Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The role of dynamisator has actually been played by ABRI since the days of the War of Independence.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

At that time General Soedirman had done so by continuing the struggle, although the leader of the government had been detained by the Dutch.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Likewise what Soeharto did when it saved the nation from schism after the 30 September Movement, which gave birth to the New Order.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The system provoked controversy in ABRI's own body. [16]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Many officers, particularly those who are young, consider that this system reduces the professionality of ABRI. [16]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The inclusion of social and political education within military academies resulted in reduced time studying military strategy. [16]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

In strength, ABRI has also become weak compared to other Southeast Asian countries. [16]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

At that time, there were only 533,000 ABRI soldiers, including Police who were still part of ABRI. [16]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

This figure, which covers only 0.15 percent of the total population, is very small compared to Singapore (2.06%), Thailand (0.46%), and Malaysia (0.68%). [16]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The funding obtained by ABRI is no less small, only about 1.96% of total GDP, while Singapore's armed forces get 5.48% and Thailand 3.26%. [16]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

In addition, the equipment and supplies it has are also few; ABRI has only 100 large tanks and 160 light tanks. [16]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Pancasila (P4) Guidelines on April 12, 1976 President Soeharto put forward the idea of guidelines for preserving and practicing Pancasila, which is famous as Ekaprasatya Pancakarsa or Pancasila Preservation and Practicing Pancasila (P4).


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

To support the implementation of Pancasila and the 1945 Basic Law purely and consequently, since 1978 the government has organized a thorough regulation of P4 in all walks of life.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The regulation of P4 aims to form a common understanding of Pancasila democracy, so that with the same understanding of Pancasila and the 1945 Basic Law is expected that national unity and unity will be established and maintained.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Through such affirmation the opinion of the people will lead to strong support of the New Order government.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

So since 1985 the government made Pancasila as the sole principle in organizational life.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

All forms of organization should not use the principle other than Pancasila.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Rejecting Pancasila as a single principle is a betrayal of the life of the nation and state.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Thus Penataran P4 is a form of ideological indoctrination, and Pancasila becomes part of the personality system, cultural system, and social system of Indonesian society.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Pancasila represents the highest achievement of the New Order, and hence all other achievements are attributed to the name Pancasila.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Starting from Pancasila economic system, Pancasila press, Pancasila industrial relations, Pancasila democracy, and so on.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Pancasila is considered to have sanctimony that should not be debated.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Structuring Foreign Politics During the New Order of Indonesia's free active foreign politics was restored again.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

MPR issued a number of decrees that became the cornerstone of Indonesian foreign politics.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The implementation of Indonesian foreign politics should be based on national interests, such as national development, prosperity of the people, truth, and justice.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Returned a member of the United Nations On 28 September 1966 Indonesia was again a member of the United Nations (UN).


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The decision to return to becoming a member of the United Nations was because the government was aware that many benefits were obtained by Indonesia during becoming a member in 1955-1964.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Indonesia's return to being a member of the United Nations was welcomed by other Asian countries even by the UN itself.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

This was demonstrated by the selection of Adam Malik as Speaker of the United Nations General Assembly for the term of session in 1974.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

And Indonesia also restored relations with a number of countries such as India, Thailand, Australia, and other countries that had been stretched due to the political confrontation of the Old Order.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Normalization of Relations with Other Countries Restoration of Relations with Singapore With the Ambassador of Pakistan to Myanmar, Habibur Rachman, Indonesia's relations with Singapore were successfully restored.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

On 2 June 1966 the Indonesian government delivered a memorandum of recognition for the Republic of Singapore to Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Then the Singapore government delivered a memorandum of answer willingness to hold diplomatic relations with Indonesia.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Restoration of Relations with Malaysia Normalization of Indonesia's relations with Malaysia began with the holding of negotiations in Bangkok on 29 May - 1 June 1966 which resulted in the Bangkok Agreement.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The content of the agreement was: The people of Sabah were given the opportunity to reaffirm the decision they had taken regarding their standing within the Federation of Malaysia.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The governments of both sides agreed on the restoration of diplomatic relations.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Acts of hostility between the two sides will be stopped.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

And on 11 August 1966 the signatories to the restoration of Indonesia-Malaysia relations were signed in Jakarta by Adam Malik (Indonesia) and Tun Abdul Razak (Malaysia).


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Freezing Relations with the RRT On 1 October 1967 the Government of the Republic of Indonesia froze diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China (RRT).


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The decision was made because the RRT had interfered in Indonesian domestic affairs by providing assistance to the 30 September Movement for preparation, implementation, and after the uprising.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

In addition, the Indonesian government was disappointed by the acts of terror committed by the Chinese people against buildings, treasures, and members of the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Peking.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The RRT government has also provided protection to figures of the 30 September Movement abroad, as well as overtly supporting the re-rise of the Indonesian Communist Party.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Through its mass media the RRT has conducted a campaign attacking the New Order.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

On 30 October 1967, the Indonesian Government officially closed its Embassy in Peking.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Structuring Economic Life Stabilization and Economic Rehabilitation To overcome the chaotic state of the economy as a relic of the Old Order government, the New Order government undertook measures: Renew economic, financial, and development policies.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

This policy is based on MPRS Decree No. XXIII/MPRS/1966.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

MPRS issued a line of development programs, namely rescue programs as well as stabilization and rehabilitation programs.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Government programs are directed at national economic rescue efforts, especially economic stabilization and rehabilitation.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

What is meant by economic stabilization means controlling inflation so that the prices of goods do not jump steadily.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Economic rehabilitation is the physical improvement of economic facilities and infrastructure.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The essence of this policy is the development of a planning economic system that ensures the development of economic democracy in the direction of the realization of a fair and prosperous society based on Pancasila.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The steps taken by Ampera Cabinet referring to the MPRS decree are: Breaking down economic congestion and improving sectors that cause congestion.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

As for what causes the economic bottleneck is: Low state acceptance.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

High and inefficient state expenditure.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Too much and inefficient bank credit expansion.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Too much in arrears on foreign debt.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The use of foreign exchange for imports is often less oriented to infrastructure needs.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Debureaucracy to smooth economic activities Oriented to the interests of small producers To carry out these rescue measures, the New Order government went a way: Conducting tax operations Implementing a new tax voting system, good for individual income nor wealth by calculating one's own taxes and calculating people's taxes.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Save government expenditures (consumable and routine expenditures), as well as abolishing subsidies for State enterprises.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Restrict bank credit and abolish imported credit.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

This stabilization program is carried out by stemming the rate of inflation.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The New Order government managed to stem the rate of inflation at the end of 1967—1968, but the price of basic necessities rose soared.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

After the formation of the Development Cabinet in July 1968, the government shifted its economic policy to strict control of the price of goods, especially food, and foreign exchange rates.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Since then the national economy has been relatively stable, because the increase in prices of basic materials and foreign exchange since 1969 can be controlled by the government.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The rehabilitation program is carried out by seeking to restore the ability to produce.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

