Question: what is the area of spain?

List of countries by area

Regions of dependency are indicated along with its principal country; total area area is also indicated, but this list is compiled by area area The list of countries by area area The following states are arranged by area area, including provinces outside but not including areas of power.


Question: what is the area of spain?

List of countries by area

Note The 196 countries on this list are member states of the United Nations coupled with Taiwan, the Vatican and Kosovo.


Question: what is the area of spain?

List of countries by area

This list also includes 11 countries that have a total of 66 dependent regions (dependencies), of which 23 of them are not permanently resided and therefore are not on the list of countries by population.


Question: what is the area of spain?

List of countries by area

The total is 259 countries and dependent regions.


Question: what is the area of spain?

List of countries by area

The description of the African Union is 29,797,500 km2, and is the largest country in the world if counted as a single country.


Question: what is the area of spain?

List of countries by area

Source header to force TOC CIA World Factbook, accessed December 10, 2012.


Question: what is the area of spain?

List of countries by area

See also List of Countries List of countries by number of inhabitants List of countries by population density List of countries by continent List of countries by time of formation Area


Question: When was Le Corbusier born?

Le Corbusier

Le Corbusier (real name: Charles-Edouard Jeanneret;) is a Swiss architect noted in the International Style design/design stream along with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius, and Theo van Doesburg.


Question: When was Le Corbusier born?

Le Corbusier

He also was an urban planner, painter, engraver, writer and furniture designer.


Question: When was Le Corbusier born?

Le Corbusier

Corbusier is known as one of the first to realize the influence of automobiles on the shape and design of human settlements.


Question: When was Le Corbusier born?

Le Corbusier

He disliked any form of decoration or ornamentation on buildings, and once said that “all buildings are supposed to be white”.


Question: When was Le Corbusier born?

Le Corbusier

Among his best-known works: Chaise longue chair 'LC4' 1928 - Villa Savoye, Poissy-sur-Seine, France 1947-1952 - Unité d'Habitation, Marseille, France 1948-1951 - Usine Claude et Duval, Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, France 1950-1955 - Chapelle Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France Outside link (in French) {{subst: #if: |}} [[Category: {{subst: #switch: {{subst:uc:1887}} || UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of birth missing {{subst: #switch: {{subst:uc:1965}} ||LIVING =( living people)}} | #default =1887 births}]] [[Category: {subst: {#switch: {{subst:uc:1965}} || LIVING =Living people | UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of death missing | #default =1965 deaths}}]] Category:Swiss Architects Category:French Architects Category:French Painters Category:French Sculptors


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (English: Central Intelligence Agency, CIA) is one of the intelligence agencies of the federal government of the United States.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

As an executive agency, the CIA is under the Director of National Intelligence. [6]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The CIA has three main activities, namely collecting information about foreign governments, companies, and individuals; analyzing that information along with intelligence results from other U.S. intelligence agencies to produce national security intelligence assessments submitted to makers senior policy of the United States; and carries out or supervises closed activities and some tactical operations by its own employees, members of the U.S. military, or other associates at the request of the President of the United States. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] For example, the CIA could have foreign political influence through its tactical divisions such as Special Activities Division. [12]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

CIA headquarters is located in Langley, Virginia, a few miles west of Washington, D.C. [13] Its employees work in U.S. embassies and a number of other locations around the world. [14] [15] The CIA replaced the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) formed in World War II to coordinate covert espionage activity of the United States Armed Forces against the Axis powers.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The National Security Act of 1947 formalized the existence of the CIA and “removed police or law enforcement functions at home as well as abroad”. [16] [17] Much of the criticism directed at the CIA related to security failures and its counterintelligence, failures of intelligence analysis, human rights concerns, overseas investigations and document disclosures, influencing public opinion and law enforcement, smuggling illegal drugs, and lying to Congress. [18]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Others, such as Eastern bloc defector Ion Mihai Pacepa, recognize the CIA as “the best intelligence organization in the world by far,” and argue that CIA activities are carried out very carefully and have never been envisaged by other intelligence agencies around the world. [19]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The Historical Central Intelligence Agency was formed by Congress after the National Security Act of 1947 was passed by President Harry S. Truman.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Its formation was inspired by the success of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) at the time of World War II which was disbanded in October 1945 and its functions transferred to the Department of Foreign Affairs and War.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Eleven months earlier, in 1944, William J. Donovan, founder of the OSS, had President Franklin D. Roosevelt set up a new organization directly overseen by the President, “which would gather intelligence in a blatant and stealth manner and at the same time would provide intelligence guidance, specifying national intelligence objectives, and linking intelligence material collected by all government agencies. “[20]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

As per the plan, a strong and centralized civilian agency would be able to coordinate the entire intelligence service.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

It also said the agency will hold the authority to conduct “subversive operations abroad,” but it does not have “police or law enforcement functions, either at home or abroad. “[21]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The predecessor, 1946—1947 Office of Strategic Services, the United States' first independent intelligence agency established for the purposes of World War II, was disbanded after the war ended by President Harry S. Truman on September 20, 1945 through endorsement of Executive Order.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

This Executive Order 'formalised' its dissolution on 1 October 1945.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The thorough reorganization that occurred afterwards illustrated bureaucratic competition in the fight over resources.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

They also try to take care of the relationship of covert intelligence gathering and covert action (paramilitary and psychological operations).


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

As of October 1945, the functions of the OSS were divvied between the State Department and the War Department: The division lasted only a few months.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The concept and term “Central Intelligence Agency” first appeared in a U.S. Army and Marine Command restructuring proposal that Jim Forrestal and Arthur Radford submitted to the U.S. Senate Military Committee in late 1945. [22]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Although opposed by the military, the United States Department of State, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), [20] President Truman established the Central Intelligence Group (CIG) in January 1946 which later became the CIA. [23]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The CIG is an interim authority formed on the authority of the President.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The assets of the SSU, which now included a “nucleus” of secret intelligence were newly lavished to the CIG in mid-1946 and overhauled again under the name Office of Special Operations (OSO).


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Early days, 1947—1952 The month of September 1947, the National Security Act of 1947 formalized the establishment of the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency. [24]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Admiral Young Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter was appointed as the first Director of Central Intelligence.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

One of the first covert operations he successfully led was an aid to the Christian Democratic Party in Italy. [25]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The National Security Council Directive on the Office of Special Projects, June 18, 1948 (NSC 10/2), gives the CIA the authority to launch covert operations “against a hostile foreign country or group or in favor of a friendly foreign country or group, but so premeditated and neat to the point that any responsibility of the U.S. government for them is unknown to uninterested parties. “[26]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

In 1949, the Central Intelligence Agency Act (Public Law 81-110) permitted the CIA to wear secret fiscal and administrative procedures and excluded its institutions from most limits on discharging Federal funds.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The regulation also does not require that the CIA uncover its “organization, functions, officials, positions, salaries, or number of employees.”


