Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The Japanese Army and Navy immediately made plans to move the entirety of the 38th Division to the island along with the 51st Infantry Division, to attempt a further offensive against Henderson Airfield in November 1942. [57] The Japanese again planned to bombarded Henderson Field by means of gunboats in order for convoys of transport ships to deliver personnel and heavy supplies of the 38th Division.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Instead, however, on 14 October the United States Navy moved to intercept a force of gunboats sent by Yamamoto from Truk to bombard the airfield.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

During the naval battle of Guadalkanal starting from 13 — 15 November, Allied sea and air forces thwarted two Japanese experiments to bombard Henderson Airfield and nearly destroyed in total the transport convoy carrying the rest of the 38th Division.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

After failing to deliver meaningful additional troops for the island's defenses, the Japanese commanders finally admitted defeat to the battle of Guadalkanal and evacuated most of their surviving soldiers before the first week of February 1943.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

After succeeding at Guadalkanal and elsewhere, the Allies continued their campaign against Japan, ultimately culminating in the defeat of Japan and the end of World War II. [58]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Footnotes Reference Print media Website — Interactive animation of the battle — Web site with many pictures of Guadalcanal battle sites from 1942 and how they look now.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help) Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help) Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help) Advanced reading Category:Battles WWII involve the United States Category:Battles of World War II involving Japan Category:Conflict of 1942 Category:Pacific Ocean Palagan in World War II Category:Guadalkanal Campaign


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The Republic of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti) called Türkiye (Turkish: Türkiye) is a large country in the Eurasian region.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Its territory sprawls from the Anatolian Peninsula in Southwest Asia and the Balkan regions of Southeastern Europe.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Turkey borders the Black Sea to the north; Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece and the Aegean Sea to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast; and the Mediterranean Sea to the south.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The Sea of Marmara which is part of Turkey is used to mark the boundary of the European and Asian territories, so Turkey is known as a transcontinental country.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Turks began migrating to the Turkish-named area in the 11th century.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

This migration process was further accelerated after the Seljuk victory against the Byzantine Empire at the battle of Manzikert.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Several Beylik (Turkish Emirate) and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until with the invasion of the Mongol Empire.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Starting in the 13th century, the Ottoman beylik-beylik united Anatolia and formed an empire whose areas encroached on much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

After the Ottoman Empire collapsed after losing World War I, part of its territory was occupied by the Allies who won World War I. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk then organized a resistance movement against the Allies.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

In 1923, this resistance movement succeeded in establishing the Modern Turkish Republic with Atatürk serving as its first president.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Turkey's capital is in Ankara but the largest city in the country is Istanbul.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Due to its strategic location on a cross of two continents, Turkish culture is a unique mixture of Eastern and Western cultures often introduced as a bridge between two civilizations.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

With a strong region from the Adriatic to China on the land line between Russia and India, Turkey has gained a growing strategic importance.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Turkey is a democratic, secular, united constitutional republic.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Turkey has gradually joined the West while at the same time establishing relations with the Eastern world.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The country is one of the founding members of the United Nations [1], the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), [2] the OECD, [3] and the OSCE, [4] as well as a member state of the Council of Europe since 1949, [5] and NATO since 1952. [6]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Since 2005, Turkey is the only first Islamic state to confer with the European Union, having been a member of the coalition since 1963. [7]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Turkey is also a member of the G20 industrialized nation that brings together 20pc of the world's largest economies.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The etymology of Turkish Names or Türkiye in Turkish consists of two components, namely: the ethnonym Türk and the abstract suffix —iye meaning “owner”, “land” (derived from the suffix in Arabic —iyya which is similar to the suffix —ia in Greek and Latin).


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Early records of the term “Türk” or “Türük” as an autonym are contained in Orkhon writings by the Göktürk (Samawi Turks) of Central Asia (c. 8th century AD).


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Tu—kin was made evidence as early as 177 BC as the name of giving the Chinese nation to the inhabitants of the southern region of the Altai Mountains in Central Asia.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The Indonesian name “Turki” comes from Middle Latin iaitu Turchia (c. 1369).


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The name is closely related to Tourkia in Greek, which was originally used by the Byzantines to call Hungary in medieval times (because the Hungarians and Turks had a common ancestor) but later they began to use this name to name the region of the result Seljuk conquers in Anatolia, hundreds of years after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The history of prehistoric Anatolia and Eastern Trakia of the Anatolian Peninsula is one of the oldest populated regions in the world.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Various ancient Anatolian populations settled in Anatolia, beginning in the Neolithic period until conquered by Alexander the Great. [8]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The language spoken is Anatolian, a language branch of the Indo-European language family. [9]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

In fact, researchers have proposed Anatolia as the center of the hypothesis, where Indo-European languages spread. [10]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The part of the Turkish region in Europe is called Eastern Trakia.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The region has been unpopulated since four thousand years ago, and entered the Neolithic period around 6000 BC with its inhabitants beginning to grow. [11]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Göbekli Tepe is a site known as the oldest sanctuary structure made by humans around 10,000 BC, [12] while Çatalhöyük which were Neolithic and Kalcoliticum settlements in southern Anatolia, around 7500 BC to 5700 BC.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

As of July 2012, both sites are on the UNESCO World Heritage Site list. [13]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Settlement in Troya began in the Neolithic Age and continued until the Iron Age.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The earliest recorded inhabitants of Anatolia are the Hatti Nation and the Huri Nation, non-Indo-European peoples that inhabited central and eastern Anatolia, respectively as early as 2300 BC.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The Hittites came to Anatolia in 2000-1700 BC.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The first major kingdoms in the area were established by the Hittites, from the eighteenth to the 13th century BC.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The Assyrians conquered the southeastern part of Turkey and settled there in early 1950 BC until 612 BC. [14] [15] After the collapse of the Hittite kingdom in 1180 BC, the Phrygian Kingdom ruled in Anatolia until their kingdom was destroyed by the Kimmeri Tribe in the 7th century BC. [16]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Antiquity and Byzantine Period Around 1200 BC, the coast of Anatolia was overrun by the Aiolia tribe and a Greek Ionian tribe.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Many important cities were founded, such as Miletos, Ephesos, Smirna, and Byzantines, and the last to be founded was Megara in 657 BC.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The first state called Armenia by other regions was the Orontid dynasty state of Armenia, which included parts of eastern Turkey beginning in the 6th century BC.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

In southwestern Turkey, the most influential tribal group in Trakia was the Odyrisian tribe, founded by Teres I. [17] Anatolia was conquered by the Akhemeniyah Empire from Persia during the 6th and 5th centuries BC then later fell into the hands of Aleksander the Great in 334 BC, [18] which led to increasing cultural homogeneity and Hellenization in the region. [8]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

After Aleksander's death in 323 BC, Anatolia was then divided into several Hellenistic kingdoms, all of which became part of the Roman Republic by the mid-1st century BC. [19]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The process of Hellenization that began with Aleksander's conquest accelerated while under Roman rule, so that by the early century AD the Anatolian language and local culture had become extinct replaced by Greek. [20] [21] In 324, Constantine I chose Byzantine to be the new capital city The Roman Empire, later transformed into New Rome.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

After the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent division of the Roman Empire between his two sons, Constantinople became the capital of the Byzantine Empire, which would rule most of the territory of Turkey until the Late Middle Ages. [22]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The Seljuk and Ottoman Sultanate of the Seljuk Dynasty were a branch of the Kinik Oğuz Turks who lived in the Khagan Yabghu region of the Oğuz communion, north of the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea, in the 9th century. [23]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

