Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

The timing of the start of the Bronze Age varies in every culture, depending on the development of the history of the first writing.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Based on archaeological evidence, cultures in Egypt (Egyptian hieroglyphs), the Near East (kuneiform), and the Mediterranean used writing systems that still survive.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

History of the Bronze Age About 8,000 years ago humans discovered how to process metal.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

At first people made things from copper and gold forged with hard stones.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

But gradually crafters learn to process metal by heating it until liquid.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Then the molten metal is poured into the mold.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

The advantage of metal is that it can be made into intricate shapes, such as tooling and weapons.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

If broken, the metal can be thawed and formed again.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Bronze is thought to be found people first by accident when mixing a little lead with copper.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Bronze is known to be harder and more durable than other metals and can be made sharp.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

The bronze age began when folk in the village and at work began to wear bronze.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

One of the first regions to make bronze was Sumeria in Mesopotamia, where the first city was built.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Mesopotamia One of the first civilizations of the Bronze Age originated in Sumeria, Mesopotamia, which is the fertile plain between the Tigris River and the Euphrates River, the farmland of the Sumer people.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Nail (kuneiform) Writings and Wheels, the earliest form of writing, appeared in the bronze age.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Nail writing direkacipta the Sumerians, who were also theyre the first wheel.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Wheels were worn for wagons, war chariots, and pottery making tools.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

The war chariot is the coat of arms of Ur


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Horsepower horsepower began to be widely worn in the late Bronze Age.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

War chariots of nobles were usually decorated in bronze


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

The decoration there is patterned in red enamel and was once found in Norfolk, England.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Sumerian Although dry, the Sumerian plains are fertile.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Farmers dug ditches from canals to control water from rivers and irrigate the land.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Farmers can get large harvests and sometimes up to twice a year.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Brick Making Like many areas of the Middle East in the Bronze Age, in Sumeria there was no stone and wood was only a little.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Large buildings are made of bricks.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

The Sumerians made bricks from a mixture of mud and straw.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

After molding, the bricks are basked in the heat of the sun.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Agriculture and Fisheries of the Sumerians made boats and cages from the gelagah.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Gelagah is obtained from the river bank.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

The Sumerians were subject to gods and rulers, namely representatives of gods on Earth.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

They obediently pay taxes to the ruler.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

History of the Bronze Age 6000 BC — Ancient peoples made use of copper.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Some small objects of bronze were made in the Middle East. 5500 BC — Irrigation systems first appeared in Mesopotamia 4500 BC — The plow was used first in Mesopotamia.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Sail start on boats on the Tigris River and Euphrates River. 3500 BC — The first urban built in Mesopotamia.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Here people started using bronze.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Begins the Bronze Age in the Middle East. 3500 BC — Image writing appeared in Mesopotamia. 2800 BC — In the Indus River valley there was a bronze age culture, an Indian civilization resting on agriculture. 2500 BC — The use of bronze spread to Europe. 2100 BC — Ur city in Sumeria reached peak of its glory.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Around 1600 BC — Bronze Age began in China.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

The vessel for the ceremony is made of bronze.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Around 1200 BC — Assyrian Kingdom stood. 1000 BC — Iron replaced bronze as the main metal. [1]


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

Etymology The term “Bronze Age” is mainly derived from the “Age of Man” (Ages of Man), that is, the levels of development of human existence on earth according to Greek mythology.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

From this tale, modern historians consider the categories “Golden Age” (Golden Age) and “Silver Age” (Silver Age) to be imaginary (mythical) stories, but consider the “Bronze Age” (Bronze Age) and “Iron Age” (Iron Age) historic.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

A common feature of this period was the use of bronze tools in many regions, although the place and time of its introduction and development were not universally concomitant. [2]


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

The technology of making tin (white tin) bronze by humans requires a certain production process technique.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

White tin must be quarried from quarries (especially as tin or tin ore or cassiterite) and melted separately, then added to the melted copper to create a bronze mixture (bronze alloy).


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

The Bronze Age was marked by many uses of metals and the development of trade networks.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

The Near East of Southeast Asia/Middle East Bronze Age in the ancient Near East began with the rise of the Sumer nation in the 4th millennium BC.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

The cultures of the ancient Near East (often called, “the cradle of civilization”; “the seeding place of civilization”) centered around full-year intensive agriculture, the development of writing systems, the invention of the stoneware wheel (potter's wheel), creating a government, the rule of law, and centralized empires, as well as introducing social stratification, slavery, and organized warfare.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

The peoples of the area laid the foundation of astronomy and mathematical sciences.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

The timeline of the Near East Tarikh-date is approximate, for clarity take a look at the articles referenced The Bronze Age sub-divisions of the ancient Near East can be divided as follows: Bronze Age division in Near East Bronze Age Divisions Archetypal Division of the Near East Bronze Age Divisions Archetypal Age Divisions Bronze in the Near East has had clarity of definition on a three-group basis.


Question: When did the Neolithic age begin?

Bronze Age

The dates and phases of these periods can only be applied to Near Eastern regions, cannot be universally applied. [3] [4] [5] Early Bronze Age (EBA) /Old Bronze Age 3300 - 2100 BC 3300 - 3000: EBA I 3000 - 2700: EBA II 2700 - 2200: EBA III 2200 - 2100: EBA IV Middle Bronze Age (MBA );/Middle Bronze Age Also, Intermediate Bronze Age (IBA)/Middle Bronze Age 2100 - 1550 BC 2100 - 2000: MBA I 2000 - 1750: MBA II A 1750 - 1650: MBA II B 1650 - 1550: MBA II C Late Bronze Age (LBA)/Young Bronze Age 1550 - 1200 BC 1550 - 1400: LBA I 1400 - 1300 BA II A 1300 - 1200: LBA II B (Bronze Age Collapse) Reference See also Mesopotamian Bronze Copper Category:Archaeology Category:Prehistoric Category:Old Testament


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Kampar Regency is one of the districts in Riau Province, Indonesia.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Beside the nickname Bumi Sarimadu, Kampar Regency which is capitalized in Bangkinang is also known by the nickname of Porch Mecca in Riau Province.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

The district has an area of 10,928.20km² or 12.26% of the area of Riau Province and has a population of ±688,204 inhabitants (SP2010).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

History In the beginning Kampar included a large area, a region traversed by a large river, called the Kampar River.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

With regards to the Kedukan Bukit Inscription, some historians interpret Minanga Tanvar can intend with the confluence of two rivers assumed to be the confluence of Kampar Kanan River and Kampar Kiri River.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

This interpretation is supported by the discovery of Muara Takus Temple on the banks of the Kampar Kanan River, which is thought to have existed at the time of Sriwijaya. [1]


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Based on Sulatus Salatin, mentioned the linkage of Malay Sultanate of Melaka with Kampar.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Then also mentioned the last Sultan of Melaka, Sultan Mahmud Shah after the fall of Bintan in 1526 to Portuguese hands, fled to Kampar, the following two years mangkat and was buried in Kampar. [2]


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

In the records of Portugal, it was mentioned that in Kampar that time it had been impim by a king, who also had a relationship with the ruler of Minangkabau. [3]


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Tomas Dias in his expedition to the interior of Minangkabau in 1684, mentioned that he traced the Siak River then reached an area, moved and continued his way overland towards the Kampar River.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

On the way he met the local ruler and asked for permission to go to Pagaruyung. [4]


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Developments On October 9, 2015 President Joko Widodo visited the site of forest and land fires, in Rimbo Panjang Village, Mining District, Kampar Regency, Riau Province. [5]


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Geography of Kampar Regency with an area of approximately 27,908.32km² is an area located between 1°00'40” North latitude to 0°27'00” South latitude and 100°28'30” — 101°14'30” East longitude. [6]


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

The boundaries of Kampar Regency area are as follows: The boundaries of Kampar Regency are traversed by two large rivers and several small rivers, among them the Kampar River which is ± 413.5km long with an average depth of 7.7 m and an average width of 143 meters.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

