Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Thomson believed that electrons were uniformly distributed across atoms, and their charges were balanced by the existence of a positive charge ocean (the plum pudding model).


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

But in 1909, researchers under the direction of Ernest Rutherford fired helium ions into thin sheets of gold, and found that a fraction of those ions were reflected with a sharper angle of reflection than what Thomson's theory predicted.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Rutherford then put forward the opinion that the positive charge of an atom and most of its mass is concentrated in the nucleus of an atom, with electrons circling the atomic nucleus like a planet circling the sun.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The positive charge of helium ions passing through this solid core must be reflected with a sharper angle of reflection.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

In 1913, while experimenting with the results of radioactive decay processes, Frederick Soddy discovered that there is more than one type of atom at each position of the periodic table. [16]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The term isotope was later coined by Margaret Todd as a proper name for atoms that are different but are one element in common. J. J. Thomson further discovered a technique for separating these types of atoms through their work on ionized gases. [17]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Meanwhile, in 1913 physicist Niels Bohr rereviewed Rutherford's atomic model and put forward the opinion that electrons lie in quantized orbits as well as can jump from one orbit to another, despite this being unable to freely spin spirals to in or out in a state of transition. [18]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

An electron must absorb or emit a certain amount of energy to be able to transition between these fixed orbits.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

When light from the heated matter radiates through the prism, it produces a multi-colored spectrum.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The sighting of these particular lines of the spectrum is successfully explained by this theory of orbital transitions. [19]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Chemical bonds between atoms later in 1916 were described by Gilbert Newton Lewis as interactions between electrons of such atoms. [20]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

On the existence of the regularity of chemical properties in the chemical period table, [21] American chemist Irving Langmuir of 1919 argued that this could be explained when the electrons on an atom were interconnected or converged in certain forms.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

A group of electrons is thought to occupy a set of electron petals around an atomic nucleus.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The Stern—Gerlach experiment in 1922 provided further evidence regarding the quantum properties of atoms.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

When a beam of silver atoms is fired through a magnetic field, the beam separates according to the direction of the atomic angular momentum (spin).


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Since the spin direction is random, the beam is expected to spread into a single line.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

But in fact this beam is divided into two parts, depending on whether the atomic spin is oriented upwards or downwards. [22]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

In 1926, using Louis de Broglie's thinking that particles behave like waves, Erwin Schrödinger developed a mathematical atomic model that described electrons as three-dimensional waves rather than as points of particles.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

A consequence of using waveforms to explain these electrons is that it is impossible to mathematically calculate the position and momentum of particles simultaneously.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This later became known as the uncertainty principle, which was formulated by Werner Heisenberg in 1926.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

According to this concept, for any measurement of a position, one can only obtain a range of momentum probability values, as well as vice versa.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Although this model is difficult to visualize, it can well explain the properties of monitored atoms that could not previously be explained by any theory.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Therefore, atomic models that describe electrons circling atomic nuclei like planets around the sun were aborted and replaced by atomic orbital models around the nuclei where electrons are most likely to be located. [23] [24] Developments in mass spectrometry allow it to do so precise measurement of atomic mass.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This spectrometer equipment uses magnets to deflect the trayectory of ion beams, and the amount of deflection is determined by the ratio of the atomic mass to the charge.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Chemist Francis William Aston used this equipment to show that isotopes had different masses.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The difference in mass between isotopes is integer, and it is referred to as the rule of integers. [25]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This explanation of the isotopic mass difference was successfully solved after the discovery of neutrons, a neutron-charged particle with almost the same mass as a proton, namely by James Chadwick in 1932.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The isotope was later described as an element with the same number of protons, but having a different number of neutrons in the atomic nucleus. [26]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

In the 1950s, the development of particle accelerators and particle detectors allowed scientists to study the impacts of atoms moving at high energies. [27]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Neutrons and protons were then known as hadrons, that is, composites of small particles referred to as quarks.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Standard models of nuclear physics were later developed to explain the properties of atomic nuclei in terms of these subatomic particle interactions. [28]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Around 1985, Steven Chu et al. at Bell Labs developed a technique to lower atomic temperatures using lasers.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

That same year, a group of scientists chaired by William D. Phillips succeeded in trapping sodium atoms in a magnetic trap.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Claude Cohen-Tannoudji then combined both techniques to cool a small number of atoms to a few microkelvins.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This allowed scientists to study atoms with very high precision, which ultimately led scientists to discover the Bose-Einstein condensation. [29]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

In its history, a single atom has been very small for use in scientific applications.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

But recently, various devices using a single atom of metal connected with organic ligands (single-electron transistors) have been created. [30]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Various studies have been conducted to capture and slow down atomic rates using laser cooling to gain a better understanding of the properties of atoms. [31]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Atomic components subatomic particles Although originally the word atom meant a particle that could not be cut into smaller particles, in modern science terminology, atoms are composed of various subatomic particles.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The constituent particles of this atom are electrons, protons, and neutrons.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

However hydrogen-1 does not have neutrons.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Similarly it does in H+ positive hydrogen ions.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Of all the subatomic particles, electrons are the lightest, with an electron mass of 9.11kg and a negative charge.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The size of electrons is so small as there is no measurement technique that can be used to measure their size. [32]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The proton has a positive charge and a mass 1,836 times heavier than an electron (1,6726kg).


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Neutrons are not electrically charged and have a free mass of 1,839 times the mass of an electron [33] or (1,6929kg).


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

In the standard model of physics, both protons and neutrons are composed of elementary particles called quarks.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Quark belongs to the class of fermion particles and is one of the two constituent materials of basic matter (the other is lepton).


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

There are six types of quarks and each of them has a fractional listry charge of +2/3 or −1/3.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The proton consists of two ascending and one descending quark, when the neutron consists of one ascending quark and two descending quarks.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This difference in the composition of the quarc affects the difference in mass and charge between the two particles.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The quarks are bound together by a strong nuclear force interacted by gluons.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The gluon is a member of the tolok boson which is a physics-style intermediate. [34] [35] The atomic nucleus of the atomic nucleus consists of protons and neutrons bonded together at the atomic center.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Collectively, such protons and neutrons are referred to as nucleons (nuclear-constituent particles).


