Question: What kind of Dayak Tribe?

Dayak Clump

Dayak Saribas Batang Saribas Borneo Dayak Tribe Skrang Batang Skrang Dayak Tribe Balau [blg] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak tribe Remun [lkj] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Mualang Tribe [mtd] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Seberuang Tribe [sbx] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Sebuyau Tribe [snb]] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Iban tribe (Kuching) [iba] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) [11] Batang Lupar Dayak Tribe [iba] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Bugau Tribe [iba] (West Kalimantan) [12] Kantu' [iba] (West Kalimantan) [13] Dayak Tribe Desa [iba] (West Kalimantan) ba] (West Kalimantan) consists of Tribes Dayak Bulik [14] (Kalimantan), Dayak Ketungau Sesat Tribe, Dayak Ketungau Banyur [15] (Kalimantan), etc. Dayak Sebaruk [iba] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Sungkung [iba] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Undau Tribe [iba] (West Kalimantan) [16] Dayak Randuk Tribe [iba] (West Kalimantan) Dayak tribe Iban Dau [ iba] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Tribe Iban Lemanak [iba] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Tribe Iban Sibu [iba] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Tribe Iban Skrang [iba] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Tribe Iban Ulu Ai [iba] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Tribe Iban Undup [iba] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Tribe Tabun [iba] ( West Kalimantan) Dayak Saribas [iba] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Malay (Kotawaringin) Malay-speaking West Bornean [17] [18] [19] Pangin Dayak Tribe [xdy] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Delang Tribe [xdy] (Central Kalimantan) [14] Dayak tribe Batang Kawa [xdy] (Central Kalimantan) [14] Dayak Arut [xdy] (Central Kalimantan) [14] [20] Tomun Dayak Tribe [xdy] (Central Kalimantan) Tamuan Dayak Tribe [xdy] (Central Kalimantan) Suhaid Dayak Tribe [xdy] (West Kalimantan) [21] Dayak tribe Semitau [xdy]) Dayak tribe Mentebah [xdy] ( West Kalimantan) Dayak Suruk [xdy] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Kayung Tribe [xdy] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Sekakai Tribe [xdy] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Jelai Tribe (West Kalimantan) [14] Dayak Simpakng Tribe [xdy] (West Kalimantan) [22] Dayak Krio Tribe [xdy] (West Kalimantan) Dayak tribe Kendawangan [xdy] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Laur Tribe [xdy] (West Kalimantan) Pesaguan Dayak Tribe [xdy] (West Kalimantan) [24] [25] Barai Dayak Tribe [26] Meratus-Kutai Malay-speaking East Bornean [27] Dayak Meratus [bvu] & Banjar Hulu tribe [bjn-l] Kedayan Tribe [kxd] /Hill people/ Kendayan Brunei [28] Kutai Tribe or Kutai Dayak Tribe (East Kalimantan) Berau Tribe Dayak Ot Danum speaking West Barito Dayak Kebahan tribe (West Kalimantan) [29] Dayak Pawan Tribe (West Kalimantan) Dayak Tebidah Tribe (West Kalimantan) Dayak Tribe Limbai (West Kalimantan) Dayak tribe Cohie (West Kalimantan) Dayak tribe Malahui (West Kalimantan) Dayak Payak Tribe (West Kalimantan) Dayak Tribe Ot Danum [otd] (Central Kalimantan) Dayak tribe Dohoi [otd] (Central Kalimantan) Dayak tribe Sebaung [otd] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Kuhin Tribe [otd] (Central Kalimantan) Dayak Tribe Kadorih [otd] ( Central Kalimantan) Dayak Siang Tribe [sya] (Central Kalimantan) Murung Dayak Tribe [sya] (Central Kalimantan) Kohin Dayak Tribe [kkx] (Central Kalimantan) Dayak Barai Tribe Dayak Sane Dayak Tribe Dayak Randu' Entawa Rock Dayak Tribe Lamantawa Dayak Tribe Dayak Dayak Tribe Dayak Nyadupm Tribe Dayak Ella Dayak Tribe Kenyilu Dayak Ransa Tribe Dayak Ingar Silat Tribe Dayak Silath muntok Dayak Ngaju (Biaju) West Barito-speaking family [30] Dayak Ngaju Tribe (Ngaju Kapuyan) [nij] (Central Kalimantan) [31] Dayak Kahayan Tribe (Ngaju Kahayan) [xah] (Central Kalimantan) Tribe Dayak Katingan (Ngaju Katingan) [kxg] (Central Kalimantan) Dayak Pawai Tribe (Central Kalimantan) Bakumpai Dayak Tribe (South Kalimantan) [32] [33] Dayak Tribe Mengkatip [bkr-men] (Central Kalimantan) [34] Dayak Berangas Tribe (South Kalimantan), in 2010 was declared extinct with its language due to melted into Banjar Kuala puak (bubuhan) Alalak [35] Dayak Beraki tribe (Bara-ki) (extinct) [36] East Barito-speaking Dusun-Maanyan family [37] Dayak Dusun Malang [duq] (North Barito, Central Kalimantan) Dayak Tribe Bayan Dusun [hamlet] (Central Kalimantan) Dayak Dayak tribe That/ Kalahien [duw] (South Barito, Central Kalimantan) Dayak Dusun Pepas [duw] (Central Kalimantan) Dayak Dusun Tribe [duw] (Central Kalimantan) [38] Paku [pku] (Paku, Bartim, Central Kalimantan) Dayak Maanyan Tribe [mhy] (East Barito, Central Kalimantan) hy-paj] (Barito Timur, Central Kalimantan) Maanyan Banua Lima Dayak Tribe [mhy-ban] (East Barito, Central Kalimantan) Dayak Maanyan Paju Epat/Sihong [mhy-sih] (East Barito, Central Kalimantan) [39] Dayak Warukin Tribe [mhy-war] (Tabalong, South Kalimantan) Dayak Tribe Balangan Dusun [mhy-war]] (Balangan, South Kalimantan) [40] Dayak Samihim tribe [mhy-sam] (Kotabaru, South Kalimantan) [41] East Barito-speaking Lawangan Dayak Lawangan [lbx] (Central Kalimantan) [42] Dayak Kali [lbx-kal] (Central Kalimantan) Dayak Bawo tribe [lbx-baw] (Central Kalimantan) [lbx- bat] (East Kalimantan) Dayak tribe Benuaq [lbx-ben] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Paser tribe [lbx-pas] (East Kalimantan) [43] Dayak Dusun Taboyan tribe [twy] (Central Kalimantan) [44] Dayak Dusun Deyah [dun] (South Kalimantan) Dayak tribe (South Kalimantan), declared extinct in 2010 along with the language because it melted into the tribe of Banjar Pahuluan puak (bubuhan) Tanjung [35] Dayak Tunjung [tjg] (East Kalimantan) Apanang [apg] (East Kalimantan) Melanau-Kajang family speaking North Borneo Bukitan Dayak tribe [bkn] (West Kalimantan and Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Kajaman tribe [kag] Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Lahanan Tribe [lhn] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Sekapan Tribe [skp] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Sian Tribe [spg] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Tribe Ukit [umi] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Melanau Dayak Tribe (Central) [mel] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Melano-Darmau Tribe atu [dro] (Malaysia ( Sarawak)) Dayak Melanau Kanowit-Tanjong [kxn] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak tribe Melanau Sibu [sdx] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Seru Dayak tribe [szd] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) North Sarawakan (Orang Ulu & Bultiken) speaking North Borneo Dayak tribe Berawan, Central [zbc] (Malaysia Dayak tribe)) Berawan, East [zbe] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Berawan Dayak Tribe, West [zbw] (Malaysia (Sarawak) Dayak Belait tribe [beg] (Brunei) Dayak Kiput tribe [kyi] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Lelak tribe [llk] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Narom tribe [nrm] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Tutong [ttg] (Brunei) Dayak Tribe Bintulu [bny] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Kelabit Dayak Tribe [kzi] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Lengilu Tribe [lgi] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Lun Bawang [lnd] (Sarawak) [45] Lundayeh Dayak Tribe [lnd] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Tribe Putoh [put] (East Kalimantan) I [put] (East Kalimantan) Tribe Dayak Sa'ban [snv] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Merau Tribe [snv] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Tribe Tring [tgq] (Malaysia (Sarawak) Dayak tribe Keningau Murut [kxi] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Tribe Okolod [kqv] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Paluan tribe [plz] Sabah)) Murut Dayak Tribe/Dayak Selungai Tribe Murut [slg] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Tagal Murut [mvv] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Timugon Murut [tih] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Bookan tribe [bnb] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Bulungan tribe [blj] (East Kalimantan) Dayak tribe Kalabakan [kve] (Malaysia (Sabah) Dayak Tingalan/Sembakung Murut [ sbr] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Serudung Murut [srk] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Tribe Tidung [tid] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Bahau Tribe [bhv] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Kayan Mahakam [xay] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Kayan Baram Tribe [kys] (Sarawak) Dayak Kayan Tribe Sang [bfg] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Kayan River Kayan Tribe [xkn] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Kayaan Deep Tribe [xkd] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Kayan Rejang [ree] (Sarawak) [46] Dayak Kayan Wahau [whu] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Modang Tribe [mxd] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Wehea Tribe [mxd] East Kalimantan) Dayak Segai tribe [sge] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Segah Tribe [sge] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Kelay Tribe [sge] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Aoheng Tribe [pni] (East Kalimantan) Hovongan Dayak Tribe [hov] (West Kalimantan) Dayak tribe Kereho [xke] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Tribe [xke]) Dayak tribe of Punan Aput [pud] (East Kalimantan) Red Punan Dayak Tribe [puf] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Bukat Tribe [bvk] (East Kalimantan) Murik Dayak Tribe [mxr] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Kenyah Wahau [whk] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Tribe Lebu' Long Leather [whk] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Tribe Wat [ttw] (Malaysia ( Sarawak)) Dayak Sebop [sib] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Tribe Uma' Lasan [xky] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Tribe Uma' Lung [ulu] (East Kalimantan) Central Kenyah Dayak Tribe [xkl] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Tribe Penan, Eastern [pez] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Tribe, Western Penan [pne] (Malaysia ( Sarawak)) Dayak Punan Tubu [puj] (East Kalimantan) North Borneo-speaking Rejang-Sajau family Basap Dayak Tribe [bdb] (East Kalimantan) Berusu Dayak Tribe [bqr] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Penan Tribe, Bah-Biau [pna] (Sarawak) [47] Dayak Punan Tribe Merap [puc] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Sajau Basap [sjb] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Punan Sajau Tribe [sjb] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Punan Basap Tribe [sjb] (East Kalimantan) Dayak Punan Batu Tribe [sjb] (East Kalimantan) Sabahan (Kadazan-Dusun) speaking North Borneo [48] Dayak Tribe Bisaya, Brunei [bsb] Brunei) Dayak tribe of Bisaya, Sabah [ bsy] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Bonggi Tribe [bdg] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Tatana Tribe [txx] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Dusun Tribe, Central [dtp] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Tribe Dusun Sugut [kzs] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Tribe Dusun Tambunan [kzt] Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Tribe Tempasuk Dusun [tdu] ( Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Tribe City Marudu Tinagas [ktr] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Minokok Tribe [mqq] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Kadazan Tribe, Labuk-Kinabatangan [dtb] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Gana Tribe [gnq] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Kadazan Tribe, [kzj] (Sabah) [49] Dayak Kadazan Tribe, Klias River [kqt] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Kimaragang Dayak Tribe [kqr] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Tribe City Marudu Talantang [grm] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Tribe Kuijau [dkr] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Lotud Tribe [dtr] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Papar Tribe [dpp] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak tribe Rungus [drg] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Tribe Dusun Tobilung [tgb] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Dumpas Tribe [dmv] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Tribe Ida'an [dbj] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak tribe Kinabatangan, Upper [dmg] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak tribe Lobu, Lanas [bill] (Malaysia (Sabah) Tribe Yak Lobu, Tampias [low] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Tribe Dayak Abai Sungai [abf] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Tribe Dusun Tombonuo [txa] (Malaysia (Sabah)) Dayak Yakan Tribe [yka] (Philippines) North Borneo-speaking Punan Batu Dayak Tribe 1 [pnm] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Other Dayak Tribe Agabag Dayak Dusun Dusun Tindal Tribe Dayak Bundu Dayak Tribe Idahan Dayak Tribe Iranun Dayak Tribe Kerayan Dayak Tribe Kimensi Dayak Labuk Tribe Dayak Lebang Dayak Tribe Dayak Tribe Lobou Dayak Tribe Dayak Tribe Dayak Tribe Dayak Tribe Dayak Tribe Dayak Tribe Dayak Tribe Mugut Tribe Dayak Pontent Dayak Ransa Tribe Dayak tribe Kenyilu Dayak Kahoi Tribe Dayak Tobak tribe (West Kalimantan) Kolangan Dayak tribe Bohokam Dayak Tribe Dayak Dayak Tribe Dayak Randu' Dayak Sekujam Dayak tribe Sekubang Dayak tribe Papak Dayak Nanga Tribe Dayak Goneh Tribe Dayak Silan Munto' Dayak Majau Dayak Kancikng Dayak Tribe Cempede' Dayak Sajan Tribe Dayak Bajur Dayak Tribe Dayak Tribe Dayak Laur Tribe Dayak Joka' Dayak Tribe Pawatn Dayak Tribe Konyeh Dayak Tribe Fallen Pauh Dayak Tribe Dayak Dayak Tribe Dayak Tola Tribe Dayak Rock Sharp Dayak Tribe Kengkubang Dayak Kelura' Dayak Tribe Tanjung Dayak Tribe Benatuq Dayak Tribe Sumanjawat Dayak Tribe Dayak Dayak Tribe Dayak Parangkunyit Dayak Tribe Dayak Riam Dayak Tribe Dayak Tribe Dayak Tribe Dayak Tribe Umbrella Dayak Tribe Galing Dayak Air Upas Tribe Dayak Air Durian Tribe Dayak Semcadian Tribe Outlink Reference (in Indonesian) Category:Dayak