During the last ten years of the reign of the Old Order, Indonesia suffered paralysis and damage to social and economic infrastructure.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Village crediting institutions, cooperative movements, and banking are abused and used as tools of power by certain groups and interest groups.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The impact is that state institutions cannot carry out their functions as a constituent of improvement of people's life system.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Foreign Cooperation Tokyo Meeting In addition to bequeathing a very severe economic state, the Old Order administration also bequeathed a huge foreign debt, which reached 2.2 - 2.7 billion, so the New Order government asked creditor countries to be able to delay repayment Indonesia's debt.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

On 19—20 September 1966 the Indonesian government entered into negotiations with creditor countries in Tokyo.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The Indonesian government will undertake that foreign exchange exports obtained by Indonesia will be used to pay debts that will subsequently be used to import raw materials.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

This received a kind response from creditor countries.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The negotiations continued in Paris, France and the following agreement was reached: Payment of principal debt was carried out for 30 years, from 1970 to 1999.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Payments are executed in installments, with annual installments of equal magnitude.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

During installment time no interest is charged.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Payment of debts is implemented on the basis of nondiscriminatory principles, both against the creditor country and against the nature or purpose of the credit.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Amsterdam Meeting on February 23-24, 1967, negotiations were held in Amsterdam, Netherlands aimed at talking about Indonesia's need for foreign aid as well as the possibility of providing assistance with paid conditions, which is then known as IGGI (Intergovernmental Group for Indonesia).


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The Indonesian government took such steps to meet its needs for the implementation of economic stabilization and rehabilitation programs as well as preparation for development.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

In addition to the efforts of foreign assistance, the government has also tried to hold a suspension and lighten the terms of rescheduling the debts of the Old Order relics.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Through the meeting the Indonesian government managed to strive foreign aid.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

National Development Trilogy Development After successfully restoring the political condition of the Indonesian nation, then the next step taken by the New Order government is to implement national development.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The national development pursued by the government of that time was realized through Short-Term Development and Long-Term Development.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Short Term Building is designed through Five Year Development (Pelita).


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Each Pelita has a development mission in order to achieve the level of welfare of the people of Indonesia.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

While Long-Term Development covers a period of 25-30 years.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

National development is a series of continuous development efforts covering all aspects of community life, nation, and State.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

National development is carried out in an effort to realize the national goals written in the opening of the 1945 Constitution, namely: Protecting all the nation and all spilled Indonesia Improving the general welfare of the nation Participates in implementing world order based on independence, eternal peace and social justice The implementation of National Development implemented by the New Order government is guided by the Development Trilogy and the Eight pathways of Equalization.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

At the heart of both guidelines is well-being for all walks of life in a stable political and economic atmosphere.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The content of the Development Trilogy is: Equalization of development and its results towards the creation of social justice for all people.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Pretty high economic growth.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Healthy and dynamic national stability.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

And the Eight Line of Equalization launched by the New Order government is: Equalization of the fulfillment of the basic needs of the people, especially food, clothing and housing.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Equalization of obtaining educational opportunities and health services Equalization of revenue sharing.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Equalization of job opportunities Equalization of opportunities seeks Equalization of opportunities to participate in development, especially for the younger generation and women.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The equalization of the spread of development throughout the territory of the Fatherland The equalization of the opportunity of obtaining justice.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Implementation of National Development As already mentioned in advance that National Development is realized through Short-Term Development and Long-Term Development.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

And Short-Term Development is designed through the Five Year Development program (Pelita).


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

During the New Order period, the government has implemented six Pelita namely: Pelita I Pelita I was implemented from April 1, 1969 to March 31, 1974, and became the initial basis for the construction of the New Order period.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Pelita I's goal is to improve the living standards of the people and at the same time lay the foundations for the next stage of development.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The goals are food, clothing, improvement of public housing infrastructure, employment expansion, and spiritual welfare.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The heavy point is the development of agriculture in accordance with the goal of pursuing economic backwardness through the process of renewal of agriculture, since the majority of Indonesian people still live from agricultural produce.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Pelita II Pelita II started running from April 1, 1974 to March 31, 1979.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The main goal of Pelita II is the availability of food, clothing, housing, infrastructure facilities, prospering the people, and expanding employment opportunities.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The implementation of Pelita II was seen as quite successful.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

At the beginning of the New Order government inflation reached 60% and by the end of Pelita I inflation was successfully suppressed to 47%.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

And in the fourth year of Pelita II inflation fell to 9.5%.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Pelita III Pelita III was held on April 1, 1979 to March 31, 1984.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The implementation of Pelita III is still guided by the Development Trilogy, with the heavy point of development is the equalization known as the Eight Paths of Equalization.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Pelita IV Pelita IV was held on April 1, 1984 to March 31, 1989.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The heavy point of Pelita IV is the agricultural sector to go towards food self-sufficiency, and increase industries that can produce their own industrial machinery.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

And in the midst of the development in Pelita IV, namely the beginning of 1980 there was a recession.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

To maintain the continuity of economic development, the government issues monetary and fiscal policies.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

And national development can take hold.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Pelita V Pelita V began April 1, 1989 to March 31, 1994.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

In this Pelita development is emphasized in agriculture and industry sectors.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

In those days Indonesia's economic condition was well positioned, with economic growth of around 6.8% per annum.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Foreign trade positions expose an encouraging picture.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The increase in exports is better than before.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Pelita VI Pelita VI began April 1, 1994 until March 31, 1999.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The development program in Pelita VI is emphasized on the economic sector related to industry and agriculture, as well as improving the quality of human resources as its support.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The economic sector is seen as a driver of development.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

But in this period there was a monetary crisis that hit Southeast Asian countries including Indonesia.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Due to the monetary crisis and domestic political events disrupting the economy has caused the development process to be hampered, and also led to the collapse of the New Order government.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Chinese citizens Citizens of Chinese descent are also prohibited from expression.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Since 1967, hereditary citizens are considered foreign nationals in Indonesia and their standing is subordinated to indigenous citizens, which indirectly also removes their human rights.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Openly performing arts, the celebration of Chinese holidays, and the use of Chinese are prohibited, although later this is fought by the Indonesian Chinese community, especially from the traditional Chinese medicine community because the banning of them will have an impact on the prescription of their medicines create one that can only be written in Chinese.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

They went to the Supreme Court and finally the Attorney General of Indonesia at that time gave permission with a note that Indonesian Chinese promised no power to rebel and overthrow the Indonesian government.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The only Mandarin-language newspaper allowed to be published is Harian Indonesia whose articles are written in Indonesian.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The daily is managed and supervised by the Indonesian military in this case it is ABRI although some Chinese Indonesians work also there.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Traditional Chinese religion is forbidden.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

As a result the Conghucu religion lost government recognition.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The New Order government quibbled that Chinese citizens whose population when it reached approximately 5 million of the entire Indonesian people feared that it would spread the influence of communism in the country.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

