Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

After marriage to Princess Surya Kesuma this Sultan Tengah then decided to settle temporarily in Sukadana Sultanate while waiting for a safe situation around the Strait of Malacca following a massive expansion of the Sultanate of Johor under the leadership of Sultan Abdul Jalil (Raja Bujang) in the territory.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

From his marriage to Princess Surya Kesuma this Sultan Tengah then obtained a son who was later named Sulaiman.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

After about 7 years of settling in the Sultanate of Sukadana and the situation around the Strait of Malacca is still not safe from the expansion of Sultan Abdul Jalil (Raja Bujang) it, then Baginda Sultan Tengah then decided to move from the Sultanate of Sukadana to settle in a new place namely Sungai region Sambas because previously the Sultan of Tengah had heard while in Sukadana that around the Sambas River there is a Kingdom that is well related to the Sultanate of Sukadana namely Panembahan Sambas.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

So then in 1638, the entourage of the Sultan of Tengah and his family and people using 40 boats complete with weapons from the Sultanate of Sukadana to Panembahan Sambas on the Sambas River.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

After reaching the Sambas River, the group of Sultan Tengah was then greeted by the then King Panembahan Sambas, Ratu Sapudak.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

The entourage of the Sultan Tengah was then welcomed by Ratu Sapudak to settle in a place not far from the government center of Panembahan Sambas.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Not long after the Sultan of Tengah and his family and people took up residence in Panembahan Sambas, Ratu Sapudak then died suddenly.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

As his successor then was appointed Ratu Sapudak's nephew named Raden Kencana (Anak Ratu Weigh Paseban).


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Raden Kencana is also the son-in-law of Ratu Sapudak because he is the daughter of Queen Sapudak who is a girl named Mas Ayu Anom.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

After ascending the throne of Panembahan Sambas, Raden Kencana was then held Queen Anom Kesumayuda.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

After about 10 years Sultan Tengah settled in Panembahan Sambas area and his eldest son Sulaiman has grown up then Sulaiman was matched-up and then married to Almarhum Ratu Sapudak's youngest daughter named Mas Ayu Bungsu.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Because of this marriage, Sulaiman was then awarded the title of Raden by Panembahan Sambas so that the name became Raden Sulaiman and selanjunnya lived in the neighborhood of Panembahan Sambas Palace with Mas Ayu Bungsu.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

From his marriage with Mas Ayu Bungsu, Raden Sulaiman obtained a son who was later named Raden Bima.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Raden Sulaiman was then appointed by Ratu Anom Kesumayuda to be one of the Menteri Besar Panembahan Sambas along with Adinda Ratu Anom Kesumayuda named Raden Arya Mangkurat.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Not long after the birth of Sultan Tengah's grandson, Raden Bima, and after seeing the situation that has started to be safe around the Strait of Malacca, especially after seeing his eldest son Raden Sulaiman has married and independent even has become the Menteri Besar Panembahan Sambas, then Baginda The Sultan of Tengah then decided it was time to return to his long-abandoned country that was the Sultanate of Sarawak.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

So then the Sultan of Tengah and his wife, Putri Surya Kesuma and his four other children (younger siblings of Raden Sulaiman) namely Badaruddin, Abdul Wahab, Rasmi Putri and Ratna Dewi and their people around 1652.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Amid the journey when it had almost reached Sarawak, namely somewhere called Batu Buaya, suddenly Sultan Tengah was stabbed from behind by his bodyguard sendri, the bodyguard was then reciprocated by Sultan Tengah until the bodyguard was killed.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

But the wound on the body of Sultan Tengah was too severe so then Sultan Tengah died.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

The body of Baginda Sultan Tengah then after being shalatkan then with the greatness custom of Sarawak Sultanate by the Menteri Besar of Sarawak Sultanate, buried on the slopes of Mount Sentubong.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

As for Princess Surya Kesuma after her husband's death, Almarhum Sultan Tengah, then decided to return to Sukadana Sultanate which is the place where she came from along with her four children.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

In Panembahan Sambas, as soon as his father is Majesty Sultan Tengah, Raden Sulaiman got a hard talk from Ratu Anom Kesumayuda's sister who is also the Menteri Besar Panembahan Sambas namely Raden Arya Mangkurat.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

About Raden Arya Mangkurat who is very fanatical Hindu because of envy and spiteful with Raden Sulaiman who is getting stronger sympathy from the magnifiers Panembahan Sambas when because of good pwrilakunya and good leadership in holding the post of Menteri Besar, besides Raden Solomon also very vigorously spread Islam in the neighborhood of Istana Panembahan Sambas majority still adheres to Hinduism, so that from day to day more and more people and residents of Panembahan Sambas convert to Islam.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

The pressure on Raden Sulaiman by Raden Arya Mangkurat then grew stronger to threaten the safety of Raden Sulaiman and his family, while Queen Anom Kesumayuda seemed unable to do much.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

So Raden Sulaiman then took to hijra from the center of Panembahan Sambas and find a new place to settle.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Then in about 1655, Raden Sulaiman and his wife and son and his people, namely some of the Bruneians left by his father (Sultan Tengah) when going home to Sarawak and some of the faithful Panembahan Sambas leaders and residents who have entered Islam.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

From the center of Panembahan Sambas (now called Kota Lama), Raden Sulaiman and his entourage briefly stopped for a year at a place called Kota Bangun and then decided to settle somewhere else then named Kota Bandir.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

After about 4 years of settling in Bandir City, suddenly, Queen Anom Kesumayuda came to meet Raden Sulaiman where Queen Anom Kesumayuda stated that she and most of the bigwigs and residents of Panembahan Sambas in the Old City will hijrah from this Sambas River region and will looking for a new place to settle in the Selakau River region because she (Queen Anom Kesumayuda) has been in contention and can't face her sister Raden Arya Mangkurat in the Old Town.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

For this reason, Queen Anom Kesumayuda then declared to hand over power in the Sambas River region to Raden Sulaiman and to rule in this Sambas River region.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Approximately 5 years after getting the mandate of surrender of power from Queen Anom Kesumayuda then after bugging with her people and doing all necessary preparations, Raden Sulaiman then decided to establish a new Kingdom.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

So later in about 1671 Raden Sulaiman established the Sambas Sultanate with Raden Sulaiman as the first sultan of the Sambas Sultanate under the title Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

The government center of Sambas Sultanate is a new place near the mouth of the Teberrau River named Lubuk Madung.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

After reigning for about 15 years which was filled with structuring the system of government and fostering relations with neighboring countries, in 1685 Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin (Raden Sulaiman) resigned from the throne of the Sultanate of Sambas and raised his eldest son i.e. Raden Bima as his successor with the title Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

About a year after reigning as the 2nd Sultan of Sambas, Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin (Raden Bima), upon the consent of his father (Raden Sulaiman), then moved the center of government of the Sambas Sultanate from Lubuk Madung to a place right in front of the branching of three rivers namely Sungai Sambas, Teberrau River, and Subah River.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

This place was then called by the name “Muara Ulakkan” which became the center of government of the Sultanate of Sambas onwards which is from 1685 it to the present.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Developments During the establishment of the Sambas Sultanate Government from 1671 AD to 1950 AD, during that time the Head of Government of Sambas Sultanate consisted of 15 Sultanate and 2 people Chairman of the Sultanate Assembly (Plt Sultan).


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sambas Sultanate for 100 years, from the first half of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century AD was the largest kingdom in the western coastal region of Kalimantan Island (West Kalimantan) until then the Dutch East Indies entered in the early 19th century A.D. The Sultanate of Pontianak thus later the Sultanate of Pontianak replaced the position of Sambas Sultanate as the largest kingdom in the region.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

In around the beginning of the 19th century AD (around 1805 AD to 1811 AD) there were frequent battles at sea between British ships with the sea fleet of the Sultanate of Sambas.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

In 1812 AD the British Indies under the leadership of T. S. Raffles dispatched a fleet and troops to attack the Sambas Sultanate.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Fierce fighting between British troops and Sambas Sultanate forces then took place around Sambas River branching (around Kampung Sebatu) and finally the British forces were defeated/repulsed by Sambas Sultanate forces (as listed in history books the writings of Sir Graham Irwin/Renowned historian of England in his book entitled “Borneo in Eighteen Century”).


