Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Romanian forces fought under Soviet command, moving through Northern Transilvania into Hungarian territory, and into Czechoslovakia, Austria and Germany.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

However, the Soviets instead treated Romania as a territory of conquest, [6] and Soviet forces remained to occupy Romania under the pretext that Romanian authorities could not guarantee the security and stability of Northern Transilvania.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The Yalta Conference had given the Soviet Union a dominant interest in Romania, and the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty failed to recognize Romania as an ally.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The Red Army occupied Romanian soil.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The Communists played only a minor role in Mihai's wartime government, led by General Nicolae Rădescu.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

But that changed in March 1945, when Dr. Petru Groza of Barisan Hijacker, who was close to the Communist side, became prime minister.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Although his government was broad-based, including members from major parties before the war age (with the exception of the Iron Guard), the Communists held key ministries, and most ministers representing non-Communist parties such as Groza simply became sympathizers.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The King disliked the direction of his government, he attempted to force Groza to resign by refusing to sign several Acts (this movement is better known as the “king's strike”).


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Seeing this, Groza chose to legislate without bothering to attempt to obtain Mihai's signature.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

On 8 November 1945, on King Mihai's name day, there was an anti-communist demonstration in front of the king's palace in Bucharest.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

There were clashes with security personnel resulting in dozens of dead and wounded.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Seeing this, Soviet officers restrained Romanian soldiers and police from firing on civilians, and eventually it was Soviet troops who restored order. [7]


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Although the King disagreed, Groza's administration carried out land reform and granted women suffrage.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

However this also brought about the beginnings of Soviet domination in Romania.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

In the elections of 19 November 1946, the communist-led Bloc Democratic Party won 84% of the vote.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Unfortunately, this election was tinged with various irregularities, such as intimidation, electoral fraud, and murder [8] [9] [10] Archives confirm suspicions of the election results at the time, and in fact, were falsified. [11]


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

After forming a government, the communists rippled to eliminate the role of moderate parties, such as the National Peasants' Party.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The party was accused of espionage after it became known in 1947 its leaders met secretly with U.S. officials.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Show trial of their leadership was immediately drafted, and then they were put in prison.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Other parties were forced to “join” with the Communists.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Between 1946 and 1947, supporters and officials of the pro-Bloc Axis government were executed as war criminals, especially in its involvement in the Holokaus and incursions to the Soviet Union.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The Romanian leader in the pro-Nazi PD II, Ion Antonescu, was executed on June 1, 1946.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

In 1947, Romania became the only monarchy in the Eastern Bloc.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

By December 30 of that year, Mihai was at his palace in Sinaia.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Suddenly Groza and Gheorghiu-Dej call him in order to return to Bucharest.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

They present a typed draft of his self-dethrone and demand him to sign the letter.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

One of them (Groza or Gheorghiu-Dej) threatened him by pointing a gun on him, pro-communist forces were in the vicinity of his palace, and telephone lines were cut.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Mihai was forced to sign the documents.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Hours later, Parliament abolished the monarchy and declared Romania a people's republic.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

In February 1948, the communists forced the remnants of the Social Democratic Party to merge with them to form the Romanian Workers' Party.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

However, independent-minded socialist people were excluded from the party.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

As a result, the combined party was the Communist Party of Romania under a new name.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Meanwhile, non-communist politicians were executed, imprisoned or fled into exile.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The communist regime was then legalised with a new constitution, which was almost entirely a copy of the 1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

They banned and punished any organization of a “fascist or anti-democratic” nature - which was widely interpreted to ban parties not willing to carry out communist orders.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The working classes were also granted freedom of press, speech and assembly.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Despite massive killings, imprisonment and harassment from local peasants during forced collectivization, nationalization of private property and political oppression, on the contrary the rights and freedoms were spelled out in the 1948 Constitution and its two successors (in the 1952 Constitution and the 1965 Constitution), but was never respected by the government or the newly appointed judges during 42 years of communist rule.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The communist administration also dissolved the Romanian Uniate Greek Catholic Church, declaring its incorporation with the Romanian Orthodox Church.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Romanian People's Republic The early years The early years of communist rule in Romania were marked by repeated changes and numerous arrests and imprisonment as party factions sought to dominate.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

State resources were also drained by the SoVrom agreement with the Soviet Union, which facilitated the delivery of Romanian goods to the Soviet Union at low prices.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

On June 11, 1948, all major banks and corporations were nationalized.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

In the communist leadership, there are three main factions, all of them Stalinist ideology, which distinguishes them are their individual personal history differences, rather than deep political or philosophical differences.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The three factions were: the “Moscows”, like Ana Pauker and Vasile Luca, spent the wartime in Moscow.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

“Communist prisoners”, such as Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, were interned in war times.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

“Communist Sekertariat”, this group was less powerful Stalinist, such as Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

He managed to get through Antonescu's times by hiding in Romanian territories and had participated in extensive government following the 1944 King Mihai Coup.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

In the end, with the help of Joseph Stalin, Gheorghiu-Dej and his “Communist Prisoners” faction prevailed.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Pauker was removed from the party (along with 192,000 other party members) and Pătrășcanu was executed after a show trial.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Zaman Gheorghiu-Dej Gheorghiu-Dej, a Stalinist supporter, was unhappy with Nikita Khrushchev's reforms in the Soviet Union after Stalin's death in 1953.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

He also rejected vehemently Comecon's goal of turning Romania into a “granary” of the Eastern Bloc, sought to undertake an economic plan based around heavy industry and energy production, close Romania's largest labor camp, abandon the Danube-Black Sea Canal project, stop rationing and raise the wages of laborers.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Subsequently, there remained resentment towards the Soviet Union where historically Romanian lands remained part of the country as the Moldavian RSS.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

These factors combined to place Romania under Gheorghiu-Dej becoming more independent and nationalist.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Gheorghiu-Dej considered himself a Stalinist, and the then-more liberal Soviet government threatened to undermine his authority.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

In an effort to strengthen his position, Gheorghiu-Dej pledged cooperation with any country, regardless of its political-economic system, provided that international equality was recognized and did not interfere in the domestic affairs of other countries.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

This policy led to the strengthening of Romania's relations with China, which also advocated determination of national fate and opposed Soviet hegemonism.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Gheorghiu-Dej resigned as party general secretary in 1954 but remained prime minister; a joint secretariat comprising four party members, including Nicolae Ceaușescu, controlled the party for a year before Gheorghiu-Dej again took control.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Despite a new policy of international cooperation, Romania joined the Warsaw Pact in 1955, which entailed the subordination and partial integration of the country's military into Soviet weaponry.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

However, Romania refused to allow the Warsaw Pact to maneuver in its country and reduced its participation in military maneuvers in the areas of the members of the alliance.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

In 1956, the Soviet Prime Minister, Nikita Khrushchev, denounced Stalin in a Secret Speech before the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Gheorghiu-Dej and the leadership of the Romanian Workers' Party (Partidul Muncitoresc Român, PMR) soon prepared with the current of de-Stalinization.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Gheorghiu-Dej made Pauker, Luca and Georgescu scapegoats for the over-exaggerated policies of the Communists of the past and claimed that the PMR had purged Stalinist elements even before Stalin died in 1953.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

In October 1956, the Polish communist leader refused to bow to the threat of the Soviet military, wanting their interference in domestic political affairs and raised more devout members of the politbureau to him.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

A few weeks later, the communist party in Hungary was almost destroyed during the people's revolution.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The Polish challenge and the Hungarian people's uprising inspired Romanian students and workers to demonstrate in universities and industrial cities to call for freedom, better living conditions, and an end to Soviet domination.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Under the pretext that the Hungarian uprising might incite his own country's rebellion, Gheorghiu-Dej took radical measures which meant there would also be the persecution and imprisonment of various “suspects”, especially people of Hungarian origin.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

