Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

According to the provisions that continue to apply today, recordings that have been brought by others may be re-recorded and sold if they meet the written conditions.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

One musician with successful re-recordings was Wynonie Harris with “Good Rocking Tonight”.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

The song had previously been performed by Roy Brown in a jump blues style, but was changed to a rock style.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

At the same time, white pop singers also participated in performing R&B songs belonging to black singers.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Instead, black singers also re-recorded songs belonging to white singers.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Wynonie Harris performed a song by white singer, Louis Prima titled “Oh Babe” in 1950.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Amos Milburn co-performed “Birmingham Bounce” from Hardrock Gunter which was touted as one of the first rock and roll recordings from the artist in white.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Black musicians benefited by white musicians playing their songs.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Songs from black musicians became famous, although there were also parties who made discordant voices due to reduced income or concerns the authenticity of the songs.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Pat Boone is one of the singers who has ever been criticized for recording Little Richard songs in a flat-flat style only.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

After playing white musicians, original songs from black musicians became popular, and began playing on radios.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Little Richard had time to greet Pat Boone who was present in the audience and introduced him as “the man who made me a millionaire.”


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

The re-recorded version is not always a raw imitation of the black musician version.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Bill Haley turned the song “Shake, Rattle and Roll” into an energetic song and suitable for young people dancing.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

The original song that Big Joe Turner performed instead tells the story of adult love with overtones of racism and humor.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

In addition, Etta James's tough, sarcastic vocal style in “Roll With Me, Henry” transformed Georgia Gibbs into exuberant and feisty.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

The title was also changed to “Dance With Me, Henry” to make it more suitable for listeners who didn't know this song used to be a reply song to “Work With Me, Annie” by Hank Ballard.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Teen idols Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and the Big Bopper (J. P. Richardson) are pioneering teen idol rock and roll stars who continue to be remembered today.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

The three were killed in the early hours of the morning of February 3, 1959 in the crash of a plane that was flying them to Fargo, North Dakota.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Buddy Holly's chartered Beechcraft Bonanza plane suffered a crash just after takeoff from Mason City, Iowa.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

This accident continues to be remembered by people after in 1971 elevated Don McLean to the ballad song “American Pie”.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

So popular was the song until 3 February known as “The Day the Music Died” (“The Day of His Death of Music”).


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Eddie Cochran co-referred to these events in the song “Three Stars” specifically mentioning Buddy Holly, the Big Bopper, and Valens.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

The end of the Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and The Big Bopper era was marked by the emergence of singers and idol music groups that teenagers loved, including among them: The Beatles, Paul Anka, Frankie Avalon, and subsequently The Monkees.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

British rock and roll The popularity of the trad jazz genre in Great Britain and Australia brought blues musicians to Britain.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

In 1955, Lonnie Donegan performed the song “Rock Island Line” in the rhythm of skiffle music, a kind of jazz and blues influenced folk music.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Young musicians of many age are interested in skiffle music, including John Lennon and Paul McCartney.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

The two formed a skiffle music group called The Quarrymen in March 1957.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

The group The Quarrymen further gradually evolved into The Beatles.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

As a counterpoint to American rock and roll, British musicians created British-style rock and roll music which was further notable as the British Invasion music movement, and Great Britain became the new centre of rock and roll.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

In 1958, four British teenagers became famous as Cliff Richard and the Drifters (further renamed as Cliff Richard and the Shadows).


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

The group scored the hit “Move It” which is noted in history as the first original British rock 'n' roll single, while giving birth to the new music genre Rock Britain (British rock).


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Cliff Richard introduced some major changes, such as the use of an electric bas guitar, and the first lead guitarist (the position of guitarist filled a virtuoso, Hank Marvin).


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

The British rock and roll musical stage flourished with the presence of Tommy Steele, Adam Faith, and Billy Fury vying to emulate American stars.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Some of them became popular on stage thanks to impersonating Gene Vincent as well as other American rock and roll stars.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Their popularity kept British teenagers diligent in keeping up with musical developments culminating in Beatlemania.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

In the early 1960s, instrumentally performed dance music was popular in the United Kingdom.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Some songs were well known that time for example: “Apache” from The Shadows, and “Telstar” from The Tornados.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Most influential and world-renowned rock music groups are from the United Kingdom, for example Black Sabbath, Led Zeppelin, The Rolling Stones, The Who, Pink Floyd, and Queen.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Social impact The popularity of rock and roll globally engenders social impacts that would have been unthinkable before.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Rock and roll music not only affects musical style, but also lifestyle, fashion, mannerisms, and language.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Footnotes A library List of Books of The Fifties by David Halberstam (Pulitzer Prize winner), Random House, 1996 (ISBN 0-517-15607-5).


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

The book peels and analyzes popular culture of the 1950s, including cultural and social changes, the influence of transistor television and radio, the Elvis Presley phenomenon, as well as the rise of rock and roll.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock and Roll: The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music by James Henke ed., Holly George-Warren, Anthony Decurtis, Jim Miller. (1992) Random House (ISBN 0-679-73728-6) The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll by Holly George -Warren, Patricia Romanowski, Jon Pareles (2001) Fireside Press (ISBN 0-7432-0120-5).


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Rock and Roll: A Social History, by, Westview Press, 1996.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

ISBN 0-8133-2725-3 Article by Paul Friedlander, in, Vol.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

I, No. 1, Spring, 1988.


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

See also Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Links outside Documentation of the early history of rock music (1947—1954).


Question: What are the hallmarks of Rock and roll music?

Rock and roll

Category:Music genres


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Setsuna F. Seiei (・F・イイ, Setsuna Efu Seiei) is a fictional character of the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series who pilots the GN-001 Gundam Exia mobile suit.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Voices in his Japanese-language version were filled by Mamoru Miyano (when he was Setsuna F. Seiei) and Yuka Nishigaki (when he was still younger and engaged in war with the Kingdom of Azadistan).