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The CIA Act created the “PL-110" program to deal with defectors and other “important foreigners” who were outside the normal immigration prodsedur, as well as providing guiseful living and economic assistance to them. [27]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Stabilizing the structure, 1952 DCI of the time, Walter Bedell Smith, who gained the special trust of the President and had been Dwight D. Eisenhower's principal Chief of Staff during World War II, asserted that the CIA—or at least one department only—should regulate the OPC and OSO.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Those organizations, along with a number of its minor functions, established the Directorate of Plans in 1952.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

That same year, United States Army Special Forces were formed with missions that went beyond the mission of the Department of Plans.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

In general, the pattern is that the CIA can borrow resources from Special Forces even if it already has its own special operators.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The beginning of the Cold War, 1953—1966 Allen Dulles, who had served as the OSS's key operations officer in Switzerland during World War II, replaced Smith when U.S. policy was dominated by anticommunism.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Various sources have sprung up; the most obvious sources are the investigation and abuse of power by Senator Joseph McCarthy, the doctrine of tacit systematic confinement that George Kennan developed, the Berlin Blockade, and the Korean War.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Dulles enjoyed tremendous flexibility because his brother, John Foster Dulles, was Foreign Minister of the time.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Concerns surrounding the Soviet Union and the difficulty of obtaining information from its closed society, which some agents could penetrate, yielded a number of advanced technology-based solutions.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

One of his first successes was a Lockheed U-2 aircraft capable of taking pictures and collecting electronic signals from altitudes exceeding the range of Soviet air defenses.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

After Gary Powers was shot down by a 1960 SA-2 surface-to-air missile and resulting in an international incident, the SR-71 was developed to take over this task.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

In those days, there were a number of hidden actions against left-wing movements that were considered communist.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The CIA brought down a foreign government for the first time in the 1953 Iranian coup at the request of Winston Churchill.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Some of its biggest operations were aimed at Cuba after the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship, including the assassination attempt of Fidel Castro and the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Some argue that the placement of missiles by the Soviets in Cuba occurred indirectly after they were aware of having been betrayed by an U.S.-British defector from the beginning, Oleg Penkovsky. [28]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The CIA, in cooperation with the military, formed the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) to operate spy planes such as the SR-71 and the latest satellites.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The fact that the United States operated a number of spy satellites was kept secret for several years, much like the fact of the NRO's existence.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

One of the largest operations ever waged by the CIA was an aid to Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaïre. [29]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Indochina and the Vietnam War, 1954—1975 Patti's entourage of the OSS arrived in Vietnam near the end of World War II.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

They interacted with a number of Vietnamese factional leaders, including Ho Chi Minh. [30]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Although Patti's team forwarded Ho's proposal for a stage of independence whose transitional partner is France or the United States, the US-run confinement policy opposes the formation of any government that is communist.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The first CIA mission to Indochina under the code Saigon Military Mission was implemented in 1954 under the chairmanship of Edward Lansdale.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Observers in the United States tried to estimate the change in political power should the result of the referendum be the merger of North and South Vietnam or South Vietnam decided on independence.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Initially, the U.S. focus in Southeast Asia was Laos, not Vietnam.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

During the period of the United States' combat involvement in the Vietnam War, there arose debate surrounding its progress in the internal Department of Defense leadership Robert McNamara, the CIA, and the intelligence staff of Military Assistance Command Vietnam. [31]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Generally, the military is consistently more optimistic than the CIA.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Sam Adams, a junior CIA observer tasked with calculating the actual losses the enemy suffered, eventually stepped down from the CIA after expressing his concern to Director of Central Intelligence Richard Helms over his altered estimation on interagency and White House political grounds.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Adams later wrote the book War of Numbers.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Abuse of CIA authority, 1970s—1990s The atmosphere began to heat up in the mid-1970s, around the period of the Watergate events.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The thing that dominated the political atmosphere at the time was Congress's efforts to gain surveillance rights on the President of the United States and the executive branch of the U.S. government. The disclosure of past CIA activities, such as assassinations and assassinations of foreign leaders (including Fidel Castro and Rafael Trujillo) and illegal domestic reconnaissance of U.S. citizens, opening an opportunity to increase Congressional oversight of U.S. intelligence operations. [32] The CIA's Pamor got worse after the Democratic Party office robbery incident in Watergate by several former agents The CIA, as well as President Richard Nixon's efforts to impede its investigation by the FBI by utilizing the CIA.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

In the main recording that forced President Nixon to resign, Nixon ordered his chief of staff, H. R. Haldeman, to tell the CIA that further investigations into the Watergate case would “open all-out” the Bay of Pigs Invasion in Cuba. [33]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Nixon and Haldemann vouched that the CIA's number one and two officials, Richard Helms and Vernon Walters, contact FBI Director L. Patrick Gray and ask the FBI not to follow the money trail from the robbers all the way to the Committee to Re-elect the President, as it would unmask the informant CIA in Mexico.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The FBI initially agreed because it was already bound by an agreement between the FBI and CIA that they would not uncover the source of its information to each other, though several weeks later the FBI requested that the plea be submitted in writing.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Because the official application was not submitted, the FBI continued its investigation of the money trail.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

As a result, as the smoking gun footage was opened to the public, its effect on public perception over CIA officials and the entire CIA was unavoidable. [34]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

In 1973, Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) James R. Schlesinger released a report—called “Family Jewels"—on the CIA's illegal activity.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

In December 1974, investigative journalist Seymour Hersh published a news story about “Family Jewels” (after it had been leaked to him by DCI William Colby) in a front-page article of The New York Times.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The article claimed the CIA had assassinated several foreign heads of state and illegally stalked about 7,000 U.S. citizens involved in the antiwar movement (Operation CHAOS). [32]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The CIA also conducted scientific experiments on humans, including secretly administering LSD. [32] In 1975, Congress responded to the allegations by investigating the CIA in the Senate through the Church Committee chaired Sen. Frank Church (D-Idaho) and in the House of Representatives through Pike Committee chaired by Congressman Otis Pike (D-NY). [32]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

In addition, President Gerald Ford formed the Rockefeller Commission [32] and issued executive orders prohibiting the assassination of foreign heads of state.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

As the investigation progressed, Schlesinger's replacement as DCI, William Colby, testified before Congress 32 times in 1975, including regarding “Family Jewels”. [35]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Colby later stated that he believed providing this information to Congress was a worthy thing to do and believed in the CIA's personal interest. [36]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

As the CIA declines in the public eye, Ford assures United States citizens that his administration is not involved: “There is no one currently working in the White House who without my knowledge has any connection to the CIA. “[32]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

One result of the Iran-Contra arms smuggling scandal was the ratification of the Intelligence Authorization Act in 1991.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

This law defines closed operations as covert missions in geopolitical areas that the United States neither openly nor concealed.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The Act also requires the existence of a clearance chain of command, including reports of official presidential investigations and notifications to the House of Representatives and Senate Intelligence Committees that only need to be “notified on time” in case there is an emergency.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The transfer of high-level functions, the 2004 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 established the post of Director of National Intelligence (DNI).