All parts of this river belong to Kampar Regency which includes District XIII Koto Kampar, Bangkinang, West Bangkinang, Kampar, Siak Hulu, and Kampar Kiri.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Then the upstream Siak River is ± 90km long with an average depth of 8 — 12 m which crosses the district of Tapung.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

The major rivers contained in Kampar Regency are still functioning both as a means of transportation, a source of clean water, fish cultivation, and as a source of electric energy (Koto Panjang Hydropower).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Kampar Regency is generally tropical, the minimum temperature occurs in November and December which is 21°C.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

The maximum temperature occurs in July with a temperature of 35°C.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

The number of rainy days in 2009, the most were around Bangkinang Seberang and Kampar Kiri.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

The administration of Kampar Regency was originally within Central Sumatra Province, formed under Law No. 12 of 1956 with the capital city of Bangkinang. [7]


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Then entered the territory of Riau Province, based on Emergency Law No. 19 of 1957 and confirmed by Law No. 61 of 1958. [8]


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Then for the development of Pekanbaru City, the local government of Kampar agreed to give up part of its territory for the purpose of expanding the area of Pekanbaru City, which was then established through Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 19 of 1987. [9]


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

In accordance with the Decree of the Governor of Regional Head Level I of Riau Number: KPTS. 318VII1987 dated July 17, 1987, Kampar Regency consists of 19 districts with two Regents.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

The Assistant Regent of Region I is based in Pasir Pangarayan and the Assistant Regent of Region II in Pangkalan Kerinci.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

The Vice Regent of Region I coordinates the area of District Rambah, Tandun, Rokan IV Koto, Kunto Darussalam, Fullness, and Tambusai.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

The Vice Regent of Region II coordinates the districts of Langgam, Pangkalan Kuras, Bunut, and Kuala Kampar.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

While other districts that do not include the auxiliary region of Regent I & II are directly under the district coordinator.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Kampar Regency is currently led by the pair of Governor H. Jefry Noer and Deputy Governor H. Ibrahim Ali SH, set by the plenary session of the General Election Commission (KPU) Kampar for the 2011-2016 term. [10]


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

List of Regents List of Regents of Kampar District Representative Council List of districts and sub-districts in Kampar Regency Kampar Regency has 21 districts, as a result of expansion from 12 previous districts.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

The twenty-one sub-districts (along with the sub-district capital) are: Bangkinang (capital city: Bangkinang).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

West Bangkinang (capital city: Kuok).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Bangkinang Seberang (capital city: Muara Uwai).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Mount Sahilan (capital: Durian Gardens).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Kampar (capital city: Air Tiris).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Kampar Kiri (capital city: Fold Cloth).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Kampar Kiri Hilir (capital city: Sei.Pagar).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Kampar Kiri Hulu (capital city: Gema).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

East Kampar (capital city: Kampar).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

North Kampar (capital city: Sawah Village).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

King's Stop (capital city: King's Beach).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Rumbio Jaya (capital city: Teratak).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Salo (capital city: Salo).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Siak Hulu (capital city: Pangkalanbaru).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Mine (capital city: Sei.Pinang).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Tapung (capital city: Petapahan).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Tapung Hilir (capital city: Garo City).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Tapung Hulu (capital city: Sinama Granny).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

XIII Koto Kampar (capital city: Batu Besurat).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Center-Left Kampar (capital city: Simalinyang).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Koto Kampar Hulu (capital: Tanjung) Demographics The number of population of Kampar Regency in 2010 recorded 688,204 people, [11] consisting of a male population of 354,836 inhabitants and women 333,368 inhabitants.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

The sex ratio (comparison of male population to female population) is 109.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

The inhabitants of Kampar are Minangkabau people who often refer to themselves as Ugang Ocu, spread over most of the Kampar region with Persukuan Domo, Malayu, Piliong/Piliang, Mandailiong, Putopang, Caniago, Kampai, Bendang, etc.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Historically, their ethnicity, customs, and culture are very close to the Minangkabau people. [12] especially with the Luhak Limoluah area.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

This occurred because the new Kampar area was separated from the Minang Realm from the time of Japanese colonization in 1942.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

According to H. Takahashi in his book Japan and Eastern Asia, 1953, the Kaigun Military Administration in Sumatra incorporated Kampar into the Riau Shio region as part of the military's territorial defense strategy on the East coast of Sumatra.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Furthermore, there are also few ethnic Malays who generally reside around the Eastern border bordering Siak and Pelalawan.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Followed by ethnic Javanese who have partially settled in Kampar since the colonization period and the independence period through transmigration programs spread in the centers of transmigration settlements.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Also found Batak ethnic population in quite large numbers working as laborers in plantation sectors and other services.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

In addition, in a significant number of other Minangkabau tribal arrivals from West Sumatra who generally work as traders and businessmen.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

The most populous sub-district is Kampar District which is 333 inhabitants/km², followed by North Kampar District 226 inhabitants/km².


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

In addition, five rather densely populated sub-districts are in the districts of Rumbio Jaya, Bangkinang, West Bangkinang, Perhentian Raja, and East Kampar, respectively - 216 inhabitants/km², 191 inhabitants/km², 158 inhabitants/km², 154 and 131 inhabitants/km².


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

While two sub-districts are relatively sparsely populated are Kampar Kiri Hulu District with a density of 9 soul/km² and Kampar Kiri Hilir with 13 soul/km².


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

The religion of the population of Kampar district is predominantly Islamic, followed by Protestant, Catholic, Buddhist, and Hindu.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

The most number of religious believers are Muslims who number almost 90% of the total religious participants in the entire area of Kampar Regency, then the second largest Christian religion as many as 63,557 people or 8.6%.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

The most Muslim religious leaders are in Siak Hulu District which is 63,511 people.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Although in general all sub-districts in Kampar Regency are majority Islamic.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Jami Air Tiris Mosque, belongs to one of the oldest mosques in Kampar Regency.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

The economy of Kampar Regency has a lot of potential that can still be utilized, especially in agriculture and land fisheries.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Most of the population (67.22%) works in the agriculture, plantation, and forestry sectors.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Only a small percentage (0.22%) work in the Electricity, Gas, and Clean Water sector, besides government.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

As one of the largest areas in Riau Province, Kampar Regency sustainably improves facilities and infrastructure such as highway network (1,856,56km), electricity network (72,082 KWH) with 5 units of hydroelectric power plant (Hydropower Plant) in Koto Length producing energy with a connected capacity of 114,240 KWH.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Other facilities that have also been available include telecommunication services (cable telephone, mobile phone, and internet network) and clean water network with production capacity of 1,532,284 m³.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Agriculture Agriculture such as palm oil and rubber which is one of the crops that are very suitable for the land in Kampar Regency.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Special plantation palm plantation for now Kampar Regency has a land area of 241.5 thousand hectares with a potential of 966 thousand tons of crude palm oil (CPO).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Fisheries In the field of fisheries cultivation of patine fish developed through cages (fish ponds in the form of rafts) along the kampar river, this is seen many cages neatly lined along the Kamparand the cooperation between Kampar local government and PT.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Benecom with an investment amount of Rp. 30 billion which in the future Kampar will become a center of fish with production of 220 tons per day.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Tourism Kampar Regency has an ancient site area that is estimated to have existed during Sriwijaya, namely Muara Takus Temple, this area in addition to being a cultural reserve area is also a religious tourist destination for Buddhists.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

In addition, Kampar people who are Islamic, still preserve the tradition of bathing balimau bakasai namely bathing self-cleaning in Kampar River especially in welcoming the month of Ramadan.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Then there is also the tradition of Ma'awuo fish that is the tradition of catching fish together (fish ban) once a year, especially in the area of Lake Bokuok (District Mine) and Subayang River in Domo Village (Kampar Kiri Hulu District).