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Setsuna F. Seiei's name is not actually a real name, but simply a code name for his missions within the Celestial Being organization.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

He informs Marina Ismail that his name is Kamal Majrif, in episode 8, at their first meeting.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

However, as he boarded the Gundam Exia as Gundam Meister, he informed him of his code name.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Setsuna's real name is Soran Ibrahim, because in episode 7, although only fleeting, a woman believed to be her own mother calls herself by the name, before eventually being shot by him.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Subsequently, in episode 19, even the actual name is confirmed by Johann Trinity, the pilot of the Throne Eins, before finally the Trinity brothers escape from a fight with Exia, Virtue (that time had become Nadleeh) and Dynames.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

The name Soran Ibrahim was probably taken from the name of a Kurdish-blooded actor, Soran Ebrahim, who played in the film Turtles Can Fly.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

History Setsuna was born in the Kurdish Republic.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

As war broke out between the Kurdish Republic and the Kingdom of Azadistan, he was recruited by Ali Al-Saachez into a terrorist organization known as KPSA.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Some time later, to show his steadfastness in the way of God and the purpose of the KPSA, he was forced to kill his parents.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Finally, as a result of this incident, Setsuna took a very deep grudge against Ali.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Now, he does not believe in the existence of God.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

How long Setsuna joined the KPSA group with Ali, indeed, is not known.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

However, Setsuna did become part of the KPSA organization and was responsible for the deaths of the parents and younger sisters of Lockon Stratos.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

At the age of 12, he was recruited by Celestial Being as a Gundam Meister, and he also earned the name Setsuna F. Seiei since that day.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

What Setsuna did at the time of four years between the end of the war and his participation into the Celestial Being organization, is not yet known.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Setsuna's personality believed that war could only be stopped by direct confrontation, and ultimately he had very little tolerance for diplomats and politicians, believing that their “peace talks” only prolonged the conflict and would add more and more victim.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

His first encounter with Gundam occurred during a time when he was a child, which resulted in him idolizing Gundam, as if Gundam constituted a deity force.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

He often acts reactively and acts based on his feelings, which makes him faithful to the Celestial Being.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

The psychological post-trauma he experienced in Azadistan and his personal grudge with Ali Al-Saachez remained at the deepest bottom of his heart and became a factor that motivated him and even increased his fighting potential with the Gundam mobile suit he rode in, Gundam Exia.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Although he tends to often be alone and has allegiance to the organization, his character is instead more open to anyone outside the Celestial Being organization, largely due to his temperament and arrogance.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Tieria Erde, the pilot of Gundam Nadleeh and Gundam Virtue, has shown her dislike for Setsuna's stance, by having confidence that her hasty action could leak a code of secrecy between members of Celestial Being.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Marina Ismail, Princess of Azadistan, is one of the people who knows Setsuna's identity.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

In his heart he considers his feelings for Gundam, despite the risk of resulting in his death, as if the deeds he did were martyrdom.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Late in Season 1 After Exia destroys Alvaaron (a mobile suit belonging to the then-UN ambassador, Alejandro Corner) suddenly appears a GN-flag (nickname for Union Flag that Graham Aker possessed, with an additional GN Drive Tau) comes attacking Setsuna who is still taking his breath.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Graham who by then had gazed with Setsuna for the second time, he expressed his “love” for Gundam, and he grew increasingly envious of the inner relationship between machine and man, such as Exia and Setsuna.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Not forgetting that he intended to avenge his comrades, the Union Flag pilots, who had been killed.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

There was a swordfight between GN-flag beam-saber and GN Sword Exia until the heads of their mobile suits both were also cut off.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Shortly after that they faced off and there was a stabbing that resulted in the GN-flag and Exia exploding.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Rumored, Setsuna F Seiei will reappear in season 2, given his role as the main character as well as protagonist.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

He will pilot the GN-001 Gundam Exia and GN-000 00 Gundam, the only fourth-generation Gundam in the series.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Seen in the fourth trailer of Season 2 of this show, he carries a Gundam Exia that has a broken mouthplate part and has a cape on his left shoulder.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Season 2 He survives in a space colony with labor workers who are being tortured by the Android Automatom machines belonging to A-Laws.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

He saved several workers and one of them was Savi Crossroad.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Shortly Setsuna returned to flying the long-damaged Exia, fighting a number of GN-XIII and Ahead belonging to A-Laws.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

However he is saved by Tieria Erde who flies her new aircraft, the Seravee Gundam.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

After a chat about a new Gundam with Tieria, Savi then begins to dispute with Setsuna and expresses his hatred for Celestial Being.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Setsuna once again joins Celestial Being and goes to earth to invite Lyle Dylandy (Nyle Dylandy is Lockon Stratos from season 1, brother of Lyle Dylandy), to become the new Lockon Stratos and join in Celestial Being.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

After Lockon joins, begin their first mission of saving Allelujah Haptism.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

And after succeeding they will get his old, upgraded Gundam to start a new mission that is the truth of the “Aeolia Schenberg Plan” by searching for the Vedas.


Question: Who is Tieria Erde's enemy in the Mobile Suit Gundam 00 series?

Setsuna F. Seiei

Later it became known that Setsuna was a “Genuine Innovator”. In this season he flew a new gundam that was 00 gundam.but in Gundam 00 awakening of trailblazers, he rode gundam 00 qant (t) /quanta Category:Fictitious Figures Category:Gundam 00


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Greco-Persian Wars (also called Persian Wars) were a series of conflicts between the Persian Empire of Akhemeniyah against the city-state in ancient Greece.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

This war began in 499 BC and ended in 449 BC.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The clash between the politically fragmented Greek world against the enormous Persian Empire had already begun when Koresh the Great conquered Ionia in 547 BC.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Seeking to control cities in Ionia, the Persians appointed tyrants to power there.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

It later proved to be a source of trouble for Greece and Persia.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In 499 BC, the tyrant in Miletos, namely Aristagoras, began an expedition to conquer the Island of Naxos, with Persian support; [2] However, the expedition ended in failure and even Aristagoras was finally sacked.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Aristagoras then incited the Greek cities of Asia Minor to rebel against the Persians.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

This was the beginning of the Ionian Revolt, which lasted until 493 BC, and in its development dragged more areas of Asia Minor into conflict.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Aristagoras obtained military assistance from Athens and Eretria.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In 498 BC, Athenian and Eretria forces burned the Persian regional capital in Asia Minor, namely the City of Sardis.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Persian Emperor, Darius the Great was enraged and swore to avenge Athens and Eretria for their actions.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The rebellion continued, and the two sides were deadlocked throughout 497—495 BC.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In 494 BC, the Persians attacked the center of the revolt at Miletos.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