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

From the establishment of Sambas Sultanate in 1671 with the first Sultan of Sambas Sultanate, Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin I until 1818, during the reign of the 8th Sultan Sambas, Sultan Muhammad Ali Shafiuddin I (Prince Anom), Sambas Sultanate in the span of that time (1671 AD - 1818 A.D.) is in full sovereign condition that in the span of those times no foreign power occupied or established a representative government in the Sultanate of Sambas and in the span of that time the Sultanate of Sambas did not submit or deliver any tribute to the power party any foreign.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

The Netherlands (Dutch East Indies) began to instill its power in the Sultanate of Sambas first was in 1818 AD and at that time the Dutch East Indies position in the Sambas Sultanate was still as a partner to the Sambas Sultanate (not yet controlling the government of the Sambas Sultanate) in which was then the East Indies The Netherlands is only limited to handle/regulate gold mining Kongsi in the Sambas Sultanate area.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

The Dutch East Indies began to control the government of the Sultanate of Sambas is since 1855 AD, during the reign of the 12th Sultan of Sambas, Sultam Umar Kamaluddin (Raden Tokok).


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

SULTAN MUHAMMAD ALI SHAFIUDDIN I (PRINCE ANOM) SULTAN SAMBAS KE- 8 Prince Anom was one of the children of the 5th Sultan Sambas namely Sultan Umar Aqamaddin II, his small name was Raden Pasu.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Pangeran Anom started his career as Commander of the Sultanate of Sambas when he was relatively young, around 17 years in the reign of his father, Sultan Umar Aqamaddin II (5th Sultan Sambas) then when his father died and was succeeded by Abang Pangeran Anom, namely Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin I (Raden Mantri), Prince Anom served as Prince Bendahara (Vizier I/Chief Minister) as well as the Commander-in-Chief of the Sambas Sultanate and Chief of the Naval Fleet of the Sambas Sultanate established in 1805 A.D. when his father (Sultan Umar Aqamaddin II) died In the 2nd period of his reign, then Abang Pangeran Anom named Raden Mantri replaced his father with the title Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin I (7th Sultan Sambas).


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin I with Prince Anom is a sibling of one father, Sultan Umar Aqamaddin Ii but different mothers, Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin I is the son of the first wife (consort) while Prince Anom is the son of Sultan Umar Aqamaddin II's 2nd wife.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

After Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin I (Abang Pangeran Anom) died in 1815 AD, then Prince Anom was then appointed as Sultan Sambas next (8th Sultan Sambas) with the title Sultan Muhammad Ali Shafiuddin I. Prince Anom then became the Commander of the Sultanate of Sambas which was at the same time also led a fleet of the Sambas Sultanate Navy consisting of 2 3-masted sailing ships complete with cannons accompanied by tens of pencalang boats.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

The Sea Fleet of the Sultanate of Sambas was formed in around 1805 AD by Prince Anom along with his brother who became Sultan of Sambas at that time, Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin I. The Navy Fleet of the Sultanate Sambas was tasked to maintain the sovereignty of the waters of the Sambas Sultanate when The coastline stretches from Tanjung Datuk in the north (above Paloh) to the Duri River in the south.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

The Sambas Sultanate Naval Fleet was formed after frequent attacks by pirates, especially pirates coming from Sulu waters and piracy from European ships, especially British ships that refused to carry out trade activities in the Sambas Sultanate area through the mother port of Sambas Sultanate located on the Sambas River where these British ships sassily directly held trade activities in the Chinese Kongsi ports in Selakau and Sedau which are Sambas Sultanate territory without going through the Sultanate's mother port of the Sultanate on the Sambas River.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

The Kongsi-Kongsi is a gathering of Chinese people in groups based on their gold mining sites.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

These Chinese people were brought by Sultan Sambas since 1750 AD, namely to work on gold mining spread in Sambas Sultanate area such as Monterreservoir, seminis, Lara, Lumar and later also Pemangkat.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Although the naval fleet of the Sambas Sultanate has been formed, the British ships still bravely still carry out trading activities in the Sambas Sultanate area without going through the mother port on the sambas river.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

The rule must pass through the mother port is the rule of trade in the Kingdom in this archipelago since the time of Sriwijaya so it is a valid and official rule, that is, if there is a foreign ship that does not want to pass through the mother port then the ship will be herded, if it does not want to Herded, the ship will be fought and if the ship is successfully defeated then as a punishment, the entire crew will be taken captive and all the property of the ship will be deprived of belonging to the Royal fleet that owns the territory.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

But these Europeans especially the British often underestimated the sovereignty and royal capabilities in this archipelago which for this case is the Sultanate of Sambas.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

This then made frequent sea battles between British ships that were also armed with cannons with the naval fleet of the Sambas Sultanate under the leadership of Prince Anom and thanks to Prince Anom's toughness in leading the sea fleet of the Sambas Sultanate, in About 4 or 5 naval battles that took place, entirely winnable by Prince Anom's fleet.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

This then continued until then gave rise to a kind of war condition between the Kingdom of England and the Sultanate of Sambas in which if everywhere waters were found British ships would inevitably be attacked by the fleet of the Sambas Sultanate under this Prince Anom and vice versa.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Recorded in history some of the names of British ships that have been conquered by the sea fleet of the Sambas Sultanate are tranfers, sandalwood, and the latter is a ship with the name Commerce (which the Malay Sambas tongue called kerimis).


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

On 11 July 1831, Sultan Usman Kamaluddin died, the royal throne was passed to Sultan Umar Akamuddin III.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

On December 5, 1845 Sultan Umar Akamuddin III died, then appointed Crown Prince Raden Ishaq with the title Sultan Abu Bakar Tadjuddin II.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

On 17 January 1848 his eldest son named Raden Afifuddin was designated as the son of the Crown with the title Prince Duke of Afifuddin.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

In 1855, Sultan Abubakar Tadjuddin II was exiled to Java by the Dutch government (returning to Sambas in 1879).


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

SULTAN MUHAMMAD SHAFIUDDIN II (PRINCE DIPATI) SULTAN SAMBAS TO 13 Pangeran Adipati is a title of tribute to the Crown Prince.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Prince Adipati in question is Prince Afifuddin, the son of the 11th Sultan Sambas, Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin II.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin Ii is the last Sultan of Sambas who has full sovereign in the Sambas State because during his reign, for the first time the Netherlands made a covert coup against his rule through a cousin of Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin II, named Raden Tokok' who later became the 12th Sultan of Sambas under the title Sultan Umar Kamaluddin.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Before Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin II was forced to abdicate from the throne of the Sultanate of Sambas (in 1855) there had been an agreement between Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin with Raden Tokok' and the Dutch that after Raden Tokok' became Sultan of Sambas who would be the next Sultan of Sambas was the son of Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin II is Prince Afifuddin because when Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin II ruled, His Majesty had appointed his son as Crown Prince.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Since this veiled coup, the Dutch power began to influence in the Sultanate of Sambas while earlier it was from the 1st Sultan Sambas (one) (Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin I) to half the rule of the 11th Sultan Sambas (eleventh) (Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin II) Sultan Sambas Full sovereign means that the Sultanate of Sambas during that period was not subject or influenced by any outside powers including the Netherlands.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

The Dutch East Indies began to make its representatives in the Sultanate of Sambas in 1819, but at that time the Sultan of Sambas was still in full control of the Dutch East Indies representative.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Dutch influence began to influence in the government of the Sultanate of Sambas is since the time of the 12th Sultan Sambas, namely Raden Tokok'/Sultan Umar Kamaluddin) who ascended the throne of the Sultanate of Sambas in 1855 AD after with Dutch support made a veiled coup against Abang Cousin who when he became the 11th Sultan of Sambas (eleven) namely Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin II/Raden Ishaq).


