Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

He also succeeded in repelling Hungarian and Serbian attacks in the 1120s. In 1130, Ioannes allied himself with the German emperor Lothair III.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

They jointly fought against the Norman king, Roger II of Sicily. [80]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the final days of his power, Ioannes concentrated his activities in the East.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

He defeated the Danishmend emirate, reconquered all of Cilicia, and forced Raymond of Poitiers, Prince of Antioch, to recognize Eastern Roman power.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In an attempt to demonstrate the role of Eastern Romans as leaders in the Christian world, Ioannes advanced to the Holy Land.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

His hopes were pupussized because of the treachery of his crusader allies. [81]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In 1142, Ioannes re-emphasized his claim to Antioch, but he died in 1143 as a result of a hunting incident.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Raymond ventured to invade Cilicia, but failed and was forced to go to Constantinople to beg for the mercy of the new emperor. [82] JMPL|left|300px|Eastern Roman Empire (color purple) of 1180, at the end of the Komnenos period.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Manouel I Komnenos, the fourth son of Ioannes, was elected successor to the imperial throne.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

He waged a military campaign against his neighbours to the west and east.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In Palestine, he allied himself with the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and sent a large fleet to take part in the invasion of Fatimiyyah Egypt.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Manouel strengthened his position as maharaja of the Crusader states.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

His hegemony of Antioch and Jerusalem was ensured through consent with Raynald, Prince of Antioch, and Amalric, King of Jerusalem. [83]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In an attempt to restore Eastern Roman power in the ports of Southern Italy, Manouel sent an expedition to Italy of 1155, but a dispute with the coalition resulted in the failure of this military campaign.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Despite this, Manouel's armed forces successfully overran the Kingdom of Hungary in 1167.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Hungarian army can be defeated in the Battle of Sirmium.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

By 1168, almost the entire eastern Adriatic coast was in Manouel's hands. [84]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Manouel then allied himself with the Pope and the Western Christian kingdoms.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

At the time of the Second Crusade, crusaders had to pass through Eastern Roman territory to reach the holy land.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Manouel let them through, and made sure the crusaders didn't cause chaos. [85]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the east, Manouel suffered a defeat in the Battle of Myriokephalon of 1176.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

However, the defeat was soon corrected.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the following year, Manouel successfully defeated the Turkish army. [86]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Roman commander Ioannes Vatatzes, who crushed the Turkish attackers in the Battles of Hyelion and Leimocheir, not only brought troops from the capital, but also managed to gather an army en route.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

This was a sign that the Eastern Roman army remained strong and the defense program in western Asia Minor was still successful. [87]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The twelfth-century renaissance Ioannes and Manouel implemented an active military policy, and made use of existing resources for city defense or siege.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Aggressive fortification policies constitute their military policy. [88]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Despite the defeat at Myriokephalon, the policies of Alexios, Ioannes, and Manouel, succeeded in expanding imperial territory, achieving frontier stability in Asia Minor, as well as securing the empire's European borders.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

From 1081 to 1180, the armed forces of Komnenos guaranteed the security of Eastern Romans, so that Eastern Roman civilization had a chance to flourish. [89]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Western provinces were able to achieve an economic revival.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

During the twelfth century, the number of inhabitants and agricultural land increased.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Archaeological evidence from Europe and Asia Minor suggests an enlargement of the town's settlements


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

At this time, trade also flourished. [90]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the artistic sphere, there appeared a renaissance within the field of mosaics.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Regional schools of architecture began producing many new styles derived from various cultural influences. [91]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

During the twelfth century, models of early humanism emerged as a renaissance of interest in classical writers. [92]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The decline and disintegration of the Angeloi Dynasty Manouel died on 24 September 1180.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

He was succeeded by his eleven-year-old son, Alexios II Komnenos.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Alexios II was woefully incompetent.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

His reign was less favoured because of the Franka background of his mother, Mary of Antioch. [93]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Eventually, Andronikos I Komnenos, Alexios I's grandson, inflamed a rebellion against his brother and managed to bring him down in a coup.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

He staged a march on Constantinople in August 1182 taking advantage of his popularity in the armed forces.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Next Andronikos initiated the massacre of the Latins. [94]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

After finishing off his enemies, he declared himself emperor in September 1183.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Andronikos uprooted Alexios II's life and deprived Alexios' 12-year-old wife Agnes of France. [94]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Andronikos started his reign well.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The reform of government he launched was praised by historic-historians.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

According to George Ostrogorsky, Andronikos was dedicated to root out corruption down to its roots.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Under his authority, the sale of positions was halted.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The selection of officials is based on merit, not on compassionate choosing.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Officials were given decent wages so that bribery practices could be reduced. [95]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The aristocrats were furious with him.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, Andronikos' behaviour was also seen as unfavorable.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Death sentences and violence often occur, so his time of power became a regime of terror. [96]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Andronikos seeks to finish off the aristocracy.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The struggle against the aristocracy turned into a massacre, while the emperor waged more cruel measures to prop up his regime. [95]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Despite his military background, Andronikos was unable to resist Isaakius Komnenos of Cyprus, Béla III of Hungary who annexed Croatian territories, and Stefan Nemanja of Serbia who declared independence from Eastern Roman.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Things got worse when William II of Sicily invaded the Eastern Romans with a war force of 300 ships and 80,000 soldiers in 1185. [97]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Andronikos mobilized a small fleet of 100 ships to protect the capital.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

These attackers can only be expelled during the reign of the next emperor, Isaakius Angelos.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

For the support of the people, Andronikos was eventually dropped by Isaakius Angelos. [98]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The emperor who had been dropped attempted to flee with his wife, but was captured.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Isaakius handed it over to the mob for three days.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

After assorted tortures, Andronikos was finally killed on 12 September 1185.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

He was a member of the last Komnenos Dynasty to control Constantinople.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Isaakius Angelos of the Angeloi Dynasty succeeded him as emperor.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

During the reign of Isaakius II, as well as that of his successor Alexios III Angelos, Eastern Roman rule and defenses began to crumble.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Although the Norman was successfully expelled from Greece, in 1186 the Vlach and Bulgar waged a rebellion that culminated to the founding of the Second Bulgarian Empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Angeloi's domestic policy characterizes waste of public property and fiscal maladministration.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Eastern Roman rule continued to weaken, and a growing power vacuum in the empire triggered divisions.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

One proof is when some of Komnenos's successors established a semi-independent state in Trebizond before 1204. [99]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

According to Alexander Vasiliev, “the Angeloi dynasty hastened the empire's collapse. “[100]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Fourth Crusade In 1198, Pope Innocensius III began talks on a new crusade through legatus and encyclical letters. [101]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The goal of the crusade was to conquer Egypt, which was the center of Muslim power in the Levant.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Crusaders who arrived in Venice in the summer of 1202 were smaller in number than anticipated.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Nor did they have sufficient funds to hire a Venetian fleet.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In exchange for payment, the Crusaders agreed to help seize the (Christian) port of Zara in Dalmatia (Venetian vassal city, but rebelled and protected by Hungary in 1186). [102]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Zara was successfully captured in November 1202 after a short siege. [103]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Innocensius, who had been informed of the plan but his opposition ignored, did not want to jeopardize the plans of the Crusades, so he granted a conditional pardon to the Crusaders, but Venice did not get it. [104]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

