Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

However, on the other hand, married women are unable to obtain a divorce or divorce their husband if their known husband is unfaithful or committing infidelity.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

In addition, if a divorce occurs then, the children will be under the care of their father, and their mother may be dissuaded from meeting them. [4]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

English common law excluded women from property ownership or having a personal legal identity separate from their husband or father.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Under that common law, men could keep, buy, sell, and make exchanges on their property.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

But on the other hand, women have limitations not only in the type of property they can own, but also the time that they are allowed to own private property, as well as how they manage that property.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Outside the strict rule of law, nonetheless, English women found ways to obtain property rights. [2]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The married women's property laws 1870, 1882, and 1893 were a long journey towards the equality of women in England. [5]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The legal existence of women In the 19th century, British women were expected to marry and have children.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

But there is the fact that at that time there was a shortage in the number of men.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Censuses conducted in those days showed that the number of women was far more than the number of men.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

There are three main reasons that can explain why the number of women outnumbers men, namely: 1) the mortality rate of boys is much higher than the death rate of girls, 2) a large number of men work in the armament/military, and 3) men are more likely do emigrate compared to women. [4]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

In the eyes of the law before 1882, when a woman was married, their existence was essentially legally ended.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

On their wedding day, they had become one with their husbands, and after said marriage, whatever they did was within their husband's control/direction, or in other words, after the wedding, women were in full supervision of their husbands.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Not only have control over their belongings, but also over their bodies.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The wife's refusal in the conduct of a husband and wife can be considered a rebellion against marriage.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

A husband is allowed to hit their wife, even force intercourse without their wife's desire, without fear of getting demands.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

But these things did not continue until 1891, when the high court, which ruled, issued a prohibition against husbands coercion against their wives to fulfill one of the rights in the law of marriage. [3]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

That prevailing law had support from the fact that in that era men and women were classed into different roles or sectors.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

As men have the ability to argue and reason, act, aggression, and independence, men believe that they are appropriate to work in the public sector.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Whereas women, on the other hand, are restricted to the personal sector, where their feminine qualities such as emotion, passivity, obedience, reliance, and helplessness, are more in line with that personal sector. [3]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Marriage takes on the identity of women Unmarried women as well as widows are allowed to own property or objects of their own.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

However soon after the women married, the property and money they owned transferred ownership of it to their husbands.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The child is also included in the property owned by the husband when the divorce occurs.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Since 1839, if proven the wife is innocent, he is allowed to keep their child under the age of seven.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

In 1873, the age limit on children who could under the care of their mother was later increased to 16 years, however the father remained the only legally legal guardian. [3]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Having offspring is expected for all women.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Although in reality in those days marriage tended to be an institution aimed at limiting the role of women in society.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

In his theory, marriage is a sacred and honorable position, “an achievement in the life of a woman.”


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

With the continuation of marriage, however, there are unjust requirements and expectations between husband and wife. [3]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

To be able to raise children as they should, the mother figure is expected not to commit mistakes or despicable deeds, either in mind or deed, but the same hope is not applied to the father figure. [3]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Having no ownership rights After a woman is married, control of any property she owns, including the income she earns becomes the property of their husband.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Although the husband cannot sell fixed property without the wife's consent, the wife's personal property such as money from work or investment, and personal items such as jewelry, fall absolutely to the husband, and the wife cannot share it without the husband's permission. [3]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Educational exclusivity When Queen Victoria ascended the throne, education was accessible only to wealthy people.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

While boys were able to go to school, a female teacher was brought into the house to give lessons to the girls, but the academic content given to the girls was very low.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

For children coming from among poor families, it is often an official form of education obtained only from sunday school.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Sunday schools are open to all children, but in general fewer numbers of girls are educated than boys.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

In 1851, for example, the literacy rate in females was 55% and in males at 70%. [3]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

In 1870 was enacted a law requiring all children in the age range of five to ten years to attend school.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Although for all children taught reading and writing, the curriculum for girls developed more focused on lessons such as domestic science, cooking, washing, and using needle/needlework. [3]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The struggle of women for higher education began in the 17th century.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Nevertheless, only from the middle of the 19th century, such developments began to be seen to bring results.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Since the 1840s, Queen's College and Bedford College in London universities (London University) provided higher education for women.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

From the end of the 1860s and the 1870s, colleges for women were established at Oxford (Oxford university) and Cambridge (Cambridge university).


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

However at that time women were not allowed to study until earning a degree.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

It was only in 1878 that the London university became the first university in England to allow women to earn degrees.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Oxford University and Cambridge University lagged behind London University on that matter.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Girton was a Cambridge College reserved for women in 1869, which was followed by Newnham College in 1872.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

However at the time, Newnham College was not recognised by the university authorities.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

In 1882 female students were allowed to take the exam, and in 1920 at Oxford and 1948 at Cambridge for the first time, access to taking examinations for a degree was gained by women. [3]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Educational barriers for women, especially coming from the medical profession, because the thought develops that the state of menstruation and intellectual abilities in women are incompatible and insufficient for the field.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Education for women is believed to result in mothers who have/produce children who are weak and often sick. [3]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Injustice in divorce Since 1857, divorce proceedings were made easier from previous years.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Men who have enough possessions can divorce their wives based on the simple foundation of adultery committed by said wife.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

He can also sue for damages claims against adulterous third parties.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

But for a woman/wife who wants to divorce her husband must bring evidence of adultery committed on the part of the husband, as well as show that it has been going on for two years.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

An alternative way a wife can take is to prove the cruelty acts committed by the husband (sodomy, incest, bigamy, rape, etc), and he is not allowed to sue for damages against third parties.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

This unfair treatment persisted until 1923. [3]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Employment for women Although it is widely accepted that in the 19th century the place for women to work was at home, but in reality women worked in a diverse range of occupations.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Patterns in work, despite this, are determined by class.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Upper-class women are not expected to work.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Nevertheless, for working-class women, work was often necessary for them to earn an income and contribute to the sustainability of their households.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The type of work they could do was also limited, and they generally took laborer jobs such as domestic servants, clothes washers, and factory or plantation workers.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Women are generally expected to receive less money than men for the same job. [3]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Working women from the middle class were not approved of doing labor work for income.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

