Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

This sengkala is said to be the year of the end of Majapahit and should be read as 0041, which is the year 1400 Saka, or 1478 AD.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The meaning of this saddle is “to lose the prosperity of the earth”.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

But what is actually described by the candrasengkala is the fall of Bhre Kertabumi, the 11th king of Majapahit, by Girindrawardhana. [30]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Raden Patah who was then duke of Demak actually tried to help his father by sending reinforcements led by Sunan Ngudung, but suffered defeat even Sunan Ngudung died at the hands of Raden Ssen sister Raden Patah who sided with Ranawijaya until the board of guardians suggested Raden Fatah to carry forward the construction of Demak mosque.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

This is corroborated by the Jiyu and Petak inscriptions, Ranawijaya confessed that he had defeated Kertabhumi [30] and moved the capital to Daha (Kediri).


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

These events sparked a war between Ranawijaya and the Demak Sultanate, as the rulers of Demak were descendants of Kertabhumi.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

In fact this war had begun to wind down when Patih Air made a coup d'état to Girindrawardhana and recognized Demak's power even marrying Raden's youngest child Patah, but the war raged back when Pabu Udara asked the Portuguese for help.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Thus in 1518, Demak made an incursion into Daha which ended the history of Majapahit [31] and to Malacca.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

A large number of courtiers, artists, clergy, and members of the royal family were displaced to the island of Bali.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

This refuge was most likely to avoid reprisals and punishment from Demak as a result during this time they supported Ranawijaya against Kertabhumi.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

With the fall of Daha destroyed by Demak in 1518, the power of the Islamic kingdom in the early 16th century finally defeated the rest of the Majapahit kingdom. [32]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Demak under the rule of Raden (later to become Sultan) of Patah (Fatah), was recognized as the successor to the Majapahit kingdom.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

According to Babad Tanah Jawi and Demak tradition, the legitimacy of Raden Patah because he was the son of Majapahit king Brawijaya V with a Chinese princess.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Historical records from China, Portuguese (Tome Pires), and Italy (Pigafetta) indicate that there had been a transfer of Majapahit power from the hands of Hindu rulers to the hands of Duke Unus, ruler of the Sultanate of Demak, between 1518 and 1521 A.D. [30] Demak ensured his position as regional power and became the first Islamic kingdom to stand on Javanese soil.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

At that time after the collapse of Majapahit, the remaining surviving Hindu kingdoms in Java lived only the kingdom of Blambangan in the eastern end, as well as the Sundanese Kingdom which was capitalized in Pajajaran in the west.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Slowly Islam began to spread as the Hindu community retreated to the mountains and to Bali.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Several pockets of Hindu Tengger community until now still survive in the mountains of Tengger, Bromo and Semeru area.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Culture “Of all the buildings, there is no pole that escapes fine carvings and beautiful colors” [In a wall-surrounded environment] “there is a graceful pendopo roofed, beautiful like a view in a painting...


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The petals of the deciduous katangga flower were blown off and sprinkled over the roof.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The roof is like a girl's hair with flowers, pleasing anyone who looks at her” . —


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

An overview of the capital of Majapahit quotes from Nagarakertagama.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Nagarakretagama mentions the palace culture that is adiluhung and graceful, with a refined taste of art and literature, as well as an elaborate system of religious rituals.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The main event in the constitutional calendar is held every first day of the month of Caitra (March to April) when all messengers from all the conquered territories of Majapahit come to the palace to pay tribute or taxes.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Majapahit area is simply divided into three types: palace including the capital area and surrounding areas; areas in East Java and Bali which are directly headed by officials appointed directly by the king; and conquered territories in the archipelago that enjoy broad autonomy. [33]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The capital of Majapahit in Trowulan is a major city and is famous for large religious celebrations organized every year.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Buddhism, Shiva, and Waisnawa (devotees of Vishnu) were embraced by the inhabitants of Majapahit, and the king was considered at once the title of Buddha, Shiva, and Vishnu.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Nagarakertagama is not offensive about Islam at all, but it is very likely that there were some Muslim employees or courtiers at that time. [3]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Although bricks had been used in temples in earlier times, Majapahit architects were the most expert in using them. [34]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Majapahit temples are of good quality geometrically by utilizing the sap of vines and brown sugar as a brick adhesive.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Examples of Majapahit temples that can still be found now are Rat Temple and Gapura Bajang Ratu in Trowulan, Mojokerto.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Some architectural elements date back to the Majapahit period, including the bisected gate of the bentar temple, the high-roofed paduraksa (kori agung) archway, and a pendopo based on a brick structure.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

This style of building can still be found in Javanese and Balinese architecture.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The king [of Java] has a subordinate of seven crowned kings.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

[And] the island is heavily populated, is the second best island ever...


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The king of the island has an amazingly awesome palace.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Because it is so large, the stairs and the interior of the room are gilded and silver, even the roof is gilded.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Now the Great Khan of China fought several times against this king; but always failed and this king always succeeded in defeating him.”


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

— Overview of Majapahit according to Mattiussi (Reverend Odorico da Pordenone). [35]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Records derived from Italian sources regarding Java in the Majapahit era are obtained from the travel account of Mattiussi, a priest of the Franciscan Order in his book: “The Journey of the Reverend Odorico da Pordenone”.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

He visited several places in the archipelago: Sumatra, Java, and Banjarmasin in Kalimantan.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

He was sent by the Pope to run a Catholic mission in Central Asia.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

In 1318 he set out from Padua, crossed the Black Sea and penetrated Persia, continuing until reaching Kolkata, Madras, and Srilanka.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Then head to the Nikobar archipelago until reaching Sumatra, then visit Java and Banjarmasin.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

He returned to Italy by road through Vietnam, China, continuing to follow the Silk Road towards Europe in 1330.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

In this book he referred to his visit in Java without going into more detail the names of places he visited.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Mentioned Javanese king controlled seven vassal kings.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Also mentioned on the island there are many cloves, cucumbers, nutmeg, and various other spices.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

He mentioned the palace of the Javanese king was very luxurious and awesome, full of gilded and silver.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

He also mentions the Mongol king several times attempted to invade Java, but always failed and was successfully driven back.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The Javanese kingdom mentioned here is none other than Majapahit which was visited at one time in the period of 1318-1330 during the reign of Jayanegara.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Literature In Majapahit times were written various kakawin (Javanese Kuna poetry), such as Negarakertagama and Pararaton, and also appeared various stories of development from Indian epics (such as Tantu Panggelaran, Garudeya, and Sudhamala) as well as local stories popular to the present, such as the Panji story circle, the story of Sri Tanjung, and the story of Bhubuksah and Gagangaking.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Various stone carvings of temples from this time depict many fragments of these stories [36].


