the Mykenai Greeks established relations with Italy [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] and in the 8th and 7th centuries BC Greek colonies established along the coast of Sicily and the southern part of the Italian Peninsula became known as Great Greece.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Also the Funisians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

The Ancient Romans were originally a small farming community discovered in roughly the 8th century BC, which developed over the centuries into a magnificent empire covering the entire area of the Middle Sea, where the cultures of Ancient Greece and Ancient Romans melted into a single civilization.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

This civilization is quite influential and its relics can be felt all over the world.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Ancient Roman was highly influential for, and left its imprint on government, law, politics, administration, cities, engineering, philosophy, architecture, and modern art, becoming the foundation for Western civilization.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

A collapse that progressed slowly since the late 2nd century AD, the empire ultimately broke into two parts by 395 AD: the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

The western passage — under the pressure of the Franka, Vandals, Huns, Goths, and other nations of Eastern Europe — finally broke apart in 476 AD, when the last emperor of Western Roman was overthrown by the leader of the Barbarians, Odoaker.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Middle Ages After the collapse of Rome, Italy was conquered by Germanic tribes (Ostrogoths), but in the 6th century the Eastern Roman/Byzantine Emperor (Justinianus) conquered it.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

The invasion of other Germanic tribes (namely the Langobardians) at the end of the same century narrowed the Byzantines to just one land strip of Ravenna and Rome, plus other lands in the south of Italy, destroying the unity of the Italian peninsula until 1870.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

The rulers of Langobardi in northern and central Italy were absorbed into the Kingdom of Franka by Charlemagne in the late 8th century.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

The Franka kings also aided in the establishment of papal states in central Italy, stretching from Rome to Ravenna, although during most of the Middle Ages the Papacy effectively controlled only Latium.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

The existence of this theocratic state stretched out through centuries of peninsular unification.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Until the 13th century, Italian politics was dominated by relations between the German Holy Roman Emperors and the popes with most Italian cities siding with the former (Ghibellini) or to (Guelfi) for the sake of momentary convenience.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

It was during this time of power vacuum that Italy witnessed the rise of a prevalent institution, the medieval commune.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

In the anarchic conditions that often prevailed in various city-states in medieval Italy, societies organized their own to restore order and disarm hostile elites.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

In the 12th century, a league of communes, the Langobardi League conquered the German emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, and became the starting point for the process of granting effective independence for most cities in northern and central Italy.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Despite the devastation caused by various wars, Italy is still preserved, especially in the northern, and central parts, a more developed urban civilization.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

In the same period, Italy witnessed the emergence of several maritime republics, the most notable being the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Amalfi.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Involved in several Crusades, they took advantage in terms of mercantile, and political opportunities.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Venice, and Genoa soon thereafter became Europe's main gateway for trade with the Eastern World, establishing colonies up to as far as the Black Sea, and often controlling much of the trade with the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) and the Islamic World of the Middle East.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

The Savoy area expanded its territory until the peninsula in the Late Middle Ages, while Firenze developed into a highly organized trading and financial city-state, and became the capital of Europe for the commodities of silk, wool, banking, and jewelry.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

To the south, Byzantine Sicily became an Islamic emirate in the 9th century, which flourished until the Norman-Italians conquered it in the late 11th century along with most of the Langobardi and Byzantine states in southern Italy.


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

Through a complex series of events, southern Italy developed as a united kingdom, first under the Hohenstaufen Wangsa, then under the Wangsa of Kapetia Anjou and from the 15th century, the Aragonese Wangsa (although Sicily was a separate kingdom of the Aragonese people since the late 13th century to the 15th century).


Question: what is the area of Italy?

Italy

In Sardinia, the former Byzantine provinces became independent states recognizable as giudicati (territory of the magistrates), although most of the island was under the control of the Genoese and the Pisans until the Aragonese conquered it in the 15th century.