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat (EBI: Suwardi Suryaningrat, since 1922 became Ki Hadjar Dewantara, EBI: Ki Hajar Dewantara, some transcribe Javanese sounds with Ki Hajar Dewantoro;; [1] hereinafter abbreviated as “Soewardi” or “KHD”) is an activist of the Indonesian independence movement, columnist, politician, and pioneer of education for indigenous Indonesians from the Dutch colonial days.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

He is the founder of the Student Park College, an educational institution that provides opportunities for natives to obtain educational rights just like the priyayi and the Dutch people.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

His date of birth is now commemorated in Indonesia as National Education Day.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

Part of his creation motto, tut wuri handayani, became the slogan of the Indonesian Ministry of National Education.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

His name is perpetuated as one of the names of the Indonesian warship, KRI Ki Hajar Dewantara.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

His portrait was immortalized on the 1998 edition of 20,000 rupiah fractional banknotes. [2]


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

He was confirmed as the 2nd national hero by the President of Indonesia, Sukarno, on 28 November 1959 (Decree of the President of the Republic of Indonesia No. 305 of 1959, dated 28 November 1959). [3]


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

Soewardi's youth and early career came from the family environment of the Duchy of Pakualaman, son of GPH Soerjaningrat, and grandson of Pakualam III.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

He finished his primary education at ELS (European Primary School/Netherlands).


