Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Left Socialist revolutionaries then launched a coup d'état in Moscow, opened fire on the Kremlin, and seized the central post office before finally being stopped by Trotsky's forces. [303]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Leaders and members of the Left Socialist Revolutionary group were arrested and detained, but treated better than other Bolshevik opponents. [304]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In 1919, the White Army had to withdraw, and in 1920 they were defeated on three fronts at once. [305]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Although Sovnarkom managed to win the war, Russia had lost various territories, as many non-Russian ethnic groups took advantage of this opportunity to realize independence. [306]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Russia did recognize the independence of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Finland, and agreed on peace treaties with those countries. [307]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

However, the Red Army also often oppressed separatist movements; by 1921, they had defeated the Ukrainian national movement and occupied the Caucasus region, although fighting in Central Asia still lasted until the end of the 1920s era. [308] After the German Ober Ost garrison was withdrawn of the Eastern Front, Russian and Polish forces immediately moved to fill the power vacuum. [309]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Polish and Russian forces first clashed in February 1919, [310] and this conflict eventually suffered an escalation that broke out the Polish-Soviet War. [311]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Unlike previous conflicts, this conflict has a great impact on efforts to spread the revolution abroad and also on the future of the European continent. [312]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Polish troops entered Ukrainian territory and by May 1920 had captured Kiev from the Soviets. [313]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

After successfully repulsing the Polish forces, Lenin appealed to the Red Army to invade Polish territory, as he believed that the Polish proletariat would rise up and help the Russian forces, so that it would spark revolution in Europe.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Trotsky and other members of the Bolsheviks were skeptical, but they agreed with this invasion.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In the end the Polish proletariat did not revolt, and the Red Army was defeated in the Battle of Warsaw. [314]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Polish forces managed to drive the Red Army back to Russia and force Sovnarkom to make peace; this war was brought to an end by the Peace of Riga, and under the agreement Russia had to cede territory to Poland. [315]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Comintern and world revolutions: 1919—20 After the armistice on the Western Front, Lenin became increasingly convinced that revolution was imminent in Europe. [316]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Thus, Sovnarkom supported the establishment of a communist government in Hungary by Béla Kun in March 1919, followed by the communist government in Bayern and various socialist uprisings in other German regions, including the Spartacus League. [317]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

At the time of the Russian Civil War, the Red Army was sent to help the Marxists establish a soviet system of government in countries that had recently become independent from Russia. [318]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In Europe, the act resulted in communist countries in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine, [318] while in the Caucasus a soviet government was formed in Georgia, and then in Asia the Mongolian People's Republic stood. [319]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Senior Bolshevik figures wished for the countries to join the Russian state; on the other hand, Lenin wanted to remain respectful of national sentiments, but he made sure to his cameras that communist rule in those countries de facto remained in under the authority of Sovnarkom. [320]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

At the end of 1918, the British Labour Party called for the establishment of a conference of international socialist parties called the Labour and Socialist International. [321]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin considered it a revival of the Second International which he did not like, and he decided to hold a counterpoint international socialist conference. [322]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He held the conference with the help of Zinoviev, Trotsky, Christian Rakovsky, and Angelica Balabanoff. [322]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In March 1919, the First Congress of the Communist International (“Comintern”) opened in Moscow. [323]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Despite the name “international”, the coverage of the conference was very limited; of the 34 delegates gathered, 30 of them were representatives from the countries of the former Russian Empire, and most of the international delegates were not officially recognized by the socialist parties in the country- their own country. [324]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In addition, the Bolsheviks dominated the congress, [325] and Lenin subsequently drafted a number of regulations stating that only socialist parties that supported Bolshevik views would be allowed to join the Comintern. [326]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

During the first conference, Lenin spoke before the delegates and rejected the path to socialism through the parliament; he also repeated his call to wipe out the bourgeois governments of Europe. [327]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Overall, although the appointed President of the Comintern was Zinoviev, Lenin remained a very strong influence at the conference. [328]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Second International Communist Congress opened at the Smolny Institute, Petrograd, in July 1920, and this was his last time Lenin visited another city besides Moscow. [329]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

There, he invites foreign envoys to emulate the way the Bolsheviks seized power; Lenin also no longer adhered to the view that capitalism was a necessary stage in the development of society, and instead he called instead on colonized nations to change Their pre-capitalist society instantly became a socialist society. [330]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

For the purposes of this conference, he wrote “Left-Wing” Communism: A Childish Disease, that is, a short book that lays out his criticism of parties within the communist parties of Great Britain and Germany who refuse to enter the parliamentary and union-union system laborers in their country; he calls on them to do so in the interests of the revolution. [331]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The conference had to be postponed for several days due to the ongoing war against Poland, [332] and eventually moved to Moscow and the sessions held until August. [333]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

However, the world revolution that Lenin predicted did not materialize, as Hungary's communist government was instead devolved and the rebellion of the German Marxists was quelled. [334]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Famine disaster and New Economic Policy: 1920—22 In the body of the Communist Party, there arose resistance from two factions, the Democratic Centralism Group and the Labour Opposition; both felt that the Russian state was too centralized and bureaucratic. [335]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Labor opposition, which has links to official state trade unions, also expressed its concern that the government is no longer trusted by the Russian labor class. [336]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

They were made wrath by Trotsky's suggestion for the unions to be dissolved.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Trotsky considered the unions completely useless in a “labor state”, but Lenin did not agree; related to this issue, most Bolshevik members supported Lenin's views. [337]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

To prevent a split, during the Tenth Party Congress in February 1921, Lenin imposed a ban on factional activities within the party, and those in violation would be expelled. [338]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In the same year, there was the worst famine disaster in Russia since 1891. [339]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The famine disaster of 1921 was estimated to have killed about five million people. [340]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Drought was one of the factors triggering this disaster, but the government's confiscation policy also contributed to aggravating the situation, and so did Russia's vast grain exportation. [341]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

To help victims of famine disasters, the United States government established the American Relief Administration to distribute food, [342] although Lenin suspected the provision of such aid and ordered that these activities be carefully monitored. [343]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

During the catastrophic famine, Patriarch Tikhon called on Orthodox churches to sell unneeded goods to help feed the starving people, and this action was supported by the government. [344]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In February 1922, Sovnarkom also requested that all valuables belonging to religious institutions be forcibly seized and sold. [345]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Tikhon opposed the sale of items used in the Holy Supper and many spiritualists resisted attempts at confiscation, thus leading to violence. [346]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In 1920 and 1921, resistance to confiscation at local levels sparked anti-Bolshevik peasant uprisings in various regions of Russia, although these uprisings were later quelled. [347]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

One of the largest peasant uprisings was the Tambov Rebellion, but this rebellion was also successfully eradicated by the Red Army. [348]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In February 1921, laborers went on a labor strike in Petrograd, so the government proclaimed a military emergency in the city and sent the Red Army to silence the demonstrations. [349]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In March, the Kronstadt uprising erupted when sailors in Kronstadt rebelled against the Bolshevik government; they demanded that all socialist benders be allowed to publish anything freely, that independent trade unions be given freedom of assembly, and so that farmers are allowed access to free markets and their crops are not confiscated.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin conceived that the rebels had been emboldened by Socialist Revolutionaries and foreign imperialists and called for violent retaliation. [350]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Under Trotsky's leadership, the Red Army quelled the uprising on March 17, which left thousands dead and its survivors crammed into labor camps. [351]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

At first you should try to build small bridges that will lead to land owned by small farmers through State Capitalism towards Socialism.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Otherwise you will never bring tens of millions of people towards Communism.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