In fact, the fact says that most of them work as merchants, which is of course contrary to what communism teaches, which proscribes trade to be carried out.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The Chinese are kept out of practical political life.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Some chose to shun the political world out of fear for her safety.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Post-New Order Rifts Conflict During the New Order the government was very prioritizing the unity of the Indonesian nation.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Every day mass media such as radio and television chant the slogan “unity and unity of the nation”.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

One way done by the government is to increase transmigration from densely populated areas such as Java, Bali and Madura to outside Java, especially to Kalimantan, Sulawesi, East Timor, and Irian Jaya.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

But the negative impact that is not taken into account of the program is the marginalization of the local population and jealousy towards the population of arrivals who get much government assistance.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Allegations arose that the transmigration program was equal to the jawanization that was anti-Javanese sentiment in various regions, although not all transmigrants were Javanese.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

At the beginning of the Reform Era these latent conflicts burst into the open among others in the form of the Ambon conflict and the Madura-Dayak conflict in Borneo. [17]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Meanwhile, the turmoil in Papua provoked by a sense of being treated unfairly in profit-sharing of natural resources management, was also amplified by dislike for transmigrants.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The advantages of the New Order Government System The development of GDP per capita Indonesia which in 1968 was only US$70 and in 1996 had reached more than US$1,565 Successful transmigration Successful KB Successful fight against illiteracy Successful food self-sufficiency Minimum unemployment Success REPELITA (Development Plan Five Years) Successful Mandatory Learning Movement Success National Movement of Foster Parents Successful domestic security Foreign investors want to instill capital in Indonesia Successfully cultivate a sense of nationalism and love of domestic products Shortages New Order Government System The vibrant corruption, collusion, Indonesia's uneven development nepotism and the development gap between the center and the region, partly due to regional wealth largely sucked to the center The emergence of discontent in a number of regions due to the development gap, especially in Aceh and Papua Jealousy between locals and transmigrants who obtained considerable government benefits in their first years Increasing social disparities (uneven income disparity for the rich and the poor) Human rights violations to non-indigenous people (especially Chinese society) Criticism was silenced and opposition forbidden Freedom of the press was very limited, coloured by many bredeled newspapers and magazines The use of violence to create security, among others with the program “Mysterious Shooting” No succession plan (decline of power to next government/president) Declining quality of Indonesian bureaucracy that contracted the disease Origin Mr. Glad, this is the most fatal mistake of the New Order because without an effective bureaucracy the country would have been destroyed.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The decline in the quality of the army because the elite level is too busy in politics so pay less attention to the welfare of the men.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The dominant economic player is that more than 70% of the country's wealth assets are held by private Asian financial crisis In mid-1997, Indonesia was struck by the Asian financial and economic crisis (for more clarity see: Asian financial crisis), accompanied by the worst drought in the past 50 years and prices oil, gas and other export commodities are increasingly falling.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The rupiah fell, inflation rose sharply, and capital displacement accelerated.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The protesters, initially led by students, called for Soeharto's resignation.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Amid the widespread turmoil of mass anger, Soeharto resigned on May 21, 1998, three months after the Assembly inducted him for his seventh term of service.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Soeharto then chose the Vice President, B. J. Habibie, to be Indonesia's third president.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Post-New Order Soeharto's retreat from office in 1998 can be said to be a sign of the eventual New Order, to be later superseded “Reform Era”.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Still the presence of important figures during the New Order in the ranks of government during the Reformation often leads some to say that the New Order is still not over.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Hence the Reform Era or Reform Order is often referred to as the “Post-New Order Era”.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Although overwhelmed by ethnic unrest and the detachment of East Timor, the transformation from the New Order to the Reform Era went relatively smoothly compared to other countries such as the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

This is not separated from the role of Habibie who managed to lay a new foundation that proved to be sturdier and stronger facing the changing times.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

See also Old Order Riots May 1998 Trisakti Tragedy Tragedy New Order New Order Figures Case of alleged corruption Soeharto Reference CS1 library list maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Category:History Indonesia


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong Bali [1] is one among many varieties of Balinese performing arts.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong is a traditional Balinese dance characterized by Masks and body costumes that can be worn by one or two people to pull it.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

In Bali there are several types of barong namely Barong Ket, Barong Bangkal, Barong Landung, Barong Macan, Barong Gajah, Barong Asu, Barong Brutuk, Barong Lembu, Barong Kedingkling, Barong Goat, and Barong Gagombrangan.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

The history of Barong bali is believed to be a metamorphosis of barong ponorogo or Reog, by the king of Airlangga when he evacuated to the island of Bali to save himself. In addition to barong ponorogo brought to bali, but also like literary art, Javanese script, and religious.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

In the development of barong ponorogo in fox shape and story according to the conditions of the community in bali which is intended for religious spiritual activities.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

The influence that can be on the Balinese barong can be seen on the form of barong ponorogo when performing without peacock crown (Kucingan) and on Rangda Mask which gets influence from the mask bujang ganong.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

As well as groups of people who are steeped in the knowledge of knowledge in the elderly who have influence on the behavior of the real activities of young warok and old warok magti mandragoon which is currently still awake in Ponorogo, although these activities are currently closed to certain circles.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Thus, there is a type of barong bali with various animal heads such as Pigs, Elephants, Dogs and Birds that become the pride of every city in bali.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Mythical JMPL|250px|Ka|Barong Bali JMPL|250px|Ka|Barong Bali is scratching like a cat. The people of Bali [2] believe that these delicate creatures are accomplices of Ratu Gede Mecaling, the master of the occult realm in the South Ocean of Bali who lives in Dalem Ped Temple, Nusa Penida.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

At that time, a priest advised people to create a statue that looks like Queen Gede Mecaling, whose figure is big tall, black and toothed, and then set her around the village.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Apparently, this hoax is potent.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

The ethereal creatures were frightened to see the mock shape of their boss, then got out of the way.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Until now, in many villages, people periodically arak Barong Landung to ward off disasters.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong type Bali Barong Ket or Barong Keket is a barong whose figure is towering.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

His figure resembles that of a human being twice the height of an adult.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

The male figure is named Jero Gede, while the partner is called Jero Luh.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

That said, barong type is made to trick delicate creatures that stow disasters.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong Ket is the most numerous Barong dance in Bali and is most often staged.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

This barong also has the most complete repertory of dance movements.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

From its form, Barong Ket is a combination of lions, tigers, cows and dragons.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong Ket's body is decorated with intricately carved leather and hundreds of small-sized mirror glass.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

The mirror glass is like a gem and looks shimmering when struck by light.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong Ket fur is made from a combination of perasok (leaf fibers of a kind of pandan plant) and ijuk.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Some are replacing ijuk with crow feathers.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong Ket is danced by two dancers called Juru Saluk or Juru Bapang.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

The first Bapang interpreter danced the head, the other Bapang interpreter at the tail.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Usually Barong Ket is danced in pairs with Rangda, which is a spooky figure symbolizing adharma (ugliness).


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong Ket itself in the dance symbolizes dharma (virtue).