He also advocated Soviet rapid intervention, and the Soviet Union strengthened its military presence in Romania, especially along Hungary's borders.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Although the Romanian unrest proved fragmentary and controlled, Hungary did not, so in November, the Moscow side launched a bloody invasion of Hungary.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Romania offered to take part in the military intervention in Hungary in 1956, but Nikita Khrushchev rejected that idea.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

After the 1956 Revolution, Gheorghiu-Dej worked closely with Hungary's new leader, János Kádár, who was appointed by the Soviet Union.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Romania was tasked with detaining Hungary's former prime minister (who was also the leader of the 1956 revolution) Imre Nagy.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

He was imprisoned in Snagov, north of Bucharest.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

After a series of interrogations by the Soviets and Romanian authorities, Nagy was returned to Budapest for trial and execution.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

In Transilvania, the Romanian government merged the Romanian and Hungarian-speaking universities located in Cluj, ending Hungary's Bólyai University, and also worked gradually eliminating Hungarian education in secondary schools by converting it to Romanian education.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Gheorghiu-Dej spread fear that Hungary wanted to take over Transylvania.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

He took two approaches to this problem, namely arresting the leaders of the Hungarian People's Alliance, and under Soviet pressure, he established the autonomous region of Hungary, in the Székely region.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The Romanian government also took steps to reduce public discontent by reducing investment in heavy industry, increasing production of consumer goods, decentralizing economic management, increasing wages and incentives, and instituting an element of worker management.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The authorities abolished compulsory deliveries for private farmers but also accelerated collectivisation programs in the mid-1950s, though not as brutal as before.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The government declared collectivization completed in 1962, when the state's collective agriculture controlled 77% of the arable land.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Although Gheorghiu-Dej claimed that he had purged the Romanian Stalinist side, he remained vulnerable to attacks due to his apparent involvement in party activities from 1944-1953.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

At the plenary meeting of the PMR in March 1956, Miron Constantinescu and Iosif Chișinevschi, both of whom were Politbiro members and deputy prime ministers, criticized Gheorghiu-Dej.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Constantinescu, who advocated liberalization ala Khrushchev, became a particular threat to Gheorghiu-Dej because he enjoyed good relations with the Moscow leadership.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The PMR removed Constantinescu and Chișinevschi from the party in 1957, denouncing them as Stalinists and assuming they had any involvement with Pauker.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Thereafter, Gheorghiu-Dej faced no serious challenge to his leadership.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Ceaușescu replaced Constantinescu as head of the PMR cadre.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Persecution, forced labor camp system and anti-communist resistance Violent persecution of real or perceived enemies against the Communist government began with the Soviet occupation in 1945.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Although the Romanian government was considered an ally against Nazi Germany, the Soviet army acted like an army of occupation and could arrest almost anyone deemed “fascist” or “anti-Soviet”.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

After the communist government became more powerful, the number of arrests increased.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

All walks of life were involved, but particularly targeted were the prewar elite, such as intellectuals, clergy, teachers, former politicians (even if they were left-wing courtiers) and anyone who could potentially form the core of the anti-communist resistance.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The existing prisons were full of political prisoners, and eventually a new system of prisons and forced labor camps was created, based on the Soviet Gulag.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The ancient project of the Danube-Black Sea Canal served as an excuse to build several forced labor camps, of which many people perished.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Some of the most notorious prisons included Sighet, Gherla, Pitești and Aiud, and forced labor camps set up in tin mines and in the Danube Delta.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

One of the brainwashing experiments popular in Eastern Europe took place in Romania, namely in the political prison of Pitești, located at 120 kilometers northwest of Bucharest.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The prison was popular in Romania with its 'Pitești Experiment' or Pitești Phenomenon, which was implemented in this prison between 1949 to 1952.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Pitești's experiments were conducted to 're-educate' the regime's enemies (real or shadowy enemies), by involving psychological and physical torture, and they were forced to be humiliated, denigrated and given inhuman acts.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Dozens of people were killed in the 'experiment', but the real goal was not to kill people, but to 're-teach' them.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Some of those who were given 're-education' later became torturers themselves, and those who survived Pitești many committed suicide or ended up in mental hospitals. [12]


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The communist regime also carried out deportations of peasants from Banat (southwest Transilvania, on the Yugoslav border), starting from 18 June 1951.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

About 45,000 people were forcibly “resettled” in areas of fewer inhabitants in the eastern plains (Bărăgan).


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The government's decision was directed towards creating a cordon sanitaire against Josip Broz Tito and his Yugoslavians.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The policy also used intimidation tactics to force the remaining peasants to join in collective farming.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Most deportees lived in Baragan for 5 years (until 1956), but some remained there permanently.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

There was also an anti-communist resistance, which had an organized form, and many people opposed to the government took up arms and a number of partisan groups were formed, consisting of 10-40 people.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

There were attacks on police posts and sabotage.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Some notable partisans were Elisabeta Rizea of Nucșoara and Gheorghe Arsenescu.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Although large numbers of members of the Securitate secret police and army forces jointly fought them, armed resistance in the mountains continued into the early 1960s, and one of the best known partisan leaders was not arrested until 1974.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Another form of anti-communist resistance (which was nonviolent this time), was the 1956 student movement.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

In reaction to the anti-communist uprising in Hungary, there were perceived echoes of the entire Eastern bloc.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Protests occurred in several university centers resulting in numerous arrests and expulsions.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The most organized student movement occurred in Timișoara, where 3000 were arrested. [13]


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

In Bucharest and Cluj, organized groups formed tried to make more policies siding with the anti-communist movement in Hungary and coordinating their activities.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The government's reaction was to immediately arrest students or suspend them from their programs, some teachers were fired, and new associations were formed to oversee student activities.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Tens of thousands of people were killed as part of the suppression and collectivization of agriculture in Communist Romania mainly under Gheorghiu-Dej. [14] [15] Ceaușescu's reign Gheorghiu-Dej died in 1965 under unclear circumstances, which apparently occurred when he was in Moscow for medical treatment.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

After the seizure of power, he was replaced by Nicolae Ceaușescu.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Gheorghiu-Dej was Stalinist, while the Soviet Union was in a reformist period.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

On the other hand, Ceaușescu initially appeared to be a reformist.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Over the past two years, Gheorghiu-Dej took advantage of the Soviet-Chinese dispute and began to oppose the hegemony of the Soviet Union.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Ceaușescu, supported by Gheorghiu-Dej colleagues such as Maurer, forwarded such a popular policy.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Relations with Western countries and other countries began to be strengthened and were considered to be in Romania's national interest.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

The coercion of cultural influences by the Soviet Union, especially Russian culture in Romania beginning in 1950, was discontinued and as its successor, Western media were allowed to circulate in Romania. [16]


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Early years In 1965, exemplifying from Czechoslovakia, the name of the country was changed to Republica Socialistă România (Socialist Republic of Romania) and the old name of the PMR was reverted to Partidul Communist Român (Romanian Communist Party).


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

In his early years of power, Ceaușescu was so popular, both in his native country and abroad.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Agricultural goods were abundant, consumer goods began to reappear, there was a cultural thaw, and importantly in foreign relations, he spoke out against the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968).