They need more skills to get jobs outside of labor jobs, which are often supervisory jobs or other professional jobs, and they hire others to perform manual tasks.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Women from the middle class were also not encouraged to do homework, jobs generally done by domestic servants, such as cooking and tidying the house.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Even lower-middle class women, such as for example the wives of schoolteachers and scribes, had general servants (general servants) in their homes, who were expected to do jobs such as cleaning floors and peeling potatoes. [3]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Beyond the attempted awards seen to be bestowed on/demonstrated by wives and mothers in England in the 19th century, in reality those women lived in a world that discriminated against them.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Men perceive themselves as the dominant gender because of their physical strength, and subjugate women for as long as they can do.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

In the late 19th century women's rights began to become a social issue. [3]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Based on British 18th-century history, property ownership that signifies the status of the electione/elite is a quality owned by men.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Women are significantly less in possession of property rights than men. [2]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The suppression of women's rights is manifested in various British institutions, including those governing primogeniture (the right of the firstborn), dowry/dowry, and couverture (the position of married women- a common law doctrine where the legal existence of women after marriage lies with their husbands, primarily concerned with property ownership and protection, as well as the circumstances/period after being widowed). [2]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Nevertheless, women from aristocratic groups can still find ways to get around these restrictions in the form of separate estate (separate land/property ownership) and jointure (approval of wife's property- approval of land/property ownership given to wife after husband's death them), among other methods. [2]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Restrictions on property rights were carried out on women based on the foundation of society's philosophy and tradition patterns


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The pattern comes from various sources combined resulting in the idea that women are weak, incapable, and evil creatures.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The Judeo-Christian (Judeo-Christian) tradition has a share in the formation of patterns towards the woman.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Church teachings refer to the Book of Genesis (Genesis) taking into account the fall of man, with woman (Eve) in charge of it.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

They see Eve as the source of evil, and it is passed on to the rest of the existing women.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Stories in the Christian Book such as Delilah, Rebekah, and the wife of the prophet Lot, further prove that women were deceitful, disobedient, and ill-tempered. [2] [6] Throughout the Renaissance and Reformation period, the ideal image of a woman was an obedient figure, a child comforter in the United States. sad or bored time, and waitress husband without asking much.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The scientific revolution that argued over the female anatomy, ended with the conclusion that women were inferior in physical qualities than men in all aspects, and agreed that women were irrational, easily hysterical, and needed men to channel their desires.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Based on the idea that women were physically, spiritually, and emotionally, inferior to men, English common law developed a system aimed at limiting women's opportunities damaging society.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The pattern also impacts women's identities defined by their roles as wives and mothers, rather than legal entities.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Based on these roles, women can prove their character and good favor under the supervision of men. [2]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The first English common law primogeneture rights that impacted women's property rights in the early modern period was the right of primogeneture (primogeniture) or the right of the firstborn.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The right applies effectively especially during the time of the girl of a woman.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The right of primogeneture stipulates that relic property be given entirely to the oldest boy in the family, and often leaves family members who are female with little or none at all relic possessions.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The reason behind the regulation is acceptable for a country with limited land such as England, which is to keep the land from being split into smaller parts due to repeated marriage and inheritance, therefore the first son in the family who inherited it.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

If a woman is granted land as a dowry or inheritance, then as a result of that marriage, the land will no longer be family land, so as to lower the price of the land.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Whereas if the youngest boy gets land through inheritance, then the land will become rapidly diminished due to the division with each new generation.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

In addition to land, other objects were passed down to all children, such as moveable goods, for example furniture and clothing, or some money: but land, as it was the determinant of wealth and power in England, then had to be preserved at all costs.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The right of primogeneture maintains the aristocracy through the guarding of the land and also the title of nobility, as well as maintaining the family fortune for the continuation of posterity and subsequent descendants. [2]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

However, in reality, women can also increasingly have property accretion through inheritance, which is sometimes included in the form of land.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Women in general gained inheritance of moveable property as was more acceptable under common law; however the law provided for conditions by which girls could receive inheritance in the form of land.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

If the woman's father does not have a son, but desires that the land he owns can remain in the possession of his immediate family (immediate family) rather than be given to a distant male family, then the daughter can inherit the land. [2]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

In addition, when a father had several daughters and had no sons, the land he owned could be divided evenly among his daughters.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

It is estimated that about 33% of women received inheritance of land property under such common law regulations. [7]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Heritage lands for women also vary by region.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

For example, records from Yorkshire indicate about 26% of men who have sons and daughters give land inheritance to children of both genders, while in Sussex, the rate of giving inheritance to girls is as low as 5%.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The idea of giving land to women compared to male families is true, even within the scope of the core family.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

For example, in the case of Mr. John Shelton, he arranged that the land he owned could be given to his three daughters because his brother, the only male who could inherit the land, died before himself. [8]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

While common law ideally granted inheritance of land to the eldest son, but in practice in the early modern period of England granted also to women inheritance in the form of land, although it was less common. [2]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Dowry The practice of limiting the second woman's property rights is dowry or dowry.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

As an exchanger of the wife's right to the bride, dowry is half of the marriage contract, and often consists of a sum of money that is paid in full or may also be paid in full from time to time.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The family will give as much dowry as much as they can give, because marriage is the main way to improve social and economic status. [9]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The dowry can vary from a small amount to a large sum of money, in addition to other property, and the amount is negotiated by the family or guardians of the groom and bride.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

In some cases, the mother was the principal negotiator in the transaction, as for example in the case of Margaret Green in 1635. [10]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

In 1536, the first Huntington noble title was willing to pay a dowry of 2,000 marks to the husband of his daughter, as a return for the wife's property (jointure) of 200 marks. [11]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Those dowry negotiations can last up to months.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Mabel Parr negotiated a treaty between her daughters and the descendants of the Scrope nobility in 1524, which ended with the cancellation of the treaty after eight months of negotiations as no agreement had been reached on the amount of the wife's estate (jointure) which will be awarded. [12]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Often dowries are part of family inheritance for women, the number of which may vary among daughters when their fathers decide that a particular daughter is more valuable than another daughter.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The larger the dowry, the more attractive a woman is as a potential marriage partner. [13]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Although a woman's dowry forms their share in the family inheritance, some fathers choose to still give more inheritance to their married daughters.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Under the common law of dowry negotiation, all property granted to the bride will be given immediately to their husbands as payment for the promise of the wife's property (jointure), which will not be owned by the woman/wife until her widow's term arrives. [2]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Couverture The third common law that restricts women's property rights is couverture (the position of a married woman).