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

The pair Barong Ket and Rangda symbolize the eternal battle andara two opposites (rwa bhineda) in this universe.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong Ket dance accompanied by gamelan Semar Pagulingan.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong Bangkal is a barong that resembles an adult pig.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

In Bali, male adult pigs are named bangkal, while female ones are called bangkung.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

That's why this type of barong is also called Barong Bangkung.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Usually Barong Bangkal is staged by ngelelawang or dancing door to door around the village during the celebration of Galungan-Kuningan.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong is danced by two dancers with the accompaniment of gamelan batel/tetamburan.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong Landung Barong Landung is danced by a person.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

There is a hole in the belly of the barong as a gap in the dancer's view.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

In some places in Bali there is also Barong Landung which is not only a pair.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

The barong-barong was given roles such as Mantri (king), Galuh (empress), Limbur (dayang) and so on.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

The music accompaniment of Barong Landung dance is gamelan Batel.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Looking at Barong Landung, you may be reminded of Ondel-ondel.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Yes, this barong is very similar to the typical Betawi dance.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong Macan As the name suggests, this barong resembles a tiger.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

This type of barong is quite famous among Balinese people.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

This barong staging is the same as barong bangkal, namely ngelawang around the village.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

While this barong staging is complemented by dramatari such as Arja (traditional Balinese opera).


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong tiger danced by two dancers with musical accompaniment of gamelan batel.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong Kedingling Barong Kedingkling is also called Barong Blasblasan.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

There are also those who call it barong Nong nong Kling.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

In form, this type of barong differs considerably from other types of barong.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

This barung more resembles a mask costume that each character danced by a dancer.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

The figures in barong Kedingkling exactly with the figures in Wayang Wong.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

When dancing, the story he presented was a snippet play from the Ramayana story, especially in the war scene.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

The staging of barong kedingkling is usually done by ngelawang from house to house around the village on the celebration of Galungan and Kuningan.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong Kedingkling performance accompanied by gamelan batel or babonangan (gamelan batel equipped with reyong).


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong Kedingkling is widely found in Gianyar, Bangli and Klungkung areas.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong Gajah Barong Gajah of course resembles an Elephant.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

This barong is danced by two people.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Because this barong is a rare and sacred type, Balinese people rarely encounter this type of barong.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Once upon a time, during special moments, this barong was performed door-to-door walking around the village with the accompaniment of gamelan batel or tetamburan.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong Gajah is located in the areas of Gianyar, Tabanan, Badung and Bangli.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong Asu Barong Asu resembles a dog.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Just like Barong Gajah, Barong Asu also belongs to a rare type of barong.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong is only found in a few villages in Tabanan and Badung areas.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Usually staged by touring the village (ngelelawang) on certain days with the accompaniment of gamelan batel or tetamburan or Balaganjur.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong Brutuk Barong Brutuk is a rare type of dance that is danced only at special moments.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

This barong has a more primitive form compared to other types of Balinese barong.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

This barong mask is made of coconut shells and the costume is made of keraras or dried banana leaves.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

This Barong symbolizes the sacred creatures (the companions of Ida Ratu Pancering Jagat) who live in Pura Pancering Jagat, Trunyan.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

The dancers are consecrated teenagers, each of whom carries a whip that is played while running around the temple.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong danced with gamelan accompaniment Balaganjur or Babonangan is only found in Trunyan-Kintamani area, Bangli.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong type Barong lion is the most common barong found in Bali.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

In Bali each region has a guardian spirit in its forest or land.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Each of these protective spirits is depicted in the form of a specific animal, Namely: Barong Ket: barong lion, the most common barong and symbolizes the spirit of kindness.


Question: What is the number of moves in the Barong Balinese dance?

Barong Bali

Barong Landung: giant barong tangible, influenced by Chinese culture and its shape looks like Ondel-Ondel Betawi Barong Celeng: barong shaped wild boar Barong Tiger: tiger shaped barong or tiger Barong Naga: barong shaped dragon or snake Footnote Outside Category:Indonesian Culture Category:Balinese Culture Category:Barongan Arts


Question: How much is Johannes Kepler's son?

Pythagoras

Pythagoras (570 BC — 495 BC, Greek: Πυθαγόρας) was a Greek mathematician and philosopher who is best known through his theories.


Question: How much is Johannes Kepler's son?

Pythagoras

Known as the “Father of Numbers”, he made important donations to philosophy and religious teachings in the late 6th century BC.


Question: How much is Johannes Kepler's son?

Pythagoras

His life and teachings are not so clear as a result of numerous legends and artificial stories about him.


Question: How much is Johannes Kepler's son?

Pythagoras

One of the famous relics of Pythagoras is the Pythagorean theorem, which states that the hypotenuse square of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of its legs (the sides of its elbows).


Question: How much is Johannes Kepler's son?

Pythagoras

Although the facts in this theorem have been widely known before the birth of Pythagoras, this theorem is credited to Pythagoras because he was the first to prove this observation mathematically. [1]


Question: How much is Johannes Kepler's son?

Pythagoras

Pythagoras and his students believed that everything in the world was related to mathematics, and felt that everything could be predicted and measured in a cycle of rhythms.


Question: How much is Johannes Kepler's son?

Pythagoras

He believes the beauty of mathematics is due to all natural phenomena can be expressed in numbers or number comparisons.


Question: How much is Johannes Kepler's son?

Pythagoras

There is a legend that states that when his disciple Hippasus discovered that 2 {\ displaystyle {\ sqrt {2}}}, the hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle with a right side of 1 each, was an irrational number, the other disciples of Pythagoras decided to kill him because cannot refute the evidence presented by Hippasus. [2]


Question: How much is Johannes Kepler's son?

Pythagoras

See also List of Pythagorean Philosophers Theorem Reference Category:Greek Philosophers Category:Vegetarian Category:Birth 582 BC Category:Death 496 BC Category:Ancient Greek Philosophers


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Lake Toba is a large natural lake in Indonesia located in the caldera of Super Volcano.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

The lake is 100 kilometres (62 miles) long, 30 kilometres (19mi) wide, and 505 metres (1,657ft) deep.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

The lake is located in the middle of the northern island of Sumatra with a surface elevation of about 900 metres (2,953ft).


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

The lake stretches from to.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

It is the largest lake in Indonesia and the largest volcanic lake in the world. [1]


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Lake Toba was the site of a VEI magnitude 8 super-massive volcanic eruption about 69,000 to 77,000 years ago [2] [3] [4] that triggered global climate change.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Current dating methods establish that 74,000 years ago is more accurate. [5]


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

This eruption was the largest explosive eruption on Earth in the past 25 million years.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

According to the Toba disaster theory, this eruption had a huge impact on human populations around the world; the impact of the eruption killed most humans living that time and is believed to cause population shrinkage in middle east Africa and India thus affecting human population genetics in the rest of the world until now. [6]


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Scientists agree that the Toba eruption triggered a volcanic winter that caused a fall in world temperatures of between 3 to 5°C (5.4 to 9.0°F), and up to 15°C (27°F) in upper-latitude regions.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Continuing research in Lake Malawi, Central Africa, found dust deposits of the Toba eruption, but found no evidence of major climate change in East Africa. [7]


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

On June 18, 2018, a ferry sinking disaster occurred in Lake Toba and drowned more than 190 people. [8]


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

History of Ka|JMPL|180px|View of Lake Toba.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

It is estimated that Lake Toba formed during an explosion about 69,000-77,000 years ago [9] [3] [10] and is the most recent eruption of a supervolcano (super volcano).