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

While his reputation in his country faded, he continued to conduct good foreign relations with Western governments and with international capitalist institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank because of his independent political line.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Romania under Ceaușescu maintained and sometimes improved diplomatic and other relations with, among others, West Germany, Israel, China, Albania, and Chile under Pinochet.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

For various reasons, his country is not on good terms with Moscow.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Human rights issues Concerned about the country's low birth rate, Nicolae Ceaușescu decreed Decret 770 in 1966 to restrict abortion and contraception, for which only women over the age of 38 who had had four children could be eligible; in 1989, the number increased to five children. [17]


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Also enforced mandatory gynecological examinations and there are penalties against unmarried people and childless spouses, supplemented by measurements of a natalist nature.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Pro-natalist measures were successful, and led to a baby boom in the late 1960s, of which the peak occurred in 1967.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Ironically, the Romanians of whom many were born during this time, would play a major role in the collapse of the communist regime two decades later.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Other human rights restrictions include privacy violations by the political police (“Securitate”), censorship and relocation, but not on the same scale as in the 1950s. During the Ceaușescu era, there was a secret “trade” that took place between Romania and Israel and West Germany, whereby Israel and West Germany paid money to Romania to allow Romanian citizens with serfiticates of Jewish or German descent to emigrate to both countries.


Question: What is the official language of the Socialist Republic of Romania?

Socialist Republic of Romania

Category:Establishment of 1947 Category:Dissolution of 1989 Category:Former Communist States Category:Historical Romania Category:Romania Category:Eastern Bloc Category:Europe


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Yogyakarta City (Hanacaraka:, [Kutha Ngayogyakarta] error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) is the capital and government center of the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Yogyakarta is the residence for Sultan Hamengkubuwana and Adipati Paku Alam.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Yogyakarta is one of the largest cities in Indonesia and the largest city in the southern Java Island region after Bandung, Malang, and Surakarta according to population.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

One of the sub-districts in Yogyakarta, Kotagede was once the center of Mataram Sultanate between the period of 1575—1640.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

The palace (Palace) that still functions in the real sense is Ngayogyakarta Palace and Paku Alaman Puro, which is a fragment of the Mataram Sultanate.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

The etymology of the Name Yogyakarta is taken from two words, Ayogya or Ayodhya meaning “peace” (or without war, a “no”, yogya refers to yodya or yudha, meaning “war”), and Karta meaning “good”.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Ayodhya is a historical city in India where wiracarita Ramayana occurs.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

The footprint of Yogyakarta palace itself according to babad (e.g. Babad Giyanti) and leluri (oral history) has been a Dalem named Dalem Gerjiwati; then re-named by Sunan Pakubuwana II as Dalem Ayogya [1].


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Heirloom and Regional Identity of Spear Kyai Wijoyo Mukti Is a Heirloom Giving King of Kraton Yogyakarta Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono X. This spear was created in 1921 during the reign of Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono VIII.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

The weapon often used by these soldiers has a length of 3 meters.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Spear with pamor wos wutah wengkon with this dhapur kudhuping gambir, the landenya 2.5 meters long is made of walikun wood, which is a type of wood that has been commonly used for the handle of the spear and has been tested for hardness and bullock.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Previously these spears were kept in Pracimosono ward and before being handed over were first remanded by KRT.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Hastono Negoro, in the courtesy of Yudonegaran.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

The name of Wijoyo Mukti was carried out on the day before the handover ceremony to the Yogyakarta Government, on the anniversary of the 53rd anniversary of the Yogyakarta City Government on June 7, 2000.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

The surrender ceremony was conducted in the courtyard of the Balaikota and the heirloom was specially escorted by the Kraton warrior” Bregodo Warrior Mantrijero”.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

The spear of Kyai Wijoyo Mukti symbolizes the condition of Wijoyo Wijayanti.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

That is, a true victory in the future, in which all walks of life can feel the pleasure of being born bathin due to the achievement of a completely even level of well-being.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

The geography of Yogyakarta City is located in the valley of three rivers, namely the Winongo River, the Code River (which splits the city and culture into two), and the Gajahwong River.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

The city is located at a distance of 600 KM from Jakarta, 116 KM from Semarang, and 65 KM from Surakarta, on the Bandung — Semarang — Surabaya — Pacitan junction line.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

The town has an elevation of about 112m dpl.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Although located in a valley, the city rarely experiences flooding due to the neatly arranged drainage system built by the colonial government, coupled with the vigorous addition of waterways worked by the Yogyakarta government.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

The boundaries of Yogyakarta City have been integrated with a number of surrounding areas, so the administrative boundaries are not very prominent.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

To maintain the continuity of the development of this region, a joint secretariat of Kartamantul (Yogyakarta, Sleman, and Bantul) which takes care of all matters related to Yogyakarta agglomeration area and buffer areas (Depok, Mlati, Gamping, Kasiy, Sewon, and Banguntapan).


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

The administrative boundaries of Yogyakarta are: Climate & Weather Government List of Mayor List Yogyakarta City Mayor List of Representatives of the House of Representatives of the House of Representatives of Yogyakarta City District of Yogyakarta City District consists of 14 districts [3].


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Here is a list of sub-districts in Yogyakarta: Mantrijeron Kraton Mergangsan Umbulharjo Kotagede Gondokusuman Danurejan Pakurejan Gondomanan Ngampilan Wirobrajan Gedongtengen Jetis Tegalrejo Demography Number of population Yogyakarta, based on Population Census 2010 [4]., totaling 388,088 psyche, with almost equal proportions of males and females.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Islam is the majority religion professed by the people of Yogyakarta, with a relatively significant number of Christian and Catholic adherents.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Like most of Islam mostly in the inland cities of Java, the majority still maintain a fairly strong Kejawen tradition.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Yogyakarta is also the cradle of one of the largest Islamic organizations in Indonesia, namely Muhammadiyah founded by K. H. Ahmad Dahlan in 1912 in Kauman, Ngupasan, Gondomanan, Yogyakarta.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Until now, the Central Board of Muhammadiyah still remains headquartered in Yogyakarta.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Yogyakarta is known as a student city, because almost 20% of its productive population are students and there are 137 universities.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

This city is colored with the dynamics of students and students from various regions in Indonesia.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Universities owned by the government are Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta State University, Indonesian Art Institute Yogyakarta, State Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga and National Development University “Veteran” Yogyakarta.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Yogyakarta City Transportation is very strategic, because it is located on the main lines, namely the South Cross Road that connects Yogyakarta, Bandung, Surakarta, Surabaya, and cities in the south of Java, as well as the Yogyakarta — Semarang line, which connects Yogyakarta, Magelang, Semarang, and the city- city in the middle of Java Island.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Therefore, transportation in Yogyakarta is sufficient to facilitate mobility between these cities.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

The city is easily reached by land and air transportation, while due to its location far enough from the sea (27 — 30 KM) causes the absence of water transport in the city.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Land Transportation City Bus Yogyakarta is one of the cities in Indonesia that does not know the term city transportation (angkot with minibus fleet).