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The diameter of atomic nuclei ranges from 10−15 to 10−14m. [36]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The radius of the core is estimated to be equal to 1.07 A 3 {\ displaystyle {\ begin {smallmatrix} 1.07 {\ sqrt [{3}] {A}}\ end {smallmatrix}}} fm, with A being the number of nucleons. [37]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

It is very small compared to the radius of an atom.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Those nucleons are bound together by a potential pull-of-interest force called a residual strong force.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

At distances smaller than 2.5 fm, this force is stronger than the electrostatic force that causes protons to reject each other. [38]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Atoms of the same chemical element have the same number of protons, called atomic numbers.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

An element can have varying numbers of neutrons.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

These variations are referred to as isotopes.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The number of protons and neutrons of an atom will determine the nuclides of the atom, while the number of neutrons relative to the number of protons will determine the stability of the atomic nucleus, with certain elemental isotopes running radioactive decay. [39]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Neutrons and protons are two different types of fermions.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The Pauli exclusion principle forbids the existence of identical fermions (such as for example multiple protons) occupying a similar quantum physical state at the same time.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Therefore, each proton in an atomic nucleus should occupy a quantum state that differs from its respective energy level.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This Pauli principle also applies to neutrons.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This prohibition does not apply to protons and neutrons occupying the same quantum state. [40]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

For atoms with low atomic numbers, atomic nuclei that have more number of protons than neutrons can potentially fall to a lower energy state through radioactive decay that causes the number of protons and neutrons to balance.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Therefore, atoms with a balanced number of protons and neutrons are more stable and less likely to decay.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

However, with increasing atomic number, the repulsive force between protons makes atomic nuclei require an even higher proportion of neutrons to maintain their stability.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

In the heaviest nuclei, the ratio of neutrons per proton necessary to maintain their stability will increase to 1.5. [40]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The number of protons and neutrons at the atomic nucleus can be changed, although this requires very high energies due to its strong attractive force.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Nuclear fusion occurs when many atomic particles merge to form heavier nuclei.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

For example, at the nucleus of the Sun, protons require energies of about 3—10 keV to overcome the repulsive force between their neighbors and merge into a single nucleus. [41]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Nuclear fission is the opposite of the fusion process.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

In nuclear fission, the nucleus is broken into two smaller nuclei.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This usually occurs through radioactive decay.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Atomic nuclei can also be changed through the firing of high-energy subatomic particles.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

If this changes the number of protons in the nucleus, the atom changes its element. [42] [43] If the mass of the nucleus after the fusion reaction is smaller than the mass number of the initial constituent particles, then this difference is due to the release of energy jets (e.g. gamma rays), as which is found on Einstein's mass-energy equivalence formula, E=mc2, with m being the missing mass and c being the speed of light.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This deficit is part of the new core binding energy. [44]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Two-core fusions that produce larger nuclei with lower atomic numbers than iron and nickel (the total number of nucleons equals 60) are usually exothermic, meaning that this process releases energy. [45]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

It is this process of energy release that makes nuclear fusion in stars defensible.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

For heavier nuclei, the binding energy per nucleon in the nucleus begins to decrease.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This means that the fusion process will be endothermic. [40]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The electron cloud The electrons in an atom are drawn by protons in the atomic nucleus through electromagnetic force.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This force binds to electrons in a well of electrostatic potential around the core.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This means that outside energy is required in order for an electron to escape the atom.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The closer an electron is in the core, the greater the attraction force, so electrons located close to the center of the potential well require greater energy to escape.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Electrons, just like any other particle, have both particle-like and wave-like properties (wave-particle dualism).


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

An electron cloud is a region in a potential well where each electron produces a kind of silent wave (i.e., a wave that does not move relative to the core) three-dimensional.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This behavior is determined by the atomic orbital, which is a mathematical function that calculates the probability that an electron will appear at a particular location when its position is measured. [46]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

There will only be one particular set of orbitals located around the core, as other wave patterns will rapidly decay into more stable shapes. [47]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Each atomic orbital corresponds to a certain level of electron energy.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

An electron can change its state to a higher energy level by absorbing a photon.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

In addition to being able to rise towards higher energy cedars, an electron can also descend to a lower energy state by emitting excess energy as a photon. [47]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The energy required to release or increase one electron (electron binding energy) is less than the binding energy of a nucleon.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

For example, it only takes 13.6eV to release electrons from a hydrogen atom. [48]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Compare that with an energy of 2.3MeV required to break down the deuterium nucleus. [49]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Electrically charged atoms are neutral by due to their equal number of protons and electronics.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Atoms that lack or excess electrons are referred to as ions.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The electrons located at the outside of the nucleus can be transferred or divided into other nearby atoms.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

In this way, atoms can bind to each other to form molecules. [50]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Properties of nuclear properties By definition, two atoms with an identical number of protons in their core belong to the same chemical element.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Atoms with the same number of protons but with different neutron counts are two different isotopes of one common element.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

For example, all hydrogens have one proton, but there is one isotope of hydrogen that does not have neutrons (hydrogen-1), one isotope that has one neutron (deuterium), two neutrons (tritium), etc.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Hydrogen-1 is the most common form of hydrogen isotope.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Sometimes it is referred to as protium. [51]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

All isotopes of elements atomic numbered larger than 82 are radioactive. [52] [53] Of the approximately 339 nuclides formed naturally on Earth, 269 of them have never been monitored decays. [54]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

In chemical elements, 80 of the known elements have one or more stable isotopes.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Elements 43, 63, and all elements higher than 83 have no stable isotopes.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Twenty-seven elements have only one stable isotope, when the most number of stable isotopes is monitored in tin elements with 10 stable isotopes. [55]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Mass. Since the majority of atomic mass comes from protons and neutrons, the overall number of these particles in an atom is referred to as the mass number.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The mass of atoms at the quiescent state is often expressed using units of atomic mass (u) also called dalton (Da).


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This unit is defined as twelfth the mass of a neutral carbon-12 atom, which is approximately as large as 1.66kg. [56]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Hydrogen-1 which is the lightest isotope of hydrogen has an atomic weight of 1.007825u. [57]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

An atom has a mass approximately equal to its mass number multiplied by the unit mass of the atom. [58]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The heaviest stable atom is lead-208, [52] with a mass of 207.9766521u. [59]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Chemists typically use units of moles to state the number of atoms.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

One mole is defined as the number of atoms contained at 12 grams exactly carbon-12.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This number is about 6,022, which is also known as Avogadro.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Thus an element with an atomic mass of 1 u would have one mole of atoms that mass 0.001kg.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

For example, Carbon has an atomic mass of 12 u, so one mole of atomic carbon has a mass of 0.012kg. [56]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The size of the Atom has no obvious outer limitation, so the dimension of an atom is usually described as the distance between two atomic nuclei when two atoms are joined together in a chemical bond.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

These radii vary depending on the type of atom, the type of bond involved, the number of surrounding atoms, and the spin of the atom. [60]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

On the periodic table of the elements, the radius of atoms will tend to increase as the period increases (top to bottom).


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

On the contrary, atomic radii will tend to increase with decreasing group numbers (right to left). [61]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Therefore, the smallest atom is helium with a radius of 32pm, when the largest is sesium with a radius of 225pm. [62]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

These dimensions are thousands of times smaller than light waves (400—700nm), so atoms cannot be seen using ordinary optical microscopes.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

However, atoms can be monitored using atomic force microscopy.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The size of the atoms is very small, so small the width of a strand of hair can hold about 1 million carbon atoms. [63]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

One drop of water also contains about 2 oxygen atoms. [64]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

A one-carat diamond with a mass of 2kg contains about 1022 carbon atoms. [note 2] If an apple is enlarged to the size of the Earth, then the atoms in that apple will look as large as the size of the initial apple. [65]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The radioactive decay of Ka|300px|jmpl|This diagram shows the half-life (T½) of several isotopes with the number of protons Z and the number of protons N (in units of seconds).


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Each element has one or more unstable nucleated isotopes that will undergo radioactive decay, causing the core to release particles or electromagnetic radiation.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Radioactivity can occur when the radius of the core is very large compared to the radius of strong force (only acting at a distance of about 1 fm). [66]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The most common forms of radioactive decay are: [67] [68] Alpha decay, occurring when a nucleus emits alpha particles (helium nuclei consisting of two protons and two neutrons).