In the 10th century, the Seljuk people began migrating from their ancestral homeland to Persia, which became the beginning of the Greater Seljuk Sultanate.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

In the second half of the 11th century, the Seljuks began to penetrate into the eastern regions of Anatolia.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

In 1071, the Seljuk Turk defeated the Byzantines in the Battle of Manzikert, as well as the start of Turkification in the region, the Turkic language and Islam introduced to Anatolia gradually spread and the slow transition from Christian-dominated and Greek-speaking Anatolia became predominantly Muslim and Turkic-speaking which continues to take place. [24]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

In 1243, the Seljuk army was defeated by the Mongols, causing the power of the Seljuk Dynasty to slowly disintegrate.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

One of the beyliks ruled by Osman I for the next 200 years would develop it into the Ottoman Sultanate, as well as expand territory throughout Anatolia, the Balkans, the Levant and North Africa. [25]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

In 1453, the Ottoman Empire conquered the Byzantine Empire by taking control of its capital city, Constantinople.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

In 1514, Sultan Selim I (1512—1520) succeeded in expanding the southern and eastern border regions by defeating Shah Ismail I of the Safawiyah dynasty in the Battle of Chaldiran.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

In 1517, Selim I expanded Ottoman rule into Algeria and Egypt, and created a navy in the Red Sea.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Subsequently, a rivalry began between the Ottoman side and the Portuguese kingdom to become the dominant sea power in the Indian Ocean, with various naval battles in the Red Sea, Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean was considered a threat to the Ottoman monopoly over the ancient trade route between East Asia and Western Europe (known as Jalan Sutera).


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

This monopoly was further disrupted following the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, which had a considerable impact on the economy of the Ottomans.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The Ottoman Sultanate's power and prestige reached its peak in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly during the reign of Suleiman I. The sultanate often fought with the Holy Roman Empire. [26]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

At sea, the Ottoman Navy feuded with several Holy Leagues (back then comprising the Spanish Habsburgs, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Venice, the Knights of St. John, the Papal States, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Savoy) to control it from the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

In the east, the Ottomans were at times at war with the Persian Safawiyah side over conflicts arising from territorial disputes or religious differences between the 16th and 18th centuries. [27]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Beginning in the early 19th century onwards, the Ottoman Sultanate began to weaken.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Like the region, military power and declining wealth, even many Balkan Muslims migrated to the heart of the Empire in Anatolia, [28] [29] along with the Circassian nation fleeing the Russian conquest of the Caucasus.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The weakening of the Ottoman Sultanate led to increased nationalist sentiment among the populace leading to increased ethnic tensions that sometimes turned violent, such as the ethnic Hamid massacres.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The Ottoman Sultanate entered World War I on the side of the Central Bloc and eventually lost.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

During the war, an estimated 1,500,000 [30] [31] [32] [33] Armenian citizens were deported and killed as the Armenian Genocide took place. [34] [35] The Turkish government denies that there was an Armenian Genocide and claims that Armenia was simply displaced from the eastern war zone. [36]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Massive massacres were also committed against other minority groups such as the Greeks and the Assyrians. [37] [38] [39] After the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, the Allied Bloc victory attempted to divide the Ottoman region through the Sèvres Approval in 1920 . [25]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Turkish Republic Occupation of Constantinople and Smyrna by the Allies in the time after World War I prompted the formation of the Turkish National Movement. [40]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli, the Turkish War of Independence was waged with the aim of repealing the provisions of the Sèvres Consent. [41]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

On 18 September 1922, the occupying army was defeated, and the Turkish regime based in Ankara, which declared itself the legitimate government in April 1920, began to formalize the legal transition from the old Ottomans to the new Republican political system.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

On 1 November, the new parliament was established and formally abolished the Sultanate system, thus ending 623 years of Ottoman rule.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July 1923 received international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed “Republic of Turkey” state as the successor state of the Ottoman Sultanate, and was officially declared on 29 October 1923 in Ankara, the capital of the new Turkey. [40]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The Treaty of Lausanne established a population exchange between Greece and Turkey, in which 1.1 million Greeks left Turkey for Greece and 380,000 Muslims were transferred from Greece to Turkey. [42]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Mustafa Kemal became the first President and then undertook many radical reforms with the aim of transforming the Ottoman-Turkish state into a new secular republic. [43]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

With the Nickname Law of 1934, the Turkish Parliament granted the title Atatürk (Father of the Turkish Nation) to Mustafa Kemal. [41]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Turkey remained neutral during World War II, but entered at the time of the end of the war on the Allied side on 23 February 1945.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

On 26 June 1945, Turkey became a charter member of the United Nations. [1]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

After the war, Greece faced difficulties in overcoming a communist insurgency, along with demands for the Soviet Union to establish military bases in the Turkish Straits.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

That prompted the United States to declare the Truman Doctrine in 1947, to ensure the security of Turkey and Greece. [44]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Greece and Turkey were incorporated in the Marshall Plan and the OEEC to rebuild the European economy in 1948, and later became founding members of the OECD in 1961.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

After taking part with United Nations forces in the Korean War, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, and became a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the Mediterranean.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

After a decade of Cypriot intercommunity violence and a coup in Cyprus on 15 July 1974 carried out paramilitary organization EOKA B, to overthrow President Makarios III and implement pro-Enosis (union with Greece) with Nikos Sampson as dictator, Turkey invaded Cyprus on dated July 20, 1974. [45]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Nine years later, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, recognized only by Turkey, was established. [46]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The period of the one-party system ended in 1945.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

This was followed by a transition to multiparty democracy over the coming decades, which was interrupted by military coups in 1960, 1971, 1980 and 1997. [47]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

In 1984, the Kurdish separatist group (PKK) began a campaign of resistance against the Turkish government, which to date has claimed more than 40,000 lives. [48]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

However, the peace process is ongoing. [49] [50] Since the liberalization of the Turkish economy during 1980, the country has experienced strong economic growth and political stability. [51]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

In 2013, a number of protests occurred in many provinces of Turkey, sparked by plans to destroy Taksim Gezi Park. [52]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The provinces of Turkey are divided into 81 provinces: Political Turkey is a parliamentary representative democracy.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Since its establishment as a republic in 1923, Turkey has developed a strong tradition of secularism. [53]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The Turkish Constitution governs the legal framework of the country.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

It establishes the main principles of government and establishes Turkey as a unitary centralized state.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The President of the Republic is the head of state and has a ceremonial role.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The president is elected to a five-year term by direct election and Tayyip Erdoğan is the first president elected through direct voting.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers who form the government, while the legislative power is vested by the unicameral parliament, the National Grand Assembly of Turkey.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The judiciary is independent of the executive and legislature, and the Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of laws and decisions with the constitution


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The Council of State is the court of last for administrative cases, and the High Court of Appeal for other cases. [54]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The prime minister is elected by parliament through a motion of confidence in the government and is most often the head of the party that has the most seats in parliament.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The present prime minister is Binali Yıldırım, who replaced Ahmet Davutoğlu on 24 May 2016.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1933, and any Turkish citizen who has turned 18 has the right to vote.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