After Theobald III died, the Crusader leadership changed hands to Bonifacius of Montferrat, a friend of Philip of Swabia.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Both Boniface and Philip had married members of the Eastern Roman imperial family.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Philip's brother-in-law, Alexios Angelos (son of Emperor Isaakius II Angelos, who had been put down and blinded), pleaded for help to Europe and had been in contact with the Crusaders.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Alexios offered the reunification of the Eastern Romanesque church with Rome, payment of 200,000 silver marks, and other favors. [105]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Innocensius knew of plans to divert the Crusade to Constantinople and forbid an attack on the city, but the new pope's letter arrived after the fleet had left Zara.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Crusaders arrived in Constantinople in the summer of 1203.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Alexios III fled the capital.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Alexios Angelos ascended the throne as Alexios IV along with his blind father, Isaakius.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Unfortunately, Alexios IV and Isaakius II were unable to keep their promises and were dropped by Alexios V. The crusaders took Constantinople on 13 April 1204.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Constantinople was then looted for three days.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Many icons, reliquaries, and other objects in Constantinople, were transported to Western Europe.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

According to Choniates, prostitution was established on the patriarch's throne. [106]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

As Innosensius III heard of the behavior of the Crusaders, he was about to punish them, but the situation was out of control, especially after his legates, who on his own initiative, relieved the Crusaders from their duty to conquer the Holy Land. [63] [104] When the rule had been restored, the Crusaders and Venetians decreed their assent: Baldwin of Flandria was chosen as emperor and Thomas Morosini of Venice was appointed patriarch.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

So stood the Latin Empire in Constantinople.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, Eastern Roman refugees established their own states, with the most important being the Empire of Nicea, the Empire of Trebizond, and the Prosperity of Epirus. [104]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The fall of the Eastern Roman Empire in its banishment After the Crusaders plundered Constantinople of 1204, two Eastern Roman states stood up: the Empire of Nicea and the Prosperity of Epirus.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

A third state, the Empire of Trebizond, was founded by Alexios I of Trebizond a few weeks before the plundering of Constantinople.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Among these three countries, Epirus and Nicea were the countries most likely to recapture Constantinople.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Empire of Nicea continued to struggle to stay afloat, and by the mid-13th century had lost much of its territory in southern Anatolia. [107]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The weakening of the Sultanate of Rûm due to the attacks of the Mongols of 1242—43 allowed the beylik and ghazi to establish their own principalities in Anatolia, thus weakening Eastern Roman power in Asia Minor. [108]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

However, the Mongol invasion also gave time for Nicea to turn its attention to the Latin Empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The reconquest of Constantinople The Empire of Nicea succeeded in recapturing Constantinople from the Latins of 1261.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Subsequently, they also managed to defeat Epirus.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

So Eastern Roman was successfully restored under the leadership of Michael VIII Palaiologos.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

However, the empire torn apart by war is now vulnerable to the enemies around it.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

To strengthen his army in warfare against the Latin Empire, Michael withdrew troops from Asia Minor, and levied high taxes from peasants, resulting in resentment. [109]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Massive building projects were waged in Constantinople to repair the damage caused by the Fourth Crusade, but none of these ventures benefited peasants in Asia Minor, who suffered as a result of the ghazi-ghazi attacks.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Michael chose to expand the empire's territory rather than keep its colonies in Asia Minor.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

To prevent another plunder, he forced the church to submit to Rome, which became a temporary solution. [110]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Subsequently, Emperor Andronikos II, then his grandson Emperor Andronikos III, attempted to resurrect the empire, but Andronikos II's hired mercenaries often backfired. [111]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The rise of the Ottomans and the fall of Constantinople The situation got worse after Andronikos III died.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Civil war for six years raged in the empire, and the earthquake at Gallipoli of 1354 destroyed the fortifications, so that the Ottomans (hired as mercenaries during the civil war by Ioannes VI Kantakouzenos) could strengthen their position in Europe. [112]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

As the civil war had ended, the Ottomans had defeated the Serbs and subjugated them as vassals.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

After the Battle of Kosovo, most of the Balkans had been dominated by the Ottomans. [113]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The emperor begged for help from the west, but the pope would only send aid if the Eastern Orthodox Church was willing to reunite with the Holy See.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Unification of the churches had been envisaged, and sometimes carried out through imperial edicts, but the inhabitants and the Orthodox clergy resented the authority of Rome and the Latin Rite. [114]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Several Western armies came and strengthened the defenses of Constantinople, but most Western rulers, preoccupied with their respective affairs, did nothing when the Ottomans annexed one by one the rest of the Eastern Roman territories. [115]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

On 2 April 1453, Sultan Mehmed II with an army numbering 80,000 besieged Constantinople. [116]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Constantinople finally fell into Ottoman hands on 29 May 1453.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The last Eastern Roman emperor, Constantine XI Palaiologos, was seen taking off his oversized sign and engaging himself in battle after the city walls were seized. [117]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Post-collapse Eastern Roman Mehmed II conquered the small states of Mistra, Greece, in 1460, and Trebizond in 1461.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

By the end of the 15th century, the Ottoman Sultanate had taken control of Asia Minor and parts of the Balkans.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, the Principality of Donau received Orthodox displacements and Eastern Roman nobles.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The last emperor's nephew, Andreas Palaiologos, inherited the title of Eastern Roman Emperor and used it from 1465 until his death in 1503. [14]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Subsequently, the emperor's role as patron of the Eastern Orthodox was claimed by Ivan III, Grand Duke of Mokswa.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

He had married Andreas' brother, Sophia Paleologue.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

His grandson, Ivan IV, would become the first Tsar of Russia (tsar, or czar, means caesar, is the term the Slavs formerly used for Eastern Roman Emperors).


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Their successors supported the idea that Moscow was the successor to Rome and Constantinople.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The idea that the Russian Empire was the Third Rome remained alive until the eruption of the Russian Revolution of 1917. [118]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The economy of the Eastern Roman Economy was one of the most advanced in Europe and the Mediterranean for centuries.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Europe was unable to match the economic power of the Eastern Romans until late medieval times.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Constantinople was a major centre in a trade network covering almost all of Eurasia and North Africa.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The city also became one of the main cities within the silk road.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Some experts state that, until the coming of the Arabs in the seventh century, the Eastern Roman economy was the strongest in the world.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Arab conquests led to setbacks and stagnances.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Reformation of Constantine V (765) marked the beginning of an economic recovery that lasted until 1204.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

From the tenth century to the end of the twelfth century, the Eastern Roman Empire projected an image of luxury, and travelers were amazed by the wealth in Constantinople.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Everything changed at the time of the Fourth Crusade, which brought economic disaster. [119]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Palaiologos tried to restore the economy, but the late Eastern Roman state would not acquire full power over domestic and foreign economic powers.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Slowly, Eastern Romans also lost their influence in trade modalities and price mechanisms, and also power over the flow of precious metals, and even, according to some experts, against the minting of coins. [120]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