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Based on couverture, “by marriage, husband and wife constitute one person within the law: that is, all legal existence of a woman is suspended during marriage, or at least followed and consolidated into her husband's legal existence... [14]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Under couverture, women lose not only their right to their dowry property, but also any form of legal identity they may have.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Under this couverture law also women are prevented from legally functioning without their husband's permission.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

For example, women cannot sue or be prosecuted as individuals.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Their husbands who can sue or be prosecuted on behalf of their wives. [15]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

As per common law standards, a woman not only loses all rights to property after marriage, but also the most restrictive arrangement that all their property will be processed for their first son, in line with the law of primogeneture. [16]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The woman loses all movable property and fixed property that she may bring into the marriage contract, and the possibility that the property may return or may not return to them, relying to their husband whether to have sold it or will leave it for them at his whim.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

This strict marriage settlement represents the only type of marriage contract in existence.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

But even though these circumstances are a limited form of a marriage contract, women find two ways to deal with it. [2]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Jointure The first way is through jointure (wife's property).


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

If the marriage contract is not fully executed, or if a marriage fails to fulfill church law (ecclesiastical law), the wife's property is at least partially returned to the wife's family.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Wife's property (jointure) is not only a safeguard of wealth for the bride's family, but is also intended by common law to protect the wife from the end of marriage resulting from divorce or death. [17]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

There are two conditions where church law can apply, the first is the state where the bride is younger than 12 and the groom is younger than 14, and is applied when the couple has grown up enough to decide that they are not in fact want to be married when their marriage takes place.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

This is a valid basis for ending a marriage that has been carried out, and a strong foundation for returning the dowry to the woman.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The second situation is when both the groom and the bride die before the marriage or before reaching the age of 16. [18]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Wife's property (jointure) is given to women/wives for such cases, as a security measure for women.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

It also describes where the common law becomes invalid because the wife's property (jointure) depends heavily on church law. [2]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Separate estate The second way out of couverture restrictions is through a form of marriage contract called separate estate.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

These marriage contracts allowed women to own the full extent of the land during the time of marriage.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

This meant that the bride kept fully the right to property ownership of the land she owned during the marriage (the land did not become the property of the husband after the marriage).


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

This idea is similar to modern agreements before the period of marriage (pre-nuptial), due to the end of marriage by divorce or death, women can keep certain dowry property and also wife's property (jointure).


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

However, this form of marriage contract is only used by the most wealthy members of society to protect family wealth, and this separate estate is one of the most difficult things to legally defend because it only applies under the law of fairness (law of equity). [19]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Equity (right according to justice) is a form of law that tends to side with women's property rights.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Equity courts, unlike legal courts in general, look not only at objects such as deed, official manuscripts, and files of legal evidence in a case, but also consider circumstances and causes that include and encourage a person to do something action.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Under equity, a woman can sue their own son, another man, even their husband. [20]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

For example, if a widow is about to sue her son for a portion of the land that her son inherits, a common law court will look at the widow's original marriage contract to ensure she qualifies that meet her share of the agreement.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The court will then look at the files relevant to the land, such as the wishes of the father of the woman or the official manuscript.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Based on the document, the court will make a decision.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

But due to the difficulty for women to legally prove land through someone's wishes or through official files, common law courts are more likely to take sides and support property rights for men.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Court equity, on the other hand, looked not only at the availability of the documents, but also at the woman's explanation why she had no official dossier or other documents, as well as arguments as to why she deserved the land in question.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Equity law is usually used by widowed women to protect their wife's property (jointure), separate estate, or other property that may legally belong to them. [21]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

A proper example of separate estate use is the case of Margaret, Countess of Bath (a noble wife of Bath).


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

A wealthy widow who requires her third husband to sign a marriage contract permitting herself full control of the movable property she owns.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The marriage contract includes an inventory of the property he owns, and it also states that he is permitted to dispose of, add to, or sell property that he owns as far as he sees such things as appropriate to do, in addition to containing a clause stating that her husband will ransom/indemnify for damages or that cause reduced property that she owns as a result of her husband's deeds.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

After her husband's death, all the property she originally owned will remain her, and if she who first dies, she has the power to bequeath the property she owns as she wills.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

To exert legal influence under the common law, the Lady Bath (Mrs Bath) had her document signed by her two son-in-law, which gave her the power to conduct prosecution on her behalf and interests. [22]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Mrs Bath is a brilliant example of a woman's ability to get around the common law using separate estate under the law of fairness (equity) to protect her property rights.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Mrs Bath's case also illustrates that marriage is not in such a binding/restrictive way as set out in common law.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The most common forms of marriage contracts tend to be made based on protection of the wife's property rights, and safeguarding the rights of the wife to make decisions regarding the dowry of daughters and those related to marriage, whereby such matters are not permitted under the auspices of the common law. [2 ]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

In addition to the case of Mrs. Bath, there are also some men from the noble/aristocratic group who entrust to their wives the responsibility of not only organizing the household, but also in managing the property.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Some of these men so trusted their wives' ability to manage land that they made their wives the principal executors of property after they died. [23]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The men often limited the powers of the auxiliary executors in providing financial advice to their widows.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Some examples of this are found in the case of the requests of Mr. Thomas Arundell, Mr. John Danvers, and Mr. Phillip Champernon.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Mr. Arundell granted his wife the power to increase and subtract the requests/wishes made by Mr. Arundell, at all times, so far as it was the best thing that his widowed wife could think of.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Mr. Danver and Mr. Champernon both ordered the auxiliary executors not to interfere in the administration of their lands, unless their wives died before their request was implemented. [24]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Widows who have the full trust of their deceased husbands, who by common law should not be allowed to regulate or have any control over their husbands' property, receive not only the wife's property (jointure), but also have complete control of the land.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