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

Then went to STOVIA (Bumiputera Doctor School), but did not finish due to illness.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

Later he worked as a writer and journalist in several newspapers, among others, Sediotomo, Midden Java, De Expres, Oetoesan Indies, Kaoem Moeda, Tjahaja Timoer, and Poesara.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

In his time, he was classified as a reliable writer.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

His writings were communicative and incisive with an anticolonial spirit.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

Movement activity In addition to being tenacious as a young journalist, he was also active in social and political organizations.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

Since the establishment of Boedi Oetomo (BO) in 1908, he was active in the propaganda section to socialize and evocate the awareness of the Indonesian people (especially Java) at that time about the importance of unity and unity in the nation and state.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

BO's first Congress in Yogyakarta was also organized by him.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

The young Soewardi also became a member of the Insulinde organization, a multiethnic organization dominated by Indo who fought for self-government in the Dutch East Indies, under the influence of Ernest Douwes Dekker (DD).


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

When then DD founded Indische Partij, Soewardi was hired anyway.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

Als ik een Nederlander was As the Dutch East Indies government intended to collect donations from citizens, including natives, for the celebration of Dutch independence from France in 1913, there was a critical reaction from nationalists, including Soewardi.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

He later wrote “Een voor Allen maar Ook Allen voor Een” or “One for All, but All for One Also”.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

However KHD's most famous column was “Had I been a Dutchman” (original title: “Als ik een Nederlander was”), published in the DD-led newspaper De Expres, 13 July 1913.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

The content of this article was very spicy among Dutch East Indies officials.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

Excerpts of the writing include the following.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

“If I were a Dutchman, I would not organise independence parties in a land that we have deprived ourselves of independence.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

Parallel to that path of mind, it is not only unfair, but it is also inappropriate to have the inlander make a donation to the celebration fund.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

The idea of holding the celebration alone has insulted them, and now we are dredging the pockets.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

Let's go ahead with that born and inner humiliation!


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

If I am a Dutchman, what especially offends me and my fellow countrymen is the fact that an inlander is required to participate in an activity that is not of the slightest interest to him”.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

Some Dutch officials deny this writing was original made by Soewardi himself because of his different language style from his writings before this.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

Even if he was the one who wrote, they considered DD play a role in heat-manasi Soewardi to write in such style.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

As a result of this writing he was arrested on the approval of the Governor General of Idenburg and would be exiled to Bangka Island (at his own request).


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

Nevertheless his two colleagues, DD and Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo, protested and eventually the three of them were exiled to the Netherlands (1913).


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

These three figures are known as the “Three Triad”.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

Soewardi was only 24 years old.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

In exile in exile in the Netherlands, Soewardi was active in the organization of Indonesian students, Indische Vereeniging (Indies Association).


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

In 1913 she founded the Indonesisch Pers-Bureau, the “Indonesian news agency”.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

This was the first formal use of the term “Indonesian”, coined 1850 by English-born linguist George Windsor Earl and Scottish legal expert James Richardson Logan.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

It was here that he later pioneered his ideals of advancing the indigenous people by studying education until obtaining the Europeesche Deed, a prestigious educational diploma that would become a foothold in establishing the educational institution he founded.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

In this study Soewardi was enamored of the ideas of a number of Western educational figures, such as Froebel and Montessori, as well as the Indian education movement, Santiniketan, by the Tagore family.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

It was these influences that underpinned him in developing his own educational system.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

Soewardi Student Park returned to Indonesia in September 1919.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

Soon he joined his brother's assisted school.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

This teaching experience was later used to develop a teaching concept for the school he founded on July 3, 1922: Nationaal Onderwijs Instituut Tamansiswa or Tamansiswa National College.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

When he was even 40 years old according to Javanese dating count, he changed his name to Ki Hadjar Dewantara.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

He no longer uses the title of knighthood before his name.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

This is intended so that he can be freely close to the people, both physically and soulfully.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

The motto in the education system he uses is now very well known among Indonesian education.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

In whole, the motto in Javanese reads ing ngarsa sung tuladha, ing madya mangun karsa, tut wuri handayani. (“in front gives example, in the middle gives spirit, in the back gives encouragement”).


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

This motto is still used in the world of Indonesian people's education, especially in schools of Tamansiswa University.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

Devotion during Indonesia independence In the first cabinet of the Republic of Indonesia, KHD was appointed as the first Minister of Teaching of Indonesia (his post referred to as Minister of Education, Teaching and Culture).


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

In 1957 he was granted an honorary doctorate (doctor honoris causa, Dr.H.C.) from Indonesia's oldest university, Gadjah Mada University.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

For his services in pioneering general education, he was declared the Father of Indonesian National Education and the day of his birth was made National Education Day (Decree of the President of Indonesia no. 305 of 1959, dated 28 November 1959).


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

He died in Yogyakarta on 26 April 1959 and was buried in Taman Wijaya Brata.


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

Portrait Gallery at the Public Pulpit October 18, 1949 Ki Hajar Dewantara Cemetery Ki Hajar Dewantara with Sukarno Ki Hajar Dewantara is writing Outlink Reference (in English) |-!


Question: Who are the parents of Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat?

Ki Hadjar Dewantara

Political offices {{subst: #if:deWantara, Ki Hajar|}} [[Category: {{subst: #switch: {{subst:uc:1889}} || UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of birth missing {{subst: #switch: {subst:uc:1959}} ||LIVING =( living people)}} | #default =1889 births}]] [[Category: {subst: {subst #switch: {{subst:uc:1959}} || LIVING=Living people | UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of death missing | #default =1959 deaths}}]] Category:Figures from Yogyakarta Category:Indonesian national heroes Category:Indonesian Philosophers Category:Ministers of Presidential Cabinet Category:Indonesian Education Minister Category:Figures Indonesian education Category:Javanese figures Category:Old Order Figures


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The Trunajaya Rebellion (or Trunajaya War, also spelled Trunojoyo Rebellion) was a rebellion carried out by Madura nobleman Raden Trunajaya and his allied forces from Makassar against the Mataram Sultanate aided by the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC) in Java in the decade 1670s, and ended with the victory of Mataram and the VOC.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

This war began with the victory of the rebels: Trunajaya forces defeated the royal forces in Gedogog (1676), then managed to occupy almost the entire north coast of Java and captured Mataram palace at Plered Palace (1677).


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

King Amangkurat I died while fleeing from the palace.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

He was succeeded by his son, Amangkurat II who appealed to the VOC for help and promised payment in the form of money and territory.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The involvement of the VOC managed to reverse the situation.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

VOC and Mataram forces recaptured occupied areas of Mataram, and captured Trunajaya's capital at Kediri (1678).


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The rebellion continued to last until Trunajaya was captured by the VOC in late 1679, and also the defeat, death or surrender of another leader of the rebellion (1679—1680).


