Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

After the Turk nation made a series of advances in 1543, the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand I officially recognized Ottoman rule in Hungary in 1547.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In 1559, after the first Ajuuraan-Portugal war, the Ottoman Sultanate annexed the weakened Adal Sultanate into its territory.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

This expansion predates Ottoman rule in Somalia and the Horn of Africa.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The annexation also increased Ottoman influence in the Indian Ocean to compete with Portugal. [30]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

At the end of Suleiman's reign, the population of the Ottoman Sultanate reached 15,000,000 people and spread across three continents. [31]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In addition, this sultanate became a major sea power controlling much of the Mediterranean Sea. [32]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

At that time, the Ottoman Sultanate was a major part of the European political sphere.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Its political and military success is often equated with the Roman Empire, one of them by Italian scholar Francesco Sansovino and French political philosopher Jean Bodin. [33]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Rebellion and restoration (1566—1683) The effective military and bureaucratic structure of the previous century was threatened with failure when the later sultans did not firmly take the lead.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottoman Sultanate slowly defeated the Europeans in terms of military technology because the innovations that drove the expansion of the sultanate were hampered by a growing understanding of religious and intellectual conservatism. [34]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Despite its difficulties, this sultanate remained a large expansionist power until the Battle of Vienna of 1683 which signalled the end of Ottoman expansion into Europe.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The discovery of new sea trade routes by Western European countries allowed them to circumvent the Ottoman trade monopoly.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The 1488 discovery of the Cape of Good Hope by Portugal pioneered a series of Ottoman-Portuguese sea wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In terms of economics, the entry of Spanish silver from the New World resulted in the Ottoman currency being sharply devalued and high inflation.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Under the leadership of Ivan IV (1533—1584), the Russian Empire expanded until the Volga and Caspian regions by conquering several Tatar peculiarities.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In 1571, the Ottoman-backed Crimean khan Devlet I Giray burned Moscow. [35]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The following year, the invasion was repeated but thwarted at the Battle of Molodi.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Crimean peculiarity continued to invade Eastern Europe through a series of slave raids [36] and became a major power in Eastern Europe until the end of the 17th century. [37]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In Southern Europe, a Catholic coalition led by Philip II of Spain defeated the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

This is a devastating and symbolic blow [38] to the image of Ottoman greatness.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The fading of this image was prefaced by the victory of the Knights of Malta over the Ottoman forces in the Siege of Malta of 1565. [39]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Battle of Lepanto made the Ottoman Navy lose much of its expert manpower, while its ships could still be repaired. [40]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottoman Navy recovered quickly and forced Venice to sign a peace treaty of 1573 allowing the Ottoman Sultanate to expand and strengthen its position in North Africa. [41]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In contrast, Habsburg territory did not change after the Habsburg defenses were strengthened. [42]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Long War against the Habsburg Austrians (1593—1606) made the government equip its infantry with firearms and loosen recruitment policies.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

This decision created problems of non-compliance and rebellion within the military body that were never resolved. [43]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Iregular snipers (Sekban) were also recruited.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Demobilization turned into brigandase (robbery) in the Jelali rebellion (1595—1610) which expanded anarchist action in Anatolia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. [44]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

When the sultanate's population reached 30,000,000 inhabitants in 1600, the scarcity of land made the government suppressed all-out. [45]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

During his brief period of power, Murad IV (1612—1640) reconstituted the central administration and captured Yerevan (1635) and Baghdad (1639) from safawiyah. [46]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The female sultanate (1648—1656) was the period when the mothers of young sultanates came to power on behalf of her sons.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The most influential female figures of the time were Kösem Sultan and her daughter-in-law Turhan Hatice.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Their political rivalry culminated in the assassination of Kösem in 1651. [47]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

During the Köprülü Era (1656—1703), the administration was effectively run by a number of Grand Viziers from the Köprülü family.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Köprülü vizier experienced military success with the establishment of government in Transylvania, the conquest of Crete of 1669, and expansion into Ukraine south of Poland.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The last defenses of Khotyn and Kamianets-Podilskyi and the territory of Podolia joined the Ottoman Sultanate in 1676. [48]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

This new period of assertiveness ended in May 1683 as Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha led a large army to besiege Vienna a second time in the Great Turkish War of 1683—1687.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Their final offensive was delayed as Ottoman forces were urged to retreat by Habsburg, German, and Polish allied forces led by Polish King Jan III Sobieski at the Battle of Vienna.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Holy League alliance continued to advance post-defeat in Vienna and culminated in the Treaty of Karlowitz (26 January 1699) which ended the Great Turkish War. [49]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottoman Sultanate ceded a number of important territories, most of them permanently ceded. [50]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Mustafa II (1695—1703) led a retaliatory attack against the Habsburg Wangsa in Hungary in 1695—96, but lost heavily at Zenta (11 September 1697). [51]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Unstuck and reformed (1683—1827) In this period, Russian expansion brought a great growing threat. [52]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Because of this, King Charles XII of Sweden was accepted as an ally of the Ottoman Sultanate after his army was defeated by Russia at the Battle of Poltava of 1709 (part of the Great Northern War of 1700—1721.) [52] Charles XII urged the Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III to declare war on Russia.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottomans managed to win the Pruth River Campaign which took place in 1710—1711. [53]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Post-Austrian-Turkish War of 1716—1718, the Treaty of Passarowitz lists the surrender of the Banat, Serbia, and “Little Walachia” (Oltenia) territories to Austria.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The treaty also mentioned that the Ottoman Sultanate took a defensive stance and was unlikely to engage in any more aggression in Europe. [54]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Austrian—Russian—Turkish War ended by the 1739 Treaty of Belgrade culminated in the return of Serbia and Oltenia, but the port of Azov was successfully seized by Russia.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

After this treaty, the Ottoman Sultanate enjoyed a period of peace as Austria and Russia were forced to deal with the rise of Prussia. [55]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Numerous educational and technological reforms were implemented, including the establishment of higher education institutions such as Istanbul Technical University. [56]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In 1734, an artillery school was self-sufficient to introduce Western artillery methods, but Islamic scholars raised objections on the basis of theodition. [57]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In 1754, the artillery school was reopened on a half-secret basis. [57]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In 1726, Ibrahim Muteferrika convinced Nevşehirli's Grand Vizier Damat İbrahim Pasha, the Grand Mufti, and scholars about the efficiency of printing.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Muteferrika was allowed Sultan Ahmed III to publish non-religious books despite the opposition of a number of calligraphers and religious leaders. [58]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Muteferrika's printing press published its first book in 1729.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In 1743, the number of works he printed reached 17 pieces in 23 volumes and each work was printed as many as 500 to 1,000 copies. [58] [59] In 1768, the Haidamaks, rebels of the Russian-assisted Polish confederation, entered Balta, an Ottoman town on the border of Bessarabia, and massacred its citizens and grounded the city.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