One of the foundations of the empire's economy was trade.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Textiles are the most important export commodity. [121]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The state strictly controlled internal and international trade, as well as having monopoly rights in issuing coins.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The government regulates the interest rate, and sets the parameters of the activity of unions and trading companies, which are subject to special interest.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The emperor and his officials intervened in times of crisis to guarantee the provision of capital and safeguard the price of cereals.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The government collects surplus proceeds through tax collection, and returns them in circulation through redistribution in the form of salaries to state officials, or in the form of investment of public facilities. [122]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Reign In Eastern Roman, the emperor was the sole and absolute ruler.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

His power is considered to have a divine origin. [14]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Senate has no real political and legislative authority, but still as an honorary council.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

At the end of the 8th century, a centralized civil administration in the palace was formed as part of the consolidation of power in the capital (the rise of the position of sakellarios corresponded with this change). [123]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The most important reform in this period was the establishment of themes.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

On themes, civil and military governments are governed by one person, namely strategos. [14]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The titular system and preemptive rights in the empire resulted in government seeming like a bureaucracy to modern observers.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The officials were arranged in a strict arrangement among the emperors, and their posts depended on the will of the emperor.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In Eastern Roman there was actual administrative work, but government could be hung on certain people rather than an essence. [124]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the 8th and 9th centuries, the state staffing was the fastest path to aristocratic status, but since the 9th century, the civil aristocracy was rivaled by the aristocracy of nobility.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

According to some studies, 11th century politics was dominated by the rivalry between the aristocracy between the civilian and the military.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

During that time, Alexios I launched important administrative reforms which included the procurement of palace ranks and posts. [125]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Diplomacy After the fall of Rome, Eastern Roman's main challenge was fostering relations with its neighbors.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Eastern Roman diplomacy soon attracted the attention of its neighbours.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

So open the network of international and interstate relations. [126]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The network revolves around the making of tracts, and includes the welcoming of new rulers, as well as the assimilation of Eastern Roman acts, values, and social institutions. [127]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

While classical writers transcribed the ethical and legal separation between peace and war, the Eastern Romans regarded diplomacy as one form of war. [128]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

For example, the Bulgarian threat can be overcome by providing funds to Rus Kiev. [128]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Orthodox Church also played a diplomatic function, and the spread of Orthodox Christianity was a major diplomatic goal of the empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Scrinium Barbarorum in Constantinople was tasked with handling protocol and storage of records concerning anything related to “barbarians”. [129]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

While carrying out protocol duties, they ensure foreign ambassadors are treated properly, and also play a role in the translation of diplomatic missions of the Barbarian countries.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

J. B. Bury believed that the department supervised all foreigners visiting Constantinople. [130]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Some people, such as Michael Antonucci, believe that Scrinium Barbarorum acts as a kind of spy reward for the empire, but there is no solid evidence of this.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

On Strategy from the 6th century offered advice regarding foreign embassies: “[Ambassadors] sent should be received respectfully and generously, because anyone respects the ambassadors, but their presence needs to be watched lest they obtain information by questioning our people. “[131]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Romans took good opportunities and made use of several diplomatic approaches.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

For example, embassies to the capital often stay for many years.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

One member of the royal family from another country was often required to live in Constantinople.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

They are not only useful as hostages, but also pawns that can be exploited if the political conditions of the country in which it originated change.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Another important practice on Eastern Roman diplomacy was by many showing luxury goods to visitors. [126]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

According to Dimitri Obolensky, the continuity of civilization in Eastern Europe was due to the skill and resourcefulness of Eastern Roman diplomacy, which remains one of the Eastern Roman donations to European history. [132]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Science and law Writing ala the classical era never ceased to be empowered in the Eastern Romans.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Thus, Eastern Roman science was closely related to ancient philosophy and metaphysics. [133]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Although the Eastern Romans succeeded in applying science (as in the construction of the Hagia Sophia), after the 6th century, Eastern Roman experts did not make much donation towards science.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

New theories were not widely initiated, and the ideas of classical writers were not widely developed. [134]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Expertise was hampered in the dark years by the plague of pes and the Arab conquering, but during the Eastern Roman renaissance at the end of the first millennium, Eastern Roman experts reappeared and became experts in the scientific development of Arabia and Persia, especially in astronomy and mathematics. [ 135]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the later centuries of the empire, Eastern Roman grammars were responsible in bringing and writing the grammar and literary study of Ancient Greece to early Renaissance Italy. [136]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In this period, astronomy and mathematics were taught in Trebizond. [137]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the field of law, the reforms of Justinianus I had exerted a clear influence on the development of jurisprudens.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, Emperor Leo III's Ecloga influenced the establishment of legal institutions in the Slavic world. [138]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Language Originally, the language of the empire was Latin.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The language became an official language until the 7th century, when Heraclius replaced it with Greek.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Scientific Latin is no longer spoken by the educated population, although it was still part of the ceremonial culture of the empire for some time. [139]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

People's Latin remained the minority language of the empire, and among the Traco-Roman population, it gave birth to the (Proto-) Romanian language. [140]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, on the coast of the Adriatic sea, neo-Latin dialects developed, which would give birth to the Dalmatian language.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the Western Mediterranean provinces briefly controlled under the rule of Justinianus I, Latin (eventually evolved into Italian) continued to be used as a folk language as well as a scientific language.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The main language spoken in Eastern Romance (even since before the fall of Western Romance) was Greek.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The language has been spoken for centuries before Latin. [141]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

At the beginning of the founding of the Romans, Greek was widely spoken in the Christian church, and also became the language of science and art.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In addition, Greek also became a trade intermediary. [142]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Many other languages were also spoken in this multiethnic empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Some languages acquire limited official satatus in the provinces.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In early medieval times, the Suryani and Aramaic languages were spoken by the educated population of the eastern provinces. [143]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Coptic, Armenian, and Georgian languages are also widely spoken in their respective places. [144]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, the Slavonian, Vlach, and Arabic languages became important because of the intertwining of relations with foreign powers. [145]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Constantinople was a center of trade, so every language known in medieval times was sometimes spoken in the empire, even including Chinese. [146]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

As the empire entered its final period of decline, the Eastern Roman population became homogeneous, and the Greek language became important to their identity and religion. [147]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Art Culture and Eastern Roman Art literature mostly deals with religious expression.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Eastern Romanesque styles were spread through trade and conquest into Italy and Sicily; those styles would influence Italian renaissance art.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

With a view to expanding the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Eastern Romanesque style was spread into eastern European cities, especially Russia. [148]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Influences from Eastern Roman architecture, especially in the form of religious buildings, can be encountered in various regions, from Egypt and Arabia, to Russia and Romania.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the field of literature, there are four cultural elements, namely Greek, Christian, Roman, and Oriental.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Eastern Roman literature is often classified in five groups: historians and analysts, encyclopedists (Patriarch Photios, Michael Psellos, and Michael Choniates are considered Eastern Roman's greatest encyclopedists) and essay writers, as well as writers of secular poetry.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Two other groups include new types of literature: ecclesiastical and theological literature, and popular literature.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Of the two to three thousand volumes of Eastern Roman literature that have survived, only three hundred and thirty include secular poetry, history, science, and pseudo science. [149]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Secular literature flourished from the ninth to the twelfth centuries, while religious literature (sermons, liturgical books, poetry, devotion, etc.) flourished first, with Romanus Melodus as the most prominent example. [150]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Religion The survival of the empire ensured the active role of the emperor in church affairs.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Roman state inherited the administrative and financial custom of regulating religious affairs from pagan times, and this custom was applied in the church.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Romans viewed the emperor as a representative or preservant of Christ.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