At the Battle of Lade, the Ionian forces suffered a crushing defeat and the rebellion was ended, and its remnants were exterminated the following year.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Seeking to secure his empire from the threat of other uprisings, as well as from mainland Greek interference, Darius finally launched an incursion into Greece, to punish Athens and Eretria for the burning of Sardis.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The first Persian invasion of Greece began in 492 BC, with the Persian General, Mardonios, conquering Thrakia and Macedonia before finally the Persian forces suffered a disaster and were forced to end his campaign.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In 490 BC, a second force was sent to Greece, this time via the Aigean Sea, under the command of Datis and Artaphernes.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The expedition succeeded in subduing the Kyklades, before later besieging, conquering, and destroying Eretria.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

However, while attempting to attack Athens, the Persian forces were defeated by Athenian forces at the Battle of Marathon, which simultaneously stopped the first invasion of Persia.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Darius then devised a plan to again invade Greece, but he first died in 486 BC, and the responsibility of conquest passed to his son, Xerxes I. In 480 BC, Xerxes directly led Persia's second invasion of Greece with overwhelming troops.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Victory against the 'Guild' of Greek city-states (led by Sparta and Athens) at the Battle of Thermopylae made the Persians able to occupy most of Greece.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

However, while attempting to destroy the Greek sea fleet, the Persians suffered a heavy defeat at the Battle of Salamis.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In the following year, the Greek city-state communion launched an attack and defeated Persian forces at the Battle of Plataia, while simultaneously ending the Persian invasion of Greece.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Greek fellowship followed up their success by destroying the remnants of the Persian fleet at the Battle of Mykale, before later expelling the Persian garrisons of Sestos (479 BC) and Byzantion (478 BC).


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

General Pausanias's actions at the Siege of Byzantion distanced many Greek city-states from Sparta's side, and the anti-Persian communion was later reconstituted by being led by Athens, in a union called the League of Delos.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The League of Delos continued to conduct campaigns against the Persians for the next three decades, beginning with the expulsion of the remnants of the Persian garrison from Europe.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In the Battle of Eurymedon in 466 BC, the League of Delos achieved a double victory that ultimately made the cities of Ionia able to become independent.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

However, the involvement of the League of Delos in the Egyptian revolt (from 460—454 BC) led to a crushing defeat and further campaigns had to be postponed.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The League of Delos sent troops to Cyprus in 451 BC, and after withdrawing it, the Greco-Persian War was completely over.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Some historical sources mention that the end of the clashes was marked by a peace treaty between Athens and Persia, namely at the Peace of Kallias.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Sources Almost all primary sources for the Greco-Persian Wars are of Greek origin; no historical manuscript remains from the Persian side.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The main source for the Greco-Persian Wars is a manuscript by the Greek historian, Herodotos.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Herodotos, called the “Father of History”, [3] was born in 484 BC in Halikarnassos, Asia Minor (when it was part of the Persian Empire).


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

He wrote an account of his history, entitled Historia, around 440—430 BC, seeking to trace the origin of the Greco-Persian Wars, which when it was not long over. [4]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Herodotos's approach was novel and at least in Western society, he created 'history' as a discipline. [4]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Holland argues regarding Herodotos: [4] “For the first time, a chronicler made himself trace the origin of the conflict not to a very distant period for the sake of looking extraordinary, not for the sake of the desires and hopes of some gods, not also for the sake of the claims of the people to manifest destiny , but for the sake of an explanation he can verify firsthand.” —Holland, p. xvi—xvii.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Several subsequent ancient historians, starting from Thukydides, criticized Herodotos. [5] [6] Nonetheless, Thukydides chose to begin his history at the time in which Herdotos ended his tale (at the Siege of Sestos) and felt that Herodotos's history was accurate enough that it was unnecessary rewritten or corrected. [6]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Plutarkhos criticized Herodotos in his essay “On the Crimes of Herodotos”, describing Herodotos as a “Philobarbaros” (lover of the barbarians) because Herodotos was considered not sufficiently pro-Greek, which indicates that Herodotos may in fact have done fair writing in reasonable. [7]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Negative views towards Herodotos continued in Renaissance Europe, although his works remained widely read.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

However, since the 19th century its reputation has been dramatically lifted by archaeological finds that justify its candor. [8]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The modern view of Herodotos is that he has written down remarkable notes in the Historia, but some of its specific details (especially regarding the number of warriors and the date of events) should be viewed skeptically. [8]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Despite this, there are still many historians who believe that Herodotos simply fabricated most of his notes. [9]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Unfortunately, Greek military history between the end of Persia's second invasion of Greece and the Peloponnesos War (479—431 BC) is not widely told in ancient sources.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

This period, sometimes called pentekontaitia by ancient historians, was a period of peace and prosperity in Greece. [10] [11] The most complete source about this period, and at the same time the most contemporaneous is the manuscript of Thukydides's work, History of the Peloponnesos War, which historians say modern is generally considered a reliable primary source. [12] [13] [14] Thukydides simply calls this period in an aberration in the rising power of Athens towards the War of the Peoponnesos, and the manuscript itself is short, likely highly selective as well as short of a date of events. [15 ] [16] Nonetheless, the Thukydides manuscript can, and does, be used by historians for their—the chronology of this period, which is also augmented from archaeological finds and records from other authors. [15]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

More details regarding this whole period are provided by Plutarkhos in his biographical work of Themistokles, Aristides and particularly Kimon.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Plutarkhos wrote several hundred years after the events so that his manuscript was a secondary source, which made his matter need further verification. [17]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In his biography, he drew direct sources from many ancient historical manuscripts that in modern times were already lost, and thus he has noted details of the period not mentioned by either Herodotos or Thukydides.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The last important source for this period is the universal history (Bibliotheke historica) of the work of the 1st century BC writer of Sicilian origin, Diodoros Sikolos.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Many of Diodoros' writings regarding this period are taken from earlier Greek historians, namely Ephoros, who also wrote universal histories. [18]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Diodoros' work is also a secondary source and is often criticized by historians for its style and inaccuracies, but the work retains many details of the ancient period not found in any source. [19]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Other details are scattered and can be found in the Hellados Periegesis of Pausanias's work, while a Suda dictionary of the Byzantines of the 10th century AD lists some anecdotes not found in any source.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Minor sources for this period include the works of Pompeius Trogus (epitomized by Justinus), Cornelius Nepos, and Ktesias of Knidos (epitomized by Photios), which are no longer on the original text form.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