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Majapahit's economy is an agricultural country and at the same time a trading country. [22]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Taxes and penalties are paid in cash.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The Javanese economy has been partially familiar with coinage since the 8th century during the Medang kingdom which used grains and pieces of gold and silver money.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Around 1300, during the reign of the first king of Majapahit, an important monetary change occurred: domestic money pieces were replaced with “kepeng” money, which is imported copper money pieces from China.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

As of November 2008 about 10,388 pieces of ancient Chinese coins weighing about 40 kilograms were unearthed from the backyard of a resident in Sidoarjo.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The Agency for Preservation of Ancient Relics (BP3) of East Java confirmed that the coins are from Majapahit era. [37]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The reason for using metal money or foreign coins is not mentioned in historical records, but most experts suspect that with the more complex economy of Java, it is necessary for small fractions or dime in the Majapahit currency system to be used in economic activity daily in Majapahit market.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

This role was unsuitable and could not be fulfilled by expensive gold and silver money. [33]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Some overview of the scale of Javanese domestic economy at that time was collected from various data and inscriptions.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The Canggu inscription in 1358 mentions as many as 78 crossing points in the form of boat crossing in the country (Javanese mandala). [33]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Inscriptions from the Majapahit period mention a wide variety of occupations and career specialties, from gold and silver craftsmen, to drinks sellers, and butchers or butchers.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Although many of these occupations have existed since earlier times, the proportion of the population seeking income and search eyed outside agriculture was increasing in the Majapahit era.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

According to the account of Wang Ta-Yuan, a Chinese merchant, the export commodities of Java at the time were pepper, salt, cloth, and elder brother birds, while the imported commodities were pearls, gold, silver, silk, ceramic goods, and iron goods.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Its coinage was made from a mixture of silver, white lead, black lead, and copper. [38]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

In addition, the records of Odorico da Pordenone, a Roman Catholic monk from Italy who visited Java in 1321, mention that the court of the Javanese king was full of gold, silver, and jewel jewels. [39]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Majapahit's prosperity is supposedly due to two factors.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The first factor; the Brantas and Bengawan Solo river valleys in the lowlands of north East Java are well suited for rice farming.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

In his heyday Majapahit built various irrigation infrastructure, partly with government support.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The second factor; the ports of Majapahit on the north coast of Java may have played an important role as a base port for obtaining Moluccan spice commodities.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Taxes imposed on spice commodities passing through Java are an important source of income for Majapahit. [33]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Nagarakretagama mentions that the proficiency of the Wilwatikta rulers had attracted many foreign merchants, among them merchants from India, Khmer, Siam, and China.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Special taxes were imposed on foreigners especially those who settled semi-permanently in Java and performed jobs other than international trade.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Majapahit had its own officials to take care of traders from India and China who settled in the capital of the kingdom and various other places in the Majapahit region of Java. [40]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Majapahit's government structure had an orderly governmental structure and bureaucratic makeup during the reign of Hayam Wuruk, and it seems that the structure and bureaucracy did not change much during its historical development. [41]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The king is considered the incarnation of gods in the world and he holds supreme political authority.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The King's bureaucratic apparatus was assisted by a number of bureaucratic officials in carrying out the government, with the sons and close relatives of the king having a high notch.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The king's orders are usually handed down to officials under him, among others: Rakryan Mahamantri Katrini, usually held by the sons of king Rakryan Mantri ri Pakira-kiran, the council of ministers who carry out the rule of Dharmmadhyaksa, the religious law officials Dharmma-upapatti, the Religious officials in Rakryan Mantri ri Pakira-kiran there is a paramount official namely Rakryan Mapatih or Patih Hamangkubhumi.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

This official can be said to be the prime minister who together the king can participate in carrying out the wisdom of the government.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

In addition, there is also a kind of royal consideration council whose members are the kinsmen of the king, called Bhattara Saptaprabhu.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

In its formation, Majapahit kingdom was a continuation of Singhasari, [19] consisting of certain areas in the eastern and central part of Java.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The area was ruled by an uparaja called Paduka Bhattara who held the title Bhre or “Bhatara i”.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

This title was the highest title of royal nobility.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Usually this position is only for close relatives of the king.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Their duty was to administer their kingdom, levy taxes, and deliver tribute to the center, and manage the defenses on the borders of the regions they led.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

During the reign of Hayam Wuruk (1350 to 1389) there were 12 territories in Majapahit, administered by close relatives of the king.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The hierarchy in the classification of territories in the Majapahit kingdom is known as follows: Bhumi: kingdom, ruled by King Nagara: ruled by rajya (governor), or natha (lord), or bhre (prince or nobility) Watek: administered by wiyasa, Kuwu: administered by lurah, Wanua: administered by thani, Kabuyutan: a small hamlet or sacred place. jmpl|straight|Arca goddess Parwati as the posthumous embodiment of Tribhuwanattunggadewi, the queen of Majapahit the mother of Hayam Wuruk.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

While in the Wingun Pitu Inscription (1447 AD) it is mentioned that Majapahit rule is divided into 14 subordinate regions, led by someone who holds the title of Bhre. [42]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

These subordinate areas are: Kahuripan (no. 1) Daha (no. 2) Tumapel (no. 3) Wengker (no. 4) Matahun (no. 5) Wirabumi (no. 6) Kabalan (no. 8) Kembang Jenar (no. 10) Pajang (no. 11) Jagaraga Keling Kelinggapura Singhapura Tanjungahit Saat Majapahit entering the era of omnipresence The Thalasocracy during the rule of Gajah Mada, several overseas states were also included in the Majapahit circle of influence, as a result, a larger territorial concept was formed: the Great State, or Main State, the core of the kingdom.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The early area of Majapahit or Old Majapahit during its formation period before entering the era of omnipresence.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

What included this area was the capital of the kingdom and the surrounding region where the king effectively exercised his rule.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

This area covered the eastern half of Java, with all its provinces administered by the Bhre (nobles), who were close relatives of the king.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Abroad, the area encompassing the Great State.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

This area is directly influenced by Javanese culture, and is obliged to pay an annual tribute.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

However, these areas usually had indigenous rulers or kings, who likely formed communion or married into the Majapahit royal family.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The Majapahit kingdom placed its bureaucrats and servants in these places and regulated their foreign trade activities and collected taxes, but they enjoyed considerable internal autonomy.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The foreign region includes all other areas of Java Island, Madura, Bali, and also Dharmasraya, Pagaruyung, Lampung and Palembang in Sumatra.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The archipelago, is an area that does not reflect Javanese culture, but belongs to the colony and they have to pay an annual tribute.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

They enjoyed considerable autonomy and internal freedoms, and Majapahit did not feel it important to place its bureaucrats or its military army here; however, any challenge seen to threaten Majapahit's lordship over the region would reap a violent backlash.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Included in this area are small kingdoms and colonies in the Moluccas, the Nusa Tenggara Islands, Sulawesi, Borneo, and the Malaya Peninsula.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

All three categories fit into the circle of influence of the Majapahit Kingdom.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

But Majapahit also knows a fourth scope defined as foreign diplomatic relations: Mitreka Satata, which literally means “partner of the same order”.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

It was indicative of an overseas independent state considered equal by Majapahit, rather than as a subordinate in Majapahit power.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

According to Stateakertagama pupuh 15, foreign peoples are Syangkayodhyapura (Ayutthaya in Thailand), Dharmmanagari (Kingdom of Nakhon Si Thammarat), Marutma, Rajapura and Sinhanagari (kingdom in Myanmar), Champa Kingdom, Cambodia (Cambodia), and Yawana (Annam). [43]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Mitreka Satata can be considered a Majapahit alliance, as foreign overseas empires such as China and India do not fall into this category even though Majapahit has conducted foreign relations with these two peoples.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

This pattern of political unity typical of ancient Southeast Asian history was later identified by modern historians as a “mandala”, that is, a unity whose politics is determined by its center or core of power rather than its borders, and can be composed of several subordinate political units without integration further administrative. [44]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The subordinate areas included in the scope of Majapahit mandalas, namely the Abroad and Archipelago regions, generally had native leaders of the rulers of those regions who enjoyed considerable internal freedoms.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

These vassal territories although little-much influenced by Majapahit, nevertheless ran its own system of government without being further integrated by the central power in the Majapahit capital.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

This mandala pattern of power is also found in earlier kingdoms, such as Sriwijaya and Angkor, as well as the contemporaneous neighboring mandalas of Majapahit; Ayutthaya and Champa.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Majapahit kings The rulers of Majapahit were successors of the Singhasari royal family, pioneered by Sri Ranggah Rajasa, the founder of Wangsa Rajasa in the late 13th century.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Below is a list of rulers of Majapahit.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Note that there was a period of vacancy between the reign of Rajasawardhana (8th ruler) and Girishawardhana which may have resulted from a succession crisis that broke the Majapahit royal family into two groups [10].