This action forced the Ottoman Sultanate to start the Russo-Turkish War of 1768—1774.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1774 ended this war and provided freedom of worship for Christian citizens in the provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia. [60]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In the late 18th century, a series of war defeats against Russia made some circles in the Ottoman Sultanate convinced that the reforms executed by Peter the Great gave Russia an edge, and the Ottomans had to use Western technology to avoid further defeats. [57]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Selim III (1789—1807) made the first major effort in modernizing his army, but these reforms were hampered by a religious leadership and the Yanisari corps.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Being envious of military rights and resisting change, Yanisari also pioneered rebellion.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

All of Selim's efforts cost himself the throne and his life.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

However, this rebellion was successfully muted spectacularly and ruthlessly by his dynamic successor, Mahmud II.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

He removed the Yanisari corps in 1826.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Serbian Revolution (1804—1815) became the beginning of an era of national revival in the Balkan region at the time of the Eastern Question.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Suzeraintas of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy with its own dynasty were recognized de jure in 1830. [61] [62] In 1821, the Greeks declared war on the Sultan.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The revolt that broke out in Moldavia as a form of diversion was followed by the main revolution in Peloponnesos.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Peloponnesos and the northern part of the Gulf of Corinth became the territory of the first independent Ottoman Sultanate, precisely in 1829.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In the mid-19th century, the Ottoman Sultanate was dubbed the “sick man” by the Europeans.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The suzerain states (Princedom of Serbia, Wallachia, Moldavia, and Montenegro) achieved de jure independence in the 1860s and 1870s. Setbacks and modernizations (1828—1908) In the time of Tanzimat (1839—1876), a series of constitutional reforms of the government came to fruition, namely modern conscription forces, reform of the banking system, decriminalization of homosexuals, the change of religious law into secular law, [63] and the guild has a modern factory.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottoman Ministry of Posts was formed in Istanbul on October 23, 1840. [64] [65] Samuel Morse received his first telegraph patent in 1847.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The patent was issued by Sultan Abdülmecid who directly tested the new invention. [66]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

After successful trials, the world's first telegraph cable line (Istanbul-Adrianopel-Şumnu) [67] began to be installed on 9 August 1847. [68]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

This reformist period culminated with the drafting of a Constitution called Kanûn-u Esâsî.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The First Constitutional Era of this sultanate did not last long.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

His parliament only lasted for two years before being dissolved by the sultan.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Due to the higher level of education, the Christian population of the sultanate began to excel than the majority Muslim population, so the Muslim population was dissatisfied. [69]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In 1861, there were 571 primary schools and 94 Ottoman Christian high schools with 140,000 students.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

That number far outstrips Muslim students at the school at the same time.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The progress of Muslim students continues to slow due to the length of time for Arabic and Islamic theology subjects. [69]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The higher level of education of Christian students allows them to play an important role in the country's economy. [69]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In 1911, 528 of the 654 wholesale companies in Istanbul owned ethnic Greeks. [69]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Crimean War (1853—1856) was part of a long rivalry between the great European powers fighting for influence in the territory of the weakened Ottoman Sultanate.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The burden of the war from a financial point of view forced the Ottoman government to apply for a foreign loan worth 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. [70] [71] This war resulted in an exodus of Crimean Tatars.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

About 200,000 of them moved to the Ottoman Sultanate in the form of a wave of emigration. [72]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Towards the end of the Caucasus Wars, 90% of ethnic Circassians were obliterated, [73] expelled from their homeland in the Caucasus, and forced to evacuate to the Ottoman Sultanate. [74]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

About 500,000 to 700,000 Circassians took refuge in Turkey. [75] [76] [77] Some sources give a higher figure, which is 1 million-1.5 million people were deported and/or murdered. [78]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Russo-Turkish War (1877—1878) ended in absolute victory for Russia.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

As a result, the Ottoman region in Europe is shrinking rapidly.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Bulgaria was established as an independent princedom within the Ottoman Sultanate, Romania got full independence.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Serbia and Montenegro got full independence with smaller territories.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In 1878, Austria-Hungary jointly occupied the provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Novi Pazar.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Although the Ottoman government opposed this action, its army was defeated in the space of three weeks.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In return for the assistance of Prime Minister of the Exchequer Benjamin Disraeli in the return of Ottoman territories in the Balkan Peninsula during the Congress of Berlin, the United Kingdom gained the right of government in Cyprus in 1878. [79]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Britain then dispatched its soldiers to Egypt in 1882 to help the Ottoman government dampen the Urabi Rebellion.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Britain is also in full control in Cyprus and Egypt.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In 1894—96, about 100,000 to 300,000 ethnic Armenians living throughout the sultanate were murdered in an event called the Hamidian massacre. [80]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

As the Ottoman Sultanate's territory shrank, many Balkan Muslims moved to the remaining Ottoman territories in the Balkans or to the sultanate's heartland in Anatolia. [81]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

As of 1923, only Anatolia and Eastern Trakia were Muslim-controlled. [82]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The defeat and dissolution (1908—1922) of the Second Constitutional Era began post the Young Turk Revolution (3 July 1908) through the sultan's announcement of the reuse of the 1876 constitution and the re-establishment of the Ottoman Parliament.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

This announcement served as a prelude to the dissolution of the Ottoman Sultanate.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

This era was dominated by the politics of the Committee of Union and Progress and the movement which later became known as Young Turk.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Utilizing civil divisions, Austria-Hungary formally annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina of 1908, but it withdrew its soldiers from the Sanjak of Novi Pazar, another contested territory Austria and the Ottomans, to avoid war.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In the Italy—Turkish War (1911—12), the Ottoman Sultanate lost Libya and the Balkan League declared war on the Ottoman Sultanate.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottomans lost the Balkan Wars (1912—13) and lost their Balkan territories except Eastern Trakia and the historical capital of Adrianople.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Some 400,000 Muslims who feared facing ethnic Greek, Serb, or Bulgarian violence, were displaced retreated with Ottoman forces. [83]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

According to Justin McCarthy's estimate, from 1821 to 1922, ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims in the Balkans resulted in the death and expulsion of a million people from the region. [84] [85] [86] As of 1914, the Ottoman Sultanate had been retreated from almost all of Europe and North Africa.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Even so, the sultanate is still inhabited by 28 million people. 15.5 million of them in modern-day Turkey, 4.5 million in Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Jordan, and 2.5 million in Iraq. The remaining 5.5 million are under the shadow government of the Ottomans in the Arab Peninsula. [87]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In November 1914, the Ottoman Sultanate took part in World War I in the Central Powers bloc.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

This sultanate took part in the theatre of the Middle East.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottomans were victorious several times in the first years of the war, for example at the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut, but there were also defeats such as in the Caucasus Campaign against the Russians.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The United States has never issued a declaration of war on the Ottoman Sultanate. [88]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to drive into eastern Anatolia, [89] assisted by a number of Ottoman Armenian militias, the Ottoman government began deporting and massacring the ethnic Armenian population.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

This action later became known as the Armenian Genocide. [90]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Genocide acts were also carried out against ethnic minorities of Greeks and Assyrians. [91]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Arab revolt that began in 1916 turned against the Ottomans on the Middle Eastern front.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottomans briefly excelled in the Middle East during the first two years of the war.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Armistice of Mudros signed on 30 October 1918 ended warfare in the Middle Eastern theatre, followed by the occupation of Constantinople and the breakdown of the Ottoman Sultanate.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

With the Treaty of Sèvres, the breakdown of the Ottoman Sultanate became official.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In the last quarter of the 19th and early 20th centuries, some 7—9 million Turkish Muslim refugees from the Caucasus region, Crimea, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands moved to Anatolia and Eastern Trakia. [92]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The occupation of Constantinople and İzmir spawned a Turkish national movement that won the Turkish War of Independence (1919—22) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha (or Mustafa Kemal Atatürk).