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The result of this decay is a new element with a smaller atomic number.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Beta decay, governed by a weak force, and produced by the transformation of neutrons into protons, or protons into neutrons.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Transformation of a neutron into a proton will be followed by the emission of one electron and one antineutrino, when the transformation of a proton into a neutron is followed by the emission of one positron and one neutrino.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Electron emission or positron emission is referred to as beta particle.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Beta decay can increase as well as decrease the atomic number of the nucleus by one.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The decay of the gama, produced by a change in the core energy cedar to a lower state, causes the emission of electromagnetic radiation.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This can occur after the emission of alpha or beta particles from radioactive decay.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Other rarer types of radioactive decay include the release of neutrons and protons from the core, the emission of more than one beta particle, or decay resulting in the production of high-speed electrons that are not beta rays, and the production of high-energy photons that are not gama rays Each radioactive isotope has a characteristic decay period (half-life) which is the length of time required by half the number of samples to decay out.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The decay process is exponential, so that after two half-lives, only 25% of the isotope will remain. [66]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Magnetic moment Each elementary particle has intrinsic quantum mechanics properties known as spin.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Analogical spin with the angular momentum of an object rotating at its center of mass, although rigidly the particle does not behave this way.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Spin is measured in units of reduced Planck fixation (), with electrons, protons, and neutrons all having a ½, or “spin-½” spin.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

In atoms, electrons that move around the atomic nucleus in addition to having spin also have orbital angular momentum, when the atomic nucleus has angular momentum due to its own nuclear spin. [69]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The magnetic field produced by an atom (called the magnetic moment) is determined by this combination of various kinds of angular momentum.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

However, the greatest contribution nonetheless comes from spin.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Because electrons obey the principle of Pauli exclusion, that is, no two electrons can be found in the same quantum state, electron pairs bound to each other have opposite spins, with one spinning up, and the other spinning down.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

These two opposite spins will neutralize each other, so that their total magnetic dipole moment becomes zero in some atoms totaling even electrons. [70]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

In odd-electron atoms such as iron, the presence of an unpaired electron causes the atom to be ferromagnetic.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The atomic orbitals around the perimeter of those atoms lap each other and a decrease in the energy state is achieved when the unpaired electron spins are arranged together.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This process is referred to as exchange interaction.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

When the magnetic moments of ferromagnetic atoms are arrayed, the material composed by these atoms can produce detectable macroscopic fields.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Paramagnetic materials have atoms with randomly arranged magnetic moments, so no magnetic field is generated.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

However, the magnetic moment of each individual atom will be arranged in a row when given a magnetic field. [70] [71] The atomic nucleus can also have spin.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Usually the core spins are arranged randomly by due to thermal equilibrium.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

However, for certain elements (such as xenon-129), it is possible to colarize the nuclear spin state significantly so that those spin-spins are lapped in the same direction.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This condition is referred to as hyperpolarization.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This phenomenon has important applications in magnetic resonance imaging. [72] [73] The energy currents When an electron is bound to an atom, it has a potential energy inversely proportional to the distance of the electron to the nucleus.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

It is measured by the magnitude of the energy required to release an electron from an atom and is usually expressed with units of electronvolts (eV).


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

In the model of quantum mechanics, bound electrons can occupy only a set of nuclear-centered states, and each state corresponds to a certain energy level.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The lowest energy state of a bound electron is called the ground state, when the higher energy state is referred to as the excited state. [74]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

In order for an electron to jump from one state to another, it must absorb or emit photons at energies corresponding to the difference in potential energy between the two cedes.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The energy of the emitted photon is proportional to its frequency. [75]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Each element has its own characteristic spectrum.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

It depends on the charge of the nucleus, the subpetals filled with electrons, electromagnetic interactions between electrons, and other factors. [76]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

When a continuous spectrum of energy is emitted through a gas or plasma, several photons are absorbed by atoms, causing electrons to move energy cedars.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The excited electron will spontaneously emit this energy as a photon and fall back to the lower energy cedars.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Therefore, atoms behave like filter materials that will form a line of absorption bands.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Spectroscopic measurements of the strength and width of the spectrum band permit the determination of the composition and physical properties of a substance. [77]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Careful monitoring of the lines of the spectrum suggests that some expose a subtle separation.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This occurs due to spin-orbit coupling which is the interaction between the spin with the motion of the outermost electrons. [78]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

When an atom is in an external magnetic field, the lines of the spectrum separate into three or more components.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This is referred to as the Zeeman effect.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The Zeeman effect is caused by the interaction of the magnetic field with the magnetic moment of the atom and its electronics.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Some atoms can have many electron configurations with the same energy cedars, so they will appear as a single line of the spectrum.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The interaction of the magnetic field with atoms will shift the electron configurations towards slightly different energy cedars, causing multiple spectrum lines. [79]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The existence of an external electric field can cause splitting and shifting lines of the spectrum by changing the energy cedars of electrons.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This phenomenon is referred to as the Stark effect. [80]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Valence and bonding behavior The petals or outermost electron shell of an atom in an uncombined state are referred to as valence petals and electrons in the petal are called valence electrons.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The number of valence electrons determines the bonding behavior of that atom with other atoms.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Atoms tend to react with each other through charging (or emptying) of the atom's outermost valence electrons. [81]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Chemical bonding can be viewed as the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, as monitored in sodium chloride and other ionic salts.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

However, many elements exhibit multiple valence behavior, or the tendency to divide electrons by different amounts on different compounds.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Thus, the chemical bonds between these elements tend to be electron division rather than electron transfer.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Examples include elemental carbon in organic compounds. [82]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Chemical elements are often shown in the periodic table displaying the chemical properties of a patterned element.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Elements with the same number of valence electrons are verticely grouped (called groups).


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The elements in the right-hand part of the table have their outer petals fully charged, causing the elements to tend to be inert (noble gases). [83] [84] A number of atoms are found in a state of matter that varies depending on the physical condition of the object, namely temperature and pressure.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

By changing these conditions, matter can be transformed into solid, liquid, gaseous, and plasma forms. [85]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

In each of these circumstances, the material can have various phases.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

For example in solid carbon, it can be graphite or diamond. [86]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

At temperatures near absolute zero, atoms can form Bose-Einstein condensate, where quantum mechanics effects that are normally only monitored at the atomic scale are monitored macroscopically. [87] [88]<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[56704,56713,2,2]}'>This collection of passing-cooled atoms behaves like one super atom. [89]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Identification of Ka|250px|JMPL|Paypayaran microscope image showing individual atoms on a gold surface (100).