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

The culture of the Kampar people is not separated from the influence of Minangkabau, [12] which is synonymous with the name Kampar Limo Koto and was formerly part of Pagaruyung.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Limo Koto consists of Kuok, Salo, Bangkinang, Air Tiris and Rumbio.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

There are many persuasions that are still preserved today, [13] including the kinship model of the maternal pathway (matrilineal). [14]


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

His concept of custom and tradition of persuasion is the same as the Minang concept especially in Luhak Limopuluah.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

The colloquial language of the Kampar people is similar to the Minangkabau Language, [15] or referred to as the Ocu Language one of the variants similar to the language spoken in Luhak Limopuluah.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

This language is different accents with Minangkabau language variants used by the people of Luhak Agam, Luhak Tanah Datar and other coastal areas of Minangkabau.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

In addition, Kampar Limo Koto also has a kind of traditional musical instrument called Calempong and Oguong.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Reference List of Historical Library of Riau region, Regional Cultural Research and Record Project, Center for Historical and Cultural Research, Department of Education and Culture, 1977.


Question: What is the area of Kampar Regency?

Kampar Regency

Outlinks (in English) Kampar Kampar


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Inflammation of the lungs or pneumonia is an inflammatory condition in the pulmonary—primarily affecting microscopic air sacs known as the alveolus. [1] [2] This condition is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections and less often other microorganisms, certain medications, and conditions Other such as autoimmune diseases. [1] [3] Typical symptoms include coughing, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. [4]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Diagnostic tools include x-rays and retrieval of cultures from sputum.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

A vaccine to prevent certain types of pneumonia is now available.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

The treatment carried out depends on the underlying cause.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Suspected bacterial pneumonia is treated with antibiotics.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

If the pneumonia is severe, the patient is usually referred to the hospital.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Each year, pneumonia affects about 450million people, seven per cent of the world's total population, and causes about 4million deaths.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Although pneumonia was dubbed by William Osler in the 19th century as “the captain of the men of death”, [5] the invention of antibiotic therapy and vaccines in the 20th century has improved endurance. [6]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Nonetheless, in the developing world, and among people of very elderly, very young, and chronic pain sufferers, pneumonia remains the leading cause of death. [6] [7] Signs and symptoms of infectious pneumonia patients usually suffer from productive cough, feverish accompanied by trembling chills, difficulty breathing, sharp chest pain or exhalation during deep breaths, and an increase in the rate of respiration. [9]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

In seniors, the presence of confusion becomes the ultimate sign. [9]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Specific signs and symptoms in children with toddlers are fever, cough, and rapid or difficult breathing. [10]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Fever is not very specific, because it is a common symptom in various diseases, and may not appear in people with severe illness or malanutrition.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

In addition, cough symptoms often do not appear in children less than 2 months old. [10]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

More severe signs and symptoms include: blue skin, reduced thirst, convulsions, persistent vomiting, temperature extremes, or decreased levels of consciousness. [10] [11] Cases of bacterial and viral pneumonia usually appear with similar symptoms. [12]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Some causes are associated with clinical characteristics that are classical but not specific.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Pneumonia caused by Legionella may appear accompanied by abdominal pain, diarrhea, or confusion, [13] while pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is associated with rust-colored sputum, [14] and pneumonia caused by Klebsiella can be accompanied by bloody sputum often described as “currant jelly” (red slime). [8]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Bloody sputum (known as hemoptysis) can also appear in tuberculosis, gram-negative pneumonia, and lung abscesses and is commonly found in acute bronchitis. [11]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Mycoplasma pneumonia can arise with swelling of the lymph node in the neck, joint pain, or middle ear infection. [11]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Viral pneumonia is more common with wheezing than bacterial pneumonia. [12]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Causes of pneumonia are mainly caused by infection from bacteria or viruses and are rarely found caused by fungi and parasites.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

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Although there are more than 100 strains of infectious agents that have been identified, but only a few are responsible for the majority of cases.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

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Infections along with viruses and bacteria can appear up to 45% of infections in children and 15% of infections in adults. [6]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

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The causative agent cannot be isolated in about half of existing cases although careful testing has been carried out. [15]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

The term pneumonia is sometimes used more broadly against various conditions that cause inflammation of the lungs (for example, those caused by autoimmune diseases, chemical burns or drug reactions); nevertheless, this inflammation is more correctly referred to as pneumonitis. [16] [17] According to The history of infecting agents is divided into “typical” and “non-typical” based on the presumed aspect, but the existing evidence does not support this distinction, so it is no longer emphasized. [18]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Risk factors and conditions affecting pneumonia include: smoking, immunodeficiency, alcoholism, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, chronic kidney disease, and liver disease. [11]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

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The use of acid-suppressing drugs such as proton pump inhibitors or H2 antagonists is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia [19].


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

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Advanced age also has an effect on pneumonia. [11]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

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Bacterial bacteria are the most common cause of community folding pneumonia (CAP), with Streptococcus pneumoniae successfully isolated in almost 50% of existing cases. [20] [21] Other commonly isolated bacteria include: Haemophilus influenzae in 20% of cases, Chlamydophila pneumoniae in 13% of cases, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in 3% of cases; [20] Staphylococcus aureus; Moraxella catarrhalis; Legionella pneumophila and gram-negative Basilus. [15]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

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A number of immune versions of drugs from the above infections are becoming more common, including drug-immune Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP) and methicillin-immune Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). [11]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

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The spread of organisms is easy if risk factors are present. [15]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Alcoholism is associated with<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[12018,12046,2,2]}'>Streptococcus pneumoniae, anaerobic organisms, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis; smoking facilitates the influence of<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[12142,12170,2,2]}'>Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Legionella pneumophila.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Exposure to birds is associated with Chlamydia psittaci; to farm animals with Coxiella burnetti; aspiration of stomach contents with anaerobic organisms; and cystic fibrosis with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. [15] Streptococcus pneumoniae is more commonly found in season cold, [15] and is foreseeable in people who inhale a large number of anaerobic organisms. [11]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Virus virus is responsible for about one-third of pneumonia cases in adults [6] and about 15% of cases in children. [22]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Typically related agents include: rhinovirus, coronavirus, influenza virus, respiratory synsitium virus (RSV), adenovirus, and parainfluenza. [6] [23] Herpes simplex virus rarely causes pneumonia, except in groups such as: newborns, cancer survivors, transplant recipients, and sufferers of severe burns. [24]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

People who undergo organ transplantation or who have a weak immune response show high levels of cytomegalovirus pneumonia. [22] [24] Patients with viral infections can be secondarily infected with the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, or Haemophilus influenzae, especially when accompanied by other health problems. [11] [22] Different viruses dominate different times of the year, for example during the influenza season, influenza viruses are responsible for more than half of the virus cases occurring. [22]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Other viral outbreaks also occasionally appear, including hantavirus and coronavirus. [22]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Fungi Fungal pneumonia is rarely encountered, but more often appears in individuals suffering from weakened immune systemAIDS, immune-suppressing drugs, or other medical problems. [15] [25] This type is most commonly caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, blastomyces, Cryptococcus neoformans, Pneumocystis jiroveci, and Coccidioides immitis.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Histoplasmosis is most common in the Mississippi River basin, and coccidioidomycosis is most common in the American Southwest. [15]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

The number of cases has increased in the second half of the 20th century due to more frequent travel and increasing immune suppression in the population. [25]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Parasites A variety of parasites can affect the lungs, including: Toxoplasma gondii, Strongyloides stercoralis, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Plasmodium malariae. [26]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

These various organisms typically enter the body through direct contact with skin, digestion, or through insect vectors. [26]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Except for Paragonimus westermani, most parasites do not specifically infect the lungs but involve the lungs as a secondary site to other places. [26]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Some parasites, in particular those belonging to the genera Ascaris and<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[16379,16396,2,2]}'>Strongyloides, stimulate the onset of a strong eosinophilic reaction, which can result in eosinophilic pneumonia. [26]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

In other infections, such as malaria, pulmonary involvement is primarily the result of systemic inflammation induced by cytokines. [26]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

In developing countries this kind of infection is most commonly encountered in people returning from traveling or in immigrants. [26]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Globally, infections are most common among people with immune deficiency. [27]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Idiopathic Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia or non-communicable pneumonia [28] represents a class of diffuse pulmonary diseases.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