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The sultanate was dissolved on 1 November 1922, and its last sultan, Mehmed VI (ruling 1918—22), left the country on 17 November 1922.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The National Grand Assembly of Turkey declared the Republic of Turkey on October 29, 1923.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The caliphate was dissolved on March 3, 1924. [93]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The administrative administration of the Ottoman Sultanate was a very simple system and divided into two main dimensions, military administration and civil administration.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Sultan is the highest office in the system.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The civil system is created based on the units of local administration based on the characteristics of its territory.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottoman Sultanate used a state system (like the Eastern Roman Empire) controlled the clergy.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Pre-Islamic Turkic traditions that persisted after the adoption of administrative and legal practices from Islamic Iran are still instrumental to the Ottoman government. [94]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

According to Ottoman understanding, the main task of the state is to defend and expand Muslim lands and ensure security and alignment within its borders according to the context of orthodox Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty. [95]”


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottoman Dynasty” or “Wangsa Osman” is incomparable and not exceeded in size or duration in the Islamic world. [96]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottoman dynasty originated in Turkey.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Eleven sultans were once deposed because they were considered a threat to the country by his enemies.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Only two attempted overthrow of the Osmanlı ruling dynasty ever took place.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Both failed and urged the need for a political system that in its period extension was able to handle revolutions without creating unnecessary instability. [95]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The highest office in Islam, caliph, was claimed by the sultan so his country also bears the name of the Ottoman Caliphate.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or “king of kings”, became the sole leader of the sultanate and was considered the representative of its government, although his control was not always absolute.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Sultanate's harem was one of the most important powers in Ottoman rule.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The institute is headed by the Valide Sultan.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Sometimes the Valide Sultan was involved in the politicization of the country.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Harem women once controlled the country at a period called the “Sultanate of Women”.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The new sultan was always chosen from the son of the previous sultan.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The robust system of palace school education was geared towards eliminating unsuitable would-be heirs and rally the ruling elite's support against an heir.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Palace schools that also educate prospective state officials are not single-track.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The first track, madrasah ([Medrese] error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)), is designed for Muslims and educate scholars and state officials according to Islamic tradition.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The financial burden of Medrese is borne by vakif, so that children of poor families can raise their social status and income. [97]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The second line is a free boarding school for Christians, Enderûn, [98] which recruits 3,000 students annually from 8 to 20 years of age from one to forty families in Rumelia and/or the Balkans.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

This process is called Devshirme (Devşirme). [99]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Although the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated to others.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

State politics involved a number of advisers and ministers who formed a council called Divan (after the 17th century the name changed to “Porte”).


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Divan, when the Ottoman state was still Beylik, consisted of tribal elders.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Its composition was later changed to involve military officials and local elites (such as religious and political advisers).


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

From as early as 1320, a Grand Vizier was appointed to continue certain duties of the sultan.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Grand Vizier was relieved of the sultan and held virtually unlimited powers of appointment, dismissal, and supervision.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Starting in the late 16th century, the sultan withdrew from politics and the Grand Vizier became the de facto head of state. [100]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Throughout Ottoman history, there have been many instances when local governors took action independently even in opposition to the ruler.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Post the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, the Ottoman state became a constitutional monarchy.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Sultan no longer held executive power.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

A parliament is formed whose representatives are elected from the provinces of the country.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The vicars then formed the Ottoman Sultanate Imperium Government.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Eclectic governance is evident in the sultanate's diplomatic letters.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The letter is usually sent to the west in Greek. [101]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Tughra is a calligraphic monogram or signature of the Ottoman Sultans of 35 people.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Chiseled in the Sultan's coat of arms, the tughra bore the names of the Sultan and


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Statements and prayers of “eternal victory” are also sculpted in most emblems.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The first Tughra was owned by Orhan Gazi.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

This ornation-style Tughra later pioneered the Ottoman-Turkish branch of calligraphy.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Law The Ottoman legal system recognized religious law upon its people.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

At the same time, Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, was applied in conjunction with religious law or Sharia. [102]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottoman Sultanate was always structured with a system of local jurisprudence.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Legal affairs in the Ottoman Sultanate were part of a larger scheme to balance central and regional authority. [103]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Ottoman powers dwell more on land rights affairs, so local governments are given space to meet local millet needs. [103]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The complicated jurisdiction of the Ottoman Sultanate aimed at preventing cultural and religious integration from different circles. [103]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottoman system has three court systems: one for Muslims, one for non-Muslims involving Jewish and Christian officials who control their respective religious communities, and “mercantile courts”.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The whole system is organized from above, namely Qanun, i.e. law, a system created based on Yassa and Töre Turk.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Both were developed before the advent of Islam.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

These categories of courts are not entirely exclusive.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

For example, Islamic courts—primary courts of sultanes—can be used to resolve conflicts or trade disputes between parties of different religions.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Usually Jewish and Christian claimants choose Islamic courts in order to get a stronger verdict on an issue.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottomans did not interfere with the religious legal system of non-Muslims, although legally had the right to do so through a governor.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Islamic Sharia legal system is formed from the combined Qur'an; Hadīts, a collection of sayings of Muhammad; ijmā', a consensus of members of Muslims; qiyas, analogical reasoning systems from previous events; and local customs.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Both systems are taught in the two law schools of the sultanate, precisely in Istanbul and Bursa.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottoman Islamic legal system is different from that of the traditional European courts.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The party present in the Islamic court is Qadi which means judge.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Since the closure of the itjihad, or “Gate of Interpretation”, Qadi's throughout the Ottoman Sultanate have not focused too much on previous legal decisions, but rather on local customs and traditions of the regions where they work. [104]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Unfortunately, the Ottoman court system does not have an appellate court structure, so a legal case strategy arises when the prosecution can bring his case from one court system to another until they get the appropriate verdict.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In the late 19th century, the Ottoman legal system was massively overhauled.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The process of modernization of the law began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839. [105]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The reforms included “fair trial before the public for all defendants regardless of their religion,” the establishment of a system of “separate competences, religious and civil,” and recognition of non-Muslim testimony. [106]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Land law (1858), civil law (1869—1876), and civil procedure law were also enacted. [106]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Ottoman law reform strongly influenced the French model.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