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Bill Rose and Craig Chesner of Michigan Technological University estimated that the total amount of material at the eruption was about 2,800km3 -about 2,000km3 from Ignimbrit flowing over the ground, and about 800km3 that fell as ash mainly to the west.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Pyroclastic flows from the eruption destroyed an area of 20,000km2, with ash deposits up to 600 m thick with the main crater.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

These events lead to mass death and extinction in some species of living things.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

According to some DNA evidence, this eruption also shrunk the number of humans to about 60% of the number of Earth's human population at that time, which was about 60 million humans.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

The eruption also led to the occurrence of an ice age, although experts are still debating it.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

After the eruption, a caldera formed which was later filled by water and became what is now known as Lake Toba.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Upward pressure by magma that had not yet exited led to the emergence of Samosir Island.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

An international multidisciplinary research team, led by Dr. Michael Petraglia, revealed in a press conference in Oxford, USA that a fairly spectacular new archaeological site has been discovered by geologists in the south and north of India.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

On the site it was revealed how people survived, before and after the eruption of the Toba volcano (supervolcano) at 74,000 years ago, and evidence of the presence of life under the ash hoard of Mount Toba.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Though the source of the eruption was 3,000 miles away, from the spread of its ashes.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

For seven years, experts from Oxford university researched ecosystem projects in India, looking for evidence of life and living equipment they left behind in denuded paddocks.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

This area with thousands of hectares turned out to be just savanna (meadow).


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

While the bones of animals are scattered.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

The team concluded, this fairly large area turned out to be covered with dust from ancient volcanic eruptions.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

The spread of the volcano's dust was extensive, found almost all over the world.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Derived from an eruption of an ancient supervolcano, namely Mount Toba.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

The conjecture leads to Mount Toba, as it was found evidence of the same molecular shape of volcanic dust at 2100 points.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Since the crater caldera that is now Lake Toba in Indonesia, up to 3000 miles, from the source of the eruption.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Even quite surprising, it turned out that the spread of dust was recorded up to the North Pole.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

This reminds experts how devastating the super eruption of Toba volcano was at that time.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Environmental damage In May 2012, Samosir regency issued a decree (SK) of Samosir Regent No. 89 dated May 1, 2012 on the granting of Business Site License for Horticultural Plantation and Animal Husbandry area of 800 hectares in Tele Forest, in Partungkot Nagijang Village and Hariara Pintu, Subdistrict Daily, Samosir Regency, North Sumatra to PT Gorga Duma Sari (GDS) owned by a member of DPRD Samosir Regency, Jonni Sitohang. [11] [12] Then continued with Wood Utilization Permit (GPA) granted by the Head of North Sumatra Provincial Office through the Decree of the Head of Forest Service and Samosir Regency Plantation Number 005 Year 2013. [11]


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Chairman of the Board of Care Forum Peduli Samosir Nauli (Pesona), Rohani Manalu stated that this permit made PT GDS logging natural wood in the forest without having AMDAL. [11]


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Rohani also stated that another result was the occurrence of landslides and floods that caused casualties. [13] [14] Due to the logging of the Tele forest, the erosion mud on the former logging land has caused siltation of rivers around Lake Toba. [15]


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

The million-tree planting program driven by the North Sumatra provincial government was also said to be ineffective because many trees died because they were not treated.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

This led to three North Sumatran environmental activists, Marandus Sirait, Hasoloan Manik (Kalpataru), and Wilmar Eliaser Simandjorang (Satya Lencana Karya Satya, Toba Award, Wana Lestari) to restore all award charters ever given by the North Sumatra Provincial government, Ministry of Forestry, and the State Palace. [15] [16] Environment Minister Balthasar Kambuaya has presented two letters of recommendation for Samosir Mangindar Simbolon regent as business licensor and person in charge to provide administrative sanctions in the form of closing business activities. [16]


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

After the first letter was not digubris, Regent Samosir replied to the second letter by stating that the company did not violate so that it was not worth closing. [16] [17] Because the Regent did not implement the recommendation, the Ministry of Environment also imposed a Taker of Authority (Second Line) Enforcement) and temporarily shut down PT GDS activities. [16]


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

After the Ministry of Environment went directly to the location based on the findings that the decision was not digubris, [18] [19] then the regency advised PT GDS to comply with the decree.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

PT GDS also stopped all operational activities and withdrew heavy equipment in the region based on the recognition of GDS Director Jonni Sitohang. [12]


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Population Most of the population living around Lake Toba are Batak tribes.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Traditional Batak houses can be recognized by the shape of their roofs (their ends curve upwards like a boat) and bright colors. [20]


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Neighbourhood residents also hang a lot of living by developing freshwater fisheries.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

In the past, Haranggaol village face, Haranggaol Horison Subdistrict known as tourist destination in Simalungun became the center of freshwater fish.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

There, according to a report, dozens of trucks transporting dozens of tons of carp and tilapia paced the village road. [21]


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Flora and fauna The flora of the lake includes various types of phytoplankton, small macrophilites, floating macrophilites, and immersed macrophilites, while the surrounding land is covered in rainforest, including Sumatran tropical pine forest types in the higher mountainous regions. [22]


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Fauna in the lake includes several species of zooplankton and bentos animals.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Because the lake is oligotrophic (not rich in nutrients), its native fish are classified as rare.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

There are only two endemic fish in this lake, namely Rasbora tobana (it can be called almost endemic because it is also found in the rivers that empties into this lake) [23] and Neolissochilus thienemanni, commonly called Batak fish. [24]


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

The last mentioned species is threatened by deforestation (the cause of siltation), pollution, changes in water levels, and new fish species brought into this lake. [24]


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Other native fish species are Aplocheilus panchax, Nemacheilus pfeifferae, Homaloptera gymnogaster, Channa gachua, Channa striata, Clarias batrachus, Barbonymus gonionotus, Barbonymus schwanenfeldii, Danio albolineatus, Osteochilus vittatus, Puntius binotatus, Jacobsoni, Tor tambra, Betta imbellis, Betta taeniata, and Monopterus albus. [25]


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Incomer fish species include Anabas testudineus, Oreochromis mossambicus, Oreochromis niloticus, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio, Osphronemus goramy, Trichogaster pectoralis, Trichopodus trichopterus, Poecilia reticulata, and Xiphophorus hellerii. [25]


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

See also Lake Tōya Toba Disaster theory Around Lake Toba Gallery Boat sightseeing Batak Village around Lake Samosir Island.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Island in the middle of the lake.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Cross to the island of Samosir.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Lake Toba, seen from Tongging village Lake Toba seen from Samosir Island View of Lake Toba from the air South coastal view; Sibandang Island seen behind Batak traditional house in Ambarita Waterfall Sipiso-Piso Lake Toba in banknote 1,000 rupiah Sculpture of Batak canoe boat Toba Crater Lake Toba with its dome forming Samosir Island A partial panoramic view of Lake Toba from west to southeast Reference Jorge A. Vazquez and Mary R. Reid. Probing the Accumulation History of the Voluminous Toba Magma.Science #305, August 13, 2004, p. 991-994.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Dedi Riskomar., The World's Most Devastated Eruption of Mount Toba, People's Mind General Daily, April 1, 2010, pp.