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The DNI took over a number of government and intelligence community (IC) functions that the CIA had previously handled.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The DNI manages the United States Intelligence Community and seeks to regulate the intelligence cycle.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Some of the functions transferred to the DNI are the preparation of estimates reflecting the combined opinions of the 14 IC agents and the preparation of information for the President.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

On July 30, 2008, President Bush issued Executive Order 13470 [37] amending Executive Order 12333 to strengthen the role of the DNI. [38]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Previously, the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) was atop the Intelligence Community and served as the president's chief intelligence adviser as well as head of the CIA.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The title of DCI's tenure is now “Director of the Central Intelligence Agency” (D/CIA) who also serves as head of the CIA.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Currently, the CIA is under the Director of National Intelligence.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Prior to the formation of the DNI, the CIA was responsible to the President with the task of delivering information to a committee of conferences.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The National Security Advisor is a permanent member of the National Security Council tasked with passing information from all United States intelligence agencies, including the National Security Agency, Drug Enforcement Administration, and others to the President.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

These 16 intelligence community agents are under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Al-Qaeda and the CIA's “Global War Against Terrorism” have long dealt with terrorism emanating from abroad.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

In 1986, the CIA established the Counterterrorist Center to deal with the issue.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Initially, the CIA took care of secular terrorism, then penetrated into Islamist terrorism whose influence began to enlarge.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

In January 1996, the CIA created a test “virtual station” called Bin Laden Issue Station under the Counterterrorist Center to track Bin Laden's activities.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Al-Fadl, who defected to the CIA in spring 1996, began providing updated information surrounding Bin Laden to this station.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

It is revealed that he is not simply a source of terrorist funds, but also the brains behind terrorist attacks.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

FBI Special Agent Dan Coleman (assigned to Bin Laden Station with his partner, Jack Cloonan) called Bin Laden his al-Qaeda “Rosetta Stone.” [39]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

In 1999, CIA chief George Tenet made grand plans to deal with al-Qaeda.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The Counterterrorist Center, its new leader Cofer Black, and Bin Laden's unit became the developers and executors of the plan.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Once prepared, Tenet assigned CIA intelligence chief Charles E. Allen to form a “Qaeda cell” aimed at overseeing its tactical execution. [40]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

In 2000, the CIA and USAF held a series of flights over Afghanistan using a small nirawak reconnaissance aircraft, the Predator.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

They obtained potential photos of Bin Laden.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Cofer Black and his associates supported mounting missiles on the Predator as an attempted assassination of Bin Laden and other al-Qaeda leaders.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

After a meeting on terrorism by the Cabinet-level Principals Committee held on 4 September 2001, the CIA resumed its spy flights using nirawak aircraft that had been equipped with weapons.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The CIA formed the Strategic Assessments Branch in 2001 to cover up the shortcomings of al-Qaeda's “big picture” analysis and develop targeting strategies.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The branch was officially established in July 2001, but had difficulty obtaining personnel.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Branch chiefs took office on September 10, 2001. [41] [42] [43] After 9/11, the CIA was showered with criticism for failing to prevent the attacks.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Tenet dismissed the criticism while mentioning the CIA's planning efforts over the previous two years.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

He also considered the CIA's efforts to make the agency able to respond to attacks quickly and effectively, both in “domestic Afghanistan” and “ninety-two countries around the world”. [44]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The new strategy is called the “Worldwide Attack Matrix”.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Anwar al-Awlaki, a Yaman-American and member of al-Qaeda, was killed on 30 September 2011 by a Joint Special Operations Command airstrike.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

After Awlaki was stalked for several days by the Central Intelligence Agency, armed nirawak aircraft took off from a secret United States base in the Arabian Peninsula, crossed into northern Yemen, and launched a number of Hellfire missiles at al-Awlaki's car.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Samir Khan, a Pakistan-American al-Qaeda member and editor of jihadist magazine Inspire, was also reportedly killed in the attack.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The raid of the CIA/JSOC joint nirawak aircraft was the first in Yemen since 2002—previously carried out by Special Operations' military forces—as well as part of the CIA's efforts to duplicate the covert war in Yemen as already conducted in Afghanistan and Pakistan. [45] [46] Iraq War, 2003 Intelligence involvement that justified the 2003 invasion of Iraq or allowed careful planning, particularly for the purposes of occupation, remains controversial. [47]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

However, many CIA employees felt Bush administration officials pressured CIA analysts to make certain conclusions that could support their policy position on Iraq. [48]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The CIA Special Activities Division paramilitary team was the first team in Iraq to arrive in July 2002.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

After landing there, they prepared the combat space for the arrival of U.S. military forces. The SAD team was merged with the U.S. Army Special Forces (under the name Northern Iraq Liaison Element or NILE). [49]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The team recruited Kurdish Peshmerga for the U.S.-led invasion. They united to defeat Ansar al-Islam, an ally of Al-Qaeda.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Had the battle failed, there would have appeared guerrillas inside the U.S./Kurdish forces in an attack on Saddam's forces.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The U.S. section is carried out by paramilitary operations officials from SAD/SOG and 10th Special Forces Group. [49] [50] [51] The Sad Team also conducts high-risk special reconnaissance missions behind the Iraqi border to identify senior top targets.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The mission culminated in an initial assault on Saddam Hussein and his important generals.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Although the initial attack on Hussein failed to kill him, this attack succeeded in ending his ability to lead and control his forces.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Another attack on important generals succeeded in crippling the command's ability to react and maneuver against the U.S.-led invasion force. [49] [52] Turkey which is also a NATO member did not allow its territory to be used by the U.S. Army's 4th Infantry Division to the interests of this invasion.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

As a result, SAD, a joint team of U.S. Army Special Forces and Kurdish Peshmerga became forces fighting Saddam's army from the north.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Their efforts left the 1st and 5th Iraqi Army Corps trapped and defending themselves against Kurdish forces instead of fighting coalition forces moving in from the south.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

This joint special operation of U.S. and Kurdish forces succeeded in defeating Saddam's forces, a major military success that was just as much a victory over the Taliban in Afghanistan. [49]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Four members of the SAD/SOG team were awarded the Intelligence Star from the CIA for their “heroic actions. “[53]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Operation Neptune Spear On May 1, 2011, President Barack Obama announced that Osama bin Laden had been shot dead in the early hours of the morning by “one small team from the United States” in Abbottabad, Pakistan, in a CIA operation. [54] [55] This attack was waged from the CIA's leading base in Afghanistan by a number of Naval Special Warfare Development Group elements of the United States Navy and CIA paramilitary agents. [56]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

These attacks as well as shakedowns uncovered much of the intelligence data surrounding al-Qaeda attack plans. [57] [58] [59] This operation was the result of several years of intelligence performance involving the capture and interrogation of Khalid Sheikh Mohammad (KSM) by the CIA, which led to the disclosure of the identity of Bin Laden's courier, [60] [61] [62] the tracking of the courier to his home by Special Activities Division paramilitary agents, and the designation of CIA hideouts to provide critical tactical intelligence for the smooth operation. [63] [64] [65] The organization structure of the CIA has divisions executive and some functions of the SE-CIA, and four main directorates: the Directorate of Intelligence, responsible for research and analysis of all-source intelligence (all-source intelligence) National Clandestine Service, formerly Directorate of Operations, tasked with carrying out the collection covert intelligence and hidden action Directorate of Support Directorate of Science and Technology Executive Office of the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (D/CIA) directly oversees the Director of National Intelligence (DNI).