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Scanning tunneling microscope is a microscope used to view the surface of an object at the atomic level.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This tool uses a quantum trailing phenomenon that allows particles to penetrate the normally impassable barrier.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

An atom can be ionized by releasing one of its electronics.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The existing charge causes the atomic trayectory to curve when it goes through a magnetic field.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The radius of the trayectory of such ions is determined by the atomic mass.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Mass spectrometers use this principle to calculate the mass to charge ratio of ions.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

If the sample contains a number of isotopes, the mass spectrometer can determine the proportion of each isotope by measuring the intensity of different ion beams.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Techniques for atomic vaporization include inductive-coupled plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy (inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, ICP-AES) and inductive-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS), both using plasma to vaporize sample analysis. [90]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Another more selective method is electron energy loss spectroscopy, which measures the energy release of an electron beam in a transmission electron microscope when it interacts with a sample.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Atomic quar tomography has sub-nanometer resolution in 3-D and can chemically identify individual atoms using cross-time mass spectrometry. [91]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The spectrum of excited states can be used to analyze the atomic composition of distant stars.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Certain wavelengths of light emitted by stars can be separated and matched by quantized transitions of free gas atoms.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The color of the star can then be replicated using a gas discharge lamp containing the same element. [92]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Helium on the Sun was discovered in this way 23 years before it was discovered on Earth. [93]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The origin and present condition of Atoms occupy about 4% of the total energy density present within the monitored universe, with an average density of about 0.25atoms/m3. [94]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

In the Milky Way galaxy, atoms have higher concentrations, with the density of matter in the interstellar medium ranging from 105 to 109 atoms/m3. [95]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The sun itself is believed to be in a Local Bubble, that is, an area containing a lot of ion gases, so the density around it is about 103 atoms/m3. [96]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Stars form dense clouds within the interstellar medium, and stellar evolutionary processes will lead to an increase in the content of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium in the interstellar medium.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Up to 95% of the Milky Way's atoms are concentrated in stars, and the total mass of these atoms makes up about 10% of the galaxy's mass. [97]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The remaining mass is dark matter which is not clearly known. [98]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The stable nucleosynthesis of Protons and electrons appears one second after the Great Bump event.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Within three minutes afterward, the nucleosynthesis of the Big Bump produced mostly helium, lithium, and deuterium, and probably also some beryllium and boron. [99] [100] [101] The first atom (with electrons bound to it) was theoretically created 380,000 years after the Great Bump , that is, when the expanding universe is cold enough to permit electrons to be bound to atomic nuclei. [102]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

From this time, atomic nuclei began to merge in the stars through the process of nuclear fusion and produced heavier elements up to iron. [103]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Isotopes such as lithium-6 are generated in space through cosmic ray spalation. [104]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This occurs when a high-energy proton pounds the nucleus of an atom, causing a large number of nucleons to scatter.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Elements heavier than iron are generated in supernovae through the r process and in AGB stars through the s process.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Both involve the capture of neutrons by atomic nuclei. [105]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Elements such as lead are mostly formed through radioactive decay of other heavier elements. [106]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The most atoms that compose the Earth and including all its living things were once in its present form in the nebula that collapsed from molecular clouds and formed the Solar System.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The remainder is a result of radioactive decay and the proportion can be used to determine the age of the Earth through radiometric dating. [107] [108] Most helium in the Earth's crust is a product of alpha decay. [109]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

There are a few atoms on Earth that at the beginning of their formation did not exist nor were they the result of radioactive decay.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Carbon-14 is continuously generated by cosmic rays in the atmosphere. [110]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Some atoms on Earth are artificially generated by reactors or nuclear weapons. [111] [112] Of all transuranium elements that have atomic numbers greater than 92, only plutonium and neptunium are present on Earth naturally. [113] [114] The transuranium elements have time Radioactive half-life is shorter than the lifespan of the Earth [115], so these elements have long since decays.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

An exception is present in plutonium-244 which is likely stored in cosmic dust. [107]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The natural content of plutonium and neptunium results from neutron capture in uranium ore. [116]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Earth contains about 1.33 atoms. [117]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

In planetary atmospheres, there are a small number of atoms of noble gases such as argon and neon.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

The remaining 99% of atoms in Earth's atmosphere are bound in the form of molecules, for example, carbon dioxide, diatomic oxygen, and diatomic nitrogen.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

On the surface of the Earth, the atoms bind to each other forming a wide variety of compounds, including water, salts, silicates, and oxides.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Atoms can also combine to form materials that do not consist of molecules, such as crystals and solid or liquid metals. [118] [119] The theoretical and rare form of isotopes where isotopes with a higher atomic number than lead (62) are radioactive, there is an “island of stability “which was submitted for some element with atomic number above 103.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

These super-heavy elements likely have nuclei that are relatively stable to radioactive decay. [120]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This stable super-heavy atom is most likely unbihexium, with 126 protons of 184 neutrons. [121]


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Each particle of matter has its antimaterial particles each with an opposite electric charge.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Thus, positrons are positively charged antielectrons, and antiprotons are negatively charged protons, When matter and antimatter meet, they will annihilate each other.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

There is an imbalance between the number of particles of matter and antimatter.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This imbalance is still not thoroughly understood, although there is a theory of bariogenesis that provides a possible explanation.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

Antimatter has never been discovered naturally. [122] [123] However, in 1996, antihydrogen was successfully synthesized at the CERN laboratory in Geneva. [124] [125] There are also other rare atoms created by replacing a proton, neutron, or electron with another particle that is equally charged.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

For example, electrons can be replaced by heavier muons, forming muon atoms.


Question: What are atoms and molecules difference?

Atomic

This type of atom can be used to test physics predictions. [126] [127] [128] See also Relative atomic mass of Electron Element Molecules Proton Neutron Atomic Core Reference Note Reference book Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( |author= suggested) (help) Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Outside links


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Main Page The Adventures of Tintin ([Les Aventures de Tintin et Milou] error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) is a comic series created by Hergé, an artist from Belgium.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Hergé is a pseudonym of Georges Remi (1907—1983) which was inscribed into RG (read as Hergé in French).


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The series first appeared in French as an appendix to the children's section of the Belgian newspaper, [Le Vingtième Siècle] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help) on January 10, 1929.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Tintin's own adventures feature multiple players who complement each other.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

From year to year, the series became a favorite reading and critique from critics for more than 70 years.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The main character of the series is a young Belgian journalist and wanderer named Tintin.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Since his first appearance, he has been accompanied by a fox terrier dog named Milo (in French, his name is [Milou] error: {{lang}}: text has italic markup (help)).