So the emperor was responsible in the spread of Christianity among pagans, and for “outside” religions, such as governance and finance.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Even so, the emperor's role in the church never evolved into a legal fixed system. [151]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Christianity was never fully united in the Eastern Roman Empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Eastern Orthodox Church did not represent all Christians in the empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Nestorianism, a view taught by Nestorius, split from the imperial church, and now became the Assyrian Eastern Church.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The Oriental Orthodox Church broke away from the imperial church after the declaration of the Council of Chalsedon.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Arianism and other Christian sects also existed in the empire, although by the time of the fall of Rome in the 5th century, Arianism was more restricted to Germanic tribes in Western Europe.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the late days of the empire, the Eastern Orthodox represented most of the Jews in the rest of the empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Meanwhile, Jews were an important minority in the empire.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Despite several times subjected to persecution, they were generally tolerated.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

With the fall of Rome and internal infighting on other patripatriate bodies, the church of Constantinople became the richest and most influential center of Christianity between the 6th and the 11th centuries. [152]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The historical stay of the Eastern Roman Empire has secured Western Europe from the new powers of the East.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Eastern Romans were continuously invaded by Persians, Arabs, Seljuk Turks, and Ottomans.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

For example, the East-Arab Roman Warfare, recognized by historians as a major factor behind the rise of Karel the Great, [153] and a stimulation for feudalism and economic independence.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

For centuries, Western historians used the terms Byzantine and Byzantinism as pameo for slump, politics of ruse, and complex bureaucracy.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In addition, there is a strong negative assessment of Eastern Roman civilization and its heritage in Southeast Europe. [154]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Byzantinism is generally defined as a religious, political, and philosophical body as opposed to the West. [155]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In the 20th and 21st centuries, historic-historians in the West tried to understand Eastern Roman more accurately and in balance.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

As a result, the complex character of Eastern Roman culture is more noticed and treated objectively than ever before. [155]


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

If the existence of the Ancient Roman Empire (encompassing Western Roman) with Eastern Roman/Byzantine was merged, the entire Roman Empire had been tangible for 1,480 years.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The successor to the Roman Empire, the Roman Republic, existed for 482 years, so the Roman state has existed for 1,962 years.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

See also Western Roman Empire Roman Empire Roman Emperor Eastern Roman Emperor Greek History Latin Empire Explanation Footnotes Reference Primary sources CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) URL—WikiLink conflict (help) Secondary source Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) () CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) CS1 maint: uses editors parameter (link) Advanced reading Outlink Study, source, and Byzantine bibliography of Adena, L. “”, Clio History Journal, 2008.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Ciesniewski, C. “”, Clio History Journal, 2006.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Fox, Clinton R. in Dumbarton Oaks.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Covers links to multiple electronic texts.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

A link to a variety of online sources.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Online source.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The sources for medieval history, include several translated sources concerning Byzantine warfare.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Some primary sources regarding Eastern Roman history.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

In<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[127669,127677,2,2]}'>hosted by the University of Vienna; in English.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Links to text, images and videos about Byzantine.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Others.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

Scientific biographies of Byzantine emperors.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

The film explaining why Eastern Romans fell from a political and economic point of view, filmed by the Russian Orthodox Church. by Lars Brownworth of The Stony Brook School; audio lectures.


Question: When did the Byzantine Empire stand up?

Eastern Roman Empire

(Roman/Byzantine maps during its existence)


Question: what is the laus of the United States?

State of the United States

States of the United States are the designations for each of the fifty politically constituent entities that make up the federal government of the United States.


Question: what is the laus of the United States?

State of the United States

Four of these officially refer to itself as “commonwealth”.


Question: what is the laus of the United States?

State of the United States

At the time of the Declaration of Independence, the United States had only 13 states.


Question: what is the laus of the United States?

State of the United States

The number then continues to grow year after year due to the expansion of the region westward, colonization and land purchases made by the US government, as well as the breakdown of existing states to reach 50.


Question: what is the laus of the United States?

State of the United States

List of states Here is a list of current U.S. states: Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia have Commonwealth status, not states.


Question: what is the laus of the United States?

State of the United States

Rhode Island's official name is “The State of Rhode Island and the Plantation of Providence” The government of Each state is its own sovereign entity, so the state is authorized to regulate its own government as long as it is still within the boundaries governed by the U.S. Constitution. The state governments vary, both in formality and substance.


Question: what is the laus of the United States?

State of the United States

No state government is the same as any other.


Question: what is the laus of the United States?

State of the United States

Constitution The government structure of each state is based on its respective constitution.


Question: what is the laus of the United States?

State of the United States

Many state constitutions are more detailed and more elaboration than federal government constitutions.


Question: what is the laus of the United States?

State of the United States

For example, the Alabama Constitution contains 310,296 words, 40 times more than the U.S. Constitution [3] In practice, each state implements a three-branch system of government, namely executive, legislative, and judicial, following the model of the federal government. [3] [4] the executive on each state is called the governor, who plays the role of head of state and head of government.


Question: what is the laus of the United States?

State of the United States

The governor may approve or veto draft legislation submitted by a state legislative body. [5]


Question: what is the laus of the United States?

State of the United States

Special territories In addition to those 50 states, the United States also has special regions and other territories: U.S. American Samoa D.C. Washington, D.C., the center of government of the United States GU Guam MP Northern Mariana Islands PR Puerto Rico VI United States Virgin Islands Midway Gulf Guantanamo PI Philippines, a country in the Asian continent once a colonization of the United States (1899-1946) FM Federation of Micronesia MH Marshall Islands PH Palau, all three are free relations areas in the United States CZ Panaman Canal Zone, or called Panama region was once a US special territory of years 1909 to 1979 TT Trust territory of the Pacific Islands See also List of United States state abbreviations Reference United States Category:List of United States stubs


Question: Is the respiratory apparatus fish?

Fish Maze

A maze fish</b>or Anabantoidei is a fish that has labyrinthine organs in its body so that it can take oxygen directly from the air above the surface of the water. [2]


Question: Is the respiratory apparatus fish?

Fish Maze

The labyrinth in the organs of the fish is an auxiliary breathing apparatus in the form of folds of the respiratory epithelium. This auxiliary tool is a derivative of the first gill sheet. [3]


Question: Is the respiratory apparatus fish?

Fish Maze

The labyrinth is located in a cavity at the bottom of or above the gills. [3]


Question: Is the respiratory apparatus fish?

Fish Maze

With this additional tool, fish are able to live and survive in dissolved oxygen-poor waters, provided that the surface of the waters there is free air. [3] [4] This happens because in its natural habitat one time may occur conditions in which the oxygen content in the water decreases or slightly. [2]


Question: Is the respiratory apparatus fish?

Fish Maze

So that the fish that have this maze are easily adaptable to sharing water and environmental conditions and have good endurance. [2]


Question: Is the respiratory apparatus fish?