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

At practice, it works closely with the DNI, Congress (usually through the Office of Congressional Affairs), and the White House, whereas its Deputy Director is an internal executive.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The CIA is often overseen by Congress, although Congress carries out its duties only.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The Executive Office also facilitates CIA assistance to the U.S. military by providing information it has, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperating on the ground.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Two senior executives carry out this task, one for the CIA and another for the National Clandestine Service.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The Associate Director for Military Support, a senior military official, builds relationships between the CIA and Unified Combatant Command, which produces regional/operational intelligence and utilizes national intelligence.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

He was assisted by the Office of Military Affairs while providing assistance to all branches of the military. [66]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

At National Clandestine Services, an Associate Deputy Director for Operations for Military Affairs [67] handles secret community intelligence (clandestine HUMINT) and certain covert actions for the sake of assisting various military operations.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The CIA also provides national-level intelligence to tactical organizations, usually to all-source intelligence groups. [68]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Executive staff The position of staff with a series of general duties oversees the Executive Office.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Staff also collect information and report it to the Executive Office.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

General publications of the CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence manage CIA historical materials and promote intelligence studies as a legitimate discipline. [69]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

In 2002, the CIA School for Intelligence Analysis published the Kent Center Occasional Papers offering “an opportunity for intelligence professionals and interested parties—in a non-official, uninterrupted way—to debate and advance the theory and practice of intelligence analysis. “[70]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

General Counsel and Inspector General These two positions advise legal and administrative operations to the Director.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The Office of General Counsel provides input to the CIA Director on all legal matters relating to his role as CIA director and is a major source of legal assistance to the CIA.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The Office of Inspector General promotes efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability in the handling of CIA activities, and seeks to prevent and detect fraud, seizure, abuse, and mismanagement.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The Inspector General, whose activities are relieved from any other CIA component activities, directly oversees the CIA Director. [71] [72] The influence on public opinion of the Office of Public Affairs is often tasked with making government-funded public propaganda.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

For example, the 9/11 counter-terrorism administration advised the CIA Director on all media, public policy, and employee communications issues related to his roles.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The unit also works closely with the entertainment industry. [73]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The Directorate of Intelligence Directorate of Intelligence conducts all-source intelligence investigations on important overseas and transcontinental issues relating to a number of sensitive and powerful topics that are sometimes anti-governmental. [74]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The directorate has four regional analysis groups, six groups for transnational issues, and two auxiliary units. [75]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Regional group There is one special Iraqi division (Office) and several regional analysis divisions which include: Office of Middle East and North Africa Analysis (MENA) Office of South Asia Analysis (OSA) Office of Russian and European Analysis (OREA) Office of Asian Pacific, Latin American and African Analysis (APLAA) Transnational group of the Office of Terrorism Analysis, [76] assists the National Counterterrorism Center in the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

See CIA transnational anti-terrorism activity. [77]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The Office of Transnational Issues, [78] assesses perceptions of pre-existing and upcoming threats to U.S. national security and provides analysis, warning, and crisis assistance to senior policymakers, military planners, and law enforcement.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The CIA Crime and Narcotics Center, [79] seeks information surrounding international crimes for the benefit of policymakers and law enforcement.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Since the CIA does not hold lawful domestic police authority, they usually send its analysis to the FBI and other law enforcement organizations, such as the Drug Enforcement Administration and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The Weapons Intelligence, Nonproliferation, and Arms Control Center, [80] provides national and non-national threat related intelligence assistance, and supports threat reduction and arms control.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The unit receives data from “national technical means of verification”.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The Counterintelligence Center Analysis Group, [81] identifies, supervises, and analyzes the efforts of foreign intelligence agencies, both national and non-national, that are contrary to the interests of the U.S. government.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The unit works closely with FBI personnel in the National Counterintelligence Executive of the Director of National Intelligence.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Information Operations Center Analysis Group, [82] handles threats to U.S. computer systems.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

This unit supports all DNI activities.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The auxiliary and general unit of the Office of Collection Strategies and Analysis, channels comprehensive intelligence-gathering expertise to the Directorate of Intelligence, senior officials of the CIA and the intelligence community, and key policymakers in the United States.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The Office of Policy Support tailors the Directorate of Intelligence analysis and conveys it to policy makers, law enforcement, military, and foreign intermediaries.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The National Clandestine Service National Clandestine Service (NCS; formerly Directorate of Operations) is tasked with gathering foreign intelligence, primarily from HUMINT sources, and covert action.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The new name describes his role as coordinator of community intelligence activity among members of the U.S. intelligence community who have their own Humint operations.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The NCS was formed to end fraught times of influence, philosophy, and budget rivalry between the United States Department of Defense and the CIA.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Even so, the Defense Department already established its own global secret intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service, [83] under the Defense Intelligence Agency.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The existence of the NCS organization is definitely kept secret. [84]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The Directorate of Science and Technology Directorate of Science & Technology was established to research, create, and technically manage the way and equipment of data collection.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Many of his innovations transferred to other intelligence organizations or the military (as his openness was).


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

For example, the development of the U-2 high-rise spy aircraft was carried out in cooperation with the United States Air Force.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

U-2's original mission was covert imaging intelligence in restricted areas such as the Soviet Union. [85]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The aircraft later equipped signal intelligence and measurement and tagging intelligence capabilities, and is currently operated by the U.S. Air Force. The mainland imagery generated by U-2 and spy satellites is analyzed by a DS&T organization named the National Photointerpretation Center (NPIC) .


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The organization employs analysts from the CIA and the military.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The NPIC was later merged with the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA).


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The CIA has always had a great interest in how to advance technology to improve the effectiveness of its operations.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Since long ago, this interest in them had two main objectives: utilizing its techniques for its own use; and countering any new intelligence technology the Soviets might develop. [86]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

In 1999, the CIA established the venture capital firm In-Q-Tel to help fund and develop technologies that fit the CIA's interests. [87]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The intelligence community has habitually contracted companies to carry out large-scale development such as airplanes and spy satellites.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The Directorate of Support Directorate of Support has organizational and administrative functions towards specific units, including: Office of Security Office of Communications Office of Information Technology Training of the CIA established its first training facility, the Office of Training and Education, in 1950.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

After the Cold War ended, CIA training budgets were cut and adversely impacted employee performance. [88] [89] In response to such adverse influences, Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet founded CIA University in 2002. [88] [90] CIA University held 200 to 300 courses annually, it trains new hires, experienced intelligence agents, and CIA auxiliary staff. [88] [89] The facility works closely with the National Intelligence University which includes the Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis, a component of the Directorate of Intelligence at this university. [90] [91] [92] For the last phase of operating agent training, there was at least one secret training ground at Camp Peary, near Williamsburg, Virginia.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Its members are selected and their progress continues to be assessed according to OSS standards published in the book Assessment of Men, Selection of Personnel for the Office of Strategic Services. [93]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Additional mission training was conducted at Harvey Point, North Carolina. [94]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The Office of Communications' primary exercise facility is the Warrenton Training Center, located near Warrenton, Virginia.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The facility was established in 1951 and has been used by the CIA since 1955. [95] [96] The total budget of the U.S. intelligence budget has been kept secret until recent years.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

A number of parties are trying to get general information about their budgets. [97]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

As a result, it was revealed that the CIA's annual budget in fiscal year 1963 was US$550 million (US$4.5 billion according to inflation in 2019), [98] and the total intelligence budget in fiscal year 1997 was US$26.6 billion (US$41.5 billion according to inflation in 2019). [99]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

