Question: What was the role of the Amanuban Kingdom in the time of independence?

Kingdom of Amanuban

Leu - Johan Paulus Nope (1946-1949).


Question: What was the role of the Amanuban Kingdom in the time of independence?

Kingdom of Amanuban

Kusa Nope (1950-1958).


Question: What was the role of the Amanuban Kingdom in the time of independence?

Kingdom of Amanuban

Reference Doko, I.H (1973, East Nusa Tenggara In The Independence Struggle for Indonesia, New Period Bandung.


Question: What was the role of the Amanuban Kingdom in the time of independence?

Kingdom of Amanuban

H.G.Schulte Nordholt (1971) The Political System of Atoni Timor, The Hague M. Nijholff.


Question: What was the role of the Amanuban Kingdom in the time of independence?

Kingdom of Amanuban

Jacob Wadu, et al (2003) History of the Government of TTS.Penfui LIPI UNDANA District.


Question: What was the role of the Amanuban Kingdom in the time of independence?

Kingdom of Amanuban

Middelkoop, P (1960) A Timorese Myth and Theree Fabels.kitlv.


Question: What was the role of the Amanuban Kingdom in the time of independence?

Kingdom of Amanuban

Punuf.Ch (1972) Amanuban Kingdom In The Development Of Its Government.


Question: What was the role of the Amanuban Kingdom in the time of independence?

Kingdom of Amanuban

FKG UNDANA. (thesis of young serjana).


Question: What was the role of the Amanuban Kingdom in the time of independence?

Kingdom of Amanuban

Parera, A.D.M (1994) History of the Reign of the Kings of Timor.


Question: What was the role of the Amanuban Kingdom in the time of independence?

Kingdom of Amanuban

Rays of Hope.


Question: What was the role of the Amanuban Kingdom in the time of independence?

Kingdom of Amanuban

Seran.S.T (2007) Traditional Government System in South Central Timor.Office of Education and Culture.UPTD archaeology of NTT Province Steven Farram, From Timor Koepang to Timor NTT: The Political History of West Timor 1901-1967.Ph.D.Thesis, Northern Territory University.


Question: What was the role of the Amanuban Kingdom in the time of independence?

Kingdom of Amanuban

See also Amanuban (disambiguation) Amanuban Amanuban Category:Former countries in Southeast Asia


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Sanskrit (not raw spelling: Sanskrit) or Sanskrit, is one of the oldest Indo-European languages still known and its history is among the longest.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Languages that can match the 'age' of this language from the Indo-European language group are only Hittite languages.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

The Sanskrit word, in Sanskrit Saṃskṣtabhāsa means perfect language.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

He means, the opponent of the Prakerta language, or the language of the people.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Sanskrit is a classical language of India, a liturgical language in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism and one of the 23 official languages of India.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

The language also has equal status in Nepal.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Its position in South Asian and Southeast Asian culture is similar to the position of Latin and Greek in Europe.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Sanskrit developed into many modern languages in the Indian subcontinent.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

The language appears in pre-classical form as a Vedic language.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

What is contained in the book of Rgweda is the oldest and most archical phase.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

This text is drawn from approximately 1700 BC and Vedic Sanskrit is the oldest encountered Indo-Aryan language and one of the oldest members of the Indo-European language family.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

The Sanskrit literary khazanah includes poetry that has a rich tradition, drama and also scientific, technical, falsafi, and religious texts.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Today Sanskrit still remains widely used as a ceremonial language at Hindu ceremonies in the form of stotras and mantras.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Spoken Sanskrit is still worn on some traditional institutions in India and there have even been some attempts to revive Sanskrit.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

What will be talked about in this article is Classical Sanskrit as reviewed on the Sanskrit grammar of Panini, in about 500 BC.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

History The adjective saṃskṣta- means “cultured”.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

The language referred to as saṃskṣtā vāk “cultured language” by definition has always been a “high” language, used for religious and scientific purposes and contrary to the language used by commoners.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

This language is also called deva-bhāṣā which means “the language of the Gods”.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

The oldest surviving Sanskrit grammar is the Pāṇini garland and titled Aṣṭādhyāyī (“Grammar of the Eight Chapters”) which is more or less derived from the 5th century BCE.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

This grammar is mainly a normative or prescriptive grammar that mainly regulates the mode of use that is raw and not descriptive, although this grammar also contains descriptive parts especially about the Vedic forms that were no longer used in the time of Panini.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Sanskrit belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Together with Iranian languages, Sanskrit belongs to a clump of Indo-Iranian languages and is hereby part of the Satem group of Indo-European languages, which also includes the Balto-Slavik branch.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

When the term Sanskrit appeared in India, it was not seen as a language distinct from other languages, but primarily as a subtle or cultured form of speaking.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Knowledge of Sanskrit is a marker of social class and this language is primarily taught to members of high castes, through careful analysis of Sanskrit tatabahasawan such as Pāṇini.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Sanskrit as a learned language in India sits alongside the Prakreta languages which are the people's language and eventually evolved into modern Indo-Aryan languages (Hindi, Assamese language, Urdu, Bengali and so on).


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Most Dravidian languages of India, although they are part of a distinct language clump, they are heavily influenced by Sanskrit, especially in the form of loan words.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam languages have the largest number of absorption words while Tamil has the lowest.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

The influence of Sanskrit on these languages is recognized by the discourses of Tat Sama (“sama”) and Tat Bhava (“rooted”).


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Meanwhile Sanskrit itself also gained influence of the substratum of the Dravidian language from very early times.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Vedic Vedic Sanskrit or abbreviated as Vedic language is a language spoken in the Vedic scriptures, early sacred texts from India.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

The earliest Vedic text, gweda, is thought to have been written in the 2nd millennium BCE, and the use of the Vedic language was carried out until approximately 500 BC, when Panini codified Classical Sanskrit began to appear.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

The Vedic form of Sanskrit is a close derivation of the Proto-Indo-Iranian language, and is still appreciably similar (with a gap of approximately 1,500 years) from the Proto-Indo-Europa language, the reconstructed language form of all Indo-European languages.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

The Vedic language is the oldest language still found from the Indo-Iranian language branch of the Indo-European language family.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

The language is still very close to the language of Avesta, the religious sacred language of Zoroastrianism.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

The kinship between Sanskrit and the more up-to-date languages of Europe such as Greek, Latin and English can be seen in the following words: Ing. mother /Skt. मतmator Ing. father/Skt. पितpit.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Research by European peoples Sanskrit research by Europeans was started by Heinrich Roth (1620—1668) and Johann Ernst Hanxleden (1681—1731), and continued with the proposal of an Indo-European language clump by Sir William Jones.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

This plays an important role in the development of language comparison science in the Western World.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Sir William Jones, on the occasion of a lecture to the Asiatick Society of Bengal in Calcutta, 2 February 1786, said: “Sanskrit, however its antiquity, has an astonishing structure; more perfect than Greek, broader than Latin and more refined and cultured than the two, but they have a closer relationship in both, both in the form of the root of the verb and the grammatical form, which is unlikely to happen only by chance; so closely remember this connection, so that no linguist can research all three, without believing that they arose from the same source, which likely already does not exist.”


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Indeed, linguistics (along with phonology, etc.) first appeared among ancient Indian tatabahasawans who sought to establish Sanskrit laws.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Modern linguistic science owes a lot to them and nowadays many key terms such as bahuvrihi and suarabakti are taken from Sanskrit.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Some features of Cases One of the main characteristics of Sanskrit is the presence of cases in this language, which number 8.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

In still-cognate Latin there are only 5 cases.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

In addition there are three genders in Sanskrit, masculine, feminine and neutral and three modes of number, singular, dualist and plural: nominative case vocative case accusative case instrumentalist case dative case ablative case genetive case locative case Below presented an example all cases of a singular masculine word deva (God, God or King).