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Land transportation within Yogyakarta is served by a number of city buses.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Yogyakarta City has a number of bus lines operated by their respective cooperatives (including Aspada, Kobutri, Kopata, Sleman Youth Cooperative, and Puskopkar) serving certain routes: [5] Line 2 Line 3 Line 4 Line 5 Line 6 Line 7 Line 8 Line 9 Line 11 Line 12 Line 15 Line 16 Line 17 Line 19 Trans Jogja Since March 2008, a new bus transportation system, named Trans Jogja serves as a fast, safe and convenient mass transportation.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Trans Jogja is a 3/4 bus that serves various areas in the city, Sleman and parts of Bantul.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Until now (Year 2017), there have been 17 (seventeen) trajects serving various vital facilities in Yogyakarta, namely [6]: Trayek 1A and Trayek 1B, serving protocols and central areas of economy and government, such as Yogyakarta Station, Malioboro, Yogyakarta Presidential Palace.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Trayek 2A and Trayek 2B, serving Kotabaru and Sukonandi office areas.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Trayek 3A and Trayek 3B, serving the southern area, including the historical area of Kotagede.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Trayek 4A and Trayek 4B, serving educational areas, such as UII, APMD, UIN Sunan Kalijaga, and Lempuyangan Station.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Trayek 5A and Trayek 5B, serving Jalan Magelang area and Seturan Trayek 6A and Trayek 6B area, serving southwest areas, such as UMY campus and Jalan Parangtritis.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Trayek 7, serving eastern areas such as Jalan Wonosari and Babarsari Trayek 8, serving western areas such as Gamping and West Ringroad Trayek 9, serving western historical areas such as Ngabean pasthy and Corner Beteng Trayek 10, serving Gamping area and Lempuyangan Trayek 11 Station, serving the area of Condong Catur and Pasar telo Trans Jogja is in great demand besides because it is safe and convenient, the rate currently applied is also affordable, namely Rp 3,500, - for one way, with two ticket systems: one-way and subscription.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

For subscription tickets, 50% off for students and 15% for the public.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Taxi taxis are easy to find on various roads in Yogyakarta, especially in protocol areas and economic and tourist areas.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

There are various taxi companies serving these shuttles, from sedans to minibuses.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Train Transportation to Yogyakarta can use trains from Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya or Malang, the departure and arrival of trains (KA) of executive and business class is served Yogyakarta Station, also known as Tugu Station while economy class KA is served at the station Lempuyr.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

There is also a fast commuter railway connecting Kutoarjo with Surakarta past Lempuyangan station, the train is named Prameks.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

AKAP Bus buses are available from and to all cities on the island of Java, arriving and departing from Yogyakarta Passenger Terminal, located on Jalan Imogiri Timur, Giwangan, located on the edge of Yogyakarta South Outer Ring Road, at the boundary between Yogyakarta City and Bantul Regency. Smaller such as Terminal Jombor which serves among others Magelang and Semarang routes and Condong Catur Terminal in the direction of Kaliurang.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Air Transport Air transport from and to Yogyakarta is served by Adisutjipto International Airport located on the edge of Adisucipto Road KM 9, Maguwoharjo Village, Depok District, Sleman Regency.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

The airport serves domestic aviators to major cities in Java Island (Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya), Sumatra (Batam), Bali, Kalimantan (Pontianak, Banjarmasin, and Balikpapan), and Sulawesi (Makassar).


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

In addition, the airport also serves daily flights to Singapore and Kuala Lumpur with Malaysia Airlines and Singapore Airlines.


Question: What is the phone code of Jogjakarta?

Yogyakarta City

Primary School Education Serayu State Elementary School Jetis State Elementary School Demangan State SD Lempuyangwangi State SD Ungaran State SD Gedongtengen SD Negeri Badran SD Negeri Sosrowijayan SD Muhammadiyah Pringgokusuman SD Muhammadiyah Kauman SD Muhammadiyah Sagan SD Muhammadiyah Suryowijayan Primary School Muhammadiyah 1 Wirobrajan Elementary School Muhammadiyah 2 Wirobrajan SD Muhammadiyah 3 Wirobrajan Elementary School Muhammadiyah Suronatan SD Muhammadiyah Ngupasan Kalam Kudus SD Kanisius Notoyudan Neutral Elementary School “C” Yogyakarta Neutral “D” Yogyakarta SDIT Luqman Al Hakim Junior High School 1 Yogyakarta SMP Negeri 2 Yogyakarta SMP Negeri 3 Yogyakarta SMP Negeri 4 Yogyakarta SMP Negeri 5 Yogyakarta SMP Negeri 6 Yogyakarta Junior State 7 Yogyakarta Junior State 8 Yogyakarta SMP Negeri 10 Yogyakarta SMP Negeri 11 Yogyakarta SMP Negeri 12 Yogyakarta SMP Negeri 13 14th Yogyakarta SMP Negeri 15 Yogyakarta SMP Negeri 16 Yogyakarta Junior High School Muhammadiyah 1 Yogyakarta Junior Muhammadiyah 2 Yogyakarta Junior High School Muhammadiyah 3 Yogyakarta Junior Muhammadiyah 4 Yogyakarta Junior Muhammadiyah 5 Yogyakarta SMP Muhammadiyah 6 Yogyakarta Junior High School 7 Yogyakarta High School Muhammadiyah 8 Yogyakarta SMP Bopkri 1 Yogyakarta Junior High School Bopkri 2 Yogyakarta State MTs Yogyakarta I MTs State Yogyakarta II Junior Stella Duce 1 Yogyakarta Junior High School Pangudi Luhur 1 Yogyakarta State High School 1 Yogyakarta State High School 2 Yogyakarta State High School 3 Yogyakarta State High School 4 Yogyakarta State High School 5 Gyakarta SMA Negeri 6 Yogyakarta SMA State 7 Yogyakarta SMA Negeri 8 Yogyakarta SMA Negeri 9 Yogyakarta SMA Negeri 10 Yogyakarta SMA Negeri 11 Yogyakarta SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Yogyakarta SMA Muhammadiyah 3 Yogyakarta SMA Muhammadiyah 4 Yogyakarta SMA Muhammadiyah 5 Yakarta High School Muhammadiyah 6 Yogyakarta SMA Muhammadiyah 7 Yogyakarta SMA Bopkri 1 Yogyakarta SMA Bopkri 2 Yogyakarta State MA Yogyakarta I MA State Yogyakarta II SMA Piri Yogyakarta SMK State 1 Yogyakarta SMK Negeri 2 Yogyakarta SMK Negeri 3 Yogyakarta SMK State 3 Yogyakarta SMK Negeri 4 Gyakarta SMK Negeri 5 Yogyakarta SMK Negeri 6 Yogyakarta SMK Negeri 7 Yogyakarta SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Yogyakarta SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Yogyakarta SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Yogyakarta SMK Muhammadiyah 4 Yogyakarta SMK Piri Yogyakarta Pondok Pesantren In Yogyakarta City Madrasah Muhammadiyah Madrasah 'Aisyiah Yogyakarta Suronatan Pondok Pesantren Al Barokah Mass Media Televisions Terrestrial television Yogyakarta City has 22 television stations (15 national broadcasts & 7 local broadcasts) such as: KoranKota Yogyakarta has 11 newspapers published among others: Radio Kota Yogyakarta also has 34 pieces Local broadcast radio stations such as: Gangbuk-gu twin cities, Seoul, South Korea Hong Kong, Hong Kong Commewijne District, Suriname Baalbek, Lebanon Hue, Vietnam Hefei, China Kyoto, Japan Reference See also List of Regions Level II Private Ombudsman Institution Special Region Yogyakarta Outside links Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta City


Question: When did King Stephen die?

Stephen from United Kingdom

Stephen of England or Étienne (born sek. 1096 - died 25 October 1154 at the age of 57), also often called Étienne of Blois (French: Étienne de Blois, Estienne de Blois), was a King of England and grandson of William the Conqueror.


Question: When did King Stephen die?

Stephen from United Kingdom

He became king of England from 1135 to the time of his death, as well as in the rights of his wife (juro uxoris) also was Comte Boulogne.


Question: When did King Stephen die?

Stephen from United Kingdom

His reign was marked by the occurrence of civil war against his cousin and rival, the Maharani Matilda, so that the period was often dubbed by the name of Anarchy.


Question: When did King Stephen die?

Stephen from United Kingdom

He was succeeded by Matilda's son, Henry II, who became the first king of the Angevin Wangsa (or also called Wangsa Plantagenet). Étienne was born in Blois Province in central France; her father, Prince Étienne II Henri, died when Étienne was a child, and she was raised by her mother, Adèle.


Question: When did King Stephen die?