Fish Maze

Suppose gouramih, catfish and cork fish. [2] [4] Fish living in a muddy place have a labyrinth that is an expansion of gills, in the form of irregular hollow folds. [4]


Question: Is the respiratory apparatus fish?

Fish Maze

The labyrinth has capillary blood vessels capable of taking oxygen directly from the air. [3]


Question: Is the respiratory apparatus fish?

Fish Maze

Air is accommodated in the cavity of the maze when it will appear on the surface of the water. [3]


Question: Is the respiratory apparatus fish?

Fish Maze

If the labyrinth fish has no chance to take the okesif directly from the free air because the surface of the water is completely covered then the fish will die. [3]


Question: Is the respiratory apparatus fish?

Fish Maze

Category:Fish Category:Perciformes


Question: When did the millennium century begin?

1st Millennium

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Question: When did the millennium century begin?

1st Millennium

The first millennium AD was a period of time beginning from January 1, 1 AD and ending on December 31, 1000 AD, in Julius' calendar.


Question: When did the millennium century begin?

1st Millennium

The world's resident population, tripling in the previous millennium, grew more slowly during the first millennium and may have dwindled by the millennium.


Question: When did the millennium century begin?

1st Millennium

One optimistic estimate is that the world population increased from about 170 to 300 million, but other estimates vary; one other estimate suggests that the world population is actually decreasing from 400 million people to 250 million people.


Question: When did the millennium century begin?

1st Millennium

In Europe and the middle Sea, the first millennium was a time of great transition.


Question: When did the millennium century begin?

1st Millennium

The 2nd century saw the peak of the Roman Empire, followed by a gradual decline during the late period of Antiquity, the rise of Christianity and the Great Migration.


Question: When did the millennium century begin?

1st Millennium

The second part in the millennium is characterized as the Early Middle Ages in Europe, and is marked by the expansion of the Viking area in the west, the rise of the Eastern Roman Empire in the east, and the Islamic Conquest throughout the Near East, North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, culminating in the Islamic Gyday (). 700—1200 M).


Question: When did the millennium century begin?

1st Millennium

In eastern Asia, this first millennium was also influential on great cultural advances, especially the spread of Buddhism to East Asia.


Question: When did the millennium century begin?

1st Millennium

In China, the Han Dynasty was replaced by the Jindan Dynasty then the Tangang Dynasty until the 10th century saw a new schism within the epoch of the Five Dynasties and


Question: When did the millennium century begin?

1st Millennium

In Japan, a sharp increase in the resident population followed when farmers used iron tools as a source of increased productivity and their crop yields.


Question: When did the millennium century begin?

1st Millennium

The Yamato Court was established.


Question: When did the millennium century begin?

1st Millennium

The sub continent Indiaterdivided among the many kingdoms throughout the first millennium.


Question: When did the millennium century begin?

1st Millennium

In Mesoamerica, the first millennium was a period of enormous growth known as the Classical Age (200—900 AD).


Question: When did the millennium century begin?

1st Millennium

Teotihuacan grew into a large city and a predominantly Mesoamerican kingdom.


Question: When did the millennium century begin?

1st Millennium

In South America, the development of coastal cultures, producing impressive metals and some of the finest pottery looked upon in ancient times.


Question: When did the millennium century begin?

1st Millennium

In North America, Mississippian culture increased at the end of the millennium in the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys.


Question: When did the millennium century begin?

1st Millennium

Many cities were built; Cahokia, the largest, was based in present-day Illinois, and probably had 30,000 inhabitants at its peak around 1250 A.D. Monks Mound at Cahokia was larger than that of the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan or the Great Pyramid in Egypt.


Question: When did the millennium century begin?

1st Millennium

Human civilizations, empires and dynasties Civilizations, empires and dynasties in this section are arranged according to the United Nations geographical Scheme The events of this section are arranged according to the United Nations geographical Scheme 5 September 41 - The end of the 8th baktun ( 8.0.0.0.0) of round IV of the Calendar Calendar Calendar Calendar Length. December 9, 435 - The end of the 9th baktun (9.0.0.0.0) of round IV of the Calendar Calendar of December 10, 435 - The beginning of the 9th baktun (9.0.0.0.0) of the IV round of the Calendar Calendar. Calculate Length. March 13, 830 - End of the 10th baktun (10.0.0.0.0) of round IV of the Calendar Calendar Calendar Calendar. March 14, 830 - The beginning of the 11th baktun (11.0.0.0.1) of round IV of the Calendar Calendar Calendar Calendar Length.


Question: When did the millennium century begin?

1st Millennium

Discoveries, findings, introduction of the 10th century and decade of the 10th century-an10-an20-an30-an40-an50-an60-an70-an90-an90-an2100-an110-an120-an130-an140-an150-an160-an180-an180-an190-an210-an220-an220-an230-an240-an250- AN260-AN270-AN280-AN290-AN4300-AN310-AN320-AN330-AN340-AN350-AN360-AN370-AN380-AN390-AN410-AN410-AN410-AN420-AN430-AN440-AN450-AN460-AN480-AN450-AN490-AN6500-AN510-AN520-AN530-AN530-AN530-AN530-AN530-AN530-AN530-AN530-AN530-AN530-AN530-AN530-AN530-AN530-AN530-AN530-AN530-AN530-AN530-AN540-an550-an560-an570-an580-an590-an7600-an610-an620-an630-an640-an640-an650-an660-an670-an680-an690- an8700-an710-an720-an730-an740-an750-an750-an760-an770-an780-an790-an900-an810-an820-an830-an840-an850-an850-an860-an870-an880-an890-an900-an910-an920-an930-an940-an950-an960-an960-an970-an950-an960-an90-an960-an90-an980-an960-an90-an980-an960-an90-an90-an950-an960-an90-an960-an90-0-an990s Reference 01


Question: How many nagari are there in Nan Sabaris sub-district?

Padang Bintungan, Nan Sabaris, Padang Pariaman

Padang Bintungan is a Nagari in Nan Sabaris Subdistrict, Padang Pariaman Regency, West Sumatra province, Indonesia.


Question: How many nagari are there in Nan Sabaris sub-district?

Nagari Padang Bintungan is a merger of 2 (two) villages, namely Bintungan Tinggi Village and Padang Kandang-Pulau Air Village.


Question: How many nagari are there in Nan Sabaris sub-district?

Bintungan Tinggi village is independent from 4 (four) hamlets (Dsn.


Question: How many nagari are there in Nan Sabaris sub-district?

Lantak Mingkudu, Dsn.


Question: How many nagari are there in Nan Sabaris sub-district?

Kampung Rimbo, Dsn.


Question: How many nagari are there in Nan Sabaris sub-district?

Kampung Tangah, and Dsn.


Question: How many nagari are there in Nan Sabaris sub-district?

Medan Baik), while the village of Padang Kandang-Pulau Air consists of 2 (two) hamlets, namely Padang Kandang and dsn.


Question: How many nagari are there in Nan Sabaris sub-district?

Water Island.


Question: How many nagari are there in Nan Sabaris sub-district?

