Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Archaeological finds provide evidence for the existence of the Shang Dynasty circa 1600—1046 BC, which was divided into two periods.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Evidence for the existence of the early period Shang Dynasty (k. 1600—1300 BC) comes from discoveries in Erlitou, Zhengzhou and Shangcheng. [19]


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

While evidence for the existence of the second period Shang Dynasty (k. 1300—1046 BC) or Yin period (), comes from a large collection of writings on oracle bones.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Archaeologists confirm that the city of Anyang in Henan province was the last capital of the Shang Dynasty, [19] of the other nine capitals.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The Shang dynasty ruled 31 monarchs, since King Tang until King Zhou as the last king.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Chinese society today believed many gods, including the gods of weather and sky, as well as the supreme god named Shang-Ti. [20]


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

They also believed that their ancestors, including their parents and grandparents, having died would be like gods anyway and worthy of worship. [21]


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Around 1500 BC, the Chinese began using oracular bones to predict the future.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Western scholars tend to be hesitant to link various settlements contemporaneous to the Anyang settlements as part of the Shang dynasty. [22]


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The strongest hypothesis is that there was co-existence between Anyang ruled by the Shang Dynasty, and other cultured settlements in the region now known as “actual China” (China proper).


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The Zhou dynasty (1046 BC—256 BC) Zhou dynasty was the longest-ruling dynasty in Chinese history which according to the Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project was in power between 1046-256 BC.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The dynasty began to grow from the Yellow River valley, to the west of Shang.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The ruler of Zhou, Wu Wang, managed to defeat Shang at the Battle of Muye.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

At the time of the Zhou Dynasty began to be known the concept of “Celestial Mandate” as the legitimacy of the turn of power, [23] and this concept so on had an effect on almost every turn of dynasty in China.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The capital of Zhou was originally in the western region, that is, near the present-day city of Xi'an, but then there was a series of expansions in the direction of the Yangtze River valley.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

In Chinese history, this was the beginning of the subsequent migrations of the population from north to south.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The Spring and Autumn Period (722 BC-476 BC) In about the 8th century BC, there was a decentralization of power in the Spring and Autumn Period, which was named after the literary work of Chun Qiu (Spring and Autumn).


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

In this epoch, the local military leadership that Zhou used began to show its power and vying to acquire hegemony.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Invasions from the northwest, for example by Qin, forced Zhou to move its capital to the east, namely to Luoyang.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

This marked the second phase of the Zhou Dynasty: Eastern Zhou.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Hundreds of countries sprang up, some of them only as large as a single village, with local rulers holding full political power and sometimes using honorary titles for him.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

One hundred Streams of Thought from Chinese philosophy flourished in this age, following also some influential intellectual movements such as Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, and Mohism. [24]


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The Warring States Period (476 BC-221 BC) After various political consolidations, seven prominent states survived by the end of the 5th century BC.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Although there was still a king from the Zhou Dynasty until 256 BC, but he was only a nominal leader who had no real power.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

In those days, neighboring regions of the warring states were also conquered and became new territories, among others, Sichuan and Liaoning; which were then governed under a new local administrative system in the form of commandery and prefectures (/).


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The Qin state succeeded in unifying all seven existing states, as well as expanding into the territories of Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, and Guangxi in 214 BC. [25]


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The period when the countries fought each other until the unification of all China by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC, is known as the “Warring States Period”, which is a naming taken from the name of Zhan Guo Ce's historical work (Warring States Strategy).


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The imperial period of the Qin Dynasty (221 BC—206 BC) The Qin Dynasty managed to unite China which was split into several kingdoms in the Warring States Period through a series of conquests against other kingdoms, with the last conquest being against the kingdom of Qi in about 221 BC. [25]


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Qin Shi Huang was crowned the first emperor of unified China in that year.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

This dynasty famously began the construction of the Great Wall of China which was later completed by the Ming Dynasty as well as Terracotta relics in Qin Shi Huang's tomb.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Some of the major contributions of the Qin Dynasty, among include the formation of the concept of centralized government, the unification of legal statutes, the implementation of written language, units of measurement, and the common currency of all China, after the passage of the tribulations of the Spring and Autumn Age.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Even basic things such as the length of the axles for mercantile wagons, were subjected to diversity in order to ensure the development of a good trading system throughout the empire. [26]


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The Han Dynasty (206 BC—220) Han Dynasty was founded by Liu Bang, a peasant who led a people's revolt and razed the previous dynasty, the Qin Dynasty, in 206 BC.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The age of power of the Han Dynasty was divided into two periods namely the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-9 AD) and the Eastern Han Dynasty (23-220 AD) which were separated by the short period of the Xin Dynasty (9—23 AD).