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

After completing his education at the Nationality School in Batavia in 1861, Prince Afiffuddin returned to Sambas and was appointed Sultan Muda.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

It was only on 16 August 1866 that he was appointed 13th Sultan of Sambas with the title Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin II.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

He had two wives.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

From his first wife (Queen Anom Kesumaningrat) was endowed with a son named Raden Ahmad and then appointed as Crown Prince with the title Prince Duke Achmad.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

From his second wife (Encik Nana) was endowed also a son named Raden Muhammad Aryadiningrat.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Before he had become Sultan of Sambas, the Crown Prince Adipati Ahmad died preceding his father (Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin II) .After Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin II had reigned for 56 years, Baginda felt elderly, in 1924 Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin resigned themselves from the throne of the Sultanate of Sambas.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

At this time the Dutch East Indies power had become stronger in control of the government in Sambas where then to replace Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin II who resigned, the Dutch East Indies Government then appointed Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin II's son Raden Muhammad Aryadiningrat as the later Sultan of Sambas (14th Sultan Sambas) with the title Sultan Muhammad Ali Shafiuddin II.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

After reigning for about 4 years, in 1926, Sultan Muhammad Ali Shafiuddin II died and then as his successor, after a polemic determined the next sultan about 5 years, in 1931, by the Dutch East Indies Government was appointed a nephew of Sultan Muhammad Ali Shafiuddin II (14th Sultan Sambas) was also the grandson of Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin II (13th Sultan Sambas) namely Raden Muhammad Mulia Ibrahim as the 15th Sultan Sambas with the title Sultan Muhammad Mulia Ibrahim Shafiuddin.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Of the 15 Sultans of Sambas, there were 2 Sultans who were appointed not based on hereditary rules, namely the 14th Sultan Sambas (Sultan Muhammad Ali Shafiuddin II) in 1924 and the 15th Sultan Sambas (Sultan Muhammad Mulia Ibrahim Shafiuddin) in 1931 where these sultans were appointed by the Government Dutch East Indies because at that time it had been so strong Dutch influence in the West Borneo region.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

The Dutch have been in power since 1930 in the West Kalimantan region under the name Westerafdeling Borneo with capital in Pontianak.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

While it was in the Sambas Sultanate who became Sultan Muhammad Mulia Ibrahim Shafiuddin.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

But the sultanates and kingdoms in the West Borneo region still exist ruling their respective territories, but for important policies such as economic and foreign affairs must receive approval from representatives of the Dutch East Indies, namely Residents and Assistants Resident.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Occupation period of Japan After reigning approximately 4 years, Sultan Muhammad Ali Shafiuddin II died.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

The reign of the Sultanate of Sambas was handed over to his nephew namely Raden Muhammad Mulia Ibrahim bin Pangeran Adipati Achmad bin Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin II became the 15th Sultan of Sambas with the title Sultan Muhammad Mulia Ibrahim Shafiuddin.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

It was during the reign of Sultan Muhammad Mulia Ibrahim Shafiuddin this, Japanese troops entered the Sambas.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan Muhammad Mulia Ibrahim Shafiuddin later became one of the victims of the ferocity of the Japanese forces, namely along with most of the other kings in the West Borneo region were killed by Japanese troops in the area of Mandor.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

After Japan was atomic bomb by the Allies, the Sambas Sultanate Government stood again by a Sambas Sultanate Assembly under the leadership of Prince Tumenggung Jaya Kesuma Muchsin Panji Anom, until then with the formation of the Republic of Indonesia, the Sambas Sultanate Assembly then decided to join the Republic of Indonesia United through the Special Region of West Kalimantan (DIKB) in 1950.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Boundary Domain Domain Sambas Sultanate The boundary of Sambas Sultanate was originally established when it was first established by Raden Sulaiman (Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin I) is covering the Sambas River area and its branching as well as the area of Paloh River and its branching.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

When at the time of the 2nd Sultan Sambas, Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin I (Raden Bima) the boundary of the Sultanate of Sambas has extended to the Sambas River to the area of Sungai Selakau and its branching.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Domain of Sambas Sultanate then continued to expand until at the time of the 4th Sultan Sambas (Sultan Abubakar Kamaluddin) the Sambas Sultanate's power area has covered from Tanjung Datuk in the north to Sungai Duri in the south then Montraduk and Bengkayang areas in the southeast to to Spread and Sungkung areas to the east.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Domain of Sambas Sultanate from the time of the 4th Sultan Sambas (Sultan Abubakar Kamaluddin) then continued to persist until the end of the reign of Sambas Sultanate for about 279 years (with 15 Sultans and 2 Heads of Government) namely by joining into the Republic of Indonesia United (RIS) in 1950.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

In 1956, the former power area of the Sambas Sultanate (i.e. Sambas Sultanate area since the 4th Sultan Sambas until the end of the Sambas Sultanate rule) was intact as Sambas Regency area (as stated in West Kalimantan Regional News regarding formation of Sambas District in 1956).


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

The area of Sambas Regency then continued to survive until later in 2000, Sambas Regency was bloomed into 3 Government Regions namely Sambas Regency, Singkawang City, and Bengkayang Regency until now. [1] [2] Sambas Sultanate relics from the trace Sambas Sultanate that still exist today are Jami' Sambas Sultanate Mosque, Alwatzikhubillah Istana Palace, Tombs of Sultan Sambas from the first Sultan Sambas to the 14th Sultan Sambas, as well as some of the great tools of the kingdom such as the bed of the last sultan, decorative glass, a set of betel meal tools, the sultan's oversize clothes, jellyfish umbrellas, sophisticated spears, 3 canon canons in front of the palace and 2 pieces of catfish cannons, 2 pieces of ceramic crocks from China and 4 pieces of large mirror glass from the Kingdom of France and 2 large mirror glass from the Netherlands.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Most of the other relics of the Sambas Sultanate have been lost or sold by certain individuals, but physically traces of the Sambas Sultanate are still clearly visible and strongly felt in these Sambas.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Also descendants of Sultan-Sultan Sambas are scattered in the West Kalimantan region, both in Sambas, Singkawang, and Pontianak which still use the title Raden.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan-Sultan Sambas Sultan-Sultan Sambas entirely numbered 15 Sultans namely: Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin I bin Sultan Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah (Sultan Tengah) (1671 - 1682) Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin bin Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin I (1682 - 1718) Sultan Umar Aqamaddin I bin Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin (1682 - 1718) Sultan Umar Aqamaddin I bin Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin (1682 1718 - 1732) Sultan Abubakar Kamaluddin bin Sultan Umar Aqamaddin I (1732 - 1762) Sultan Umar Aqamaddin II bin Sultan Abubakar Kamaluddin (1762 - 1786) and (1793 - 1802) Sultan Achmad Tajuddin bin Sultan Umar Aqamaddin II (1786 - 1793) Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin I bin Sultan Umar Aqamaddin II (1786 - 1793) Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin I bin Sultan Umar Aqamaddin II (1786 - 1793) Amaddin II (1802 - 1815) Sultan Muhammad Ali Shafiuddin I bin Sultan Umar Aqamaddin II (1815 - 1828) [3] Sultan Usman Kamaluddin bin Sultan Umar Aqamaddin II (1828 - 1832) Sultan Umar Aqamaddin III bin Sultan Umar Aqamaddin II (1832 - 1846) Sultan Abu Bakr Tajuddin II bin Sultan Muhammad Ali Shafiuddin II (1832 - 1846) Sultan Abu Bakr Tajuddin II bin Sultan Muhammad Ali Shafiuddin (1832 - 1846) Sultan Abu Bakr Tajuddin II 46 - 1854) [4] Sultan Umar Kamaluddin bin Sultan Umar Aqamaddin III (1854 - 1866) Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin II bin Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin II (1866 - 1924) Sultan Muhammad Ali Shafiuddin II bin Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin II (1924 - 1926) Sultan Muhammad Ibrahim Shafiuddin bin Prince Achmad bin Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin II (1931 - 1944) (Sultan of the Last Sambas) Prince Ratu Muhammad Taufik bin Sultan Muhammad Ibrahim Shafiuddin (1944 - 1984) (Head of Household of Sambas Sultanate Palace) Prince Ratu Winata Kusuma bin Pangeran Ratu Muhammad Taufik (2000 - 2008) (Head of Household Sambas Sultanate Palace) Prince Ratu Muhammad Tarhan bin Pangeran Ratu Winata Kesuma (2008 - present) as Heir to the Head of Household of the Sambas Sultanate Palace.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