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The historical heritage of Majapahit has been a source of inspiration for past glory for the peoples of the archipelago in the following centuries.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The political legitimacy of the Islamic Sultanates of Demak, Pajang, and Mataram tried to gain legitimacy for their power through links to Majapahit.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Demak declared the legitimacy of his offspring through Kertabhumi; its founder, Raden Patah, according to the babad-babad of the palace Demak was revealed to be a child of Kertabhumi and a Chinese Princess, who was sent outside the palace before she gave birth.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Mataram's conquest of Wirasaba of 1615 led directly by Sultan Agung himself has significance as it was the location of the capital of Majapahit.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The keratons of Central Java have traditions and genealogies that seek to prove the connection of their kings to the Majapahit royal family — often in the form of ancestral tombs, which in Java is an important testament — and legitimacy is thought to be increased through such relationships.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Balinese particularly gained great influence from Majapahit, and Balinese people consider themselves the true successors of Majapahit culture. [34]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Movers of modern Indonesian nationalism, including those involved in the National Awakening Movement in the early 20th century, have referred to Majapahit, alongside Sriwijaya, as a resounding example of Indonesia's past.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Majapahit is sometimes used as a reference to the current political boundaries of the Republic of Indonesia. [22]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

In its propaganda run in the 1920s, the Indonesian Communist Party presented its vision of a classless society as the re-incarnation of the romanticized Majapahit. [46]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Sukarno also raised Majapahit in the interest of unity of the nation, while the New Order used it in the interest of the expansion and consolidation of state power. [47]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Like Majapahit, the modern Indonesian state encompasses large areas and is politically centered on the island of Java.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Some symbols and attributes of Indonesian statehood are derived from Majapahit elements.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The Indonesian nationality flag “Sang Merah Putih” or sometimes called “Dwiwarna” (“two colors”), is derived from the colors of the Majapahit Royal Panji.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Similarly, the flag of the Navy's fleet of warships in the form of red and white stripes is also derived from Majapahit colors.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Indonesia's national motto, “Bhinneka Tunggal Ika”, is quoted from “Kakawin Sutasoma” written by Mpu Tantular, a Majapahit pujangga.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

JMPL|Ka|a pair of 14th-century gatekeeper sculptures from Majapahit temple in East Java (Museum of Asian Art, San Francisco) Majapahit has a real and sustained influence in the field of architecture in Indonesia.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The depiction of the shape of pavilions (pendopo) of various buildings in the capital Majapahit in the book Negarakretagama has been the inspiration for the architecture of various palace buildings in Java as well as Pura and community housing complexes in present-day Bali.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Although red brick had been used much earlier, it was the architects of Majapahit who perfected the technique of creating these brick building structures.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Some architectural elements of building complexes in Java and Bali are known to date back to the Majapahit period.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

For example, the split gate of bentar temple which is now likely to be associated with Balinese architecture, is actually an influence of Majapahit, as found in Wringin Lawang Temple, one of the oldest bentar temples in Indonesia.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Similarly, the archway paduraksa (kori agung) is high roofed, and the pendopo is based on a brick structure.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The influence of the aesthetic flavor and style of Majapahit building can be seen in the Kasepuhan Palace complex in Cirebon, Menara Kudus Mosque in Central Java, and Maospait Temple in Bali.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The layout of the building complex in the form of brick fenced courtyards connected with the gate and in the middle there is a pendopo, is an architectural heritage of Majapahit that can be found in the layout of several palace complexes in Java as well as puri (palace) and temple complexes in Bali.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Armament In Majapahit times there was the development, preservation, and dissemination of keris-making techniques following its social and ritual functions.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The technique of making keris undergoes smoothing and the selection of materials is becoming more and more selective.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Pre-Majapahit keris is known to be heavy but since this time onwards, a light but strong keris blade becomes a hint of the quality of a keris.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The use of keris as a sign of greatness among aristocrats also flourished during this time and extended to various parts of the archipelago, especially in the western part.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

In addition to keris, also developed the technique of making and using spears and cannons of a simple ship called Cetbang.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Currently one such collection of Cetbang Majapahit resides in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, America.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The cetbang is mounted as a fixed cannon or rotary cannon, a small size cetbang can be easily mounted on a small ship called the Penajap (Portuguese: Pangajaua or Pangajava), and also Lancaran.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

These cannons are used as anti-personnel weapons, not anti-ship.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

In this age, even into the 17th century, naval warriors of the archipelago fought on a stage commonly called Balai (see pictures of ships).


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

According to Anthony Reid, if shot at a collection of soldiers with scattershot bullets, cannons like this would have been very effective. [48]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

For the navy, the Majapahit fleet uses djong/jong massively as its sea power.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

At its peak Majapahit had 5 war fleets.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

It is not known exactly what the total number of jong Majapahit had, but the largest number ever used in one expedition was 400 pieces, exactly when Majapahit attacked Pasai. [49]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Each ship measures about 70 metres long, weighs about 500 tons and can carry 600 people.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The ship is armed with cannons 3 meters long, and many small cetbang. [50]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Before the Bubat tragedy of 1357, the Sundanese king and his family came in Majapahit after sailing the Java sea using nine-storied Chinese-southeast Asian hybrid jong ships (Old Javanese: Jong sasanga wagunan ring Tatarnagari tiniru).