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In the later story, several additional players such as Captain Haddock, who is famous for his swearing, but he strongly upholds the values of sailor and the principle of equality.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Then there is also Professor Litmus (Professeur Tournesol) who is very intelligent but has problems with his hearing.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

And not forgetting the characters Dupont and Dupond (Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Thomson and Thompson in English), extremely incompetent twin detectives.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

With the success of the series, the comic was collected into an adventure album (23 overall and plus one album still in the form of sketches, Tintin and Alph-Art), which was successful and has been adapted into film and theater form.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

This comic was one of the highly acclaimed European comics of the 20th century.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

More than 200 million of his books have been published and translated into more than 50 languages. [1]


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The comic series is particularly loved for its clean but expressive drawing style (Hergé's style called ligne claire) [2] [3] [4] [5] and is based on deep research by its author, [6] [6] [6] [7] [8] divided over flow: adventures with elements of fantasy, mystery, politics and science fiction.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Tintin stories also always feature slapstick humour commenting on politics and culture on a country or a time.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Tintin's background was a journalist, and Hergé almost always used the character in every adventure story of his work.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Often the story takes place in times when he was still working as a journalist anyway (the most easily recognizable is the Bolshevik taking place in Russia and the Second World War) and several times it hasn't happened when the story is written down (one of which is the Journey to Moon.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Hergé also created a world of his own for Tintin which is a comic picture of his real world taken from his archive photos. [9]


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Although Tintin adventure comics are “formulaic” - featuring a mystery story yet finely resolved and acceptable to logic sense - Hergé also peppered his comics with his signature humor spices [9].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The concoction of the humour is predictable in advance, but done in an elegant way that makes the readers dissolve into the story.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

This kind of seasoning formulation can also be encountered in the comic strips Peanuts and The Three Stooges [10].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Hergé is also very familiar with some of the styles in comic strips, especially known as “pacing”, a storywriting technique that can be encountered in one of these series is Permata Castafiore, where in the story looks like there is a very big event but actually nothing happened [8].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

At first, Hergé did a lot of improvisation in the writing of the series, where almost always Tintin was able to get out of trouble as difficult as anything would hit him.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Until the end he, Hergé, was moved to do some deep research first before starting the story and well plan his storyline.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

This he did after completing the series Cigar The Pharaoh [8].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Tintin's age has also never been accurately disclosed.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The figure is described as an 'adult' in his portrayal on the DVD film, and is also referred to as a 'boy' several times in television shows.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In the cartoon film series created based on his comic books, a snippet of the Unicorn Secret episode showing Tintin's passport exposes that his birth year is 1929 (the first year of the appearance of his comic books).


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The impetus to do this (in-depth research and plotting his storyline), came from Zhang Congren, a student from China, who upon hearing that Hergé was going to send Tintin to China on his next adventure, asked him not to display an overview of the Europeans, that was wrong about China at that time.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Hergé and Zhang, shoulder to shoulder in creating the next series Blue Lotus, in which critics praised it as his first masterpiece [8].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The different forms of comic writing displayed by Hergé also inspired many worlds beyond him.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The second World War and the occupation of Belgium by Hitler with his reinforcements created a break-up over the newspaper in which this Tintin series was loaded.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

His work stalled on the Black Gold Land story, and his album titled Tintin on America and the Black Island was breached by the Nazi regime, which feared American and British influence on both stories, in which the two countries were its archenemies.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

But beyond that Hergé was still able to publish two books continuing two other adventure series in newspapers strictly controlled by the Nazi regime.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

During and after the Nazi occupation of Belgium, Hergé was accused of being an accomplice of the enemy, because the Nazi regime exercised extremely tight control of newspapers that could be circulated in Belgium (Le Soir - at that time), so he was questioned several times in depth after the second world war is complete.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

He said that basically he only does work according to his profession as a writer of comic stories as befits a mason or carpenter.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In this period of time, not as generally the works before and after, his works have a politically neutral attitude so that the classics such as the Secret of the Unicorn and the Red Rackham Treasure.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Yet his work entitled Mysterious Stars describes his feelings for the unpredictability of the atmosphere when it was.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Due to a shortage of paper available in Belgium after the second World War, forced him to also adapt forms from the series.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Hergé usually allowed his number of pages throughout as required by his stories, and his publisher Casterman asked him to create this story in a small size and no more than 62 pages.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

He also began to have helpers in the process of creating this story (the ten books he published were made by him and his own wife), and he also built a studio for the creation of this story.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The addition of color in his stories made him even better works.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

His use of color was even more advanced than American comics at the time, with the best manufacturing process in which he used a technique referred to as four sides printing and a cinematographic approach to the existing light layout.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Hergé and his studio can fill almost half or more, of his pages with images, which are quite accurate and further accentuate the flow, and use coloring to bring out some of the essentials [8].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

As he said “I regard my story as befits a film.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

There is no narrative, no explanation, but rather focused on images that can tell more stories than any narrative. [11]


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Hergé's personal life also influenced the series, one of which was seen on Tintin in Tibet who was deeply affected by his sense of hopelessness.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

His nightmares where reported where everything is described as “all-white" [8] imaged on view from Milo.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The groove is when Tintin is on the quest for Chang Chong-Chen who was previously seen on the Blue Lotus, where there are no villains and few amoral acts, where he also refuses to call Yetti an extremely hideous creature [8].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Finally it can be concluded that the Tintin adventure series will be able to live immortal.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Hergé faced off against Sang Khalik on March 3, 1983, leaving a highly prized comic legacy of 24 series in which one of which Alpha-Art had still not had time to resolve.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In the story Tintin becomes involved in the world of “modern art” and the story ends when Tintin is almost killed, put in a chest and displayed as one of the works of art. [12]


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

List of comics titles This series in Indonesia is published by three different publishers.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

First published by publisher P.T. 35 Djakarta, which was later overtaken by publisher Indira and now in 2008 by P.T. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Indira issues The titles ever published by Indira publishers are as follows: Tintin in Soviet (first print December 1996 - Black and White) Tintin in Congo (first print December 1996 - Black and White) Tintin in America (first print 1981 - Colored) Cigar Sang Faraoh (first print 1980 - Colored) Lotus Blue (first print December 1984 - Colored) Sculpture of Ear Split (first print 1981 - Colored) Secret of the Black Island (first print 1975 - Colored) King Ottokar's Stick (first print 1978 - Colored) Golden Scapit Crab (first print 1978 - Colored) Falling Star (first print 1981 - Colored) Secrets of the Unicorn Ship (first print 1977 - Colored) Rackham Red Treasure (first print 1977 - Colored) Seven Magic Balls (first print 1975 - Colored) Prisoner of the Sun God (first print 1976 - Colored) Black Golden Land ( first print 1978 - Colored) Expedition To the Moon (first print 1977 - Colored) Exploring On the Moon (first print 1977 - Colored) Abduction Calculus (first print 1980 - Colored) Red Sea Sharks (first print 1978 - Colored) Tintin in Tibet (first print 1979 - Colored) Emerald Castafiore (first print 1980 - Colored) Flight 714 (first print 1975 - Colored) Tintin and Picaros (first print 1981 - Colored) Tintin and Alpha-Art (never published by Indira) In addition to the 23 titles aforementioned, the publisher Indira also published some Other titles, namely: Tintin in the Shark Lake (first print August 1983 - Colored) Tintin and the Golden Crested (first print December 1985 - Colored) Tintin and Orange Blue (first print July 1985 - Colored) Publication Gramedia In the hands of Gramedia the comic form has a smaller size compared to those ever published by Indira.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