Padang Bintungan consists of 6 (six) Korong: Korong Padang Kangah Korong Island Air Korong Kampung Rimbo Korong Lantak Mingkudu Korong Kampung Tangah Korong Medan Good Boundaries Nagari Padang Bintungan: North: Nagari Kurai Taji & South Sunua: Nagari Pauh West Kambar: Nagari Ulak, District.


Question: How many nagari are there in Nan Sabaris sub-district?

Used East Tapakis: Kec.


Question: How many nagari are there in Nan Sabaris sub-district?

Sarik River In Nagari Padang Bintungan there are several District level Government offices, including: Nan Sabaris District POST Office, Religious Affairs Office (KUA) Nan Sabaris District, and Sector Police Headquarters (Mapolosek) Nan Sabaris.


Question: How many nagari are there in Nan Sabaris sub-district?

The 2015 local election for this 2015 election, the number of DPT in Nagari Padang Bintungan is 2,974 DPT, spread across 8 polling stations.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

A mobile phone or mobile phone (abbreviated as mobile phone) or mobile phone (abbreviated as HP) is an electronic telecommunication device that has the same basic capabilities as a fixed line conventional phone, but can be carried everywhere (English: portable or mobile) and not necessary connected to the telephone network using a cable (so wireless communication, English: wireless communication).


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Currently, Indonesia has two wireless telephone networks, namely GSM system (Global System for Mobile Telecommunications) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) system.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

The governing body of Indonesian mobile telecommunications is the Indonesian Cellular Telecommunications Association (ATSI).


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

History The first inventor of the mobile phone was Martin Cooper, a Motorola employee on April 03, 1973, although the widely touted inventor of the mobile phone was a team from one of Motorola's divisions (the division where Cooper worked) with the first model being DynaTAC.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

The idea created by Cooper is a small, easy-to-carry communication tool traveling flexibly.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Cooper with his team faced the challenge of how to incorporate all electronic materials into such a small device for the first time.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

But finally a first mobile phone was successfully completed with a total weight of two kilograms.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

To produce it, Motorola needed a cost equivalent to US$1 million.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

“In 1983, portable mobile phones cost US$4 thousand (Rp36 million) equivalent to US$10 thousand (Rp90 million).


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

After successfully producing a mobile phone, the next biggest challenge is to adapt the infrastructure to support those mobile phone communication systems by creating a network system that requires only 3MHz of spectrum, equivalent to five TV channels that are distributed throughout world.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Another figure known to be very meritorious in the world of cellular communication is Amos Joel Jr who was born in Philadelphia, March 12, 1918, he is indeed recognized the world as an expert in switching.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

He got bachelor's (1940) and master's (1942) diplomas in electronic engineering from MIT.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Not long after the studies, he began his 43-year career (from July 1940-March 1983) at Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he received more than 70 American patents in telecommunications, specifically in the field of switching.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Amos E Joel Jr., made a system of connecting (switching) mobile phones from one region of the cell to another.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

This switching should work when the mobile phone user is moving or moving from one cell to another so that the talk is not interrupted.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

It was because of Amos Joel's invention that the use of a mobile phone became convenient.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Functions and features In addition to functioning to make and receive phone calls, mobile phones generally also have the function of sending and receiving short messages (short message service, SMS).


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

There are also mobile phone service providers in some countries that provide third generation (3G) services by adding videophone services, as a means of payment, as well as for online television on their mobile phones.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Now, mobile phones are becoming multifunctional gadgets.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Following the development of digital technology, now mobile phones are also equipped with various features, such as being able to capture radio and television broadcasts, audio player (MP3) and video software, digital cameras, games, and internet services (WAP, GPRS, 3G).


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

In addition to those features, mobile phones have now implanted computer features.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

So in those mobile phones, people can change the function of the mobile phone into a mini computer.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

In the business world, this feature is helpful for business people to do all the work in one place and get the work done in a short time.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

This type of mobile phone based on the function of a mobile phone business mobile phone type is intended for those of you who want a business device in your hand, usually a mobile phone that has this capability is classified as a smart mobile phone (smartphone).


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

The business application is contained in this mobile phone and can make your office work visible and done in a mobile phone.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

This type of mobile phone entertainment mobile phone is a multimedia type mobile phone, where all activities related to music, art, photos, social and more can be handled by a mobile phone.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Many mobile phones of this type have their own variants, such as music mobile phones, camera mobile phones, and social networking mobile phones.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Fashion mobile phones of this type of mobile phone rely more on how they look, and can make their owners very satisfied even with features that seem simple.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

But behind it all, a fashion mobile phone can cost many times as much as the most advanced mobile phone.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Today can be found mobile phones that cost more than the price of a vehicle, even more expensive than the price of a house.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

This type of standard mobile phone is intended for those of you who want a simple mobile phone, the features embedded in this mobile phone are core features, with no new technology embedded.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

The development of Generation 0 The history of the invention of the mobile phone is not separated from the development


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

The beginning of the invention of the mobile phone began in 1921 when the Detroit Michigan Police Department tried to use one-way automobile telephones.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Later, in 1928 the Detroit Police began using regular one-way communication radios on all patrol cars with a frequency of 2MHz. in later developments, communication radio evolved into bidirectional with 'frequency modulated' '(FM).


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

In 1940, Galvin Manufactory Corporation (now Motorola) developed the portable Handie-talkie SCR536, which means a communication device on the battlefield during World War II.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

This time was the generation 0 or 0-G mobile phone, where mobile phones began to be introduced.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

After issuing the SCR536, later in 1943 Galvin Manufactory Corporation reissued the first portable FM two-way radio named the SCR300 with a backpack model for the U.S. Army. The tool weighed about 35 pounds and could work effectively within 10 operating distances up to 20 miles.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

The 0-G mobile phone system still uses a VHF radio system to connect the phone directly on the PSTN landline.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

The weakness of this system was a problem in the congestion network that then gave rise to efforts to replace this system.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Generation 0 concluded with the invention of the modern concept by engineers from Bell Labs in 1947.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

They invented the concept of using hexagonal telephones as the basis for mobile telephones.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

However, the concept was only developed in the 1960s. Generation I The first generation mobile phone is also called 1G. 1-G is the first real mobile phone.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

In 1973, Martin Cooper of Motorola Corp. invented the first mobile phone and was introduced to the public on April 3, 1973.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

The mobile phone invented by Cooper weighs 30 ounces or about 800 grams.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

It is this discovery that has changed the world forever.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

The technology that 1-G uses is still analogous and is known as AMPS.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

AMPS used frequencies between 825 Mhz- 894 Mhz and operated on the 800 Mhz Band. Since it is analogous, then the system used is still regional.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

One of the shortcomings of the 1-G generation is due to its size being too large to hold by the hand.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

This large size is due to the need for poor power and battery performance.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

In addition the 1-G generation still has problems with user mobility.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

At the time of making a call, the user's mobility is limited to the range of the mobile phone area.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Generation II Second generation or 2-G appeared in about the 1990s. 2G in America already uses CDMA technology, while in Europe it uses GSM technology.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

GSM uses a standard frequency of 900 Mhz and a frequency of 1800 Mhz. With these frequencies, GSM has greater customer capacity.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

In the 2G generation the analog signal was already replaced with a digital signal.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