In addition to inheriting control of their husbands' lands, some of the widows there were also who grew rich after the death of each of their husbands and left to them large tracts of land.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

In Mrs Bath's case, she was married three times, and each death of her husband she became the full executor of the property at the request of her husband.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Thus, by owning three ownerships, Mrs Bath is a very attractive marriage partner. [25]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The plight of widowed women After the death of a husband, a woman finds themselves in an unusual position (for them) in the middle of society.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Because in the view of society, widowed women have evil and desperately need the leadership of a man, the woman gives an interesting case.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

There are several wives who have been under the leadership of their man/husband for the duration of couverture, but then no longer have a male leader.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

If the widowed woman is old, then the widowed woman's father is likely to have died.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Common law states that at least one-third of her husband's land or wife's estate (jointure) should belong to her to suffice her needs: beyond that, the widowed woman is not supposed to keep property. [26]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

A book talking about the common law treatment of women titled The Laws Resolutions of Women's Rights states that “when a woman loses her husband, then her head is cut off, the intellectual part in her is lost, the inside of her soul is swept away...” [27] Under couverture (position of a married woman) strict common law, the pattern described in the book is true.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

When a woman's husband dies, the woman's identity is lost, and her status drops to a low status of widow.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Cases experienced by a widow are confusing and often a legal mess, especially when she gets married again. [2]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Marriage Widows who marry for two or three times, are generally wary of their couverture, and often run separate estate, as with agreements made by Mrs Bath before returning in marriage.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

That way widowed women retain their rights to property and land left to them by their late husbands.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

They can go to court to defend their property or prosecute anyone who dares to violate their material domain, including their new sons and husbands. [28]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Something like this is often frustrating for the male who marries such a widow, who expects to gain land in return for the consent of the marriage he makes.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

If a marriage fails, the male/husband often goes to court, such as the cases experienced by William Culliford and Elizabeth Mitchell.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Elizabeth had been married before and inherited a very beautiful estate from her late first husband.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

In court, William argued that Elizabeth had promised the land at their marriage, but never realized it for her, and that the estate remained Elizabeth's property with the authority of her previous husband's wish, whom she had protect in the stipulations it makes.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Therefore, William did not get any land he demanded. [2]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Stepdaughter Stepson is also a tricky thing in a remarriage.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Wealthy widows were often in a position to write her wishes and bequeath land as she wished.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

This often leads to legal problems when their heirs are divided.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

As such widows want their children to receive something, but they are also obliged to give something to their stepchildren.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The complexity of the wishes of several husbands who leave inheritance for each of their biological children is often also left to the widow to be carried out, thus giving the widow a great control/responsibility due to the demand/desire of the late husband- their husbands aforementioned. [29]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Potentials that can arise due to remarriage, namely a series of stepchildren, power over land given to a widowed woman as a husband, the reality of inheritance practices, as well as what ideally stipulated in common law often contradicts each other.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Common law gives leeway for widows to own little over their husbands' lands, but the total is not allowed anywhere near the amount of wealth that the widow usually inherited/possesses.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

In addition, the power over the accumulation of land that the widow uses in each marriage contract is also contrary to the ideal common law of couverture (position of a married woman).


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Nevertheless, widowed women can make claims and acquire far more property rights than common law allows or than they can have when they are maidens or at the time of their first marriage. [2]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Challenges of ideas regarding women At the time of Elizabeth I reigned, ideas regarding women gained challenges.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Before Elizabeth I ruled, men looked upon malevolent women and unstable beings who could not control their desires in the absence of men controlling them.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Evidenced by the lack of legal recognition given to women, they cannot be entrusted with personal identity, even more so with property.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

With the ascension of Elizabeth I, the idea of the woman increasingly came to the public.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Although Elizabeth I's parliamentarians and advisors, who were gentlemen, attempted to control her, Elizabeth constantly appeared outside the realities of patriarchy.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Despite it all, Elizabeth bears property as Queen of England and rules England along with the rest of its population.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Elizabeth presented herself as an unpretentious person, maintaining behavior, stable, and although unmarried at the time, the maternal good nature she showed was associated with a maternal attitude. [30]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The figure of the British power-holder stirred a conflict between masculinity and femininity that sparked controversy over the role of women within society.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Beyond challenges regarding traditional ideas regarding women, the patriarchal system in Britain still restricts and prevents women from having independent lives.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

These challenges in the view of women's potential in turn serve as catalysts for changing women's status. [2]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Married women's property laws (Married Women's Property Acts, UK 1870, 1882 and 1893) are monumental for women's rights in England, [31] although their effectiveness continues as a debate, for working-class women who do not have property remains private, still does not get improvement, whereas richer women can generate more input in household asset allocation along with control over personal property. [32]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The 1870 Act Some progress was made in 1870, when the British parliament passed some of the first married women's property laws (Married Woman's Property Acts), which improved the position of married women by granting to them ownership of the proceeds of their income own. [5]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The law allows the woman to keep any income or other property she earned after marriage.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

For example in the form of money, it can be deposited up to as much as 200 pounds than he can from the proceeds of his work or that he inherited, and owns and exercises control of their personal property.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The private property in question consists of movable assets such as money, shares, furniture, farm animals, and private signs, where control over these properties to women married before 1870 is given entirely to their husbands.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Whereas immovable property deemed to be owned by a woman before marriage, then after the woman is married, she cannot make decisions regarding its use and distribution without their husband's permission. [32]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Therefore, the term ownership in the 1870 law is of less concrete value. [3] [31] The 1882 Act The continuation of the married women's property law of 1882 was much more developed and expanded women's property rights by granting to married women equal rights over property, as permitted to be owned by unmarried women.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Because in the end, before the enactment of the rule, women could not have the goods they had before marriage (for women of the upper class, included in these items are land, buildings, or houses) because they belong to their husbands. [5]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The existence of the 1882 married woman property law allows a married woman to be able to directly manage fixed property or land that is more valuable than jewelry or clothing, and she can still retain property rights that she owned before marriage.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Following the enactment of the married woman property law of 1882, a husband and wife were regarded as “... two separate legal entities”. [33]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