There are 550 MPs elected to four-year terms by the proportional list-party system from 85 electoral districts.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The Constitutional Court may stop public financing of political parties deemed anti-secular or separatist, or ban their existence altogether. [55] [56] The electoral threshold is 10 percent of the vote. [57]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Supporters of Atatürk's reforms called Kemalists, as distinguished from Islamists, representing two extremes on a continuum of beliefs about the proper role of religion in public life. [58]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The Kemalist position generally combined a kind of democracy with a laic constitution and a westernized secular lifestyle, while supporting state intervention in the economy, education, and other public services. [58]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Since 1980, the rise in income inequality and class disparity has spawned Islamic populism, a movement that in theory espouses obligations to authority, communal solidarity and social justice, although what follows in practice is often debated. [58]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The geography of Turkey is a transcontinental country.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The territory of Turkey which belongs to Asia covers 97 percent of the country, the region is separated from European Turkey by the Bosporus Strait, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanella Strait.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Turkey's European region made up 3 percent of the country.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The Turkish territory is more than 1,600 kilometers (990 miles) long and 800 kilometers (500 miles) wide, with a rough rectangular shape.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The country is located between latitude 35° and 43° U, and longitude 25° and 45° T. Turkey, including lakes, Turkey occupies a land area of 783,562 square kilometers (302,535 square miles), an area of 755,688 square kilometers (291,773 square miles) is in Southwest Asia and 23,764 kilometers square (9,175 square miles) in Europe. [154]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Turkey is the 37-largest country in the world in terms of area.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The country is surrounded by oceans on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean to the south.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

There is also the Sea of Marmara to the northwest.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The European part of Turkey, Eastern Thrace (the easternmost region of the Balkan peninsula), forms Turkey's borders with Greece and Bulgaria.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The Asian part of the country is largely composed by the Anatolian peninsula, consisting of a plateau with a narrow coastal plain, between Koroglu and the Pontic mountains in the north and the Taurus Mountains to the south.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Eastern Turkey, located in the western highlands region of Armenia, has a mountainous landscape and is the headwaters of various rivers such as the Euphrates, Tigris and Aras rivers, there is also Mount Ararat, the highest point in Turkey with an altitude of 5137 meters (16,854 feet), and Lake Van, the largest lake in the country.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Biodiversity There are two main types of natural vegetation patterns: grassland-steppe, which occurs mainly in central and southeastern Anatolia but is also found in the Thrace lowlands and the valleys of Eastern Anatolia; and wilderness and timber forest, which cover parts of the country.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

However, in most parts of Turkey, this type of natural vegetation has been heavily modified by human actions, both directly (through logging and clearing land for agriculture) and indirectly (through the activities of herded animals) Demographics Historical PopulationYearpop.±% p.a .1927 13,554,000—1930 14,440,000 +2.13% 1940 17,728,000 +2.07% 1950 20,807,000 +1.61% 1960 27,506,000 +2.83% 1970 35,321,000 +2.53% 1980 44,439,000 +2.32% 1990 55,120,000 +2.18% 2000 64,252,000 +1.54% 2010 73,003,000 +1.29% 2017 79,81,15,000 +28% Source: Turkstat [59] According to Address-Based Population Record System Turkey, the country's population was 74.7 million inhabitants in 2011. [60]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Article 66 of the Turkish Constitution defines a “Turkish Person” as “anyone who is bound to the Turkish state through ties of citizenship”, therefore, the legal use of the term “Turk” as a Turkish citizen differs from the ethnic definition. [62]


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

However, the majority of the Turkish population is Ethnic Turk.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

They are estimated at 70-75 percent.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The official language of the country is Turkish, which is spoken by 85.4 percent of the population as a mother tongue. [64] 11.9 percent of the population speaks Kurmanji's Kurdish dialect.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

The religion of Turkey is a secular state with no official religion, the Turkish Constitution regulates freedom of religion and conscience. [66] [67] According to current sources by Ipsos, as of 2016 Islam is the main religion in Turkey comprising only 82% of the overall population, followed by people who do not unaffiliated (not following any branch), comprising 18% of the population, and Christianity, with 2%.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Turkish culinary has a wide variety of cuisines, the most famous of which are Baklava, Doner kebab, Pilaf, and Rice pudding.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Leandros Tower Gallery, Bosporus Traditional Turkish Dancers Selimiye Mosque, Edirne Alanya Pamukkale Waterfall Manavgat See also Ottoman Sultanate List of Turkish figures Further reading Reference Reed, Fred A. (1999).


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Anatolia Junction: a Journey into Hidden Turkey.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Burnaby, B.C.: Talonbooks [sic]. 320 p., ill. with b&w photos.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

ISBN 0-88922-426-9 Roxburgh, David J. (ed.) (2005).


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Turks: A Journey of a Thousand Years, 600—1600.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Royal Academy of Arts.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

ISBN 1-903973-56-2.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Turkey: A Country Study (1996).


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

ISBN 0-8444-0864-6.


Question: Is the capital of Turkey?

Turkish

Public Links — Topical multilingual website about Turkey. from the BBC News at Encyclopædia Britannica from UCB Libraries GovPubs at Curlie from International Futures Geographic data related to at OpenStreetMap Government Tourism Wikimedia Atlas of Turkey Main Page travel guide from Wikivoyage from UNESCO from Lonely Planet Economy Category:G20 Countries


Question: what is the area of the country of Japan?

List of countries by area

The following is a list of countries of the world by area.


Question: what is the area of the country of Japan?

List of countries by area

The sizes are given in SI metric units.


Question: what is the area of the country of Japan?

List of countries by area

Regions of dependency are indicated along with its principal country; total area area is also indicated, but this list is compiled by area area The list of countries by area area The following states are arranged by area area, including provinces outside but not including areas of power.


Question: what is the area of the country of Japan?

List of countries by area

Note The 196 countries on this list are member states of the United Nations coupled with Taiwan, the Vatican and Kosovo.


Question: what is the area of the country of Japan?

List of countries by area

This list also includes 11 countries that have a total of 66 dependent regions (dependencies), of which 23 of them are not permanently resided and therefore are not on the list of countries by population.


Question: what is the area of the country of Japan?

List of countries by area

The total is 259 countries and dependent regions.


Question: what is the area of the country of Japan?

List of countries by area

The description of the African Union is 29,797,500 km2, and is the largest country in the world if counted as a single country.


Question: what is the area of the country of Japan?

List of countries by area

Source header to force TOC CIA World Factbook, accessed December 10, 2012.


Question: what is the area of the country of Japan?

List of countries by area

See also List of Countries List of countries by number of inhabitants List of countries by population density List of countries by continent List of countries by time of formation Area


Question: is Justin Berry jailed?

March 1

March 1 is the 60th day (the 61st day in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar.


Question: is Justin Berry jailed?

March 1

Before moving to January, the Romans actually started the year on March 1. [1]


Question: is Justin Berry jailed?

March 1

Historically in Europe, March 1 represents the start of the new year.


Question: is Justin Berry jailed?

March 1

The names of the other months show this, namely: September = Seventh (Septa = “seven”), October = Eighth (Okta = “eight”), November = Ninth (Miss = “nine”), December = Tenth (Deka or Desi = “ten”).


Question: is Justin Berry jailed?

March 1

If the days of the year are counted from March 1 to March 1 of the following year, each day will have the same day (e.g. December 25 will always be the 300th day) each year, different from January 1.


Question: is Justin Berry jailed?

March 1

The events of 752 BC - Romulus, the first king of Rome, celebrates the first Rome victory after his victory over the Caeninenses, which followed the “Rape of the Sabine Women”. 509 BC - Publius Valerius Publicola, the Roman Consul, celebrates the first victory of the Roman Republic after his victory over the King Lucius Tarquinius Superbus in the Battle of Silva Arsia. 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, leader of the army of the Roman Republic, enters Athens, having overthrown the tyrant Aristion supported by the forces of Mithridates VI of Pontos who ended the Siege of Athens and Piraeus. 293 - Emperor Diocletianus and Maximianus appointed Constantius Chlorus and Galerius as Caesar.


Question: is Justin Berry jailed?