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Emperor Wu (Han Wudi) successfully hardened the union and expanded the Chinese empire by urging the Xiongnu nation (often equated with the Huns) toward the steppes of Inner Mongolia, thereby seizing the territories of Gansu, Ningxia, and Qinghai.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

This led to the opening for the first time of trade between China and Europe, via the Silk Road.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

General Ban Chao of the Han Dynasty even expanded his conquests across the Pamir sampi mountains to the Caspian Sea. [27]


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The first embassy from the Roman Empire is recorded in Chinese sources first opened (by sea lanes) in 166, and the second in 284.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The Three States Age (220—280) Three States Age (Wei, Wu, and Shu) was a period of Chinese schism that took place after the de facto loss of power of the Han Dynasty.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

In general, this period is considered to last from the founding of Wei (220) to the conquest of Wu by the Jin Dynasty (280), although many Chinese historians consider that this period lasted since the Yellow Serban Rebellion (184).


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

This era is one of the most famous eras in Chinese history, due to the popularity of historical romances Acts of the Three Countries (Samkok) which have been adapted in various formats by various countries.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The Jin Dynasty and Sixteen States (280-420) of China were successfully united for a time in 280 by the Jin Dynasty.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Nonetheless, ethnic groups outside the Han tribe (Wu Hu) still controlled most of the territory as early as the 4th century and led to a massive migration of Han tribes south of the Yangtze River.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The northern part of China was split into small states forming a turbulent era known as the Sixteen States Age (304 - 469).


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Northern and Southern Dynasties (420—589) Following the collapse of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in 420, China entered the era of Northern and Southern Dynasties.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

This age was a time of civil war and political divisions, although it was also a period of development of art and culture, technological progress, and the spread of Buddhism and Taoism.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The Sui Dynasty (589—618) After nearly four centuries of schism, the Sui Dynasty succeeded in reunifying China in 589 with Yang Jian, the founder of the Sui Dynasty, of the Chen Dynasty in the south.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

This period of dynastic power was, among others, marked by the construction of the Great Canal of China and the establishment of many governing institutions that would later be adopted by the Tang Dynasty.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Tang Dynasty (618—907) On June 18, 618, Li Yuan ascended the throne and began the era of the Tang Dynasty which replaced the Sui Dynasty.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

This age is a time of prosperity and development of Chinese art and technology.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Buddhism became the main religion professed by the royal family as well as the people mostly.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Since around 860, the Tang Dynasty began to decline due to the rise of rebellions.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The Five Dynasties and Ten States (907—960) Between 907 to 960, from the collapse of the Tang Dynasty to the power of the Song Dynasty, there was a period of political schism known as the Age of Five Dynasties and Ten States.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

In this fairly brief period, five dynasties (Liang, Tang, Jin, Han, and Zhou) alternately controlled the heart of the old kingdom's territory north of China.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

At the same time, ten other minor states (Wu, Wuyue, Min, Nanping, Chu, Southern Tang, Southern Han, Northern Han, Early Shu, and Late Shu) came to power in the south and west of China.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The Song, Liao, Jin, and Western Xia dynasties (960-1279) Between the years 960 to 1279, China was controlled by several dynasties.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

In 960, the Song Dynasty (960-1279) whose capital city in Kaifeng controlled much of China and began a period of economic well-being.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The territory of Manchuria (now known as Mongolia) was controlled by the Liao Dynasty (907-1125) which was further succeeded by the Jin Dynasty (1115—1234).