This is what the objective power of the development of the Revolution teaches.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin regarding the New Economic Policy, 1921 [352] In February 1921, Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy (KEB) to the Politbiro; he managed to convince most senior Bolshevik figures that the policy was indeed necessary, so this policy was passed in April. [353]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In a book entitled Food Tax, Lenin explained that KEB was a step back to the Bolshevik economic plans as originally; he claimed that these plans were broken due to the civil war that forced Sovknarkom to enact policies economic “war communism”. [354]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

KEB allowed private businesses in Russia, reinstated the wage system, and allowed farmers to sell their crops on the open market even if their income would still be raised. [355]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The policy also allowed the return of small, privately-owned industries, although basic industries, transportation, and foreign trade were still under state rule. [356]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin dubbed it “state capitalism”, [357] and some Bolsheviks felt that the policy had betrayed socialist principles. [358]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin biographers often consider the enactment of KEB to be one of his most notable achievements, and some also believe that if the policy is not enforced, Sovnarkom will be doomed by a people's rebellion. [359]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

By January 1920, the government required all citizens from the ages of 16 to 50 to work. [360]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin also initiated the GOELRO plan, namely a mass electrification project that began in February 1920; Lenin conjected that “communism was Soviet power coupled with the electrification of the whole country”, and this statement was often quoted in the following years. [361]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In order to advance the Russian economy through foreign trade, Sovnarkom sent delegates to the Genoa Conference; Lenin wanted to attend in person, but he hindered as a result of his illness. [362]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The conference resulted in Russia's agreement with Germany, and before this conference Russia had also signed a trade agreement with Great Britain. [363]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin had hopes that by allowing foreign companies to instill capital in Russia, Sovnarkom would strengthen competition among capitalist states and accelerate their downfall; Lenin even tried to lease out the oil fields in Kamchatka to an American company to increase tensions between the U.S. and Japan, as Japan wants the region. [364]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Worsening health and fighting with Stalin: 1920—23 Lenin was humiliated and surprised when the Bolsheviks held a party to celebrate Lenin's fiftieth birthday in April 1920, which was also accompanied by celebrations in various regions of Russia and the publishing of poems and biographies dedicated to him. [365]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Between 1920 to 1926, twenty volumes of the Collection of Lenin's Works were published, although some portions of his writings were not included. [366]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In 1920, a number of Western figures visited Lenin in Russia; such figures include author H. G. Wells and philosopher Bertrand Russell, [367] as well as anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. [368]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin was also visited by Inessa Armand in the Kremlin, but Armand's health got worse in those days. [369]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin sent Armand to a sanatorium in Kislovodsk, North Caucasus, to undergo treatment, but he died there in September 1920 during the onset of a cholera epidemic. [370]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

His remains were transported to Moscow, and Lenin appeared grieving watching his funeral under the Kremlin Wall. [371]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin became seriously ill in mid-late 1921; [372] he developed hyperacusis, insomnia, and head dizziness that appeared periodically. [373]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

At the insistence of the Politbiro, in July, Lenin left Moscow and settled for a month at his dacha in Gorki, and there he was cared for by his wife and sister. [374]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin began to consider suicide, and he asked Krupskaya and Stalin to give him potassium cyanide. [375]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Twenty-six physicians were assigned to treat Lenin in his final years; some of them were from abroad and his wages were very high. [376]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Some doctors suspected that his illness was caused by the oxidation of the bullet-metal lodged in his body since an assassination attempt in 1918; in April 1922 he was operated on to remove the bullets. [377]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

His symptoms persisted after surgery, and Lenin's doctors did not know exactly what caused it; some suspected that he had neurasthenia (weak nerves) or cerebral arteriosclerosis, although there were also doctors who believed he had syphilis; [378] hypothesized that Lenin being stricken with syphilis is supported by a report from 2004 compiled by a group of neuroscience experts, thus implying that the disease may have been deliberately hidden by the government. [379]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In May 1922, he suffered his first stroke attack, leaving him briefly unable to speak and paralyzed on his right side. [380]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

By July, Lenin had recovered enough, [381] so that in October, he returned to Moscow; however, in December, he was again stricken with strokes and had to return to Gorki. [382]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Despite his illness, Lenin remained mindful of the latest political developments.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

As the leaders of the Socialist Revolutionary Party were shown to be conspiracies against the government during the tribunals held between June and August 1922, Lenin called for them to be put to death; they were then imprisoned for an unspecified time and eventually sentenced to death during “Massive Purge” during Stalin's leadership. [383]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

With the support of Lenin, the government also managed to annihilate the flow of Menshevism from Russia by removing all Mensheviks from state institutions and efforts in March 1923 and plunging members of the party into concentration camps. [384]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin was concerned that the bureaucratic system from the Tsarist period would still persist in Russia in Soviet times, [385] and his concerns strengthened further in his final years. [386]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He condemned bureaucratic attitudes and proposed a thorough overhaul to resolve the problem, [387] and in one letter he complained that “we are being sucked into a rotten bureaucratic quagmire”. [388]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In December 1922 and January 1923, Lenin dictated the “Will of Lenin”, and in the will he discussed the properties of his cameramen, especially Trotsky and Stalin. [389]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He suggested that Stalin be removed from the post of General Secretary of the Communist Party, because Lenin felt Stalin was not fit for the post. [390]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He instead suggested Trotsky as his successor and considered him “the most capable man within the Central Committee today”, but at the same time also criticized Trotsky's excessive self-confidence and how Trotsky too often paid attention to administrative affairs. [391]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

At this time, Lenin also criticized the bureaucratic nature of the Labor and Peasant Inspectorate and called for the recruitment of new officers from the working class as a way out, [392] while in other articles he urged the state to eradicate illiteracy, encourage punctuality and careful and conscientious nature among the community, as well as inviting farmers to join cooperatives. [393]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In the midst of Lenin's absence, Stalin began to cement his power by giving important posts to his supporters [394] and cultivating his own image as the one closest to Lenin and who was worthy of succeeding him. [395]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In December 1922, Stalin was given the task by the Politbiro to organize who could meet with Lenin. [396]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

However, Lenin strongly criticized Stalin; by the middle of 1922, Lenin insisted that the state should maintain its monopoly over international trade, while Stalin led a number of other Bolsheviks to try to counter this policy, although these attempts were unsuccessful. [397]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

There was also a dispute in private between the two; Stalin clamored to Krupskaya while they were on the phone, and this incident made Lenin so much wrath, that he sent a letter to Stalin expressing his dislike. [398]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The split between the two became even more severe during the onset of the Georgia Scandal.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Stalin proposed that Georgia and its neighboring states (such as Azerbaijan and Armenia) be merged with the Russian state, although this reaped protests from the respective governments of those countries. [399]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin considered it a form of Greater Russian ethnic chauvinism, and what he wanted was for those countries to join Russia as half-independent territories within a larger union, which he thought should best be named the Union of European and Asian Soviet Republics. [400]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Stalin initially rejected the proposal, but later accepted it, although (with the consent of Lenin) he changed its name to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). [401]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin sent Trotsky to represent him at the plenum of the Central Committee in December, and in the meeting the plans for the founding of the Soviet Union were passed; the plan was later ratified on December 30 by the Congress of Soviets, resulting in the formation of the Soviet Union. [402]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Despite his inadequate health, Lenin was chosen to be chairman of the new government of the Soviet Union. [403]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Death and funeral: 1923—24 In March 1923, Lenin was stricken with a stroke for the third time and was no longer able to speak; [404] by the month, he was paralyzed on his right side and began experiencing sensory aphasia. [405]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In May, he recovered slowly and began to be able to move, speak, and write. [406]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In October, he paid a visit to Moscow and the Kremlin for the last time. [407]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In his last weeks, Lenin was visited by Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Bukharin, and Bukharin himself ran him at Gorki's dacha on the day of Lenin's death. [408]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin fell into a coma and died at Gorki's dacha on January 21, 1924. [409]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The official cause of death was incurable vascular disease. [410]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The government announced Lenin's death the following day. [411]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