March 1

These events are thought to be the beginning of the reign of the Tetrarchy, otherwise known as Q<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[1806,1833,2,2]}'>uattuor Principes Mundi (“4 rulers of the world”). 317 - Crispus and Constantine II, sons of Roman Emperor Constantine I, and Licinius Iunior, sons of Emperor Licinius, were appointed as Caesar. 350 - Vetranio is asked by Constantina, sister of Constantius II, to self-proclaim as Caesar. 834 - Emperor Louis Pious restores power as sole ruler of the Kingdom of Franka.


Question: is Justin Berry jailed?

March 1

After returning to the throne, his eldest son Lothair I fled to Burgundia. 1457 - Unitas Fratrum stood in the village of Kunvald, on the Bohemian-Moravian border, becoming the second oldest Protestant group. 1476 - The troops of the Spanish Catholic monarchy engaged in battle with the combined forces Portuguese-Castilian led Afonso V and Prince John II in the Battle of Toro. 1562 - 23 Huguenots massacred by Catholics in Wassy, France, marking the beginning of the French Wars of Religion. 1565 - The city of Rio de Janeiro officially founded. 1593 - The Synod of Uppsala was ordered to confirm the exact form of the Lutheran Church of Sweden. 1628 - A warrant issued in February by King Charles I of England mandates that every county in England (not only port cities) pay a ship tax on this date. 1633 - Samuel de Champlain claims regained his position as commander of the colony of New France on behalf of Cardinal Richelieu. 1642 - Georgeana, Massachusetts (now called York, Maine), became the first combined town in North America. 1700 - Sweden introduced its own calendar, in order to gradually implement the Calendar Gregorian, returning the Julian Calendar to this date in 1712, and applying the Gregorian Calendar to this date in 1753. 1713 - The siege and destruction of Fort Neoheroka began in the Tuscarora War in North Carolina, effectively opening the interior of the colony to European colonization 1781 - Continental Congress adopts Articles of Confederation. 1790 - The first population census in the United States is passed. 1803 - Ohio officially becomes the 17th state of the United States. 1811 - Leader of the Mameluk Dynasty assassinated by Egyptian leader Muhammad Ali. 1815 - Napoleon returns to France from his exile in Elba. 1836 - A convention attended by delegates from 57 communities in Texas was held in Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas, to liberate themselves from Mexico. 1845 - United States President John Tyler signed legislation authorizing the United States to annexed the Republic of Texas. 1867 - Nebraska officially became the 37th state of the United States; Lancaster, Nebraska was renamed Lincoln and set to be its capital. 1870 - Marshal F. S. López killed in the Battle of Cerro Corá that marked the end of the Paraguayan War. 1872 - Parks Yellowstone National is designated as the world's first national park. 1873 - E. Remington and Sons in Ilion, New York, begins production of the first practical typewriter. 1896 - The Battle of Adowa begins; Ethiopia maintains its independence against Italy.


Question: is Justin Berry jailed?

March 1

Italian invasion carrying 100,000 troops defeated. 1896 - Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity. 1901 - Australian Armed Forces officially formed. 1910 - The worst avalanche in United States history that buried a Great Northern Railway train in southeastern King County, Washington, killed 96 people. 1912 - Albert Berry made the first parachute flight of an aircraft in flight. 1914 - The Republic of China joined the Universal Postal Union (UPU). 1917 - The United States Government released the encrypted text of the Zimmermann Telegram to the public. 1919 - Movement 1 March against Japan in Korea. 1932 - Charles Lindbergh's son kidnapped 1932 - Declaration of the founding of the state of Manchukuo. 1936 - Hoover Dam completed construction. 1939 - Imperial Japanese Army ammunition warehouse exploded in Hirakata, Osaka, Japan, resulting in 94 fatalities. 1941 - World War II: Bulgaria signs the Tripartite Pact, which declares self-incorporation with the Axis Block. 1941 - W47NV begins operations in Nashville, Tennessee becoming the first FM radio station in the US. 1947 - International Monetary Fund begins operations. 1949 - Indonesia seizes from the Netherlands and occupies the capital city Yogyakarta for 6 hours on the events of the General Offensive March 1, 1949. 1950 - Cold War: Klaus Fuchs was accused of being a spy of the Soviet Union by revealing highly classified atomic bomb data. 1953 - Joseph Stalin fainted after a stroke and died 4 days later. 1954 - Nuclear test: Castle Bravo, a 15-megaton hydrogen bomb, detonated on Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean, inflicted the worst radioactive contamination ever caused by the United States. 1954 - Puerto Rican nationalists attack the United States Capitol building, injuring 5 members of the United States House of Representatives. 1956 - International Air Transport Association finalizes alphabetical draft spelling Radiotelephony for International Civil Aviation Organization. 1956 - Establishment of Nationale Volksarmee, Armed Forces of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). 1961 - First elections in Uganda. 1961 - American President John F. Kennedy's union inaugurates Peace Corps. 1966 - Ba'ath Party seizes power in Syria. 1971 - A bomb explodes in a men's restroom in the United States Capitol building: Weather Underground claims responsibility for the incident. 1971 - Pakistani President Yahya Khan adjourns indefinitely session of the national assembly, sparking massive civil disobedience in East Pakistan. 1972 - Yasothon Province in the Kingdom of Thai was formed after seceding from Ubon Ratchathani province. 1973 - Terrorists of Black September members stormed the Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Khartoum, Sudan, killing 3 Western hostage people. 1974 - Watergate scandal: 7 people were indicated for their role in the demolition of Watergate and charged with conspiracy to obstruct justice. 1978 - Charlie Chaplin's coffin stolen from a cemetery in Switzerland. 1978 - Establishment of PT Jasa Marga (Persero) Tbk. 1981 - Bobby Sands, members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army or (Provisional Irish Republican Army, IRA) began its hunger strike action in HM Prison Maze prison. 1983 - Swatch introduced its first hours. 1992 - Bosnia and Herzegovina proclaimed its independence from the Federal Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia. 1993 - The establishment of ANTV is the fourth private television station in Indonesia. 1995 - Polish Prime Minister Waldemar Pawlak steps down from parliament and is replaced by ex-communist politician Józef Oleksy. 1995 - Yahoo! 1999 - Hutu rebels kill 8 tourists in Uganda. 2000 - Hans Blix resumes his post as Executive Chairman of the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC). 2002 - United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission, UNMOVIC). 2002 - United States Invasion Afghanistan: Operation Anaconda begins in eastern Afghanistan. 2002 - The Envisat environmental satellite successfully reached orbit at an altitude of 800 kilometers (500 miles) above Earth on its 11th launch, carrying its heaviest payload to date at 8500 kilograms (8.5 tons). 2002 - Official peseta currency discontinued its use as the official currency of Spain and replaced with the Euro (€). 2003 - The management of the United States Customs Service and the United States Secret Service was transferred to the United States Department of Homeland Security. 2003 - International Criminal Court conducted its maiden hearing in The Hague, Netherlands. 2004 - Mohammed Bahr al-Uloum becomes President of Iraq. 2005 - The price of subsidized Indonesian fuel rises: Solar from Rp1,650.00/liter to Rp2,100.00/liter and Premium from Rp1,810.00/liter to Rp2,400.00/liter. 2011 - Nonsubsidized Indonesian fuel price rises: Pertamax from Rp7,950.00/liter. liter to Rp8,100.00/liter, Pertamax Plus from Rp8,450.00/liter to Rp8,550.00/liter, and Pertamina Dex from Rp8,750.00/liter to Rp9,100.00/liter.


Question: is Justin Berry jailed?