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Trunajaya became a captive of the VOC, but was killed by AmangKuratii during the king's visit in 1680.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In addition to Trunajaya and his allies, AmangKuratii also faced other attempts to usurp the Mataram throne after his father's death.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The most serious rival was his younger brother, Prince Puger (later Pakubuwana I) who seized the Plered Palace after the Trunajaya forces abandoned in 1677 and only surrendered in 1681.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The background of Amangkurat I ascended the throne of Mataram in 1646, succeeding Sultan Agung, who had expanded Mataram's territory to cover most of Central and East Java, as well as several across the ocean vasals in southern Sumatra and Borneo. [8]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The early years of Amangkurat's rule were marked by executions and massacres against his political enemies.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In response to the failed coup attempt of his brother Prince Alit, he ordered a massacre against clerics whom he believed were involved in the Alit rebellion. [9]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Alit himself was killed in the failed coup. [9]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In 1659 Amangkurat suspected Prince Pekik, his father-in-law and son of the conquered Duke of Surabaya who lived in Mataram palace after Surabaya's defeat, leading a conspiracy to threaten his life. [10]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

He ordered to kill Pekik and his relatives. [10]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The massacre of the most important East Javanese knighthood created a rift between Amangkurat and the East Java warriors and led to conflict with his son, the crown prince (later Amangkurat II), who was also Pekik's grandson. [10]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Over the following few years, Amangkurat committed a number of other murders against members of the nobility who had lost their trust. [10]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Raden Trunajaya (also spelled Trunojoyo) was a descendant of the ruler of Madura, who was forced to live in the palace of Mataram after the defeat and attainment by Mataram in 1624. [11]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

After his father was executed by AmangKurati in 1656, he left the palace, moved to Kajoran, and married the daughter of Raden Kajoran, the head of the ruling family there. [12] [11] The Kajoran family is an ancient clerical family and tied marriage to the royal family. [12]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Raden Kajoran was alarmed by the brutality of AmangKurati's reign, including the execution of nobles at the palace. [11]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In 1670, Kajoran introduced his son-in-law, Trunajaya to the crown prince, who had just been expelled by the king due to scandal, and the two forged a friendship which included a mutual dislike of Amangkurat. [11]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In 1671 Trunajaya returned to Madura, where he took advantage of the crown prince's support to defeat the local governor and become ruler of Madura. [13]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Makassar is a major trading hub in the east of Java. [13]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

After the VOC's 1669 victory over the Gowa Sultanate in the Makassar War, a group of Makassar warriors left Makassar to seek fortune elsewhere. [13]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Initially, they settled in the territory of the Sultanate of Banten, but in 1674 they were expelled, and turned to piracy, reshuffling coastal cities in Java and Nusa Tenggara. [13]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The crown prince of Mataram then allowed them to settle in Demung, a village in Tapal Kuda, East Java. [13]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In 1675 an additional group of Makassar fighters and pirates arrived in Demung led by Karaeng Galesong. [13]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

These Makassar wandering fighters would later join the rebellion as allies of Trunajaya. [12]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The troops were involved Because it had no permanent army, most of the Mataram forces were drawn from the army built by the vasal kings, who also provided weapons and supplies. [14] [15] The majority of the soldiers were peasants required by the local rulers (Javanese: sikep dalem). [15]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In addition, the army included a small number of professional soldiers drawn from the palace guards. [14]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

These soldiers used cannons, small firearms including syringe rifles (Javanese: rifles, from Dutch snaphaens) and carbines, cavalry, and fortifications. [16]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Historian M. C. Ricklefs says the transfer of European military technology to the Javanese was “quite urgent”, with gunpowder and weapons made in Java at least by 1620. [15]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Europeans were employed to train Javanese army troops in arms handling, military leadership skills, and construction techniques, [15] but, despite this training, the conscripted peasants of the Javanese army often lacked discipline and fled during battle. [ 17] [18] Mataram forces numbered “much larger” than the rebels numbering 9,000 at Gegodog in September 1676, [1] falling to only a “small entourage” after the fall of the capital in June 1677, [19] and increasing to over 13,000 as it moved towards Trunajaya's capital at Kediri in late 1678. [2]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The VOC has its own professional army. [15]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Each VOC soldier has a sword, light weapons, bullets, carrying pockets and belts, smoke bombs, and grenades. [15]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The majority of VOC permanent soldiers were Indonesians, with a small number of European servicemen and marines, all under the command of European officers. [20]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

While in a technological sense, VOC forces were not superior to their indigenous counterparts, [16] they generally had better training, discipline, and equipment than indigenous Indonesian soldiers. [15]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The VOC forces also differed in terms of logistics: the troops moved step by step followed by a long caravan of carts carrying supplies. [16]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

This gave them an advantage over Javanese troops, who often survived by collecting or stealing food while traveling through the countryside and often faced supply shortages. [16]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

VOC forces numbered 1,500 in 1676, [21] but were later augmented by Bugis allies under the leadership of Arung Palakka.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The first troupe of 1,500 Bugis arrived in Java in late 1678, [5] and as of 1679 there were 6,000 Bugis warriors in Java. [6]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In common with other wars, Trunajaya's army and its allies also used cannons, cavalry, and fortresses. [16]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

When the VOC captured Surabaya from Trunajaya in May 1677, Trunajaya escaped with twenty of his cannons, and left behind 69 iron cannons and 34 bronze cannons. [22]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Trunajaya forces consist of Javanese, Maduranese, and Makassar. [1]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

When the rebels overran Java in 1676, they numbered 9,000 [1] and consisted of Trunajaya's followers and Makassar fighters.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Later, the revolt was followed by other Javanese and Madura nobles.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Notably, the ruler of Giri, one of the most prominent Islamic spiritual rulers in Java, joined in early 1676. [23]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Trunajaya's father-in-law, Raden Kajoran, head of an influential Kajoran family, joined after Trunajaya's victory at Gegodog in September 1676, [24] and Trunajaya's uncle, Prince Sampang (later Cakraningrat II) joined after the fall of the capital Mataram in June 1677. [25]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The military campaign The beginning and early rebel victory of the Rebellion began with a series of attacks from Makassar pirates based in Demung against trading towns on the northern coast of Java. [26]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The first attack took place in 1674 at Gresik but was repulsed. [26]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Trunajaya entered into a pact and marriage alliance with Karaeng Galesong, the leader of the Makassarese people, in 1675 and planned further assaults.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In the same year, the pirates of the Makassar-Madura people seized and burned the main cities in northeastern Java, from Pajkaran to Surabaya and Gresik. [26]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In view of the failure of the loyalist forces against the rebels, King Amangkurat I appointed a military governor in Jepara, the provincial capital on the northern coast, and strengthened the city. [26]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The Mataram forces moving on Demung were defeated, and combined action by Mataram and VOC ships on beaches overrun by pirates was not always successful. [26]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Karaeng Galesong moved to Madura, a region from his ally, Trunajaya.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In 1676 Trunajaya bestowed upon himself the title of Panembahan (Ruler) of Maduretna and had the support of the sunan (spiritual ruler) of Giri, near Gresik.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

A VOC fleet attack later destroyed the pirates' base at Demung, but they launched no action against Trunajaya in Madura. [27]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Battle of Gegodog In September 1676, a 9,000-strong rebel army [1] led by Karaeng Galesong crossed from Madura into Java and then captured Surabaya, the main city of East Java. [28]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Mataram sent a large army, commanded by the crown prince (later Amangkurat II to meet the rebels. [28]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

A battle occurred at Gegodog, east of Tuban, in 1676, resulting in the total defeat of a much larger Mataram force. [28] [29] Loyalist soldiers were deployed, the king's uncle, Prince Purbaya was killed, and the crown prince fled to Mataram. [28]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The crown prince was blamed for this defeat because of his long indecision before attacking the rebels. [28]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In addition, there are rumors that he colluded with enemies, including his former follower, Trunajaya. [28]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Within months of the victory in Gegodog, the rebels quickly captured trading towns in the north of Java, ranging from Surabaya to the west in Cirebon, including the cities of Kudus and Demak. [28]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The cities fell easily, partly because their strongholds had been destroyed due to their conquest by Sultan Agung of Mataram some 50 years earlier. [28]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Only Jepara managed to withstand the attack, due to the combined efforts of the new military governor and the new VOC forces reinforcing the city just in time. [28]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The rebellion spread inland when Raden Kajoran, Trunajaya's influential father-in-law centered east of the capital city of Mataram, joined the rebellion. [24]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Kajoran and Trunajaya forces moved towards the capital, but were repulsed by loyalist forces. [24]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