This change in shape is due to direct demand from the parent publisher of this world series Casterman.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The titles in Indonesian are: Tintin in Tanah Sovyet (April 2008 - black and white) Tintin in Congo (April 2008 - Colored) Tintin in America (April 2008 - Colored) Cigar The Pharaoh (April 2008 - Colored) Blue Lotus (April 2008 - Colored) Si Kuping Belah (April 2008 - Colored) Black Island (May 2008 - Colored) Ottokar Stick (May 2008 - Colored) Golden Scapit Crab (June 2008 - Colored) Mysterious Star (June 2008 - Colored) Secret Unicorn (July 2008 - Colored) Rackham Red Treasure (July 2008 - Colored) 7 Crystal Balls (August 2008 - Colored) In Temple of the Sun (August 2008 - Colored) In the Land of Black Gold (September 2008 - Colored) Journey to the Moon (September 2008 - Colored) Adventures on the Moon (October 2008 - Colored) Litmus Kidnapping (October 2008 - Colored) Red Sea (November 2008 - Colored) Tintin in Tibet (November 2008 - Colored) Jewel Castafiore (December 2008 - Coloured) Flight 714 to Sydney (December 2008 - Coloured) Tintin and Picaros (January 2009 - Coloured) Tintin and Alpha-Art (January 2009 - Coloured) Others In addition to the above works there are still some uncoraled albums by Hergé himself, Such as: Tintin in the New World: Frederic Tuten Tintin in Thailand: not made by Hergé, but rather other comicusts, but goes by the name Hergé Tintin in Iraq Parties The Hergé Foundation states that the three comics above are not the original Tintin series.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In addition there are also unfinished and never published projects by the Moulinsart Foundation.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Those projects were: La Piste Indienne (1958) [13] The unfinished project in which Hergé wanted to address the problems of American Indians more seriously than in the story of Tintin in America.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Nestor et la justice (1958) [13] Adventure project in which Nestor was accused of murder.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Les Pilules (1960) Running out of inspiration Hergé asked Greg to write the screenplay.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

That project was eventually abandoned, as Hergé preferred the freedom to make his stories alone.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Tintin et le Thermozéro (1960) Continued project with Greg, which repeated the same pattern.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The project was also abandoned for the same reason.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Between 1967 and 1975 (during the presentation of the Flight 714 cocktail in France) Hergé offered Jacques Bergier a gig return.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

“We studied one day at Princeton University, and he was a professor of semiotics, science science, expression science.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

I will attend if Professor Calculus willingly provides a tribute, and this could be the starting point for a new adventure to explore absolute knowledge. [14]


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

One winter day at the airport (1976 - 1980, the exact date is unknown) [15] Adventure project that takes place only at the airport, which is frequented by a wide variety of characters.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Left to write down the story of Tintin and Alpha-Art.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Its luminaries Main Figures Tintin and Milo Tintin are young Belgian journalists involved in dangerous cases.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In the series, Tintin is almost always involved in various international dangerous criminal cases in which his speed of thought, courage, and efficacy in his final seconds managed to save himself and the world.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In almost every adventure he involves himself in an investigation or investigation, but very rarely does he make the results of his investigation news as befits any other journalist.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Milo is a Fox Terrier breed dog, who is his best friend.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

They save each other from a dangerous situation.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In the old issue in Indonesia, Milo was named Snowy. [16]


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Milo sometimes “talks” to the reader as to what he thinks (often displaying humor), which should be inaudible to characters in Tintin stories except on Tintin in America.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

As was Captain Haddock, Milo was a big fan of whisky liquor, branded Loch Lomond, and because of his fondness for the drink made him a heavy hangover and brought him into much trouble.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

He is also often carried into difficulties, due to arachnophobia.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Its name in French, “Milou” has nothing to do with snow or white.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

His name comes from the nickname (nickname) of Hergé's girlfriend in his youth named Marie-Louise Van Cutsem. [17]


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Another explanation of the origin of the two characters also makes sense, where in their first 3 adventures, they visited places visited by a photographer who was also also a journalist named Robert Sexé, which was written in a Belgian newspaper on mid-20th century to the end of the 1920s. At that time Sexé made several trips around the world on motorcycles along with Grand-Prix champion and world record holder in motorcycle, René Milhoux, and their trips were well publicized in those days.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Sexé is also believed to have a character almost similar to Tintin himself, and the Hergé Foundation in Belgium, acknowledges that Hergé was very likely influenced by exploitation from Sexé [18].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In 1996, a biography of Robert Sexé written by Janpol Schulz was published under the title “Sexé au pays des Soviets” (Sexé in the land of Sovyet or present-day Russia) bearing a resemblance to the title of the first Tintin serial. [19]


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Supporting Figures There are several supporting players created by Hergé in accompanying our heroine, Tintin, who are excavated with more depth by him than the main players, where they have more detailed personal peculiarities and strengths that can be compared to those characters are in Charles Dickens [20].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Hergé used them to create a real world for the series, where they were complementary to its main cast, Tintin.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In order for the character to be real and sustainable, each player was raised several times in the series.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In order to avoid a clash with the political conditions that existed at that time, the characters were not far away with the jobs owned by Belgian citizens.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The supporting players are [21]: Captain Haddock Captain Archibald Haddock or better known as Captain Haddock in the Indonesian-language Tintin series, is a mariner whose lineage is not very clear (He could have English blood, French or Belgian), is a good friend of Tintin, and this character was only introduced in the Golden Bercapit Crab episode.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

At first he had a very weak soul and had a very high dependence on alcoholic liquor, but gradually he became a fairly respected person.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The changes that occur in him becoming a heroine and loyal comrade, triggered by his discovery of the treasure of his ancestor, Sir Francis Haddock (François de Hadoque in French) which can be read in the episode Rackham Red Treasure.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The Captain's sense of humanity and his leather-inclined words are complements to Tintin's character too perfect for a mere mortal, in which the Captain is more noticeably “human” than Tintin.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Captain Haddock lived in a very large and beautiful house known as “Marlinspike Hall” (“Moulinsart” in French).


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Captain Haddock used various forms of swear words to convey his feelings of being moistened or angry, such as “Rotten Crab!”


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

(in English: “Billions of bilious blue blistering barnacles!”) , “A Million Hurricane Typhoons!”


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

(in English: “Ten thousand thundering typhoons”), “Land Crocodiles!”


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

(“troglodytes”), “bashi-bazouk”, “kleptomaniac”, “Pinworm!”


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

(“ectoplasm”), “sea gherkin”, “anacoluthon”, and “Chicken Pox!”


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

(“pockmark”).


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Not all of these expressions can be translated into Bahasa Indonesia, because it is necessary to find a word equivalent that can represent the same expression but by not making it a rude word.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In the sense that the expression still has to have artistic elements so that it makes it a challenge to translate it into Indonesian that is good and correct.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Captain Haddock is a class of heavy drinkers, where he is often very fond of alcoholic liquor under the brand Loch Lomond whisky, and his condition when drunk is often used as a complement to the series.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Hergé states that the first name of Haddock is taken from the phrase in English “a sad English fish that drinks a lot” which can literally be translated in Indonesian to “English people who often drink too many intoxicating drinks" [1].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Haddock had a first name on the series successfully completed by Hergé titled Tintin and Picaros (1976), the dinama in the story his first name was Archibald.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Professor Litmus jmpl|50 px|ka|Professor Lionel Litmus Professor Litmus or originally in French named Professeur Tryphon Tournesol (which can be interpreted freely in Indonesian as Professor of Sunflower), is an absent-minded and physicist who has deficient on his hearing, is a minor character but almost always appears along with Tintin, Milo and Captain Haddock.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

He was first introduced in the Red Rackham Treasure series, and his character is partly based on a person in the real world by the name of Auguste Piccard, [22] where his existence is less favored by the main characters, but due to his depravity and mastery over science and technology create a lasting relationship with them.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In the Indonesian edition published by Indira publishing house, this figure is named Professor Cuthbert Calculus. [16]


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The name of the new Professor Lionel Litmus was attached to him on the reissue of the series by the publisher Gramedia.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Naming itself in Indonesian always refers to the original format in French, namely: if the name is abbreviated as two letters are the same.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

For example, in the French edition the name can be shortened to Professor TT (Professeur Tryphon Tournesol), in the Indonesian edition, Professor CC (Cuthbert Calculus) (published edition of Indira) or Professor LL (Lionel Litmus).