March 1

Birth 1780 — L.P.J. Burggraaf du Bus de Gisignies, 42nd Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies 1810 — Frédéric Chopin, composer and pianist of Polish origin then living in France, (died 1849) 1927 — Harry Belafonte, U.S. musician and civil rights activist 1932 — Komalasari, actress Indonesia 1972 - Yo-sam Choi, WBC junior flyweight world boxing champion 1983 - Lupita Nyongo, Kenyan Mexican actress. 1987 - Andreas Adityawarman, Indonesian men's single badminton player 1989 - Daniella Monet, singer, dancer and actress from the United States. 1991 - Mathias Autret, football player 1994 - Justin Bieber, Canadian pop and R&B singer Died 1865 - Anna Pavlovna, wife of King Willem II of the Netherlands The Indonesian Judiciary Day and commemoration of Indonesia's Day of Justice Day of General Attack March 1 in Yogyakarta Anniversary Kodam IV/Diponegoro City Anniversary Poso, (2012 to- 117) Central Sulawesi Anniversary of Indonesian Youth Red Cross Overseas Korea - Independence Movement Day (Samiljeol;) Roman Empire - New Year Saint David's Day (National holiday in Wales) World Prayer Day Labor Day - Western Australia Eight Day - Tasmania, Australia Martenitsa - holiday season in Bulgaria Martisor - holiday season in Romania February 29 - (February 30) - March 1 - March 2 Reference 0301 0301


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Jews in Indonesia (Hebrew: יהדות אינדוניה; Arabic: يهود إندونيسيون) dates back to the arrival of early European explorers and first settlers.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Jews in Indonesia today form a very small Jewish community, consisting of only about 20 indigenous Ethnic Jews, [1] most of whom are Sefardim Jews and some are Ashkenazi Jews, Mizrahim Jews, Kaifeng Jews & Bene Israel Jews (India).


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

The history of the first Jewish presence in the Indonesian archipelago has been confirmed in a written text dating back to the late Middle Ages.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

This person was a merchant from Fustat in Egypt, who died in the port of Barus, North Sumatra in 1290.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

In 1859, the Jewish traveler, Jacob Saphir, was the first to write about the Jewish community in the Dutch East Indies, after visiting Batavia.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

In Batavia, he had talked a lot with a local Jew, who had informed him that there were about 20 Jewish families in the city and some in Semarang.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Most Jews living in the Dutch East Indies in the 19th century were Dutch Jews who worked as merchants or things related to the Dutch Colonial Regime.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

However, some members of the community are also Jewish immigrants from Iraq or Yemen.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

During Dutch rule in Indonesia, Jewish religion was recognized as one of the official religions.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

At the time of the World War, the number of Jews in the Dutch East Indies was estimated to be around 2,000


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Indonesian Jews were exiled during the Japanese Occupation of Indonesia and they were forced to work in shelter camps.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

After the war, Jews who were removed encountered many problems, and many immigrated to the United States, Australia or Israel.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

After Indonesia gained its independence, during the reign of the first Indonesian President Soekarno, Jewish rights were equated with other religions such as Islam, Protestant Christianity, and Catholic Christianity.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Even through the decree of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs released in 1961 stated that he recognized the “Agama Israelites” (a designation of Jews at that time) recognized as the official religion in Indonesia.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Not many know, too, that the events of November 10, 1945 also gave birth to a warrior who came from the Jews of Surabaya, namely Charles Mussry. [2] [3] [4] Flashback to the fact of being part of the Roman Empire that the Hebrew merchants arrived in Moluccas with partners the trade of the kingdom of Rome, namely the Chinese merchants.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

One of the strong evidence of this historical story that in the 1m century, spices from the Moluccas were once sold in Jerusalem, is because in 33 AD, some Jewish women namely: Mary Magdalene and her friends bought spices in the Jerusalem market to preserve the remains of Jesus (Mark 16:1).


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

The Israelites arrived in Moluccas were merchants who came alone to Moluccas after knowing the way to Moluccas from the Chinese merchants.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

In the book History of Maluku p. 19 it is said that the word Maluku comes from the word “Maloko” which is the title for Kalano (head of the region).


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

This word “Maloko” according to the clan Resley is derived from Hebrew.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

The designation for the king in Hebrew is “Melek” or “Melekh”.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

A more ancient form is “Maliki” (EKAMK II p. 292), thus in the Tambo of the Tang Dynasty in China (618—906) “Moluccas” was recorded as “Ming liku”, that is, an area used as a benchmark for determining direction to the kingdom of “Holing” (Kalingga) in the West.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

When the Portuguese came to Moluccas, the Jews participated in following the Portuguese fleet and when they reached the Moluccas, these Jews stayed and settled until posterity in the places they came in the Moluccas.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

For example, clove-producing areas such as Banda and Ambon, Banda and surrounding areas are now called Southwest Maluku (MBD) adjacent to Banda here is where his grandchildren are scattered around the area.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

When part of Antonio de Abreu's fleet came to Moluccas, they went to Teon Nila S'rua Island (TNS) especially S'rua, and descended some Jews, namely from the resley and Koenoe clan and some other clans to settle there as part of policy/political Portuguese at that time.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

When TNS Island was in their power, they built a village where the village was slightly different in shape from the indigenous villages in the Moluccas in general.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

If the Village/Country in Central Maluku natives the shape extends as from upstream to downstream to bottom where the King occupies the top then followed by Kapitan and so on.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

But the village formed by the Jewish Settlers (part of the Portuguese Contingent/Colony on the island of S'rua Negeri Waru is somewhat different where the shape of the Jewish village is made circular in the shape of the Tabernacle (Tabernacle) where in the middle of which there is a Natra/holy place then Raja in the marga/clan/village is RESLEY while the clan KOENOE as Kapitan and some other clans as the staff of the King made a circular settlement around the house of the King and the place of the King nor Natra is not in the central part and can not be entered by anyone other than by Marga Resley.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Population At the end of the 1960s, according to the World Jewish Congress [5] the Jewish population in Indonesia was estimated that there were 20 native Jews living in Surabaya and Jakarta.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Their ancestors were Jewish immigrants of Yemeni, Iraqi, Egyptian, Iranian, Indian, British, Dutch, German, Austrian, Portuguese, Spanish and Eastern European origin.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

As well as 500 Jews from the Netherlands, Germany and El Salvador live in Manado and Tondano, which are guaranteed for freedom of worship by the Provincial Government of North Sulawesi, marked by the authorization of the establishment of a Synagogue and Menorah-shaped monument. and native Jewish race villages around North Maluku, Seram, Central Maluku (Ambon).


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Indonesian Jews are: David Sayers, Member of Yeshiva (Orthodox Jewish School) in England—> Joseph Aaron, Management and Synagogue Manager in Surabaya—> Rita Aaron, Indonesian Female Model —> John Bollegraf, Manado Politician 1980—> John Bollegraf, Politician of Manado 1980—> Yaakov Baruch, Rabbi in Manado, North Sulawesi [6] Charles Mussry (born October 9, 1919 — died in Surabaya, August 23, 1971 at the age of 51), National fighter. [3] [4] Iberia Resley, one of the Jewish activists in Ambon, Maluku.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Kasra Zahra Bin Abbenon, one of the Jewish Teaching activists in Ambon, Maluku.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Okran Asyerr Bani Tisera, one of the Jewish teachers in Ambon, Moluccas.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Alkyuwen Akiwen Hong, one of the major political and religious Jewish figures in Ambon, Moluccas (Chinese, Ambonese, and Jewish descent).