The order of the Chiefs of Government of the Sambas Sultanate who once ruled in the Sambas Sultanate for 279 Years of the reign of Sambas Sultanate, from since the Sambas Sultanate was established in 1671 AD until the end of the reign of Sambas Sultanate by joining the The Republic of Indonesia United States (RIS) in 1950 AD, is as follows: 1.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin I (Raden Sulaiman bin Sultan Tengah) Years: 1671 - 1682 A.D. 2.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin I (Raden Bima bin Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin I) Years: 1682 - 1718 A.D. 3.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan Umar Aqamaddin I (Raden Mulia/Meliau bin Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin I) Years: 1718 - 1732 A.D. 4.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan Abubakar Kamaluddin (Raden Bungsu bin Sultan Umar Aqamaddin I) Year: 1732 AD - 1762 A.D. 5.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan Umar Aqamaddin II (Raden Jamak bin Sultan Abubakar Kamaluddin) Years: 1762 - 1786 M & 1793 - 1802 A.D. 6.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin II (Raden Ahmad/Gayong bin Sultan Umar Aqamaddin II) Years: 1786 - 1793 A.D. 7.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin II (Raden Mantri bin Sultan Umar Aqamaddin II) Years: 1802 - 1815 A.D. 8.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan Muhammad Ali Shafiuddin I (Raden Anom/Pasu bin Sultan Umar Aqamaddin II) Years: 1815 - 1828 A.D. 9.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan Usman Kamaluddin (Raden Sumba bin Sultan Umar Aqamaddin II) Years: 1828 - 1830 A.D. 10.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan Umar Aqamaddin III (Raden Semar bin Sultan Umar Aqamaddin II) Years: 1830 - 1846 A.D. 11.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin II (Raden Ishaq bin Sultan Muhammad Ali Shafiuddin II) Years: 1846 - 1855 A.D. 12.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan Umar Kamaluddin (Raden Tokok bin Sultan Umar Aqamaddin III) Years: 1855 - 1866 A.D. 13.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin II (Raden Hafifuddin bin Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin II) Years: 1866 - 1922 A.D. 14.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan Muhammad Ali Shafiuddin II (Raden Muhammad Arif bin Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin II) Years: 1922 - 1926 A.D. 15.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Prince Bendahara Muhammad Tayeb (Raden Muhammad Tayeb bin Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin II) Years: 1926 - 1931 A.D. 16.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan Muhammad Ibrahim Shafiuddin (Raden Muhammad Mulia Ibrahim bin Pangeran Adipati Achmad bin Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin II) Years: 1931 — 1944 17.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Pangeran Tumenggung Jaya Kesuma Muchsin Panji Anom (Raden Muchsin Panji Anom bin Pangeran Cakra State Sulaiman Panji Anom bin Pangeran Muda Nata Kesuma Abdul Muthalib bin Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin II) Years: 1946 — 1950.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Degrees and Honorary Appointments and Positions in Sambas Sultanate All Sambas Sultanate besides having the name of the torso also have title names such as Raden Sulaiman held Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin I, Raden Ishaq with the title Sultan Abubakar Tajuddin II and others.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultans with tribute designations: Sri Paduka al-Sultan Tuanku (title of Sultan) ibni al-Marhum (name and title of father), Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan Sambas, with the call of His Highness.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan who resigned from the Throne had the honorific designation “Yang Dipertuan Sultan” and used his title name when he became Sultan for example: Yang Dipertuan Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin II.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Empress: Sri Paduka Ratu (title).


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Crown Prince (Official Heir of the Kingdom) has the honorific designation “Sultan Muda” or “Prince Ratu” or “Prince Adipati” but has no title, so directly to his torso name/call.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

This Crown Prince was usually chosen from the eldest son of the Empress referred to by the name “Son of Gahara”.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Sultan's eldest son from his wife not Empress has the honorary designation “Prince Muda”.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Under Sultan Sambas there are 4 positions of Wazir with the honorary designation “Pangeran” and have title names namely: Wazir I with the title Prince Bendahara Sri Maharaja, Wazir II with the title of Prince Paku Negara, Wazir III with the title Prince Tumenggung Jaya Kesuma and Wazir IV with the title Prince Laksmana.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

The four viziers are chaired by Wazir I (Prince Bendahara Sri Maharaja) and all four must be from close relatives of Sultan Sambas and have the same nasab.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Under the Vizier there are Ministers of the Kingdom with the honorary designation of “Pangeran” including the title of Prince of Cakra Negara, Prince Amar Diraja and others.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Under the Prince there is a Royal Chateria with the honorary designation “Prince” but does not have a title name so directly to the name of his torso/call.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

The children of the Prince, the Queen Prince or the Prince Duke and the Young Prince all have the honorary designation “Raden”.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

The children of Raden have the honorific designation “Urai”.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

“Urai” may then become “Raden” but with an appointment officially by the Sultan.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

See also Sambas Regency Bengkayang City Singkawang Reference Outlink (in Dutch) Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Is Panembahan Queen Sambas a royal name?

Sultanate of Sambas

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. (in English) (in Indonesian) Sambas Sambas Category:Historical Borneo Category:Former Countries in Borneo


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

Mount Raung (highest peak: 3,260 m dpl) is a conical volcano located at the eastern tip of Java Island, Indonesia.


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

Administratively, this mountain area is included in the area of three districts in Besuki, East Java, namely Banyuwangi, Bondowoso, and Jember.


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

Geographically, the location of this mountain is within the complex area of the Ijen Mountains and is the highest peak of the mountain cluster.


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

Calculated from the highest point, Mount Raung is the third highest mountain in East Java after Mount Semeru and Mount Arjuno, as well as being the fourth highest in Java Island.


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

Mount Raung Caldera is also the largest dry caldera on Java Island and the second largest in Indonesia after Mount Tambora in West Nusa Tenggara [2].


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

There are four summit points, namely Flag Peak, Peak 17, Toothpick Peak, and, the highest, True Peak (3,345 m).


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

Judging from the vegetation, Mount Raung contains areas of Dipterokarp Bukit forest, Upper Dipterokarp forest, Montane forest, and Eriaceous forest or mountain forest.


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

Eruption-type eruption Mount Roar eruption is Strombolian eruption, which is a small eruption but constantly emitting incandescents. [3]


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

Mount Raung also has an exposed crater system, which causes the resulting incandescent lava to return into the crater and less likely to overflow out the caldera.


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

History of Eruptions 2015 Reports regarding increased activity are given since 21 June 2015.


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

NASA's Landsat 8 satellite detected the presence of two magma holes so it was not expected that there would be a major eruption.


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

Incandescent material began to gush on June 26, 2015 and a series of eruptions occurred since July 4, 2015.


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

Because the magma hole lies in a deep crater, bursts of incandescent material do not exit the crater.


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

Nonetheless, the area around Mount Raung was soaked with ash rain and felt tremors [7].


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

The series of eruptions turned out to continue in the later days that it began to disrupt air transport.


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

Starting from July 10, 2015, due to the issuance of notice to airmen from the air aviation regulator (Ministry of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia), five airports were closed and did not serve routine flights.


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

The five airports are Ngurah Rai International Airport, Bali; Lombok International Airport; Selaparang Airport, Lombok; Blimbingsari Airport, Banyuwangi; and Notohadinegoro Airport, Jember [8].


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

On July 16, 2015, three major East Java airports namely Juanda International Airport, Sidoarjo; Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport, Malang [9]; and Trunojoyo Airport, Sumenep were also closed [10].


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

In the following days, the airports were temporarily closed and reopened.


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

The most affected airports are Notohadinegoro Airport (Jember) and Blimbingsari Airport (Banyuwangi).


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

As of August 5, 2015, Blimbingsari Airport is the only airport still closed [11].


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

Gallery Ijen Mountains from Ketapang Port, Banyuwangi.


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

Mount Raung is located far left.


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

Panorama of the Ijen Mountains from Menjangan Island, Bali.


Question: What is the name of the highest volcano on the island of Java?

Mount Raung

Mount Raung Colored infrared view of Mount Raung (May 1992) View of Mount Raung from Kalibaruwetan City, Kalibaru, Banyuwangi Perhutani Region North Banyuwangi (Mount Raung) in 2015 See also List of mountains in Indonesia Reference Outside Category:Volcanoes in East Java Category:Calderas in Indonesia


Question: What does the market function in an economy?

Market (economy)

The market, in economics, is where sellers and buyers meet.


Question: What does the market function in an economy?

Market (economy)

Purchase transactions that occur do not necessarily require a physical location.


Question: What does the market function in an economy?

Market (economy)

The market in question may refer to a country where an item is sold and marketed.


Question: What does the market function in an economy?

Market (economy)

The types of Market Markets can be grouped into 5 types, namely goods markets, labor markets, capital markets, and foreign markets.


Question: What does the market function in an economy?

Market (economy)

The goods market describes the meeting between demand and supply for goods.


Question: What does the market function in an economy?

Market (economy)

A company or individual can operate in the goods market by offering goods produced or also doing demand for products.


Question: What does the market function in an economy?

Market (economy)

The labor market is a confluence between the demand and supply of labor.


Question: What does the market function in an economy?

Market (economy)

This meeting will result in the concept of wages and the amount of labor required.


Question: What does the market function in an economy?

Market (economy)

Usually those who do demand are business entities (companies), institutions, institutions, instations, or individuals, while those who do labor bidding are the labor force available in the job market.


Question: What does the market function in an economy?

Market (economy)

Money markets are the confluence between demand and supply of money.


Question: What does the market function in an economy?

Market (economy)

In a transacted money market is the right to use money for a certain period of time.


Question: What does the market function in an economy?

Market (economy)

In the money market occurs borrowed borrowed funds, which further gives rise to the debt receivable relationship.


Question: What does the market function in an economy?

Market (economy)

The parties doing the money bidding are the monetary authorities (Central banks and governments) and financial institutions (banks and not banks), while the parties doing the requests are the public (households and companies).


Question: What does the market function in an economy?

Market (economy)

Capital markets are in the narrow sense synonymous with stock exchanges.