Stephen from United Kingdom

Placed into the court of his uncle, Henry I, Étienne boarded his uncle and was granted vast lands. Étienne married Mathilde of Boulogne, inheriting additional territories in Kent and Boulogne making it some of the richest boroughs in England. Étienne survived the danger of drowning with Henry I's son, William Adelin, when the White Ship was shipwrecked in 1120; William's death left the succession to the English throne open up for grabs.


Question: When did King Stephen die?

Stephen from United Kingdom

When Henry I died in 1135, Étienne quickly crossed the English Channel and with the help of his elder Henri of Blois, a powerful spiritual ascended the throne, arguing that the maintenance of order throughout the kingdom took priority above his earlier oath to supported the claims of Henry I's daughter, Maharani Matilda.


Question: When did King Stephen die?

Stephen from United Kingdom

The early years of Étienne's reign were very successful, apart from a series of attacks on his territories in England and Normandy from Daibhidh I of Scotland, the rebellions of Wales and Maharani Matilda's husband, Geoffroy of Anjou.


Question: When did King Stephen die?

Stephen from United Kingdom

In 1138 the Maharani's half-brother Robert of Gloucester rebelled against Étienne, threatening the onset of civil war.


Question: When did King Stephen die?

Stephen from United Kingdom

Together with his close advisor, Waleron de Beaumont, Étienne took decisive action to defend England, including detaining the families of the ruling archbishops.


Question: When did King Stephen die?

Stephen from United Kingdom

When the Maharani and Robert invaded in 1139, Étienne was unable to quickly quell the revolution, which occurred in south-west England.


Question: When did King Stephen die?

Stephen from United Kingdom

Captured at the battle of Lincoln of 1141, Étienne was ignored by his followers and lost control of Normandy. Étienne was only released when his wife and William of Ypres, one of his military commanders, captured Robert in the Defeat of Winchester, but the war continued for many years with neither side winning the advantage. Étienne so grew worried to ensure his son, Eustache, would inherit his throne.


Question: When did King Stephen die?

Stephen from United Kingdom

The king attempted to gain church approval to crown Eustache in order to strengthen his claim: Pope Eugenius III refused and Étienne found himself inside increasingly heated arguments with his senior clergy.


Question: When did King Stephen die?

Stephen from United Kingdom

In 1153 the Maharani's son, Henry FitzEmpress, invaded England and established a fellowship of ruling regional barons to support his demands for the throne.


Question: When did King Stephen die?

Stephen from United Kingdom

The two forces met at Wallingford but no one from the baron's side pitched enthusiastically at the battle. Étienne begins to examine a peaceful negotiation, a process accelerated by Eustache's sudden death. Étienne and Henry agreed to the Treaty of Winchester later in the year, in which Étienne recognized Henry as his heir in return for peace, passing Guillaume, Étienne's second son. Étienne died a year later.


Question: When did King Stephen die?

Stephen from United Kingdom

Modern historians debate the extent to which Étienne's personality, external events or the weakness of the Normandy situation contributed to the prolonged period of civil wars.


Question: When did King Stephen die?

Stephen from United Kingdom

Outside links, in Google Books (in Latin). || UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of birth missing {{subst: #switch: {{subst:uc:1154}}} ||LIVING =( living people)}} | #default =1096 births}}]] [[Category: {{subst: #switch: {subst:uc:1154}}} || LIVING =UNKNOWN | LIVING people | MISSING | MISSING | UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of death missing | #default =1154 deaths}}]] Category:Kings of England Category:Wangsa Normandy


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The battle over Henderson Airfield, also known as the Battle of Henderson Field or the Battle of Lunga Point by the Japanese side, occurred on October 23-26, 1942 in and around Guadalkanal on the Solomon Islands.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The battle was a land, sea and air battle in the Pacific campaign of World War II and involved the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy and Allied forces (primarily the Marines and United States Army).


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The battle was the third of three large-scale land offensives the Japanese side conducted during the Guadalkanal Campaign.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

During the battle, United States Army and Marines under the command of Maj. Gen. Alexander Vandegrift, successfully counteracted an attack from the Japanese 17th Force under the command of Lt. Gen. Harukichi Hyakutake.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

United States forces were defending the Lunga perimeter to protect Henderson Airfield on Guadalkanal, which had been captured from the Japanese by the Allies at the landings on Guadalkanal of August 7, 1942.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Hyakutake's forces were sent to Guadalkanal to deal with the Allied landings and with the mission to recapture the airfield as well as drive Allied forces from Guadalkanal.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Hyakutake's forces conducted a number of major assaults over three days at various locations around the Lunga perimeter, but all failed with heavy losses on the Japanese side.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

At the same time, Allied aircraft operating from Henderson Airfield successfully helped defend positions of United States forces on Guadalkanal from attacks by Japanese air and sea forces.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The battle was the last serious ground offensive conducted by Japanese forces on Guadalkanal.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

After an attempt to send reinforcements failed during the Naval Battle of Guadalkanal.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

In November 1942, Japan recognized its defeat and successfully displaced many of the remnants of its forces in the first week of February 1943.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Background to the Guadalkanal Campaign On August 7, 1942, Allied forces (mostly United States) landed on Guadalkanal, Tulagi, and the Florida Islands in the Solomon Islands.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The landings on these islands were intended to dissuade the Japanese from using them as bases to threaten supply routes between America and Australia, and to secure the islands as the starting point of a campaign which with its primary aim was to isolate the main Japanese base at Rabaul simultaneously supported the Allied campaign in Papua New Guinea.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The landings began the Guadalkanal Campaign which lasted for six months. [6]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

By surprise the Japanese in the evening of August 8, 11,000 Allied soldiers under the command of Maj. Gen. Alexander Vandegrift and mostly composed of units of the United States Marine Corps, had secured Tulagi and nearby small islands, and also a field aerial under construction at Lunga Point on Guadalkanal.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The airfield was later named “Henderson Field” (Henderson Airfield) by Allied forces.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Allied aircraft later operating from those airfields became known as the “Cactus Air Force” (Cactus Air Force/CAF) which was the Allied code name for Guadalkanal.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

To protect the airfield, the U.S. Marines established a defensive perimeter around Lunga Point. [7]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

In response to the Allied landings on Guadalkanal, the Imperial Japanese General Headquarters assigned the Imperial Japanese 17th Army, a corps equivalent command based at Rabaul and under the command of Lt. Gen. Harukichi Hyakutake, with the task of retaking Guadalkanal out of hand Allies.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Beginning on 19 August, various units from the 17th Army began arriving at Guadalkanal with the aim of expelling Allied forces from the island. [8]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Due to the threat from CAF aircraft based at Lanud Henderson, the Japanese were unable to use large and slow transport ships to deliver soldiers and supplies to the island.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

In fact, the Japanese used warships based in Rabaul and the Shortland Islands to bring their troops to Guadalkanal.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Japanese warships which are mostly light cruisers and destroyers of the 8th Fleet under the command of Young Admiral Gunichi Mikawa, can usually make a round trip through “The Slot” to Guadalkanal and back in one night, thereby minimizing their vulnerability to airstrikes from the CAF.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Delivering troops in this way, after all, precluded most heavy equipment and logistics, such as heavy artillery, vehicles, and much food and ammunition, from being brought to Guadalkanal.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The movement of these high-speed warships was later referred to as “Tokyo Express” by the Allied forces and “Rat Transport” by the Japanese side. [9]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The first Japanese attempt to recapture Lanud Henderson failed when an army of 917 men was defeated on 21 August at the Battle of Tenaru.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The next trial occurred from September 12 to 14, with a force of 6,000 soldiers under the command of Maj. Gen. Kiyotake Kawaguchi defeated at the Battle of Edson Ridge.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