On January 23, mourners from the Communist Party, trade unions, and soviet councils visited his Gorki home to see his remains, which were put in a red chest by Bolshevik leaders. [412]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

His remains were transported by train to Moscow and taken to the Trade Union Building. [413]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Over the next three days, about a million mourners came to see the remains, and many stood in line for hours amid the bitterly cold weather. [414]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

On January 26, the 11th USSR Congress of Soviets met to condolences for Lenin's death, and during the congress Kalinin, Zinoviev, and Stalin delivered their speeches, but Trotsky was absent because he was recuperating in the Caucasus. [414]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin's funeral ceremony was held the following day: his remains were taken to Red Square, accompanied by music, and the crowd listened to a number of speeches before his remains were put in a mausoleum built especially for him. [415]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Despite the extremely low temperature, tens of thousands of people attended the ceremony. [416]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Although opposed by Krupskaya, Lenin's body was preserved in order to be seen by visitors in the Red Square mausoleum. [417]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

During this process, Lenin's brain was removed; in 1925, an institute was established to dissect it, and from it it was proved that Lenin had severe sclerosis. [418]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In July 1929, Politbiro agreed to replace the temporary mausoleum building with a permanent granite building, which was completed in 1933. [419]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The sarcophagus where Lenin's body was stored was replaced in 1940 and again in 1970. [420]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

From 1941 to 1945, his remains were briefly transferred to Tyumen to secure it from the Second World War. [421]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The political ideologies of Marxism and Leninism We do not pretend as if Marx and Marxist knew the path to socialism in concrete terms.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

That doesn't make sense.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

We know the direction of the road, we know the strength of the group that will lead it, but concretely and in practice, this will be demonstrated by the experience of millions of people as they perform such actions.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin, September 11, 1917 [422] Lenin was a steadfast Marxist, [423] and believed that his interpretation of Marxism — originally called “Leninism” by Martov in 1904 [424] — was the only one that was authentic and in accordance with his original teachings. [425]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

According to his Marxist point of view, humanity will reach for real communism, a stateless, egalitarian society freed from exploitation and alienation, able to determine its own fate, and uphold the value of “give according to ability, accept as needed” . [426]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

According to Volkogonov, Lenin believed that the steps he took against Russia would directly lead to the founding of the communist society. [427]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin viewed that society could not change the then-state of the country into a communist society.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

There needs to be an intermediate period called the period of socialism, so the main concern is how to turn Russia into a socialist society.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

To make this happen, he believed that a dictatorship of the proletariat was necessary to suppress the bourgeoisie and develop a socialist economy. [428]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He defined socialism as “an order of civilized workers in which the tools of production are shared”, [429] and believed that the economic system should be developed until it can make a society abundant. [426]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

To achieve this, he needed to make the Russian economy under state control, by making “all citizens” into “workers of the state”. [430]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin interpreted socialism as a centralized, planned, and static system, with strictly controlled production and distribution. [426]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He believed that all workers across the country would voluntarily participate to bring about economic and political centralization in the country. [431]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Therefore, his call for “labor control” of the means of production is not the direct control of industry by the workers, but all industrial activities are under the control of the “labor state”. [432]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

This resulted in two conflicting ideas in Lenin's thinking: general control of labor, and a pushy, hierarchical, and centralized state apparatus. [433]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Prior to 1914, most of Lenin's views were more or less in line with the understanding of Marxism in Europe in general. [423]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Although he criticized Marxist ideologues who gleaned ideas from non-Marxist philosophers and sociologists of the time, [434] Lenin's ideas were influenced not only from the theory of Marxism in Russia, but also influenced thoughts from the Russian revolutionary movement, including from agrarian-socialist groups Narodnik. [435]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin adjusted his ideas based on the changes in the situation that occurred, such as the fact that Russia was in the midst of a war, a famine disaster, and an economic downfall.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

So in its development, Leninism revised the previously existing thoughts of Marxism and adopted a more absolute and doctrinating point of view. [423]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

What distinguishes Leninism from other variants of Marxism is the vision of more emotional liberation and the importance of the role of a pioneer capable of leading the proletariat to inflame the revolution. [436]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin believed that a powerful state apparatus would be able to exert the bourgeoisie.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

This view differed from the ideologists of Marxism in Europe such as Kautsky who envisioned a democratic parliamentary government under the leadership of the proletariat as a majority group. [436]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In addition, according to historian James Ryan, Lenin was the first and most influential Marxist figure to significantly increase the role of violence as a revolutionary tool. [437]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The distinction made Leninism deviate from some of the ideas of Marxism in general. [438]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In his writings, especially Imperialism, Lenin discusses his views regarding the development of capitalism since Marx's death.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He argued that capitalism had reached a new stage, namely state monopoly capitalism. [439]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He believes that although the Russian economy is still dominated by peasants, in fact monopoly capitalism already exists in Russia, thus signaling that the country has materially moved towards socialism. [440]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Democracy and the view of the state [Lenin] accepted the truth handed down by Marx and chose data and arguments to corroborate that truth.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He did not question the old Marxist book, he commented on it, and the commentary became a new book.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Biographer Louis Fischer, 1964 [441] Lenin believed that representative democracy in capitalist countries had been utilized to create the illusion of democracy while maintaining a “bourgeois dictatorship”; he described the system of representative democracy in the United States as “a fight that spectacular and meaningless between two bourgeois parties”, and he argued that both were led by “cunning multimillionaires” who took advantage of the American proletariat. [442]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He also opposed liberalism and showed great antipathy towards freedom as a value; [443] in addition, he believed that liberalism was not a real freedom because it did not free laborers from capitalist exploitation. [444]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin stated that “Soviet rule was millions of times more democratic than most democracy-bourgeois republics”, which he referred to as “democracy for the rich”. [445]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He considered the “dictatorship of the proletariat” to be a democratic system because it involved the election of representatives for the soviet council, laborers electing officials of his choice, periodic rotation of positions, and the participation of all laborers in the government of the country. [446]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin was an internationalist and supporter of world revolutions; he considered that state borders were an ancient concept and nationalism was a diversion from interclass struggle. [447]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He believed that in a socialist society, the whole country would melt into one and would form a “world government”. [448]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He believed that this socialist state should be a centralized unitary state; he also considered that federalism was a bourgeois concept. [449]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

From his writings, it is evident that Lenin was an anti-imperialist, and he believed that all nations were entitled to self-determination. [449]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He also supported the war of national liberation and stated that such a conflict might be necessary for a minority group to secede from a socialist state, because for him a socialist state was neither sacred nor escaped blame. [450]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

According to historian Simon Sebag Montefiore, before grabbing power in 1917, Lenin feared that existing minorities would make the Soviet state become uncontrollable as ethnic minorities feared it would demand independence.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Therefore, Lenin encouraged Stalin to develop “a theory that could offer idealism of autonomy and the right to secede without the need to grant both”. [451]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

When in power, Lenin called for destroying the ties that forced ethnic minority groups to persist in the Russian Empire and supported their right to secede; however, Lenin hoped that they could be re-united as soon as possible in the spirit of proletariat internationalism. [452]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin was willing to use military force to ensure such unity; it led Russia to attack the nascent independent states of Ukraine, Georgia, Poland, Finland, and the Baltic states. [453]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Only, incursions into Finland, Poland, and the Baltic states were unsuccessful, so the Lenin administration recognized their independence. [454]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin's personal life and character viewed him as the decider of destiny, and he also had a strong belief in the truth of his struggle and his ability as a leader of the revolution. [455]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