VOC intervention and fall of Mataram's capital Battle of Surabaya In response to a request for intervention by Mataram, the VOC sent a large fleet containing Indonesian and European troops, commanded by Admiral Cornelis Speelman. [24]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In April 1677 the fleet sailed to Surabaya, where Trunajaya base. [24]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

After negotiations failed, Speelman's forces stormed Surabaya and seized it after fierce fighting. [30]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The forces continued to clear the rebels from the area around Surabaya. [30]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

VOC forces also captured Madura, Trunajaya's home island, and destroyed his residence there. [31]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Trunajaya fled to Surabaya and established his capital at Kediri. [30]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Fall of Plered Although the rebels were defeated in Surabaya, rebel forces campaigning in the interior of Central and East Java were more successful.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The rebel military campaign reached its peak in the fall of the capital city of Plered in June 1677. [31]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The king was in ill condition, and distrust among the royal princes precluded well-planned resistance. [31]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The king fled west with the crown prince and his retinue, allowing rebels to enter and plunder the capital with little resistance. [31]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The rebels then retreated to Kediri, taking the wealth of the kingdom with them. [32]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The enthronement of Amangkurat II and his alliance with the VOC King Amangkurat I died while moving back in Tegal in July 1677. [31] [21] The crown prince replaced his father and used the title Amangkurat II, and was accepted by the Javanese nobility in Tegal (his grandmother's hometown) and also by the VOC. [33] [21] , he failed to cement his power in the nearby city, Cirebon, whose rulers decided to declare independence from Mataram with the support of the Sultanate of Banten. [33]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Subsequently, his younger brother Prince Puger (later Pakubuwanai) captured the now-destroyed capital, refused to join as an AmangKuratii loyalist, and declared himself king with the title Ingalanga Mataram. [33]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Having no army and wealth and unable to assert his power, Amangkurat decided to ally with the VOC. [34]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

At this time, Admiral Speelman was in Jepara, sailing there from Surabaya after hearing of the fall of the capital. [33]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

His forces have recaptured important coastal cities in Central Java, including Semarang, Demak, Kudus, and Pati. [35]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Amangkurat moved to Jepara by VOC ship in September 1677.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The king had to agree to the broad concessions demanded by the VOC in return for restoring his monarchy. [34]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

He promised the VOC revenue from all port cities on the north coast. [34]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The highlands of Priangan and Semarang will be handed over to the VOC. [32]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The king also agreed to recognize the jurisdiction of the VOC's power over all non-Javanese living in his territory. [34]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Dutch historian H. J. de Graaf commented that by doing this, the VOC, as a corporation, engaged in “dangerous speculation”, which they hoped would pay off in the future when their colleague would regain its power over Mataram. [34]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

VOC—Mataram forces made sluggish progress against the rebels. [32] [34] At the beginning of 1678 their control was limited to several towns on the central northern coast.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In 1678, Speelman became Director-General of the VOC, replacing Rijcklof van Goens, who became Governor-General (Speelman later became Governor-General in 1681). [32]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

His command at Jepara was handed over to Anthonio Hurdt, who arrived in June 1678. [32]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Loyalist victory and death of Trunajaya The VOC and Mataram forces moved inland against Kediri in September 1678.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

As per the king's advice, the troops were broken into three ranks, with no direct route, with the aim of covering more locations and inducing awe in those who felt hesitant to take sides. [36]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The king's idea worked, and as the military campaign continued, local groups joined forces, who were eager for booty. [20]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Kediri was captured on 25November by an assault force led by Captain François Tack. [20] [32] The victorious force proceeded to Surabaya, the largest city in East Java, where Amangkurat established its keraton. [37]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Elsewhere, the rebels were also defeated.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In September 1679, a combined VOC, Javanese, and Bugis force under Sindu Reja and Jan Albert Sloot defeated Raden Kajoran in battle at Mlambang, near Pajang. [7] [38] Kajoran surrendered but was executed on Sloot's orders. [38]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In November, VOC and Bugis forces allied under Arung Palakka destroyed the Makassar rebels' stronghold in Keper, East Java. [7]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In April 1680, after what the VOC considered a fierce battle in the war, the rebellious ruler of Giri was defeated and most of his family executed. [7]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

As the VOC and Amangkurat achieved more victories, more and more Javanese declared their allegiance to the king. [7]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

After his fortress fell in Kediri, Trunajaya managed to escape to the mountains in eastern Java. [39]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The VOC forces and the king pursued Trunajaya, who was shelled and short of food, surrendered to the VOC in late 1679. [40] [7] Initially, he was treated with respect as a captive of the VOC commander.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

However, while on a ceremonial visit to the nobleman's residence in Payak, East Java, on 2 January 1680, [40] he was stabbed by Amangkurat himself, and the king's courtiers finished him off. [40] [7] The king defended the murder of a VOC prisoner by saying that Trunajaya had tried to kill him . [41]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The VOC was not convinced by this explanation, but chose not to punish the king. [42]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

A romantic story regarding Trunajaya's death appears in 18th-century Central Javanese babad. [39]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

End of Prince Puger's rebellion In addition to Trunajaya's forces, Amangkurat II continued to face opposition from his brother Prince Puger, who had seized the old capital at Plered and had seized the throne for himself in 1677. [33]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Before Trunajaya's defeat, Amangkurat's forces took no action against him. [34]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

After Trunajaya was defeated, Amangkurat still could not convince his brother to surrender. [7]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In September 1680, Amangkurat built a new capital city in Kartasura. [7]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In November, Amangkurat and VOC forces drove Puger out of Plered. [7]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

However, Puger quickly rebuilt his army, seizing Plered again in August 1681, and nearly seizing Kartasura. [7]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In November 1681, VOC and Mataram forces again defeated Puger, and this time he surrendered and was pardoned by his brother. [7] [43] Amangkurat II's denouement secured his rule with the defeat of the rebels.


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Due to the rebels' capture and then the destruction of the capital at Plered, he built a new capital, Kartasura, in the district of Pajang, and moved his keraton there. [43]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

A VOC fortress was built in the capital, next to the royal residence, to defend it from invasion. [43]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya Rebellion

As for the VOC, its involvement allowed the cornered and nearly defeated Amangkurat II to remain on his throne. [44]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya rebellion

This became the beginning of VOC precedent supporting Javanese kings and claimants in exchange for concessions. [44]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya rebellion

However, by 1680, this policy required a high level of expenditure to maintain a military presence in Central and East Java, and this led to slumping VOC finances. [44]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya rebellion

The payment promised by Amangkurat was not kept, and by 1682 the king's debt to the VOC exceeded 1.5million reals, about five times the amount of the royal estate. [45]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya rebellion

Semarang's handover was postponed due to disputes, [45] and other provisions in the contract were largely ignored by local Javanese officials. [46]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya rebellion

Subsequently, an anti-VOC faction developed in the palace of Mataram, and a member of this faction, Nerangkusuma, became patih (chief minister) from 1682 to 1686. [47] [46] The poor relations between Mataram and the VOC continued by protecting Surapati, an enemy of the VOC, in 1684, [48] and death VOC captain, François Tack at Mataram palace in 1686. [48]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya rebellion

The king's younger brother, Prince Puger, who tried to seize the throne during the Trunajaya rebellion, was pardoned by the king. [43]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya rebellion

However, after the king's death in 1703 and succeeded by his son Amangkurat III, Puger seized the throne again. [49]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya rebellion

Puger's claim was supported by the VOC, and the VOC-Puger alliance won the subsequent First Javanese War of Succession (1704—1708). [49]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya rebellion

Puger ascended the throne with the title Pakubuwana I and AmangkuratiII was exiled to Sri Lanka. [49]


Question: What is the cause of death of Raden Trunojoyo?