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In this tale, it is described that she has no attraction to the opposite sex, except for Bianca Castafiore, to the point that she created a special rose for the diva seen in the story of the Jewel of Castafiore.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Some of his pretty spectacular inventions are: Making a nuclear rocket for a landing on the moon, 16 years before the actual landing by Neil Amstrong.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Creating a color television set Creating a shark-shaped submarine that eventually became the inspiration of a similar vessel made by Jacques Custeau, a shark researcher.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Dupont and Dupond jmpl|150 px|left|Dupont and Dupond Dupont and Dupond or in French named Dupont et Dupond, are two twin detectives who often speak indistinctly to each other and like to wear round hats known as bowlers, as well as the actually has no kinship [23], but it often looks like a twin person where the difference between the two lies only in the moustache [24].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The detective, named Dupon<b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[32752,32759,3,3]}'>t, has a spread/open shaped moustache or in French is a troussée.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

While others who have straight shaped whiskers or in French droite, are Dupon<b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[32982,32989,3,3]}'>d.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In published editions of Indira their names are Thomson and Thompson. [16]


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

They produce a “comic relief” throughout the series and have a habit of “spoonerism” and overall showing their incompetence as detectives.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Their characters are based on characters from the father and uncle of Hergé, two identical twins.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

They are introduced for the first time in the Cigar The Pharaoh series, where in an early encounter with its heroine, Tintin, they get the task of arresting him for an untrue accusation.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Bianca Castafiore She was an opera singer who was always looked down on by Captain Haddock.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Nevertheless, he almost always appears wherever the main characters go, where he is always accompanied by his faithful helper Irma, a pianist, Igor Wagner.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Essentially the meaning rather than the name is “a holy, pure white flower”, as Professor Litmus understood when he gave a white rose to her as a sign of the expression of his secret love for the singer in the episode Jewel of Castafiore.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Her character is based on a diva from opera performances in general (based on Hergé's notes), Hergé's Aunt Ninie, and also post-war comic Maria Callas [9].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Other characters who often appear are Nestor the butler at Marlinspike Hall, General Alcazar the Dictator of South America, Jolyon Wagg an insurance agent, Ben Kalish Ezab the Emir, Abdullah the son of the Emir, Chang the Chinese boy, Müller the doctor Maniacal Germans and Rastapopoulos the mastermind of the crime.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

No female performers appear as either the main cast or the companion cast, however they appear as performers on backgrounds from the story.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Location In the series, the location of the story also becomes a fairly important and well-cultivated part by Hergé.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

He managed to merge charmingly the real world and the imaginary world into the series, in which Belgium was made as the country in which our heroine, Tintin, lived.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

He lived at 26 Labrador Road, which was then better known as Castle Moulinsart.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Hergé's ability to combine these two worlds can be described in detail in the episode Ottokar's Stick, in which he managed to create two imaginary countries (Syldavia and Borduria) and invited readers to take a tour of the two countries through a reading in the form of a travel brochure that is included in this tale [6].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Some other khayal states are San Theodoros, San Paolo and Nuevo Rico in South America, the Kingdom or administrative regions of Gaipajama in India and Khemed in the Middle East.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In addition she also features some real countries such as Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Scotland, England, Union Sovyet (Russia, now), USA, Congo, Peru, Egypt, Sahara Desert, Indonesia, Tibet, China and Japan.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

As for the other location he created was the Moon, and in early editions of the episode Land of Black Gold he featured the state of Palestine, but in later editions it was replaced with an imaginary state by the name of Khemed.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

A full list of these places is on the List of places in the Tintin series.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Since the Blue Lotus episode, Hergé did a lot of research before starting a story, as he said “It was from that time that I undertook research and really interested myself in the people and countries to which I sent Tintin, out of a sense of responsibility to my readers” which can translate to “It is time I do deep research on the country and its culture, its people in that country, where I sent Tintin there, as my responsibility to the readers" [7].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Hergé conducted this study from some of the references he read and also from some photographs he got as a journalist in the real world.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

With this he was able to build a “real world” for Tintin, and also build an imaginary state, as well as embellish them with various cultural and political backgrounds, where this was slightly influenced by some historical facts during his life.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In Pierre Skilling's review, he saw that Hergé saw monarchy as one legitimate, rather than democratic, form of government, which was very rarely featured in the series [25].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Syldavia as an example, is described in great detail by her in which she tells her history, her habits and the language she wears.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

He mentioned that the country is in the area of the Balkans, and they have self-government, like the Albanian state [26].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The country is under assault from its neighboring Borduria seeking to subdue it as seen in the episode Ottokar's Stick.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

This situation in the real world occurred when Italy subjugated Albania and Czechoslovakia by Austria as part of Nazi Germany's expansion of territory before the Second World War [27].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Hergé also incorporated his research into the story as seen when he was about to consign Tintin to the Moon and can be seen in his story which splits over two episodes, Journey to the Moon and Adventures on the Moon.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

His research for this series, recognized in the weekly International Science magazine, New Scientist: “The considerable research undertaken by Hergé enabled him to come very close to the type of space suit that would be used in future Moon Exploration, although his potrayal of the type of rocket that was actually used was a long way off the mark.”


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Or the translation “Research conducted by Hergé made it able to paint the space suits exactly as they would be worn in the expedition to the moon, although the rockets depicted in the series are completely far from the reality used in sending humans to the Moon”.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The rocket to the moon that is in the series is based on a German production rocket with type V2 Rockets [28] The influence of the young Hergé greatly admires Benjamin Rabier and it is noticeable that some of the images in his first episode Tintin in the Sovyet Land were affected by this, in particular on the pictures animals that exist on the episode.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

René Vincent, an Art Deco designer, also influenced him especially in early episodes: “René's influence can be seen in the early parts of the Tintin episode in the Sovyet Land, where his paintings were made based on a decorative drawl of lines, as befits the letter 'S'...”. [29]. [29].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

He also did not hesitate to admit that he had taken a very round nose painting of a George McManus, and made it very pleasant to use it in the absence of a disclaimer [30].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

During his deep research he undertook in the process of making the Blue Lotus, led him to be affected also by the illustration patterns made by the Chinese and Japanese people.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

This is evident in the depiction of the beach scene which is an imitation of the work done by Hokusai and Hiroshige.. [31] [32] He also states that Mark Twain as the one who contributed to his writing of the series, although His admission this could backfire when he described that the Incas had no knowledge of when there would be the next solar eclipse as seen in the episode In the Temple of the Sun, a mistake discovered by T. F. Mills that revealed the reality that the Incas were acutely aware of the existence of a later day “Connecticut Yankee”. [8]