A biographer of Lenin named Louis Fischer described him as “a lover of radical change and the greatest upheaval” as well as a man who “never took the middle ground”. [456]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Meanwhile, Pipes felt that Lenin had “extraordinary capacity for his work”, “full devotion to the struggle of the revolution”, as well as great charisma. [457]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

A similar point was expressed by Volkogonov who believed that “with his personality, [Lenin] was influential to his people. [458]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Nonetheless, Lenin's friend, Gorky, commented that Lenin's “bald, stocky, strapping physical appearance”, made him “too ordinary” and did not give “the impression of a leader”. [459] [


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The collection of Lenin's writings] reveals in detail a man of strong determination who had high discipline, dislike of opponents and challenges, determination and strong drive worthy of a bigot, and the ability to convince or intimidate the weak with unanimity of determination, (...) impersonal approach, personal sacrifice, political intelligence, and complete belief [that it has] absolute truth.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

His life became the history of the Bolshevik movement.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

—Biographer, Louis Fischer, 1964 [460] One of Lenin's biographers, historian Robert Service, explains that Lenin was a very emotional young man, [461] who showed “deep hatred” towards Tsarist rule. [462]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Service also stated that Lenin had an “inner bond” with his ideological heroes such as Marx, Engels, and Chernyshevsky, shown by keeping their photographs, [463] and personally calling himself “in love” with Marx and Engels. [464]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

According to Lenin's biographer, James D. White, Lenin considered their writings to be “scriptures”, a “religious dogma” that “must not be questioned, but must be believed in”. [465]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In Volkogonov's view, Lenin accepted Marxism as “absolute truth”, and often acted like a “religious fanatic”. [466]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

A similar point was also spoken by Bertrand Russell who stated that Lenin showed “deep belief — belief in the gospel of Marx”. [467]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The biographer, Christopher Read, concluded that Lenin constituted “a secular version of religious leaders who gained legitimacy from the truth of the doctrines they believed in, and not from the mandate of the people”. [468]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

However, Lenin was an atheist and religious critic who believed that socialism was fundamentally atheistic; he considered Christian socialism to be a contradiction. [469]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In addition, Service assumed that Lenin could be a figure with “a volatile attitude and establishment”, [470] and Pipes called him “an everyman hater”. [471]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

That view is denied by Read, who highlights several instances when Lenin showed the kindness of his heart, especially to children. [472]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

According to some biographers, Lenin was intolerant of opposition and often brushed aside opinions that differed from his views. [473]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He can attack criticism against him by insulting, mocking, and attacking ad hominem those who disagree with him. [474]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He ignores facts that are not in line with his arguments, [475] despises compromise, [476] and very rarely admits his own mistakes. [477]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He refuses to change his opinion until he rejects it completely, and then he will regard his new views as irreplaceable as his initial views. [478]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Although he did not show sadism or favored violent acts, Lenin did not hesitate to support violent acts committed by others and showed no remorse to those who died for the struggle of the revolution. [479]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Adopting an amoral stance, Lenin argued that the end goal was always to justify his ways; [480] according to Service, “Lenin's criterion of morality was simple: did the act advance or hinder the Revolution?” [481]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin who from the outside looks so gentle and kind, who loves to laugh, loves animals and is easily touched by sentimental memories, will change when questions about class or politics arise.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He instantly became very sharp, uncompromising, remorseless, and vindictive.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

However, even in such circumstances, he is capable of making dark humor.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

—Biographer, Dmitri Volkogonov, 1994 [482] In addition to Russian, Lenin could speak and read in French, German, and English. [483]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin cared about his physical fitness, so he was passionate about exercising; [484] he enjoyed cycling, swimming, and hunting, [485] and was also fond of climbing on mountain peaks in Switzerland. [486]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He is also a lover of animals, [487] especially cats. [488]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Refusing to live lavishly, he lived a modest lifestyle, [489] and Pipes stated that Lenin was “very modest in terms of his personal needs”, culminating in “an overly modest lifestyle that was almost ascetic”. [490]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin loved neatness, always keeping his workbench neatly arranged and his pencil always pointed, and wanted peace while working. [491]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

According to Fischer, Lenin was “not arrogant”, [492] and for those reasons, he disliked the cult of individuals fostered by the Soviet government against him; nevertheless, he accepted it because it was useful to unite the communist movement. [493]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Although he wanted a revolution in politics, Lenin hated revolutionary experiments in literature and fine arts, for example, he hated expressionism, futurism, and cubism, and instead favored Russian realism and classical literature. [494]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin also had conservative views on sex and marriage. [495]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Throughout his adult life, he was in a relationship with Krupskaya, a fellow Marxist whom he married.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin and Krupskaya were sorry that they never had children, [496] and they loved to entertain the children of their friends. [497]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Read stated that Lenin had a “warm and very close relationship” with his immediate family members. [498]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He had no lifelong companions, and Armand was touted as his only closest companion. [499]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin thought of himself as Russian. [500]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Service called Lenin “a little arrogant when it comes to nationality, socially, and culture”. [501]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Bolshevik leader believed that other European countries, particularly Germany, were culturally superior to Russia. [502]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He described Russia as “one of the most backward Asian countries, [most] like a medieval country, and [the most] being in the dark”. [442]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He was upset by the lack of discipline and caution from Russian society, and since he was young, he wanted Russian culture to become more European and Western. [503]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Volkogonov's historical remains claim “there is very rarely a person who can change society with such magnitude”. [504]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin's administration had created the framework of a system of government that would govern Russia for seven decades and also set an example for other communist states in the mid-20th century. [505]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Therefore, Lenin's influence is global. [506]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

As a controversial figure, Lenin was respected as well as reviled; [437] he was idolized by the communists, but was ill-regarded by critics both from the left-wing (such as democratic socialist and anarchist groups) and right-wingers (such as conservatives and fascists). [507]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Even during his lifetime, Lenin was “loved and hated, admired and sneered at” by the Russian public. [508]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Historian Albert Resis states that if the October Revolution is considered the most important event of the 20th century, then Lenin “should be considered the most important political figure of the century, whether it be [for] good or bad”. [509]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

White referred to Lenin as “one of the figures of modern history with no doubt his outgoing”, [510] while Service stated that the Russian leader was generally seen as one of the “main actors” of the 20th century. [511]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Read considered it “one of the most widespread and universally known icons of the twentieth century”, [512] while Ryan called it “one of the most important and influential figures in modern history”. [513]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Time magazine elevated Lenin to be one of the 100 most influential figures of the 20th century, [514] and also as one of the 25 greatest political icons of all time. [515]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In the West, writers began making biographies of Lenin after he picked up his end; some of them (such as Christopher Hill) were sympathetic to him, while others (such as Richard Pipes and Robert Gellately) strongly disliked him.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

A number of later biographers, such as Read and Lars Lih, tried to make neither positive nor negative comments on it, so they avoided politicized stereotypes. [516]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

To his sympathizers, Lenin was described as a figure who managed to adapt Marxist theory to be applicable in Russia. [517]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Soviet point of view described him as a man who recognized what was inevitable in history and helped realize what was indeed inevitable. [518]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