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

This hybrid vessel mixes Chinese techniques in its manufacture, which is to use iron nails in addition to using wooden pegs. [51]


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

According to Sejarah Melayu, other types of ships used by Majapahit are malangbang, kelulus, jongkong, cecuruh, barge, and pelang. [52] [53] The modern art of this royal greatness and various political intrigues that took place at that time became an unrelenting source of inspiration for artists The next time to pour his creations, especially in Indonesia.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Below is a list of some artworks related to those times.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Old poem Serat Darmagandhul, a book obscure its author because it uses the pen name Ki Kalamwadi, but is thought to be from the time of Kasunanan Surakarta.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The book revolves around matters related to the change of beliefs of Majapahit people from the syncretic religion of “Hinduism” to Islam and a number of worship that needs to be done as Muslims.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Comics and comic strips The series “Mahesa Rani” by Teguh Santosa published in Hai Magazine, takes the background of Singhasari's collapse until the beginning of the career of Mada (Gajah Mada), Lubdhaka's collegiate sister, a colleague of Mahesa Rani.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Comics/Pictorial Stories Imperium Majapahit, by Jan Mintaraga.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Majapahit comic by R. A. Kosasih The comic strip “Panji Koming” by Dwi Koendoro published in the Sunday edition of “Kompas” newspaper, tells the daily story of a Majapahit resident named Panji Koming.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Comic “Dharmaputra Winehsuka”, by Alex Irzaqi, the story of Ra Kuti and Ra Semi in the setting of Nambi's 1316 A.M. Roman/historical novel Sandyakalaning Majapahit (1933), historical romance with setting of Majapahit collapse period, by Sanusi Pane.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Rainbow In the sky of Singasari (1968 - 1974), a historical romance with the setting of the kingdom of Kediri and Singasari, by S. H. Mintardja.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Bara Di Atas Singgasana, historical romance with the setting of the era of singasari kingdom and Majapahit, by S. H. Mintardja Kemelut Di Majapahit, historical romance with the setting of Majapahit heyday, by Asmaraman S. Kho Ping Hoo.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Gemilang period (1938/1950/2000), a historical romance that tells the end of Singasari, Majapahit period, and ends in intrigues surrounding the killing of Jayanegara, the work of Matu Mona/Hasbullah Parinduri.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Senopati Pamungkas (1986/2003), a silat story with the setting of the collapse of Singhasari and the beginning of the establishment of Majapahit until Jayanagara rule, the work of Arswendo Atmowiloto.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Flow Balik (1995), a post epics of the archipelago in the early 16th century, by Pramoedya Ananta Toer.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Dyah Pitaloka - Dusk in the Sky Majapahit (2005), Hermawan Aksan's romance about Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi, the daughter of the Sunda Kingdom who fell in the Event of Bubat.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Gajah Mada (2005), a radiant historical romance that chronicles the life of Gajah Mada with his ambition to master the archipelago, by Langit Kresna Hariadi.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Jung Jawa (2009), an anthology of short stories set in the archipelago, by Rendra Fatrisna Kurniawan, published Babel Publishing with ISBN 978-979-25-3953-0.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Film/soap opera Tutur Tinular, a film adaptation by S. Tidjab from a radio drama series.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

This story is set against the background of Singhasari Kingdom in Kertanegara rule to Majapahit in Jayanagara rule.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Saur Sepuh, a film adaptation by Niki Kosasih from a popular radio drama series in the mid-1980s to early 1990s. The film actually focuses more on the history of Pajajaran but related to Majapahit anyway.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Walisanga, Ramadan soap opera in 2003 set in Majapahit during Brawijaya V until Demak Sultanate in the time of Sultan Trenggana.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Puteri Gunung Ledang, a 2004 Malaysian film, raised a story based on the famous Malay legend, Puteri Gunung Ledang.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The film tells the story of the romance of Gusti Putri Retno Dumilah, a Majapahit princess, with Hang Tuah, an officer of the Malacca Sultanate.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Video Games/Computer Games Civilization V: Brave New World published in July 2013, there is an Indonesian civilization with its leader Gajah Mada.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Although it is named 'Indonesian' civilization, but this perdabance uses Surya Majapahit as its symbol.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

This civilization has a unique building that is the temple, which has an icon with a pictorial temple in Trowulan, Mojokerto.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings fourth expansion Rise of Rajas published in December 2016, featuring a mission as Gajah Mada, from the beginning of the establishment of Majapahit drove out the Mongolian army and Kediri (Kingdom of Singhasari), conquering other kingdoms in the archipelago archipelago after the Oath Palapa until the Bubat War event that ended Gajah Mada's career as Mahapatih of Majapahit kingdom.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

The buildings of Bentar Temple, Gapura Bajang Ratu and Kalasan Temple are visually displayed on the Gajah Mada mission.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Bibliographic Reference CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) See also Kakawin Nagarakretagama Pararaton Kidung Sunda Kingdom Singhasari History Archipelago Gajah Mada Outlink Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: who is the longest-serving king in the Kingdom of Italy?

Majapahit

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. - load history and description of Majapahit relic sites. (in English) (in English) - From the website www.historahnational.org Majapahit Majapahit


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The word abbas, meaning father, is a title given to the leader of a monastery in Christianity.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Abbas may also be an honorary title bestowed upon a spiritual who is not an abbot.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Female abbas are called abdis.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The origin of the Degree abbas originated in monasteries in Egypt and Syria, further spreading throughout the Eastern regions of the Mediterranean, and quickly became commonly used in all languages as a greeting to an abbot.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Originally the word abbas was used as a respectful greeting to all monks, but was later restricted by canon law to be used to greet certain “superior” who were priestly status.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The title was once also used to greet certain priests, such as Abbas palatinus ('abbas palace') in the neighborhood of the Frankish monarchy, and Abbas castrensis ('abbas camp') chapelan priests in the palace environment and the armed forces of the Merovingian and Carolingian rulers.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The title “abbas” was later used commonly in Western monastic leadership structures that also included priests.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Abbas monastic history is a man who has been through much suffering as a “father”, in Coptic ava, Aramaic and Syrian abba, Latin abbas, Old English abbad, English abbot, Italian abbate, German abt, French abbé.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Abbas is the head and head of a community of monks, which in the Church of the East is also called hegumenos or arkimandrit.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

In Egypt, the home land of monasticism, the jurisdiction of the abbas, or arkimandrit, did not stiffen its boundaries.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Sometimes he led one community only, sometimes several communities each of which had its own abbass.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Saint John Casianus once told the story of an abbas of the Thebaid who led 500 monks.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

In the Rule of Saint Benedict, which until Cluny's reforms became the norm in the West, abbas had jurisdiction over one community only.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The unimpeachable regulations were often violated, but since the establishment of the leadership structure of the Monastery of Cluny had only been clearly recognized the idea of the existence of a supreme abbas, who had jurisdiction over the entire monastery of an order.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Monks, according to the rules, are lay parishioners, as well as abbas.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

To receive the sacraments, and carry out religious obligations, the abbas and his monks were ordered to go to the nearest church.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

This rule proved unsatisfactory when a monastery was located in the desert or in a place far from the city, so there needed to be some ordained monks.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

These innovations were not simply readily accepted, ecclesiastical honours were considered not in line with higher spiritual life, but before the 5th century ended, at least in the East, it seemed that the abbas had almost entirely been ordained to be deacons, if not to be priests.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

This change was slower to spread in the West, where the post of abbas was generally occupied by lay parishioners until the end of the 7th century.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Despite a lay status, the ecclesiastical leadership run by the abbas is evidenced by their presence and vote-giving in ecclesiastical conciliations.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The Council of Constantinople I, in 448 AD, attended 23 arkimandrites or abbas, and 30 bishops.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The Council of Nicaea II, in 787 AD, recognized the right of abbas to ordain their monks into lower-church officials under the diaconate level, previously only bishops had such rights.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

At first the abbas were subject to episcopal jurisdiction, and indeed continued so it was in the West until the 11th century.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The Codex Yustinianus (lib. i. tit. iii. de Ep. leg. xl.) establishes abbas under episcopal supervision.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The first recorded case concerning the exclusion of an abbas from episcopal control was that of Faustus, abbas of Lerins, at the council of Arles, in 456 AD; but the demands and objections of the bishops, the origin of the rejection of such episcopal control, were more than The arrogance of the abbas, making it more frequent, and in the 6th century, the practice of separating part or the whole of spiritual houses from episcopal control, and making them directly responsible to the pope, gained the support of Pope Gregory the Great.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The exceptions introduced with this good cause, became more and more towards the 12th century, thus creating an imperium in imperio, and shifting bishops from all authority over major centers of influence within his diocese.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

In the 12th century the abbas at Fulda declared themselves higher standing than the archbishops of Cologne.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The position of the abbas progressively came to the position of the bishops, and regardless of the prohibition of the initial conciliations and protests from St. Bernardus and other parties, they began to adopt episcopal insignia, namely miters, rings, gloves and shoes.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

During this time it was believed that the right to wear miters was sometimes bestowed on the abbas since before the 11th century, but the documents on which the claim were based were less authentic (J. Braun, Liturgische Gewandung, p. 453).