After their defeat on the Edson Ridge, Kawaguchi and the still remaining Japanese forces regrouped west of the Matanikau River at Guadalkanal. [10]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Hyakutake immediately set up the next try to reclaim Lanud Henderson.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The Japanese Navy promised support for the subsequent invasion of Hyakutake by delivering the necessary troops, equipment and logistics to the island as well as by increasing air attacks on Lanud Henderson and sending warships to bombard the airfield The. [11]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

As the Japanese side was regrouping, the United States forces concentrated on strengthening their defenses at Lunga.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

On 18 September, an Allied marine convoy delivered 4,157 soldiers from the 7th Marine Regiment to Guadalkanal.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The regiment was formerly part of the Marine Provisonal Brigade and was newly relieved from garrison duty in Samoa. [12]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

These reinforcements enabled Vandegrift, on 19 September, to begin setting up an unbroken defensive line around the perimeter of Lunga. [13]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

General Vandegrift and his staff learned that Kawaguchi's forces had retreated to the west of Matanikau and a large number of groups of Japanese soldiers separated from his union were scattered throughout the area between the Lunga perimeter and the Matanikau River.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Therefore, Vandegrift decided to conduct a series of small unitary operations around the Matanikau Valley. [14] The first operation of the United States Marines against Japanese forces west of Matanikau, was conducted on 23 to 27 September 1942 consisting of three battalions of Marines The United States was successfully repulsed by Colonel Akinosuke Oka-led Kawaguchi forces.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

In the second action, from October 6 to 9, United States Marines in larger numbers successfully crossed the Matanikau River, attacking the recently landed Japanese forces of the 2nd Infantry Division (Sendai) under the command of Generals Masao Maruyama and Yumio Nasu and caused the fall of a large number of casualties in the Japanese 4th Infantry Regiment.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

This second action forced the Japanese to withdraw from their positions east of Matanikau. [15]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

At the same time, Maj. Gen. Millard F. Harmon, commander of United States Army forces in the South Pacific, convinced Admiral Young Robert L. Ghormley, commander of Allied Naval forces in the South Pacific area, that United States Marine forces on Guadalkanal needed urgently was reinforced if the Allies wanted to successfully defend the island from the subsequent Japanese offensive movement.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

So on October 13, a marine convoy delivered the 164th Infantry Regiment of 2,837 men, and was a North Dakota Army National Guard formation of the United States American Division commanded by Robert Hall to Guadalkanal. [16]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Mikawa's ships continued to make shipments of troops and material during the night to Guadalkanal.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Between 1—17 October Japanese convoys delivered 15,000 Japanese soldiers, consisting of the remnants of the 2nd Infantry Division and one regiment of the 38th Infantry Division, plus artillery, tanks, ammunition, and logistics to Guadalkanal.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

One of those convoys (on 9 October) delivered General Hyakutake to the island to self-lead Japanese forces in the planned invasion.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Mikawa also dispatched heavy cruisers on several occasions to bombard Lanud Henderson.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

One of these bombardment missions was successfully intercepted and defeated by United States marine forces on the night of October 11 in the Battle of Cape Esperance. [17] On October 13, to help protect the transit of a logistically important convoy to Guadalkanal consisting of ships- Sluggish freighter, the commander of the Japanese Combined Fleet, Isoroku Yamamoto, dispatched marine forces from Truk, led by Takeo Kurita, to bombard Lanud Henderson.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Kurita's force, consisting of the gunboats Kongō and Haruna, escorted by one light cruiser and nine destroyers, approached Guadalkanal without hindrance and began firing on Lanud Henderson at 01:33 on 14 October.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

An hour and 23 minutes later, they had fired 973 pieces of 14in (360mm) bullets into the perimeter of Lunga that mostly fell just right and around the area of that 2,200m² airfield.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The hail of bullets left both takeovers of the airfield severely damaged, burned out almost all avtur supplies, destroyed 48 of the 90 aircraft belonging to the CAF, and killed 41 people, including six CAF crew members. [18]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

As the damage was heavy, Lanud Henderson's personnel were able to repair one of the takeovers in just a few hours.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

In later weeks, the CAF gradually recovered as Allied forces delivered more aircraft, fuel, and aircraft crews to Guadalkanal.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

While observing the delivery of Japanese troops and logistics to the island, central American forces awaited an attack by Japanese ground forces which they were not yet sure of when and where. [19]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Movement of Troops Due to losing their positions on the eastern side of the Matanikau, the Japanese side predicted that an attack on the United States defenses along the coast would be very difficult.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

After his staff officers observed the American defenses around Lunga Point, Hyakutake decided that the main attack he would conduct would begin from just south of Henderson Air Field.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The 2nd Division (plus one regiment from the 38th Division) led by Lt. Gen. Masao Maruyama and consisting of 7,000 warriors in three infantry regiments from each of three battalions, was ordered to march through the jungle and attack the American defenses from the south near the east bank of the Lunga River.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The 2nd Division was broken into three units; Maj. Gen. Yumio Nasu's Left Wing Unit consisted of the 29th Infantry Regiment, the Right Wing Unit led by Maj. Gen. Kiyotake Kawaguchi consisted of the 230th Infantry Regiment (of the 38th Infantry Division), the divisional reserve was led by Maruyama consisting of of the 16th Infantry Regiment. [20]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The attack will be carried out on October 22.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

To divert the American side from attacks in the south, Hyakutake's heavy artillery plus five infantry battalions (about 2,900 men) led by Maj. Gen. Tadashi Sumiyoshi would attack the American defenses from the west along the coastal corridor.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The Japanese estimated that there were 10,000 American soldiers on the island, while in reality there were about 23,000. [21]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

At the time, the Lunga perimeter was defended by four American regiments consisting of 13 infantry battalions.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The 164th Infantry Regiment guarded the easternmost sector.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Elongated starting from just south of the 164th Infantry Regiment and westward across the Edson ridge to the Lunga River guarded by the 7th Marine Regiment.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

While the 1st and 5th Marine Regiments protected the sector to the west of Lunga all the way to the coast.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Two battalions led by Lt. Col. William J. McKelvy, the 3rd Battalion 1st Mairinir and the 3rd Battalion 7th Marines defended the Matanikau estuary.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

McKelvy's men were separated from the Lunga perimeter by a gap protected by patrol troops. [22]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Opening On October 12, a Japanese zeni company began opening a line called “Maruyama Road “, starting from Matanikau to the southern part of the Lunga perimeter.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The trail traverses about 15mi (24km) of the hard-to-traverse plains of the Guadalkanal, including a large number of rivers and times, deep, muddy ravines, as well as steep cliffs, and dense forests.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Between 16 to 18 October, the 2nd Division began their line along Maruyama Road led by Nasu-led units and followed by Kawaguchi then Maruyama.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Each soldier was ordered to carry one cannon in addition to their own backpack and rifle. [23]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Dawn on October 20, Maruyama had reached the Lunga River.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

He thought that his union was about 4mi (6.4km) south of the airfield, then he ordered units of the left and right flanks to advance parallel down Lunga northwards towards the American lines and set the time for the attack at 18:00 on 22 October.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

But unfortunately Maruyama made a mistake, he and his troops were actually 8mi (13km) south of the airfield.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

On the evening of October 21, it was clear to Maruyama that his units would not be able to arrive at the assault position the next day, so he postponed the attack to October 23 and reduced his soldiers' rations in half to save food that began to deplete.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

By the evening of 22 October, most of the 2nd Division was still stretched out along the Maruyama Road, but Maruyama forbade the delay of the attack. [24]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

At that point Sumiyoshi prepared his orders to attack American forces from the west.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

On 18 October, she began firing at Henderson Airfield 15 pieces of 150mm (5.9in) howitzers.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

What remained of Colonel Nomasu Nakaguma-led 4th Infantry Regiment began to gather openly near Point Cruz (on the coast west of Matanikau).