With the enactment of the 1882 law, women could control fixed property and private property from before or after marriage, both those she produced herself or those obtained from the endowments/inheritances of others. [31]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The 1893 Statute of married women's property law of 1893 supplemented the preconceived legislation by granting to married women control and any type of property she owned after marriage, such as for example inherited property.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

After the enactment of the 1893 married woman property law, married women and unmarried women received equal treatment. [5]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Impact of enactment of married women's property laws that restore to married women the right to own, sell, and purchase property, as well as restore their legal identity, allow women to prosecute, prosecute, make debt contracts, or otherwise bankrupt. [34]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Traditionalists warn that the law may make marriage less popular among men, but there is little evidence that can support that opinion.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Because in fact, some upper-class women who come from prominent families can always keep their property after marriage, as long as their fathers are sufficiently aware of the applicable laws, and rich enough to make special legal stipulations enforceable.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Nevertheless, married women's property laws are a significant marker for women towards an independent legal presence. [5]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

One of the interesting reactions that arose over the enactment of married women's property laws is the rising divorce rate.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Prior to 1880, the number of divorces in England in an entire year was rarely higher/above 300 divorces.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Divorces increased from year to year beyond 1000 divorces with the onset of World War I. After women received voting rights (vote) in 1918, the number of divorces tripled in two years.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The impact of enactment of the legislation turned out to be directly related to the choice of people to make a divorce.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

In Scotland, the picture is even more striking.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

In 1879, there were 55 divorces.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The highest number of divorces each year was 66 divorces in 1878, one year after Scotland secured their first married woman property law.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

By 1880, there were 80 divorces, and the number never fell again below 65 divorces in one year.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

At the end of the decade, there were more than 100 divorces in the year- almost double the number of divorces before the enactment of the married woman's property law. [34]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Category:Law in the United Kingdom


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The Battle of Dien Bien Phu (Chiến dịch Điện Biên Phú) was the last in the First Indochina War between France and the Viet Minh.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

This battle took place between March and May 1954, and ended in a massive French defeat that eventually dwarfed that battle.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The result of a series of fallacies in the French decision-making process was that France was trying to create an air supply base in Dien Bien Phu, deep in the hills of Vietnam.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The goal was to cut off the Viet Minh supply lines to Laos.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Instead, the Viet Minh under General Vo Nguyen Giap, were able to circle around and besiege the French.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Break a fierce fight on land.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The Viet Minh occupied the hilly area around Dien Bien Phu, and were able to fire down accurately into French positions.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The French forces repeatedly retaliated against Viet Min attacks on their positions, occasionally fielding additional troops.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

But in the end the Viet Minh managed to seize the French defensive base and force the French to surrender.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

After this battle, the war ended with the 1954 Geneva approval.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

This approval divided Vietnam into a communist North and a democratic South.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Yet the ephemeral peace soon fell apart.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Fighting broke out again in 1957 with the Vietnam War (Second Indochina War).


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Background and situation leading up to the battle In 1953, the French rectitude in the First Indochina War.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

A series of warlords (Thierry d'Argenlieu, Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, and Raoul Salan) proved incapable of suppressing the Viet Minh insurgency.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

In their battles in 1952—1953, the Viet Minh had defeated the forces of French colonists in Laos, Vietnam's neighbor to the west.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The French proved incapable of holding back the Viet Minh, who soon retreated when it ran out of their persistent supply support.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

By 1953, the French had begun strengthening their defenses in the Hanoi delta area and began preparing for a series of attacks on Viet Minh bases in northwestern Vietnam.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

They also built a number of fortress towns and outposts in the region, including Lai-Chau near the Chinese border in the north, Na Sanh in western Hanoi, and Luang-Prabang and Plaine des Jarres in northern Laos.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

That spring, General Vo Nguyen Giap of the Viet Minh launched a massive offensive against Nan Sanh.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

After several days' fierce fighting, the Viet Minh force lost, inflicting 1,544 men casualties on the base and another 1,932 wounded.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Vo pulled back most of his power.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

In May 1953, French Prime Minister Rene Mayer appointed Henri Navarre, a colleague of his confidants, to take over the leadership of French forces in Indochina.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Mayer gave one order to Navarre - to create military conditions that would lead France to a 'respectable political breakdown'.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

(Davidson, 165) Upon arrival in Vietnam, Navarre was struck by what he found.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

“Since de Lattre's departure, there are no long-term plans.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Everything is done reactively, based on day-to-day considerations.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Combat operations are carried out only as an answer to enemy movements or threats.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

There was no overarching plan to develop the organization and build outfitting of the Expeditionary


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Finally, Navarre, the intellectual, cold and professional soldier, was struck by the attitude of Salan and his senior commanders and his staff officers who were relaxed, 'dispersed school'.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

They will go home, not as winners or heroes, but not also as losers.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

For them, the important thing is that they will come out of Indochina with their reputation in tatters, but still intact.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

They don't care so much, or don't think much about the issues for their surrogates.”


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

(Davidson, 165) Navarre is plagued by a question - did his mission as High Commissioner of Vietnam oblige him to maintain the Lao colony anyway?


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

This proved to be the most controversial issue surrounding this battle.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Laos is far away from the center of French military power in Hanoi.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Although Navarre considered he was responsible for that region, an attempt to defend it would invite great risk as he would have to move his forces within long distances of his center.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Navarre held a series of meetings with the French National Defence Commission in July 1953.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

On July 17, Navarre asked for clarification regarding his responsibilities in Vietnam, about whether he was responsible for the defense of northern Laos.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

On 24 July, Navarre again met with this Commission.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

This meeting produced a major misunderstanding, the most contended fact concerned the controversy surrounding this battle.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

For years afterward, Navarre insisted on stating that the Commission was not producing consensus.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The French Prime Minister, Joseph Laniel, instead stated that at that meeting, the Commission had ordered Navarre to relinquish Laos when necessary.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

“On this key issue, the evidence supports Navarre's claim that on 24 July, it did not obtain a clear decision concerning its responsibilities towards Laos.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

For many years, when challenged by Navarre, Laniel was never able to present any written evidence to support his assertion that Navarre had been ordered to leave Laos when necessary” (Davidson, 176).