This can be seen from the use of a three-tier court system.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

This system called Nizamiye was extended to the level of local courts by the final application of Mecelle, namely civil law governing marriage, divorce, alimony, testament, and other personal status. [106]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

To clarify the division of legal competences, the governing council determined that all religious affairs be submitted to the religious court and status affairs be handed over to the Nizamiye court. [106]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Military |JMPL|left|250px|Ottoman irregular forces in the territory of modern Hungary, painted in 1568 The first military unit of the Ottoman Sultanate was an army formed by Osman I from tribal members in the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The military system also turned into a complicated organization as the sultanate progressed.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottoman military represents a complex recruitment and defense system.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Major corps of the Ottoman Army include Yanisari, Sipahi, Akıncı, and Mehterân.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottoman Army was once one of the world's most advanced combat forces as it was among the first users of the springing rifle and cannon.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Ottoman Turk forces began utilizing the falconet, a short but wide cannon, during the Siege of Constantinople.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottoman cavalry relied on speed and high mobility instead of heavy weaponry.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

They used short bows and arrows with Turkoman and Arabian fast horses (originators of the Thoroughbred racehorse), [107] [108] and often applied tactics similar to the tactics of the Mongol Empire, such as pretending to retreat while caging enemies with crescent formations then launching attacks .


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The deterioration of the army's performance was increasingly evident since the mid-17th century and after the Great Turkish War.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In the 18th century, there briefly appeared little success against Venice, but European-style Russian forces in the north forced the Ottoman Sultanate to cede its territory.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Modernization of the Ottoman Sultanate in the 19th century was started by the military.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In 1826, Sultan Mahmud II removed the Yanisari corps and formed the modern army of Ottomans.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

His army was named Nizam-ı Cedid (New Order).


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottoman Army was also the first institution to hire overseas experts and dispatch its officers to training centers in Western European countries.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Therefore, the Young Turk movement was pioneered when these young and trained soldiers came home to their country.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottoman Navy took part in the expansion of the sultanate's territory in continental Europe.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

This expansion stemmed from the conquest of North Africa that incorporated Algeria and Egypt into the Ottoman Sultanate in 1517.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Since the loss of Algeria (1830 and Greece (1821), sea power and Ottoman control over its colonies across the sea began to weaken.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Sultan Abdülaziz (ruling 1861—1876) attempted to build a strong navy by making his fleet the third largest in the world after Great Britain and France.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The shipyard in Barrow, England, built its first submarine for the Ottoman Sultanate in 1886. [109]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Even so, the weakened Ottoman economy could not sustain the sea fleet in the long term.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Sultan claimed that a large and expensive fleet was useless to fight Russia during the Russo-Turkish War.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

He locked most of his fleet inside the Golden Cape and left his ship to rust for the following 30 years.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

After the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, the Committee of Union and Progress sought to develop strong marine forces.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottoman Navy Foundation was established in 1910 to purchase new ships through community donations.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The history of Ottoman military aviation can be traced to 1909 between June 1909 and July 1911. [110] [111] The Ottoman Sultanate began preparing its first pilots and aircraft.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Through the establishment of the Flight School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Yeşilköy dated 3 July 1912, the government began teaching its own aviators.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The establishment of the Flight School accelerated the progress of military aviation programs, increased the number of enlisted officers, and gave new pilots an active role in the Ottoman Army and Navy.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The month of May 1913, the world's first special Reconnaissance Exercise Program was pioneered by the Flight School and the first separate reconnaissance division was formed.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In June 1914, a new military academy, the Naval Aviation School (Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi), was established.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

With the outbreak of World War I, the modernization process came to an abrupt halt.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The scadron of Ottoman aviation fought on various fronts during World War I, from Galisia in the west to the Caucasus in the east and Yemen in the south.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The administrative division of the Ottoman Sultanate was initially divided into several provinces in the late 14th century.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Provinces mean permanent territorial units whose governors were appointed by the sultan, at the end of the 14th century. [112]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Eyalet (also called pashalic or beglerbeglic) is the working territory of a beylerbeyi.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The territory is further divided into several sanjaks. [113]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The vilayet was introduced through the attestation of the “Vilayet Law” (Turkish: Teskil-i Vilayet Nizamnamesi) [114] in 1864 as part of the tanzimat reform. [115]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Unlike previous eyalet systems, this law of 1864 established a hierarchy of administrative units: vilayet, liva/sanjak, kaza, and village councils.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Vilayet law of 1871 added nahiye among the kaza and the village. [116]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottoman Government Economy implemented a policy of developing Bursa, Adrianople, and Istanbul (all of which were Ottoman capitals) into major trade and industrial centers as merchants and artisans played a large role in the establishment of the new metropolis. [117]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Until then, Mehmed and his successor, Bayezid, also encouraged and accepted the migration of Jews from different regions of Europe.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

They settled in Istanbul and port cities such as Salonica.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In a number of places in Europe, Jews were oppressed by the Christian population.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The tolerance that the Turk nation has is warmly welcomed by immigrants.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The foundation of the Ottoman economy is strongly linked to the basic concepts of Middle Eastern states and peoples.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The main goal of the state of the time was to strengthen and expand the leader's power.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The way to achieve it is to gain a large source of income by prospering the working class. [118]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Its main goal is to increase state revenues without destabilizing the prosperity of its people for the sake of preventing unrest and protecting the traditional order of society.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The composition of financial bodies and treasurer developed better in the Ottoman Sultanate than any other Islamic government.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In the 17th century, the Ottoman financial organization was the most advanced compared to other financial organizations of the time. [100]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The organization developed a bureaucracy of scribes (known as “men of the pen”) as a separate group whose half filled highly experienced clerics.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The group later evolved into a professional institution. [100]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The effectiveness of professional financial institutions was behind the success of the great Ottoman statesmen. [119]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The economic structure of the sultanate was determined by its geopolitical structure.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottoman Sultanate was between the Western and Eastern worlds, thus blocking the land route to the east and forcing Spanish and Portuguese explorers to sail in search of a new route to the east.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Sultanate controlled the spice route that Marco Polo used to use.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

When Vasco da Gama skirted the Ottoman route and made a direct trade route to India in 1498, and Christopher Columbus sailed to the Bahamas in 1492, the Ottoman Sultanate was at the height of its glory.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Modern Ottoman studies argue that the change in relations between Ottoman Turkey and Central Europe was created by the opening of new sea routes.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Historians could have ascribed the decline in land traffic to the east after Western Europe opened up sea routes that shunned the Middle East and the parallel Mediterranean to the decline of the Ottoman Sultanate itself.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The British-Ottoman Agreement, also called the Balta Liman Agreement, which opened the Ottoman market to its rivals in the United Kingdom and France can be seen as one of the challenges of the development of the Ottoman economy.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