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Singular: nom. devas meaning: “Gods” vok. (he) deva meaning: “O Gods” ak. devam meaning: “to the Gods” etc. inst. devena meaning: “with Gods” etc. dat. devāya meaning: “to the Gods” ab. devāt meaning: “of the Gods” gen. devasya meaning: “belonging to the Gods” local. deve meaning: “in Gods” Dualis: nva devau ida devābhym gl devayos Plural: nv devās a devān i devais da devebhyas g devānām l deveṣu Lalu below are presented in table form.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

The basic schema of tasrifan (declence) of suffixes for nouns and properties The basic schema of the Sanskrit tasrifan for nouns and properties are presented below.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

This scheme applies to most words.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Pokok-a pokok-a (/ə/ or /ː/) includes the largest class of noun suffixes.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Usually words ending in a short -a are masculine or neutral.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Nouns ending in -a long (/ː/) are almost always feminine.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

This class is very large because it also includes the -o suffix from proto-Indo-European languages.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Principal -i and -u The long vowel principal Sandhi law Additionally in Sanskrit is obtained the so-called sandhi law, a phonetic phenomenon in which two adjacent different sounds can be assimilated.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Compound word formation Compound words in Sanskrit are very widely used, especially concerning nouns.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

These words can get very long (more than 10 words).


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Compound nominals occur with several forms, but morphologically they are in fact the same.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Each noun (or adjective) is contained in its root form (weak form), with the last element only being assigned according to its case.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Some examples of compound nouns or nominals include the categories that are multiplied below.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Avyayibhāva Tatpuruṣa Karmadhāraya Dvigu Dvandva Bahuvrīhi Sanskrit in Indonesia Sanskrit has long been present in the archipelago since thousands of years ago, even many Indonesian names use Indian or Hindu (Sanskrit) names, although it does not mean that they being Hindu.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

This is due to the influence of Indian culture that came to the archipelago since thousands of years ago during the Indianization of Southeast Asian kingdoms (Hindu-Buddhist), and since then, this Indian culture is seen as part of Indonesian culture, especially in the cultures of Java, Bali, and some parts of the archipelago other.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Thus, Hindu or Indian related culture in Indonesia is present not only as part of religion, but also culture.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

As a result, it is common to find Muslim or Christian Indonesians with names that are nuanced Indian or Sanskrit.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Unlike names derived from Sanskrit in Thai and Khmer languages, the pronunciation of Sanskrit names in Javanese or Indonesian is similar to the original Indian pronunciation, except that “v” is changed to “w”, example: “Vishnu” in India changes to “Vishnu” if in Indonesian.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

In the archipelago, especially in Indonesia, Sanskrit is very important and has a high role in the discussion in Indonesia.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Sanskrit that entered Indonesia thousands of years ago (the time of the Hindu-Buddhist kingdom) came from India to Indonesia through the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms during ancient times thousands of years ago on the archipelago.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Very many Indonesian words are absorbed from Sanskrit, for example from the word “language” ा्ा (bhāṣa) itself derived from Sanskrit means: “talk logat”.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Even many institutions names, terms, mottos, and mottoes in the Indonesian government use Sanskrit language, such as the rank of general in the Indonesian Navy (TNI AL), using the word “Admiral” (from the Ramayana figure who is the younger brother of Rama).


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

The “Adipura Award” which is an award given to cities across Indonesia from the central government for cleanliness and environmental management also uses Sanskrit which is from the words Adi (meaning “role model”) and Pura (meaning “city), making the meaning: “City A role model” or “a city worthy of being an example”.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

There are also many mottos of Indonesian institutions that use Sanskrit, such as the motto of the Indonesian Military Academy which reads “Adhitakarya Mahatvavirya Nagarabhakti” (अिका्या महत्विर्य नगराक्त्ता), and some other terms in the TNI also use Sanskrit, e.g.” Adhi Makayasa”, “Chandradimuka”, “Tri Dharma Eka Karma”, etc.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Sanskrit in some scripts Sentence May Batara Shiva meraksa fans of the language of the Gods.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

(Kalidasa) in Sanskrit uses several Brahmi derived scripts.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

See also Vedic Romanization Sanskrit Absorption words from Sanskrit in Malay and Modern Indonesian List of Sanskrit absorption words in Indonesian List of names containing Sanskrit elements Transclusion library list error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

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Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Jan Gonda. 1952.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Sanskrit in Indonesia, New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Jan Gonda. 1963.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Kurze Elementar-Grammatik der Sanskrit-Sprache, Leiden: E.J. Brill Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Jan Gonda. 1966.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

A Concise Elementary Grammar of the Sanskrit Language, Tuscaloosa and London.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Translated from the German by Gordon B. Ford, jr. (in English) Haryati Soebadio. 1983.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Concise Sanskrit Grammar.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Jakarta: Djambatan.


Question: When was Sanskrit invented?

Sanskrit

Category:Indo-Aryan Language Category:Buddhism Category:Hindu Category:Indo-European Languages


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

A satellite is an object orbiting another object with a certain period of revolution and rotation.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

There are two types of satellites, namely natural satellite and artificial satellite.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

The rest of this article will revolve around artificial satellites.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

History The first man-made satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviets on October 4, 1957, and starting the Russian Sputnik Program, with Sergei Korolev as head of design and Kerim Kerimov as his assistant.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

This launch sparked a space race (space race) between the Soviets and Americans.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Sputnik 1 helps identify the density of the upper layers of the atmosphere by ramp measuring the change in its orbit and providing data from the distribution of radio signals on the ionosphere layer.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Since these satellite bodies were filled with high-pressure nitrogen, Sputnik 1 also gave the first opportunity in meteorite detection, since the loss of deep pressure caused by the penetration of the meteroid could be seen through the temperature data it sent to the earth.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957 and brought the crew of the first living creature into orbit, a dog named Laika.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

In May, 1946, Project Rand issued a preliminary design for a spaceflight experiment to travel from the world, stating that, “a satellite vehicle containing precise instrumentation could be expected to be a sophisticated science tool for the twentieth century”.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

America has been thinking about launching orbiting satellites since 1946 under the American Navy's Office of Aeronautics (Bureau of Aeronautics of the United States Navy).


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Project RAND owned by the American Air Force finally issued the above report, but did not express that satellites had potential as military weapons; rather, they considered them to be science, political, and propaganda tools.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

In 1954, the Secretary of American Defense stated, “I am not aware of any American satellite program.”


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

On July 29, 1955, the White House announced that the United States would be willing to launch a satellite in the spring of 1958.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

This later became known as Project Vanguard.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

On 31 July, Soviets announced that it would launch a satellite in the fall of 1957.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Following pressure from the American Rocket Society (Rocket Society of America), the National Science Foundation, and the International Geophysical Year, the interest of the armed forces increased and in early 1955 the American Air Force and Navy were plying on Project Orbiter, which uses Jupiter C rides to launch satellites.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

The project was successful, and Explorer 1 became the first American satellite on 31 January 1958.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

In June 1961, three and a half years after the launch of Sputnik 1, the American Air Force used various facilities from the United States Space Surveillance Network to catalog a number of 115 satellites orbiting the earth.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

The largest man-made satellite at the moment orbiting the earth is the Interational Space Station (International Space Station).