On the other hand, most Western historians view him as a man who manipulated events in order for him to come to power, and they also regard Lenin's ideas as an attempt to ideologically justify his pragmatic policies. [518]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Recently, a number of revisionists (both in Russia and in the West) have highlighted the impact of pre-existing ideas and people's pressure on Lenin and his policies. [519]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Various historians and biographers characterize Lenin's reign as a totalitarian government, [520] a police state, [521] and some also consider it a one-party dictatorship. [522]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Some such scholars refer to Lenin as a dictator, [523] although Ryan states that he “was not a dictator in the sense that all his recommendations were accepted and applied”, as many of his colleagues disagreed with him related to various issues. [524]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Fischer gives the note that although “Lenin was a dictator, [he] was not a dictator that was like Stalin was later in life”, [525] while Volkogonov believes that although Lenin established a “Party dictatorship”, only under Stalin's leadership the Soviet Union became “a dictatorship of one persons”. [526]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

On the other hand, various Marxist observers (including historians Hill and John Rees) reject the view that Lenin's reign was a dictatorship, and instead they view it as an imperfect way to defend elements of democracy without going through some process as found in liberal democrat states. [527]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Ryan states that the left-wing historian Paul Le Blanc “posits a fairly well-informed opinion that the personal traits that led Lenin to issue brutal policies were no worse than some of the great Western leaders of the twentieth century”. [528]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Historian J. Arch Getty states that “Lenin desperately needs to be rewarded for the idea that the meek can inherit the earth, and that there can be a political movement based on social justice and equality. “[529]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Some left-wing intellectuals, such as Slavoj Žižek, Alain Badiou, Lars T. Lih, and Fredric Jameson, advocated that Lenin's uncompromising revolutionary spirit be raised again to resolve global problems. [530]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In the USSR In the USSR, the cult of individuals who worshipped Lenin began to develop when he was alive.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

However, the cult of the individual was only really fully implemented after Lenin died. [531]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

According to historian Nina Tumarkin, Lenin's individual cult was “the most detailed and thorough eruption of a revolutionary” in the world since George Washington in the United States, [532] and this cult has repeatedly been described as a “half-religious” cult. [533]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Statues of Lenin were erected in almost every village, [534] and his face was depicted on stamps, posters, and front pages of Soviet newspapers Pravda and Izvestia. [535]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The places he once stopped were used as museums dedicated to him. [534]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Libraries, roads, farms, museums, towns, and entire areas are named after him. [534]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The city of Petrograd was renamed to “Leningrad” in 1924, [536] and his birthplace Simbirsk became “Ulyanovsk”. [537]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Order of Lenin was made one of the highest honors in the Soviet Union. [535]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

This adoration and appreciation itself went against Lenin's wishes, and was openly criticized by his wife. [416]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Various biographers have stated that Lenin's writings have been treated similar to scripture in the Soviet Union, [538] while Pipes states that “every one of his opinions is mentioned to justify various policies and treated like gospel”. [539]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Stalin systematized Leninism through his series of lectures at Sverdlov University, which were later published under the title Problems of Leninism. [540]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Stalin also collected Lenin's writings and stored them in a secret archive at the Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute. [541]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

All of the materials that Lenin used to compile his thoughts, such as Lenin's collection of books in Kraków, were also collected from abroad for storage at the institute, although those materials often had to be purchased at great expense. [542]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

During the Soviet era, few people were able to access the writings. [543]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Stalin only published Lenin's writings deemed useful to his interests, whereas other writings were still hidden, [544] and information regarding Lenin's ancestry who was not Russian and his nationality status continued to be hidden. [535]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The fact that Lenin had Jewish blood hidden until the 1980s, [545] was likely not to be abused by anti-Semitic groups in the international world to reinforce anti-Soviet sentiment, [546] or perhaps so as not to hinder the Russification efforts made by Stalin, [547] In Under Stalin's regime, Lenin was described as a close friend of Stalin who supported Stalin's efforts to become the next Soviet leader. [548]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In the Soviet era, five separate editions of Lenin's works were published in Russian, the first published in 1920 and the last from 1958 to 1965; although the fifth edition was called “complete”, in reality many of its contents were omitted for political benefit. [ 549]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

A one-ruble commemorative coin minted in 1970 to commemorate a century of Lenin's birth. |jmpl|upright=1.2|left After Stalin's death, Nikita Khruschev became leader of the Soviet Union and began a process of de-Stalinization; he cited Lenin's writings, including statements about Stalin, to legitimize the process. [550]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

When Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985 and introduced glastnost and perestroika policies, he also described these policies as a step back to Lenin principles. [551]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

At the end of 1991, amidst the events of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russian President Boris Yeltsin ordered that Lenin's archive be ambulated by a state body called the “Center for Preservation and Learning of Russian Current Historical Documents”, and thence were found more than 6,000 of Lenin's writings that has not yet been published.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The works were declared no longer confidential documents and accessible to researchers. [552]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

However, Yeltsin did not dismantle Lenin's mausoleum because he acknowledged that Lenin was too popular and still respected among the Russian public. [553]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In Russia in 2012, there was a proposal from the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, with the support of some members of the governing party of United Russia, who wanted to take down all Lenin monuments; this proposal was strongly opposed by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. [554]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In Ukraine, at the time of the 2013—14 Euromaidan demonstrations, several statues of Lenin were vandalized or destroyed by protesters who viewed them as emblems of Russian imperialism, [555] and in April 2015 the Ukrainian government ordered that the other statues be dismantled on legal grounds decommunization. [556]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

After it became known that Lenin was of Jewish descent, that aspect was repeatedly asserted by Russian far-right groups, who claimed that his Jewish genetic heritage had prompted him to subvert traditional Russian society. [557]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In the international communist movement According to David Shub who wrote a biography of Lenin in 1965, it was the ideas and examples of Lenin that “became the basis of the current communist movement”. [558]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Communist regimes declaring their allegiance to Lenin's own ideas emerged in various regions of the world in the 20th century. [513]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

After Lenin's death, Stalin's reign created an ideology known as Marxism—Leninism, and this view was interpreted differently by the assorted factions contesting each other within the communist movement. [559]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

After being exiled by Stalin's rule, Trotsky stated that Stalinism was an affront to Leninism, because for him Stalinism was dominated by bureaucratism and Stalin's personal dictatorship. [560]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Marxism—Leninism itself was adapted by the most important revolutionary movements of the 20th century, and resulted in a wide variety of ideologies such as Stalinism, Maoism, Juche, Ho Chi Minh Thought, and Castroism. [512]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

On the other hand, many Western communist figures such as Manuel Azcárate and Jean Ellenstein were involved in the Eurocommunist movement conjecting that Lenin and his ideas were completely irrelevant to the goals they wanted to achieve, so they declared themselves as a Marxist but not from a Marxist-Leninist point of view. [561]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

See also Lenin Peace Award Atheism Marxis／Leninist List Vladimir Lenin libraries Reference notes Footnotes Advanced reading library List Outlinks —Lenin Internet Library on YouTube—Lenin speeches with English subtitles, including interviews with Lenin and essays on the leader at Project Gutenberg at Internet Archive (with narrower keywords) at Internet Archive (with broader keywords) at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) —Various writings, biographies, and many photographs.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Moscow Times, April 22, 2014.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lars T. Cf. Jacobins. 23 July 2014. {{subst: #if: |}} [[Category: {{subst: #switch: {{subst:uc:1870}} || UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of birth missing {{subst: #switch: {subst:uc:1924}} ||LIVING =( living people)}} | #default =1870 births}}] [[Category: {subst: #switch: {subst:uc:1924}} || LIVING =Living people | UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of death missing | #default =1924 deaths}}]] Template:Selected Article Category:Soviet Union Category:Philosophers Category:Economists Category:Communists Category:100 Figures by Michael H. Hart Category:Jews in Russia