By developing trade centers and routes, encouraging the people to expand the country's agricultural lands, and encouraging international trade through its colonies, the government managed to carry out basic economic functions throughout the Ottoman Sultanate.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Even so, the country's financial and political interests are more dominant.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In the social and political system they ran, Ottoman officials were either unaware or unaware of the demands of the dynamics and principles of the capitalist and mercantile economy that was then developing in Western Europe. [120]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Demographics The population of the Ottoman Sultanate was estimated at 11,692,480 inhabitants in 1520—1535.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

This figure was obtained by counting the number of families in the Ottoman donation record, then 5. [121]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

For reasons that are not yet clear, the number of inhabitants of the 18th century is fewer than in the 16th century. [122]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The estimate of 7,230,660 inhabitants for the first census of 1831 was considered too few because this census aimed at counting potential conscripts. [121]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The census in the Ottoman territories only began in the early 19th century.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Census results from 1831 onwards are officially available, but the censuses do not cover the entire population.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

For example, the 1831 census counted only men and did not cover the entire territory of the sultanate. [45] [121] For earlier periods, the estimated size and distribution of the population was based on observed demographic patterns. [123]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Its population began to rise to 25—32 million in 1800. 10 million of them in European provinces (mostly in the Balkans), 11 million in Asiatic provinces, and 3 million in African provinces.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The highest population density is in European provinces, twice the size of Anatolia, tripling Iraq and Syria, and five times the size of Arabia. [124]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In the run-up to the dissolution of the sultanate, life expectancy reached 49 years, higher than the 20 yearly in Serbia in the early 19th century. [125]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Outbreaks of disease and famine resulted in major disruption and demographic changes.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In 1785, about one-sixth of Egypt's population died as a result of the plague and the population of Aleppo was reduced by 20% in the 18th century.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Six famines struck Egypt between 1687 and 1731 and a final famine struck Anatolia four decades later. [126]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The rise of port cities gave rise to population groupings encouraged by the development of steamboats and railroads.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Urbanization increased and cities large as well as small grew in 1700—1922.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Improvements in health and sanitation made those cities attract the attention of the arrivals to settle and work.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Port cities such as Salonica in Greece experienced a population increase from the 55,000 inhabitants of 1800 to 160,000 in 1912.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Izmir's population grew from 150,000 in 1800 to 300,000 in 1914. [127] [128] Some areas experienced population declines, such as Belgrade whose population dropped from 25,000 to 8,000 because of political strife. [127]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Economic and political migration gave great influence to the entire sultanate.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

For example, successive annexations of Crimea and the Balkans by Russia and Austria-Habsburg resulted in the migration of large numbers of Muslim refugees. 200,000 Crimean Tatars were displaced to Dobruja. [129]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5—7 million refugees flooded into the Ottoman Sultanate, 3.8 million of whom came from Russia.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Some migrations left enduring marks, such as political tensions between the territories of the sultanates (e.g. Turkey and Bulgaria) The centralizing impact was seen in other areas, such as the simple demographics that emerged from the diversity of the population.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The economy was also hit by dwindling artisans, merchants, producers, and farmers. [130]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Since the 19th century, the Muslim population was massively exodus to modern Turkey from the Balkans.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

They are called Muhacir according to the general definition. [131]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

When the Ottoman Sultanate ended in 1922, half of the Turkish city's population were descendants of Muslim refugees from Russia. [69]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Ottoman Turkic language is the official language of the sultanate.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

It is a Turk language that is heavily influenced by Persian and Arabic.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Ottoman Sultanate has several populous languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of Anatolia and a majority of Balkan Muslims in addition to Albania and Bosnia; Persian, spoken only by educated citizens; [132] Arabic, widely spoken in Arabia, North Africa, Iraq, Kuwait, the Levant, and parts of the Horn of Africa; and Somali throughout the Horn of Africa.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In the last two centuries, the usage of such languages has been limited and specific.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Persian, for example, tends to be used as a book language for educated citizens, [132] whereas Arabic is worn for worship.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Turkic, with its Ottoman variations, was the language of the military and government since the beginning of the founding of the Ottoman Sultanate.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The 1876 Ottoman Constitution established the status of Turkish as the official language of the sultanate. [133]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Due to the low literacy rate (about 2— 3% until the early 19th century and 15% in the late 19th century), commoners needed to employ scribes as “special request writers” (arzuhâlci) in order to communicate with the government. [134]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

A number of tribes speak to their families or members of their settlements (mahalle) using their own languages (e.g. Jewish, Greek, Armenian, etc.).


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In villages where two or more people live together, the inhabitants speak using the language of the interlocutor.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In the cosmopolitan city, people tend to speak their family language and many non-Turk citizens speak Turkish as a second language.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Religion In the Ottoman Sultanate system, despite the Muslim hegemon's power over the non-Muslim population, non-Muslim communities received state recognition and protection according to Islamic tradition. [135]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Until the second half of the 15th century, the population of this sultanate was predominantly Christian and led by a Muslim minority. [103]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

By the end of the 19th century, the non-Muslim population began to decrease drastically, not due to loss of territory alone, but also population displacement. [135]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The percentage of Muslims rose to 60% in the 1820s, then slowly rose to 69% in the 1870s, and 76% in the 1890s. [135] As of 1914, only 19.1% of the sultanate's inhabitants were non-Islamic.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Most of them are Greek, Assyrian, Armenian, and Jewish Christians. [135]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Islamic JMPL|250px|Calligraphic writings on fritware tiles list the names of Allah, Muhammad, and the first caliphs.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

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c.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

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1727, Islamic Middle East Gallery, Victoria & Albert Museum. [136]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Turk tribes practiced various forms of shamanism before embracing Islam.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The influence of the Abbasids in Central Asia was strengthened by a process heavily influenced by the victory of the Abbasids at the Battle of Talas against the Chinese Tang Dynasty in 751.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

After this battle, many Turk tribes—including the Oghuz Turks, Seljuk and Ottoman ancestors—slowly embraced Islam and spread it to Anatolia in the 11th century.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Muslim sects considered heretical, such as Druze, Ismaili and Alawi, were placed under Jewish and Christian adherents. [137]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed the “Repeal of Lives” for his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevi (Qizilbash) whom he considered heretical. [138]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

He reportedly said that “killing an Alevi his reward is equivalent to killing 70 Christians. “[139]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Christianity and Judaism In the Ottoman Sultanate, as per the zimmi system of Islam, Christians were given limited freedoms (such as the right to worship), but were treated like second class citizens.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Christians and Jews are not considered equal to Muslims.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Testimony against a Muslim defendant by a Christian and a Jew is not considered valid in court.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