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Description Satellite is an object in space that rotates following the rotation of the earth.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Satellites can be distinguished based on their shape and misadventures such as: weather satellites, comonication satellites, science and technology satellites and military satellit


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

To be able to operate the satellite was launched into its orbit with the aid of a rocket.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Developed countries such as the United States, Russia, France and lately China, have stations to catapult satellites into their orbit.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

The position of the satellite on its orbit is of three kinds, namely Low Earth Orbit (LEO): 500-2,000km above the Earth's surface.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO): 8,000-20,000km above Earth's surface.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO): 35,786km above Earth's surface.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

The entire movement of the satellite is monitored from the earth or better known as the controlling station.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

The way the satellite works is by way of uplink and downlink.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Uplink is the transmission sent from the earth to the satellite, while the downlink is the transmission from the satellite to the earth station.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Satellite communications essentially function as repeaters in the sky.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Satellites also use transponders, which is a tool to enable 2-way communication.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Generally satellite communications use many tranponders.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

For example Intelsat VIII using 44 transponders can accommodate 22,500 telephone circuits and 3 TV channels, today until it can accommodate communications in Asia and Africa.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Satellite antennas are critical of their role in satellite communication networks.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Because this object serves as a transimission receiver in every region of the world.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

While satellite spacing (satellite placement) is used to make transmission easier based on the area.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

While the power system used by satellites is obtained through sunlight which is converted to the form of electricity using solar cells (Solar cells).


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

In addition, the satellite is also equipped with a power source that has a duration of 12 years which is its fuel in order to operate.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Satellite type Astronomical satellites are satellites used to observe distant planets, galaxies, and other space objects.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Communications satellites are artificial satellites mounted in space with the purpose of telecommunications using radios at microwave frequencies.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Most communications satellites use geosynchronous orbits or geostationary orbits, although some recent types use low Earth orbiting satellites.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Earth-observer satellites are satellites specifically designed to observe Earth from orbit, such as reconnaissance satellites but intended for non-military uses such as environmental observation, meteorology, map-making, etc.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Navigation satellites are satellites that use radio signals channeled to receivers at ground level to determine the location of an earth-bound point.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

One of the very popular navigation satellites is GPS owned by the United States besides there is also a Russian-owned Glonass.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

If the view between the satellite and the receiver on the ground is no interference, then with a satellite signal receiving device (GPS receiver), it can be obtained position data somewhere with a precision of several meters in real time.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Spy satellites are Earth observer satellites or communications satellites used for military or spy purposes.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Solar power satellites are proposed satellites made in high Earth orbit that use microwave power transmission to highlight solar power to very large antennas on Earth that are used to replace conventional power sources.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Space stations are man-made structures designed as human habitations in space.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

The space station is distinguished from other spacecraft by the absence of primary spacecraft propulsion or landing facilities; And other vehicles are used as transports from and to the station.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

The space station is designed to live intermediate in orbit, for weekly, monthly, or even annual periods.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Weather satellites are satellites designed to observe Earth's weather and climate.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Miniature satellites are light and small satellites.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

A new classification was created to categorize these satellites: mini satellites (500—200kg), micro satellites (under 200kg), nanosatellites (under 10kg).


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Observation satellites Earth observer satellites are satellites specifically designed to observe Earth from orbit, similar to spy satellites but intended for non-military uses such as environmental surveillance, meteorology, map-making, etc.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Many types of observation can be made from satellites, including military reconnaissance, terrain mapping, astronomical photography, international inspection, cloud observation, and Earth photography—useful in Earth sciences.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Observations can be made in a variety of ways, using sensors operating in different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

The first time sensors used by humans were the naked eye.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Next came photography with its ability to record large amounts of permanent form from detailed information.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Then followed the development of reconnaissance radar, electronic interception, and infrared reconnaissance.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Space observatories Space observatories are all tools that are in space used to observe planets, galaxies, and other planetary bodies.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Few observatories have been launched into orbit, and most have expanded our knowledge of the cosmos.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Astronomical observations from Earth are limited by the filtering and interference of electromagnetic radiation due to Earth's atmosphere.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Sending an observatory into space is therefore indispensable.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

As a telescope orbits the Earth outside the atmosphere he is not exposed to twinkling (distortion due to air heat turbulence) or light pollution from artificial light sources on Earth.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Some earth-lift-off telescopes (such as the Keck I and II Telescopes, Very Large Telescope) can eliminate the effects of atmospheric turbulence with the help of their adaptive optics.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Space-based astronomy is even more important for reaching frequencies that lie outside the optical window and the radio window, both wavelength ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum that are not reduced by the atmosphere.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

For example, X-ray observations are almost impossible when done from Earth, and have reached an important place in astronomy only because of orbiting satellites equipped with X-ray telescopes such as the Chandra Observatory.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Space observatories are generally divided into two classes: missions mapping the entire sky, and observatories that make observations of a particular part of the sky.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Many space observatories have completed their missions, and others are still operational.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

The satellites have been launched by NASA, ESA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

A spy satellite Reconnaissance Satellite (officially called a monitoring satellite, English: Reconnaissance satellite) is an Earth monitoring satellite or communications satellite held for military and intelligence purposes.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

It is usually a stellar telescope directed towards Earth rather than towards the star.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

The earliest generation of these satellites were Corona [1] [2] and Zenit whose mechanism was that they took photos from space, then catapulted cans containing film negatives to the earth to be taken later.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Active and passive satellites Passive satellites are satellites that reflect the electromagnetic radiation they receive without modification or amplification.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Passive satellites cannot generate their power but only reflect the power it receives.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

An active satellite is a satellite that can transmit power called an active satellite.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

They can amplify or modify signals received later for transmission.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Miniaturization satellites Miniature satellites or small satellites are satellites of low mass and size, usually under 500kg (1100 pounds).


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

While all such satellites may be called small satellites, different classifications are used to categorize them by mass.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

One reason for miniaturization of satellites is to reduce costs: heavier satellites require larger rockets with greater thrust that also have greater costs.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

In contrast, smaller, lighter satellites require smaller, cheaper launch vehicles and can sometimes be launched in multiples.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Classification Miniature satellites: Small satellites/Small Microsatellites Nanosatelit Picosatelit Femtosatellites Satellite altimeter A radar altimeter, electronic altimeter, reflection altimeter, radio altimeter (RADALT), low range radio altimeter (LRRA) or simply RA is a device measure the altitude above the current terrain below the aircraft or spacecraft.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

This type of altimeter provides the distance between the antenna and the ground directly below, in contrast to a barometric altimeter which provides a distance above a set datum, usually meaning sea level.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Satellite orbits of Satellites are celestial bodies that have no light source of their own and move around a particular planet while following that planet in circulation.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

For example, the Moon is a satellite of the Earth.


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The movement of satellites around the earth in general follows Keppler's law (Keplerian movement) which is based on some assumptions that are as difficult as movement is affected only by the central heavy force field of the earth, the satellite moves in a fixed orbit plane in space, the mass of the satellite does not means compared to the mass of the earth, satellites move in a vacuum, and no sun, moon, or other celestial objects affect the movement of satellites.


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Orbits are the types where satellites circulate around the Earth's surface.


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In the Context of satellite geodesy, information about the orbit of the satellite will play a role in several ways namely: Position Determination To calculate satellite coordinates that will be required as fixed point coordinates in the calculation of other tiitk-point coordinates on or near the surface of the Earth.


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Observation Planning To plan satellite observations (optimal time and length of observation) Receiver Aiding Helps accelerate the satellite signal observer device to find the satellite in question Satellite Selection To select, if needed, satellites that are geometric “better” to use.


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Types of orbits Many satellites are categorized over their orbital altitude, although a satellite can orbit at any altitude.


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Low Orbit (Low Earth Orbit, LEO): 300 — 1500km above Earth's surface.


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Intermediate Orbit (Medium Earth Orbit, MEO): 1500 — 36000km.


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Geosynchronous Orbit (Geosynchronous Orbit, GSO): about 36000km above Earth's surface.


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Geostationary Orbit (Geostationary Orbit, GEO): 35790km above Earth's surface.


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High Orbit (High Earth Orbit, HEO): above 36000km.


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The following orbits are special orbits that are also used to categorize satellites: Molniya orbit, a satellite orbit with an orbital periode of 12 hours and an inclination of about 63°.


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Sunsynchronous orbit, satellite orbits with certain inclination and height that always cross equator at the same local clock.


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Polar orbit, satellite orbit across the poles The difference in geosynchronous orbits and geostationary orbits Geosynchronous orbit is the orbit of an object (generally an artificial satellite) with the earth as its center, which has a periode equal to the Earth's rotation that is one sideris day or 23.9344 hours.