There are also a number of involuntary disclosures, for example, Mary Margaret Graham, a former CIA official and deputy director of the 2005 National Intelligence for Collection, said that the CIA's annual intelligence budget stands at $44 billion. [100]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

In the book Legacy of Ashes-The History of the CIA, Tim Weiner claims that its first funding came from private sources on Wall Street and Washington, D.C., thanks to the efforts of James Forrestal and Allen Dulles.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Forrestal convinced John W. Snyder, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and one of Truman's closest allies, to allow the use of a $200 million Exchange Stabilization Fund by the CIA front-front to influence several European elections, beginning with the Italian election. [101]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

After the $13.7 billion appropriation over five years contained in the Marshall Plan was approved, as much as $685 million or 5% of that amount was funneled to the CIA. [102]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Relationships with other intelligence agents the CIA plays a role as a HUMINT (human intelligence) agent and the principal general analysis of the United States under the Director of National Intelligence, the director or directing of 16 members incorporated in the United States Intelligence Community.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

In addition, the CIA obtains information from other U.S. government intelligence agencies, commercial information sources, and foreign intelligence services.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Other U.S. agents A number of intelligence organizations are wholly or half under the budget control of the United States Secretary of Defense or other cabinet officials such as the Attorney General of the United States.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

As with other members of analyzers in the U.S. intelligence community, such as the Bureau of Intelligence and Research at the State Department and the Defense Intelligence Agency's (DIA) analytical division, the CIA's raw inputs include imaging intelligence (IMINT) from airborne systems and National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) space processed by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), signals intelligence (SIGINT) from the National Security Agency (NSA), and measurement intelligence and marking (MASINT) of the office MASINT in HIM.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Its rugged foreign intelligence service, the role and functions of the CIA make no difference to the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6) in Great Britain, Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), Egyptian General Intelligence Service, Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki ( SVR) in Russia, Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) in India, Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) in Pakistan, Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) in France, and Mossad in Israel.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

Agents collected and analyzed information, while some agents such as the U.S. State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research took care of the analysis only.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The closest relationship that the U.S. intelligence community has established with overseas intelligence services is with English-speaking countries: Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, and New Zealand.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

There are specific communications indicating that intelligence messages could be spread across the four countries. [103]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

What proves that the United States builds close operation cooperation is the creation of new message distribution labels within the U.S. military's communications network. Previously, the NOFORN (No Foreign Nationals) mark forced the sender to determine which non-U.S. countries can received the information.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The new USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes warning system, which tends to be used for intelligence messages, facilitates the screening of material to be spread to Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, and New Zealand.


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

The task of the “Verbindungsstelle 61" division in the German Bundesnachrichtendienst was to establish contact with the CIA office in Wiesbaden. [104]


Question: When was the CIA formed?

Central Intelligence Agency

See also the secret action of the replacement of foreign regimes by the United States Defense Intelligence Agency National Geospatial−Intelligence Agency National Intelligence Board National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Project MKUltra Doctrine Reagan Secret Intelligence Service Case Abu Omar The World Factbook, published by CIA CIA in fiction Reference Advanced reading Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Outlinks at the National Archives and Records Administration by Martin Petersen from The Federal Register Category:Established governing bodies of 1947 Category:United States Intelligence agencies Category:McLean, Virginia Category:Establishment of 1947 in the United States


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

JMPL|A variation of confectionary served at Pumsavana rituals in Kerala.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

South Asian confectionery is a typical sweet and dessert from South Asia. [1] [2] Thousands of shops in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka sell these confectioners for various events.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Sugarcane has been grown in India for thousands of years, and the process of processing sugar is found there. [3] The word sugar comes from the Sanskrit word sharkara, while the word candy comes from the word khanda (brown sugar) - one of the simplest forms of sweet raw materials. [4]


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

With its long history, Indian cuisine has a large number and variety of confectionery.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Some [3] claim no other region in the world has so much variety of confectionery. [5]


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

In India, confectioners have various names depending on the region, one of which is commonly named Mithai (मिा).


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Mithai is made from sugar, and a number of ingredients such as various flours, milk, milk solids, fermented foods, roots, raw and baked grains, seasonal fruits, fruit pastes and dried fruits. [6]


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Some confectionery such as khidir is made by cooking, burfi by roasting, mysore pak that is burned, jalebi fried, kulfi frozen, and other confectionery in a unique way of making. [7] [8] [9] The ingredients and recipes of the confectionery will be different in each region.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Mithai is sometimes served with a main course, and is often served during welcome, religious celebrations, offerings, gift-giving, and feasts in India.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

At festivals in India - such as Holi, Diwali, Idulfitri, or Raksha Bhandan - such confectionery can be made by yourself or purchased, which is then shared with family or handai taulan. [2] [10] Many events such as wedding ceremonies and religious festivals are often presented confectionery, and taste of confectionary is an important element of the celebration. [11]


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Historical Ancient Sanskrit Texts from India explain feasts and offerings of mithas (sweet foods).


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

In the fuller text, it is more explained about confectionery and how to cook it.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

The text is named Mānasollāsa (Sanskrit: मानसोल्लासा; in Sanskrit means, enjoyment of ideas, [12] or enjoyment of mind and senses [13]).


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

There is also an ancient encyclopedia on Indian food, music and art known as Abhilaṣitārtha Cintāmaṇi (magic stone that fulfills desires).


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Mānasollāsa was created in 1130 AD by the Hindu King Somesvara III.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

This text describes [14] rice pudding called payasam (Sanskrit: पायसं) or kheer in present-day Indian languages.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

This text mentions there are seven types of rice.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Mānasollāsa also describes [15] a recipe for golamu, a kind of donut from wheat flour with cardamom fragrance, gharikas which is a fried cake with ingredients of black chickpea flour and sugar syrup, chhana consisting of fresh cheese and fried in rice flour dough and soaked in syrup sugar.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Mānasollāsa mentions many confectioners with milk base ingredients, and also describes the processes of production of milk solids, condensed milk, and fermentation of milk in the 11th century as confectionary ingredients.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

The origin of confectionery in Indian territory has been traced to as early as 500 BC.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

In those days raw sugar (gur, vellam) as well as refined sugar (sarkara) had been produced. [16]


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

In 300 BC, royal officials in India included five types of sugar in official documents.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

In the Gupta Dynasty era (300-500 AD), sugar made came not only from sugarcane, but other crops such as coconut.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Sugar-based foods are also made offerings at temples, bhoga for gods, [17] which after worship becomes Prasād for devotees, poor people, or temple visitors. [18] [19] [20] Variations (in alphabetical order) Barfani toda Barfi is confectionary made from milk solids (khoya) or milk viscous and other ingredients such as cashews or pistachios.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Some barfis use a wide variety of flour such as besan (chickpea flour).