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Meanwhile, the northwestern regions of China now known as the provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, and Ningxia were overrun by the Western Xia Dynasty between 1032 to 1227.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The Yuan Dynasty (1279—1368) Between the years 1279 to the year 1368, China was controlled by the Yuan Dynasty which originated in Mongolia and was founded by Kublai Khan.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The dynasty took control of China after successfully razing the Jin Dynasty in the north before moving south and ending Song Dynasty rule.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

This dynasty was the first dynasty to rule all of China from the capital city of Beijing.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Before the invasion of the Mongols, reports from Chinese dynasties estimated that there were about 120 million inhabitants; but after the conquest was completed thoroughly in 1279, the census of 1300 mentioned that there were 60 million inhabitants. [28]


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Similarly, during the reign of the Yuan Dynasty there was an epidemic of the 14th century in the form of petic disease (Black Death), and is estimated to have killed 30% of China's population at that time. [29] [30] The Ming Dynasty (1368—1644) Throughout the Yuan Dynasty's reign, there was quite strong opposition to these foreign powers among the populace.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

These sentiments, plus the frequent onset of natural disasters since the 1340s, eventually gave rise to peasant revolts that subverted the power of the Yuan Dynasty.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Zhu Yuanzhang of the Han tribe founded the Ming Dynasty after successfully expelling the Yuan Dynasty in 1368.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

In 1449, Esen Tayisi of the Oirat Mongols made an assault on northern China, and even succeeded in captivating the Zhengtong Emperor in Tumu.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

In 1542, Altan Khan led the Mongols constantly encroaching on China's northern border, and in 1550 he successfully invaded all the way to the outskirts of Beijing.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The Ming Dynasty empire also faced attacks by Japanese pirates along the southeastern coastline of China; [31] General Qi Jiguang's role was crucial in defeating the pirate attack.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

One of the world's most recent earthquakes, the Shaanxi earthquake of 1556, is estimated to have killed about 830,000 inhabitants, which occurred during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

During the Ming Dynasty, the last construction of the Great Wall of China was completed, as a protection effort for China for invasions from foreign nations.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Although the construction has begun in the previous time, most of the walls seen today are those that have been built or repaired by the Ming Dynasty.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The brick and granite building has been expanded, the watchtower redesigned, as well as cannons placed along its sides.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The Qing Dynasty (1644—1911) Qing Dynasty (清, 1644—1911) was founded following the defeat of the Ming Dynasty, the last dynasty of Han China, by the Manchu tribe () from northeastern China in 1644.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

This dynasty was the last feudal dynasty to rule China.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

It is estimated that about 25 million inhabitants perished in the period of the Manchu conquest of the Ming Dynasty (1616—1644). [32]


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The Manchu nation then adopted the values of Confucianism in their government, as was the tradition implemented by the previous Han dynastic administrations.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

In the Taiping Rebellion (1851—1864), one third of China briefly fell to the rule of Taiping Tianguo, a quasi-Christian religious movement led by Hong Xiuquan who called himself the “King of the Sky”.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

After fourteen years, only was the rebellion successfully quelled, the Taiping army was crushed in the Third Nanking War of 1864.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The deaths that occurred during the 15 years of the uprising were estimated at 20 million inhabitants. [33]


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Several rebellions that consumed greater casualties and possessions then occurred, namely the Punti-Hakka Tribal War, the Nien Rebellion, the Hui Minority Rebellion, the Panthay Rebellion, and the Boxer Rebellion. [34]


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

In many ways, those rebellions and the unjust treaties successfully imposed by foreign imperialist powers against the Qing Dynasty, were signs of the Qing Dynasty's incompetence in dealing with new challenges that emerged in the 19th century.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Modern day Republic of China The frustration of the Qing Dynasty's refusal to reform as well as China's weakness towards other countries, led to the onset of a revolution inspired by Sun Yat-sen's ideas to abolish the royal system and implement a republican system in China.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

On February 12, 1912, the Qing's last emperor, Emperor Xuantong abdicated the throne, following the Xinhai Revolution.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

A month after, on 12 March 1912, the Republic of China was established with Sun Yat-sen as its first president.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Slavery in China was abolished in 1910. [35]


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

In 1928, after a prolonged conflict between warlords that occurred between 1916—1928, most of China was united under the Kuomintang (KMT) by Chiang Kai-shek.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Meanwhile, the communist Communist Party of China (CCP) began to also stamp its influence and became the main competitor to the Kuomintang which instigated the Chinese Civil War.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The two Chinese parties were nominally united in the face of the Japanese occupation that began in 1937, which was during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) which was part of World War II.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Following Japan's 1945 defeat, KMT and CCP hostilities resumed after reconciliation efforts and negotiations failed to reach agreement.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

(See: Chinese Civil War).