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Geometrically this orbit has a half main axis (semimajor axis) which is 42164.17km long.


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Satellites with geosynchronous orbits will be above a point on the face of the earth at any given hour.


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Aside from that time the satellite will appear to shift relative to that point.


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If a geosynchronous satellite has a perfect circular orbit shape and orbits a plot with a catuliwa line then viewed from the earth the satellite will appear still, such an orbit is called a geostationary orbit.


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A Geostationary orbit is a geosynchronous orbit located just above Earth's equator (0° latitude), with an orbital eccentricity equal to zero. From the surface of the Earth, objects that are in geostationary orbit will appear to be stationary (immobile) in space because the periode of that object's orbit around the Earth is equal to the periode of Earth's rotation.


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This orbit is of particular interest to operators of artificial satellites (including communications and television satellites).


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Because it is constant at 0° latitude, the location of the satellite is distinguished only by its location at the Earth's longitude.


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Stationary Orbit Is an orbit that places a satellite to continue to remain in its position referring to a point or location.


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Satellites placed on stationary orbits mostly move from an east to west direction following the rotational movement of the earth.


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LEO (Low Earth Orbit) LEO type satellites are satellites that have an altitude of 320 — 800km above the Earth's surface.


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Because of their very close orbit to the earth, LEO satellites must have a very high speed so as not to be attracted by Earth's gravity.


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The edar speed of LEO satellites reaches 27.359 km/h to circle the earth within 90 minutes.


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LEO Delay Time of 10 ms (Time of propagation of waves from the earth station to the satellite and back again to the earth station) Applications of these LEO type satellites are usually used on Remote Sensing and Weather Forecasting systems because of their distance to the surface of the earth is not too far.


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In the present day orbiting LEO satellites are used for mobile communications applications.


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Due to not too long distances and low cost, LEO satellites are very widely launched for a wide variety of applications.


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As a result that the number of LEO satellites is already very dense, it is noted there are now 8000 more satellites circling the earth on LEO orbit


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Satellites in the low earth orbit are inserted as much as 161 to 483km from the Earth's surface.


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Due to its nature being too close to the Earth's surface causes these satellites to move very quickly to prevent those satellites from being thrown out of their orbital trajectory.


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Satellites on this orbit will be moving at about 28163km/h.


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Satellites in this orbit can recite one round of rolling the earth between 30 minutes and 1 hour.


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Satellites in low orbit are only visible to the Earth station for about 10 minutes.


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The advantages of LEO include Latency or low delay.


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The largest areas of latitude are located at the north and south poles.


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Path loss is small.


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Easy to apply at larger reuse frequencies.


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Control on the small-power earth station.


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Lack LEO Number of satellites is many (50-70 satellit


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Ineffective for national or regional coverage Extensive coverage of small areas.


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Because of the need for many satellite numbers, launch costs to deploy are prohibitive.


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It is difficult in launching and operating because the number of satellites is many.


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Orbital lifetime is much shorter than GEO and MEO due to orbital degradation.


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Characteristics LEO Orbit height: 200 — 3000km, above the Earth's surface Orbit Period: 1.5 hours Rotate speed: 27,000km/h Apparent Time: Delay Time: 10 ms (Time of wave propagation from earth station to satellite and back again to earth station) Number of Satellites: 50 (Global Coverage) Usage: Satellite Imagery, Weather, Spy, mobile telecommunication systems (mobile) for example Iridium and Global Star satellites.


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MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) Satellites in this orbit are satellites that have an altitude above 10000km with the same applications and types as LEO orbits.


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But because the distance is already far enough the number of satellites in the MEO orbit is not as much as the satellite in the LEO orbit.


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This MEO satellite has a delay of 60 — 80 ms.


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MEO, Medium Earth Orbit Satellite with medium orbital altitude with altitude 9656km to 19312km from Earth's surface.


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On this orbit the satellite can be visible to the Earth station for longer by about 2 hours or so.


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And the time required to scrap one round the earth is 2 hours to 4 hours.


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The advantages of MEO, among other things Latency or delay are lower than GEO (but greater than LEO).


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The use of frequency reuse is better than with GEO (but less than LEO) Fewer satellites to deploy and operate and cheaper than LEO systems (but more expensive compared to GEO).


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The lifetime of a satellite on a MEO orbit is longer than that of a LEO system (but less than GEO).


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Lack of MEO, among others. The number of satellites needed is more than GEO.


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Since there are more sumya, then the launch cost is more expensive than GEO.


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Its controlling antennas are generally more expensive and complex.


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Coverage of narrow areas (ie: oceans, deserts, forests) MEO characteristics include Orbital height: about 6,000 — 12,000km, above Earth's surface Orbit Period: 5 — 12 hours Rotary speed: 19,000km/h Apparent Time: 2 — 4 hours per day Delay Time: 80 ms (Time of wave propagation from the station earth to satellite and back again to earth station) Number of Satellites: 10 — 12 (Global Coverage) Usage: Satellite Imagery, Weather, Spy, mobile telecommunication systems (mobile) e.g. Oddysey satellites and ICOs.


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GEO (Geostationery Earth Orbit) GEO Satellite is a satellite placed in an orbit whose position is fixed with the position of a point on the earth.


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Because it has a fixed position, the edarnyh time is equal to the rotation time of the earth.


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The orbital position of GEO satellites is parallel to the equator or has a zero degree latitude point.


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A geostationary orbit, or Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO), is a circular orbit that sits 35,786km (22,236 miles) above Earth's equator and follows the direction of Earth's rotation.


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An object that is on this orbit will have an orbital period equal to the Earth's rotation period, making it look motionless, at a fixed position in the sky, to an observer on earth.


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Communications satellites and weather satellites are often published on geostationary orbits, so the antennas of satellites communicating with them do not have to move to track them, but can point permanently at the position in the sky where they are located.


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A geostationary orbit is one type of geosynchronous orbit.


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The idea of a geosynchronous satellite for communication purposes was first published in 1928 by Herman Potocnik.


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The idea of geostationary orbits was first propagated on a wide scale in a 1945 paper titled “Extra-Terrestrial Relay — Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?”


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by science fiction writer from the United Kingdom, Arthur C. Clarke, published in World Wireless magazine.


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The orbit, which Clarke describes as a useful orbit for broadcast and relay satellite communications, is sometimes called the Clarke Orbit.


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Similarly, the Clarke Belt is part of a space about 35,786km (22,000 miles) above sea level, on the plane of the Equator, where geostationary orbits can be implemented.


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Clarke's orbit is about 265,000km (165,000 miles) long.


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GEO satellites have a distance of 35786 Km from the Earth's surface.


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The advantage of GEO orbit satellites is that in tracking the controlling antenna of an Earth station does not need to follow the movement of the satellite because the satellite is the same period as the rotation of the earth.


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Compare that with tracking antennas on LEO satellites that have to follow the movement of its satellites which is not the same as the period


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The disadvantage of GEO orbit satellites is that because of the great distance from the Earth's surface, the signal transmit power should be high and often there is a fairly significant delay.


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Even GEO satellite coverage does not actually cover all positions on the Earth's surface.


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Locations located at the north and south poles cannot be reached by using GEO satellites due to their limited foot prints.


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Excess GEO Controller station should not at any time perform track against the satellite.


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Just a few satellites cover the entire layer of the earth.


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Maximum lifetime of 15 years or more.


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DEFICIENCY GEO Delai considerable propagation, ranging from 250 milliseconds.


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The process of launching satellites is expensive because they are on distant orbits.


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The receiving antenna on the earth station must be large in diameter in order to capture the emitted signal/frequency.