Question: What does the market function in an economy?

Market (economy)

In a broad sense, capital markets are meetings between those who have funds and those who need funds for business capital.


Question: What does the market function in an economy?

Market (economy)

If money markets focus more on short-term use, then capital markets focus more on long-term use.


Question: What does the market function in an economy?

Market (economy)

Foreign markets describe the relationship between domestic demand for imported products and overseas supply in the form of export products.


Question: What does the market function in an economy?

Market (economy)

Category:Markets


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The Holy Supper, Holy Supper, Easter Supper, or Eucharist (English: eucharist) is a rite viewed by most Churches in Christianity as a sacrament.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

According to some New Testament books, the Eucharist was instituted by Jesus Christ during the Last Night Supper. [1]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Jesus gave his disciples bread and wine at the Passover meal, and commanded his followers: “Do this a warning of Me” while referring to the bread as “My body” and the wine as “My blood”. [2]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The term “Eucharist” comes from the Greek ευχαριστω, which means to thank or be grateful; the term is more commonly used by the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Lutheran Church.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

While the term “Holy Supper”, especially in Indonesia, is commonly used by most Protestant Churches. [1]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

But the word “Eucharist” refers not only to the rites alone (Holy Supper or Holy Mass), but also to the bread — whether leavened or unleavened — and the wine consecrated (consecrated) in the rite.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Eucharistic terms The Greek noun εχαριστία (eucharistia), meaning “thanksgiving”, is not used in the New Testament as the name of a ritual. [3]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

But a related verb is found in 1 Corinthians 11:23-24 in the story of the Last Supper: [3] [4] [5] For what I have passed to you, I have received from the Lord, that the Lord Jesus, at night when He was handed over, took bread and after that He gave thanks to it; He broke down- And he said, “This is My body, which is handed over to you; do this a warning of Me!”


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The term “Eucharist” (thanksgiving), which refers to the rite, is referred to by the Didache (late 1st or early 2nd century), [6] [7] [8] [9] Saint Ignatius of Antioch (estimated to have died in 98-117), [9] [10] and Saint Justine the Martyr (writing years 147-167). [7] [9] To date term” Eucharist” is still used among Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, Presbyterian, and Lutheran circles.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The Lord's Supper of the Lord's Supper (English: the Lord's Supper), in Greek: Κυριακύν δεύπνον (Kyriakon deipnon) was used in the early 50s, [3] [4] as seen in 1 Corinthians 11:20-21: When you gather, you are not gathered to eat the Lord's Supper.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

For at the banquet, each man eats his own food, so that one is hungry and the other is drunk.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The term “Lord's Supper” is commonly used among Baptists, as well as in part Methodists and evangelical Anglicans.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

And in Indonesia most Protestants use the term “Holy Supper”.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Communion/Holy Communion of Communion comes from Latin: communio (mutual sharing or communion), by translating the Greek term κοινωνία (koinōnía) in 1 Corinthians 10:16: Isn't the cup of thanksgiving pronunciation, upon which we give thanks, be communion with the blood of Christ?


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Isn't the bread we break is communion with the body of Christ?


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The term “Communion”, or “Holy Communion” (Holy Communion), is used by some circles dating back to the Protestant Reformation to decipher the entire Eucharistic rite.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Others, such as the Catholic Church, do not use this term for its rites.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

But Catholics interpret it as an act of taking part in the reception of bread (hosti) and/or wine that has been consecrated; receiving Holy Hosti is as meaningful as receiving Holy Communion.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The other term Mass Mass (Mass), referring to its celebration or rite, is used by Latin Rite circles within the Catholic Church, some Anglican (Anglo-Catholicism), some Lutheran and Western Christianity.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Other terms used in the Catholic Church are “Holy Mass”, “Anniversary of the Miserable, Death and Resurrection of the Lord”, “Holy Sacrifice of the Mass”, and “Holy Mysteries”. [11] [12] The term “Mass” itself originally came from Latin: missa (literally meaning dissolution), that is, a word taken from the closing cry at the end of the Eucharistic celebration: Ite, missa est (in Indonesia translates so: “Go, you are sent”). [13]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The Sacred Liturgy of the Holy Liturgy (Divine Liturgy) is used in the Byzantine Rite tradition namely among the Eastern Orthodox Church, partly the Eastern Orthodox Church, and partly the Eastern Catholic Church, to refer to its rites.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

While the term “Sacred Mysteries” (Divine Mysteries) is commonly used to refer to already consecrated bread and wine.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Other parts of the Oriental Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches use the term “Holy Sacrifice” (Holy Qurbana) to refer to the Eucharistic Celebration.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The Holy Sacrament of the Holy Sacrament (a common Indonesian translation of “Blessed Sacrament”) is a term commonly used among Catholics, Lutherans, and some Anglicans (Anglo-Catholicism) to refer to consecrated bread and wine, especially those kept in tabernacles or charted in monstrance (related to the Adoration of the Holy Sacrament).


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

While the term “Sacrament Altar” is also commonly used among Lutherans.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The Breaking of Bread can be found in Luke 24:35, Acts 2:42 ,46 in a context where, according to some circles, refers to the celebration of the Eucharist. [14]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The term is used by the Plymouth Fraternal Union. [15]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Basic History of the Bible The story of how Jesus set the Eucharist on the night before the Crucifixion (Last Supper) is recorded in 4 books of the New Testament: the three Synoptic Gospels (Matthew 26:26-28, Mark 14:22-24, Luke 22:17-20) and 1 Corinthians 11:23-25. [2]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The versions in the Gospels of Matthew and Mark are almost the same, while Luke's version is very similar to Paul's version in 1 Corinthians which appears more fully explaining the earlier part of the Supper. [16]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

In the Gospel of John, the story of the Last Supper does not allude to Jesus taking the bread and cup and calling it his body and blood; rather he recounts the simple act of washing the feet of the disciples, prophesiing the betrayal He would experience, the events that would be led him to the cross, and a long dialogue in response to some of the disciples' questions —in which He spoke of the importance of their unity with Him and each other. [17]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Another early source Didache (from the Greek word meaning: teachings) is an early Church treatise one of which contains the Eucharist.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Most experts consider the writing to date back to the 2nd century, [18] and make a distinction over the 2 traditions of the Eucharist, the early tradition written down in chapter 10 and later written down in chapter 9. [19]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The Eucharist is then alluded to again in chapter 14.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

St.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Ignatius of Antioch (lived between the years 35 or 50 — 98 or 117), one of the Church Fathers, in his Letter to the Church of Smirna chapter VI alludes to those who do not want to welcome the Eucharist for not acknowledging it as “the flesh of our Savior Jesus Christ”. [20]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Then in the Epistle to the Church of Philadelphia chapter IV, St. Ignatius reveals a similar thing that attributes the Eucharist to Holy Communion. [21]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

St.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Yustinus Martyr (lived years 100 — 165) in his first apology (First Apology) speaks of the ordinance of the ministry of this sacrament (chapter LXV-LXVII), that this unusual “food” is called Εχαριστία (Eucharist, literal meaning: thanksgiving) which is the flesh and blood of Jesus who has become man (chapter LXVI). [22]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Theological view Many traditions of Christianity teach that Jesus was preferentially present at the celebration of the Eucharist or Holy Supper.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

But there are differences of opinion regarding its essence, place, or time of presence. [2]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Assyrian Churches believe that the reality or essence of bread and wine is transformed into the Body and Blood of Christ (through consecration), but its appearance (species) remains.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The Roman Catholic Church calls this change by the term “transubstance”, and does not explain how such a change can occur because it goes far beyond human notions. [23] :1333 Lutherans believe that the body and blood of Christ are present “on, with, and in” the form of bread and wine, a concept known by the term “sacramental union” (sacramental union).


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Calvinists believe in the presence of Christ spiritually, non material, in sacramental actions, not in the elements of the Holy Supper. [2]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Anglicans adhere to a variety of views, but in the teachings written in the “Articles of Religion” it is said that His presence is in spiritual means only. [24]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

While some other streams of Christianity only believe the Eucharist as a ceremonial or commemoration of Christ's death.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

By and large most denominations in Christianity view the Holy Supper or Eucharist as a sacrament.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The World Council of Churches (“World Council of Churches”), in the document “Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry”, tries to present a common understanding of the meaning of the Eucharist for the understanding of all Christians in general, namely as: “Gratitude to the Father”, “Anamnesis or Commemoration of Christ”, “Epiclesis or Appeal to the Spirit”, “Fellowship of the Faithful”, “The Supper of the Kingdom of Heaven”. [25]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

In the same document in the section “Eucharist” it is also mentioned that the Eucharist is essentially a sacrament of gift (His giving) that makes one stay in Christ through the power of the Holy Spirit (II.2), the unique sacrament of Christ's sacrifice and living to become an intermediator of man (II.B.8 ), the sacrament of Christ's body and blood and the true sacrament of His presence (II.B.13).