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Barfi can be supplemented with fruit paste or pieces of fruits such as mango, banana, berries, coconut.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Barfi can also be added spices such as cardamom and rose water to make it more delicious. [2] [8] Sometimes thin sheets of edible silver or gold are placed over the burfi to make it more attractive.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Gold and silver approved as food in the European Union, with food additive codes E175 and E174.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

The metal is inert and is not considered toxic to humans nor the wider ecosystem. [21] [22] [23] Cham-cham Cham is prepared from flaked paneer (consisting of milk solids and cheese) and fed with sweet syrup.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Chhena Murki Chhena murki, or chenna murki, is a confectionery made from typical Indian cheese, milk, and sugar.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

This confectionary is widely encountered in the state of Odisha.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Milk and sugar are boiled until thick.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Cheese cut round, cubes, or other forms are soaked in a mixture of milk and sugar that has curdled.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Originally this confectionary was made in coastal areas in Distirk Bhadrak and is currently available in all regions of Odisha. [24]


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Spices are usually added to confectionary in. The confectionary is also known in Bangladesh and Guyana by the name pera.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Chhena Poda Chhena Poda is a cheese-based dessert from the state of Odisha in eastern India.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

'Chhena poda' literally means 'burnt cheese' in the Oriya language.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

This confectionary is prepared from kneaded cottage cheese or chhena, sugar, cashews and raisins, and baked for several hours until browned.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

The best Chhena Poda can be found in Nayagarh District, Odisha.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

This confectionary favors if consumed within two days of manufacture.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Chikki Chikki is a ready-to-eat confectionary made from a mixture of dried beans and molded hot brown sugar syrup.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

A mixture of peanuts and brown sugar is the most common mixture encountered. [25] besides it can also be used almonds, cashews, walnuts, sesame and other grains.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Other variations of chikki are made from roasted arabic beans, rice, seasonal grains, and typical regional products such as Khobara (dried coconut).


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Like most Indian confectioners, Chikki is a high-protein food. [26]


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Gajrela Gajrela, also called Gajar halwa, is a pudding in certain seasons made from carrots. [27]


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

The confectionary is popular in areas of Punjab, India and Pakistan, and the north of India, now commonly found in South Asia.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

This confectionery is made by slowly cooking carrots with samin oil, caramelized milk, mawa (khoya), and sugar; sometimes it is often served with a garnish of spices, almonds, cashews or pistachios. [28]


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Recipes may vary by region, and Gajrela can be cooked without samine oil, then cheese or milk can be added for flavor blends. [29]


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

The confectionary is commonly found in Indian restaurants and cafes during post-monsoon and spring festivities.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Gulab jamun Gulab jamun is a confectionary commonly encountered in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

This confectionery is made from chenna balls (milk solids and cheese) which are fried and then soaked in rose water syrup. [30]


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Jalebi or Imarti Jalebi is made by a dough of wheat flour and fermented yoghurt and then fried, shaped circularly (like a roll) and then soaked in sugar syrup. [31]


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Imarti is a variant of Jalebi, with various flour mixtures and has a more tightly rolled shape.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Usually Jalebi will be brown or yellow, while Imarti is reddish.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Often served with milk, tea, yoghurt or Lassi.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

In classical Sanskrit, jalebi is referred to as kundalika or jalavallika.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Khaja Khaja is a confectionary from India.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

The main ingredients of khaja are pre-processed wheat flour, sugar, and oil.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Currently, Khaja is made and sold in the city of Patna, Gaya and several other places throughout the state of Bihar.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

The khaja of Silao and Rajgir are known for being very padded.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Khaja has spread to several other states in India, including Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Khaja of Kakinada, a town on the coast of Andhra Pradesh is particularly famous in South India and Orissa.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

This khaja is dry on the outside yet filled with sugar syrup on the inside.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Khaja of Puri is also very famous.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Originally the dough was made by mixing wheat flour, mawa, and oil.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

The dough is fried until crispy.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Then a sugar syrup known as “pak” is made.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

The crispy cake is then soaked in sugar syrup until the sugar syrup is absorbed.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Kulfi Kulfis is a traditional ice cream typical of South Asia.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Made from thickened and slowly caramelized milk with the addition of rice or wheat flour in small quantities; once thick, dried bean paste and spices are added, this ice cream is served in a metal container. [32]


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Kulfi being one of the densest of ice creams; Kulif is usually served between -10 to -15 C when it is easier to pick up with a spoon and eat.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Kulfi also has variations in various flavors such as mango, kesar, pistachio, badam (almond), and coconut.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

The food is sold on urban to rural roadsides in India as a summer snack.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Sellers usually sell Kulfi in clay barrels and play distinctive tunes to attract attention. [33]


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

The seller is known as the “kulfiwalla” (the one who sells kulfi).


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Kheer or payas Kheer is a pudding, usually made from milk, sugar and one of - vermicelli, rice, Bulgar wheat, semolina, tapioca, and dried dates.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

These confectioners are also known as “Payas”.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Payas have been a culture throughout Indian history, being usually found at ceremonies, feasts and celebrations.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

In many Indian states, there is still an ancient tradition that a marriage is not fully blessed if payas (or payasam in South India) is not served at the feast of customary ceremonies such as weddings, child birth, annaprashana (first solid feeding to the child), and occasions other.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

In addition to sweet yoghurt, some families make kheer a dessert before family members or guests leave for the long journey away from home. [34]


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Laddu Laddu (sometimes spelled laddoo or laadu) is made from various types of flour, seeds, nuts, semolina, seasonal fruits, dried fruits, and other ingredients cooked with sugar, then formed into bite-sized balls or larger.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Laddu mentioned in ancient Sanskrit texts is made an offering in temples, and is called Ladduka. [35]


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Laddu is popular throughout India, easy to make, and there are various variations.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Laddu is often made to celebrate festivals, religious ceremonies, or occasions such as weddings.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

One example of laddu is Motichoor Ka Ladoo, a sweet treat in states such as Bihar, which is made from sweet roasted chickpea flour flakes, mixed with almonds, rolled into a batter that is then shaped into small balls and fried in samine oil.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Each small ball called a 'boondi' contains sugar that melts if bitten.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Those small balls are added spices and then shaped into bite-sized balls, called Motichoor Ka Ladoo.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

When bitten, the ball spreads du mouth.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Other examples such as Tirupati Laddu are so popular to the point that more than one million Laddu are distributed weekly from one temple of Lord Venkateswara. [36]


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Malpoa Malpoa is an ancient Indian homemade confectionary.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

This confectionery is like a pancake (made from wheat or rice flour) that is fried and given sugar syrup.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Narikol Laru Narikol Laru is a dessert from Assam.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

This confectionery is spherical and made from khoa/condensed milk and coconut, traditional food during bihu and Parwal Ki Mithai puja Parwal Ki Mithai is a sweet dried confectionary made from parwal vegetable, a kind of pumpkin.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Parwal is filled with milk solids, then cooked.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

The confectionary is popular in Bihar, but is also found in Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Pathishapta Pathishapta is a dessert from Bengal.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

This food is in the form of pancake rolls filled with coconut filling, milk, cream, and sugar from dates.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

This dessert is consumed in Thailand as well.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Rasgulla Rasgulla is a popular sweet treat in South Asia.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Rasgulla is contained in various forms, such as Kamalabhog (Orange Rasgulla), Rajbhog (Giant Rasgulla), Kadamba is often served with kheer, Rasamundi, Raskadamba, and others. [37]


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Some are white, cream, brown, gold or orange.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