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GEO Characteristics High orbit: about 35,800km, above the Earth's surface Orbit Period: 24 hours Rotate speed: 11,000km/h, Apparent Time: Always visible (because the rotating speed of the satellite is equal to the rotating speed of the earth Delay Time: 250 ms (Time of propagation of waves from earth station to satellite and back again to earth station) Number of Satellites: 3 (Global Coverage) Usage: Widely used by satellites for fixed telecommunication systems, such as Palapa, Intelsat, Asiasat, etc.


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Comparison of Geosynchronous Orbits of planets in the Mercury solar system: Rsynch=242843km, Rh=220594km, Rplanet=2440km, VC=0.3km/s Venus: Rsynch=1535681km, Rh=1010369km, Rplanet=6052km, VC=0.46km/s Moon: Rsynch=883km, RH=129417km, Rplanet=1737km, VC=0.24km/s Mars: Rsynch=20429km, RH= 1083941km, Rplanet=3390km, VC=1.45km/s Jupiter: Rsynch=160052km, RH=53155071km, Rplanet=69911km, VC=28.14km/s Saturn: Rsynch=111606km, RH=65439558km, Rplanet=58232km, VC=18.1km 43km/s Uranus: Rsynch=82674km, Rh=70064595km, Rplanet=25362km, VC=8.37km/s Neptune: Rsynch=83395km, Rh=115863626km , Rplanet=24622km, VC=9.03km/s Pluto: Rsynch=18892km, RH=7633076km, Rplanet=1184km, VC=0.22km/s Description Rsynch = Syncronous radius Vc = orbital speed Rh = radius Hill Sphere Rplanet = Radius of planet Polar Orbit Satellite orbiting in polar orbit is a satellite that has an intimate Clination (deviation) by 90° from the geostationer's orbit.


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Polar orbiting satellites are particularly beneficial for observing the Earth's surface because satellites orbit in a north-south direction and the earth rotates in an east-west direction, hence polar orbiting satellites will eventually be able to “sweep” the entire surface of the earth.


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For this reason, global basin monitoring satellites such as senderaja satellites and weather satellites, generally have polar orbits.


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Elliptical Orbit Satellites with elliptical orbits are orbiting satellites with an elliptical orbit shape towards the earth.


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With the shape of the ellips orbit, it produces a distance that is not equal (synchronous) in each position with the surface of the earth.


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The shape of the elliptical orbit on a satellite can be shown in the image below. In satellites with elliptical orbits it will occur one position farthest from the Earth's surface and one closest position from the Earth's surface.


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The position furthest from the Earth's surface is named by the apogee position.


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The position closest to the Earth's surface is named as the perigee position.


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The virtues of the Ellips orbit on the scope of the polar regions are negligible, necessary for remote and distant areas within a country.


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The rotation period is about 5 — 12 hours and is visible directly from the Earth station about 2-4 hours each day.


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These orbits are used for the purposes of communications satellites, for example Telster satellites.


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Circular Equatorial Orbit This orbit has an angle parallel to the horizon line and is a geostationary orbit, which is the place where most telecommunication satellites are located.


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It is in this orbit that the entire surface of the Earth can be covered by three satellites with an angular difference of 120 degrees, or according to Intelsat calculations the position of such satellites is: 30 O E (East): area of Africa and Europe, or over the Indian Ocean (Indian Ocean Region/ IOR). 150 O E (East): area China and Oceania, over the Pacific Ocean Region (POR). 90 O E (East): the area of the Americas, above the Atlantic Ocean Region (AOR).


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Elliptically Inclined Orbit This orbit forms an angle of inclination (oblique) against the equatorial plane with an inclination of about 63 degrees.


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The orbital period is 12 hours so a minimum of 2 satellites per day is required that must appear to be.


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This orbit is used for communication systems in Russia and surrounding areas because with this slope, the area around the poles can be covered. An example of communication satellites that use this orbit is the Molniya satellite belonging to Russia for domestic telecommunications purposes.


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Circular Polar Orbit Orbit has a trajectory perpendicular to the equator, so if it is going to be used for global telecommunications, it is necessary to place many satellites.


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Used for navigation, observation in the field of meteorology and natural sources.


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Orbital velocity For satellites in a circle orbit, the relationship between orbital velocity and altitude is tight.


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The task of a satellite launch rocket is to release the satellite at a feasible place in space, with the appropriate speed and direction of movement to put it into the desired orbit.


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How a satellite stays in orbit can think about two equivalent ways, neither of which explains the relationship between a satellite's altitude and speed.


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The motion of a satellite can be seen as creating a centrifugal force that opposes gravitational attraction.


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For example, imagine attaching an object to a string and swinging in a circle.


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The goal is pulling out against the string, and that outside force (centrifugal force) becomes larger the faster the object swings.


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At the right speed, the centrifugal force from the satellite due to motion around the earth only balances the gravitational pull, and the satellite stays in orbit.


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As the gravitational pull grows weaker the further the satellite is from earth, the centrifugal force required to balance gravity also decreases with distance from Earth.


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The higher the satellite's orbit, the lower its orbital velocity.


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Alternately, the satellite can be seen as continuing to fall towards the center of the Earth.


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However, because satellites also move parallel to the Earth's surface, the earth continues to curve away from the satellite.


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In a circular orbit, the speed of the satellite is exactly what is needed so it keeps falling but keeps a constant distance from Earth.


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The speed required depends on the height of the satellite due to the geometry of the Earth satellite and because the rate at which the satellite falls to earth depends on the strength of gravity at its altitude.


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Orbital period Another key parameter used to describe satellites is the time it takes for a satellite to travel around the earth once, i.e., to complete one orbit.


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This time is known as the orbital period.


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Because as the altitude of the orbit increases the second satellite moves more slowly and must travel far on each orbit, the period increases with the height of the orbit.


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For low-altitude orbits (altitudes of several hundred kilometers), the period is about 90 minutes; at higher altitudes, the period increases.


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Since one day is roughly 1,440 minutes, the plot shows that satellites at an altitude of about 36,000 kilometers orbit once a day—at the same rate the earth rotates.


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Such orbits are called geosynchronous.


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A satellite placed in a geosynchronous orbit above the equator is unique in that it stays above the same point on earth.


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Such geostationary orbits have important uses.


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Location and direction of satellite launches Generally a space port must have a large enough area so that if a rocket explodes it will not endanger human lives around the launch site.


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The preferred location is usually located near the katulistiwa eastward in order to make maximum use of the Earth's rotational speed (465m/s), and is a good orientation for heading into a geostationary orbit.


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In addition, this increases the ratio of mass to orbit.


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For polar orbits or Molniya, these aspects do not apply.


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For safety, a launch line on water or wastelands is essential.


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Satellite Satellite Transmission Network is a tool in Earth orbit that is specialized to receive or transmit data wirelessly (without wires).


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Satellite communication is similar to microwave line-of-sight (transmission follows a straight line/LOS), only that one of its stations, that is, a satellite, orbits above the earth.


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Satellites function like very high antennas and repeaters.


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As a repeater, it serves to receive the microwave wave signal from the earth station, transmitted its frequency, then amplified to be emitted back towards the earth according to its coveragent which is the location of the destination earth station or receiver.


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In GEO communication (is the most numerous satelite communication system) the position of the satelite is about 36,000km above the earth.


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Communication satellites are Relay stations or microwave wave repeaters that are put in space.


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These satellites receive radio signals with specific frequency fields from earth after being amplified and converted to different frequency fields.


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Satellites are a relay station.


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Satellites receive on one frequency, amplify or repeat the signal and transmit pd another frequency.


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Requires a geo-stationary orbit, 35.784km high (William Stallings, Data and Computer Communications 7th Edition).


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Data transmission Media data transmission using satellit is an interconnection of data communication using satellites located outside the face of the earth at a certain height where the signal carrier uses certain frequencies emitted from the station upfront of the earth and reflected by the satellite to be directed to the other surface of the earth as long as it is still in the coverage area of the satellite.


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For the execution of communications, satellites must orbit or circumnavigate the rotated earth.