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Looking back, the reason for the commission's hesitation was clear.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The results of the commission's meetings were constantly divulged to the press. The politicians on the commission were not willing to make clear statements regarding policy decisions that would politically harm them.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

At the same time, Navarre had sought avenues to stop the Viet Minh threat against Laos.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Colonel Louis Berteil, commander of Car Group 7, formulated a concept of “herrison” (hedgehog).


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The French army would build a protected air bridge near the vital Viet Minh supply line to Laos (Davidson, 173).


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

This would effectively cut the path of the Viet Minh armies fighting in Laos, and force them to withdraw.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

In June, Major General René Cogny, commander in the Tonkin Delta, proposed Dien Bien Phu as a “mooring ground”.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

In another misconception, Cogny envisioned a point with light defenses, which served as a base for assault, but for Navarre, this meant a base that was heavily fortified to the point of being able to face an encirclement.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Navarre chose Dien Bien Phu for the location of Bertiel's “hedgehog”.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

When this was presented, every major subordinate officer protested - Colonel Jean Nicot, (commander of the French Air transport unit), Cogny, and Generals Gilles and Dechaux (ground and air commanders for CASTOR, the first air attack on Dien Bien Phu).


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Navarre rejected this criticism of his proposal, and closed the conference on 17 November by stating that the operation would be implemented three days later, on 20 November 1953.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

(Davidson, 184) Navarre decided to keep the operation, despite the obvious operational difficulties, because he had repeatedly obtained assurances from his intelligence officers that the operation had little risk of the involvement of a strong opposing force.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

(Davidson, 189) Navarre had previously considered three other avenues to defend Laos: a moving war, which was impossible, given the state of the terrain in Vietnam; a linear line of defense stretching all the way to Laos, which was impossible to recall the number of troops present in hands of Navarre; or stationing troops in the Lao capital and propping them up by air, which is impossible to do given the distance from Hanoi to Phrabang and Vientiane (Davidson, 186).


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Thus, the only option left in Navarre's hands was the “hedgehog” option, which he described as “a rather bad solution”.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

(Davidson, 187) In a sad change of fortunes, France's National Defense Committee ultimately agreed that Navarre's responsibilities did not include efforts to defend Laos.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

However, their decision (which was drafted on 13 November) was not conveyed to him until 4 December, two weeks after the Battle of Battle Dien Bien Phu began.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

(Davidson, 176) Nan Sanh and Dien Bien Phu Nan Sanh were an early successful experiment in using hedgehog defense, which convinced Navarre of the possible use of the airstrip defense concept.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Basically this was a fortress supplied only by air.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

It was hoped that by repeating its formation on a larger scale, the French would be able to lure Giap into deploying most of his force in a mass attack.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The ii would allow superior French artillery, its armament and air support, to sweep the Viet Minh force in exposed terrain.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Unfortunately, the French staff officers failed to take into account a number of important differences between Dien Bien Phu and Nan Sanh.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

First, at Nan Sanh the French controlled almost all of the highlands and enjoyed plentiful artillery support.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

However, at Dien Bien Phu, the situation was reversed: the Viet Minh controlled most of the highlands around the valley, and their artillery far exceeded that of the French.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Vo Nguyen Giap compared Dien Bien Phu to a “rice basket”, in which his troops occupied its banks, while the French occupied its base.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Second, Giap made a mistake in Nan Sanh by deploying his troops in a sloppy frontal attack before he had time to make enough preparations.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

At Dien Bien Phu, Giap spent months piling ammunition and placing heavy artillery and anti-aircraft guns before making his moves.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Teams of Viet Minh volunteers were sent to the French camp to take down French artillery places.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The wooden artillery was built as camouflage, and the real rifles were rotated every few salvos to confuse French counter-attacks.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

As a result, when the fighting began, the Viet Minh knew exactly where the French artillery lay, while the French were not even aware how many rifles Giap had.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Thirdly, and most importantly, the air bridge at Nan Sanh was never cut off despite the Viet Minh carrying out anti aircraft air fire.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

At Dien Bien Phu, Giap deployed a large number of anti-air attack attacks which immediately closed the bright runway and made it very costly for the French to deploy reinforcements.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Operation Castor and the formation of Operation airspace at Dien Bien Phu began at 10:35 on the morning of 20 November 1953.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

In Operation Castor, the French fielded or flew 9,000 troops into the region over three days.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

They landed in three landing areas - Natasha (northwest of Dien Bien Phu), Octavie (southwest of Dien Bien Phu), and Simone (southeast of Dien Bien Phu).


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The 148th Regiment 148th of the Viet Minh Independent Elites, based at Dien Bien Phu, reacted “immediately and effectively”, however, three of their four battalions were absent that day (Davidson, 193).


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Those initial operations were well underway for France.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

By the end of November, six umbrella battalions had landed and the French consolidated their positions.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

It was at this time that Giap started his counter-resistance movement.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Giap had been expecting the coming of the attack, but could not foresee when or where it would happen.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Giap realized that when pressed, the French would leave Lai Chau Province and fight in a fierce battle at Dien Bien Phu.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

On 24 November, Giap ordered the 148th Infantry Regiment and 316th Division to attack into Lai Chau, and the 308th, 312th, and 351st Divisions attacking from Viet Bac going into Dien Bien Phu (Davidson, 196).