They are forbidden to carry weapons or ride horses, their homes should not face Muslim homes, and their worship practices must be different from Islamic worship practices.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In a system commonly known as devşirme, a number of Christian sons, mostly from the Balkans and Anatolia, were routinely required to follow conscription before adulthood, then raised as a Muslim. [141]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Under the millet system, non-Muslim citizens were obliged to obey sultanate law, but were not obliged to obey Islamic law.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Orthodox millet was legally still officially compliant to the Justinian Code, the law in force in the Eastern Roman Empire for 900 years.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In addition, as the largest non-Muslim group (or zimmi) in the Ottoman-Islamic country, Orthodox millets gained privileges in politics and commerce and were required to pay higher taxes than Muslims. [142] [143] Similar millets were designated for the Jewish community Ottomans who are under the authority of Haham Başı or the chief rabbi of the Ottomans; the Armenian Orthodox community which is under the authority of the chief bishop; and various other religious communities.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The millet system in Islamic law is widely recognized as an early example of pre-modern religious pluralism. [144]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The culture of the Ottoman Sultanate absorbed a number of traditions, arts, and cultural institutions in the areas they conquered, then added a new dimension to it.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Various traditions and cultures of the earlier imperium (in the fields of architecture, cuisine, music, entertainment, and government) were adopted by the Ottoman Turks.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Turk nation then changed it to new forms and created a new and very different Ottoman cultural identity.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Intercultural marriage also played a role in creating the culture of the Ottoman elite.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

When compared to Turkish folk culture, the influence of the new culture in shaping the culture of the Ottoman elite is very clearly visible.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Slavery was part of Ottoman society. [145]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Female slaves were still sold in the sultanate until 1908. [146]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

During the 19th century, the sultanate was urged by European countries to abolish the practice of slavery.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The sultans also developed policies aimed at hindering the slave trade, but as slavery received religious support and sanction for centuries, it never wiped out slavery outright.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Plague was still a frightening scourge for Ottoman peoples until the second quarter of the 19th century.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Between 1701 and 1750, 37 major and minor epidemics were recorded in Istanbul.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Between 1751 and 1801, there were 31 epidemics in the same city. [147]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Literature The two main streams of Ottoman writing literature are verse and prose.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Syair is by far the dominant stream.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose contained no fiction.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

No work compares to romances, short stories, or European novels.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

A similar genre does exist, but in the form of Turkish folk literature and Divan verse.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Divan verse is a highly ritualized and symbolic art form.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

From the Persian verse that inspired him, the Divan verse inherits many symbols whose meaning and related—both the equation (مراعات نير mura'ât-i nazîr/تناسب tenâsüb) and the difference (تضاد tezâd) are explained plainly or simply.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Divan verse is structured through constant mixing of multiple images inside a strict metric framework, resulting in many possible meanings.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Most Divan verses take the form of lyrics, both gazels (forming the largest part of this tradition's repertoire) and kasîdes.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

There are also other common genres, one of which is mesnevî, a type of line romance and a wide variety of narrative poems.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Two famous mesnevî examples are Leyli and Majnun by Fuzûlî and Hüsn Ü Aşk by Şeyh Gâlib. 250px|JMPL|Ahmet Nedîm Efendi, one of the leading Ottoman poets Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not develop to the extent of contemporary Divan verse.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

One of the main reasons is that many prose must adhere to the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated into seci), or rhyming prose, [148] a type of writing derived from only 'Arabic that requires the presence of rhymes between each adjective and noun in a series of words, such as sentence.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Therefore, there arose a prose tradition in the literature of the time despite its non-fiction nature.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

An example of the exception is the Muhayyelât by Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi, a collection of fantastic stories written in 1796 and only published in 1867.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Due to its close historical relationship with France, French literature became part of the great Western influence on Ottoman literature throughout the later half of the 19th century.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

As a result, many streams in France at that time also appeared in the Ottoman Sultanate.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

For example, in the development of the Ottoman prose tradition, the influence of Romanticism can be seen during the Tanzimat period, and the influence of the flow of Realists and Naturalism emerged in later periods.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In the tradition of verse, Symbolist and Parnassian influences are more striking.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Many writers of the Tanzimat period wrote in several genres simultaneously.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

For example, poet Namık Kemal wrote the important novel İntibâh (“Resurrection”) of 1876, whereas journalist İbrahim Şinasi is known for writing the first modern Turkish play in 1860, namely the one-chapter comedy “Şair Evlenmesi” (“Marriage of the Poet”).


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

An earlier play, namely a farse titled “Vakâyi'-i 'Acibe ve Havâdis-i Garibe-yi Kefșger Ahmed” (“Strange Events and Surprising Genesis of Ahmed the Cobbler”), was made in the early 19th century, but its authenticity is still in doubt.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In the same spirit, novelist Ahmed Midhat Efendi wrote novels essential to each major stream: Romanticism (Hasan Mellâh yâhud Sırr İçinde Esrâr, 1873; “Hasan the Sailor, or the Mystery Inside the Mystery”), Realism (Henüz On Yedi Yaşında, 1881; “New Seventeen Years”), and Naturalism) (Müşâhedât, 1891; “Observations”).


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

This diversity was half driven by the desire of Tanzimat writers who wanted to include as much new literature as possible in hopes of contributing to the revitalization of the Ottoman social structure. [149]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The architecture of Ottoman Architecture was influenced by Persian, Byzantine Greek, and Islamic architecture.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

During the revival, there was an early or first Ottoman architectural period and Ottoman art was in the stage of searching for new ideas.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

During the development period, the period of classical architecture and Ottoman art was at its prime.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In the unstuck period, Ottoman architecture moved away from the classical style.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Throughout the Tulip Era, Ottoman architecture was influenced by Western European high ornamentation styles; Baroque, Rococo, Empire, and other styles intermixed.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The concept of Ottoman architecture is more centered on mosques.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Mosques are an indispensable part of society, urban planning, and communal life.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In addition to mosques, perfect examples of Ottoman architecture can be found in soup kitchens, theological schools, hospitals, Turkish baths, and cemeteries.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Examples of Ottoman architecture from the classical period other than Istanbul and Edirne can also be found in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans, and Romania.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

There are many mosques, bridges, fountains, and Ottoman schools.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The art of Ottoman decoration developed with many influences due to ethnic diversity in the Ottoman Sultanate.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The artisans enriched the Ottoman Sultanate with pluralistic art influences, such as mixing traditional Byzantine art with elements of Chinese art. [150]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Decoration art The tradition of Ottoman miniatures painted to illustrate manuscripts or used on special albums was heavily influenced by Persian art.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Nevertheless, Ottoman miniatures also involved a number of elements of the Byzantine tradition of lighting and painting.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

An academy of Greek painters, Nakkashane-i-Rum, was founded in the Topkapi Palace in the 15th century.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