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

On 19 October Colonel Akinosuka Oka led 1,200 soldiers from his 124th Infantry Regiment to cross the Matanikau and begin along the east bank towards the highlands east of the river. [25]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

On October 23, Maruyama's forces were still struggling to breach the jungle to reach the American perimeter line.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Kawaguchi by virtue of his own initiative, began to move units of his right flank to the east being convinced that the American defenses in that area were weaker.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Maruyama through one of his staff officers, ordered Kawaguchi to stick with the actual assault plan.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

When he refused, Kawaguchi was dislodged and replaced by Colonel Toshinari Shōji, commander of the 230th Infantry Regiment.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

That night, after learning that the left and right wing forces were still struggling to reach the American lines, Hyakutake delayed the attack to 19:00 on 24 October.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The American side was still unaware of the approach made by Maruyama's forces. [26]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

On that day, the Jinichi Kusaka-led Japanese 11th Air Fleet based at Rabaul dispatched 16 Mitsubishi G4M2 “Betty” bomber aircraft and 28 A6M2 Zero fighter aircraft to attack Henderson Airfield.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

In response, 24 F4F-4 Wildcat and four P-400 Airacobra from CAF spaced to confront them.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The result, “one of the largest aerial duels ever to take place over Guadalkanal”.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The Japanese side seemed to lose several aircraft on that day, but the actual loss is unknown.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

CAF lost one Wildcat but the pilot was unharmed. [27]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The battle of the Nakaguma Offensive on Matanikau Sumiyoshi was rumored by Hyakutake's staff about the delay of the attack being October 24, but was unable to contact Nakaguma to inform him of the delay.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

And so, dawn on October 23, two battalions of the 4th Infantry Regiment Nakaguma and nine tanks of the 1st Independent Tank Company launched an attack on the United States Marine defenses at the Matanikau estuary. [28] Nakaguma tanks attacked in pairs crossed the sand dune at the estuary Matanikau behind artillery protection.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

37mm (1.46in) anti-tank cannons and artillery belonging to the Marines quickly destroyed all nine tanks.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

At the same time, four Marine artillery battalions, totaling 40 howitzers, fired more than 6,000 bullets into an area between Point Cruz and Matanikau; thus causing the fall of many casualties on Nakaguma's infantry battalion when they tried to approach the Marine lines.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Nakaguma's attack ended at 01:15 on 24 October, and dropped only few casualties on the part of the Marines and did not advance a step. [29]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

As part in responding to the Nakaguma attack, on 24 October 2nd Battalion 7th Marines led by Letkol Herman H. Hanneken deployed to Matanikau.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

After Oka's forces were seen approaching the Marine positions at Matanikau from the south, Hanneken's battalion was stationed on a south-facing bluff; they formed a joint extension of the Marine defensive side line at the horseshoe-shaped Matanikau.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

In any case, a gap still exists between the left (east) side of Hannekan and the main perimeter. [30]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Maruyama's first attack on the perimeter With the deployment of Hanneken's battalion, 700 1st Battalion 7th Marines servicemen led by Letkol Chesty Puller were left alone to defend a 2,500yd (2,300m) line on the south side of the Lunga perimeter located east of the Lunga River.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

By midnight on 24 October, a Marine patrol detected the approaching Maruyama forces, but it was too late for the Marines to reorganize their positions. [31] By 14:00 on 24 October, Maruyama's left and right flank units began their attack.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Maruyama's forces had very little artillery and mortar support for their attack, having abandoned most of their heavy cannons along Maruyama Road.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Between 16:00 and 21:00, heavy rain fell thus delaying the approach of the Japanese side and causing “chaos” in the Japanese side's formation which had been exhausted by the long march through the jungle. [32]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Shoji's right wing forces unintentionally turned parallel to the Marine line, but there was one battalion that failed to find the Marines' defense.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Shoji's 1st Battalion of the 230th Infantry Regiment “collided” with Puller's line at about 22:00 and was driven off by Puller's men.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

For unknown reasons, Maruyama's staff then reported to Hyakutake that Shōji's men had taken control of Henderson Airfield.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

At 00:50 on 25 October, Hyakutake informed Rabaul that, “Shortly before 23:00, the Right Wing captured the airfield.”. [32] [33] [34] At about that time, Nasu's left wing battalions finally began to reach the defenses of the Marines.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

At 00:30 on 25 October, the 11th Company of the 3rd Battalion Nasu led by Captain Jiro Katsumata found and attacked Battalion Puller's Company A.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Katsumata's attack was hampered by a thick layer of barbed wire laid in front of the Marine garisun and then fired on vigorously by machine guns, mortars and American artillery.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

By 01:00, Marine gunfire had killed most of Katsumata's company members. [35]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Far west, the 9th Company of Nasu's 3rd Battalion stormed directly into Puller's Company C at 01:15.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Within five minutes, a Marine machine-gun section led by Sergeant John Basilone killed nearly all members of 9th Company.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

At 01:25 intense fire from the Marine divisional artillery targeted the muster route and approach of Nasu's troops, and took many casualties. [36]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Realizing that a major attack from the Japanese side was taking place, Puller called for reinforcements.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

At 03:45, the 3rd Battalion of the 164th Infantry Regiment led by Letkol Robert Hall which was being reserved, was dispatched piecemeal to Puller's line.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Despite darkness and heavy rain, Army National Guard troops were successfully deployed in Puller's defense line before dawn arrived. [37]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Shortly before dawn, Colonel Masajiro Furimiya, commander of the 29th Infantry Regiment, with two companies from the 3rd Battalion plus his base staff were able to penetrate the Marine artillery fire and reach Puller's line at 03:30.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Most of Furimiya's troops were killed during the assault, but about 100 men managed to break through the American side's defences and make defensive pockets 150yd (140m) wide and 100yd (91m) deep in the middle of Puller's line.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

After sunrise, Furimiya's 2nd Battalion joined in the raid on Puller, but was repulsed.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

By 07:30, Nasu decided to withdraw most of his remaining forces into the jungle and prepared another attack for his evening. [38]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

At noon on 25 October, Puller's men attacked and eradicated defensive pockets in their lines and hunted down small groups of Japanese infiltrators, killing 104 Japanese soldiers.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

More than 300 of Maruyama's men were killed in their first attack to the Lunga perimeter.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

By 04:30, Hyakutake denied news of the seizure of Henderson Airfield, but by 07:00 stated that the outcome of the Maruyama attack was unknown. [39]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The sea and air attack of the Japanese 8th Fleet had set up a task force ready to support the Army's offensive into Guadalkanal.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

After receiving a message from Hyakutake declaring success at 00:50 on 24 October, the task force went into action.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The Sendai light cruiser and three destroyers patrolled west of Guadalkanal to confront Allied ships attempting to approach the island.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The First Assault Unit consisted of three destroyers and the Second Assault Unit consisted of the light cruiser Yura and five destroyers approached the Guadalkanal to attack Allied ships off the north or east coast and to provide artillery support for the Hyakutake forces. [40]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

At 10:14, the First Assault Unit arrived off the coast of Lunga Point and drove off two old Allied destroyers converted into minesweepers, Zane and Trever, which were delivering the avtur to Henderson Air Field.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The Japanese destroyers then sighted and scuttled Seminole tugs and patrol boat YP-284 before beginning their bombardment against United States positions around Lunga Point.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

At 10:53, a Marine shore cannon hit and damaged Akatsuki, resulting in the other three destroyers retreating while being fired upon by four Wildcat warplanes of the CAF. [41]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