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Starting in December, the French, under the command of Colonel Christian de Castries, began to transform their base point into a fortress by building various strong points, each named after the former dark lover Castries mistress.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The center of its fortress with its headquarters had the strongpoints “Huguette” to the west, “Claudine” to the south, and “Dominique” to the northeast.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Other strongpoints were “Anne-Marie” to the northwest, “Beatrice” to the northeast, “Gabrielle” to the north and “Isabelle” four miles to the south, covering the reserve airstrip.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Upon rethinking, the choice of Castries as commander serving in Dien Bien Phu was a poor choice.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Navarre meilih Castries, a cavalry officer in the tradition of the 18th century, because Navarre envisioned Dien Bein Phu as a moving battle.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

In reality, Dien Bien Phu needed someone deft with the static defense style of World War I, something that was not really suitable for Castries.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The arrival of the 316th Division caused Cogny to order the evacuation of the Lai Chau garnizun to Dien Bein Phu, exactly as Giap had hoped.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

On the way, they were practically finished off by the Viet Minh.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

“Of the 2,100 men who left Lai Chau on December 9, only 185 managed to arrive at Dien Bein Phu on December 22.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The rest have been killed or caught, or committed desertion” (Davidson, 203).


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Viet Minh forces are now gathering at Dien Bien Phu.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

France had provided 10,800 troops, with additional troops entirely totaling nearly 16,000 men, to defend a valley influenced by the muson climate, which was surrounded by densely wooded hills that had not yet been secured.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Artillery as well as ten M-24 light tanks plus a number of airplanes were also deployed to defend that fortress.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Meanwhile, the Viet Minh had moved 50,000 of its regular troops along with 55,000 reserve troops, transporters, and militia to the hills around the perimeter of the valley, numbering entirely five divisions, including the 351st Heavy Division composed entirely of heavy artillery.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Artillery and AA guns, which were much more numerous than French artillery 4 to 1, were moved into camouflage positions, leading up the valley.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The French encountered first Viet Minh sporadic artillery fire on 31 January 1954 and their patrols encountered Viet Minh all over.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

They have united in this battle and France is now besieged.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Fighting Circumstances changed in early March 1954, when it became clear that the growing Viet Minh (Allied Vietnamese) forces were coming into the region.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The battle itself began on 13 March when, by great surprise to the French, the Viet Minh opened massive artillery fire.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

By the end of the first night 9,000 artillery shells had fallen in the area, and Beatrice and Gabrielle's positions had fallen, albeit with heavy losses on the part of her attackers namely over 2,500 casualties.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

In a great logistical success, the Viet Minh had managed to transport large quantities of their equipment in rugged wooded hills, which the French considered impassable.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The French artillery commander, Colonel Piroth, much disappointed at being unable to make a counterblow to the well-camouflaged Viet Minh attacks, went into his hideout burrow and killed himself with a hand grenade.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

He was buried there in great secret to prevent morile loss among the French troops.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The French replied with the addition of paratroopers, but they were fired upon by anti-air assault rifles, another surprise on the part of the Viet Minh.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Given the importance of supplies by air, this was a complicating development for the troops defending their bases.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The French also began using their ground-attack aircraft to deal with artillery, but none of that had any meaningful influence, considering that the rifles were highly concealed.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Given the importance of airborne supplies, Giap went from costly mass attacks, which began to make his men almost rebellious, to orderly pervasiveness and establishing a network of trenches and artillery bombardments.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

In addition, the Viet Minh began digging long trenches down to the middle of the encampment, covering their movements from direct fire, and allowing them to build defenses and attack in protection.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The first runway fell after a five-day assault from 18 March to 23 March.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The last aircraft landed on 28 March on the grounding of the second, but was destroyed at the time of its landing.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The French replied with an attack of their own on the 28th, with attacks on anti aircraft positions.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

On the 31st, the French captured two hilltop military camps, Dominique and Eliane, but later had to abandon them due to the absence of add troops.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

With the delivery of supplies completely dependent on the parachute, the supply current begins to diminish.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

A portion of the supplies fielded by air fell on areas controlled by the Viet Minh, thus providing them with the materials they desperately needed.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

By this point, essentially the Vietnamese had won the battle, and they referred to the rest of the battle as “slowly wounding the elephant that was dying”.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

In the last week of April, the annual muson winds arrived, thereby further reducing the effectiveness of any air support that could be provided.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The defensive pits became dangerous, and the bungker-bunkers collapsed.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The last delivery of replacement reinforces—4,306 troops under General Marcel Bigeard, fielded between 14 March and 6 May—did not even adequately cover the losses experienced between those two dates, 5,500 men.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The French launched “Operation Bird of Condor” in April to help garnizun forces by sending reinforcements from the Lao capital to the valley.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

But the army was stymied in the dense forests of Laos, and the fortifications became isolated.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The French saw that defeat was coming soon, but they tried to hold on until the Geneva peace meeting, which took place on 26 April.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The last French attack took place on 4 May, but was ineffective.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The Viet Minh then began to hit the French defensive strongholds with their newly acquired Russian rocket artillery.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Giap made his last attack of this on 1 May.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

From all sides the Viet Minh forces attacked French positions, and there was persistent resistance from French troops and Foreign Legion troops, Dominique, Eliane and Huguette were finally defeated in the next three days.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

By then, French food supplies were only enough for another five days and many troops had begun to run out of ammunition.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Their hospitals, short of supplies of medicine, were full of corpses and wounded soldiers, and French moryles began to snap.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The final fall required two days 6 May and 7 May; within those days the French fought steadily but were eventually rolled by a large, fonrtal assault.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The last attack came on May 7, when in a massive Viet Minh artillery attack, 25,000 of Giap's remaining men attacked less than 3,000 French troops in a shrinking circle.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The Viet Minh forces spilled into the remnants of the French defenses and although the French held tenaciously, equally persistent Viet Minh forces reached the French headquarters at pk 17:30 and De Castries surrendered.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Although Isabelle's strong defensive point could still hold another 24 hours, the siege on Dien Bien Phu was technically complete.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

At least 2,200 members of the 16,000-strong French force died in the battle.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Of the approximately 50,000-100,000 Viet Minh involved, it is estimated that nearly 8,000 were killed and 15,000 more wounded.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