Trunajaya rebellion

Footnote Reference Library Category:Historical Java Category:Military history Indonesia Category:Historical Dutch East Indies Category:Wars involving the Netherlands Category:VOC


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The history of Christianity is inseparable from the History of the Christian church that carries the teachings of Christianity, nurtures its adherents and bears witness to the development of the work that has been carried out throughout the two millennia, since the first century AD, from the land of Israel to Europe, America, and all over the world, including Indonesia.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The history of the church is very interesting to look at, influenced by the unspelled figures of the church, and also caused events that changed the course of world history.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The most important dates in the history of the church and Christianity can be seen in the subsections of this article.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Christianity emerged from the Levant region (present-day Palestine and Israel) starting in the middle of the first century AD.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Its origin Christianity began in the city of Jerusalem and began to spread to the Near East region, including to Syria, Assyria, Mesopotamia, Phoenician, Asia Minor, Jordan and Egypt.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

About 15 years after Christianity began to enter Southern Europe and flourish there.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Meanwhile there was also a spread in North Africa as well as South Asia and Eastern Europe.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

By the 4th century Christianity had been made a state religion by the Arsakid Dynasty in Armenia in 301, the “Caucasian Iberia” (or Republic of Georgia) in 319, [1] [2] the Aksum Empire in Ethiopia in 325, [3] [4] and the Roman Empire in 380 A.D. Christianity became common to the whole Europe in the Middle Ages and expanded throughout the world during the Exploration Period of European countries from Renaissance times until it became the world's largest religion. [5]


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

There are now more than 2 billion Christians, which is one-third the number of human beings in the world. [6]


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Christianity split into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church on East-West Schism or Great Schism in 1054.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The Protestant Reformation broke up the Roman Catholic Church into various Christian denominations.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The life of Jesus this period began from the birth of Jesus to the death and resurrection of Jesus, approximately from 4 BC to 33 A.D. Jesus Christ was born around 4 BC in Bethlehem, Judea, and grew up in the city of Nazareth, Galilee. [7]


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

After he was about thirty years old, Jesus' ministry began over three years including recruiting twelve apostles, performing miracles, casting out demons, healing the sick, and raising the dead.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Jesus died punished by being crucified by incitement of Jewish religious leaders who disliked Jesus' teachings that were considered contrary to their teachings.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

He was crucified on Golgotha Hill, Jerusalem between 29-33 AD by order of the Roman Provincial Governor of Judea, Pontius Pilate. [8]


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

After dying crucified, Jesus was buried in a stone cave.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Christians believe that Jesus rose from the dead on the third day after his death and appeared to more than five hundred eyewitnesses.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Forty days later he ascended to heaven with many people witnessed.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Christians also believe that frightened Jewish priests bribed the tomb guards to spread the news that Jesus did not rise but his corpse was stolen by his disciples. [9]


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

These five things in the life of Jesus Christ (birth, ministry, death, resurrection, ascension to heaven) are the quintessence of Christianity.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The main information about Jesus' life comes from the four Gospels and the writings of Paul as well as the other disciples of Jesus collectively called the New Testament book.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The early church of the Church began 50 days after Jesus' resurrection (around 30—34 AD).


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Jesus had promised that He would establish His church (), and with the coming of the Holy Spirit on Pentecost (), the “Church” (“assemblage called out”) officially began.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Three thousand who received Simon Peter's sermon on that day and chose to follow Christ by being baptized. [10]


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The first converts to Christianity were Jews or adherents of Judaism, and the church, which is the fellowship of those who claim the Lordship of Jesus, is centered in Jerusalem.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Therefore Christianity was originally seen as a Jewish sect, just like the Pharisees, Sadducees, or Esseni.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

However, what the apostles preached was radically different from what other Jewish groups taught.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Jesus was preached as the “Messiah” or Savior of the Jews, the Anointed King, who had been prophesied for his coming to fulfill the Law [11] and establish the New Testament based on his Death. [12]


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

This news, and the accusation that they had killed their own Messiah, angered many Jewish leaders, and some, such as Saul, later known as Paul, of Tarsus, took action to exterminate the “Way”. [13] before he himself finally became a very persistent adherent of Christ.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The period of the early church began in approximately 33 years with the ministry of apostles Peter, Paul and others in preaching the story of Jesus until the repentance of Emperor Constantine I in 325.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In this period the church and Christians experienced persecution, especially physical persecution, but the church Fathers began to write the first Christian writings and the interfering teachings that sprang up overcome.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Not long after Pentecost, the doors of the church opened to the Gentiles.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The evangelist Philip preached to the Samaritans, [14] and many of them who believed in Christ.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The Apostle Peter preached to the household of Cornelius who were not Jewish [15] and they also received the Holy Spirit.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The Apostle Paul (a former persecutor of the church) preached the gospel throughout the Greco-Roman world, all the way to Rome itself [16] and perhaps even to Spain. [17]


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

By 70, the year in which Jerusalem was destroyed, the books of the New Testament were complete and circulating among the churches.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

For the next 240 years, Jews were persecuted by Rome, sometimes randomly, sometimes at the behest of the government.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In the second and third centuries, the leadership of the church became more hierakis along with the increase in numbers.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Some heresy was expressed and rejected in this age, and the canon of the New Testament was agreed upon.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Persecution continues to rise. |} After Jesus' death and resurrection, the Apostles were given the task of preaching the gospel and telling the news of salvation to all “to the ends of the earth”.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The Roman Empire at that time hated and feared the Christian teachings that called on everyone not to fear the temporary earthly government, but rather fear the heavenly government that would come.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Emperor Nero together with his predecessors and later persecuted, killed, imprisoned, tortured Christians to bait lions in the collosseum; but these things did not discourage the intention of the early church to expand and grow in number people who believe in Jesus.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In the end, Nero burned down the city of Rome and blamed it on the Jews he called radicals thus making the Roman population even more angry towards Jews. |} In 66, when a riot against Gessius Florus - the representative of Rome who deprived the silver of the temple - broke, he sent troops to Jerusalem to crucify and massacre a number of Jews.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

This action of Florus provoked the bursting of the rebellion which had been a fire in chaff.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In previous centuries, Rome had never handled the Jews well.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

First, Rome had supported Herod the Great, a hated usurper of power.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Archelaus, Herod's son and successor, was such a vile leader that the people asked Rome for help to replace him.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Rome helped them by sending a number of governors in turn — Pontius Pilate, Felix, Festus, and Florus.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Their job is to maintain tranquility in that unstable area.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In Jerusalem, the head of the Temple declared open revolt against Rome by stopping daily offerings for the Emperor.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Not long afterwards all of Jerusalem became ribbed; Roman troops were driven out and killed.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Judea rebelled, then Galilee.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

For a time it seemed that the Jews excelled.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Cestius Gallus, Roman Governor for the area set out from Syria with 20,000 soldiers.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

He controlled Jerusalem for six months but failed and returned.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

He left 6,000 dead Roman soldiers and a large amount of weaponry that the Jews levied and put on.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Emperor Nero sent Vespasianus, a general who was awarded many merit stars, to dampen the rebellion.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Vespasianus also crippled the rebel group in turn.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

He started it in Galilee, then in Transyordania, and next in Idumea.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Afterwards, he besieged Jerusalem.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

But before rebutyerJerusalem, Vespasianus was called home to Rome, because Emperor Nero was killed dead.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The tussle to find a replacement for Nero ended with the decision of the Roman Senate to make Vespasianus Emperor.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

His first imperial command was the appointment of his son, Titus, to lead the Jewish War.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

When the siege of Jerusalem was underway, the inhabitants of the city died one after another of starvation and plagues of disease.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Finally, the Romans knocked down the walls of the outer layer, then the second layer and finally the third.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

But the Jews were still fighting while crawling towards the temple as the last line of defense.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The Roman-Jewish historian Flavius Jocefus (37-100 AD) explains that Titus wanted to protect the temple, but his soldiers were so angry against their enemies that they encouraged them to burn the temple.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

This revolt of the Jews in the first century and the beginning of the 2nd century AD marked the end of the new Jewish state in modern times (in 1948).