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

At the end of World War II in 1945 as part of Japan's surrender of power, Japanese forces in Taiwan surrendered to Republic of China forces under Chiang Kai-shek who held control of Taiwan. [36]


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The conflict between Chinese parties that began since 1927 ended unofficially with the Kuomintang's resignation to Taiwan in 1949 and made the Communist Party of China the sole ruler in Mainland China.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Today, the government that rules Taiwan still uses the official name “Republic of China” although it is commonly known as “Taiwan”. [37]


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

People's Republic of China On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China (RRT) in Tiananmen Square, after the near-certain victory of the Chinese Communist Party of the Kuomintang in the Chinese Civil War.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The historical period of the RRT is generally divided into four periods: socialist transformation (1949-1976) under Mao Zedong, economic reform (1976-1989) under Deng Xiaoping, economic growth (1989-2002) under Jiang Zemin, and last is the period under the fourth generation of government, between 2002 to the present.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Abramson's follow-up reading, Marc S. (2008).


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Ethnic Identity in Tang China


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

ISBN 978-0-8122-4052-8.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Ankerl, G. C. Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

INU PRESS Geneva, 2000.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

ISBN 2-88155-004-5.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Creel, Herrlee Glessner.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The Birth of China. 1936.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Fairbank, John King, China: a new history, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

ISBN 0-674-11670-4 Feis, Herbert, The China Tangle: The American Effort in China from Pearl Harbor to the Marshall Mission, Princeton University Press, 1953.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Hammond, Kenneth J.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The Teaching Company, 2004.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

(A lecture on DVD.)


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Giles, Herbert Allen.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

A general history, originally published around 1911.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Giles, Herbert Allen.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Covers the Qing (Manchu) dynasty, published shortly after the fall of the dynasty, around 1912.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D. Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Moscow: URSS, 2006.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

ISBN 5-484-00559-0 [6] (Chapter 2: Historical Population Dynamics in China).


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Laufer, Berthold. 1912.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

JADE: A Study in Chinese Archaeology & Religion.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Reprint: Dover Publications, New York. 1974.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Terrill, Ross, 800,000,000: The Chinese estate, Boston, Little, Brown, 1972 Wilkinson, Endymion Porter,.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, Asia Center (for the Harvard-Yenching Institute), 2000, 1181 p., ISBN 0-674-00247-4; ISBN 0-674-00249-0 Footnotes Outside link Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

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Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Maps to combine and compare Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

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Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

- Chaos Group, at the University of Maryland by Academia Sinica by Academia Sinica Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

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Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

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Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

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Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

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Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

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Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

- Discussion of Chinese history in the Transclusion error section: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

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Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

- Mechanized Artillery and Ancient Siege Weapons - Illustrated History, brought to you by Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

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Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

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Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

A search of the historical content of domestic architecture during the Qing dynasty and its role in Chinese heritage and cultural history.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead., is a journal devoted to academic scientific dealing with the period around the end of the Han dynasty and the beginning of the Tang dynasty.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

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Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. a 100-minute lecture on Chinese history, given by renowned scientist/author Yu Ying-shih, Professor Emeritus of East Asian Studies and History, Princeton University.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Reading sources for pupils of grades 5-9 - approximately 250 links.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.Wolfram Eberhard, (online), February 7, 2006 [eBook #17695], ISO-8859-1 Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. - PBS documentary 2006.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

KQED Public Television and Granada Television, for PBS, Granada International, and BBC.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

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Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

The Genuine Soul of Ancient Chinese People Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

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Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Texts and translations of historical Chinese works.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

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Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

History, culture, and archaeology in the ancient Asian continent.


Question: When did the Chen Dynasty end?