The use of digital signals equips mobile phones with voice mail, call waiting, and SMS.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Mobile phones in this generation also have smaller and lighter sizes due to the use of digital chip technology.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

The smaller size is also due to the need for smaller battery power.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

The advantages of the 2G generation are the smaller size and weight as well as the lower radio signal, thus reducing the effects of radiation that harm the user.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Generation III This generation is also called 3G that allows network operators to give their users a wider range, including internet as good as high-tech video calls.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

In 3G there are 3 standards for the world of telecommunications, namely Enhance Datarates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Wideband-CDMA, and CDMA 2000.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

In this generation of mobile phones began to be incorporated operating systems (which are often called smartphones) so as to make the features more complete even closer to the functions of Personal computers.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Operating systems used include Android, iOS, Symbian, and Windows Mobile Generation IV This generation is also called Fourth Generation (4G). 4G is a mobile phone system that offers new approaches and infrastructure solutions that integrate existing wireless technologies including Wireless Broadband (WiBro), 802.16e, CDMA, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, and others.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

4G systems based on IP network heterogeneity allowing users to use diverse systems anytime and anywhere. 4G also gives its users high speed, high volume, good quality, global reach, and flexibility to explore a variety of different technologies.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Finally, 4G provides fast data delivery services to accommodate various multimedia applications such as video conferencing, online games, and others.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

How it works Inside a mobile phone, there is a loudspeaker, microphone, button board, screen display, and powerful circuit board with a microprocessor that makes every phone like a minicomputer.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

When it comes to wireless networks, that set of technologies allows its users to make calls or exchange data with other phones or with computers.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Wireless networks operate in a network that divides cities or regions into smaller cells.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

One cell spans several city blocks or up to 250 square miles.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Each cell uses a set of radio frequencies or channels to deliver services in a specific area.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

The power of this radio must be in control to limit the range of the geographic signal.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Therefore, the same frequency can be reused in nearby cells.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Then many people can have simultaneous conversations in different cells throughout the city or region, even though they are in one channel.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Within each cell, there is a base station containing a wireless antenna and another radio gear.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Wireless antennas in each cell will connect callers to local telephone networks, internet, or other wireless networks.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Wireless antennas transmit signals.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

When the mobile phone is turned on, it will search for a signal to confirm that the service has been available.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Then the phone will transmit a specific identification number, so the network can perform verification of consumer information- such as wireless service providers, and phone numbers.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Calls from mobile phones to landlines When making a call from a mobile phone to a regular landline phone, the call will walk around through the nearest wireless antenna and will be converted by a wireless conductor to a traditional landline telephone system.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

The call will then be directly routed to the traditional telephone network and to the person who is the destination of the call.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Calls from a mobile phone to another mobile phone When making a call from this, the call will be routed through the landline network to the recipient's wireless introduction or will be routed in a wireless network to the closest cell place to the person who is the destination of the call.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

When talking on a mobile phone, the mobile phone will capture the sound and convert the sound into radio frequency energy (radio waves).


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Radio waves will travel through the air until it finds a receiver at the nearest base station.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

The base station will then transmit those calls over a wireless network until it comes to the person who is the destination of the phone.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Long distance calls When making a call to someone who is outside the country the caller is located, it is classified as an international call.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Calls will be routed at remote exchange centers, which connect calls between countries or worldwide via fiber-optic cables.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Mobile phone prices With more and more people using mobile phones, mass production can be done.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

The worldwide mobile phone price chart tends to get cheaper year after year.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

If in the past a mobile phone was a rare and exclusive item only for people who were able, among the top, then today almost all walks of life can enjoy the convenience of communicating using a mobile phone.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

To suppress the price of mobile phones so that they can get cheaper, then some mobile phone manufacturers cooperate with telecom operators to bundle the mobile phone with the service of the operator with contract system.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

In this way the price of mobile phones becomes cheaper, because it can be instilled as well as a subscription fee for the communication package offered by the operator.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Mobile phones have also evolved.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Now mobile phones are not only used to conduct voice conversations or short messaging services, but they can also run a variety of advanced computing applications.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Hence there is a segment of mobile phones called smartphones.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Just as mobile phone prices are increasingly affordable, smart phone prices that in the early days were exorbitant, can now also be enjoyed by the lower middle.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

One of the revolutions in the world of the smartphone market is the time of the presence of iOS and Android.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

See also PDA Smartphone Outlinks (in English) (in English) Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Was the first human-created electronic media tool?

Mobile phone

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Tang Dynasty (Chinese:; Pinyin:táng Cháo; Wade—Giles:T'ang Ch'ao; first 618—690 & second 705—907), in the Wade—Giles romanization written T'ang Dynasty (read as thang), was one of the Chinese dynasties that replaced the Sui Dynasty and preceded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The dynasty was founded by the Li (李) family, who took power in the time of Sui's decline and collapse.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The dynasty's continuity was briefly cut off when Maharani Wu Zetian took over the throne and proclaimed the founding of the Second Zhou dynasty (690—705), and became the only female emperor in Chinese history.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The dynasty was in power over a span of 289 years with 21 emperors.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Tang dynasty, with its capital at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) which was then the most populous city in the world [2], is considered one of the culminating points in Chinese history, a golden age of cosmopolitan culture.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The extent of its territory, gained through the military campaigns of its initial rulers, rivaled the extent of the Han dynasty.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Based on two censuses in the 7th century and the 8th century, Tang records estimated the population at about 50 million inhabitants. [3] [4] In the 9th century, as the empire was in decline and could not hold an accurate census, it was estimated that the number of Tang inhabitants was recorded at around 80 million souls. [5] [6] [lower-alpha 1] With a large population, this dynasty could gather experts and hundreds of thousands of soldiers to fight the nomadic powers dominating Inner Asia and the Silk Road.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Various kingdoms and states paid tribute to Tang, while the Tang also conquered or subjugated some indirectly controlled territories through a system of protectorates.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In addition to political hegemony, Tang cultural influence was also felt strongly in neighboring countries such as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Tang period was generally a period of progress and stability, except during the An Lushan Rebellion and the decline of central authority in the late period of this dynasty.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Like the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty had a system of hiring public servants through state examinations.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

This order was interrupted by the emergence of regional military governors called jiedushi in the 9th century.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Meanwhile, Chinese culture developed and matured in the Tang period; this time is also considered the greatest period for Chinese poetry. [7]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Two of China's famous poets, Li Bai and Du Fu, are from this time, and also various famous painters such as Han Gan, Zhang Xuan, and Zhou Fang.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In addition, there are various historical literature compiled by experts, and also encyclopedias and works on geography.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

There were various important innovations during the Tang Dynasty, such as the development of wood printing.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Buddhism at this time had a great effect on Chinese culture, and sects of Chinese Buddhism continued to flourish.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