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The destruction of the temple (which Herod restored) changed the ordinances of worship of the Jews.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

They no longer offered sacrifices, but chose and gave priority to the synagogues that their predecessors had founded when the Temple (which Solomon founded) was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BC. |} From the beginning, the church played a role in two different worlds, the Jewish world and the Gentile world.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Acts describes the slow and sometimes pain of the development of Christianity among the Gentiles.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Peter and Stephen held the message of the Gospel to the Jews, while Paul to the Athenian philosophers and the Roman rulers.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Towards the middle of the second century, under fair rule by emperors such as Trajanus, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, the church began to open itself to the outside world to assure its existence.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Yustinus became one of the first Christian apologist (one who maintained his stance in argumentation), who explained his faith as a sensible system.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Together other authors, such as Origenes and Tertulianus, he interpreted Christianity in terms easily known to the learned Greeks and Romans of the time.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Yustinus' written work, “First Apology”, was addressed to the Emperor Antoninus Pius (in Greek titled Apologia, that is, a word referring to the logic on which one's belief is based).


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In addition to writing, Yustinus held a considerable journey.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

On his travels he always argued about the faith he believed in.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In Ephesus, he met Tryfo.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In Rome, he met Marcion, the Gnostic leader.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

On one of his trips to Rome, he once behaved unkindly towards someone named Crescens, a Cynic.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

When Yustinus returned to Rome in 165, Crescens disenfranchised him to the ruler on defamatory charges.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Yustinus was arrested, tortured and eventually beheaded together with six other believers. |} The Romans believed that the spirit of the divine emperor existed.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

For the Romans in general, with a number of gods, worshiping emperors was not a problem.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

They see that as a loyalty of nationality.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Yet Christians refuse knowing that it is idolatry.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Polycarpus, the respected bishop of the city, was hunted down by the warriors of Smyrna.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The soldiers had sent other Christians to be killed in the arena, now they wanted the leader.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In the presence of the Roman governor who promised to release him provided he blasphemed Christ, he said his famous last sentence, “For eighty-six years I have served Christ and He never hurt me.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

How can I chide the King [Christ] who saved me?”


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The Roman governor countered that he be burned alive. la was tied to a stake and burned.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

However, according to an eyewitness, the body was inedible by fire. “la is in the middle, not like burnt meat, but like bread in the place of roasting, or as gold or silver is purified on the hearth furnace.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

We smell a fragrant scent, like frankincense fragrance or expensive spices.”


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

When an executioner stabbed him, the flowing blood extinguished the fire.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

This story spread to congregations throughout the empire.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In the time of Polycarpus, all it took was loyalty.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

He was faithful to death.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In the span of the next century and a half, hundreds of martyrs headed to their deaths faithfully, and many of them advanced with vigour.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

This was based on the eyewitness report of that bishop of Smyrna. |} Not much is known about Irenaeus, an opponent of Gnosticism at the end of the second century.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Maybe he was born in Asia Minor more or less in 125.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Smooth trade between Asia Minor and Gaul (France) provided opportunities for Christians to bring their religion to France, where they established an established church in the city of Lyons.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Ireneus was appointed bishop to replace the slain bishop.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

At that time there were many people who had adhered to Gnosticism in France.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The spread of this stream was rapid as the Gnosticists used the term Christians — although they gave radically different interpretations.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

After the bishop of Lyons studied the heresy, he wrote “Against Heresy”, a masterpiece exposing the folly of the “teachings mistakenly called the Gnostics”.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

By narrating images from the Old and New Testaments, he proves that the teachings they spread are wrong and not biblical.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Throughout his life, Ireneus gleefully reminisced about his introduction to Polycarpus, once familiar with the Apostle John.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Thus, it is not surprising that he held on to the validity of the apostles when he rejected Gnostic understanding.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The bishop asserted that the apostles taught in public places and not a single one was kept secret.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Throughout the empire, churches held to teachings that only the apostles of Christ had conveyed, and only this was the only basis for belief.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Ireneus states that bishops who are protectors of the Christian faith are the successors of the apostles.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In doing so, he had raised the dignity of bishops.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In his book “Against Heresy”, Ireneus set the standard for church theology.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

All the truths we need are already listed in the Bible.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

He also proved that he was the greatest theologian since the Apostle Paul.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

His widespread argumentation was a major blow to the Gnostic flow of his time. |} Tertulianus was born in Carthage, under the name of Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, he was raised in a family of pagan culture and trained in classical literature, oration writing, and law.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In 196 when he transferred his intellectual skills to Christian subjects, he changed the mindset and literature of the church in the West.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

He introduced the term “Trinity” (from the same word in Latin) in the Christian word treasury; at once likely, formulating “One God, Three Persons”.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

When Greek Christians were still quarreling about the divinity of Christ as well as his Relation to God the Father, Tertulianus had sought to unify that belief and explain the orthodox position.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

So, he also pioneered the formula that to this day we still hold: God is one essence consisting of three persons.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

When he prepared what became the doctrine of the Trinity, Tertulianus took not his terminology from philosophers, but from the Court of Rome.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The Latin word substantia does not mean “material” but “property rights”.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The meaning of the word persona is not “private”, as we usually use, but is “a party in a case” (in court).


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Thus, it is clear that three personae can share one substantia.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Three persons (Father, Son and Holy Spirit) can share one essence (divine sovereignty) . |} In the beginning, Christianity was derided as the religion of the poor and unlearned, and indeed many of its adherents came from the low.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

But towards the third century, the greatest scholar of that time was a Christian.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Both disbelievers, heresy and Christians, all admire the scholar named Origenes.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

He had extensive knowledge and high knowledge, which was important for later Christian thought.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Origenes was born in Alexandria in 185.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

He came from a pious Christian family.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

After his father was martyred, Origenes began to tackle the situation by working as a teacher of Greek literature and a copy of manuscripts.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Because hanyak among senior scholars had left Alexandria in a wave of torture, Christian catechization schools were in desperate need of teaching personnel.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

At the age of eighteenth, Origenes also held the position of principal at the catechization school and began his long teaching career, including studying and writing.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

As a very prolific writer Origenes could keep his seven secretaries busy with his dictation.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

He has produced more than two thousand works, including interpretations of every book in the Bible as well as hundreds of dispositions.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Among his notable works are Heplaxa, “Against Celsus”, “On First Principles”, as well as other works.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Origenes was also not detached from error, the most glaring being Plato's teachings which he took up much.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Because of these kinds of mistakes, then Bishop Demetrius of Aleksandria held a hearing excommunicating Origenes from the church.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Although the Church of Rome and the West accepted this excommunication, the Church in Palestine and most of the Church of the East did not accept it.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

They still seek Origenes because of his knowledge, wisdom and scholarly. |} Siprianus, a rich and cultured man, who was born, around the year 200 in a family of pagans.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

When he became a Christian, he stripped away his old pattern of life, handing out his money and property to the poor, as well as vowing a holy life.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In the midst of a church that did not yet have unity, he tried to unite Christians through the power of bishops.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