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba


Question: What is the area of toba lake?

Lake Toba

Outlinks (in Indonesian) Toba Category:Caldera in Indonesia Category:Batak Toba Category:Taneh Karo Category:Lakes in Indonesia


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Homosexual behavior in animals is sexual behavior in nonhuman animal species that is viewed [note 1] as homosexual or bisexual behavior.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Such behaviors include sexual activity, fondling, affection, pair bonding, and childcare by pairs of animals of the same sex.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Research shows various forms of these behaviors found by various species in the animalia kingdom. [1] [2] At least since 1999, there have been about 450 species documented exhibiting homosexual behavior, ranging from primates to Acanthocephala. [3] [4] [5] the organizers of the exhibition Against Nature? In 2006, homosexual behavior was observed in about 1,500 animal species. [6]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

According to biologist Bruce Bagemihl, “... kingdom animalia [did] in richer sexual diversity— including homosexual, bisexual, and nonreproductive sex—than what was previously willing to be accepted by the scientific community and wider society.” [note 2] [7] Bagemihl later mentions anyway that, “... this is a report regarding man's view of the phenomenon”. [note 3] [8] Neuroscientist Simon LeVay also said that, “Although homosexual behavior exists very commonly in the animal world, it is very rare for animals to have a tendency to behave homosexually in the long term to the point of not engaging in heterosexual activity.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Hence, homosexual orientation, if one can indeed say so to animals, seems rare.” [note 4] [9] One observed species may display an exclusively homosexual orientation namely sheep (Ovis aries). [10] [11] LeVay mentioned, “About 10% of rams refuse mating when paired with female sheep, but want when paired with other rams. “[11]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Homosexual behavior in animals became one of the grounds cited by the American Psychological Association, the American Psychiatric Association, and the National Association of Social Workers in an amici curiae letter to the Supreme Court of the United States when handling the Lawrence v.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Texas, which ultimately overturned sodomy laws in 14 states. [12] [13] The use of the term “homosexual” in animals The use of the term “homosexual” in animal biology studies is controversial.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

The two main reasons are that 1) sexuality and the causes of such behavior in animals have not been widely studied; and 2) human society views the term with the influence of cultural values that are irrelevant to other animal species. [14]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Therefore, homosexual behavior is called by different names.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

When describing animals, the word homosexual is preferred rather than gay, lesbian, and so on because they are judged to be terms in human sexuality. [15]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

How an animal chooses and why it acts is observed and understandable through its behavior.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

In wild animals, scientists cannot observe an animal throughout its lifetime so the assessment is carried out through the level of occurrence of a behavior.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

The intent of the use of the term homosexual is that the animal displays homosexual behavior or sexual behavior to the same-sex.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

This article follows the use of the term as used by scientists who use it for the entire sexual behavior (copulation, genital stimulation, mating rituals, and sexual selection displays) between animals of the same sex. [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] JMPL research|Two dogs Male giraffes in Kenya.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Research on homosexual behavior in animals mostly does not distinguish between animal individuals who behave homosexual mating and heterosexuals alternating with homosexual-only ones.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

The shortcomings give rise to differences in interpretation and opinion among scientists about the results of observations.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

If the definition of “homosexual behavior” is also broadened to include animals that engage in sexual activity to the other and the opposite sex, there are some researchers who have documented endocrinological differences such as sexual hormones, [20] [21] and brain structure. [22]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Discussion regarding homosexual behavior in animals has existed since the classical era.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Aristotle (384—322 BC) wrote regarding same-sex sexual activity in doves, partridges, and quails.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Hieroglyphica, a manuscript from the 4th century AD of the author Horapollo from Egypt, mentions “hermaphrodity” in shacks and homosexuality in partridge birds.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

The first review regarding animal homosexuality was written by zoologist Ferdinand Karsch-Haack in 1900. [23]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Until recent decades, same-sex sexual behavior was not “officially” observed on a large scale of likely due to a bias by researchers related to social attitudes towards same-sex sexual behavior, lack of interest, [24] confusion, dislike, up to concerns from scientists about the security of their research funds or ridicule from academic circles. [25] [26] Biologist Janet Mann of Georgetown University said that, “Scientists who study the topic are often accused of being running an agenda and their work can even be more restrained than their colleagues studying other topics. “[27]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Bagemihl exemplifies the study's nonchalance attitude towards homosexual behavior in animals as in the case of giraffes.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

He criticized that any male that sniffs a female without dashing her is referred to as sexual attraction.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Meanwhile, anal copulation to orgasm between studs is simply called “domination” or “competition”. [28]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Some scholars believe that homosexual behavior in animals stems from organizational and social dominance behaviors of the stud, similar to sexuality behavior in prison prisoners.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Some others such as Bagemihl, Joan Roughgarden, Thierry Lodé [29] and Paul Vasey say that the social function of sexual activity (both homosexual and heterosexual) is not always associated with dominance but is useful anyway for strengthening communion and social bonds between the herd.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Other scientists minded that such theories of social organization were insufficient to explain some homosexual behavior in animals.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

For example, the observed behavior of penguins in pairs for life and refuse to pair with females. [30]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Although reports of such cases are still rare, the growing scientific literature confirms that permanent homosexuality occurs not only in species with lifelong mates, [19] but also in nonmonogamous species as in sheep.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

A study wrote that approximately 8% of rams are sexually attracted to another stud. [31]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Basic Psychology, endocrinology, and neurobiology The explanation or definite psychological basis for homosexual activity in animals is still debated by scientists.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Some mention about the level of sex hormones (either high or low) [32], gonadal size [20], and brain structure [33] play a role in the sexual behavior of an animal.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Some others reasoned that there was no evidence supporting those claims from benchmarking between animal individuals displaying homosexual behavior and individuals who did not.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Meanwhile, studies in terms of endocrinology can be interpreted differently. [32] [34] Some studies have found no evidence regarding the link between gonadal size and sex hormone levels with homosexual orientation for cases of western gull (Larus occidentalis) and beaked gull ring (Larus delawarensis). [20]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Another study mentioned the tendency of some cells in the brains of homosexual rams not being fully masculinized. [33]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Research in 2011 mentioned that serotonin is involved in the mechanism of sexual orientation in mice. [35] [36] Another researcher found that a reduction in dopamine levels in male common fruit flies made other males attracted to the male. [37]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Conversely, increased dopamine would trigger the fly to derail another stud. [38]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Genetic Scientists found that by turning off the gene (FuCm) —which has an effect on oestrogen levels that flare the brain—caused female mice to grow by behaving as if they were males.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