These works are poorly trusted (particularly Ktesias) by historians and are not particularly useful in historical reconstructions of this period. [20] [21] The origin of Greeks in the classical period believe that, in the dark ages that occurred after the collapse of the Mykenai civilization, a large number of Greeks moved to Asia Minor and settled there. [22] [23] In general modern historians accept this migration as a historical event (but this migration differs from the subsequent colonization of the Mediterranean by the Greeks). [24] [25] However, some believe that the Ionian migration could not be explained as simply as had been claimed by the ancient Greeks. [26]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The settlers came from the three largest tribal groups in Greece, the Aiolia tribe, the Dorian tribe, and the Ionian tribe. [22]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Ionian tribes settled around the coasts of Lydia and Karia, and founded twelve cities that made up Ionia. [22]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

These cities include Miletos, Myos, and Priene in Karia; Ephesos, Kolophon, Lebedos, Teos, Klazomenae, Phokaia, and Erythrai in Lydia; and Samos Island and Khios. [27]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Although the Ionian cities are each their own sovereign, but they recognize that they inherit the same culture and civilization.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

They are thought to have had one main temple and fixed meeting place, called Panionion.II [›] They thus have formed a 'cultural assembly', which other cities should not enter, even by other Ionian tribes. [28] [29] Ionian cities were independent until they was conquered by the Lydia Nation of eastern Asia Minor.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

King Lydia Alyattes II, attacked Miletos, and the conflict ended with a treaty of communion between Miletos and Lydia, which meant that Miletos was free to take care of domestic affairs but had to obey Lydia in foreign matters. [30]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

At that time, Lydia was also at war with the Media Empire, and the City of Miletos sent troops to help Lydia in that conflict.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In the end a peaceful rendition was established between Media and Lydia, with the Halys River being the barrier between the two kingdoms. [31]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The famous king of Lydia, Kroisos, succeeded his father, Alyattes, around 560 BC and planned to conquer other Greek cities in Asia Minor. [32]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Prince of Persia, Koresh led a revolt against the last King of Media, the Astyages, in 553 BC.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Koresh was the grandson of Astyages and was supported by some of the aristocratic Media. [33]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In 550 BC, the rebellion ended, and Koresh achieved victory, establishing the Persian Empire of Akhemeniyah to replace the Media Empire. [33]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Kroisos saw the chaos in the Media Empire and Persia as an opportunity to expand his power.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

He first asked the oracle of Delphi as to whether or not he should invade Persia.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The oracle gave an ambiguous answer that later became famous, namely that “if Kroisos crossed Halys, then he would destroy one great kingdom. “[34]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Blinded by the ambiguity of the prophecy, Kroisos invaded Persia, and he was eventually defeated.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Lydia then fell into Koresh's hands. [35]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

While at war against Lydia, Koresh sent a message to Greek cities in Ionia.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

He asks them to rebel against Lydia's rule.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

His request was rejected by the Ionians. [36]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

After Koresh finished conquering Lydia, the Ionian cities now offered themselves to be under Persian rule by the same agreement as when it was controlled by Kroisos of Lydia. [36]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Koresh refuses and brings up the reluctance of the Ionians when they used to be unwilling to help him.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Ionians thus got ready to defend themselves, and Koresh sent Media's general, the Harpagos, to conquer them. [37]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

He first attacked Phokaia; the Phokaians decided to leave their city and sail save themselves to Sicily, rather than have to submit under Persian rule (though later many anyway returned). [38]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Some Teos also chose to migrate when the Harpagos attacked their city, but the Ionians of the other cities stayed on, and one after another the Ionian cities were conquered by the Persians. [39]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

A year after that conquest, the Persians found that the Ionians were unruly.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In other regions of the empire, Koresh utilized an elite group of indigenous people to help him organize his new conquests, such as the Judea chaplaincy group. [40]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Such groups did not exist in Greek cities at the time; although there was usually an aristocracy, this ultimately led to hostile groups. [40]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Persians then placed a tyrant in every city in Ionia, though this dragged them into internal Ionian conflict.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In addition, certain tyrants likely developed ideas for independence and had to be replaced. [40]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The tyrants themselves faced a difficult task, they had to shift the worst hatred of their citizens towards Persia, while remaining devoted to Persia. [40]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In the past, Greek cities were often ruled by tyrants, but such forms of government have already passed. [41]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The tyrants of the past also tended to be and should have been formidable and capable leader figures, while the tyrants appointed by the Persians were the ones less expertly led.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Being supported by the powerful Persian military, these tyrants did not need the support of the local population, and thus they could rule absolutely. [41]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In the run-up to the Greco-Persian War, it is possible that the Ionian population was dissatisfied and was ready to revolt. [42]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Ionia, unlike many other regions of the Persian Empire, did not revolt in the time of the civil war between the reigns of Koresh and Darius I, and then from that it is possible that the Ionians were in fact not particularly disaffected towards Persian rule.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Warfare in the ancient Mediterranean In the Greco-Persian War, both sides used infantry armed with spears and light missile troops.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Greek forces gave priority to heavy infantry, while the Persians preferred light infantry troops. [43] [44] The Persian military consisted of diverse warriors brought in from all over the territory of the empire.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

However, according to Herodotos, there are at least similarities in weaponry and fighting style. [43]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Persian warriors were usually armed with bows and arrows, short spears and swords (akinaka) or axes (sagaris), as well as thin shields.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

They wore leather harnesses, [43] [45] but high level warriors wore metal harnesses that were of better quality.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Persians usually used arrows to reduce the number of enemy warriors, then approached and launched attacks with spears and swords. [43]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The first ranks in Persian infantry formations, called 'sparabara', lacked arrows, carried larger shields, and sometimes carried longer spears.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Their job is to protect the ranks behind them. [46]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Persia also had an elite army which Herodotos referred to as the Eternal Forces.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Those troops are special infantry forces whose number always remains 10,000 soldiers.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

While the Persian cavalry likely fought as light missile cavalry. [43] [47] Greek The style of warfare in the city-state in Greece, dating to around 650 BC (based on dating from 'Urn Chigi'), was centred on a phalanx of hoplites supported by missile forces. [44] [48] Hoplites were pedestrian warriors who usually came from the middle social class (in Athens called zeugites), who could afford the necessary supplies to battle as hoplites. [49]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Its protective gear usually includes a breastguard or linothorax, a grev (foot guard), a helmet, and a large concave round shield called a hoplon or aspis. [44]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Hoplites were armed with a long spear, called a dory, which was longer than the Persian spear.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Greek warriors also carried a supporting weapon in the form of a sword called xiphos. [44]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Strong armour and shields and longer spears made the Greek forces more superior in close combat [44] and provided great protection from long-range attacks. [44]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Lightly armed penskirmis, called psiloi, were also contained in the Greek forces and grew increasingly important as the conflict progressed against the Persians; at the Battle of Plataia, for example, they likely included half of the Greek forces. [50]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