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Criticism In the early episodes, the series gained a lot of criticism as a story containing racism, evil, colonization, unaffection for animals and more siding with fascists and portraying the painting of Gentiles as a lesser nation.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The Hergé Foundation stated that the criticisms were very naive [33].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

This is because what Hergé does is not independent of the environment in which he grew up.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

This is implied from Harry Thompson's statement stating that Hergé only did what was told to him by Abbé Wallez [33].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In addition the surroundings around him greatly influenced him where he admitted that “I gained a lot of influence from the bourgeois community around me" [30].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In the episode of Tintin in the lands of Sovyet, the Bolsheviks were portrayed as a particularly violent party.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Hergé was given a job as an illustrator on Moscow Unveiled, from Wallez and was created by Joseph Duillet, the former consul of the Belgian embassy in Russia during the time the Soviet regime was still in power, although this was not met in Belgium, as a country of devout Catholics.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In Russia, what is recognized is only the Bolshevik religion and beyond that it is atheist [30].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In this episode it is depicted that the Bolshevik leaders are godless only to his own gluttony, and Tintin discovers pent-up treasures from Lenin and Trotsky.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Hergé acknowledged that his alpia in the series as a time of his violation of the law at a young time. [33]


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Only in 1999 was this portrayal acceptable, but the English-language weekly tabloid for Economics and International Relations, The Economist, stated “In its review of the series, it turns Hergé's portrayal of the famine and abomination of tyranny by the Soviet regime on those times, is very accurate”. [34]


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Whereas Tintin in Congo earned criticism as an episode that demeaned the African nation, where there it was portrayed that they were a naive and primitive nation.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In the original edition, Tintin was described as teaching a class consisting of African children only.” Mes chers amis,” he said, “Je vais vous parler aujourd'hui de votre patrie: La Belgique” whose translation in Indonesian is “My friends, today I will tell you about your ancestral land: Belgium”.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Hergé replaced it with a story that Tintin was teaching mathematics.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

He acknowledged this flaw and stated that “I describe this episode... referring to the views of the Belgian government in those days" [30].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The various defects in the series were later abstracted by Sue Buswell in 1988 [35], as acts that demeaned other nations and a sense of disrespect to animals, although Thompson noted them as acts that were out of bounds [33].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In the series it is described that our hotshot killed more than 15 antelopes, but only 1 was taken for dinner, and this caused quite loud protests from publishers from Scandinavian countries and asked Hergé to replace the picture.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In addition there is also a picture that quite invites controversy which is when our hotshot drills the skin of a rhino and puts dynamite into it then to be blown up.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In the latest print this image has been replaced with a picture when accidentally the rhino stepped on the trigger of Tintin's long-barreled weapon and he ran off terbirit in surprise [23].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

In 2007 the Commission for Equal Rights of the UK, requested the return of the entire print run of the series, Tintin di Congo. [36] [37] And in August 2007, students from Congo sent an official complaint letter over the series which was deemed to have demeaned them [38].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Some of the early episodes of the series went through many changes tailored to demand from the publishers.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

For example, due to the encouragement of the American publishers, Hergé changed the dark-skin characters in the series to be more white or neutral [39].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Episode Mysterious Star, originally contained an American villain character with a Jewish surname, Mr. Blumenstein.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

This could cause controversy in America, because the characters depicted there are stereotypically Jewish.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Mr. Blumenstein was later transformed into an American with no basis of any ethnicity under a new name, Mr. Bohlwinkel, and on the latest print he became a South American from the fictional country of Sao Rico.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

But it turned out that Hergé discovered that even the new given name was a Jewish name [27].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Adaptations and exhibitions The Tintin Adventure comic series has been adapted into various forms of media based on his comics.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

While Hergé was alive, he himself led the artists from his studio to make this animated film.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

But when he had returned, then it was his foundation that continued this work and also carried out various exhibitions [40].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Adaptation films in the form of films exist in the form of animated films, but some are films played by humans, where all of them are based on this famous comic series.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Golden Scapit Crab (1947) - animated film based on his book.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Tintin and the Mystery of the Golden Fleece (1961) - a human film based on film scripts.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Tintin and the Blue Oranges (1964) - human film based on film scripts.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Tintin and the Temple of the Sun (1969) - animated film based on his book.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Tintin and the Shark Lake (1972) - was based on film scripts, which were later adapted into comic form.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Secrets of the Unicorn 2011 - Animated film to be released in 2011 [41] Steven Spielberg bought the option to film Tintin some time before Hergé died in 1983, but unfortunately at that time Spielberg was not yet certain to become his director so Hergé refused to signed his contract [42].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

It was only in November 2002 that the leading animation film company Dreamworks bought the rights to film the series to the big screen [43].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

A well-known director and widely known as a Tintin lover, Steven Spielberg will team up with Peter Jackson to create his trilogy with the lead actors, Jamie Bell as Tintin [44] and Andy Serkis as Captain Haddock.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Both great directors said that the adaptation to the big screen in rather than comical form will give their own challenges, because so deeply the impression that has been attached to its readers [45].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Steven Moffat was fostered as a scriptwriter, where he signed a contract with DreamWorks in November 2006 for three films [46].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The story is taken from 23 series that have been published excluding Tintin and Alpha-Art which have been published in the period from 1929 to 1976 [47].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Spielberg will direct the first film in which the shooting will be planned to begin in September 2008 [48].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The titles to be adapted in film form are the Golden Scapit Crab, The Secret of the Unicorn and the continuation of the Red Rackham Treasure. [49]


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Documentaries So far there have been two documentaries that have been made either for Tintin or for Hergé himself.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The documentary is: I, Tintin (1966), a documentary made in French.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Tintin and I (Tintin and I), created by Danish director Anders Høgsbro Østergaard in 2003, a joint production from Denmark, Belgium, France, and Switzerland.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The documentary was made based on interviews over Hergé recorded in a tape recorder by Numa Sadoul since 1971.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Although the results of the interview were published in book form, Hergé was allowed to make changes as necessary before they were published and some parts were changed or cut [50].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The documentary was already broadcast on the non-profit television channel PBS in the United States on July 11, 2006 [51].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

Television Two animated television series were once made, in which both were adaptations of his comics but not of the original story so had some fundamental differences.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The two series were: Hergé's Adventure of Tintin produced by Belvision.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

This version has aired in the period from 1958 to 1962, with 104 episodes, in which each episode of no more than 5 minutes has been created and aired at that time.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

This version was adapted by Charles Shows and later voiced into French by Greg who later became chief editor of Tintin magazine.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

However, this version gets a lot of criticism because the story is very different from the original story and animation techniques are very lacking [51].


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The adventures of Tintin, which tells 21 of the 24 already published in book form.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

This version was made during 1991 - 1992 and was directed by two people namely Stéphane Bernasconi, and Peter Hudecki which was produced by Ellipse (France) with Nelvada (Canada), on behalf of Hergé.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

This animated film uses basic animation techniques that try to be as close as possible to the version of the book - it can even be said that this is a comic book made moving or “alive”.


Question: where was Professor Litmus born?

The Adventures of Tintin

The series has aired in nearly 50 countries [52].