This class includes: diffuse alveolar damage, organizing pneumonia, non-specific interstitial pneumonia, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, interstitial desquamative pneumonia, interstitial pulmonary disease respiratory bronchiolitis, and regular interstitial pneumonia. [29]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Pathophysiology Pneumonia often begins as an upper respiratory tract infection that then moves to the lower respiratory tract. [30]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Vaccinations against Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae already have good evidence to support their use. [30]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Immunizing a child against Streptococcus pneumoniae already leads to a decrease in the incidence of this infection in adults, since many adults acquire this infection from children.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

The Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine is available for adults, and has already been found to lower the risk of invant pneumococcal disease. [31]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Other vaccines that support protective effects against pneumonia include: whooping cough, chicken pox, and measles. [32]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Others Quitting smoking [33] and lowering air pollution indoors, such as that derived from cooking indoors using wood or cow dung, are recommended. [10] [12] Smoking appears to be the biggest risk factor for pneumococcal pneumonia in supposed adults healthy. [34]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Hand hygiene and covering the cough with the arm of the hand can also be an effective means of prevention. [32]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

The wearing of surgery masks by those who are sick can also prevent disease. [34]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Treating basic diseases (such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes mellitus, and malanutrition) appropriately can lower the risk of pneumonia. [12] [32] [35] In children younger than 6months of exclusive breast feeding decreases both the risk and severity of the disease. [12]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Among those with HIV/AIDS as well as a CD4 count of less than 200 cells/UL, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole antibiotics lower the risk of pneumocystic pneumonia [36] and can also be useful for prevention for those with immune disorders but do not have HIV. [37]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Testing pregnant women for Group B Streptococci and Chlamydia tracomatis, and providing antibiotic treatment, when needed, lowers the risk of pneumonia rates in infants; [38] [39] means of prevention of transmission from mother to child can also be efficient. [40]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Sucking the mouth and throat of infants with meconium-tainted amniotic fluid has not been shown to lower aspiration pneumonia rates and can do harm, [41] so this practice is not recommended in most situations. [41]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Among the elderly, good oral health care can lower the risk of aspiration pneumonia. [42]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Maintenance Typically, oral antibiotics, rest, simple analgesics, and fluids are adequate for complete resolution. [33]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

However, those with other medical conditions, among the elderly, or those with severe respiratory distress may need further treatment.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

When symptoms worsen, pneumonia does not improve with home medication, or complications occur, hospital treatment may be required. [33]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Worldwide, approximately 7— 13% of cases among children require hospitalization [10] while in the developed world between 22 to 42% of adults with community-acquired pneumonia are hospitalized. [33]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Skorcurb-65 is useful for determining the need for hospitalization among adults. [33]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

If the score is 0 or 1 the patient can usually be treated at home, if the score is 2 required a short treatment in the hospital or follow-up to continue treatment, if the score is 3—5 is recommended hospitalization in the hospital. [33]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Among children, those with respiratory difficulties or less than 90% oxygen saturation should be treated in hospital. [43]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

The benefits of chest physiotherapy in pneumonia have not been determined. [44]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Non-invasive ventilation can be beneficial for those treated in intensive inpatient units (ICUs). [45]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Cough medicine without a doctor's prescription has not been shown to be effective [46] so has the use of zinc elements among children. [47]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

There is not enough evidence for mucolytics. [46]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Bacterial Antibiotics improve outcomes among people with bacterial pneumonia. [48]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

At first the choice of antibiotics depends on the characteristics of the patient, such as age, basic health, and the location where the infection was acquired.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

In the United Kingdom, empirical treatment with amoxicillin is recommended as the first choice for community-acquired pneumonia, with doxycycline or clarithromycin as alternatives. [33]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

In North America, where “atypical” forms of community-acquired pneumonia are more common, macrolides (such as azithromycin or erythromycin), and doxocycline replace amoxicillin as the first choice for outpatient care among adults. [21] [49] Among children with mild or moderate symptoms, amoxicillin remains the first choice. [43]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

The use of fluoroquinolone in non-complex cases is discouraged due to concerns about side effects and eliciting resistance while the clinical benefits are not greater. [21] [50] The duration of treatment is usually seven to ten days, but more evidence suggests shorter administration of the drug (three to five days) is equally effective. [51]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Recommended for hospital-acquired pneumonia include cephalosporins, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and third and fourth generation vancomycin. [52]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

These antibiotics are often administered intravenously and used as a combination. [52]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Among those hospitalized more than 90% improved with initial antibiotic treatment. [18]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Viral Neuraminidase inhibitors can be used to treat viral pneumonia caused by influenza viruses (influenza A and influenza B). [6]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

No antiviral treatment is recommended for other types of viral pneumonia acquired from the community including SARS coronavirus, adenovirus, hantavirus, and parainfluenza virus. [6]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Influenza A can be treated with rimantadine or amantadine, while influenza A or B can be treated with oseltamivir, zanamivir or peramivir. [6]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

This treatment is most beneficial when it begins to be administered within 48 hours of the appearance of the initial symptoms. [6]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

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Many strains of influenza A H5N1, also known as avian influenza or “avian flu,” already show resistance to rimantadine and amantadine. [6]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

The use of antibiotics in viral pneumonia is recommended by some experts because it is impossible to rule out the occurrence of complex bacterial infections. [6]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

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The British Thoracic Society recommends that antibiotics should not be given to those with minor illnesses. [6]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Use of corticosteroids is controversial. [6]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

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Aspiration In general, aspiration pneumonitis is treated conservatively with antibiotics intended only for aspiration pneumonia. [53]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

His choice of antibiotic will depend on several factors, including the suspected causative organism and whether pneumonia was acquired in the community or developed in a hospital setting.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Options generally include clindamycin, a combination of beta-lactam antibiotics and metronidazole, or aminoglycosides. [54]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Corticosteroids are sometimes used in aspiration pneumonia, but there is only limited evidence supporting their effectiveness. [53]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Prognosis With treatment, most types of bacterial pneumonia will stabilize within 3—6days. [55]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Sometimes it takes several weeks before most symptoms are alleviated. [55]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

X-ray results are usually clean within four weeks and mortality is low (less than 1%). [11] [56] Among the elderly or people who have other lung problems healing may take more than 12weeks.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

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Among people who require hospital treatment, mortality may be up to 10% and among those who require intensive care (ICU) mortality can reach 30— 50%. [11]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

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Pneumonia is the most common hospital-acquired infection that causes death. [18]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

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Prior to the presence of antibiotics, mortality was typically 30% among those hospitalized. [15]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

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Complications can arise especially among the elderly and those with basic health problems. [56]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

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These can include, among others: empyema, lung abscess, obliterant bronchiolitis, acute respiratory difficulty syndrome, sepsis, and worsening of basic health problems. [56]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Clinical prediction rules Clinical prediction rules have been developed to more objectively forecast outcomes in pneumonia. [18]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

This rule is often used to determine whether a sufferer needs to be hospitalized or not. [18]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Pneumonia severity index (or PSI Score) [18] CURB-65 score, which takes into account the severity of symptoms, any underlying disease, and age [57] Pleural effusion, empyema, and abscess In pneumonia, fluid collection can form within the space surrounding the lung. [58]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Occasionally, microorganisms will infect this fluid and cause empyema. [58]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

To distinguish empyema from simpler and ordinary parapneumonic effusions, the liquid can be taken with (thorasentis) needles, and examined. [58]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

If the results show evidence of empyema, the liquid should be taken entirely, sometimes requiring cathater drainage. [58]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

In severe cases of empyema, decortication may be required. [58]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

If the infected fluid is not drained, infection will continue to occur because antibiotics do not enter well into the pleural cavity.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

If the fluid is sterile, it needs to be removed entirely only if it causes symptoms or remains unsolvable. [58]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Bacteria in the lungs will form an infected fluid sac called lung abscess. [58]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