There is no mention of any use of cavalry by the Greek side in the Greco-Persian Wars.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Sea warfare In the early days of the conflict, all sea fleets in the eastern Mediterranean area wore a trireme, a warship driven by three rows of oars.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The most common sea-war trick of that period was to crash the bow of a ship into an enemy ship, since the front of the trireme was equipped with a breaking gun.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Another trick is to put soldiers into enemy ships. [51]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The more experienced marine fleets of those days also began to use a maneuver called the diekplous.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

It is not clearly known what kind of scheme this was, but it is likely that this strategy involved sailing into a gap between enemy ships and then ramming the enemy ship on the edge. [51]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Persian sea fleet was provided mainly by the Phoenicians, the ancient Egyptians, the Cilicians, and the Cypriots. [52] [53] Other coastal regions of the Persian Empire sent ships during the war. [52]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Ionian Revolt (499—493 BC) The Ionian Revolt and related revolts in Aiolis, Doris, Cyprus, and Karia were military uprisings carried out by several regions of Asia Minor to oppose Persian rule, and lasted from 499 BC to 493 BC.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The cause of this revolt came about because Greek cities in Asia Minor were disaffected towards the tyrants appointed by the Persians to rule them.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The rebels also opposed the individual actions carried out by the two tyrants in Miletos, Histiaios and Aristagoras. [40] [54] In 499 BC, the tyrant of Miletos when iru, Aristagoras, launched a joint expedition with a Persian satrap, Artaphernes, to conquer Naxos, with the aim of increased his position in Miletos (both financially and authoritatively). [54] [55] The mission ended in failure, [56] and as a result Aristagoras was dismissed from the post of tyrant.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

He then chose to incite the cities of Ionia to rebel against the Persian emperor, Darius the Great. [42]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In 498 BC, with help from Athens and Eretria, Ionian cities attacked, conquered, and burned the City of Sardis. [57]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

However, on their return journey to Ionia, they were followed by Persian forces and crucially defeated at the Battle of Ephesos. [58]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

This campaign was the only offensive action undertaken by the Ionians, which henceforth instead became a defensive measure.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Persians responded in 597 BC with a three-pronged attack directed at conquering the areas around the rebellious territory, [59] but the rebellion spread to Karia, so the largest Persian forces, led by Darius, moved there. [60]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Although initially achieved success at the beginning of the campaign in Karia, these forces were later swept out in an ambush at the Battle of Pedasos. [61]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

This resulted in a stalemate for both sides during the remainder of 496 and 495 BC. [62]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In 494 BC the land forces and the Persian sea fleet were regathered, and they attacked directly towards the center of the rebellion at Miletos. [63]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Ionian sea fleet tried to keep Miletos at sea, but was crucially defeated at the Battle of Lade, after Samos' men betrayed and turned back in favor of the Persians. [64]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Miletos was then besieged, conquered, and the inhabitants were made slaves. [65]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

This double defeat effectively ended the rebellion, and in the end the Karians surrendered to the Persians. [66]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Persian forces spent 493 BC rooting out remnants of rebellions in cities along the sides of Asia Minor that were still trying to oppose the Persians, [67] before finally establishing a peace agreement in Ionia that was considered fair enough. [68]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Ionian revolt became the first major conflict between Greece and the Persian Empire of Akhemeniyah and was the first phase of the Greco-Persian Wars.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Asia Minor was successfully recontrolled by the Persians, but Darius vowed to punish Athens and Eretria for their assistance to the rebels. [68]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In addition, Darius saw that the political situation in Greece could bring a threat to the stability of the empire, so he also planned to conquer all of Greece. [68]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The first invasion of Greece (492—490 BC) After conquering Ionia, the Persians began planning their next movement, which was to annihilate the Greek threat to the empire and punish Athens and Eretria. [69]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

This culminated in Persia's first invasion of Greece, consisting of two main campaigns [69] 492 BC: Mardonios Campaign The first campaign, in 492 BC, was led by Darius' son-in-law, Mardonios, [70] who re-occupied Thrakia, which became part of the Persian Empire since 513 BC. [71]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Mardonios succeeded in forcing Macedonia to become a Persian client kingdom.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Previously Macedonia had been an ally of Persia but as an independent state. [72]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

However, further developments in this campaign were hindered when Mardonus' sea fleet was destroyed by a storm on the coast of Mount Athos.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Mardonios himself was wounded in a raid on his encampment by one Thrakian tribe.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

After that, Mardonios with the remnants of his army returned to Asia. [72] [73] A year later, after carefully drawing up plans, Darius sent envoys to all the city-states in Greece and asked them to surrender to Persia. [74]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Almost all Greek city-states were subject to Darius, with the exception of Athens and Sparta.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The two city-states even killed Darius' messenger. [74]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Since Athens was still against it, and now Sparta also declared war against it, so Darius ordered the execution of another military campaign a year later. [75] 490 BC: The campaigns of Datis and Artaphernes In 490 BC, Datis and Artaphernes (sons of the satrap Artaphernes) were given command to lead an amphibious invasion attack, and they also sailed from Cilicia. [75]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

From Cilicia, Persian troops first sailed towards Rhodos Island, where the Chronicle of the Temple of Lindos records that Datis besieged the City of Lindos, but to no avail. [76]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Persian fleet then moved to Naxos, to punish the Naxos for their resistance to a failed Persian expedition a decade earlier. [77]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Many of its citizens fled into the mountains, while the people caught were made slaves. [78]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Persian forces burned the city and temples in Naxos. [78]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Persian fleet then crossed the Aigean Sea to head for Eretria.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

On the way, the Persian troops took hostages and troops from every island they were on. [77]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Persian forces sailed to Euboia, and moved towards their first main target, Eretria. [79]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Eretrians did not attempt to prevent the Persian forces from anchoring and roaring towards their city. As a result the Persian forces were able to lay siege to Eretria. [80]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

For six days, Persian forces attacked the defensive walls of Eretria and losses were experienced by both sides; [80] However, on the seventh day, two leading Eretrians opened the gates.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

They betrayed and surrendered the city to the Persian forces. [80]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The city was destroyed, and shrines and sacred sanctuaries were looted and burned.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In addition, by order of Darius, all the inhabitants of the city were made slaves. [80]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Battle of Marathon Subsequently the Persian fleet moved south towards the Attika Coast.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