At the beginning of the next century, a Persian academy named Nakkashane-i-Irani was founded.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Ottoman illumination includes non-figure painting or image decoration art in books or sheets of muraqqa or albums, in contrast to Ottoman miniature figure drawings.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Illumination, miniature (taswir), calligraphy (hat), Islamic calligraphy, bookbinding (cilt), and paper parting (ebru) are all parts of Ottoman book art.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In the Ottoman Sultanate, bright and illustrated manuscripts were made at the behest of the sultan or government officials.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

At Topkapi Palace, the manuscripts were made by artists working at Nakkashane, a center for miniature artists and lighting.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Religious and non-religious books can be illuminated.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The levha album slabs consist of bright calligraphy (hat) tughra, religious texts, quotations of verse or proverbs, and images of decorations.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The art of carpet spinning was very flourishing in the Ottoman Sultanate.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Carpets are of high value both as decoration fixtures rich in religious and other symbolism and as practical considerations, as residents must remove shoes before entering the house. [151]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Carpet spinning originated in the nomadic cultures of Central Asia (carpets are an easy-to-carry form of gear), then spread to settled Anatolian peoples.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Turk people wear rugs, rugs and kilims not only for the base of the room, but also hangers on the walls and hallways to serve as additional insulation.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Carpets are also often donated to mosques and therefore mosques generally have a large collection of carpets. [152]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Performing arts Ottoman classical music is an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

A number of Ottoman sultans were great musicians and composers, such as Selim III whose compositions are still played today.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Ottoman classical music is mostly derived from a composite of Byzantine music, Armenian music, Arabic music, and Persian music.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

From its composition, Ottoman music utilizes a unit of rhythm named usul, somewhat similar to the meter in Western music, and a unit of melody named tomb, similarly-similar to the Western musical mode.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The instruments worn are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments (saz, bağlama, kemence), other Middle Eastern instruments (ud, tanbur, kanun, ney), and Western instruments (violin and piano).


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

New Western instruments were included last.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Due to geographical and cultural differences between the capital and the rest of the region, two very different musical styles also emerged in the Ottoman Sultanate, namely Ottoman classical music and folk music.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In its provinces, a wide variety of folk music was formed.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The regions whose musical style is most dominant are: Türküs Balkan-Trakia, Northeastern Türküs (Laz), Türküs Aegean, Türküs Central Anatolia, Türküs Eastern Anatolia, and Türküs Caucasus.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Some of his musical styles are: Yanisari music, Roma music, belly dancing, and Turkish folk music.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Traditional shadow plays named Karagöz and Hacivat are scattered throughout the Ottoman Sultanate and feature figures representing all ethnic and major social groups in the culture. [153] [154] This play is staged by a puppet who also fills the voices of all figures and accompanied by tambourine (def).


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Its origin is obscure, possibly from Egyptian or Asian traditions.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Ottoman cuisine refers to the cuisine of the capital city of Istanbul and the regional capital, where the mix of cultures produces a shared mass that the entire population enjoys.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

This diverse cuisine was prepared in the kitchen of the Sultanate Palace by chefs brought from different regions of the sultanate to create and experiment with a variety of ingredients.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The results of the kitchen of the Ottoman Palace are filtered to the community, for example, when Ramadan or the cooking process in Yalı para Pasha the recipe spreads itself from there to the community.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Today, Ottoman cuisine still exists in Turkey, the Balkans, and the Middle East.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

This is “a shared inheritance in the form of something that used to be the Ottoman lifestyle, and their cuisines are strong evidence of this fact”. [155]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Usually any great cuisine in the world is created from local variations and the mutual exchange and enrichment that takes place in it, but at the same time homogenized and harmonized by the tradition of metropolitan flavor improvement. [155]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Science and technology Throughout the history of the Ottoman Sultanate, its people sought to build large libraries equipped with translated books from other civilizations and original manuscripts. [28]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Most requests for local and foreign manuscripts appeared in the 15th century.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amirutzes, a Greek scholar from Trabzon, to translate and disseminate Ptolomeus' geography books to Ottoman educational institutions.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Another example is Ali Qushji, astronomer, mathematician, and physicist from Samarkand, who became a professor in two madrasahs and successfully influenced the Ottoman government through his writings and student activities.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

He spent only two or three years in the Ottoman Sultanate before passing away in Istanbul. [156]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Taqi al-Din built Istanbul's Taqi al-Din Observatory in 1577.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

He made astronomical observations there until 1580.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

He calculated the eccentricity of the Sun's orbit and the annual movement of the apogeo. [157]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

His observatory was torn down in 1580 [158] due to the rise of a clerical faction opposed or at least not indifferent to science. [159]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

In 1660, the Ottoman scholar Ibrahim Efendi al-Zigetvari Tezkireci translated Noël Duret's astronomical work written in 1637 into Arabic. [160]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu is the author of the first surgical atlas and the last major medical encyclopedia of the Islamic world.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Although most of his works were based on Al-Tasrif by Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Sabuncuoğlu introduced many of his own innovations.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Female surgeon illustrated for the first time. [161]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

An example of a clock measuring time in minutes was made by an Ottoman clock craftsman, Meshur Sheyh Dede, in 1702. [162]


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

See also Index of articles on Ottoman Sultanate Outline of Ottoman Sultanate List of libraries of Ottoman Sultanates Footnotes Reference notes Library resources about Main Page Encyclopaedia Britannica (12th ed. 1922) comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30-31-32 that cover events since 1911 with very thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

Included also in 13th edition (1926) Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Dimitri Kitsikis, L'Empire ottoman, Presses universitaires de France, 3rd ed., 1994 Advanced reading Fromkin, David (1989).


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

A Peace to End All Peace: the Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

New York: Avon Books. 635 p., ill. with [34] p. of b&w photos.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

ISBN 0-380-71300-4 Palmer, Alan (1992).


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

New York: M. Evans and Co. ix, [4], 306 p., maps.


Question: Who was the first leader of the Ottoman dynasty?

Ottoman Sultanate

ISBN 0-87131-754-0 Outlinks Shapell Manuscript Foundation, 1920 Category:Muslim Dynasties Category:Turkish Dynasties Category:State of Turk Category:Old Turk Category:Substitute States of Eastern Roman Empire Category:Countries and territories established year 1299 Category:Countries in Middle Anatolia Category:World War I Category:History of the Turk Category:Middle East


Question: who is the successor to the throne of Sultan Iskandar Muda?

Iskandar Tsani of Aceh

Sultan Iskandar Tsani Alauddin Mughayat Syah (died in 1641) was the thirteenth Sultan of Aceh, succeeding Sultan Iskandar Muda.


Question: who is the successor to the throne of Sultan Iskandar Muda?

Iskandar Tsani of Aceh

Iskandar Tsani was the son of the Sultan of Pahang, Ahmad Syah, who was brought to Aceh when Aceh took control of Pahang in 1617 by Sultan Iskandar Muda.


Question: who is the successor to the throne of Sultan Iskandar Muda?

Iskandar Tsani of Aceh

He was married to the Sultan's daughter, later named Ratu Safiatuddin, and succeeded Iskandar Muda as Sultan of Aceh when he died in 1636.