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Middle Ages in European history lasted from the 5th to the 15th century AD.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Middle Ages began since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and still continued when Europe began to enter the Ages of Renewal and the Century of Exploration.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The history of the Western World is traditionally divided into three periods, namely the Ancient Ages, the Middle Ages, and the Modern Age.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In other words, the Middle Ages were a period of transition from the Ancient Ages to the Modern Age.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Middle Ages are still divided into three periods of time, namely the Early Middle Ages, the Peak of the Middle Ages, and the Late Middle Ages.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The decline in population numbers, contraurbanization, invasion, and displacement of the nation's tribes, which took place since the Late Ancient Ages, still continued in the Early Middle Ages.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Large-scale population displacement in the Migration Age also included the displacement of Germanic tribes that established new kingdoms in the former territories of the Western Roman Empire.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the 7th century, North Africa and the Middle East—former territories of the Byzantine Empire—were overrun by the Banu Umayyad Khilafah, an Islamic empire, after being conquered by Muhammad's successors.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Although in the Early Middle Ages there had been fundamental changes to the community and political order, the influence of the Ancient Ages had not completely disappeared.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The still sizable Byzantine Empire remained in sync in eastern Europe.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The book of statutes of the Byzantine Empire, Corpus Iuris Civilis or the “Book of Laws of Justinianus”, was rediscovered in Northern Italy in 1070, and later in life invited decak of admiration from various circles throughout the Middle Ages.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Most of the kingdoms that stood in western Europe instituted the handful of remaining Roman prenatas.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Monasteries were established as an incessant effort to Christianize the ancestral beliefs in Europe.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Franka people under the leadership of the king of Karoling, founded the Karoling Empire at the end of the 8th century and the beginning of the 9th century.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Despite gaining control of most of the land of Western Europe, the Karoling Empire ultimately fell apart due to domestic civil wars and invasions from abroad, namely Viking attacks from the north, Magyar attacks from the east, and Sarasen attacks from the south direction.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

At the height of the Middle Ages, which began after 1000 AD, the population of Europe increased rapidly thanks to the emergence of innovations in technology and agriculture that enabled the development of commerce.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The surge in the European population was also due to climate change during the Medieval Warm Temperature period which allowed for an increase in crop yields.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

There are two community orders applied to the Peak of the Middle Ages, namely Manorialism and Feudalism.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Manorialism is the enforcement of commoners into settlers in villages, with the obligation to pay land rents and work for the noble people; while feudalism is a political structure that requires knights and lower-class courtiers to advance to fight against their juncture in exchange for the endowment of leasehold rights over land and land of merchandise (English: manor).


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Crusades, originally called in 1095, were a military attempt by the Christians of Western Europe to reclaim power over the Holy Land from Muslims.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Kings became heads of centralized nation-states.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This kind of leadership system reduces crime and violence, but makes the ideal of creating a unified Christian World increasingly difficult to realize.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Intellectual life is characterized by scholasticism, a philosophy that prioritizes alignment between faith and reason, and is also characterized by the establishment of universities.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The theology of Thomas Aquinas, the paintings of Giotto, the poems of Dante and Chaucer, the travelogues of Marco Polo, and Gothic cathedrals such as Chartres Cathedral, are a handful of stunning achievements at the end of the Peak of the Middle Ages and the beginnings of period of the Late Middle Ages.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The late Middle Ages were marked by various calamities and catastrophes which included catastrophic famines, outbreaks of disease, and wars, which significantly shrunk the number of the European population; between 1347 to 1350, the plague of Black Death killed about a third of the European population.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The controversies, heretics, and Western schisms that afflicted the Catholic Church, occurred along with interstate conflicts, infighting in society, and commoner revolts that plagued the kingdoms in Europe.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Cultural and technological development transformed European society, ended the period of the Late Middle Ages, and began the Early Modern Age.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Medieval terminology and periodization is one of the three major timeframes in the longest-running scheme used in the study of European History, namely the Classical Age or the Ancient Ages, the Middle Ages, and the Modern Age. [1]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The prophets of the Middle Ages divided history into a number of periods, for example the “Six Epochs” or the “Four Empires”, and considered their lifetimes as the final epoch towards the apocalypse. [2]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

When they review the times of their lives, then they will refer to as “modern age”. [3]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the 1330s, the Italian humanist and poet, Petrarka, referred to the pre-Christian period as the antiqua (ancient) age and the Christian period as the nova age (new). [4]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use the periodization of tripartitus (triad) in his written work, The History of the Firenze People (1442). [5]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Leonardo Bruni and historians afterwards argued that Italy had changed a lot since Petrarka's lifetime, and therefore added a third period to the two timeframes set by Petrarka.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The term “Middle Ages” first appeared in Latin in 1469 as medium tempestas (medieval times). [6]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

At first there were many variations in the use of this term, among others, medium aevum (medieval) which was first recorded in 1604, [7] and medium saecula (medieval) which was first recorded in 1625. [8]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The term “Middle Ages” is a translation of the medium phrase aevum. [9]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The tripartitus periodization became a standard periodization after the 17th-century German historian, Christoph Keller, divided history into three timeframes: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern. [8]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The most common date used as a date of the beginning of the Middle Ages is the date of 476 AD, [10] which was first used by Leonardo Bruni. [5] [upper-alpha 1] For Europe as a whole, the date of 1500 AD is often used as a closing date of the Middle Ages, [12] but there is no a true agreement on the closing date of the Middle Ages.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Depending on the context, dates of important events such as the date of Kristoforus Kolumbus's maiden voyage to the Americas (1492), the date of the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks (1453), or the date of the Protestant Reformation (1517), are sometimes also used. [13]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

English historians often use the date of the Battle of Bosworth (1485) as the closing date of the Middle Ages. [14]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Commonly used in Spain are the date of the appointment of King Fernando II (1516), the date of the appointment of Queen Isabel I (1504), or the date of the conquest of Granada (1492). [15]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Historians from Roman-language language speakers tend to divide the Middle Ages into two periods, namely the “High” period as the previous period, and the “Low” period as the later period.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Historians of English speakers, following in the footsteps of their German counterparts, generally divide the Middle Ages into three timeframes, the “Beginning” period, the “Peak” period, and the “End” period. [1]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the 19th century, the entire Middle Ages were often dubbed the “Dark Ages”, [16] [upper-alpha 2] but since the Middle Ages were divided into three periods, the use of this term was restricted to the Early Middle Ages only, at least among historians. [2]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The end of the time of the Roman Empire The extent of the Roman Empire reached its peak in the 2nd century AD; in the following two centuries, the Roman Empire gradually lost control over areas in its borders. [18]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Economic problems, including inflation, and foreign pressure on the imperial territory boundary were the cause of the crisis in the 3rd century.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

During this time of crisis, emperor after emperor was crowned only to be impeached immediately by the next usurper of the throne. [19]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Military spending continued to increase throughout the 3rd century, especially to finance wars against the Sasani Empire which flared again in the mid-3rd century. [20]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The army was multiplied, and the equestrian troops and smaller army units took over the function of the Roman legions as the main tactical unit. [21]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The need for revenue resulted in an increase in taxes and a decrease in the number of curialis, or landlords, as well as a decrease in the number of landlords willing to shoulder the burden as officials in their home town. [20]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The increasing need for bureaucrat personnel in the central government administration to handle the needs of the army resulted in complaints from the public that the number of tax collectors within the empire was greater than the number of tax payers. [21]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In 286, Emperor Dioklesianus (reigned 284—305) divided the imperial territories into eastern regions and western regions, each with with a self-governing administration; the Roman Empire was not considered to have been divided in two, neither by the people nor its rulers, due to its decisions laws and administrations issued by one region were also considered legitimate by the other. [22] [upper-alpha 3] In 330, after the civil war ended, Constantine the Great (reigned 306—337) rebuilt the Byzantine city as the capital of the new eastern region, and named it Constantinople. [23]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The renewal efforts made by Emperor Dioklesianus succeeded in strengthening the government bureaucracy, reorganizing the taxation system, and strengthening the armed forces.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This action was able to save the empire but did not solve the problems it faced, including high taxes, decreasing birth rates, and foreign pressures on the territory boundary. [24]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Civil war among competing emperors became commonplace in the mid-4th century.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