A lung abscess can usually be seen with an X-ray but sometimes requires a CT scan to confirm the diagnosis. [58]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Abscesses usually occur in aspiration pneumonia, and often contain several types of bacteria.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Long-term antibiotics are usually sufficient to treat lung abscesses, but sometimes they must be removed entirely with a surgeon or radiologist. [58]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Respiratory and circulatory failure Pneumonia can cause respiratory failure by triggering acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS), which results from a combination of infectious and inflammatory responses.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

The lungs quickly fill with fluid and become hard.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Hardened lungs are accompanied by severe difficulty extracting oxygen because obstructed alveolar fluid will take a long time for mechanical ventilation to survive. [22]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Sepsis is a complication that can occur due to pneumonia but usually only occurs in people whose immunity is low or hyposplenism.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

The organisms commonly involved are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Klebsiella pneumoniae.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Other causes of the symptoms are also worth noting such as myocardial infarction or respiratory embolisms. [59]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Epidemiology Pneumonia is a widely occurring disease that infects approximately 450 million people per year and occurs in all parts of the world. [6]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

This disease is the leading cause of death in all groups that cause millions of deaths (7% of the world's total deaths) each year. [6] [48] This rate occurs most in children younger than five years old, and adults older than 75. [6]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

The disease occurs five times more often in developing countries than in developed countries. [6]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Pneumonia caused by the virus accounts for about 200 million cases. [6]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

In the United States, since 2009, pneumonia became the 8th cause of death. [11]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Children In 2008, pneumonia occurred in approximately 156 million children (151 million in developing countries and 5 million in developed countries). [6]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

It caused 1.6 million deaths, 28— 34% of those mortality occurred in children under five years old, and 95% occurred in developing countries. [6] [10] Countries with a high burden of pneumonia included: India (43 million), China (21 million) and Pakistan (10 million). [61]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

This disease is the leading cause of death in children in low-income countries. [6] [48] Many cases of these deaths occur in the newborn period.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that one among three deaths in newborns is due to pneumonia. [62]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Approximately half of these deaths are theoretically preventable, because they are caused by bacteria because there is an effective vaccine. [63]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

History Pneumonia is a disease that occurs widely throughout human history. [64]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

The symptoms are described by Hippocrates (c. 460 BC — 370 BC): [64] "Peripneumonia, and pleurisy affection, the following needs to be observed: If the fever becomes acute, and if pain is felt on one side of the body, or on both sides, and if a cough arises and a spit that is yellow or dark, or slight, dry, and reddish, or characterized differently than usual...


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

When pneumonia reaches its peak, it is difficult to treat and if the patient is not treated, and worsens if the pneumonia sufferer also has dyspnoea, and the urine is small and sharp, if the sweat comes out of the area around the neck and head, because such sweat is not sweat healthy, as it results from shortness of breath, and the rigor of the disease affecting the upper hand. “[65]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

However, Hippocrates called pneumonia a disease “named in ancient times.”


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

He also reported results from surgical drainage of empyema.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Maimonides (1135—1204 AD) noticed: “The general symptoms that occur in pneumonia and never do not occur are as follows: acute fever, piercing-like pleurisy pain, short, breathless breaths, ups and downs and coughing. “[66]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

This clinical picture is similar to that found in modern textbooks, and reflects the breadth of medical knowledge from the Middle Ages to the 19th century.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Edwin Klebs was the first to observe bacteria in the airway of people who died from it in 1875. [67]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

The first work identifying the two most common pneumonia-causing bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae was featured by Carl Friedländer [68] and Albert Fränkel [69] in 1882 and 1884, successively.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Friedländer's first work introduced the Gram stain, a basic laboratory test still used today to identify and group bacteria.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Christian Gram's writings describing the procedure in 1884 helped to distinguish the two bacteria, and showed that pneumonia can result from more than one microorganism. [70]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Sir William Osler, known as the “father of modern medicine,” appreciated death and disability caused by pneumonia, calling him “captain killer man” in 1918, as having surpassed tuberculosis as the leading cause of death at this time.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

The term comes from a term coined by John Bunyan with regards to “gnawing” (tuberculosis). [71] [72] Osler also describes pneumonia as a “friend of the parents” because the deaths that occur are often rapid and painless while in fact there is still a way who is longer and it hurts to die. [15]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Several developments in the 1900s improved treatment outcomes for pneumonia patients.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

With advances in penicillin and other antibiotics, modern surgical techniques, and intensive care in the 20th century, mortality due to pneumonia, approaching 30%, declined in developed countries.


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Vaccination of infants against Haemophilus influenzae type B began in 1988 and led to a dramatic decline in such cases thereafter. [73]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults began in 1977, and in children in 2000, which resulted in a similar decrease. [74]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

Society and culture Due to the high burden of disease on developing countries and the relatively low awareness of the disease in developed countries, the global health community declared November 12 as World Pneumonia Day, a day for citizens and policymakers who have attention to the disease to take action against the disease. [75]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

The global economic cost of the community due to pneumonia is estimated at $17 billion. [11]


Question: What is the name of the bacterium in pneumonia?

Plungs

See also Ventilator-related pneumonia Reference Library List |first= missing |last= (help) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text (link) Outlinks at Curlie Category:Pulmonology Category:Pneumonia Category:Infectious Diseases


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Dr. Moewardi (Pati, Central Java, 1907 - Surakarta, Central Java, 13 October 1948) was an Indonesian national hero.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Moewardi is a STOVIA graduate doctor.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

After graduation, he went on to specialize in Ear Nose Throat (ENT).


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In addition aa was the chairman of Barisan Pioneer in 1945 in Surakarta and was involved in the events of the proclamation of 17 August 1945.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In the event, he also gave a speech after Soewirjo, deputy mayor of Jakarta at that time.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

History Di Solo, Dr.Muwardi founded a medical school and formed a folk movement to fight the actions of the PKI.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

At the events of Madiun he was one of the figures rumored to be missing and presumed killed by rebels other than Governor Soeryo.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Now its name is enshrined as the name of Surakarta Regional General Hospital.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

His name is also enshrined as a street name in Jakarta. September 13, worthy of remembrance in 1930 in the area of Tanah abang Jakarta there was a man named Muwardi, famous as Doctor Muwardi or commonly called Doctor Gembel.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Because the doctor was happy to get along with the gembel rather than the upper class.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

A group of people who are mostly very poor as well as people who are in desperate need of help.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Ever because asked for help to treat a dandy who lives deep in a village with a sleek and muddy alley that only dry in the rain. Although it is just a fridge, but the gembel is a person who has a sense of sublime humanity.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

He looked at Muwardi's still clean clothes immaculate in the slightest, “just change it!” , he thought.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

It's a shame that he has to walk in the mud.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Dirty water and his mud will certainly soon cling to his shoes and pants.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

“No! , don't!


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Mr. doctor must stay clean, in order to visit other sick people immediately, “Finally inevitably, Muwardi was held by the gembel.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

So that Muwardi was carried on the back of the big road to the hospital.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Sightseeing Similarly, return back to the car.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Such is the love of the gembel folk to him.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Each calendar designates the date of September 13, it is a date that deserves to be remembered by all Indonesians, because on September 13, 1930 by the initiative of a young man Muwardi was born a new guide in Jakarta, as an incarnation of the only three guiding organizations in Jakarta. Indonesia are Pandu Kebangsaan, Pandu Pemuda Sumatra and Indonesische Nationaal Padvinders Organisatie.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Organisai keguide who became the forerunner of Scouting was named: Guidance of the Indonesian Nation.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Eighteen years afterward exactly on the same date which was on September 13, 1948.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Doctor Muwardi leaves for Jebres hospital using an andong vehicle to perform surgery on a patient, a child suffering from severe pain.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Although banned by Barisan Banteng staff members, Doctor Muwardi still departed.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

“Wis Yo Jeng!” (already ya Dik!).