They docked at Marathon Beach, about 25 miles (40km) from Athens City. [81]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Under the guidance of Miltiades, a general who had a lot of experience fighting against the Persians, the Athenian forces moved to block two passes out of the Marathon mainland.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The standoff lasted for five days, before finally the Athenian forces (for unknown reasons) decided to attack the Persian forces. [82]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Although the Persian forces had far more warriors, the Greek hoplites proved effective against the Persian light infantry.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Greek forces repulsed both wings of the Persian forces before then megrandomizing the middle.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The remnants of the Persian troops fled to their ships and abandoned the battle. [83]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Herodotos notes that about 6,400 bodies of Persian warriors were found at the battle site, while the Athenian forces lost only 192 pprajurit. [84]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Soon after the surviving Persian forces moved into the sea, the Athenian troops quickly walked back to the city of Athens. [85]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Athenian troops arrived in time to prevent Artaphernes from anchoring in the City of Athens.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Realizing that his chance was gone, Artaphernes ended this campaign and returned to Asia. [86]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Battle of Marathon was a turning point in the Greco-Persian Wars, and showed that Persian forces could be defeated.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The event also showed the superiority of Greek hoplites, which were more heavily armed, and showed that hoplites were highly potential if used appropriately. [83]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Battle of Marathon is perhaps now more famous as the origin for the Marathon race.III [›] The period of pause (490—480 BC) Persia After failing at his first invasion, Darius began to build a larger army to completely conquer Greece; but in 486 BC Egypt did rebellion against Persia so that the expedition to Greece had to be postponed. [87]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Darius died while preparing to move to Egypt, and the Persian throne passed to his son Xerxes I. [88] Xerxes overcame the Egyptian rebellion, and quickly reprepared troops to attack Greece again. [89]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Since this is a large-scale invasion, it requires considerable planning, gathering of supplies, and preparation of soldiers.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Xerxes decided that Hellespontos would be a pathway for his army to cross into Europe, and canals would have to be dug across the isthmus at Mount Athos (the Persian fleet was once destroyed in 492 BC when attempting to spin this coastline).


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Xerxes' plan is an extraordinary project that no one has ever done in his time. [90]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

However, the campaign had to be delayed for one year as there were more uprisings in Egypt and Babylonia. [91]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Persians were sympathetic to several Greek city-states, including Argos, who promised to side with the Persians once the Persian forces reached their passage. [92]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Aleuadai family, who ruled the city of Larissa in Thessaly, saw this invasion as an opportunity to expand their power. [93]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

While Thebes, though not overtly allied with the Persians, was allegedly willing to assist the Persian forces once the invasion arrived. [94] [95] In 481 BC, after about four years of preparation, Xerxes began to gather his forces to invade Europe.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Herodotos gives a list of names of 46 nations whose soldiers were part of Xerxes' forces. [96]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Persian forces gathered in Asia Minor in the summer and autumn of 481 BC.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Troops from eastern vigilantes gathered at Kritala, Cappadokia and were led by Xerxes to Sardis.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

There they spent the winter. [97]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In early spring, the troops moved to Abydos, and they were joined by forces from the western vigilantes. [98]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Then the troops gathered by Xerxes rode towards Europe, crossing the Hellespontos through two pontoon bridges. [99]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Number of Persian Troops The number of warriors gathered by Xerxes in the second invasion of Greece has become a theme of endless debate.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Most modern historians reject the number of 2.5 million warriors written by Herodotos as well as other ancient writers, as such numbers are unrealistic, other than that the winning side is very likely to have miscalculated and exaggerated the number of enemy troops.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

This topic is widely debated, but the agreement of historians revolves around 200,000 warriors. [100]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The numbers of the Persian sea fleet were also counterposed, though not as often as its land forces.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Other ancient writers agree with the figure given by Herodotos, which is 1,207 ships.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

This number by ancient standards is quite consistent, and it can be interpreted that the number was about 1,200 ships.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Among modern historians, some have accepted this number, although it remains of the opinion that it was fewer at the Battle of Salamis. [101] [102] [103] Other current works on the Greco-Persian War reject this figure, and see that 1,207 is an imitation of number of ships of the Greek combined fleet within the Iliad.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The works generally claim that the Persians sent no more than 600 warships across the Aigee Sea. [103] [104] [105] Greek Athens A year after the events at Marathon, the Athenian hero, Miltiades, was wounded in a small skirmish.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Taking the opportunity of this, the influential Alkmaionidai family, laid out a plan for him to be punished. [106]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Miltiades was given a large fine for the crime of 'defrauding the people of Athena', but he died a week later of his wound. [106]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The politician Themistokles, whose base of power was firmly entrenched among the poor, filled the void left by Miltiades, and in the following decade he became the most influential politician in Athens. [106]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In this period, Themistokles continued to strive for Athens to develop its sea power. [106]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Athenian people were aware during those days that the Persians still wanted to take control of Greece, [89] and Themistokles's sea policy was likely seen in a potential threat from Persia. [106]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Aristides, a political opponent of Themistokles, and a leading man of the zeugites (upper social class or class of hoplites) vehemently opposed the policies of Themistokles. [107]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In 483BC, a large silver lining was discovered in the Athenian mining of Laurion. [108]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Themistokles proposed that the silver be used to build a new fleet of trireme ships.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In order for his proposal to be accepted, Themistokles lied and said that Athens needed an additional fleet to support the battle against Aigina. [109]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Plutarkhos argues that Themistokles understandably did not mention Persia because the threat from Persia was still too far from Athens to respond, but Themistokles did cause the additional fleet to face the Persians. [108]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Fine argues that many Athenians recognized that an additional sea fleet was indeed needed to hold the Persians, whose preparations for military campaigns were not yet known. [110]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Themistokles' proposal was easily approved, despite harsh opposition from Aristides.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The passing of the proposal was likely due to the large number of Athenians who wanted to get paid by becoming boat rowers. [110]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

It is not known from ancient sources whether 100 or 200 ships were originally approved; both Fine and Holland argue that at first 100 ships were approved then this number increased until as it existed in the second invasion. [109] [110] Aristides constantly harbored the policy of Themistokles, and tensions between his dubies continued to rise, so ostrakism in 482BC became a direct contest between Themistokles and Aristides. [109]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In what Holland refers to as, in effect, the world's first referendum, Aristides was ostrakized, and Themistokles's policy was passed. [109]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