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The first undisputed document was a bulla issued by Pope Aleksander II in 1063 which granted the right of using partners to Egelsinus, abbas of the monastery of St. Augustine in Canterbury.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The partnered abbas in England were abbas-abbas of Abingdon, St. Albans Monastery, Bardney, Battle, Bury St. Edmunds Monastery, St. Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury, Colchester, Croyland, Evesham, Glastonbury, Gloucester, St. Benet's Monastery in Hulme, Hyde, Malmesbury, Peterborough, Ramsey, Reading Monastery, Selby, Shrewsbury, Tavistock, Thorney Abbey, Westminster, Winchcombe, St. Mary's Abbey in York.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

From among them the first top position was given to the abbas at Glastonbury, until in 1154 A.D. Pope Adrian IV (Nicholas Breakspear) bestowed the position to the abbas of St. Alban, the monastery of his former origin.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Position number two under the abbas of the monastery of St. Alban is occupied by the abbas of the abbey of Westminster.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

To distinguish abbas from bishops, it was arranged for their counterparts to be made from materials that were cheaper in price, and should not be decorated with gold (this rule was necessarily entirely violated), as well as the ends of the arches at the tops of their shepherd's sticks curved inwards instead of outwards, which indicates that their jurisdiction was limited within their own monastery.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The adoption of certain episcopal insignia (pontificalia) by the abbas was followed by trespassing into episcopal functions, specifically patronized but failed by the Lateran Council I, 1123 AD.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The abbas of the East, if classified as priestly office and had the approval of bishops, were then permitted by the Council of Nicaea II, 787 AD, to perform head-shaving ceremonies and allowed to ordain people into lectors (readers of the Bible in liturgy); but little by little, so anyway in the West, the abbas began to demand higher positions, until finally in 1489 AD were allowed by Pope Innocentius IV to ordain people both to be subdeacons and deacons.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Surely whenever and wherever they are authorized to carry out reception ceremonies and imposition of uniforms to the new members of their monastery.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

In the event of a vacancy of the post of abbas, the bishop of the local diocese chose the abbas from among the angota of the monastery, but the right of election was transferred from the bishop to the monks themselves, the bishop only stayed confirming the result of the election and blessing the new abbas.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Where a monastery is not subject to the jurisdiction of the local bishop, then confirmation and blessing must be made by the sri pope himself, the monastery shall cover all the expenses of his new abbas's journey to Rome.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

To become an abbas one must be at least 25 years old, not an illegitimate child, a member of the monastery in question, unless the monastery has no qualified candidate, so it is permissible to elect abbas from another monastery, be obedient to all the rules of the monastery, and be able to govern another monk, one who learned how to rule by exercising obedience.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

In some cases the exclusion of an abbas is allowed to determine his successor.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Cassian narrates an abbas in Egypt doing this; and at a later time there is a similar example of the case of St. Bruno.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The popes and heads of state gradually broke through the rights of the monks, until in Italy the pope took over the right to raise all abbas, and the king in France, except for the monastery of Cluny, Premontre and some other monasteries, had the right to raise a person to abbas.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The office is held for life, unless the abbas concerned is dismissed by the leaders of his order, or by the sri pope or bishop if he is directly responsible to them.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The official blessing ceremony of an abbas in medieval times was as arranged in the consuetudinarius of Abingdon.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The newly elected Abbas had to strip his footwear at the church door, and enter the church barefoot to meet the members of the monastery who then followed him in a procession.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

After passing through the place of the devotee, he must kneel and pray on the upper rung of the place of the spiritual, where he is introduced to the clergy by the bishop or deputy bishop, and placed on the seat that has been reserved for him.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Next the monks knelt down and kissed his hands, then got up and kissed his mouth, abbas grasping his command stick.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Then he put his footwear back on the sacristy, then a meeting was organized, then the bishop or his deputy delivered the appropriate sermon.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The power of the abbas is paternal but absolute, and is limited by canon law.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

One of the main goals of life-breeding is purification from ego and egoism, and obedience is considered the path to its perfection.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Carrying out the orders of the abbas is a sacred duty, and even doing something without his command is sometimes considered the same as overstepping his authority.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Examples of the obedience of Egyptian monks to the orders of their leaders, which were praised as a noble act by people who considered negating all personal will as a purpose, are narrated in detail by Cassian and other figures, for example about a monk who wets a stick of dry stick, day after day, for months, or attempts to move a large hunk of rock beyond the exertion he possesses.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

General information Before modern times, abbas was treated with great respect by the monks he led.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

When he appears in a church or monastery room, the whole audience rises and bows.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

His letters were received while kneeling, just like letters from popes and kings.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

No monk may sit before him or leave him without his permission, a mirroring of the hierarchical etiquette of family and society.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The most honorable place is reserved for him, both in the church and at the dinner table.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

In the Church of the East, abbas were instructed to eat with other monks.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

In the Western Church, the Rule of Saint Benedict arranged for him a separate table, where he could entertain guests and strangers.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

This opened the door to luxurious living, therefore, the council of Aachen, in 817 AD, issued a decree requiring the abbas to sit down at the refter, and engage in the daily activities of the monks, except if he should entertain a guest.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

These ordinances proved, however, generally ineffectual to secure strictness of diet, and contemporaneous literature abounds with satirical remarks and complaints concerning the inordinate extravagance of the tables of the abbots.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

When abbas goes into the refter for a meal, his companions are ready with dining supplies, if needed a waiter will help them.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

When the abbas dine in their private space, the Regulation of St. Benedict requires them to invite and monks to eat together, and therefore it is necessary to provide a special room, in such times guests are not allowed to argue, joke, and gossip.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Modern practice In the Roman Catholic Church, abbas are still chosen by the monks of a monastery to lead them as their spiritual superior.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

A monastery must gain status as a monastery from the pope, and such monasteries gain status after exposing a degree of stability—a certain number of monks who pronounce vows, a certain amount of length of standing, a certain degree of sustenance in economic terms, calls and regulations.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Before reaching that level, a monastery was only a priory, headed by a prior who acted as superior but without the same degree of legal authority that an abbas had.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Abbas was a priest, chosen by the monks from among the monks who had decried the eternal.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Once elected, he had to apply for blessing: the blessing of an abbas was exercised by the bishop whose diocesan territory became the location of the monastery concerned, or upon his permission, by another abbas or bishop.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The blessing ceremony is in some aspects similar to the ordination of a bishop, namely the abbas who is newly crowned with a partner, pinned a ring on his finger, and given a shepherd's stick and receive the laying on of hands and blessing from the leader of the ceremony.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Although the ceremony made the new abbas gained the position of legal authority, it did not make it acquire sacramental authority.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Once he received blessing, the abbas not only became the father of the monks he led in a spiritual sense, but also became superior major to them according to canon law, and had additional authority to confer service positions as acolites and lectors ( previously, he could give blessing to occupy minor positions, which were not sacraments, and which have now been replaced by those ministerial positions).