The food is called Rasbari in Nepal.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

This dish is prepared from chhenna and a mixture of semolina in sugar syrup.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Once cooked, it is soaked in a syrup that makes its texture like a sponge.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

A lot of semolina content will make the texture hard.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Some Rasgulla are filled with dried fruits, raisins, sweets, and others to make a unique taste.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Some versions, called danedhar, are simply coated with syrup and sugar and printed in the form of fruits and other designs. [38]


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

This food is a festival food found throughout the year, in most Indian states.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Ras Malai Ras malai or rosh malai is a dessert often served in India and Bangladesh.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

The name ras malai comes from two words in Hindi: ras, meaning “juice”, and panicle, meaning “cream”.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

The food is described as a “richly flavoured cheesecake with no fringe”.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Ras panicle consists of white sugar, paneer balls soaked in panicles (heavy cream) mixed with cardamom.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Sandesh Sandesh is a sweet food made from cheese derived from cow's milk kneaded with sugar or molasses.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

The confectionary is from West Bengal and Odisha.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

There are two variations of Sandesh, “Norom Pak” (soft variation) and “Koda Pak” (hard variation).


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Gentle variations though softer and are considered more deliciously, but more fragile.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Hard variations are stronger and easier to store.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Molasses from dates can be used to make a special variation of Sandesh called “Noleen Gurher Sandesh” (Sandesh made from “Noleen Gurh” or molases from curmal) or “Noleen Sandesh”.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Sel Roti Sel roti is a circular shaped bread from Nepal prepared during Tihar, the celebration of Hindus in Nepal.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

This confectionery is made from rice flour by adding flavor to taste.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

This semi-liquid rice flour dough is usually made by adding milk, water, sugar, butter, cardamom, cloves and other flavors to taste.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Shrikhand Shrikhand is a dessert made from yogurt whose water is drained completely.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Dried fruits, delicate mango, turmeric or cardamom, and sugar can be added to the yoghurt to get the desired flavor.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

This meal is served cold.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Shrikhand is a traditional cuisine of West India.


Question: What is the variety of South Asian Confectionary?

South Asian confectionary

Other Indian and Pakistani confectioners Other traditional Indian confectioners and famous desserts throughout Indian history include: Mysore pak (dessert made from butter, sugar and chickpea flour), Halwa, made from flour, butter and sugar Jangiri Jhajariya Dharwad pedha Karadantu See also Indian Cuisine Bangladeshi Cuisine Pakistani Cuisine Reference Category:Asian Moon Wikipedia Category:Asian Cuisine Category:


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

Gadjah Mada University (Hanacaraka:; abbreviated as UGM) is a public university in Indonesia established by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia on December 19, 1949 based on Government Regulation Number 23 of 1949 on Regulation on the Merger of Universities High Became Universiteit dated December 16, 1949. [1]


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

UGM Campus located in Yogyakarta is the first university established by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia after Indonesia became independent.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

At the time of its establishment, Gadjah Mada University had only six faculties, now has 18 Faculties and two Schools namely Vocational School and Graduate School (formerly named Postgraduate Program), and more than 100 Study Programs for S2, S3, and Specialist.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

Gadjah Mada University is located at Bulaksumur Campus, Yogyakarta.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

Most faculties in Gadjah Mada University consist of several majors/sections and or study programs.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

The activities of Universitas Gadjah Mada are poured into the form of Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi consisting of education and teaching, research, and community service History Establishment of its history, Gadjah Mada University is an amalgamation and reestablishment of various education halls, colleges, universities in Yogyakarta, Klaten and Surakarta.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

The name Gadjah Mada started from the formation of Gadjah Mada College Hall consisting of the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Literature.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

The establishment was announced at KNI Malioboro Building on March 3, 1946 by Mr. R. S. Budhyarto Martoatmodjo, Ir. Marsito, Prof. Dr. Prijono, Mr. Soenario, Dr. Soleiman, dr. Boentaran Martoatmodjo and Dr. Soeharto.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

Since 4 January 1946 Soekarno and Hatta moved the capital of the Republic of Indonesia to Yogyakarta.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

With the rampant battle between freedom fighters and Allies and NICA in Jakarta and Bandung, then the Tinggi Teknik School (STT) Bandung moved to Yogyakarta.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

On February 17, 1946, Tinggi Tinggi Teknik (STT) Bandung was revived in Yogyakarta with its teachers including Prof. Ir. Rooseno and Prof. Ir. Wreksodhiningrat.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

Other educational institutions that were established at about the same time were the Medical College (established March 5, 1946), the College of Veterinary Medicine (established September 20, 1946), the College of Pharmacy (established September 27, 1946), and the College of Agriculture (established September 27, 1946) all of which are located in Klaten, about 20 kilometers from Yogyakarta.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

Institut Pasteur in Bandung since 1 September 1945, also transferred to Klaten with laboratory at Tegalyoso Hospital.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

One who played a role in this transfer was Prof. Dr. M. Sardjito who later became the first Rector of Gadjah Mada University.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

Campus life in Klaten grew more crowded with the establishment of the Faculty of Dentistry in early 1948.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

In early May 1948, the Ministry of Education, Teaching and Culture established the Academy of Political Science in Yogyakarta on the proposal of the Ministry of Home Affairs to educate candidates for employees of the Department of Home Affairs, the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Lighting.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

The academy was originally led by Prof. Djokosoetono, S.H. Unfortunately the academy was not long lived, after the PKI Madiun revolt erupted, September 1948, the academy was abandoned by its students who participated in the rebellion so that the academy was closed.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

Subsequently on November 1, 1948, it was established in Surakarta, as a result of the cooperation of the Ministry of Education, Teaching and Culture with the Ministry of Justice.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

Simultaneously, the Committee for Establishment of Private Universities in Surakarta, namely Drs. Notonagoro, S.H., Koesoemadi, S.H. and Hardjono, S.H. in Surakarta planned to establish a State Law College.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

For the sake of efficiency, the Committee proposed incorporation of the Legal Expert Education Hall into the State Law College which was finally approved and ratified by Government Regulation No. 73 of 1948.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

The Dutch incursion into the capital of the Republic of Indonesia in Yogyakarta in the framework of the Dutch Military Aggression II crippled all teaching activities in Yogyakarta, Klaten and Surakarta and all the universities were forced to close and the students fought.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

After the Dutch attack, the territory of the Republic of Indonesia became narrower.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

On May 20, 1949, a meeting was held in Pendopo Kepatihan Yogyakarta, led by Prof. Dr. Soetopo, with members of the meeting, among others, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX, Prof. Dr. M. Sardjito, Prof. Dr. Prijono, Prof. Ir. Wreksodhiningrat, Prof. Ir. Harjono, Prof. Sugardo and Slamet Soetikno, S.H. One of the results of the meeting was the establishment of the university again in the remaining republic, namely Yogyakarta.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

Agreed by Prof. Ir. Wreksodiningrat, Prof. Dr. Prijono, Prof. Ir. Harjono and Prof. Dr. M. Sardjito will try hard to make this happen.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

The main difficulty at the time was the absence of a room for lectures.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

But Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX was willing to lend the palace room and some surrounding buildings.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

On November 1, 1949, at the Duchy High Peguruan Complex, Yogyakarta, re-established the Faculty of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Agriculture and Faculty of Medicine.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

The opening of the three faculties was attended by President Soekarno.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

At the opening ceremony was held an afterthought for the lecturers and students who had fallen in the battle against the Netherlands, namely: Prof. Dr. Abdulrahman Saleh, Ir. Notokoesoemo, Roewito, Asmono, Hardjito and Wurjanto.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

On November 2, 1949, the Faculty of Engineering, the Academy of Political Sciences and the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Literature under the auspices of the Foundation Balai Perguruan Tinggi Gadjah Mada were inaugurated.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

On December 3, 1949, Faculty of Law opened in Yogyakarta with the leadership of Prof. Drs. Notonagoro, S.H..