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

“Dag Pap!” , replied his wife, Soesilowati.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Just reached the front door he came back because something missed, then set off again while saying goodbye once again Wis yo Jeng!”.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

His wife was astonished and laughingly replied “Ah Pap, so like a new adherent!”.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Soesilowati certainly would not think that Muwardi's goodbye words felt funny were the last words of his beloved husband.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

For after that, the dedicated doctor did not go home for ever, lost indeterminately where.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Now people, followers and comrades in arms of Muwardi all over Indonesia in various organizations and parties.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Almost entirely deceased.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

However, if they are asked their opinion about Muwardi, all will certainly state that Dr. Muwardi is one of the Indonesian leaders who has lived simply, fought consectually and died miserably for his people!.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Muwardi's great sense of humanity in those days to others deserves to be a reflection of today's doctors in Solo, so as not to commit discretizing actions against humans.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Putera A Guru from Jakenan Muwardi was born in Randukuning Village, Pati, Central Java, Rebo Pahing 30 January 1907 at 10.15 pm 15 Besar in Java 1836.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

As the 7th son of Mas Sastrowardojo and Roepeni, a teacher.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

A very authoritative position of the times.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Muwardi is 13-brother, male and female.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

From descendants of Sastrowardojo who live there who become employees of Pamong Praja, there also remain self-employed only.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Among them became a health analyst, namely Supardi, the leader of Jogjakarta Regional Health Laboratory around 1940-1950 who was the elder brother of Muwardi.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The other health analyst is Muwardi's younger brother Darsono.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

According to genealogy, from the father Muwardi is still a direct descendant of Raden Sunan Landoh or Syeh Jangkung while from Mrs. Muwardi still keturnan Ario Damar (Regent of Palembang).


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

But from these thirteen brothers there were three who died as a child, namely: Soenardi, Tarnadi and Soedewi.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Therefore, Muwardi plays more often and with his two brothers, namely Soepadi and Soenarto (Head of Central Java DPU in the 1970s era) as in general, their three brothers often have mischief and serial among themselves.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Muwardi is very lucky to be born from the noble class so no wonder, Muwardi and his sister can enjoy various facilities that not all Indonesians at that time (even today), one of which is a decent and quality education.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In 1913 Mr. Sastrowardojo moved to Jakenan Village to teach at the Bumi Putera Folk School, because of his cleverness Muwardi transferred to HIS (Hollandsch Inlandsche School) in Kudus which is a primary school with an introductory language of Dutch.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

As an educator, Sastrowardojo wants his sons to be smarter and higher standing than he is.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Seeing Muwardi's cleverness and affection if his son was schooled too far from home Sastrowardojo moved Moewardi to Europesche Lagere School in Pati.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

STOVIA Setamat from ELS in 1921, his father asked Dr. Umar in Cilacap (The adoptive father of Maj. Gen. Ernest Julius Magenda, Director of Intelligence ABRI in the 1960s era) to recommend that Moewardi can enter STOVIA (School Tot Opleiding Voor Inlandshe Aartsen) or Doctor Bumi Putera School in Jakarta .


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In that era, not only brain intelligence can deliver a person to enjoy education but also a recommendation from someone who is well informed.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Almost 12 years of time required by Muwardi to be able to get his doctor's diploma, not because of a fool.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

It was his liveliness in the student world and his guidance that caused Muwardi to have to procrastinate his graduation.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Although it was felt heavy and took quite a long time (only graduated 1 December 1933), but the diploma should have been two years earlier (1931) awarded to Muwardi.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Moewardi's intelligence is still remembered by his teachers at STOVIA.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

One teacher even offered him a position as Beroeps-Assistant or Assistant Proffesor at Geneeskundige Hoge School (High School of Medicine of the Nose, Oesophagus and Ear).


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

As a doctor Muwardi became an assistant of Dr. Hendarmin until the moment he left Jakarta.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Muwardi eventually got a brevet recognizing his skills.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

For five years Muwardi worked as a private doctor.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Muwardi had lived in Kebonsirih, where his first wife (Soeprapti) died.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

By leaving a princess (Tjitjik) and a son (Adi) who was a baby.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Muwardi also once dwelt in Tanahabang, near Kebayoran or Palmerah road.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In the midst of a society of gembel, which led to him getting the nickname Doctor Gembel from his fellow professions, this nickname sounds patronising but actually implies admiration.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Because not everyone is brave and willing to do it, right?!.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Pioneering Indonesian guidance during his study at STOVIA, Muwardi, showed great interest in the youth movement.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

He entered Jong Java and was enterprising in guiding activities.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In his early days studying at STOVIA Muwardi was once a member of the Nederlansch Indiche Padvinder Vereneging (NIPV).


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The guide of the guide organization started by the existence of a branch of the Nederlandse Spadvinders Organisatie (NPO) in 1912, which at the outbreak of World War I had its own large wartir then renamed Menjadinederlands Indische Padvinders Vereeniging (NIPV) in 1916.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

NIPV membership consists of Dutch children and Bumi Putera.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In the organization there is also NIPC (Nederlands Indische Padvinders Club) organization guiding children's age, noted Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX at the time of 3rd grade Eerste Europese Lagere Schoolnever joined this organization.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Muwardi was an active and disciplined guide.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Due to his prowess, Muwardi was until chosen to be Assistant Troep or Ploeg-leider or Chief of the Pandu Troop.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

This level at NIPV is grade I Pandu level, even though it is a level that is rarely reached by a putera earth guide who is under the banner of NIPV.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

However, Muwardi shortly became a member of NIPV, a sense of nationalism that made Muwardi choose to leave NIPV for ever.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

At the time he was about to be appointed chief of the guiding army he refused to pronounce an oath of allegiance to the King of Holland


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The events out of the NIPV it occurred in 1925.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In addition to being active in the guide movement Muwardi was also active in Jong Java, because of his intelligence and love for journalistic world in 1922 Muwardi received trust to lead the Editor of Jong-Java Magazine with his younger brother, Sutojo.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Later in 1925 Muwardi was trusted as Chairman of Jong-Java Jakarta Branch.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

And was chosen as one of Jong Java's envoys at the National Youth Congress in Jakarta.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Muwardi was among those who co-issued the Youth Oath on 28 October 1928.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Because of that vow then Jong Java in his congregation in December 1928 was able to receive fusion or melting pot with other youth organizations.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The melting of Jong Java along with other youth associations in Indonesia, such as Jong Sumatra, Jong Ambon, Jong Minahasa, Sekar Rukun (Sundanese), Sangkoro Mudo (Java) became a Young Indonesia (I.M) based on nationality.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Jong Java has a guide organization called Jong Java Padvinderij (JJP), Muwardi was the leader of JJP and led the Editor of Pandu Magazine, until finally in 1925 Muwardi took the initiative to change the name of Jong Java Padvinderij to Pandu Kebangsaan.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Particularly admiring is that Muwardi's personal initiative to change Padvinderij's name to Keguide was long before Mr. Haji Agus Salim advocated the use of the terms “Pandu” and “Keguide” to replace the words “Padvinder” and “Padvinderij”, because the term was forbidden by The N.I.P.V. felt as an official organization was guided in those days.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In 1926 Muwardi served as a Grand Commissioner, leading the Great Kwartir of Guides-to-guide Jong Java Padvinderij.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Driven by the spirit of unity that peaked among the youth of that time, then on May 23, 1928 a meeting between representatives of Indonesian guides in Jakarta, attended by Pandu Kebangsaan, NATIPIJ (Nationale Islamietishe Padvinderij) from Jong Islamieten Bond, INPO (Indonesische Nationaal Padvinders Organisatie) from Indonesian Youth, while S.I.A.P. (Syarikat Islam Afdeling Padvinderij) from Syarikat Islam, and “Padvinder Muhammadiyah” which in 1920 was renamed H.W (Hezbollah Wathon) from Muhammadiah who did not attend due to obstruction.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The meeting resulted in the formation of PAPI (Persatuan Antara Pandu Indonesia).