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The monastery was a “free religious” body and therefore, in many respects was directly responsible to the pope, or abbas primat, instead of to the local bishop.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Abbas wore the same convent uniform as his fellow nuns, but according to tradition he wore anyway a crucifix necklace as the bishop wore.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The territorial abbas was also the same as an ordinary abbas, but in addition he received a mandate of authority from the pope over the territorials surrounding the monastery for which he was responsible.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Abbas hierarchy In some monastic families there is a level of virtue or authority among abbas.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

In some cases, it occurs because certain monasteries are considered to be the “mothership” of some “children” of monasteries originally founded as monasteries independent of the monastery “mothership.”


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

In other cases, monasteries have been affiliated in networks called “congregations.”


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Some monastic families recognize one monastery as the mother monastery of the whole order.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Abbas San Anselmo in Aventino, in Rome, is called “abbas primat,” and is considered the senior abbas in the Order of St. Benedict (O.S.B.) Abbas the president is the head of a congregation (federation) of monasteries within the Order of St. Benedict (e.g., English Congregation, The American Cassinese Congregation, etc.), or in the Sistersian Order (O. Cist.) Abbas the Great was the abbot of several monasteries which were the mother monasteries of other monasteries (e.g., St. Vincent's Archabbey, Latrobe, Pennsylvania) The modern abbas who are not superior Degree abbé (French Language), commonly used in the Catholic Church in Continent Europe, this title is equivalent to” Father” in English and “Romo” in Indonesian (parallel etymology), which is freely used to greet all who have received tonsura.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The use of the title is purportedly derived from the right granted to the King of France on the basis of a treaty between Pope Leo X and King Francis I (1516), to appoint abbés commendataires for most monasteries in France.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The hope of obtaining the synecura lured many young men to the Church in large numbers, and a class of abbés was formed—their abbés de cour were sometimes called (ironically) abbés de sainte espérance, (abbés of holy hope) —who held an official position.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The relationship established by most of them with the Church was the most vulnerable one, sufficiently by adopting the title of abbé, having undergone light theological studies, practicing celibacy and wearing a special fashion in the form of a short, narrow collared dark violet coat.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Being people who are considered educated and certainly live happy, makes many citizens of this class of society close to French noble families as teachers and personal advisors.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Almost all famous families had an abbé.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

This class vanished after the French Revolution; but the title of abbé, with no particular connection to any ecclesiastical function as people recall, remained in use as a general title to greet all spiritualists.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Eastern Christians In the Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches, abbas are called Hegumen.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The superior of a community of nuns is called Hegumenia.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The nearest equivalent of Abbas the Great is Arkimandrit.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

In the East, the decrees of the Codex Justinianus were still applied, where most abbas were subject directly under a bishop.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Monasteries that acquire stavropegial status are subject directly to a Primat or Synod of its bishops.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Even if the title of “abbas” in the present Western Church is no longer granted to people other than the abbot, in the East the title of arkimandrit is given to “monastic” priests (celibate priests), even if not members of a monastery, in tribute to his devotion, similar to the title of monsignor in the Latin Rite in the Catholic Church.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

In the Russian Orthodox Church, only monks are allowed to be abbas or arkimandrites.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The married priests are appointed to the same level as Protopresbiters.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

There are no “celibate” priests who are not monks within the Russian Church, with exceptions for married priests who have been widowers.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Since the era of Queen Katerina II the abbas and arkimandrit levels were given as honorary titles in the Russian Church, and may be given to all monks, even if not abbot.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Protestant Abbas In the German Evangelical Church the title in German Abt (abbas) is sometimes given, such as the title of abbé in France, as an honorary title, and still continues to be used to greet the leaders of some monasteries that were converted during the Reformation period into educational foundations. most prominent was the Loccum Monastery in Hanover, which was founded as a Sistersianmonastery in 1163 by Count Wilbrand of Hallermund, and reformed in 1593.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Abbas of Loccum, who nevertheless carried the shepherd's scepter, occupied the highest position of all the spiritual in Hanover, and was ex officio a member of the royal concistory.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The government structure of the monastery consisted of Abbas, priors and “communities” of the Stiftsherren (canons).


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Within the Church of England, the Bishop of Norwich, with the royal edict issued by King Henry VIII, was also given the honorary title as “Abbas St. Benet.”


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

This title began since the separation of England from the Throne of the Diocese of Rome, when King Henry, as the supreme head of the newly established independent church, seized the entire monastery, except the monastery of St. Benet, because the abbas and the monks there had no treasure, and lived as beggars, sacked the then Bishop of Norwich and replaced him with the abbas of St. Benet, hence that dual title continues to be retained today.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

In addition, in the inauguration uparaca of the Archbishop of Canterbury, there are three inaugurations, the first as bishop of the diocese of Canterbury, the second on the Throne of St. Augustine as Primat of All England, the third as the titular Abbas of Canterbury.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

There are several Benedictine monasteries within the Anglican Communion.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Most of these have partnered abbas.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Abbas in art and literature JMPL|"Abbas”, from the Dance of the Death, by Hans Holbein the Younger “Abbas” is one of the earliest types of illustration in Danse Macabre.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

The lives of a number of abbas made important contributions to Christian hagiography, one of the most famous being the History of St. Benedict of Nursia by St. Gregorius the Great.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

From 1106-1107 AD, a Russian Orthodox abbas named daniel made a pilgrimage trip to the Holy Land and recorded his experiences.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

His diary was widely read throughout Russia, and there are at least 75 copies of the manuscript surviving.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Saint Yosef, Abbas Volokolamsk (1439—1515), composed a number of influential written works opposing heresy, and concerning monastic and liturgical disciplines, as well as Christian philanthropies. in his Tales of Redwall series, Redwall's creatures were led by an Abbas or Abdis.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

These “abbas” were chosen by Redwall's brothers and sisters to serve as a superior and to expose paternal concern.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

Very similar to the abbas of the original.


Question: How many countries implement senobitic Monasticism?