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The orbits used are Geosynchronous orbits where using this orbit a satellite can reach a third part of the Earth with an altitude of 36,000 Km (22,300 Miles) from the Earth's surface, satellites reaching such altitudes have trajectories that circle the earth for 24 the clock so it will always appear to be silent against a point on the surface of the earth.


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Satellites using this orbit are very advantageous that is the cost to control the satellite is relatively lower and the relationship never breaks up.


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The Intelsat and Palapa satellites are some examples of satellites using Geosynchronus orbits.


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How satellites work How satellites work in conventional systems is by sending signals from computers and being relayed by satellites without processing in satellites.


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The disadvantage of this method, the computer directly connected to the satellite must work for 24 hours.


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If one of the computers is turned off then the connection to the computer will be disconnected.


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Conventional communication satellites can be used without the need to be modified.


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The computer in the satellite serves to store a temporary in-formation that can automatically be performed.


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How data transmission works through satellites The utilization of satellite communication systems has provided the ability for humans to communicate and obtain information from various corners of the world simultaneously without regard to their relative distances.


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The basic components of satellite transmission are: Earth stations, used to send and receive Satellite data, also called PC transponders that use internet networks with satellite networks catagorized like wireless networks using microwaves.


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These microwaves will be transmitted and processed by Earth satellite stations which are then transmitted to satellites in space, and will further be re-energized by the destination earth sateit station.


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How data transmission works through satellites by paying attention to these components, that is, the satellite receives a signal from the earth station (up-link) then amplifies the signal, changes the frequency and retransmits the data to another receiving earth station (down-link).


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In satellite transmissions so delay or delay because the signal must move towards space and return again to earth, the time lag is about 0.5 seconds.


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Satellites use different frek-uence to receive and transmit data.


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The frequency range of the satellite is: 4-6 giga hertz, called C-band 12-14 giga hertz, called Ku-band 20 giga hertz.


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The advantages of Satellite transmission media Large area coverage, its wide coverage range both nationally, regionally and globally, can even reach half of the Earth's surface.


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The VSAT could be installed anywhere as long as it came within range of the satellite.


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Can Connection anywhere.


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There is no need for LOs (Line of Sight) and there is no problem with distance, because straight lines transfer data to the extraterrestrial direction so it is not blocked by buildings — buildings/geographical location of the earth.


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Communication can be done both point to point and from point to many points on a broadcasting basis, multicasting.


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Reliable and can be used for voice (PABX), video and data connections, by providing wide bandwidth by renting on the provider only.


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If to the internet network direct access to the ISP/ NAP router.


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Excellent for areas where the population is sparse and has no telecommunication infrastructure.


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Satelite transmission media (VSAT) will not collide with another VSAT because it has a unique orbit, so it is unlikely to be the same.


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While in wireless, there can be a frequency collision with other wireless users or the frequency in the area is full so it has difficulty.


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Weaknesses of wireless transmission media To pass the TCP/IP signal, the magnitude of throughput will be limited due to the propagation delay of geostationary satellites.


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Now various link protocol techniques have been developed so as to overcome the problem.


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Among these are the use of Forward Error Correction that guarantees less possibility of redelivery.


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In terms of security, that is, data transmission is very easy to capture as it runs through the open air.


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Prices are relatively expensive due to the expensive price of equipment.


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Takes up space, especially for his dishes/antennae.


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The time it takes from one point above the earth to another via satellite is about 700 milliseconds (latency), while leased line only takes about 40 milliseconds.


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This is due to the distance that the data must travel which is from the earth to the satellite and back to the earth.


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Geostationary satellites alone are about 36,000 kilometers above the Earth's surface.


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High precipitation, The higher the frequency of the signal used, the higher the attenuation due to precipitation.


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For regions such as Indonesia with high rainfall the use of Ku-band will greatly reduce the expected availability of satellite links.


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As for sub tropical regions with low rainfall the use of Ku-Band will be very good.


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This frequency selection will affect the size of the terminal that will be used by each customer.


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And also, satelite transmission media is susceptible to weather, meteor dust/ space dust, and other weather circumstances.


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Sun Outage, Sun outage is a condition that occurs at a time when the earth — satellite — sun is in one straight line.


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Satellites orbiting the earth geostationary on a geosynchronous orbit line are on the equator or equator line (at 36,000 Km altitude) on a fixed basis and experience twice sun outage annually.


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The thermal energy emitted by the sun at the time of sun outage results in instantaneous interference on all satellite signals, so the satellite experiences a loss of communication with the earth station, both head-end/teleport and regular ground-segment.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Often shooting hydrazine gas (H2Z) for satellite rotation to keep the satellite stable in orbit, the satellite needs to be calibrated several times to stay on its orbit.


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Satellite

Comparison of wireless and satellite transmission media based on these reviews, it looks like a comparison of wireless and satellite transmission media.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

The disadvantages/advantages of wireless/satellite transmission media is seen from the needs and needs of the customer/a company, then viewed from the side of the network development, its location (geographical location), its devicenya and the other side.


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Satellite

Wireless transmission media is cheaper than satellite transmission media.


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Satellite

Most wireless transmission media are used in connection in public places and there are also branches — branches of the company.


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Satellite

Most satelite transmission media (VSAT) are used for connections within large enterprises.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Judging from the side of latency, satelite transmission media is higher latency in wireless appeal.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Then, satelite does not pay attention to distance, distance does not affect, while on wireless distance affects the frequency of data transmission.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

On wireless the higher the radio wave then the higher the bandwidth but the distance is getting shorter.


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Satellite

For locations, it is not possible to use wireless transmission media around buildings or high-rises.


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This is not effective if using wireless transmission media because it can occur NLOs or NLOs.


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Viewed in terms of the device used.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

On satelite direct transmission from satelite, while wireless transmission media depends on the device used (access point, radio link, etc.).


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Satellite

On satelite use hubs.


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In wireless transmission media, using device access point (AP) to transmit data, while satelite transmit media directly transmit data from satelite (VSAT LINK), some use hub.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

The AP usually has a coverage area up to 100 meters, which is usually called a cell or range.


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So for coverage area, satelite transmission media can reach further than wireless transmission media.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Then, either wireless or satelite transmission media have a working system with different frequencies.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Depending on the application, satellites can be used with different ground network designs or network topologies.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

At simple, satellites can support one-way or two-way linking between two earth stations (respectively called simplex transmission and duplex transmission).


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

More complex communication needs can also be overcome with more sophisticated network topologies, such as stars and mesh.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Microwaves Microwaves (English: microwave) are electromagnetic waves with super high frequency (Super High Frequency, SHF), that is, above 3GHz (3x109 Hz).


Question: Are Earth satellites?

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If microwaves are absorbed by an object, a warming effect will appear on the object.


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If the food absorbs microwave radiation, it gets hot and cooks for a short time.


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It is this process that is utilized in microwave ovens.


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Microwaves are also utilized on radars. The radar is used to search for and determine the trace of an object by microwaves with a frequency of about 1010 Hz.


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Description Physical Communication satellite is a microwave relay station.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Used to connect two or more microwave transmitter/receivers on earth, which are associated with earth station or ground station.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

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Saatelit receives transmissions above one frequency band (uplink), amplifies and repeats the signals, transmitting them to another frequency (downlink).


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

A single penorbit satellite will operate on multiple frequency bands, which are referred to as channel transponders or transponders for short.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

Satellite transmission frequency Communication Satellite Communication Satellite is an artificial satellite installed in space with the purpose of telecommunications using radio on microwave frequencies.


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Satellite

Most communications satellites use geosynchronous orbits or geostationary orbits, although some recent types use low earth orbiting satellites.


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For fixed service, communication satellites provide an additional technology for fiber optical submarine communication cables.