And indeed, being increasingly aware of the Persian preparations for a second invasion, the people of Athens chose to make more ships than Themistokles had requested. [109]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Thus, in the run-up to the Persian invasion, Themistokles had become a prominent politician in Athens. [111]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Sparta's King of Sparta Demaratos was deposed from his throne in 492 BC, and succeeded by his cousin Leotykhides.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

After 490 BC, the embittered Demaratos then chose to exile.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

He reached Darius' palace in Susa. [87]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Since then Demaratos became Darius' advisor for Greek affairs.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

When Xerxes ascended the throne, Demaratos continued to serve as a retiree.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

He even co-accompanied Xerxes on the second invasion of Persia. [112]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

At the end of book 7 Herodotos, there is an anecdote relating to the second invasion, told Demaratos delivered empty wax-lined wooden sheets to Sparta.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

When the candle is removed, a message is visible.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The message is carved on wood covered with wax and its contents are to warn Sparta of Xerxes' plans. [113]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

However, many historians believe that this chapter was incorporated into Herodotos's writing by the author in a later period, likely to fill the void between the end of book 7 and the beginning of book 8.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The truth of the tale is thus not known for certain. [114]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Greek Fellowship In 481 BC, Xerxes sent envoys throughout Greece to ask for land and water as emblems of surrender, but his messengers deliberately did not come to Athens and Sparta. [115]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Thus support began to be given to these two countries.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The city-state congress was held at Korinthos in late autumn in 481 BC, and an alliance of confederations of Greek city-states was formed. [116]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Confederacy has the power to send messengers for help and to withdraw troops from each member state to form a joint army.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Herodotos did not name the communion but simply called it “ολληνες” (Greek nation) and “allied Greeks” (Godley translation) or “united Greeks” (translation of Rawlinson). [117]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Afterwards, they were referred to as 'Counters'.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Sparta and Athens were instrumental in the congress but the interest of other city-states was also decisive in realizing defense strategies. [118]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Only little is known about the internal work regarding congressional discussions in its meetings.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Only 70 of Greece's roughly 700 city-states sent representatives.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Nonetheless, this union was crucial to the fragmented Greek world, in particular because many Greek city-states were still at war with each other. [119]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Second invasion of Greece (480—479 BC) Early 480 BC: Thrakia, Macedonia, and Thessaly After crossing into Europe in April 480 BC, Persian forces began to enter Greece, and took three months to walk unimpeded from Hellespontos to Therme.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

They paused at Doriskos, there they joined the sea fleet.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Xerxes reorganized the troops into tactical units replacing the national formations previously used to walk from Persia. [120]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Greek fellowship reconvened in the spring of 480 BC and agreed to defend the Tempe Valley on the border of Thessaly and obstruct Xerxes' forward motion. [121]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

However, once they arrived there, they were warned by Alexandros I of Macedonia that the valley could be missed by the Persian forces and that Xerxes' forces were too large, so the Greek forces retreated. [122]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Not long after that, they got the news that Xerxes had crossed the Hellespontos. [122]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

At this point, a second strategy was proposed by Themistokles to the Greek communion.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The route to southern Greece (Boiotia, Attika, and Peloponnesos) made Xerxes have to walk through a narrow gap at Thermopylae.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The gap could easily be covered by Greek hoplites, although Persian troops were much more numerous.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In addition, in order to prevent the Persian forces from passing through other lines, the Athenian and allied sea fleets would guard the Strait of Artemision.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

This dual strategy was accepted by the Greek communion. [123]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

However, the cities of Peloponnesos made motion-retreat plans to defend the Isthmus of Korinthos if necessary, while Athenian women and children were evacuated to Troezen City in the Peloponnesos. [124]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

August 480 BC: Battle of Thermopylae and Artemision The approximation of the time of Xerxes' arrival coincides with the time of the Olympics and the festival of Karneia.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

For the people of Sparta, war should not be carried out in that period. [125]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Although the timing was not right, the people of Sparta felt that the Persian threat was so great that they dispatched their king Leonidas I along with his personal pennant (Hippeis) of 300 warriors.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The young soldiers in the troop were replaced by veterans who already had children.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Thus, if they die at a later battle, their lineage can still continue. [125]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Leonidas was assisted by a contingent from allied cities in the Peloponnesos as well as from allied cities he had intersected on the way to Thermopylae. [125]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Greek troops arrived at the gap, rebuilt the wall once built by Phokis at the narrowest point in the gap, then awaited the arrival of Xerxes' forces. [126]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

When Persian troops arrived at Thermopylae in mid-August, for three days they waited for the Greek forces to disperse.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

When Xerxes dawned on him that the Greek forces did intend to defend the gap, he then dispatched his army. [127]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

However, the position of the Greek troops was ideal for the warfare of hoplites.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Persian contingent was forced to attack the Greek phalanx. [128]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Greek forces held out for two full days facing Persian attacks, including attacks from Persian elite forces, the Eternal Forces.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Towards the end of the second day, the Greek troops are betrayed by a local resident named Ephialtes, who tells Xerxes about the mountain road located behind the Greek forces.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Greek scouts saw that the Persian forces were about to lay siege to the Greek forces, hence Leonidas ordered most of the warriors to retreat, while the rest, some 2,000 men, by being led by him, would continue to defend the gap.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

On the last day, the remnants of the Greek forces tried to kill as many Persian warriors as possible but in the end they were all killed or captured. [129]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The last resistance of the Greek forces under the leadership of Leonidas was to be one of the most famous last resistance in history.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Simultaneously with the Battle at Thermopylae, a Greek sea fleet of 271 trireme, attempted to defend the Strait of Artemision against the Persians, while protecting Greek forces at Thermopylae. [130]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Here, the Greek sea fleet held off the Persians for three days.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

On the evening of the third day, the Greek sea fleet received news of the defeat of Leonidas and his army at Thermopylae.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Because the Greek sea fleet had already suffered a lot of damage, and because Thermopylae had no longer needed to be protected, then the Greek sea fleet finally retreated from Artemision to Salamis Island. [131]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

September 480 BC: Battle of Salamis The Greek defeat at Thermopylae makes Boiotia fall into the hands of Xerxes; and leaves Attika wide open to attack.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The rest of the Athenian population was evacuated, with the help of the Greek fleet, to Salamis. [132]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Greek forces in Peloponnesos began preparing to defend a defensive line on the Isthmus of Korinthos, building walls and destroying roads from Megara, allowing the City of Athens to be entered by Persian forces. [133]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Athens thus fell into Persian hands; a small group of Athenians attempted to protect the Acropolis and were ultimately defeated.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Xerxes then ordered that Athens be destroyed and the Acropolis burned. [134] JMPL|left|300px|Battle of Salamis (1868) by Wilhelm von Kaulbach.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Persians now controlled most of Greece, but Xerxes perhaps did not expect such a hard resistance; his priority now was to finish the war as soon as possible. [135]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