Abbas

See also Hegumen Arkimandrit Sources and references Catholic Encyclopaedia This articleincorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Outlinks of Valaam Monastery Category:Religious degrees Category:Terms in the Roman Catholic Church Category:Orthodox Christians


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

New Order is a designation for the reign of President Soeharto in Indonesia.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The New Order replaced the Old Order which refers to the era of Soekarno government.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The birth of the New Order began with the issuance of the Warrant 11 March 1966. [1]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The New Order lasted from 1966 to 1998.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

In that time frame, Indonesia's economy expanded rapidly despite this occurring alongside rampant corruption practices.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Background Despite being independent, Indonesia from 1950 to 1960s was in a relatively unstable condition. [2]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Even after the Netherlands officially recognized Indonesia's independence in 1949, political and economic circumstances in Indonesia were still labile due to the tight competition among political groups. [2]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Soekarno's decision to replace the parliamentary system with Leaded Democracy aggravated this condition by tapering the competition between the armed forces and the Indonesian Communist Party, which at that time intended to arm themselves. [2]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Before it was carried out, the events of the 30 September Movement occurred and resulted in the removal of the Indonesian Communist Party from Indonesia. [2]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Since then, Soekarno's power has slowly begun to weaken. [3]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Supersemar and the revival of Soeharto Birth Warrant Sebeli-Maret 1966 (Supersemar) New Order was born from the issuance of the Sebelas Maret Warrant (Supersemar) in 1966, which later became the basis of its legality. [1]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The New Order aims to relay the order of the whole life of the people, the nation, and the state on the purity of the implementation of Pancasila and the 1945 Basic Law. [1]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The birth of Supersemar occurred in a series of events on March 11, 1966.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

At that time, the enhanced Dwikora Cabinet Session led by President Soekarno was underway. [4]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

In the midst of the event, the presidential aide reported that around the palace there were unknown troops. [1]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

To avoid undesirables, President Soekarno handed over the leadership of the session to Deputy Prime Minister (Waperdam) II Dr. Johannes Leimena and departed to Bogor Palace, accompanied by Waperdam I Dr Subandrio, and Waperdam III Chaerul Saleh. [4]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Leimena himself caught up with the president as soon as the trial ended. [4]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Elsewhere, three high-ranking officers, namely Major General Basuki Rachmat, Brigadier General M. Yusuf, and Brigadier General Amir Machmud met with Lieutenant General Soeharto as Minister Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Commander of the Security and Order Recovery Operations Command (Pangkopkamtib) to seek permission to face the president. [4]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Immediately after receiving permission, on the same day three high-ranking officers came to Bogor Palace with the aim of reporting conditions in the capital Jakarta to convince President Soekarno that ABRI, especially AD, was ready on standby. [4]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

However, they also pleaded for President Soekarno to take action to address this situation. [4]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

In response to this request, President Soekarno issued a warrant addressed to Lieutenant General Soeharto as Minister Commander of the Army to take action in order to ensure the security, tranquility, and stability of government for the integrity of the nation and the state of the Republic Indonesia. [4]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The formulation of this warrant itself was assisted by three high-ranking officers of ABRI, namely Major General Basuki Rachmat, Brigadier General M. Yusuf, Brigadier General Amir Machmud, and Brigadier General Sabur, Commander of the Presidential Guards Troop Cakrabirawa. [4]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

It was this warrant that later became known as the Warrant of March 11, 1966 or Supersemar. [4]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The enfranchisement of the Indonesian Communist Party As a follow-up to the exit of the Sebeli-Maret Warrant, Lieutenant General Soeharto took some action.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

On March 12, 1966, he issued a decree containing the dissolution and prohibition of the Communist Party of Indonesia as well as the ormas who took refuge and shelter or in line with him to engage and live in Indonesian territory. [4]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

This decision was later strengthened by President/Pangti ABRI ABRI/Mandataris MPRS Decree No.1/3/1966 dated March 12, 1966. [5]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The decision to dissolve the Communist Party of Indonesia and its ormas received welcome and support because it was one of the realizations of Tritura. [5]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

On March 18, 1966, Soeharto secured 15 ministers who were judged to be stuck in the 30 September Movement and doubted his good ethics that were poured in Presidential Decree No. 5 dated March 18, 1966. [5]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

He then renewed the enhanced Dwikora Cabinet and purged legislative institutions, including the MPRS and DPRGR, of persons deemed to be involved of the 30 September Movement. [5]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Membership of the Communist Party of Indonesia in the MPRS is declared to be decreasing.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The role and position of MPRS were also returned in accordance with the 1945 Constitution, namely above the president, not vice versa. [6]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

In the DPRGR itself, in total there were 62 dismissed members. [5]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Soeharto also separated the position of DPRGR pimpian with the executive position so that the leadership of DPRGR is no longer given the position of minister. [5]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

On June 20 to July 5, 1955, MPRS General Session was held with the following results: MPRS Decree No. IX/MPRS/1966 on the Attestation and Inauguration of Supersemar. [7]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The decree of MPRS No. X/MPRS/1966 regulates the Central and Regional Level State Institutions. [7]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The decree of MPRS No. XII/MPRS/1966 on Foreign Political Wisdom of Free Active RI. [7]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The decree of MPRS No. XIII/MPRS/1966 on the Establishment of the Ampera Cabinet. [7]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The decree of MPRS No. XIX/MPRS/1966 on Reviewing Tap.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

MPRS Contrary to the 1945 Constitution. [7]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The decree of MPRS No. XX/MPRS/1966 on the Orderly Sources of Indonesian Law and the Order of Legislation in Indonesia. [7]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The decree of MPRS No. XXV/MPRS/1966 on the Dissolution of the Communist Party of Indonesia and the Statement of the Communist Party of Indonesia and its Ormas as a Prohibited Organization in Indonesia. [7]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The results of the General Assembly IV of MPRS became the initial foundation of the New Order and was considered successful in meeting two of the three demands of the people (tritura), namely the dissolution of the Communist Party of Indonesia and the cleaning of the cabinet from elements of the Communist Party of Indonesia. [7]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

In addition to being disbanded and purged, Indonesian Communist Party cadres were also massacred especially in rural areas on the island of Java. [8]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

This massacre was not only carried out by the armed forces, but also by the common people who were armed. [8]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

In addition to the cadres, thousands of public servants, scientists, and artists deemed involved were also arrested and grouped by their level of involvement with the Communist Party of Indonesia. [8]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Some were exiled to Buru Island, a small island in the Moluccas. [9]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

On 30 September each year, the government releases a film depicting the Indonesian Communist Party as a vile organization. [2]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The establishment of Ampera Cabinet In order to meet the demands of the three Tritura, Soeharto with the support of MPRS Decree No. XIII/MPRS/1966 formed a new cabinet named Ampera Cabinet. [10]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The main task of the Ampera Cabinet is to create economic stability and political stability, otherwise known as Dwidarma Ampera Cabinet. [10]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The work program launched by the Ampera Cabinet called Caturkarya Cabinet Ampera, namely: [10] improving the life of the people especially in the field of clothing and food; carrying out general elections within the deadline as stated in MPRS Determination No. XI/MPRS/1966 (5 July 1968); carrying out free and active foreign politics for the national interest in accordance with MPRS Decree No. XI/MPRS/1966; continues the struggle of antiimperialism and anticolonialism in all its forms and manifestations.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Ampera Cabinet is headed by President Soekarno, but its implementation is carried out by the Presidium of the Cabinet headed by General Soeharto. [10]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

As a result, a leadership dualism arose that became a less favorable condition for political stability at that time. [10]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Soekarno at that time still had political influence, but his power was slowly weakened. [3]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The military, especially those with education in Western countries, objected to the Soekarno government's policies close to the Indonesian Communist Party. [3]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The flow of aid from the Soviet Union and China also further added to fears that Indonesia was moving into a communist state. [3]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Finally on February 22, 1967, to overcome the conflict situation that was growing at that time, President Soekarno handed over power to General Soeharto. [10]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

This submission was stated in the Announcement of the President Mandataris of MPRS, Supreme Commander of ABRI on February 20, 1967. [10]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The announcement was based on MPRS Decree No. XV/MPRS/1966 which states if the president obstructs, the holder of the Warrant of March 11, 1966 serves as the holder of the office of president. [10]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