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Other places such as Yogyakarta, Surabaya, Semarang, where there are more than one guide established local PAPI.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In Solo the body was named the Agency of Persatuan Keguide Surakarta, in Yogyakarta named: Persatuan Keguide Mataram Agency, but with the same intent and purpose.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

A year later on December 15, 1929 PAPI held its second meeting in Jakarta, in a meeting Pandu Kebangsaan (PK) through Muwardi proposed that a fusion pot for all guiding organizations to be formed into One Indonesian Guidance Organization (SOKI).


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In the conference there was no unanimous word of guidance different principle, especially religious guidance to unite together according to the proposal of Muwardi.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

To maintain the integrity of the brotherhood, it is taken a middle way by forming two committees, with the task of studying the implementation and implementation plan, for guidance based on the principle of nationality solely and others with prioritizing the fundamentals of religion.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Muwardi as the leader of Pandu Kebangsaan or Jong Java Padvinderij during camp and congress in Solo (1929) wanted that Pandu Kebangsaan can fuse with other guiding organizations.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The idea was based on Muwardi's principle that “the one waveguide is the brother of the other.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Therefore, the whole waveguide must be one.”.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

After the negotiations, there was an agreement that Pandu Kebangsaan, Pandu Sumatra (PPS), and Indoneisch Nationale Padvinders Organisatie (INPO) to melt into a guide organization with the name Keguide Bangsa Indonesia (KBI) on September 13, 1930.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In the organization Muwardi sat as Commissioner of the Indonesian National Guidance.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Noteworthy is that Umar Wirahadikusuma was a member of KBI during school at ELS level, and coincidentally on 18 September 1948 served as Battalion IV Siliwangi Division Leader of the Sadikin Brigade based in Colomandu and also eradicated PKI at that time.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

After holding its first congregation in Ambarwinangun, Yogyakarta in late December 1930.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The chairmanship was held by Soewardjo Tirtosoepono and Muwardi, respectively as Chairman of the Board and the Commissioner.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The Congress was also famous as the National Jamboree of KBI I was visited by 2/3 of 57 branches spread across Java, Bali, Madura and Sumatra.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The talk in the congress was based on the formulation that already existed from the three guides that have become one to use the KBI work guidelines until there is a decree from the congress.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Towards the end of the Jamboree suddenly at that time, around Muntilan area near Yogyakarta was hit by a natural disaster with the eruption of Mount Merapi.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Guandu KBI who are in jamboree are deployed simultaneously to participate in dedicating their power to reduce the suffering of the victims of natural disasters.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In Javanese belief, if in an important state a major event occurs then such an important state will be great and lasting.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

It seems that nature also gives a sign that KBI will be a large and remembered organization.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In June 1931 KBI held a Leaders Meeting I in Purworejo.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

This meeting really means for the next course of KBI history.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Because that's where the basics of KBI even Scout start include: Setting the color “redah-white” as the color of the hands-neck and the KBI flag in accordance with the principles of Indonesian nationality.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In addition to producing important decisions for the history of Indonesian guide also signalled the establishment of a new guide that uses an abbreviation name: KDI (Keguide In Indonesia) formations NIPV.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

A year later (1932), KBI held the National Jamboree II in Much, Malang.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The encampment was led directly by the Commissioner Besar Muwardi himself according to the set plan.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In addition to the usual camp there is also a separate meeting for leaders to negotiate about the organization and technical leaders regarding their guidance.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The results of the Leaders meeting in Plenty showed a step towards consolidation into and out.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The Jamboree held July 19-21, 1932 was visited by representatives of 69 KBI branches, the most important decisions include: Pandu Inauguration Ceremony and Flag Removal Ceremony.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The III National Jamboree was held in Solo on June 20—24, 1934.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In the Leader meeting it was taken decisions such as: Printing AD/ART Books, Game Instructions, Regulations Establishing Branches and so on.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

While the meeting set Soeratno Sastroamijodjo to be the Chairman of the Board replacing Soewarjo Tirtosoepomo who since the middle of 1932 moved to Cilacap.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Soon Muwardi asked for leave due to having to face final exams as a doctor and the preparation needs of marriage to his first wife.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

As his successor was chosen Abdulrachim of Bandung.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

By itself, the position of Kwartir Besarpun moved to Bandung, West Java.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The first national jamboree At the time Chief-Scout Lord Baden Powell stopped in Java on his way to Australia in early 1934, Indonesian guides outside the NIPV were prohibited from welcoming him.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Muwardi had suspected the possibility of such an incident.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

So in the decision of the meeting in Solo mid-1934, KBI began to organize Regional Jamboree.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Almost simultaneously in Central Java, East Java and West Java held Regional Jamboree respectively in Kali Urang, Gresik and Sukabumi under Regional Commissioners Hertog, Mursito and Dadi Cokrodipo from Central Java, East Java, and West Java.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Regional Jamboree very attracts the attention of the community, proven in East Java for example, Dr. Sutomo, Mr. Susanto Tirtoprodjo, Dr. Maas and others participate in jamboree and feel the sorrows of living in the camp: sleeping on the ground mattress with a pocket-back pillow (rugtas), bathing in the river with WC model “plung-lap”. In 1935, at the per-sa-mi camp (camp-Saturday-Sunday) in Pasar Minggu (Karang Teruna now) where the members of the Great Board and the Commissioner Besar were joined.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

A discussion was held on how KBI to hold an “ALL INDONESIAN JAMBOREE”.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

One Jamboree for all Indonesian guides regardless of class and religion, origin is not a member of NIPV (Nederlands Indische Padvinders Vereneging).


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The idea turned out to be a welcome from the public, especially from other guides from 1936-1940 period starting with the implementation of the National Jamboree of KBI to IV in Kali Urang, Yogyakarta.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The camp was held in Diponegoro field, owned by KBI Branch Mataram (Yogyakarta) and took place satisfactorily under the chairmanship of Commissioner Besar Muiri.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

At the opening of the jamboree at Kali Urang in 1936 the Great Commissioner Muwardi delivered a very famous speech entitled Jamboree.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

On the initiative of KBI Commissioner Muwardi on 26 April 1938 in Solo was held a meeting between members of the Association of Inter-Pandu Indonesia by convening several other Kwartir Besar Keguide to explain about the ideals of holding All Indonesian Jamboree.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

These ideals are acceptable to the meeting.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Then it was decided to establish the Central Body of Brotherhood Keguide Indonesia (BPPKI) which is based in Solo.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The composition of the management consists of representatives: KBI-Chairman, Indonesian Catholic Principle Guide (KAKI) -Minutes, Nationale Islamietishe Padvinderij (NATIPIJ) -Treasurer, Islamic State Afdeling Padvinderij (READY) -Affairs of Engineering Section.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The BPPKI Conference in Bandung in the middle of 1939 decided: Rename the All Indonesian Jamboree to Encampment Keguide Indonesia Oemoem abbreviated: PERKINO, arguing that the name is in accordance with the ideals of nationality and held in Solo in July 1940 But the decision It was then forced to postpone until 1941 due to the precarious international atmosphere due to World War I and II therefore Perkino to I was moved to Mataram (Yogyakarta).