The female mice also displayed masculine behaviors such as riding other females as well as being attracted to the urine of females. [39]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Another study found that by engineering a gene in fruit flies, homosexual behavior can be raised. [40]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Some examples of animals displaying homosexual behavior Black swans It is estimated that a quarter of black swan pairs (Cygnus atratus) constitute homosexual male pairs.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

To obtain eggs, the male partner may steal the nest or engage in copulation with another female before the female is eventually expelled after laying eggs. [41]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Goose children of male-male pairs are more likely to be able to grow up than children of heterosexual couples are likely due to their ability to defend a wider territory.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

A similar thing is also found in children of male flamingo pairs. [42] [43] Research gull shows that 10 to 15 percent of some wild populations of western gulls display homosexual behavior. [44]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Ducks melt ducks in pairs with females only until the female lays eggs.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

After that the male will leave the female.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Melewar ducks have a level of sexual activity of fellow males that tend to be high for birds.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

In some cases, 19% of all pairs in a population are male pairs. [45]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Penguin The earliest observations into the homosexual behavior of penguins date back to 1911.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

George Murray Levick, explorer of Great Britain, documented the behaviour in Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) in the Cape Adare region.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

The reports he made were considered too onerous to be published to the public at that time so even existing copies were only privately available to scholars and translated into Greek to prevent their spread.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Douglas Russell, curator of London's Natural History Museum, rediscovered the report about a century later and published it in the journal Polar Record in June 2012. [46]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Early in February 2004, the New York Times reported regarding a pair of male chin-binding penguins (Pygoscelis antarcticus) named Roy and Silo at the Central Park Zoo in New York City who managed to hatch and babysit a penguin puppy from eggs given to them by garden attendants animals. [13]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Several penguins at other zoos in New York were also observed in homosexual pairs. [47]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

A pair of male king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) at Odense Zoo in Denmark adopted an egg that had been left by its parent.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

They successfully incubate the eggs until they hatch and raise the born penguin cubs. [48]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Zoos in Japan and Germany also have homosexual penguin pairs. [30] [49] Bremerhaven Zoo in Germany separated three male Humboldt (Spheniscus humboldti) penguin pairs in order to breed and import female penguins from captivity in Sweden.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

All three male pairs have been observed trying to get around each other and using stones instead of eggs to hatch.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Several German gay groups protested against the zoo's attempt to separate its male pair.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Zoo director Heike Kueck said that it was not known whether the three couples were perfectly homosexual or only closely related because of the least females and that the zoo only wanted to preserve the rare Humboldt penguin and did not intend to forcibly split the pair homosexual penguins. [50]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

A pair of male Magellan penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus), who had shared a nest for six years at the San Francisco Zoo and raised a cub, split up when the stud in their neighbor's nest died and the females were looking for a new mate. [51]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Suki and Chupchikoni constitute a female African penguin pair (Spheniscus demersus) at Ramat Gan Safari Park in Israel.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Chupchikoni was previously thought to be a male penguin. [52]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Very Two male griffon vultures named Dashik and Judah in the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo intercourse with each other and make a nest together.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Zoo officials gave a fake egg to the two vultures which they then eramized in turn. 45 days later, the officer replaced the egg with a vulture that was then raised by both hering. [53]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

A few years later, Judah became attracted to a new female vulture at the zoo.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Dashik became depressed and was later depleted to the zoological research garden at Tel Aviv University.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

He also made a nest with another female vulture. [54]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Two male vultures at Allwetter Zoo in Muenster, Germany make nests together and defend their nests from other vultures.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

They were eventually separated with one being moved to the Czech Republic and replaced by a female.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Gay groups in Germany protested against the segregation. [55]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Bonobo mammals constitute an entirely bisexual species of great apes.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Both female and male bonobos both engage in heterosexual and homosexual relationships.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

About 60% of all bonobo sexual activity is conducted between fellow females.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Although the frequency of bonobo homosexual behavior is the highest for the great ape species, homosexual behavior has been observed in all types of great apes as well as some other primates. [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] Male American bison (Bison bison) has been observed showing attraction, riding, up to anal penetration to another stud.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

The celebration of Okipa by the Mandan Tribe closed with a ceremony which they conduct the bison.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

The public believes that the ceremony ensures that the bison will come again in the following season. [64]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

African Elephant Elephants and male Asian elephants have been observed exhibiting homosexual behavior.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Same-sex relationships are common in both males and females.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Approximately 45% of Asian Elephant sexual activity in captivity is done same-sex.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

The likeness of these behaviors include kissing, wrapped around the proboscis, and inserting the proboscis into each other's mouths.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Male elephants often prefer to separate from the herd in general and form small herds.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

In it consists of an elephant with one or two younger male elephants.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Sexual behavior occupies an important position in the social dynamics of the elephants.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Unlike elephant heterosexual relationships that are always instead between individuals one to the other, homosexual relationships between fellow studs can persist for years.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

The behaviors shown are similar to heterosexual attraction behaviors such as one male putting his proboscis on another male and then pushing his tusks forward as when a male is going to ride a female. [65]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Giraffes Male giraffes are often observed exhibiting homosexual behavior.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Two male giraffes can engage in necking activity and followed by stroking and stroking each other's body until riding and orgasming.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Such interactions among studs are more common than similar interactions in heterosexual couples. [66]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

One study mentioned that 94% of riding activity took place between two males while only about 1% took place between two females. [67]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Bat and kalong JMPL|Video: Two male Bonin necktails (Pteropus pselaphon) are performing fellatio with each other. [68]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

More than 20 species of bats and kalongs have been observed displaying homosexual behavior. [23] [68] The Amazon dolphin dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) has been observed performing group sexual activity between 3 to 5 individuals.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

The group usually consists of a young male and one or two females.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Sexual activity is also generally nonreproductive by swiping the genitals with the snout, fins, or other genitals of dolphins regardless of males or females. [69]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Penetration into the blast pit both homosexual and heterosexual has also been observed in captivity. [69] [70] Male dolphins also sometimes have sex with male tucuxi dolphins (Sotalia fluviatilis). [69]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Long-beaked dolphins (Stenella longirostris) can display sexual behavior in various combinations of male and female pairs. [71]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Competition between flocks of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) is sometimes not a physical fight but a form of homosexual behavior between studs. [72]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Marmot Homosexual behavior is commonly found in wild marmots. [73]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Olympia marmots (Marmota olympus) and gray marmots (Marmota caligata) females often exhibit affectionate and sexual behaviors, including riding, towards other females. [73]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Such behavior is especially increased when the females are in the height of the estrus cycle. [73] [74] Homosexual behavior generally begins with greeting activity which is when the female saut kisses the cheek or mouth of another female using her nose.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

The female may also bite the ear or neck of her partner who in turn will respond by raising her tail.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Olfaction may also be performed against the opponent's genital area using the nose or mouth.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Riding can then occur with the female on top holding the neck of the ridden female while giving encouragement and the ridden female raising her back and tail. [73] [75] The lion both male and lioness have been observed exhibiting homosexual behavior. [76]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Sheep About 8-10% of sheep (Ovis aries) males have a homosexual orientation. [10] [33] [77] [78] [79] In addition, about 18— 22% of rams have a bisexual orientation. [77]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

A 2003 study mentioned that homosexuality in rams has a link to one region of the sheep brain that researchers called the ovine Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus (OSdN).