On March 4, 1967, General Soeharto gave government information before a session of DPRHR regarding the surrender of power. [10]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

However, the government remains opinionated that the MPRS session needs to be implemented so that the handover of power remains constitutional. [10]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Therefore, the Special Session of MPRS held on March 7-12, 1967 in Jakarta, which finally officially appointed Soeharto as president of the Republic of Indonesia until the election of the Assembly by the general election results. [10]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The economic policy of the Five-Year Development Plan (Repelita) Early in its power, the New Order Government inherited the economic slump left by the previous administration. [11]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

This economic deterioration is characterized by the low per capita income of the population of Indonesia which only reaches 70 US dollars, high inflation reaching 65%, as well as the destruction of economic means due to the conflict that occurred at the end of the Soekarno government [11] To overcome this slump, New Order governments create short-term programs based on Tap.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

MPRS No. XXII/MPRS/1966 directed to inflation control and efforts to rehabilitate economic facilities, improvement of economic activity, and the adequacy of support needs. [12]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

This short-term program is taken in consideration if inflation can be controlled and stability achieved, economic activity will recover and production will increase. [12]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Starting from April 1, 1969, the government created a foundation for development called the Five-Year Development Plan (Repelita). [12]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The first repelita started in 1969 focused on the rehabilitation of important infrastructure and the development of the business climate and investment. [12]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Agricultural sector development is given priority to meet food needs before building other sectors. [12]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Development, among others, is implemented by building agricultural infrastructure such as irrigation, transportation, agricultural technology, financing needs, and banking credit. [12]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Farmers are also assisted through the provision of key supporting means such as fertilizer to the marketing of produce. [12]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Repelita I brought economic growth up from an average of 3% to 6.7% per annum, per capita income increased from 80 US dollars to 170 US dollars, and inflation could be suppressed to 47.8% by the end of Repelita I in 1974. [12]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Repelita II (1974—1979) and Repelita III (1979—1984) focus on achieving economic growth, national stability, and development equalization with emphasis on agricultural and industrial sectors that process raw materials into raw materials. [12]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

In 1984, Indonesia managed to achieve the status of rice self-sufficiency from which was once one of the largest rice importing countries in the world in the 1970s. [12] Focus Repelita IV (1984-1989) and Repelita V (1989-1994), in addition to trying to maintain progress in the agricultural sector, also began to focus on the industrial sector, especially industries that produce export goods, industries that absorb labor, industrial processing of agricultural products, and industries that can produce industrial machinery. [13]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Self-sufficiency in rice Since its inception in power, the New Order government has focused on developing the agricultural sector because it considers food security to be the main prerequisite of economic and political stability. [14]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The sector grew rapidly after the government built various agricultural infrastructure such as irrigation and transportation, agricultural technology, and business counseling. [14]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The government also provides certainty on the marketing of production products through an institution named Bulog (Logistics Affairs Agency). [14]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Starting from 1968 to 1992, the production of agricultural produce increased sharply. [14]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

In 1962, for example, rice production reached only 17,156 thousand tons. [14]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

This number was successfully tripled to 47,293 thousand tons in 1992, meaning rice production per life increased from 95.9kg to 154.0kg per soul. [14]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

This achievement is a great achievement considering Indonesia was once one of the largest rice importing countries in the world in the 1970s. [14] The government's welfare equalization also tried to accompany economic growth with the equalization of population welfare through programs in the provision of food needs, nutrition improvement, health care equalization, family planning, primary education, water supply, and simple housing development. [14]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

This strategy is implemented consequently in every lamp. [15]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Thanks to this effort, Indonesia's population was reduced from 60% in the 1970s to 15% in the 1990s. [15] People's per capita income also rose from just 70 dollars per year in 1969, increasing to 600 dollars per year in 1993. [14]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Economic equalization is also accompanied by an increase in life expectancy, from 50 years in the 1970s to 61 years in 1992. [14]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

In the same time period, infant mortality also decreased from 142 for every 1,000 live births to 63 for every 1,000 live births. [14]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The number of people is also successfully controlled through Family Planning (KB) program. [14]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

During the decade of the 1970s, the rate of population growth reached 2.3% per annum.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

By the beginning of the 1990s, the figure could be lowered to 2.0% per annum. [14]


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Structuring Political Life Dissolution of the Communist Party of Indonesia and the Organization of its time In order to ensure the security, tranquility, and stability of government, Soeharto as the leader of Supersemar has issued a policy: Disband the Indonesian Communist Party on March 12, 1966 strengthened with the decree MPRS No IX/MPRS/1966 Declaring the Indonesian Communist Party as a prohibited organization in Indonesia On March 8, 1966 secured 15 ministers who were considered involved in the 30 September 1965 Movement.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Simplification of Political Parties In 1973 after the implementation of the first general elections during the New Order of government government made simplification and merge (fusion) of political parties into three social political forces.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The merger of those political parties is not based on similarity of ideology, but rather upon programme similarities.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The three social political forces are: United Development Party (PPP) which is a combination of NU, Parmusi, PSII, and PERTI Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) which is a combination of PNI, Catholic Party, Murba Party, IPKI, and Parkindo Golongan Karya Simplification parties This politics is carried out by the New Order government in an effort to create the stability of the life of the nation and state.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Historical experience during the previous administration has given a lesson, that the divisions that occurred during the Old Order, due to differences in political ideology and ununiformity of perception and understanding Pancasila as the highest source of law in Indonesia.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

General Elections During the New Order period the government successfully conducted six general elections, namely in 1971, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992, and 1997.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

In every election held during the term of New Order government, Golkar always obtained a majority of votes and won the election.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

In the 1997 general election which was the last election of the New Order government term, Golkar gained 74.51% with the gain of 325 seats in Parliament and PPP gained 5.43% with the gain of 27 seats.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

While the PDI suffered from a slump of votes with only 11 seats in Parliament.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

This is due to the internal conflict in the body of the bull-headed party.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

PDI finally broke into PDI Suryadi and PDI Megawati Soekarno Putri which is now PDIP.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The regular holding of elections during the term of the New Order government has given rise to the impression that democracy in Indonesia has been doing well.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Moreover, the election took place with the principle of LUBER (direct, general, free, and secret).


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

But in reality, the election is directed to the victory of one of the election contestants only namely Golkar.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Golkar's always conspicuous victory since the 1971 election until the 1997 election benefited the government whose vote balance in the Assembly and Parliament was dominated by Golkar.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

This situation has allowed Soeharto to become President of the Republic of Indonesia for six periods, since during the New Order the president was elected by the members of the Assembly.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

In addition any accountability, draft laws, and other proposals from the government always get the approval of the Assembly and Parliament without record.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The Dual Role (Dwi Function) of ABRI During the New Order, ABRI became the most important institution in Indonesia.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

In addition to being an armed force, the ABRI also holds political functions, making it the largest political organization in the country.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The dual role of ABRI is then famous as Dwi Function ABRI.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The onset of the dual role of ABRI due to the thought that the military is a warrior and army fighter.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

The position of the military and the police in the government is the same. in the Assembly and Parliament they got a seat allotment by way of appointment without going through elections.


Question: what is the number of people involved in making Supersemar?

New Order

Consideration of appointment of MPR/DPR members from ABRI is based on their function as a stabilitator and dynamisator.