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Akhabanon Ziedd Amesz, one of the Jewish trade magnates with ethnic Chinese in Ambon, Moluccas.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

There are several tribes in Indonesia who are 'indicated' descendants of the Ten Tribes of Israel who were 'lost' after the dispossession of Assyria (Assyria) in 721 BC contained in Nias and Batak Tribes in North Sumatra, Dayak in Kalimantan, Talaud, Sangihe and Minahasa in North Sulawesi, Toraja in South Sulawesi, Sumba and other tribes in East Nusa Tenggara/NTT (Flobamora), Alef'uru and other King Tribes in Maluku.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Assimilation and population change The same social and cultural characteristics of Indonesia facilitated the extraordinary economic, political, and social success of the Indonesian Jewish community also contributed to assimilation.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Crossbreeding between Tribes increased from roughly 55% in 1944 to about 90% - 99% in 2004.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

The crossbreeding couple raised their children with local Religious education.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

However, far from the culture of cross-married families to raise their children only from Indonesian culture.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

For identity, Government issues about ID cards (Population Card).


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Every citizen over the age of 17 must carry an ID card.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Registered on the identity card is an official Religion holder.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Indonesia recognizes only six official Religions: Islam, Protestant Christianity, Catholic Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism and Conghucu.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Jewish and other Religions have not been recognized as official Religions by the Government of Indonesia, but in the ID card is classified into the Trust of Almighty God.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Making Jews an official religion As a minority, Jews often receive discriminatory treatment, both by the Government and by the public.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

It was related to the stigma that they were Israeli Zionist minions.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Mass brawl cases occurred between Arab and Jewish communities in the Pasar Besar area of Surabaya in the '70s decade. There was also a mass rampage, destruction and raising of the Palestinian flag in early 2009 at a synagogue on Kayoon street No. 4, Surabaya.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

The incident was triggered by Israeli brutality in Gaza, Palestine and led to the temporary sealing carried out by the Surabaya Government of the Synagogue, which is the oldest Synagogue in Indonesia.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

In 2010, the Indonesian Jewish Community (IJC) wanted Jews to be written on the resident ID card (ID) as the official religion.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

The community also wants marriage with Jewish teachings to be officially recognized in Indonesia because so far the Jews in Indonesia “borrowed” the religious procession they embraced to have their marriage recognized by the Government.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Therefore, the Jewish community in Indonesia is working to have Jews recognized as the official religion in Indonesia.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

In addition, they also asked the Jewish religion to be one of the choice of the religious column on the ID card.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

The United Indonesian Jewish Community (UIJC) In Indonesia has currently been formed “The United Indonesian Jewish Community” (UIJC) by the Indonesian Jewish Descent community.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

The organization has been formed since 2009, but was only inaugurated in October 2010.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

The UIJC is led by the family of Benjamin Meijer Verbrugge (Mrs. Meijer Coen) According to sources from UIJC currently of Jewish descent in Indonesia which is known to be almost close to 2,000s people.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

It has been detected 500-an. spread almost evenly throughout Indonesia, even in Aceh, North Sumatra & West Sumatra.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

In North Sulawesi there is a potential for up to 800 people, in Jakarta it is estimated that more than 200 people and in Surabaya there are also quite a number of Jewish descendants.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

In addition, UIJC members are also from other regions, including Lampung, Tangerang, Bekasi, Cirebon, Bandung, Semarang, Solo, Cilacap, Yogyakarta, and Bali.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Generally they are of mixed descent between Indonesian and Dutch Jews, Germans, Belgians, Iraqis, and Portuguese.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

However, it does not mean that UIJC members have to be Jewish, because this organization is only a paguyuban of Jewish citizens in Indonesia.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Likewise there are 'indicated' Jewish descendants originating from Spain, Portuguese and Dutch in East Nusa Tenggara (Flobamora), Maluku & Papua which are also quite a number of them.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

And currently the UIJC members have been recorded around 100 adults, but now it is beginning to increase in number to 280 people throughout Indonesia.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

The Jewish community of Surabaya if the UIJC is more dominated by Dutch, German and Portuguese Jews mixed indigenous Indonesians.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Generally many of them have switched religions, and the stature is more Indonesian.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

But in contrast to the Jewish Community of Surabaya named “Israelitische Gemeente Soerabaia”, They are direct descendants of Jewish immigrants from the country of Iraq.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Their stature is still distinctively Jewish, even still adopting Hebrew names.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Jewish Surabaya has a Synagogue building on land owned by Eigendom Verponding built by Joseph Ezra Izaak Nassiem in 1948, and then taken care of by the Sayers family.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Today the Surabaya Jewish Community is rumored to have a relationship with the Jewish community in North Sulawesi.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

In addition there were some among those who joined the UIJC.


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

The traces of Surabaya's Jewish community can be traced from a large Jewish cemetery in Kembang Kuning area, Surabaya


Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

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Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

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Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

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Jews in Indonesia

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Question: What is the number of members of the Ashkenazi Jewish community?

Jews in Indonesia

Indonesia Category:Religion in Indonesia


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Android (/ˈæn.drɔɪd/; an-droyd) is a Linux-based operating system designed for touchscreen moving devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. [11]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Android was originally developed by Android, Inc., with financial support from Google, which later purchased it in 2005. [12]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

The operating system was officially released in 2007, along with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of hardware, software, and telecommunications companies aimed at advancing the open standards of mobile devices. [13]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

The first Android phones went on sale in October 2008. [14]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Android user interfaces are generally direct manipulations, using touch gestures similar to real actions, such as sliding, tapping, and pinching to manipulate on-screen objects, as well as virtual keyboards for writing text.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

In addition to touchscreen devices, Google has also developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars, and Android Wear for watches, each of which has a different user interface.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Android variants are also used on portable computers, game consoles, digital cameras, and other electronic equipment. [15]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Android is an open-source operating system, and Google releases its code under the Apache License. [11]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Open source code and licensing licenses on Android allow the software to be freely modified and distributed by device makers, wireless carriers, and application developers.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

In addition, Android has a large number of application developer communities (apps) that extend the functionality of the device, generally written in a customization version of the Java programming language. [16]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

In October 2013, there were more than one million apps available for Android, and about 50 billion apps had been downloaded from Google Play, the main Android app store. [17] [18] A survey in April—May 2013 found that Android was the most popular platform for people developers, used by 71% of mobile app developers. [19]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

At Google I/O 2014, Google reported there were more than one billion monthly active users of Android, an increase from 583 million in June 2013. [20]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

The above factors have contributed to the development of Android, making it the most widely used smartphone operating system in the world, [21] beating Symbian in 2010. [22]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Android is also an option for tech companies who want a low-cost, customizable, lightweight operating system for high-tech devices without having to develop it from scratch. [23]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

The open nature of Android has also prompted the emergence of a large number of app developer communities to use open source code as the basis for app creation projects, by adding new features for advanced users or operating Android on devices that was officially released using another operating system. [24]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

As of November 2013, Android controlled the share of the global smartphone market, led by Samsung products, with a percentage of 64% in March 2013. [25]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

As of July 2013, there are 11,868 different Android devices with various versions. [26]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

The success of this operating system has also made it the target of patent ligitation “smartphone wars” among technology companies. [27] [28] Through May 2013, a total of 900 million Android devices have been activated worldwide, and 48 billion applications have been installed from Google Play. [ 29] [30] Android History, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, in October 2003 by Andy Rubin (founder of Danger), [31] Rich Miner (founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.), [32] Nick Sears [33] (former VP of T-Mobile), and Chris White (head of WebTV interface design and development) [12] for developing “smart mobile devices that are more aware of their user's location and preferences”. [12]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