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

In homosexual rams, their OSdN region is only about half the size of that present in heterosexual rams and has fewer neurons.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

The level of aromatasa mRNA in OSdN is higher for heterosexual rams than for female sheep.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Meanwhile, in homosexual rams, the level is at mid-level.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

The results suggest that, “... naturally occurring variations in sexual partner preferences can have a link to differences in brain anatomy and the brain's ability to disinfect estrogen. “[31]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Homosexual affection and sexual activity also occurs in studs in wild sheep species such as great horn sheep (Ovis canadensis), Dall sheep (Ovis dalli), mouflon, and urials (Ovis orientalis).


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Sexual activity between studs generally includes bargaining and anal intercourse.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Pubic licking is also found in Dall sheep.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Larger rams generally ride smaller rams by standing on their hind legs and placing their front legs on their partner's pelvis with an erectile penis.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Full anal penetration can be achieved accompanied by pelvic thrust to ejaculation.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Homosexual activity may also take place in a collection of three to ten studs. [80]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Other animals Lizard Whip-tailed lizards (Teiidae sp.) females have the ability to reproduce parthenogenesis so males become rarely found in sexual breeding activity. [81]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Meanwhile, female lizards engage in sexual activity to stimulate the process of ovulation following their hormonal cycle.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Females who currently have low estrogen levels in the cycle act as masculine parties in sexual activity while those with high estrogen levels take on a feminine role.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Lizards that display sexual behavior have higher fertility compared to isolated lizards because sexual behavior stimulates hormone production.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Therefore, although whip-tailed lizards do not include male lizards in their asexual reproduction, sexual stimuli can still increase reproductive success.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

From an evolutionary standpoint, these female lizards bequeath their genetic code in full to their offspring rather than only 50% if reproduction is sexually performed.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Some gecko species can also reproduce parthenogenesis. [82]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Jonathan's tortoise, an Aldabra giant tortoise and is the oldest turtle in the world, has been in contact with a turtle named Frederica since 1991.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

In 2017, it became known that Frederica turned out to be a male turtle, and the name was changed to Frederic. [83]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Insects and arachnids Homosexual behavior is observed in at least 110 species of insects and arachnids. [84]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Homosexual behavior in insects has been a topic of debate among scientists.


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Several theories have been proposed but the general explanation of why in some species the stud engages in simple homosexual behavior is due to an introduction error. [85]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Dragonfly Homosexual behavior has been killed in some species of dragonflies (order Odonata).


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

A survey of 11 eleven dragonfly species showed same-sex marriages occurred approximately 20% to 80% in studs. [86] [87] Fruit flies Male melanogaster Drosophila flies that have two specific mutational alleles may show a tendency to mate only with a stud other. [88]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

The genetic basis of homosexuality in Drosophila melanogaster flies has been studied by scientists all along. [89]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Several genes have been identified as causing homosexual sexual behavior. [90]


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

These genes are believed to control the behavior of flies through pheromones as well as alter the brain structure of the fly. [91] [92] Research has also investigated the influence of the physical environment on homosexual behavior in flies. [93] [94] See also 2 Against Nature?


Question: can birds masturbate?

Homosexual behavior in animals

Biology and sexual orientation Congenital bisexuality List of animals exhibiting homosexual behavior Nonhuman primate experiments Freemartin Hermaphroditic animals Homosexuality and psychology Reaction norms Sexual orientation Sexual behavior of animals Plant sexuality Xq28 Footnotes Reference List of External link libraries (in English).


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Homosexual behavior in animals

BBC Indonesia.


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Homosexual behavior in animals

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Homosexual behavior in animals

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Homosexual behavior in animals


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Homosexual behavior in animals

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Category:Sexual orientation and science Category:Ethology Category:Animal sexuality


Question: What number of countries are incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The European Union (abbreviated EU) is an intergovernmental and supranational organization, consisting of European countries.


Question: What number of countries are incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Since 1 July 2013 it has had 28 member states.


Question: What number of countries are incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The union was established in that name under the Treaty of European Union (better known as the Maastricht Treaty) in 1992.


Question: What number of countries are incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

However, many aspects of the EU arise before that date through the earlier organization, going back to the 1950s. This international organization works through a combined supranational and intergovernmental system.


Question: What number of countries are incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

In some areas, decisions are established through deliberations and consultations among member states, and in other areas supranational organ institutions carry out their responsibilities without the need for the approval of their members.


Question: What number of countries are incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Important organ institutions within the EU are the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the European Court of Justice, and the European Central Bank.


Question: What number of countries are incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

In addition, there is also a European Parliament whose members are elected directly by the citizens of the member states.


Question: What number of countries are incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

On 12 October 2012, the European Union was designated as the 2012 recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.


Question: What number of countries are incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

EU members have 28 member states, namely the European Parliament confers in Brusel, Belgium and (several times a year) in Strasbourg (France).


Question: What number of countries are incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The European Parliament is directly elected by its population.


Question: What number of countries are incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The beginnings and history of Experiments to unite the European state have begun before the formation of modern states; they have occurred several times in European history.


Question: What number of countries are incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Three thousand years ago, Europe was dominated by the Celts, and then conquered and ruled the Mediterranean centered Empire of Rome.


Question: What number of countries are incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The beginning of this unification was created by forced means.


Question: What number of countries are incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

The Franks Empire of Charlemagne and the Holy Empire of Rome united vast territories under loose administration for several hundred years.


Question: What number of countries are incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Later in the 1800s customs union under Napoleon Bonaparte, and the conquests in the 1940s by Nazi Germany took place only temporarily.


Question: What number of countries are incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Due to its collection of European languages and cultures, this unification experiment usually involves occupation from an unwilling country, creating instability.


Question: What number of countries are incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

One experiment of unification peacefully through cooperation and equation of members was made by pacifist Victor Hugo in 1851.


Question: What number of countries are incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

After World War I and World War II, the desire to establish the European Union intensified, driven by a desire to rebuild Europe and eliminate the possibility of another war.


Question: What number of countries are incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

Therefore, the European Coal and Steel Community was formed by Germany, France, Italy, and the Benelux countries.


Question: What number of countries are incorporated in the European Union?

European Union

This came about by the Treaty of Paris (1951), signed in April 1951 and started in July 1952.