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For mobile applications, such as communications to ocean-going ships and aircraft where other technological applications such as cables, are impractical or impossible to use.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

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Space Segment Space segment consists of Structure/Bus Payload Power Supply Temperature control Attitude control and orbit The propulsion system Telemetry, Tracking, & Command (TT&C) Space segment is useful for controlling and monitoring satellites.


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This includes, tracking, telemetry and command station (TT&C) along with satellite control centre, where operational station-keeping and checking vital functions of the satellite are carried out.


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Radio waves are transmitted by earth stations, received by satellites.


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The link formed is called UPLINK.


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The satellite will transmit radio waves to the receiving earth station, and its link is called DOWNLINK.


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The quality of a radio link is determined by the carrier-to-noise ratio.


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The quality of the link overalls determines the quality of the signal sent to the end user.


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In principle, communication satellites are repeater stations in space.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

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The signals sent by antennas on earth after receiveamplified by the equipment on the satellite are then sent back to the earth. The main advantage of communication satellites is large and flexible traffic capacity and has a wide coverage area in earth.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

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Subsystems — subsystems that must be owned by satellites: Antenna sub-systems; to balance and emit signals Transponder: electronic equipment to receive, amplify and change the frequency of the signals received and transmitted back to earth.


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Electrical power generation sub-system: to generate electrical power needed for satellites.


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d) Power regulating sub-system: to regulate and convert the electric power arise into the forms required by electronic equipment.


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Sub-system of commandos and telemetry: to radiate data-comings of satellites to earth and receive commandos (commands) from the earth.


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A thrust sub-system to regulate changes in the position and altitude of the satellite in order to remain at a certain positionin orbit.


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g) Sub-system stabilization: to keep satellite antennas canalways point to the right target on earth.


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Ground Segment Ground segment (commonly called earth station) consists of User Terminal SB Master Network.


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From SB (earth station) directly connected to the end user.


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Earth stations are distinguished by their size which varies based on the volume of traffic carried by satellite links and the type of transformer.


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The largest stations have 30m diameter antennas (standard A from Intelsat Network), the smallest have an antenna diameter of 0.6m or smaller in the form of mobile station terminals.


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Some stations function receive and send, but some are receiving only (RCVO stations) Based on their functions, ground segments are distinguished above: Main Earth Station: earth stations that are displaced to control satellites to stay where ordered, and run functionswhich are commanded.


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Big Earth Stations: Earth stations that can transmit andreceive information signals and television broadcasts Small Earth Stations: earth stations that can transmit and receive information signals but can only receive television broadcasts.


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Moving Earth Station (SBB): Earth station that is for emergencies or special for example live TV broadcast.


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Television Reception Only (TVRO): an earth station that can only receive television broadcast via satellite.


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Satellite

High Throughput Satellites (HTS) High Throughput Satellites (HTS) is a technology in which data access capacity through satellites can be much greater than the currently widely used capacity.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

If the current maximum throughput capacity is 155 Mbps, through High Throughput Satellite (HTS) technology, the data access rate can reach 100Gbits.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

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Implementations of High Throughput Satellite (HTS) systems can be applied to any type of transponder, such as Ka-Band, Ku-Band, and C-Band.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

Satellite

List of high throughput satellites: Anik F2 (July 2004) Thaicom 4 (IPSTAR) (August 2005) Spaceway-3 (August 2007) WINDS (February 2008) KA-SAT (December 2010) Yahsat Y1A (April 2011) ViaSat-1 (October 2011) [3] [4] Yahsat Y1B (April 2012) EchoStar XVII 2012) HYLAS 2 (July 2012) Astra 2E (September 2013) O3b satellite constellation (June 2013) Inmarsat Global Xpress constellation (2014) (2015) Global Positioning System Global Positioning System [5] (English: Global Positioning System (GPS)) is a system for determining the location on the surface of the earth with the help of alignment ( synchronization) of satellite signals.


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The system uses 24 satellites that transmit microwave signals to Earth.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

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This signal is received by a receiving device on the surface, and is used to determine location, speed, direction, and time.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

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Systems similar to GPS include Russian GLONASS, EU Galileo, IRNSS India.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

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Frequency Transponders The frequencies used in satellite communications are arranged in the form of canals called transponders.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

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One satellite can have many transponders, depending on the design and purpose of use.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

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For example for example the Palapa-D Satellite has 40 transponders consisting of 24 C-band transponders, 11 Ku-band transponders and 5 Extended C-band transponders.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

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This number of transponders is intended to ratify the growing needs of customers.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

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In the past the first generation Palapa satellite (Palapa-A1) carried only 12 transponders only (C-band) because in those times (Papala-A1 was launched in July 1976) the need for transponders was still very low.


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Another example is the Cakrawarta-1 satellite (launched in November 1997) where this satellite carries only 5 transponders only (S-band), because with 5 transponders this is enough to broadcast 40 subscription TV broadcast programs (Indovision).


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The most popular satellite frequency band is the C-band (4 — 6GHz) because signals at these frequencies are unaffected by rain and are free from interference from teresterial microwave signals.


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The frequency allocation in the C-band is detailed in the figure below, where the bandwidth of one transponder is limited at 36MHz and between transponders is spaced (guard band) by 4MHz (figure 1b).


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Figure 1a shows the frekension allocation of each transponder following its middle frequency, while figure 1c shows the maximum and minimum frequencies of a transponder. (in this picture is taken the example of a 7H transponder).


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Based on the example in figure 1c above then the maximum frequency of the 12V transponder is 4200MHz, while the minimum frequency of the 1H transponder is 3700MHz.


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Thus the total frequency allocated for the entire transponder is 4200 — 3700 = 500MHz.


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Meanwhile the total number of transponders there is entirely 24, while the bandwidth of each transponder is 36MHz and the guard band is 4MHz.


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If calculated linearly it will be obtained = 24 transpoders x (36 + 4) MHz = 960MHz.


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That is, for 24 transponders @ 36MHz and guard band @ 4MHz it takes total bandwidth = 960MHz.


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But in fact enough with 500MHz alone the need is sufficient.


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It means we can save nearly half of bandwidth.


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This can happen because there are properties of wave polarization (electromagnetic) that can be exploited, namely that two waves whose polarization is mutually perpendicular will be isolated from each other.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

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The magnitude of this insulating factor is about 30dB or one-thousandth.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

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In other words, two pieces of signal can use one same frequency as long as the polarization differs by 90 degrees.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

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By utilizing this phenomenon, we can save bandwidth up to half.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

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Deep Space Network Deep Space Network is a communications network supporting interplanetary spacecraft missions; some examples of which have existed, such as: NASA Deep Space Network Chinese Deep Space Network Europe Deep Space Center Japan Deep Space Center Indian Deep Space Network Soviet Deep Space Network Space Network Center Mission Controller Center or Mission Control Center (MCC) is the controlling center of the control, monitoring and support activities related to manned spacecraft flight.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

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Earth stations Earth stations are telecommunications terminals located on earth, designed to communicate with spacecraft or receive radio waves from space.


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Earth stations are usually built in places far from populated settlements due to “radiation” or dusty industrial areas.


Question: Are Earth satellites?

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Earth Station (Ground Segment) is part of a satellite transmission system that is located on earth and serves as its terminal station; that is, a modifier of Base Band signals and/or voice frequency signals, becomes a radio frequency signal, and vice versa as a terminal station.


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At the beginning of operation, the earth station is differentiated into 5 kinds, based on the function, capacity and facilities of the earth station concerned.


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The five kinds of earth stations are: Main Controller Station, Big Earth Station, Medium Earth Station, Small Earth Station, Mini Earth Station In Indonesia the famous earth station is Jatiluhur Earth Station, which is the control center of Palapa satellite, and Pare-Pare Earth Station.


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Space launcher vehicle In space flight, a launcher vehicle or carrier rocket is a rocket used to carry payloads from the Earth's surface into space.


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A launch system includes a launcher vehicle, stage launch and other infrastructure.