The original goal of Android development was to develop an advanced operating system intended for digital cameras, but later it was realized that the market for such devices was not large enough, and Android development was shifted for the smartphone market to rival Symbian and Windows Mobile (Apple's iPhone had not been released at the time). [34]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Although Android developers are experienced technology experts, Android Inc. operated secretly, it was only revealed that the developers were creating a software intended for mobile phones. [12]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Still that same year, Rubin ran out of money.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Steve Perlman, a close friend of Rubin, loaned him $10,000 in cash and rejected an offer of stock in the company. [35]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Google acquired Android Inc. on August 17, 2005, making it a wholly owned subsidiary of Google.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Android Inc. founders such as Rubin, Miner and White remained employed at the company after it was acquired by Google. [12]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

After that, not much is known about the development of Android Inc., but many presumptions state that Google plans to enter the mobile phone market with this action. [12]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

At Google, a team led by Rubin began developing a mobile device platform using the Linux kernel.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Google markets the platform to mobile device manufacturers and wireless carriers, with the promise that they provide flexible, updatable systems.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Google has selected several software and hardware company partners, and signaled to mobile operators that this cooperation is open to anyone wishing to participate. [36] [37] [38] Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continues to grow until December 2006. [39]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

The BBC and Wall Street Journal report that Google is working hard to include its apps and search engine on mobile devices.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Various print media and online media indicate that Google is developing mobile devices under the Google brand.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Some of them speculate that Google has determined its technical specifications, including mobile phone manufacturers and network operators.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

In December 2007, InformationWeek reported that Google had filed several patent applications in the field of mobile telephony. [40] [41] On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance (OHA) was established.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

OHA is a consortium of tech companies such as Google, mobile device manufacturers such as HTC, Sony and Samsung, wireless carriers such as Sprint Nextel and T-Mobile, as well as chipset manufacturers such as Qualcomm and Texas Instruments.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

OHA itself aims to develop open standards for mobile devices. [13]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

At that time, Android was unveiled as its first product; a mobile device platform using the Linux kernel version 2.6. [13]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

The first commercial mobile phone to use the Android operating system was the HTC Dream, which was launched on October 22, 2008. [42]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

In 2010, Google released the Nexus series; smart phone and tablet devices with the Android operating system produced by mobile phone manufacturer partners such as HTC, LG, and Samsung.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

HTC is working with Google in releasing the first Nexus smartphone product, the Nexus One. [43]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

This series has been updated with newer devices, for example, the Nexus 4 smartphone and the Nexus 10 tablet produced by LG and Samsung. [44]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

On October 15, 2014, Google announced the Nexus 6 and Nexus 9 produced by Motorola and HTC. [45]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

On March 13, 2013, Larry Page announced in his blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to work on new projects at Google. [46]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

He was replaced by Sundar Pichai, who previously served as head of the Google Chrome division, which developed Chrome OS. [44]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Since 2008, Android has gradually made a number of updates to improve the performance of the operating system, add new features, and fix bugs contained in previous versions.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Each major version released was named alphabetically based on the names of desserts or sugared snacks; for example, version 1.5 was named Cupcake, which was later followed by version 1.6 Donut.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

The latest version is 5.0 Lollipop, which was released on October 15, 2014. [47]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Features Interface User interface on Android is based on direct manipulation, [48] using touch input similar to actions in the real world, such as swiping (swiping), tapping, and pinching, to manipulate objects on the screen. [48]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

User input is responded quickly and there is also a touch interface like a water surface, often using the vibration capabilities of the device to provide haptic feedback to the user.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Internal hardware such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to user actions, for example to adjust screen position from portrait to landscape, depending on how the device is positioned, or allow the user to steer the vehicle while playing races by rotating the device as a steering wheel control simulation. [49]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

When turned on, the Android device will load on the front screen (homescreen), namely the main navigation and information center on the device, similar to the desktop on a personal computer.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Android's front screen usually consists of app icons and widgets; app icons serve to run related apps, while widgets display live and auto-update content, such as weather forecasts, user email inboxes, or show news tikers directly from the front screen. [50]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

The front screen can consist of several pages, users can swipe back and forth between one page to another, allowing Android users to set the appearance of the device according to their tastes.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Some third-party apps available on Google Play and in other app stores are extensively capable of reorganizing Android's front-screen theme, and can even emulate the look of other operating systems, for example Windows Phone. [51]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Most mobile phone manufacturers and wireless carriers customize the appearance of their homemade Android devices to differentiate them from their competitors. [52]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

At the top of the screen is a status bar, which displays information about the device and its connectivity.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

This status bar can be “pulled” down to open a notification screen showing important information or app updates, such as emails received or incoming SMS, by not interfering with user activities on the device. [53]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

In early versions of Android, this notification screen could be used to open relevant apps, but once updated, this function is further enhanced, for example, the ability to call back phone numbers from missed call notifications without having to open the main app. [54]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

This notification will remain until the user sees it, or it is deleted and disabled by the user.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Android apps allow users to install third-party apps, either obtained from app stores such as Google Play, Amazon Appstore, or by downloading and installing APK files from third-party sites. [55]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

On Google Play, users can browse, download, and update apps published by Google and third-party developers, in accordance with Google compatibility requirements. [56]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Google Play will filter the list of available apps based on their compatibility with users' devices, and developers can limit their created apps to specific carriers or countries for business reasons. [57]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

App purchases that do not match the user's liking can be returned within 15 minutes of download. [58]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Some mobile operators also offer direct billing for app purchases on Google Play by adding app purchase prices to users' monthly bills. [59]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

In September 2012, there were more than 675,000 apps available for Android, and the estimated number of apps downloaded from the Play Store was 25 billion. [60]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Android applications are developed in the Java programming language using the Android software development kit (SDK).


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

This SDK consists of a set of development tools, [61] including a debugger, a software library, a handset emulator based on QEMU, documentation, sample code, and tutorials.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Officially supported by the Eclipse integrated development environment (IDE), which uses the Android Development Tools (ADT) plugin.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Other development tools available include the Native Development Kit for applications or extensions in C or C++, Google App Inventor, visual environments for novice programmers, and various cross-platform mobile web application frameworks.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

In order to deal with Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China, Android devices sold on RRT are generally adapted to country-approved services. [62]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Memory management Because Android devices are generally battery-powered, Android is designed to manage memory (RAM) to maintain minimal power consumption, in contrast to desktop operating systems that can connect to unlimited power sources.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

When an Android app is no longer in use, the system will automatically suspend it (suspend) in memory—technically it is still “open”, but by being suspended, it will not consume resources (e.g. battery power or processing power), and will” silent” in the background until the app is reused.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

This method has the dual benefit of not only improving the response of Android devices because apps don't need to be closed and reopened from scratch at any time, but also ensuring that apps running in the background don't spend power in vain. [63]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Android manages apps stored in memory automatically: when memory is weak, the system will disable inactive applications and processes for a while, applications will be disabled in reverse order, starting from the last one used.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

This process is invisible to the user, so the user does not need to manually manage memory or disable the application. [64]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

However, user confusion over memory management on Android has led to the emergence of several popular third-party task killer apps on Google Play. [65]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Hardware requirements Until November 2013, the latest version of Android required at least 512MB of RAM, [66] 32-bit ARMv7 processors, MIPS architecture, or x86, [5] as well as OpenGL ES 2.0 compatible graphics processing units (GPUs). [67]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

The main hardware platform on Android is the ARM architecture.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

There is also support for x86 from the Android-x86 project, [5] and Google TV using a special x86 version of Android.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

In 2013, Freescale announced involving Android in its artificial i.MX processors, namely the i.MX5x and i.MX6x series. [68]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