These civil wars drained military manpower guarding the borders of the territory making it easier for foreign invaders to break into the empire. [25]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Almost throughout the 4th century, Roman society became accustomed to living in a new order different from the Roman community order of the Ancient Ages, with the widening gap between the rich and the poor, as well as the dim of the passion of small towns. [26]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Another new development was the spread of Christianity, or the transition of the beliefs of imperial citizens to Christianity, a process that proceeded piecemeal from the 2nd to the 5th century. [27] [28] jmpl|upright=1.6|left|An approximate map of the boundaries of political territory in Europe around 450 A.D. 376, the Goths who were seizing themselves from the pursuit of the Huns, obtained permission from Emperor Valens (reigned 364—378) to settle in the Province of Trakia (Latin: Thracian Provincia), the territory of the Roman Empire in the Balkan Peninsula.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The correctional process of the Goths in Trakia Province did not go smoothly, and when the Roman officials took erroneous actions, the Goths began raiding and pillaging. [upper-alpha 4] Emperor Valens, seeking to defuse the chaos, fell in the Battle of Adrianople against the Goths on August 9, 378. [30]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In addition to threats from such tribal confederations that urged from the north, the Roman Empire also had to deal with problems arising from divisions within its own country, particularly divisions among Christians. [31]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In 400, the Visigoths invaded the Western Roman Empire, and although briefly retreated from Italy, they eventually managed to occupy and plunder the city of Rome in 410. [32]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In 406, the Alans, the Vandals, and the Suevi entered the Gauls; over the following three years they spread to all corners of the Gauls, across the Pirenian Mountains, and into what is now the land of Spain in 409. [33]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Migration Age began when various tribes, at first most of which were Germanic tribes, moved from place to place throughout Europe.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Franka, the Alemanians, and the Burgundians moved and settled in the northern regions of the Gauls; the Angli, the Saksen, and the Yuti settled in Britain; [34] while the Vandals crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and conquered the Province of Africa (Latin: Provincia Africa). [35]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the 430s, the Huns began to invade the Roman Empire; the king of the Huns, Attila (reigned 434—453), led the invasions of the Balkans in 442 and 447, to the Gauls in 451, and to Italy in 452. [36]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The threat of the Huns continued to overshadow the Roman Empire until the confederation of the Huns was dissolved when Attila died in 453. [37]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

These invasions carried out by foreign tribes completely changed the political state and population of the Western Roman Empire at that time. [34]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

At the end of the 5th century, the western regions of the Roman Empire were divided into smaller political units, and controlled by tribes who had invaded it at the beginning of that century. [38]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The impeachment of the last emperor of the western region, Romulus Agustulus, in 476 was long established as a marker for the end of the history of the Western Roman Empire. [11] [upper-alpha 5] In 493, the Italian Peninsula was conquered by the Ostrogoths. [39]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Eastern Roman Empire, often called the Byzantine Empire after the fall of the governments of the western regions, was unable to do much to retake control of the western regions that had spiraled out of imperial control.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Byzantine emperors still declared themselves rulers over these regions, but even though none of the new kings in the western regions dared to exalt themselves to the emperor of the western region, Byzantine control over much of the western region of the Roman Empire was untenable; the reconquest of areas along the coast of the Middle Sea and in the Italian Jazirah (War of the Goths) during the reign of Emperor Justinianus (reigned 527—565) was the only exception, although it did not last long. [40]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Early Middle Ages New societies The political order of Western Europe changed as the history of the Roman Empire united.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Although the movements of the tribes that occurred at that time were usually described as “invasions”, these movements were not solely military movements but also the movement of the displacement of all the tribes into the territory of the empire.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This kind of movement was caused by the refusal of Roman bigwigs in the western regions to support the armed forces or to pay taxes capable of empowering the armed forces to stem the flow of migration. [41]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The emperors of the 5th century were often controlled by powerful men from military circles such as Stiliko (died 408), Esius (died 454), Aspar (died 471), Ricimer (died 472), and Gundobad (died 516), namely Roman peranacans or no Roman bleeds at all.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Although the western region was no longer ruled by the emperors, many of the kings who ruled in the region were still counted their relatives.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Interfered marriages between the new lords and the Roman nobility were common. [42]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

As a result, the native Roman culture also began to mix with the customs of the tribes occupying the western regions, including the organization of folk congregations that increasingly made room for independent male tribal citizens to take up crumble in political matters, different from the custom used to prevail in the Romans. [43]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The relics of the Romans were often similar to the relics of the tribes occupying the western regions, and the items made by the tribes were often made by imitating the shape of Roman-made goods. [44]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Much of the writing and scientific culture of the new kingdoms was also based on Roman intellectual traditions. [45]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

One of the important differences of these new empires from the Roman Empire was the growing shrinkage of tax revenue as a source of government revenue.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Many of these new kingdoms no longer endorsed their armed forces using tax revenue funds, but by land endowments or land tenancy rights.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Thus, large amounts of tax revenue was no longer needed, so the Roman taxation order was finally abandoned. [46]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

War became something commonplace, both interroyal war and war within a kingdom.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Slavery numbers declined as supplies dwindled, and communities were increasingly rural. [47] [upper-alpha 6] Between the 5th and 8th centuries, the nation's tribes and new figures filled the political void after the fall of the centralized government of the Romans. [45]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Ostrogoths, one of the tribes of the Goths, settled in Roman Italy at the end of the 5th century, under the leadership of Theodoric the Great (died 526).


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Ostrogoths established a kingdom in the area and lived along well with the Italians, at least until the Theodoric reign ended. [49]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Burgundians settled in the Gauls, and after his kingdom was destroyed by the Huns in 436, they established a new kingdom in the 440s. This kingdom in the area that is now between the city of Geneva and the city of Lyon developed into the Kingdom of Burgundia at the end of the 5th century and the beginning of the 6th century. [50]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Other areas of the Gauls were occupied by the Franka and the Kelt Britons who established small kingdoms.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The kingdom of Franka was centered in the northern regions of the Gauls, and its first king is known to have been named Kilderik (died 481).


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In Kilderik's tomb which was discovered back in 1653, there were amazing grave goods, namely weapons and a large amount of gold. [51]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

During the reign of Kilderik's son, Klovis I (reigned 509—511), the founder of Meroving, the Kingdom of Franka expanded its territory and accepted Christianity.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Britons, who are still related to the indigenous Pretanī Island (Latin: Britannia) — the island of present-day Great Britain — settled in the area now called Bretagne. [52] [upper-alpha 7] The Visigoths established a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, the Suevi established a kingdom in the northwestern region Iberia, and the Vandals established kingdoms in North Africa. [50]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the 6th century, the Lombardians settled in Northern Italy, replacing the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths with a group of duchies that occasionally elected a king to rule it all.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

At the end of the 6th century, this order of government was replaced by a fixed monarchy, namely the Kingdom of the Lombardians. [53]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Invasions brought new tribes into Europe, although some areas were flooded with more new tribes than other regions.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