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Usually payload payloads are artificial satellites placed into orbit, but some spaceflights are sub-orbital while others allow spacecraft to exit Earth orbit entirely.


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A launch vehicle carrying a payload on a suborbital trajectory is often called sounding a rocket.


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Launch vehicles, particularly orbital launcher vehicles, have a minimum of two stages, but sometimes up to 4.


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Upper stage rocket An upper-stage or upper-stage rocket alone is an upper-stage rocket that propels a payload on an inter-trajectory, or into an orbit higher than the actual orbit that can be reached using a propulsive rocket.


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Often, upper-stage engines can be restarted several times in space.


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Some of the upper stages remain attached with their payload and provide long service after reaching their initial orbit.


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Many of America's early intelligence spacecraft, for example, the upper stages of the Agena remained attached throughout their operational lives.


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The Agena will provide the spacecraft with power, communications, and attitude control, as well as provide the necessary orbital maneuvers.


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Some of the upper stages have provided service in more than one boster.


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For example, Agena was used on various Thor, Atlas and Titan rockets.


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Centaurs and IUs also served in several families of launchers.


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Despite periodic upgrades, upper-stage families tend to remain employed over an extended period of time.


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The Agena, first flown in 1959, would fly aboard 360 missions before being retired in 1987.


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The Centaur, 50 years after its first flight in 1963, still sees frequent use on the Atlas 5 booster.


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Remote sensing Remote sensing, remote sensing (or abbreviated inderaja) is the measurement or acquisition of data from an object or phenomenon by a tool that does not physically make contact with that object or measurement or data acquisition of an object or phenomenon by a tool remotely, (e.g. from a plane, spacecraft, satellite, ship or other tool.


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Examples of remote sensing include Earth observation satellites, weather satellites, monitoring fetuses with ultrasonics and space rides that monitor planets from orbit.


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Inderaja comes from English remote sensing, French language télédétection, German fernerkundung, Portuguese sensoriamento remota, Spanish percepcion remote and Russian language distangtionaya.


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In modern times, the term remote sensing refers to techniques involving instruments on a plane or spacecraft and is distinguished by other sensing such as medical sensing or photogrammetry.


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Although everything related to astronomy is actually the application of remote sensing (in fact, intensive remote sensing), the term “remote sensing” is generally more related to teresterials and weather observations.


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Radio astronomy Radio astronomy is a branch of astronomy that studies the phenomena of celestial bodies through measurements of the characteristics of the radio waves it emits


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Radio waves have a longer wavelength than light waves.


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To get a good signal, radio astronomy requires large antennas or clusters of small antennas working simultaneously (for example: the Very Large Array in New Mexico, USA).


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OPALS OPALS (Optical Payload for Lasercomm Science) is an optical communications in space experiment developed at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory for the International Space Station.


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It is testing the potential in the use of optical lasers to transmit data, at higher levels namely from spaceflight based traditional communications RF, to Earth from space.


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It was launched to the orbital station atop a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on April 18, 2014, as part of an unpressurized cargo payload from the SpaceX CRS-3 Dragon spacecraft.


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Satellite Resources Each satellite requires a power source.


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Factors to consider are cost, durability, and effectiveness (amount of power produced).


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Satellites spend a lot of electricity


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The power source placement is installed inside or outside the satellite.


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Some possible power sources for satellites include: solar panel nuclear power battery heat generator Radioisotope thermoelectric generator Radioisotope thermoelectric generator or radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG, RITEG) is an electric generator that uses a arrays of thermocouples to convert heat given off by the decay of suitable radioactive material into electricity by the Seebeck effect.


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RTGS has been used as a power source in satellites, manned spacecraft and like remote facilities as a series of lighthouses of the Soviet Union erected within the Arctic Circle.


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Inspection of Cassini spacecraft RTGs before launch New Horizons in assembly hall Soviet RTG List of satellite launcher countries Countries capable of launching satellites themselves, including the manufacture of launcher vehicles.


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Note: many countries that can design (shape) and make satellites that can be piloted do not require high economic, science and industrial capacity but cannot afford to launch them, and they use foreign launchers.


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Satellite

The list below does not place the various countries, and only lists countries capable of launching their own satellites, plus the date that the country shows its capabilities.


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Onwards also does not list multinational satellite or satellite consortiums.


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List of countries that launched satellites by other countries Satellite in Indonesia Album Pioneer 0.


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The first orbiter satellite to be launched to orbit on the Moon but was unsuccessful.


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The satellite was launched on 17 August 1958.


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Luna 10.


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The first orbiter satellite to successfully orbit on the Moon.


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The satellite is made by Union Sovyet.


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Mariner 9.


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The first orbiter satellite to successfully orbit on Planet Mars.


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Sputnik 1.


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The first satellite of the Sovyet Union.


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Explorer 1.


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The first satellite of the United States.


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International Space Station.


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Weather satellite Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Earth observer satellite, European Remote-Sensing Satellite Russian GPS Satellite GLONASS.


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Deploy of PALABA-B1 Satellite durig Shuttle Mission STS-7 Space probe Space rides Voyager 1 and 2 at launch in 1977.


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Voyager 2 was launched at Cape Canaveral, Florida, on August 20, 1977.


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And Voyager 1 followed next on September 5, 1977.


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These nirawak rides make explorations to the outer planets by taking pictures and sending them to receiving stations on Earth.


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To surround the planets, the spacecraft has a speed of 63,000km/h (Voyager1).


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In 1970 to 1980, the outer planets were lined in such a way that this was only possible once 175 years, making it possible for spacecraft to traverse all those planets by utilizing the graffitation of each planet in its trajectory in 1979 Voyager 1 who had flown 206,700km gliding across the planet Jupiter was quizzed by Voyager 2 which had flown 570,000km.


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Each of these space rides has taken photos of 17,000 pieces.


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The parts of space rides The project that cost 856 million dollars is made up of equipment.


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The components for each space vehicle nir this crew are as many as 65,000 parts. Its computer memory components there are one million parts.


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The following are the main components of the voyager 1 and 2 Magnetometer spacecraft in a 13-meter arm made of fiberglass serves to detect magnetic fields.


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Antenna (high gain antenna) shaped parabolic dish with 3.7 meters diameter serves to comonicate with earth Low gain antenna useful for communicating with earth when voyager close to earth The camera serves to take pictures Infrared spectrometer and radiometer serves to measuring the heat and position of the target that will be in the photo Cosmic ray detector serves to measure the energy of the electron spectrum of the radio isotope generator to produce an electric current of 400 watts Star tracker serves to detect the luminous stars Voyager.


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Voyager spacecraft diagram.


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Voyager 2 Trajectories of Pioneer 10 and 11 as well as Voyager 1 and 2 on their varied routes out of the Solar System.


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Pioneer 10-11 spacecraft.


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Diagram shows Pioneer 10's systems Pioneer 11 See also Geostationary Orbit Orbit Geosynchronous orbit Space flight orbital space flight Mission Controller Center International Telecommunications Union NASA Deep Space Network Chinese Deep Space Network Europe Deep Space Center Japan Deep Space Center Indian Deep Space Network Soviet Deep Space Network Frequency band Deep space Air traffic watchdog Earth Station Astronomy layout celestial coordinates Sky sphere Timeline artificial satellites and space probes Orbital speed Satellite orbital period (by launch date) Syncom 1 (1963), 2 (1963) and 3 (1964) Anik 1 (1972) Aryabhata (1975) (India, launched by USSR) Hermes Communications Technology Satellite (1976) Munin (2000) (Swedish, launched by US) KEO satellite — a space time capsule (2006) Satellite Service Satellite Phone Internet Satellite Television Satellite Radio Satellite Anti-satellite weapons The Radiation Belt and Magnetosphere Reference Outlink (in English) Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


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Category:Unmanned Spacecraft Category:Space Flight Category:Orbit Category:Space Rides Category:Space Flight Category:Astrodynamics Category:Space Technology