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

After a guarantee of assistance from the Chairmen of the Branch and the Board of B.P.K.M (Mataram Brotherhood Board) was immediately formed Perkindo Committee chaired by Dr. Martosoehodo.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Apparently, on the part of the public and Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX also strongly support and pay attention to the event, by providing assistance in the form of moril and material.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

According to Perkino's plan it took place 19—23 July 1941 housed at Gampingan field.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

From the news 12 Indonesian, Chinese, and Dutch newspapers of the time showed that Perkino ke I succeeded satisfactorily.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

As evidence are news excerpts from Sights (July 21, 1941), Mata-Hari (July 22, 1941), Djokja-Bode (July 21, 1941) and Weekly Magazine “Gelanggang” (July 24, 1941) From here it is seen that Indonesian guidance under the leadership of Muwardi at that time has come to the level of its development high until finally dissolved by the Japanese government.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

After Perkindo II in Jakarta February 2-12, 1943, KBI organization was frozen on 4th, 4th month, 4th year (2640 or 1944), at 4 pm, in the field of KBI Gang Tengah Jakarta.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

After the Proclamation of Independent Indonesia on 17 August 1945, the door began to open again for the guide to move.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

This opportunity was immediately used by Muwardi (after leading the Barisan Pioneer in Jakarta to escort the Proclamation and had moved to Solo) together with his comrades in KBI to structure the movement of Indonesian guidance again.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In September 1945, Muwardi together with other guide comrades gathered in Yogyakarta and agreed to form the Indonesian Guidance Unity Committee (PKPI) as a working committee, indicating the formation of a scouting organization for the entire nation of Indonesia and soon held the Indonesian Guidance Unity Conggres.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Muwardi is aware that the state in the country does not allow waveguide organizations to work separately.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

All guides must unite to confront enemies who interfere with Indonesia's independence.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In accordance with the passions of the Indonesian nation at that time.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The Congress in question, was held on 27-29 December 1945 in Solo.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Muwardi invites all guides from various organizations to unite their determination.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Seventeen guides stopped simultaneously their respective organizations to unite in Pandu Rakyat Indonesia (PRI) in the city of Solo on 28 December 1945.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The interim chairman of the PRI is held by Muwardi and his Grand Commissioner Hertog.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

This association is supported by all leaders and figures and strengthened by “Promise Ikatan Sakti”, then the Indonesian government recognizes PRI as the only scouting organization established by the decision of the Minister of Education, Teaching and Culture No.93/Bag.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

A, dated February 1, 1947.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

During the Japanese colonization of the Dwi Tunggal Guards in 1944 the Japanese government formed the Javanese Hokokai (Indonesian People's Service) whose organizational leadership was directly under the command of the Japanese military government.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Javanese Hokokai has a line called Shuisintai or Pioneer Barisan consisting of young men.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The general leader of Barisan Pioneer is Bung Karno, being Sudiro as the Executive Leader of the Daily Leader with assisted by members of the board, such as Chaerul Saleh, Agus Karma, Asmara Hadi, Mashud, Sukarjo Wirjopranoto, and Otto Iskandardinata.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In each carisidenan there is a Pioneer Barisan led by a Syuurenotaicho (Commander of Barisan Pioneer Karisidenan).


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Muwardi is the chairman of Barisan Pioneer Jakarta Raya and surrounding areas, his deputy is Wilopo, S.H. From outside Barisan Pioneer looks just a tool of Japan, but in practice it becomes a vessel and a means of struggle of the youth.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

As the leader of Barisan Pioneer Region Jakarta Raya, Muwardi formed the sub-district level Barisan Pioneer.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Later in the day after Bung Karno was chosen as President, on the proposal of Sudiro, Bung Karno raised Muwardi to become Chairman of Barisan Pioneer.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

By “dark radio-radio” the young men already knew about Japan's destruction due to atomic bombs.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

News of Japan's defeat in the Pacific War was eventually widespread.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

One of the great plans among the youth and leaders of the movement is the proclamation of Indonesian independence.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Therefore, the young men formed Barisan Pioneer to secure the leaders of the struggle, such as Soekarno and Hatta.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Muwardi was given the task to lead the Pioneer Barisan in the Jakarta area.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

As the headquarters of Barisan Pioneer Jakarta is Muwardi's privately owned house on Cik Di Tiro street No 7.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In the 11-room house, every day a meeting is held to prepare a strategy for Indonesian independence.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

There are always present Chaerul Saleh, Sudiro, Suwiryo, Dr. Suharto and Muwardi.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Many times Muwardi sold some of his possessions to buy food for the young men.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In a grand meeting at Ikada Square (now Bull Field) the day before the proclamation, Barisan Pioneer was tasked to secure the field from unrest and the threat of Japanese soldiers.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Ikada Field is heavily guarded by Japanese soldiers.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Each Japanese soldier adjacent to the Soekarno-Hatta troupe was watched by three young men.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The young men who surrounded and watched the movements of the Japanese soldiers were Muwardi's men, at that time the field commander of Barisan Pioneer was Moeffreini Moe'min a Bekassyodancho from Daidan I Jakarta.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

They are the swordsmen of martial arts, armed with daggers and rencong.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

They were tasked with snatching weapons from the hands of Japanese soldiers if the situation of the rally became insane and it turned out that the meeting took place smoothly without security disturbances.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

But ahead of Independence Day, as chairman of Barisan Pioneer Jakarta Raya, assisted by Soegandi, Sudiro (once served Mayor of Jakarta Raya), Treasurer of Kampung Duri Jakarta Masihono, and Suratno.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

At one time the Japanese army was looking for a Barisan Pioneer leader.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Coincided with Masihono's arrival in search of the Pioneer's cash.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

At that time Muwardi was hidden in the colong of Masihono's bed.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

If at that second Muwardi found by the Japanese army of course at that time also Muwardi exhausted his end.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Like the fate of other leaders but, God still protected him and Muwardi survived.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In the events of securing Sukarno and Hatta to Rengasdengklok, Muwardi gets an assignment from the young men along with Sayuti Melik to awaken Bung Karno.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

On August 17, 1945, coinciding with the month of Ramadan in Bung Karno's residence house on Jalan Pegangsaan Timur 56 Jakarta crowded visited by Muwardi people guarantee a safe state to Doctor Soeharto, Bung Karno's personal doctor: “still sleep all, everything is in order”.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Muwardi pointed to the group of people behind the house while saying “That's the dead brave row I lead”.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

It has been decided, the reading of the Proclamation will be held that morning, but the time will still be determined by Bung Karno.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

He just entered the bedroom before dawn upon his return from a meeting at (Admiral) Maeda's house.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In front of the house Bung Karno already seen there is a microphone stand with the standard.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Due to the instructions of Sudiro, Barisan Pioneer continued to arrive to East Pegangsaan 56.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The time is approaching 10:00 but Bung Hatta has not yet come.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Muwardi who did not wait to enter Bung Karno's room and urged Bung Karno to immediately announce the Proclamation alone without waiting for the arrival of Bung Hatta.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The reason is because Bung Hatta has signed the text of the Proclamation.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

At first Bung Karno replied calmly, but because Muwardi urged in an angry tone Bung Karno replied: “I do not want to say the proclamation if Hatta does not exist, if Mas Muwardi does not want to wait please read the Proclamation yourself”.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The dialogue of these two figures witnessed by Sudiro and after that Muwardi did not urge Bung Karno again.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Actually Muwardi did that because Sudiro saw around the street Pegangsaan seen a Japanese who was having a conversation with Sukardjo Wirjopranoto.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Both were actually worried that the Proclamation had not been read out already in the Japanese raid, so ultimately the Proclamation failed.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

But indeed Bung Hatta was a man who always held firm, before 10:00 he arrived.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

After entering Bung Karno's room, not long after they both went out and went out of the house to the front yard where there were microphones, flagpoles and attendees and attendees who would witness the reading of the Proclamation right at 10.00 am.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

After the reading of the proclamation and the ceremony was completed, Bung Hatta and the other leaders went home.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Muwardi still stayed to confer with Sudiro chose 6 people from Barisan Pioneer who are pencak swordsmen to become Barisan Pioneer Istimum who is responsible for the personal security of Bung Karno who became the first President of the Republic of Indonesia after the proclamation of independence.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The leadership of the special ranks was handed over to Sumantoyo, while other officers were Sukarto and Tukimin.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The six people at all times tackled all attacks on the President of the Republic of Indonesia with all willingness to sacrifice lives.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Given the circumstances at that time, everything possible can happen, especially a crackdown on the part of the Japanese army.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

In very detail Muwardi thought about the safety of the Indonesian national leader, Soekarno-Hatta.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

After 18 August 1945 Bung Karno was chosen as President then it was no longer possible to lead the continued Barisan Pioneer.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The leadership of Barisan Pioneer was handed over to Muwardi.


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

The name Barisan Pioneer was changed to Barisan Pioneer Republik Indonesia (BPRI).


Question: When was Dr. Moewardi born?

Moewardi

Although on 23 August 1945 was formed by the People's Security Agency (BKR), the BPRI remained standing alone.