For example, the tribes of the peoples that invaded the Gauls settled more heavily in the northeastern areas than in the southwestern areas.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Slavs settled in the central and eastern regions of Europe, as well as in the Balkan Peninsula.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The establishment of tribes in a region led to changes in the languages of the region.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Latin, the language of the Western Roman Empire, was gradually replaced by the derived languages of Latin but distinct from Latin, namely languages that are now classified in the Romance language group.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The switch from Latin to these new languages ran for centuries.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Greek still remained the language of the Byzantine Empire, but the migrations of the Slavs to Eastern Europe brought with them Slav languages that added to the diversity of languages in the empire. [54]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The synthesis of the Byzantine Empire as new empires grew in Western Europe, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that persisted until the 7th century.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This eastern region of the Roman Empire was also dogged by invasion, but in smaller numbers; most took place in the Balkans.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Peace with the Sasani Empire, Rome's sworn enemy, persisted almost throughout the 5th century.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the Eastern Roman Empire, the relationship of the state and the Church became more and more familiar, to the point that the doctrine of the Church became a political affair of the state.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This kind of circumstance never happened in Western Europe.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

One of the advances achieved in the field of law was the codification of Roman law; the first codification attempt, the preparation of the Book of the Laws of Theodosius (Latin: Codex Theodosianus), was completed in 438. [56]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

During the reign of Emperor Justinianus (reigned 527—565), another codification attempt was made, namely the preparation of the Civil Law Collection (Latin: Corpus Juris Civilis). [57]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Emperor Yustinianus also addressed the construction of Hagia Sofia in Constantinople, as well as deploying Roman soldiers under the leadership of Belisarius (died 565) [58] to recapture North Africa from the Vandals, and recapture Italy from the Ostrogoths. [59]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The conquest of Italy was incomplete due to the outbreak of death in 542 which prompted Emperor Justinianus to deploy all military forces for the defense of the country rather than for conquest efforts until his reign ended. [59]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

When Emperor Justinianus turned out, the Byzantines had taken control of most of Italy, North Africa, and a small number of areas of southern Spain.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Emperor Justinianus' attempt to reclaim the territories was denounced by historians as an attempt to expand the territory that exceeded its strength and made the Byzantine Empire vulnerable to Muslim acts of prime conquests.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Nonetheless, many of the difficulties encountered by Justinianus' successors were not solely due to the imposition of excessive taxes to fund wars during the reign of Justinianus, but also caused by civil nature which was a human nature that empire, so the empire is difficult to recruit the people to become warriors. [60]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the eastern regions of the Roman Empire, the slowly infiltration of the Slavs into the Balkans added to the number of problems that Justinianus' successor emperors had to deal with.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This process of infiltration took place piecemeal, but by the end of the 540s, Slav tribes had already occupied Trakia and Iliria (Latin: Illyricum), having defeated the imperial army near Adrianople in 551.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the 560s, the Avars began to expand their power from their base on the north bank of the Donau River; by the end of the 6th century, the Avars were already rampant in Central Europe and were able to routinely force the emperors of the eastern regions to offer tribute.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The Avars continued to run rampant until 796. [61]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Other problems the empire had to deal with arose as a result of the interference of Emperor Maurisius (reigned 582—602) in a dispute over leadership in Persia.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

This interference of Emperor Maurisius in Persian political affairs did result in peaceful relations between the two empires, but when Emperor Maurisius was deposed from the throne, the Persians again invaded.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

During the reign of Emperor Heraclius (reigned 610—641), the Persians had taken control of much of the territory of the Byzantine Empire, including Egypt, Syria, and Anatolia, before it could finally be repulsed by Emperor Heraclius.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In 628, the Byzantine Empire managed to bind a peace treaty with Persia and regained control of all of its once captured territories. [62]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Western European societies In Western Europe, a number of old Roman noble families went into extinction, while the remaining Roman noble families chose to pursue religion rather than involve themselves in worldly affairs.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The high appreciation of Roman scientific and educational writing narrowly disappeared, and although read writing was still considered important, this ability was more regarded as a practical skill than as an emblem of noble status.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the 4th century, Hieronimus (died 420) dreamed of being rebuked by God for reading Sisero's written works more often than the Bible.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In the 6th century, Gregorius of Tours also dreamed of being rebuked by God, but not for reading Sisero's written works more often, but rather because of studying stenography. [63]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

At the end of the 6th century, the main means of religious instruction in the Church were music and fine arts, no longer books. [64]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Most of the scientific works produced at that time were only copies of scientific works relics of the Ancient Ages, but there were also a number of new writings produced together with a number of oral literature that are no longer known.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The written works of Sidonius Apolinaris (died 489), Kasiodorus (died circa 585), and Boëtius (died around 525) are typical written works from this time. [65]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The life of commoners also underwent changes, when the culture of the nobility was more centered on holding debauchery parties in banquet halls rather than working in the field of literature.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The fashion of the nobility is embellished with jewelled gold ornaments.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The rulers and kings funded entourages of retinue consisting of the jawara who became the backbone of the armed forces. [upper-alpha 8] Bonds of kinship among the nobility are strongly upheld, as are bonds of loyalty, courage, and honor.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

These ties were the cause of protracted disputes that often arose among the nobility, for example the protracted disputes in the Gauls in the days of Meroving as narrated by Gregorius of Tours.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Most of these protracted disputes were ended in a short period of time with the payment of some kind of indemnity money. [68]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The main role of women among the nobility was as wives and mothers of men.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The role of women as the mother of a ruler was highly valued in the Gauls during the time of Meroving.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In Angli-Saksen society, the rarity of childhood rulers caused the role of women as queen mothers to become less prominent, but these shortcomings were offset by the increasingly prominent role of abdists of the monastery.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

It seems that in Italy alone women are always considered to be under the protection and control of a male relative. [69]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Compared to the nobility, the ihwal of commoner life is less often enshrined in written works.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Most of the information about the commoners who syntas reached the hands of historians comes from the field of archaeological science; a handful of written relics depicting the fairy life of commoners still date back to the period before the 9th century.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Most of the depictions of lower class society come from the legal books or the written works of prophets from among the upper class. [70]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The patterns of land ownership in Western Europe are not uniform; in some regions, the peaches of land are very scattered and far apart, while in other regions, it has become a rule that the peaches of land belong to located with each other.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

These differences gave rise to an assortment of commoners; some of these commoners were subservient under the rule of noble landlords, while other commoners were strictly independent. [71]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

How to occupy the land also varies.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Some commoners occupy settlements with up to 700 residents, while others live in small groups consisting of several families; in addition, there are others who live alone on their own arable land on the outskirts of villages.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

There are also areas that have mixed patterns between two or more of these orders. [72]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Unlike at the end of Roman times, there is no sharp difference between the legal status of the independent commoners and the nobility, instead an independent family of commoners may have risen to the status of nobility after passing several generations by means of service as a soldier on a great ruler. [73]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Roman urban culture and life completely changed in the early Middle Ages.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Although Italian cities still remain populated with people, the number of citizens has greatly shrunk.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

For example Rome whose number of citizens shrank from hundreds of thousands of souls to about 30,000 inhabitants at the end of the 6th century.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Roman temples were transitioned into Church buildings, and the walls of the city still remain functioned as they were. [74]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

In Northern Europe, cities also experienced shrinking numbers of citizens, while monuments and other public buildings in cities were plundered to serve as building materials.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The founding of new kingdoms often caused cities that were made capitals to experience little progress. [75]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

Despite having long established paguyuban-paguyuban in many Roman cities, the Jews for some time experienced communion after the Roman Empire converted beliefs to Christianity.


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The existence of the Jews was officially tolerated, if willing to be admitted to the teachings of Christianity, even when they were encouraged to move and settle in new areas. [76]


Question: When did the king of Gundobad come into office?

Middle Ages

The rise of Islamic Religion and belief in the Byzantine Empire and Persia was constantly capricious at the end of the 6th century and the beginning of the 7th century.