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The Roman Catholic rite and liturgy of the Catechism of the Catholic Church (KGK) 1407 and 1409 states that the Eucharist is the center and pinnacle of the life of the Church, the Easter commemoration of Christ being presented in liturgical activities.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

For in it Jesus Christ included His Church and all His members with the sacrifice of praise and gratitude which He offered once for all eternity on the cross to His Father; where through these sacrifices Jesus poured out the grace of salvation upon the people as members of His Body, The Church (see: The Body of Christ). [26] [27] So that the people who receive it (through Holy Communion) have their relationship with God, His mild sins (which he has regretted) are forgiven, and are further enabled to resist severe sinful temptations. [27] :1416 Through the Eucharist, the people also gain spiritual and bodily gifts from God and being able to offer them to those who have died. [27] :1414 The results of the Council of Trente, written back in KGK 1376, affirm that bread (usually called hosti) and wine that have been consecrated in celebration of the Eucharist experience the change of its whole nature (transubstantiation) into the Body and Blood of Christ, in which Jesus Christ is present fully with His soul and divinity. [28] [29] So that the bread and wine that has been reconsecrated in essence are not bread and wine anymore, but the Body and the real Blood of Christ.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Blood itself is also in the likeness of bread, and His Body is also in the likeness of wine; so welcoming His Body (Holy Communion) means welcoming His Body and Blood.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

One of the foundations of the Catholic Church's teachings regarding transubstance and the Eucharist is the Gospel of John 6:51 ,54,56: [27] :1406 Jesus said: “I am the living bread that has come down from heaven.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

If a man eats from this bread, he will live forever...


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Whoever eats My flesh and drinks My blood, he has eternal life... he lives in Me and I in him” According to KGK 1412, consecration was carried out by the priest in celebration of the Eucharist (Holy Mass) by saying the words “This is My body handed over to you...


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Here is my blood trophy... “[27]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The consecration is spoken in the Great Prayer of Gratitude, at which time a priest (priest) — through his priesthood — acts as Christ Himself (in persona Christi).


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The Pastor, or another minister, will then give the consecrated hosti to the communicant (the recipient of communion) while saying “Critical Body”, a statement that the real and real Body of Christ is being given; then the communicant replies “Amen” as a sign of approval and his faith.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

But those who are allowed to receive Holy Communion in celebration of the Eucharist are only people who are in a state of mercy, meaning not in a state of severe sin (see: Weight of Sin); so people who are aware of having committed severe sins must receive absolution first in the Sacrament of Reconciliation before may welcome Communion. [27] :1415 Eastern Christianity Similar to Roman Catholicism, the Eucharist is a central point in the community of Eastern Christians—both Orthodox and Eastern Catholic.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The Eastern Orthodox Church confirms the manifest presence of Christ in the Holy Mysteries (consecrated bread and wine) which it believes is truly the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Such changes in essence (bread and wine being the Body and Blood of Christ), or transubstantiation, are listed in the Catechism of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catechism of St. Philaret; and in the Catechism of St. Philaret it is written that the term “transubstantiation” is not used to determine how The way that change can occur. [30] [31] But the Eastern Orthodox Church prefers to use the simple term “change” (Greek: Μεταβολή) to describe the change of bread and wine into the true Body and Blood of Christ. [32]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

If within the Roman Catholic Church, the words of consecration are regarded as the time of transubstantiation, the Eastern Orthodox Church — and some Eastern Catholic Churches — adhere to a different view.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

They do not define exactly when change occurs, and believe that the process of change begins to occur during the Preparatory Liturgy and is completed at the time of the Epiclesis (prayer or call to the Holy Spirit to sanctify bread and wine). [33]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

In the Byzantine Rite (which Eastern Orthodox and some Eastern Catholics use), and some other Eastern traditions, the Epiclesis is performed after the Anamnesis (the call for the imposition of the miserability, death, and resurrection of Christ); while in the Latin Rite the other way around.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The Byzantine Rite is the most widely used among Eastern Churches, and its Eucharistic celebrations are known by the name Holy Liturgy.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Such liturgical celebrations consist of two main parts: the first is the Liturgy of the Catechumens (covering litanies, antiphones, Scripture readings, and homilies), the second is the Liturgy of the Faithful (includes Eucharistic offerings, consecrations, and reception of Holy Communion).


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The Liturgy of the Catechumens can be equated with the Liturgy of the Sabda in the Latin Rite Mass, while the Liturgy of the Faithful with the Liturgy of the Eucharist.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Protestants In general all Christian denominations believe that they were instructed by Jesus to repeat the events of this banquet to commemorate him: “... do this a warning of Me!”


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

(1 Corinthians 11:24-25). [34]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Some Protestant Churches emphasize the Holy Supper as a commemoration of Jesus' death and sacrifice for mankind. [35]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The Holy Supper is useful as an encouragement to periodically assess oneself (self correction) in the sense of holding correction of each other's hearts and minds, because the condition to be able to participate in the Holy Supper is a clean heart and mind in such a way that the participation of eating bread and drinking wine from the cup of the Holy Supper was in a spiritual state of proper and unhesitating faith (1 Corinthians 11:28-29). [36]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Lutheran JMPL|Holy Supper altar arrangement at Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) Lutheran believes that the Body and Blood of Christ are truly present in actual reality, and channeled to those who eat and drink the bread and wine of the Lord's Supper. [37]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

This Lutheran doctrine regarding the apparent presence of Christ is officially known by the term “sacramental union” (sacramental union), that is, the union of the bread of the Supper with the Body of Christ and the union of the wine of the Supper with the Blood of Christ (similar to the term “union hypostasis” used to explain the two natures of Jesus in Himself); but many circles misrepresent it and call it “consubstantiation”. [38]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The term is rejected by Lutheran theologians because it creates confusion about the actual doctrine and refers to an unbiblical philosophical concept as well as — in their view — the term “transubstantiation”. [39]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

There is an official movement within Lutheran congregations that celebrates Holy Supper weekly, using formal rites very similar to Roman Catholic and High Anglican; but historically Lutheran congregations generally celebrated Holy Supper on a monthly or quarterly basis. [40]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

In congregations where the Holy Supper is offered weekly, it is not required that every church service be a Eucharistic service nor are all members of the congregation required to receive it weekly. [41]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Reformed/Presbyterian According to the Calvinist view, in accordance with the Westminster Confession of Faith, bread and wine became a means for believers to experience real communion with Christ in His death; the Body and Blood of Christ were present with the faith of those who believed in it, as bread and wine is truly present in their five senses, but the presence is “spiritual”, which is the work of the Holy Spirit. [42]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Many circles follow John Knox in quarterly celebrations of the Lord's Supper, to give sufficient time for each person's inner reflection on the state of his soul and remorse for his sin.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

In recent times Presbyterian and Reformed have considered whether to return to conducting Holy Suppers more frequently, including weekly Supper services within more churches; as the less frequent frequency of Holy Supper today tends to come from the view” memorialism”, that the bread and wine of the Supper is purely a symbolic representation of the Body and Blood of Jesus and the celebration is performed only as a memorial service, instead of John Calvin —who considered the sacrament a means of grace. [43]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Practices and customs of open and closed Communion There are differences among the various Christian denominations in their respective views regarding the reception of bread and wine Supper (Eucharist) among those who do not establish full communion (full communion).