After the battle More than 11,000 prisoners held captive in Dien Bien Phu - the largest number ever captured by the Viet Minh: a third rather than the entirety of the captives captured during the war.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

These captives were divided into groups.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Those still healthy and who were injured but could walk were forced to walk for about 400km to detention camps in the north and east.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Hundreds of people died of disease en route.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The injured, some 4,436 people, were given emergency care until the Red Cross arrived, removing 838 people and providing better care to the rest.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The rest were then sent to a place of detention.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The prison camp turned out to be even more severe.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The French troops, many of whom were not even French, were constantly left to starve, beaten and harassed.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Many died.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The Viet Minh used the presence of World War II Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS veterans serving within the Foreign Legion as propaganda to fight the French struggle.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

About 3,300 prisoners who were poorly nourished and lost, were released in 1958.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The continuation of the Viet Minh Victory led to the holding of the 1954 Geneva Approval, which divided Vietnam into communist North Vietnam and South Vietnam whose government was subordinate to France.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The division was planned to be only temporary, and the two territories were to be reunited through national general elections in 1956.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

After France withdrew, the U.S. supported the government in the south under Emperor Bao Dai as head of state and his Prime Minister, Ngo Dinh Diem, who opposed that consent, arguing that Ho Chi Minh of the North had killed the patriots of the North and terrorized the people in the North and South.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

This infighting eventually escalated into the Second Indochina War.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Reference Davidson, Phillip B. Vietnam at War.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Oxford University Press, New York.


Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

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Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

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Question: What was the number of casualties of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Dien Bien Phu


Question: what is the number of countries in continental europe?

List of countries in Europe

Below is a list of countries in Europe with their original name and capital city.


Question: what is the number of countries in continental europe?

List of countries in Europe

Sovereign States (50) Countries with international recognition widely in Europe.


Question: what is the number of countries in continental europe?

List of countries in Europe

Dependencies and autonomous regions (7) Regions of dependencies and autonomous regions in Europe.


Question: what is the number of countries in continental europe?

List of countries in Europe

States with limited recognition (4) Geo-political entities in Europe that are recognized by a minimum of one other sovereign state, but do not receive widespread recognition.


Question: what is the number of countries in continental europe?

List of countries in Europe

Unrecognized states (2) Geo-political entities that are not recognized by any other sovereign state, but by definition may be referred to as “states”.


Question: what is the number of countries in continental europe?

List of countries in Europe

Note See also List of countries in Europe: by area by population by GDP by GDP per capita by GDP PPP List of former countries in Europe API Countries


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

The Dutch East Indies in the 17th and 18th centuries were not controlled directly by the Dutch government but by a trading company called the Dutch East Indies Company (Dutch: Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC).


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

The VOC had been granted monopoly rights against trade and colonial activity in the region by the Dutch Parliament in 1602.


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

Its base was in Batavia, now named Jakarta.


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

The VOC's main goal is to defend its monopoly against the spice trade in the archipelago.


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

This was done through the use and threat of violence against the inhabitants of the spice-producing islands, and against non-Dutch people who tried to trade with these inhabitants.


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

For example, when the inhabitants of the Banda Islands continued to sell nutmeg seeds to British traders, Dutch troops killed or deported almost the entire population and then populated the islands with maids or slaves working on nutmeg plantations.


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

The VOC became involved in Javanese internal politics at this time, and fought in several wars involving Mataram and Banten leaders.


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

Time flow from year to year 17th century March 1602 - The Dutch attempted to monopolize the spice trade by forming a trade congestion called VOC (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie). 1603 - VOC has built the first fixed trading center in Banten but not profitable because there was competition with Chinese and British traders.


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

February 1605 - The VOC fleet allied with Hitu attacks the Portuguese defensive stronghold at Ambon in exchange for the VOC being entitled as sole buyer of spices at Hitu. 1602 - Sir James Lancaster is re-appointed to lead the voyage whose fleet contains the men of The East India Company and arrives in Aceh For next to Banten. 1604 - The 2nd voyage of the British airline led by Sir Henry Middleton, the airline managed to reach Ternate, Tidore, Ambon and Banda.


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

However, in the region they visited it met strong resistance from the VOC. 1609 - VOC opened a trade office in South Sulawesi but the intention was blocked by the king of Gowa.


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

The king of Gowa cooperated with English, French, Danish, Spanish and Portuguese traders. 1610 - Ambon was made the center of the VOC, led by a governor-general.


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

But during the three governors-generals, Ambon was not so satisfactory to be made a headquarters because it was far from the main lines of Asian trade. 1611 - The British managed to establish its trade offices in other parts of Indonesia, in Sukadana (southwest Kalimantan), Makassar, Jayakerta, Jepara, Aceh, Priaman, Jambi. 1618 - Des Banten took the decision to confront Jayakarta and the VOC by forcing the British to help, led by admiral Thomas Dale. 1619 - When the VOC was about to surrender to the British, the Banten army suddenly appeared blocking the British intent.


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

Because Banten did not want the VOC post in Batavia to be filled by the British.


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

As a result Thomas Dale fled with his ship; Banten occupied the city of Batavia. May 12, 1619 - The Dutch took the decision to give Jayakarta a new name as Batavia.


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

May 1619 — Jan Pieterszoon Coen, a Dutchman, made a voyage to Banten with 17 ships. May 30, 1619 - Jan Pieterszoon Coen made an assault on Banten, repulsing the Banten army.


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

Establishing Batavia as a relatively safe military and administrative center for warehousing and exchange of goods, because from Batavia it was easy to reach trade lines to eastern Indonesia, far east, from Europe. 1619 - Jan Pieterszoon Coen was appointed as the governor-general of the VOC.


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

He uses violence, to solidify his power he destroys everything that interferes.


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

And made Batavia a meeting place for VOC merchant ships. 1619 - There was a migration of Chinese to Batavia.


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

The VOC attracted as many existing Chinese traders as possible in various ports such as Banten, Jambi, Palembang and Malacca to Batavia.


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

There are even those directly coming from China.


Question: When did VOCs start coming into Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1602—1800)

Here the Chinese people are already an important part of the economy in Batavia.