Question: who is the successor to the throne of Sultan Iskandar Muda?

Iskandar Tsani of Aceh

“Tsani” in Arabic means “two”.


Question: who is the successor to the throne of Sultan Iskandar Muda?

Iskandar Tsani of Aceh

Reigning since the setback from the Aceh Fleet in 1629, Iskandar Tsani was unable to continue the success of the previous government.


Question: who is the successor to the throne of Sultan Iskandar Muda?

Iskandar Tsani of Aceh

He was a powerful ruler, able to suppress the rich (Acehnese nobility) and strive to centralize power as Iskandar Muda did. [1]


Question: who is the successor to the throne of Sultan Iskandar Muda?

Iskandar Tsani of Aceh

His reign was too short to make major changes, however, after his death the elite circles forced their influence, and placed his widow, Queen Safiatuddin, in the dominion, as the first of several weak sultans. [2]


Question: who is the successor to the throne of Sultan Iskandar Muda?

Iskandar Tsani of Aceh

Like Iskandar Muda, Iskandar Tsani Palace is known as a center of Islamic education.


Question: who is the successor to the throne of Sultan Iskandar Muda?

Iskandar Tsani of Aceh

He was the patron of Nuruddin ar-Raniri, an Islamic scholar from Gujarat who came to Aceh in 1637.


Question: who is the successor to the throne of Sultan Iskandar Muda?

Iskandar Tsani of Aceh

Advanced Reading Source Reference J. M. Barwise and N.J. White.


Question: who is the successor to the throne of Sultan Iskandar Muda?

Iskandar Tsani of Aceh

A Traveller's History of Southeast Asia.


Question: who is the successor to the throne of Sultan Iskandar Muda?

Iskandar Tsani of Aceh

New York: Interlink Books, 2002.


Question: who is the successor to the throne of Sultan Iskandar Muda?

Iskandar Tsani of Aceh

M. C. Ricklefs.


Question: who is the successor to the throne of Sultan Iskandar Muda?

Iskandar Tsani of Aceh

A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, 2nd ed. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.


Question: who is the successor to the throne of Sultan Iskandar Muda?

Iskandar Tsani of Aceh

Iskandar Tsani Category:Death 1641


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia (from Ancient Greek: Μεσοποταμία: the land between the rivers; Arabic: بلاد الرافدين (bilād al-rāfidayn); Syriac: (Beth Nahrain): “land of the rivers” lies between two great rivers, and Tigris.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

The area that is now the Republic of Iraq was in ancient times called Mesopotamia, which in Greek means “(area) among the rivers”.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

With its long, narrow parcels of land shaped like a crescent and its fertile soil, the area is also called the “Fertile Crescent”.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

Mesopotamian names were already used by ancient Greek and Latin writers, such as those of Polybius (2nd century BC) and Strabo (60 BC—20 AD).


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

This fertile land has fostered many magnificent ancient civilizations collectively known as Mesopotamian civilizations.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

This is the earliest civilization in Western Asia and one of the oldest in the world.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

According to Christian and Jewish beliefs as in the Old Testament, there was an effort to connect the Abrahamic family (then called the “Father of the Faithful” and recognized by the three monotheistic religions of the world, Islam, Christianity, and Jews) with Mesopotamia.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

In the book of Genesis 11:31 it says, at one time Abraham's family passed from Ur Kaśdim to Haran before finally moving to Canaan (the area of Israel and present-day Palestine).


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

The location of Ur Kaśdim is usually referenced to Tell el-Muqayyar, the site of the former ruins of the ancient City of Ur from the Sumerian period.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

Whereas Haran is located in the northern part of Mesopotamia, on the banks of the Euphrates River.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

The etymology of the Toponimi area of Mesopotamia derives from the roots of the Ancient Greek words μέσος (mesos) “middle” and ποταμός (potamos) “river” and literally means “(land) among the rivers”.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

This toponimi was used in the Greek-speaking Septuaginta (ca. 250 BC) as a translation of its equivalents in Naharaim Hebrew.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

This toponimi was even earlier in use by the Greeks as evidenced by the Anabasis of Alexandri, written in the late 2nd century AD, but specifically refers to sources from the time of Alexander the Great.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

In Anabasis, Mesopotamia used to call the region extending east of the Euphrates River in northern Syria.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

The Aramaic term biritum/birit Narim relates to similar geographical concepts. [1]


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

Later, the term Mesopotamia was more generally applied to all the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, thus incorporating not only parts of Syria but also almost all of Iraq and southeastern Turkey. [2]


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

The steppe plains west of the Euphrates river and the western part of the Zagros Mountains are also often included in the broader terms of Mesopotamia. [3] [4] [5] Further distinctions are usually made between upper or Northern Mesopotamia and lowland or Southern Mesopotamia. [6]


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

Upper Mesopotamia also known as Jezirah, was the area between the Euphrates and the Tigris up to Baghdad. [3]


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

Lower Mesopotamia consists of southern Iraq, Kuwait, and western Iran. [7] [8] [9] In modern academic usage, the term Mesopotamian also often has chronological connotations.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

It was often used to refer to this area up to the time of the Muslim Conquest.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

Names such as Syria, Jezirah, and Iraq were used to describe the region after this time. [2] [10] The term has been argued that this euphemism was a Eurocentric term pinned on this area in the times of encroachment of Westerners of the 19th century. [10] [11] Geography Mesopotamia encompasses a region between the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers that is equally sourced from the Armenian highlands.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

These two rivers also get additional water supplies from many tributaries, and the entirety of this river network flows a very large mountainous region.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

The road trip in Mesopotamia is customary along the Euphrates River because the banks of the Tigris River are mostly rugged and difficult to traverse.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

The climate of the region is semi-arid with vast stretches of desert in the north as well as stretches of swampy, anchorage, muddy, and swampy areas covering 15,000 sq km (5,800 sq miles) in the south.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

Deep at the southern end, the Euphrates and Tigris merge and empties into the Persian Gulf.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

The arid environment stretching from rain-cistern farming areas in the north to the southern regions where irrigated farming becomes very important if people expect to gain surplus energy generated over invested energy (Energy Returned On Energy Invested, EROEI).


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

This irrigation is made easier by the high level of groundwater as well as snow melt from the high peaks of the Zagros Mountains in the northern region and from the Armenian highlands, the source of water of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers that came from the origin of the country's name.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

The benefits of irrigation depend on the ability to deploy adequate manpower to create and maintain waterways, and this is the factor that since the beginning of the days has helped the growth of urban settlements and centralized political power systems.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

Agricultural ventures throughout the Mesopotamia region were seconded by sedentary livestock grazing efforts.


Question: Does Iraq belong to the Mesopotamian civilization?

Mesopotamia

The nomads who inhabited the tents herded beams and goats (and later camels) from the grazing pastures along the river in the dry summer months, to seasonal pastures along the border with the desert in wet winters.