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The term “closed communion” is used to refer to the practice of limiting the reception of the Eucharistic or Holy Supper bread and wine only to people who are in full communion with a particular church, denomination, congregation, or stream.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

While the term “open communion” is the opposite, it allows all baptized Christians to receive the bread and wine of the Supper.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

On the view of closed communion, it can be understood from the writing of St. Yustine the Martyr (circa year 150) which in his first apology (First Apology): “No one is allowed to take part (receive communion) other than one who believes that the things we teach are true. “[22]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The Catholic Church (including all its particular Churches, both Western and Eastern), and the Eastern Orthodox Church practice closed communion under normal circumstances; among all Catholic Churches — including inter-particular Churches — may receive communion each other, as well as in the Orthodox Church Eastern.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

However the Catholic Church permits the reception of communion by parishioners from the Church of the East (Eastern Assyrian Church, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox), or any other Church not in full communion with the Bishop of Rome provided that their sacraments are in equal standing according to the judgment of the Holy See.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The condition for such is that the communicant asks for it willingly and in a decent state to accept it.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Even the Catholic Church also permits the reception of communion by other Christian congregations if there is danger of death or according to the bishop's judgment there is another urgent need; on condition that he requests it willingly, exposing the Catholic faith with respect to this sacrament ( especially the belief that the true Body and Blood of Christ he will receive), and in a decent state. [44] :844 [45] :671 Catholics themselves are not allowed to receive the Sacrament of the Eucharist from another Church; unless: it is in a state of urgency (e.g. death), there is no danger misconduct, physically or morally cannot find Catholic priests, and such sacraments are valid in that Church (for example in Eastern Churches). [44] :844 [45] :671 The Eastern Orthodox Church applies the practice of reception of closed communion more strictly, since they are in no way allow other parishioners — outside the Eastern Orthodox Church—to receive communion within their Church.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

While most Protestant denominations, including also Anglican, implement open communion reception where some require that the recipient must be part of the church that is a partner or enough to have been baptized only.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Elements of the Bread Supper Tradition of Western and Eastern Churches use wheat as the basic ingredient of Eucharistic bread.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The Byzantine Rite, both Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic, uses leavened bread for the celebration of the Eucharist (Holy Liturgy).


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The bread is known as “Prosphora”, or prósphoron (Greek: πρόσφορον), and is made from: white wheat flour, yeast, salt, water. [46]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

While Roman Catholicism, or the Latin Church, uses unleavened bread in Mass; [47] :926 the bread is commonly called “Hosti” (Latin: hostia), and when it is consecrated it is called Holy Hosti.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Canon 924 mentions that hosti must be made of pure grain (without any admixture) and new, so that the danger of decay can be avoided, [47] and necessarily use water for its processing.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The Maronite Catholic Church, Siro-Malabar Catholic Church, Armenian Catholic Church and Armenian Apostolic Church currently implement the use of unleavened bread, much like the Latin Church.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

While in various Protestant denominations there are diverse variations in the use of bread for the Holy Supper, both using yeast and not.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Wine In celebration of the Eucharist, the Catholic tradition uses natural wine (wine) from grapes that have not undergone decay; [47] :924 means that the wine must undergo a natural fermentation process, not yet become sour, and without any additives.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

In certain situations, at the Bishop's discretion and permission, it may be possible to use mustum instead of wine; but in normal situations the use is wine.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Mustum is a grape juice that has fermented, but then suspended so that its alcohol level (usually below 1%) is not as high as the alcohol content of wine in general, processed without changing its natural properties and does not contain any additives; but the use of grape juice that Pasteurized is not allowed. [48]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

The use of mustum, as a substitute for wine (wine), is also widely implemented in many Protestant churches.


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

In addition some other Protestant churches use pasteurized grape juice to stop its natural fermentation process, wine that has reduced alcohol levels (up to 0.5-2% remaining), or water alone. [49]


Question: What is the Eucharist?

Holy Supper

Category:Christian Sacraments Category:Catholic Sacraments


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa Ramal () was one of the MotoGP riders.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

He made his motorcycle grandprix racing debut in 2001 in the 125 cc GP class with Telefonica Movistar Honda JR team, and achieved 8th place in the final standings.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

In 2002 he raced in the same team and won 3rd world GP 125 cc. In the 2003 racing season with Telefonica Movistar Honda JR team, he captured the 125cc GP world champion with 223 points.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

In 2004 he moved up to the 250 cc class and joined the Telefonica Movistar Honda 250 team, and immediately usurped the 250cc GP world champion.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

In 2005 he again dominated the race and retained his 250 cc GP world title. In the 2006 racing season he moved up to the MotoGP class and raced for the Repsol Honda team, alongside American drivers Nicky Hayden until the 2008 season and Andrea Dovizioso in the 2009 season.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

In 2012, he was with Casey Stoner in the Repsol Honda team and years 2013 to 2017 with driver Marc Marquez.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

In the 2019 season Pedrosa declared his retirement from MotoGP racing.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Early career Junior racing Pedrosa began riding a bike early in the age of four, when he got his first motorcycle, the Italjet 50.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

His first racing bike was a replica Kawasaki mini-bike, which he got at the age of six and used to race with his friends.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Pedrosa was racing in real races at the age of 9, when he entered the Spanish mini motorcycle Championship and ended his debut season in second place, scoring the first podium in the second race of that season.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

The following year, Pedrosa entered the same championship, but health problems hampered him from continuing to compete and he ended the season in 3rd position. 125cc In 2001, Pedrosa made his debut in the 125cc class world championship after being selected from the Movistar Activa Cup, a series of draft to promote fresh racing talent in Spain, back in 1999.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Under the guidance of Alberto Puig, Pedrosa scored twice on the podium in the first season and won his first race the following year, and finished in third place in the championship.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

In 2003, he won five races and won the championship with two rounds remaining, accumulating 223 points.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Pedrosa scored five wins and six podiums.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

A week after winning the championship, at the age of eighteen, both of Pedrosa's ankles were broken in a crash during practice at Phillip Island, Australia. 250cc After winning the 125cc championship, Pedrosa moved to the 250cc class in 2004 without proper test on a new bike due to His ankle is still in the process of healing during the off-season.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Facing a season with less preparation, Pedrosa won South Africa's first race to snatch the 250cc World Championship title, including one rookie of the year award.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

In his first season in the 250cc class, Pedrosa scored 7 wins and 13 podiums.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Pedrosa decided to stay for one season more in the 250cc class, and he won another title, again with two races left in the championship.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

In 2005, Pedrosa won 8 races and scored 14 podium finishes, though he suffered a shoulder injury in a practice session at the Japanese Grand Prix.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

MotoGP JMPL|Ka|Pedrosa Repsol Honda RC211V when at the 2006 Australian GP. 2006 Pedrosa decided move to the premier class of MotoGP in the 2006 racing season, joining Repsol Honda.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Criticism to Pedrosa that his tiny body won't be strong enough to ride a bike that big and heavy in MotoGP's premier class.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Pedrosa wanted to show that the criticism directed at him was wrong, evidenced from his achievement of taking second place in the opening series at the Jerez Circuit on March 26, 2006.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

On his fourth MotoGP appearance on May 14, 2006, he won his first MotoGP series at the Shanghai Circuit, China.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

This win made him the 2nd youngest winner alongside Norick Abe in the Premier Class as Freddie Spencer. [1]


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

He won his second MotoGP race at Donington Park and was a strong candidate for the MotoGP Championship.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

It was an impressive win for Dani, who shared the first podium with Valentino Rossi in 2nd place.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

He also took two pole positions in the first half of the season.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Until the Malaysian Grand Prix at Sepang, Pedrosa was 2nd in the Championship only behind his more experienced teammate, Nicky Hayden.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

He had an accident during Free Practice and suffered severe injuries to the knee, which practically knocked him out.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Pedrosa was on his fifth start on the grid at the race which was due to the cancellation of the qualifying session due to heavy rain.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

He miraculously managed to finish in 3rd place in that race, only behind Rossi and the Ducati driven by Loris Capirossi.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

However, in the next race, he suffered a crash that saw him drop to 5th in the MotoGP provisional standings.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

The next accident occurred in Estoril.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

After a promising start, On lap 5, he and Hayden were involved in an accident.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Pedrosa made a mistake while trying to overtake Hayden, sliding and falling out of the race with Hayden.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

This accident left him with a slim possibility of winning the championship and Hayden also caused him to lose his lead in the championship standings, after Rossi managed to finish in 2nd place.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

However, two weeks later, Hayden rose to win the championship while Pedrosa managed to finish in 4th place.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

This result put him in 5th place in the final standings in his debut season, winning the title as Rookie of the Year in the MotoGP category, beating his fellow rookie and rival in the 250 cc class Casey Stoner.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

At the 2006 three-day (post-season) test in Jerez Spain, Pedrosa placed the 800 cc RC212V at the top of the timesheets (in tyre qualifying) a difference with Valentino Rossi by 0.214 seconds.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Rossi became the fastest for the first two days of the test.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Pedrosa clocked a time of 1 minute 39.910 seconds at the Jerez Circuit. 2007—2008 Pedrosa returned to race for Honda in tshun 2007 with a new 800cc Honda RC212V motor.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

The RC212V engine had problems, [2] but he was able to finish in 2nd place in the final standings behind Casey Stoner and ahead of Valentino Rossi.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Pedrosa signed a 2-year contract with Repsol Honda for 2008 and 2009. [3]


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

In 2008, problems with the RC212V continued when he was injured in the preseason and missed a motor development test, but he started the season well by scoring a podium in the first series. [4]