In 2012, Intel processors also began to appear on the main Android platforms, for example, on mobile phones. [69]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Some hardware components are not required, but they are already standard in certain devices.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Some features were initially needed as requirements, but were later dispensed with.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

After Android became a smartphone OS, some hardware, such as microphones, gradually turned into optional devices.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

In addition, the camera is designated as a mandatory device for Android phones. [70]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Android devices incorporate a variety of optional hardware components, including video cameras, GPS, hardware orientation sensors, game controls, accelerometers, gyroscopes, barometers, magnetometers, proximity sensors, pressure sensors, thermometers, and touchscreens.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Android supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0, and 3.0.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Some applications explicitly require certain versions of OpenGL ES, so suitable GPU hardware is required for Android devices to run certain applications. [67]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Android development was developed privately by Google until the latest changes and updates were ready for release, and information regarding the source code also began to be disclosed to the public. [71]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

This source code will only run without modification on certain devices, usually on the Nexus series. [72]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

There are separate binaries provided by the manufacturer for Android to operate. [73]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

The green Android logo was originally designed for Google in 2007 by graphic designer Irina Blok. [74] [75] [76] The design team was tasked with a project to create an easily recognizable universal icon by including specific robot icons in the final design.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

After a number of design developments based on themes of science fiction and space films, the team finally drew inspiration from the human symbol contained on the toilet door, and modified its shape into a robotic shape.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Since Android is open-source software, it was agreed that the logo should also be open, and since its release, the green logo has been redesigned again in countless variations. [77]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Google's update schedule provides key updates for the Android version, with a timeframe every six to nine months.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Most devices are capable of receiving updates over the air (OTA). [78]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

The latest major update is Android 6.0 Marshmallow. [79]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Compared to the mobile operating system of its main rival, iOS, Android updates are usually slower to be received by its users' devices.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

For devices other than the Nexus brand, usually new updates can be received within months of the release of the official version. [80]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

This is due to the large variety of Android hardware, so each update must be customized specifically, for example: Google's official source code runs only on Nexus devices.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Porting Android on certain hardware done by mobile phone manufacturers takes time and process, these manufacturers generally give priority to their latest devices to receive updates, and streamline older devices. [80]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Therefore, old smartphones are often not updated if the manufacturer decides that it is just time-consuming, although in fact the device is capable of receiving updates.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

This problem is compounded when manufacturers adapt Android to the interface and applications of their creation, which this must be reapplied for each recent release.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Other delays could also be caused by wireless carriers; after receiving updates from mobile phone manufacturers, carriers would adapt them to their needs, for example conducting extensive testing of the network before sending updates to users. [80]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

The lack of post-sales support from mobile phone manufacturers and carriers has raised criticism from consumers and technology media. [81] [82] Some critics state that the industry has financial motives not to update their devices, such as the absence of updates for old devices and updating new devices with the aim of increasing sales, [83] an attitude they call “insulting”. [82]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

The Guardian reported that the complicated update method occurred because it was the manufacturer of the phone and its operator who had designed it that way. [82]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

In 2011, Google, working with a number of industrial companies, formed the “Android Update Alliance”, with the promise that they would provide updates in a timely manner for each device within 18 months after the release of the official version. [84]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Since its founding until 2013, the organization has never been touted again. [80]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Google then began updating its apps, including Google Maps and Google Play Music, as independent apps separate from Android, and also introduced system-level components that provide APIs for Google apps, which are auto-installed and updated directly by Google through Google Play, as well as supports almost all Android devices with versions above 2.2. [85]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Linux kernel Until November 2013, Android used a kernel based on Linux kernel version 3.x (version 2.6 on Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich and its predecessors).


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

The middle appliances, software libraries, and APIs are written in C, and the application software runs on application frameworks, including the Java-compatible library based on Apache Harmony.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Android uses Dalvik virtual machines with timely compilation to run Dalvik's' dex-code '(Dalvik Executable), usually translated from Java bytecode. [86]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

The architecture of the Linux kernel on Android has been changed by Google, in contrast to the development cycle of the usual Linux kernel. [87]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

By default, Android does not have the original X Window System or the full set support of standard GNU libraries.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Therefore, it is difficult to port Linux libraries or applications on Android. [88]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Support for simple C and SDL applications can be done by injecting Java shim and using JNI, [89] for example on the Jagged Alliance 2 port for Android. [90]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

One feature that Google tried to contribute for the Linux kernel was a power management feature called “wakelocks”, but this feature was rejected by major kernel developers because they felt that Google had not shown its intention to develop its own code. [91] [92] [93] April 2010, Google announced that it would hire two employees to develop the Linux kernel community, [94] however, Greg Kroah-Hartman, maintainer of the stable version of Linux kernel, stated in December 2010; he was concerned that Google was no longer trying to change the main Linux code. [92]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Some Android developers at Google hint that “the Android team is already getting saturated with this process”, because they are just a small team and are forced to do urgent work for the sustainability of Android. [95]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

In August 2011, Linus Torvalds stated: “eventually Android and Linux will return on the common kernel, but probably for the next four or five years”. [96]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

In December 2011, Greg Kroah-Hartman announced the start of the Android Mainlining Project, which aims to restore some of Android's drives, patches, and features on the Linux kernel, beginning with Linux 3.3. [97]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

After previous attempts failed, Linux eventually included wakelocks and autosleep features on the 3.5 kernel.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

The interface is still the same, but the new Linux implementation has two different suspend modes: suspension to storage (traditional suspension used by Android), and suspension to discs (hibernation, similar to features present on desktops). [98]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Inclusion of this new feature will be completed in Kernel 3.8, Google has opened a public code repository containing their experimental work to redesign Android with Kernel 3.8. [99]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Flash storage on Android devices is divided into partitions, such as “/system” for the operating system, and “/data” for installation of applications and user data. [100]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Unlike the Linux desktop distribution, Android device owners are not granted root access on the operating system, and sensitive partitions such as /system are read-only.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

However, root access can be obtained by exploiting security flaws on Android, this way is often used by open source communities to improve the performance of their devices, [101] but can also be utilized by irresponsible parties to spread viruses and destructive device. [102]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Related to the issue of whether Android can be classed into Linux distributions is still widely debated. [103]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

The Linux Foundation and Chris DiBona, [104] Google's head of open sources, support this.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Whereas others, such as Google technician Patrick Brady, opposed it, he reasoned that Android was less supportive of most GNU tools, including glibc. [105]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

The Android open source community has an active community of developers and enthusiasts who use Android source code to develop and distribute modified versions of their homemade Android. [106]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

These developer communities often provide updates and new features for devices faster when compared to manufacturers/operators, even though they do not undergo extensive testing or lack quality assurance. [24]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

They strive to continue providing support for older devices that no longer receive official updates, or modify Android devices to run using other operating systems, such as the HP TouchPad.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

These communities often release updates for pre-rooted devices, and contain modifications that are not suitable for non-technical users, for example the ability to overclock or over/undervolt the device's processor. [107]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

CyanogenMod is the community's most widely used firmware, and is the basis for a number of other firmware. [108]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Historically, device manufacturers and mobile operators have typically not supported firmware development by third parties.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

Manufacturers are concerned that there will appear unsuitable functions if the device uses unofficial software, so it will lead to the appearance of additional costs. [109]


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

In addition, modified firmware such as CyanogenMod sometimes offer features that make operators have to incur premium costs, for example tethering.


Question: When did Computer contact lenses start to be released?

Android (operating system)

As a result, technical constraints such as lockdown (bootloader) and limited root access can generally be encountered on most Android devices.