However, Buddhism would later be oppressed by the state, so its influence decreased.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although the dynasty and central government regressed in the 9th century, art and culture remained flourishing.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although the weakened central government is no longer able to regulate the economy, trade is still running.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Historical Establishment On June 18, 618, Li Yuan declared himself emperor of a new dynasty, Tang. [8] [9] These events took place after the assassination of Emperor Yang, Li Yuan's cousin, [3] by General Yuwen Huaji. [8] [9] Li Yuan (who later changed his name to Emperor Gaozu of Tang) began to ascend to power while serving as Duke of Tang and governor of Taiyuan during the collapse of the Sui Dynasty, one of which was caused by Sui's failure in conquering Goguryeo during the Goguryeo-Sui War. [10] [11] Li Yuan gained military dignity and experience, and in 617 he had gained military dignity and experience, and in 617 he rebelled along with her son and also militant daughter, Princess Pingyang (death 623); the princess even gathered her own soldiers and ruled them outright. [8]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 617, Li Yuan occupied Chang'an and became the guardian of Emperor Gong of Sui, the emperor who was still a child.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Li Yuan put Emperor Yang into the position of Taishang Huang or retired emperor/father of the current emperor. [8]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Upon hearing the news of Emperor Yang's assassination by General Yuwen Huaji (death 619), Li Yuan declared himself emperor of the new dynasty. [8] [9] As Emperor Gaozu of Tang, he controlled Tang as the first emperor from 618 to 626.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Li Yuan's family originated in northwestern military aristocratic circles at the time of the Sui Dynasty [10] [12] and claims to be descendants of Laozi, [13] Han Dynasty general Li Guang, [14] [15] and the Western Liang ruler Li Gao.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Li Yuan was in power until 626; at that time, he was dropped by his son Li Shimin, the Prince of Qin.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Li Shimin has been commanding troops since the age of 18, capable in using arrows, swords, and spears, and is able to launch effective cavalry raids. [3] [16] Despite fighting a larger number of armed forces, he succeeded in defeating Dou Jiande (573—621) in Luoyang in the Battle of Hulao on May 28, 621. [17] [18] In an attempt to embolden the royal family for fear of being killed, Li Shimin ambushed and killed his two brothers Li Yuanji (born 603) and crown prince Li Jiancheng (born 589) in the Xuanwu Gate Incident on July 2, 626. [19]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Soon after, his father resigned and Li Shimin ascended the throne.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

He later became known by the nickname Emperor Taizong ([太] error: {{lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-han (help)).


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although this action was contrary to xiao values in the teachings of Confucianism, [19] Taizong proved to be a capable leader and willing to listen to the suggestions of his wisest advisors. [3]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In 628, Emperor Taizong held a Buddhist memorial service for the victims of the war, and in 629 he established Buddhist monasteries at the site of major battles so that monks could pray for the victims from both sides. [20]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

This was done during Emperor Taizong's military campaigns in Eastern Tujue, a peculiarity of Göktürk that was destroyed after its leader Illig Qaghan was captured by Tang military officer Li Jing (571—649), who later became Chancellor of the Tang Dynasty.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

After obtaining this victory, Göktürk accepted Taizong as their khagan.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Therefore, in addition to the title of Emperor of China, he was also nicknamed Tian Kehan ([天] error: {{lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-han (help)) by Turk nomads. [21] [22] Administrative and politics The early reforms of Taizong tried to resolve the problems of government that haunted the dynasties. before.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

He issued new statutory laws that were based on laws in the time of the Sui.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

This law later became the basis for the legislation of subsequent Chinese dynasties, as well as neighboring countries such as Vietnam, Korea, and Japan. [3]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The earliest successful law was issued in 653, which was divided into 500 articles detailing crimes and punishments varying from being struck ten times with a light stick, one hundred times with a heavy stick, banishment, serfdom, to the death penalty. [23]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Tang Statute distinguished the level of punishment based on social and political groups, although the crimes committed were the same crimes. [24]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

For example, the level of punishment for a servant who kills his master is different from the punishment for a master who kills his servant. [24]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Much of the content of Tang statutes can still be encountered in laws in the aftermath, such as the Ming Dynasty statutes in 1397. [25]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

However, there were also improvements, such as the improvement of women's property rights during the Song Dynasty (960—1279). [26] [27] The Tang Dynasty had three departments (Chinese:Julian; pinyin:shěng), which were tasked with creating, reviewing, and implementing policies.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

There are also six ministries (Chinese:中; pinyin:bù) under the government that implement policies, and each has different duties.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

These ministries include ministries of administrative, financial, rite, military, judicial, and public works employees.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

This model of Three Departments and Six Ministries remained in place until the fall of the Qing Dynasty (1644—1912). [28]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although the founders of the Tang Dynasty felt associated with the heyday of the Han Dynasty (3rd century BC—3rd century AD), the basis of Tang administrative organization was very similar to the earlier Southern and Northern Dynasties. [3]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The fubing system of the Northern Zhou Dynasty (6th century) was still continued by the Tang, and in this system the militiamen were given land and assigned to work on the land for a certain time.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The juntian system from the Northern Wei period (4th-6th century) was also preserved, although there were some changes. [3]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Although the central and local governments kept numerous records on land to determine taxes, in Tang many literate and wealthy people made their own personal documents and signed contracts. [29]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

They have their own signatures, and in the process of making the contract there are witnesses and scribes for proof in court that their ownership claim is valid (if necessary). [29]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The predecessor of this system had actually existed since the time of the ancient Han Dynasty, but covenant language became increasingly common and embedded in Chinese literary culture during subsequent dynasties. [29]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The center of Tang political power was located at its capital at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an).


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In the city, the emperor had a large palace complex.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

At the venue, he can entertain on political representatives with music, sports, performances of acrobatic dexterity, poetry, painting, and theatrical performances.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In Chang'an there are also many resources that can be utilized.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

As prefecture-level government officials in China came to the capital in 643 to give their annual accounts of their territories, Emperor Taizong found that many of them had no proper resting place so had to rent rooms from merchants. [30]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Therefore, Emperor Taizong ordered the government body in charge of city construction to build a special private house for each official visiting the capital. [30]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

State examinations The state exam was applied and started since the Sui Dynasty, but the state examination system of those days was still relatively rudimentary because it was still loaded with the dominance of certain groups in power at that time.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The Tang dynasty reformed this system in the time of Maharani Wu who decided to allow and appoint imperial officials from the common people who had no background and relationship with the rulers of that time. [31]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Students of Confucian science were potential candidates, and those who passed the exam could be elevated to become state bureaucrats at local, provincial, or central levels.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

There are two types of examinations offered, namely mingjing and jinshi. [32]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The mingjing exam is based on the classical texts of Confucianism and tests the prospective knowledge of various texts. [32]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The jinshi exam tests candidates' writing skills; they are given essay questions on governmental and political issues, and their poetry writing skills are also tested. [33]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

In addition, candidates are judged on their mannerisms, appearance, manner of speech, and calligraphic writing ability; these are all subjective criteria that allow the wealthy to be better chosen than those who are poor and untrained in rhetoric or writing ability. [34]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

As a result, the number of civil servants who came from aristocratic circles was not commensurate with those who were not from those circles. [34]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

The test may be followed by all men provided that his father is not a craftsman or merchant, [35] although wealth or nobility is not a requirement for recommendation. [34]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

Meanwhile, to encourage the spread of Confucian education, the Tang government also established state schools and issued standardized versions of five Confucian classics along with their explanations. [24]


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

This competitive procedure is designed to recruit the most talented people in government.


Question: What is the area of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?

Tang Dynasty

However, there are also other reasons that are more considered by the Tang rulers.