If Xerxes could annihilate the Greek navy, then he would be in a strong position to force Greece to surrender; [136] On the Greek side, Themistokles hoped that, by destroying the Persian navy, that total conquest by the Persians could be prevented. [137]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Greek sea fleet thus remained off the coast of Salamis until September, although the Persians would soon come.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Even after Athens fell, the remnants of the Greek sea fleet remained at Salamis, trying to lure the Persian fleet into battle. [138]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Partly due to being deceived by Thmistokles, the Persian fleet entered the Strait of Salamis. [139]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In that narrow strait, overstretched Persian ships were an obstacle course, as their ships became difficult to maneuver and disorganized. [140]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Seeing this opportunity, the Greek sea fleet attacked and achieved a crushing victory over the Persians.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

They sank or captured at least 200 ships.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Thus, Peloponessos remains safe. [141]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Based on Herodotos, after that defeat Xerxes briefly attempted to build a road across the canal to attack the Athenian refugees at Salamis, but this project was immediately stopped.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

With the loss of Persian sea power, Xerxes felt fearful that Greek troops would sail to Hellepontos and destroy his ponton bridge.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

If the bridge was destroyed, then the Persian land forces would be trapped in Greece. [142]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

His general, Mardonios, was willing to remain in Greece and complete the rest of the conquest with a trove of troops of his own choosing, while Xerxes returned to Asia with most of his army. [143]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Mardonios overwinters in Boiotia and Thessaly; thus, the people of Athens were able to return to their city, already burned, by winter. [135]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

June 479 BC: Battle of Plataia and Mykale After winter, tensions appear on the Greek side.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Particularly, the Athenians, who were not protected by the isthmus, whereas the Athenian sea fleet was the key to the safekeeping of Peloponessos.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Dissatisfied, Athens refused to take part in the Greek sea fleet in the spring. [144]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Mardonios persisted in Thessaly, because he knew that it was pointless to attack the isthmus.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

On the other hand, Greek troops were also unwilling to send soldiers out of the Peloponnesos, resulting in a stalemate. [144]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Mardonios moved to break the deadlock, by offering peace to Athens, using Alexandros I of Macedonia as a breeder. [145]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The people of Athens ensured that the Spartese delegation heard the offer, then then rejected it. [145]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Thus, Athens again had to be evacuated, and the Persian forces moved south and then regained control of Athens.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Mardonios now again offered peace to the Athenian refugees in Salamis.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Athens, along with Megara and Plataia, sent envoys to Sparta for help, and threatened to accept the Persian offer if Sparta would not help. [146]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In response, Sparta sent large numbers of troops from the towns of Peloponnesos and moved towards the Persian forces. [147] 250px|jmpl|ka|map of the Battle of Plataia, the retreat motion of the Greek forces went awry and the Persian forces crossed the Asopos river to attack the Greek forces.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

When Mardonius learned that the Greek army had moved, he retreated to Boiotia, near Plataia, and attempted to lure the Greek troops into the open area so that he could use his cavalry. [148]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Greek forces, under the command of Pausanias, held out on the plateau above Plataia lest they be trapped by the Persian strategy. [149]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

After several days of stalemate, Pausanis ordered the Greek troops to withdraw to their original positions during the night. [149]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

This retreating movement occurred chaotically, and left the Athenian, Sparta, and Tegea troops trapped on a closed hill, while the rest of the contingents were scattered apart near Plataia. [149]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Seeing this state, the Persian forces felt that this was a good time to attack.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Mardonios ordered his entire army to advance. [150]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

However, the Persian infantry proved unable to match the heavily armed Greek hoplites, [151] and Sparta's troops managed to break down the ranks of Mardonios's bodyguards then kill him. [152]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

After that, the Persian forces became panicked and messy; 40,000 soldiers managed to save themselves through the road to Thessaly, [153] but the rest fled to the Persian encampment and there they were besieged and massacred by Greek troops.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

This event at the same time ensured a Greek victory. [154] [155] Herodotos recounts that, in the afternoon of the Battle of Plataia, rumors regarding a Greek victory were heard by the Greek sea fleet, which was just off the coast of Mount Mykale in Ionia. [156]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Their morale immediately increased, and the Greek sea fleet advanced to fight the Persian fleet there.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

In that Battle of Mykale, which took place on the same day as the Battle of Plataia, Greek forces achieved victory and destroyed the remnants of the Persian navy, simultaneously crippling the sea power of Xerxes, and marking the rise of the Greek navy. [157]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

While modern historians doubt whether the events at Mykale actually occurred on the same day as the events in Plataia, but the Battle of Mykale could only have occurred after the Greek sea fleet received news from Plataia. [158]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Greek counterattack (479—478 BC) Mykale and Ionia The events at Mykale became the beginning of a new phase in the Greco-Persian conflict, in which the Greek side began an offensive against Persia. [159]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Greek victory at Mykale caused Greek cities in Asia minor to again revolt.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Samoans and the Miletos had actively fought against the Persians at Mykale, and publicly declared their rebellion, which was later followed anyway by other cities. [160] [161] Sestos Not long after the events in Mykale, Greek troops sailed to Hellespontos for destroyed the pontoon bridge, but they found that it turned out to be non-existent. [162]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Peloponnesos fleet then sailed back to Greece, but the Athenian forces remained there to attack Khersonesos, which was still controlled by the Persians. [162]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Persian troops and their allies held a vigil at Sestos, the strongest city in the area.


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Among them were the Oiobazos of Kardia, who had ropes and various other fittings used from Persian pontoon bridges. [163]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The Persian governor there, namely Artayktes, never prepared for a siege, because he believed that the Greek forces would not attack. [164]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

Thus, the Athenian forces were able to carry out a siege on the City of Sestos. [162]


Question: Was it a major event that ever happened in Greece as long as Aristides lived?

Greco-Persian Wars

The siege lasted for several months, and caused much tension as well as discontent even among the Athenian troops themselves, [165] but in the end the city ran out of food and the Persian troops that were there fled at night through the place whose guarding less. [166]