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

This faculty is the transfer of Solo State Law College.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

Finally on December 19, 1949, Gadjah Mada University was born with six faculties.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

According to Government Regulation No. 23 of 1949, the six faculties are: the Faculty of Engineering (therein includes the Academy of Measurement Sciences and the Academy of Teacher Education Section of Natural Sciences and Exact Sciences); the Faculty of Medicine, which in it includes the Pharmacy section, the section of Dentistry and the Academy Teacher Education in Chemistry and Limu Hayat; Faculty of Agriculture inside there is the Academy of Agriculture and Forestry; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Law, which include Academy of Legal Expertise, Economic Expertise and Notariat, Academy of Political Science and Teacher Education Section Tatanegara, Economics and Sociology; Faculty of Literature and Philosophy, which in it includes the Academy of Teacher Education of Literature section.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

As the first Rector (President) appointed Prof. Dr. M. Sardjito.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

At the same time also established the Senate of UGM and the Board of Curators UGM.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

The Board of Curators of UGM consists of Honorary Chairman Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX, and the Chairman is Sri Paku Alam VIII, a vice chairman and member.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

The 1952 development of the Faculty of Law, Social and Political coupled with the economic section thus became the Faculty of Law, Economics, Social and Political HESP).


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

In September 1952 the Faculty of Agriculture was augmented with the Forestry Section, thus becoming the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

Since September 1955, several faculties were transformed into new faculties, among others: the Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmacy became the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and the Faculty of Pharmacy.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

The Bakaloreat section of Biology Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmacy became the Faculty of Biology.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

The Faculty of Law, Economics, Social and Politics is broken into three faculties, namely: Faculty of Law, Faculty of Economics and Faculty of Social and Political Affairs.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

The Faculty of Literature, Pedagogic and Philosophy is broken into three faculties, namely: Faculty of Literature and Culture, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Philosophy Faculty.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

The teaching level of Bakaloreat Definite Science and Bakaloreat Natural Sciences in the Civil Section of the Faculty of Engineering as the Faculty of Definite and Natural Sciences.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

The Faculty of Education has two sections, namely Education Section and Physical Education Section.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine was renamed to Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

In 1960 the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry separated into the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Dentistry.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

In 1962 the Physical Education Section of the Faculty of Educational Sciences was upgraded to Faculty of Physical Education.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

The faculty was handed over to the Department of Sport in 1963 and became the Higher School of Sports (STO).


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

To provide a strong general education for all Faculties, also established a General Faculty, and combined with the Faculty of Philosophy into a Joint Faculty of General and Faculty of Philosophy.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

In 1961 the Faculty of Philosophy was dissolved and in 1962 the General Faculty was also dissolved.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

As its successor in 1963 was established a special Lecture Organizer Bureau to carry out the duties that originally became a joint task of the Faculty of General and Faculty of Philosophy.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

But on 18 August 1967 the Faculty of Philosophy was re-established and in 1969 the Special Lectures Organizing Bureau was incorporated in the Faculty of Philosophy as the Organizing Bureau of Religious Lectures.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

In 1963 the Forestry Section of the Faculty of Agriculture was upgraded to the Faculty of Forestry, the technology section and the engineering culture section became the Faculty of Agricultural Technology.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

In that year also the Department of Geography at the Faculty of Literature and Culture was upgraded to the Faculty of Geography.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

The Psychology Department at FIP became the Psychology Section which later on January 8, 1965 became the Faculty of Psychology.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

In 1969 the 18th Faculty was born namely the Faculty of Animal Husbandry which is the improvement of Animal Husbandry Section of the Faculty


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

Since 1983 Gadjah Mada University has 18 Faculty of Undergraduate Programs, two Diploma Program Faculty (Faculty of Non-Degree Economics and Faculty of Non-Degree Technology) and one Postgraduate Faculty (Master and Doctoral).


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

Early in 1992 there was a simplification of the number of faculties, the Graduate Faculty was transformed into a Graduate Program, while the Faculty of Non-Degree Economics was integrated into the Faculty of Economics and the Faculty of Non-Degree Technology was integrated into the Faculty


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

The following faculties are the faculties and departments in UGM.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

Majors are the lowest level of the organizational structure.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

Under the department, there are courses in various levels.


Question: What is the name of the oldest university in Indonesia?

Gadjah Mada University

Colombia Faculty of Biology Faculty of Economics and Business Department of Economics Department of Management Department of Accounting Faculty of Pharmacy Faculty of Philosophy Faculty of Geography and Environmental Sciences Department of Cartography and Remote Sensing Department of Regional Development Faculty of Law Faculty of Science Culture Department of Tourism Department Anthropology Department of Archaeology Department of West Asian Literature Department Department of History Department Indonesian Literature Department English Literature Department Japanese Literature Department Korean Language Department of Archipelago Literature Department French Literature Faculty of Social and Political Science Department Politics and Government (before 2010 named Department of Government Science) Department of International Relations Department of Management & Public Policy (before 2010 named Department of State Administrative Science) Department of Communication Department of Sociology Department of Social Development & Welfare (before year 2010 named Department of Sociatry) Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing (FKKMK) Department of Doctor Education Department Department of Nursing Department of Health Nutrition Faculty of Dentistry Department of Dentist Education Department of Dental Nursing Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Faculty Forestry Forest Management Department Forest Cultivation Department of Forest Products Technology Department Forest Resources Conservation Department Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (Mathematics and Natural Sciences) Department of Physics Department of Mathematics Department of Computer Science and Electronics Faculty of Agriculture Agriculture Crop Protection Department of Soil Department of Agricultural Socio-Economy Department of Agricultural Microbiology Department Fisheries Faculty of Animal Husbandry Department of Nutrition and Fodder Department of Livestock Production Department of Animal Husbandry Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture Department of Physics Engineering Department of Regional Planning and Urban Planning Department Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Department of Geological Engineering Geomatics Geodesy Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Department Nuclear Engineering Department of Industrial Engineering Department Chemical Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Agricultural Technology Department of Food Technology and Agricultural Products Department of Agricultural Engineering Department of Agricultural Industrial Technology School Vocational Computer and Information Systems Network Technology (D4) Medical Record Midwife Educator (D4) Agroindustry Health Forest Management Animal Electronics and Instrumentation Metrology and Instrumentation Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Civil Engineering Geomatics Information System Geography and Remote Sensing Applied Economics Archival Management Accounting Chinese Korean Language Japanese English French Tourism Study Center UGM has 28 Study Centers that have the main task of conducting research activities to support education and community service activities.