As a result of the strict rules of the church forbidding the re-admittance of Christians who had “lapsed”, a priest named Novatus started a rival church that provided opportunities for those apostate people-oring to be members.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Siprianus formulated this as a system of scale — the greater the sin, the longer the period of regret.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The idea got a welcome and became the Church's most powerful discipline — which was sometimes abused.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Siprianus disagreed with this parting.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

He was convinced that a true believer should serve a sentence to atone for sin, to prove his faith.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In 251 Siprianus held a council in Carthage and it was where he recited his work, “Unity within the church”, his famous work and which was very influential in church history.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The church, he says, is a divine institution, that is, the bride of Christ, and there is only one bride.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Only in the church will man gain salvation, beyond that all there is darkness and confusion.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Outside the church, the sacraments and the spirituals — even the Bible — are meaningless.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

A person, personally, cannot run a Christian life through direct contact with God; he needs a church.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

With the acceptance of this idea, of course, the bishops got greater power.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Siprianus also decried the idea that the mass was the sacrifice of Christ's body and blood.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Because priests perform their functions in worship in the name of Christ, this also increases their power.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

As it was threatened with schism, the church in the time of Cyprianus held to its ideas.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The bishop certainly did not suspect that as a result of his pioneered ways to unite the church, eventually in the Middle Ages some voracious and unscrupulous bishop used his power for personal benefit rather than for spiritual matters.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The hierarchical structure that created “unity” has also caused a rift among the spiritualists and the laity. |} Antonius was born in Egypt around the year 250, in a wealthy family.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

When he was twenty years old, his parents died, leaving all the property to him.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Following Jesus' lead, he distributed his estate to the hoards, sold other possessions and donated his money to the poor.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

He revelled in a Christian of age, and learned of the joy of self-denial.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Antonius ate only one meal a day, consisting of bread and water, as well as sleeping on the floor ungrounded.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

As one of the most important founders of the monastery community actually had no idea to establish anything.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

He cares only for his own spiritual condition and spends most of his time single-handedly.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Antonius died at the age of 105 and until the end of his life, he was in a healthy state of mind and body.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

To prevent the development of veneration at his grave, he requested that he be buried secretly. The practice of a community of monks living together had been pioneered by Pachomius, a friend of Antonius.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Like the strong and tenacious Antonius, most of his followers chose to be monks.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Antonius had conveyed the idea that the true religious person would resign himself from the life of the world by distancing himself from surnamed life and worldly enjoyment.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Until the Reform era, this idea never came under serious challenge. |} The Church under the Roman Empire This period began since the conversion of Emperor Constantine I and made Christianity the official religion of the Romans, until the start of the Middle Ages, which is when the last Roman Emperor, Romulus August was dropped, roughly the years 313 to 476.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In this period the Papacy began to develop, Christians were not persecuted as cruelly as they used to be anymore, religion and politics began to mix together, and Latin Bibles containing the Old and New Testaments were canonized. |} Church in the Middle Ages This period began from the end of the rule of the Western Roman Emperors until the crowning of Charlemagne became Emperor of Western Europe, approximately 476 until Christmas day 800.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In this period the church, especially the Papacy, suffered moral decline.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The Popes were forced to engage even more deeply in politics, which was often dirty, and had to counterbalance the wishes of the Eastern Roman Empire and the rule of the barbarians in the West.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Although most Christians in this period lived in Asia Minor, the spread of the Gospel continued to be carried out to various corners of Europe that would affect the history of the Middle Ages.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

During the Middle Ages in Europe, the Roman Catholic Church continued to hold power, with the Pope as the holder of power over all levels of life and living like a king.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Corruption and avarice in church leadership are common.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

From 1095 to 1204 the Popes supported a series of bloody and costly crusades in an attempt to expel the Jews and liberate Jerusalem. |} Church at the beginning of Europe This period began from the ordination of Karel the Great as Emperor of Western Europe until the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire with the seizing of Constantinople by the Turks (1453) and the Protestant Reformation, roughly the years 800 to 1500.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In the beginning, almost all of Western Europe was under the rule of the Christian Emperor, Karel the Great.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Missionaries began to be sent to Eastern Europe and Russia, monks began to make changes from the ground after seeing the deteriorating state of the church, and the Crusades with the Asians began, but universities began to be opened so that not only monks but the common people could also read and write.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In addition there was a breakup between the Western Catholic church in Western Europe and the Eastern Orthodox church in Asia Minor.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Church history |} Protestant Reformation in Europe This period is coloured by figures bringing updates in the Roman Catholic church, roughly the years 1517 to 1600.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Reformation figures such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, John Knox, ultimately ended the dominance of bishops and monks in the study of the Bible.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The Protestant Reformation led to the Counter-Reformation and other reforms in Western Europe, while the discovery of the American continent caused persecuted Protestants in Europe, especially England, to flee to America and start a new country based on Christianity.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Within a hundred years, there were more important events than previous centuries, and the whole of Western Europe was threatened with civil war.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

In England, France, Spain, Switzerland, Scotland, opposition between the nobility and Christian and Catholic rulers led to bloodshed.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Church history |} Church in Ages of Exploration and Ages of Illumination Since the 17th century, explorers from Europe explored the whole world and at the same time brought their faith to the whole world.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Sometimes the natives they came to were forced to accept their faith under the threat of muskets, but the majority of conversions that took place outside Europe were thanks to the services of nameless missionaries both Christian and Catholic, who lived and taught the local people.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Church history |} The Modern Church Today the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church have taken steps to repair their broken relations, as did Catholics and Lutherans.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The evangelical church stands alone and is deeply rooted in Reformed theology.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The church also witnessed the rise of Pentecostalism, the Charismatic movement, oicumenism and various heresy.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Even if we learn only one thing from the history of the Church, we need to recognize the importance of “Let Christ's words dwell with all its riches (Colossians 3:16).


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Every one of us is responsible for knowing what the Bible says and to live by it.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

When the church forgets what the Bible taught and ignores Jesus' teaching, chaos is rampant.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Today there are many churches, but only one gospel.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

It was “maintaining the faith that has been conveyed to the saints.” (Judas 3).


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Let's carefully defend that faith and carry on with it without changing it.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

And may God continue to fulfill His promise to build His church.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Church in Indonesia See also Church History (Eusebius) History of the Catholic Church History of Protestanism Doctoral Church Church of the Church of the Church of Christianity Timeline Reference Additional libraries A. Kenneth Curtis, J. Stephen Lang & Randy Petersen, 100 Important Events in Christian History, Immanuel, 1999. (translation of the English-language book: “100 Most Important Events in Church History”) Introduction to the special issue of Christian History magazine #28:100 Most Important Events in Church History Bowden, John.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Encyclopedia of Christianity (2005), 1406pp Carrington, Philip.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The Early Christian Church (2 vol. 1957); Endsjø, Dag Øistein.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Greek Resurrection Beliefs and the Success of Christianity (2009).


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

; Holt, Bradley P. Thirsty for God: A Brief History of Christian Spirituality (2nd ed. 2005) Johnson, Paul.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

History of Christianity (1979); Livingstone, E. A., ed.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2nd ed. 2006) is online at MacCulloch, Diarmaid.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (2010) McLeod, Hugh, and Werner Ustorf, eds.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The Decline of Christendom in Western Europe, 1750-2000 (2003) 13 essays by scholars; McGuckin, John Anthony.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The Orthodox Church: An Introduction to its History, Doctrine, and Spiritual Culture (2010), 480pp McGuckin, John Anthony.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity (2011), 872pp Stark, Rodney.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

The Rise of Christianity (1996) Schaff, Philip.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

History of the Church (1882) Tomkins, Stephen.


Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

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History of Christianity

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Question: where is the oldest Catholic church in the world?

History of Christianity

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