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Pedrosa was knocked down when he was leading a race at the German GP and it caused him injury, requiring him to miss the next two series.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Michelin's tyre performance in MotoGP deteriorated, making Pedrosa switch to using Bridgestone tires in the Indianapolis series. [5] [6] He finished in 3rd place in the final standings of the 2008 MotoGP. 2009—2010 As in 2008, Pedrosa dropped a pre-season test and injured himself, missing him to test the engine before started the season.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

He finished in 11th place in the opening series, and his fitness began to recover in later series. [7]


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

In the fifth series he was injured again during a practice session and again fell at the race, this left him 33 points clear of the leader. [8]


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

In 2010, Pedrosa returned to number 26, the number he wore first when he entered a MotoGP event, leaving number 2 in 2008 and number 3 in 2009.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

He took this decision for his fan who asked him to return to the number he always wore. [9]


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Pedrosa won four races in 2010 and finished second behind Jorge Lorenzo. 2011 Pedrosa was one of 3 drivers for the Repsol Honda team in 2011, partnering Andrea Dovizioso and Casey Stoner. [10]


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Pedrosa achieved podium positions in the opening three series in the 2011 season, and his highlight was victory at the 2011 Portugal GP. [11]


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

On lap 18 of the 2011 French GP race, Pedrosa was involved in an accident with San Carlo Honda Gresini team driver Marco Simoncelli while contesting for second place; Simoncelli passed Pedrosa from the outside side at the Chemin aux Boeufs bend, but the rear of his bike hit the front of Pedrosa's motor and as a result, Pedrosa fell to the ground. [12]


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Simoncelli was hit by a ride-through penalty, an accident leaving Pedrosa with a broken collarbone, [13] which forced him to rest until the 2011 Italian GP, at which time he finished eighth.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Pedrosa took his second win at the 2011 German GP, after capitalizing on Lorenzo's error in the remaining nine laps. [14]


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

He finished third at the 2011 U.S. GP at the weekend, before he achieved his first pole position of the season at the 2011 Czech GP. [15]


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

At the 2011 Czech GP, he was knocked down but he finished second for the next 3 series, before he took his third win at the 2011 Japanese GP in that season. [16] [17] Dovizioso finished ahead of Pedrosa in both the 2011 Australian GP series and the 2011 Valencia GP.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

He ended up finishing fourth in the final standings behind Dovizioso. 2012 Pedrosa remained with Repsol Honda in 2012, again partnering Casey Stoner. [18]


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Pedrosa finished ninth out of ten races on the podium, with the best result winning the 2012 German GP, as well as being his third straight win in the series.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Pedrosa and Stoner had moved away from the other drivers and were in a one-two position, before the stoner was knocked down on the last lap. [19]


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

At the 2012 Italian GP, Pedrosa has signed a two-year contract agreement with Repsol Honda for 2013 and 2014, and will partner with Moto2 world champion Marc Márquez. [20] [21] Career statistics Based on Racing Season by Year (key) Bold races show pole position; races with italic print indicate fastest lap) Transclusion error Outer link reference: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: who are Daniel “Dani” Pedrosa's parents?

Daniel Pedrosa

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. || UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of birth missing {{subst: #switch: {{subst:uc:}}} ||LIVING =( living people)}} | #default =1985 births}}]] [[Category: {{subst: #switch: {subst:uc:}} || LIVING =Year | UNKNOWN | of death missing | #default =deaths}}] ] Category:MotoGP Racers Category:Motorcycle Racers Spain


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C., formally named the District of Columbia and generally called Washington, “the District”, or D.C. alone, is the capital city of the United States.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the establishment of special districts for use as permanent national capitals as permitted by the United States Constitution.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

The district is not part of any U.S. state and is directly overseen by the federal government.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

The federal district was formed on land along the Potomac River donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia; however, the Virginia portion was returned to Congress in 1846.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

A new capital city named after George Washington was established in 1791 to the east of Georgetown harbor.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

The city of Washington, Georgetown, and the outlying areas within the District were consolidated in one single government in 1871 that formed Washington, D.C. as it is today.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

The city shares its name with the state of Washington located on the Pacific coast of the United States.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C. has a permanent population of 601,723 inhabitants; due to the presence of commuters from surrounding suburbs in the states of Maryland and Virginia, the population goes up to one million inhabitants on weekdays.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

The Washington Metropolitan Area, which the District also occupies, has a population of nearly 5.6million, the seventh-largest metropolitan area in the country.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

The centers of all three branches of U.S. federal government are in this District, as do several national monuments and museums.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C. has 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Organization of American States (OAS), the Inter-American Development Bank, and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO).


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

The headquarters of various other institutions such as trade unions, nonprofits, lobbyist groups, and professional associations also stand in the city.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

The district is headed by a mayor and a town council of 13.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

Even so, the United States Congress has the highest authority in the city and is able to change local laws.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

As a result, city residents have less local government when compared to residents of U.S. states.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

The district has a Congressional delegation without a vote, but has no senators.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

D.C. residents were unable to vote in presidential elections until the implementation of ratification of the 23rd Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1961.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

History A tribe of Algonquian language speakers known as Nacotchtank inhabited the area around the Anacostia River when the first Europeans arrived in the 17th century. [3]


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

Later, all Native American peoples were removed from the area in the early 18th century. [4]


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

In “Federalist No. 43" published February 23, 1788, James Madison stated that the new federal government required authority over the nation's capital for the sake of its management and security. [5]


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

Five years earlier, a group of unpaid servicemen besieged Congress in Philadelphia.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

The Pennsylvania government refused to disperse protesters by force, emphasizing the need for Congress not to depend on a state for its safety. [6]


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

Article One, Section Eight of the United States Constitution permits the establishment of a “District (not exceeding ten square miles) if necessary, through separation from a state, and the consent of Congress, become the center of government of the United States. “[7]


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

The constitution does not mention the location of the capital city.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

In the event that would come to be known as Kompromis 1790, Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Jefferson agreed that the federal government would underwrite the state's war debt on condition that the capital of a newly established state in the Southern United States. [a] On July 16, 1790, Congress passed an Act of Settlement approving the establishment of the nation's capital on the Potomac River, the exact territory to be elected by President George Washington.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

The initial form of this federal district was a square measuring 10 miles (16km) on each side, totaling 100 square miles (260km2), formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia. [b] Two established settlements are included in the capital area, namely the port of Georgetown founded in 1751, [8] and the city of Alexandria, Virginia founded in 1749. [9]


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

During the period 1791—92, Andrew Ellicott and several assistants, including Benjamin Banneker, urveyed the borders of the federal district and placed boundary stones every mile.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

Many of these stones still stand today. [10]


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

A new “federal city” was built on the north bank of the Potomac, to the east of the Georgetown settlements.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

On September 9, 1791, the federal city was named in honor of President Washington and the district itself was named Columbia, which was the poetic name of the United States at that time. [11] [12] Congress held its first session in Washington dated November 17, 1800. [13]


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

Shortly after arriving in the new capital, Congress passed the Organic Act of 1801, which officially established the District of Columbia and placed its entire territory under the exclusive control of the federal government.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

In addition, the area off the District is organized into two counties, namely the County of Washington to the east of the Potomac and the County of Alexandria to its west. [14]


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

Following the ratification of this Act, residents in this District were no longer considered residents of Maryland or Virginia, and terminated their representation in Congress. [15]


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

On August 24—25, 1814, in an attack known as the Burning of Washington, British forces attacked the capital in the War of 1812, following the siege and burning of York (present-day Toronto).


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

The Capitol, Treasury Department, and White House were burned and gutted as long as the attacks occurred. [16]


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

Most of the government buildings were quickly repaired, but the Capitol at that time was being built was completed in its current form until 1868. [17]


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

In the 1830s, the southern territory of the District named Alexandria suffered an economic malaise due to being ignored by Congress. [18]


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

Alexandria was a major market in the United States slave trade and residents feared abolitionists in Congress would end slavery in the District, and again decay the local economy.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

As a result, the residents of Alexandria made a petition for Virginia to take back land donated to the District; a process known as retrocession. [19]


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

State law voted in February 1846 to approve Alexandria's return and on July 9, 1846, Congress agreed to return all territories granted by Virginia.


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

As a result, the District's current area consists only of land donated by Maryland. [18]


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

Seeing the concerns of Alexandria residents who supported slavery, Kompromis 1850 prohibited the slave trade in this District, though not slavery itself. [20]


Question: What is the area of Virginia?

Washington, D.C.

The outbreak of the United States Civil War of 1861 spurred the rapid growth of the District's population due to the expansion of federal government and the massive arrival of free slaves. [21]