As the Second Assault Unit approached Guadalkanal through the Indispensable Strait, they were attacked by five SBD-3 Dauntless hatchling bombers of the CAF.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The bomb hit left Yura heavily damaged, and the unit reversed course to escape.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The increasing number of CAF air attacks on Yura throughout the day caused more severe damage, and the cruiser was abandoned and maimed by her own crew at 21:00. [42]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Meanwhile, 82 Japanese bomber and fighter aircraft from the 11th Air Fleet and from the aircraft carriers Jun'yō and Hiyō attacked Lanud Henderson in six waves throughout the day and confronted CAF fighter aircraft as well as Marine anti-attack air cannons.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

By the evening, the Japanese had lost 11 fighter aircraft, 2 bombers, and one reconnaissance aircraft at a time with most of its crew.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Two CAF fighter aircraft were destroyed on the day's fighting but both of its pilots survived.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Japanese air attacks caused only minor damage at Henderson Airfield and in parts of the American side's defenses.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The American army later referred to the day as “Dugout Sunday” because the constant Japanese air, sea and artillery attacks made the defending soldiers at Lunga unable to get out of their protection pits all day. [43]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Maruyama's second attack on the perimeter During the day on 25 October, the Americans reorganized and refined their defenses to deal with the Japanese attack expected to come in the evening.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

In the west, Hanneken and Marine 5 closed the gap between them.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Along the southern part of the perimeter, Puller's and Hall's forces split up and reorganized their positions.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Puller's men reinforced the 1,280 m long western sector and the soldiers of the 164th Infantry Regiment reinforced the 1,006 m long eastern section.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The divisional reserve, namely the 3rd Battalion of the 2nd Marine Regiment was placed directly behind the Hall and Puller positions. [44]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Maruyama deployed his reserve force, the 16th Infantry Regiment, to Nasu's left wing unit.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Beginning at 20:00 on 25 October until dawn on 26 October the 16th Infantry Regiment and the remnants of Nasu's unit conducted a large number of frontal assaults that were always spewed into Puller and Hall's defensive lines.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Shotgun fire, machine guns, mortars, artillery and gotri shells from 37 mm anti-tank cannons belonging to the Marines and United States Army “ploughed out” Nasu's men. [45]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Colonel Toshiro Hiroyasu, commander of Infantry Regiment 16, and most of his staff including four Japanese battalion commanders fell out in the assault.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Nasu himself was shot and died a few hours later.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Several small groups of Nasu's men broke through the American defensive lines, including one led by Colonel Furimiya, but all were hunted down and killed a few days later.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Shoji's right wing units did not participate in the assault, they preferred to stay in place to protect Nasu's right flank from possible attacks from United States forces that never occurred. [45] [46] [47] Oka's attack At 03:00 on October 26, Oka's unit finally reached and attacked the Marine defenses near Matanikau.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Oka forces meyerbu along the bluff from east to west defended by Hanneken's battalion but concentrated on Company F Hanneken defending the leftmost flank of the Marine position on the cliff.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

A machine gun section of Company F led Mitchell Paige killed many Japanese soldiers, but Japanese counterfire ended up killing or injuring nearly all Marine machine gun gunners.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

At 05:00, Battalion 3 of Oka's 4th Infantry Regiment managed to climb the escarpment's steep slope and urged the remaining members of Company F away from the cliff. [3] [48] [49] [50] In response to the success of the Japanese seizing that section of the cliff, Major Odell M. Conoley, the battalion's executing officer Hanneken soon assembled a retaliatory attack unit of 17 men, including communications specialists, a barracks undertaker, a chef, and a band member.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Conoley's small army was added with elements from Company G, Company C, and some members of Company F who were unscathed and attacked the Japanese forces before they could consolidate their positions at the top of the cliff.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

By 06:00, Conoley's forces had urged the Japanese withdraw from that cliff and effectively end the Oka attack.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The Marines counted 98 bodies of Japanese soldiers on the cliffs and 200 more in the ravine in front of them.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Hanneken's unit suffered losses of 14 killed and 32 wounded. [3] [48] [49] [50] The denouement of the Retreat At 08:00 on 26 October, Hyakutake cancelled the next plan of attack and ordered his troops to withdraw.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Maruyama's men rescued their wounded comrades from near the American lines during the evening of October 26-27 and began moving backwards deep into the woods.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The assembled Americans then buried or burned as quickly as possible the bodies of Maruyama's men numbering 1,500 men strewn in front of the Pullers and Hall defensive lines.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The story of one soldier member, John E. Stannard, about the scene after the battle, “The carnage on the battlefield was a sight that perhaps only combat warriors who had fought at close quarters could truly understand and see without being horrified.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

One of the soldiers, after walking among the bodies of Japanese soldiers, said to his colleague: 'Oh my God, really a spooky sight.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Many bodies were scattered from the corner of the defensive line to the edge of the forest half a mile long. '”. [51]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Maruyama's left wing forces who survived were ordered to retreat to an area west of the Matanikau River while Shōji's right wing forces were ordered to head to Koli Point, to the east of the Lunga perimeter.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The soldiers of the left wing who had run out of food a few days earlier, began to retreat on 27 October.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

During the move back, many wounded Japanese servicemen were killed from their wounds and were buried on the side of Maruyama Road. [52]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

One of Maruyama's men, Lieutenant Keijiro Minegishi, wrote in his diary, “It was never inconceivable to me that we would retreat through the mountainous roads and penetrate the same forest that we once went through with enthusiasm... we had not eaten for three days and even to walk even difficult.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

At the top of the hill my body was shaky and unable to walk.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

I have to have a beristiharat every two meters.”. [53]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Leading elements of the 2nd Division reached the 17th Army mabes area at Kokumbona, west of Matanikau on 4 November.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Pad the same day, Shoji unity reached Koli Point and camped.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The 2nd Division whose number of members shrunk due to falling, wounded, malnourished and tropical disease became incapable of offensive action and would fight as a defending force until the end of the campaign.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Late in November, American Forces drove Shōji's forces from Koli Point back to the Kokumbuna area, with a one-battalion strength Marine patrol attacking and castigating them along the way there.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Only about 700 of Shoji's 3,000 men eventually made it back to Kokumbuna. [54]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Battle of Santa Cruz Islands At the same time as Hyakutake's forces attacked the Lunga perimeter, Japanese carriers and other large warships under the command of Isoroku Yamamoto were moving into positions south of the Solomon Islands.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

From this location, Japanese marine forces hoped to confront and defeat any Allied marine forces (which consisted mostly of United States ships), especially aircraft carrier forces, which responded to Hyakutake's ground attack.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Allied aircraft carrier forces in the region, now led by William Halsey Jr. The chosen to replace Ghormley, also hoped to battle with Japanese marine forces. [55]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

These two feuding aircraft carrier forces finally confronted each other on the morning of 26 October, which was later recalled as the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

After a mutual attack between aircraft carriers, the Allied ships were forced to withdraw from the battle with the loss of one aircraft carrier shipwrecked and another heavily damaged.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The Japanese carrier forces, however, also withdrew from the battle due to the large number of aircraft destroyed and the fallen pilots and two of their carriers were badly damaged.


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

Although the Japanese were tactically victorious in terms of embedding and damaging opposing ships, the fall of many veteran pilots provided a long-term strategic advantage for the Allies, who lost very few pilots in the battle. [56]


Question: Where is Henderson Airfield located?

Battle of Henderson Airfield

The next events Although the Imperial Japanese Army's attack on the Allied perimeter at Lunga was successfully broken in this battle, the Japanese were not ready to stop the struggle to defend Guadalkanal.