History of China

Variety of articles and images


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

Ampera Bridge (Amanat penderitaan rakyat) is a bridge in Palembang City, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

The Ampera Bridge, which has become a kind of emblem of the city, is located in the middle of Palembang city, connecting the areas of Seberang Ulu and Seberang Ilir which are separated by the Musi River.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

The structure of the bridge has a length of 1,177 m [1] (central section 71.90 m).


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

It is 22 m [1] wide and 11.5 m high from the water level.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

The height of the two towers on either side is 63 m [1] from ground level and the distance between the towers is 75 m.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

It weighs 944 tons.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

History of Ka|JMPL|300px|View of Ampera Bridge at night The idea to unite the two lands in Palembang City” Seberang Ulu and Seberang Ilir” with the bridge, actually has existed since the time of Gemeente Palembang, 1906.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

When the position of Mayor of Palembang was held by Le Cocq de Ville, 1924, this idea was again sticking and made a lot of effort to realize it.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

However, until Le Cocq's term ended, even when the Dutch took off from Indonesia, the project was never realized.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

In the time of independence, the idea was sticking again.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

DPRD Transitional City of Palembang again proposed the construction of a bridge at that time, called the Musi Bridge by referring to the Musi River na-ma that crossed it, at the plenary session that took place on 29 October 1956.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

This proposal is actually relatively reckless because the budget in the city of Palembang will be used as an initial capital only around Rp 30,000.00.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

In 1957, a development committee was formed, consisting of Military Regional Command War Lord IV/Sriwijaya, Harun Sohar, and the Governor of South Sumatra, H. A. Bastari.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

His companion, Palembang Mayor, M. Ali Amin, and Indra Caya.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

The team made an approach to Bung Karno in order to support the plan.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

The effort made by the Provincial Government of South Sumatra and Palembang City, which was fully supported by Kodam IV/Sriwijaya was then fruitless.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

Bung Karno later approved the development proposal.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

Because this bridge is planned to be built with each foot in the area of 7 Ulu and 16 Ilir, which means its position in the center of the city, Bung Karno then proposed the conditions.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

That is, the placement of an open boulevard or park at either end of that bridge.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

The appointment of the development implementing company was carried out, with the signing of the contract on December 14, 1961, at a cost of USD 4,500,000 (current exchange rate, USD 1 = Rp 200.00).


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

Construction of the bridge began in April 1962, after approval from President Soekarno.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

The cost of its construction was taken from Japanese war appropriation funds.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

Not only cost, this bridge also uses experts from the country. [2]


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

In the beginning, this bridge, named after Bung Karno Bridge.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

According to historian Djohan Hanafiah, giving the name as a form of award to the first President of the Republic of Indonesia.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

Bung Karno solemnly championed the desire of Palembang residents, to have a bridge over the Musi River. [3]


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

The inauguration of the bridge was conducted in 1965, as well as confirmed the name of Bung Karno as the name of the bridge.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

At the time, it was the longest bridge in southeast Asia. [4]


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

After a political upheaval in 1966, when the anti-Soekarno movement was strong, the name of the bridge was changed to Ampera Bridge (Mandate of People's Suffering). [5]


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

Around 2002, there was a discourse to restore the name Bung Karno as the name of this Ampera Bridge.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

But this proposal did not receive support from the government and parts of the public. [2]


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

In the beginning, the middle and rear and front part of the bridge body can be lifted up so that the masts passing under it do not snag the bridge body.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

The central section of the bridge can be lifted with mechanical equipment, two ballast pendulum of about 500 tons each in its two towers.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

The lifting speed is about 10 meters per minute with the total time required to fully lift the bridge for 30 minutes.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

By the time the central part of the bridge was lifted, boats measuring 60 meters wide and with a maximum height of 44.50 meters, could pass by wading through the Musi River.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

If the center of the bridge is not raised, the maximum height of ships that can pass under the Ampera Bridge is only nine meters from the water level of the river. [5]


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

Since 1970, the activity down the middle of the bridge is no longer done.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

The reason is that the time used to lift this bridge is considered to interfere with the flow of traffic on it.


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

In 1990, the two ballast pendulum in the bridge tower was lowered to avoid falling both of these ballast loads. [2]


Question: Where is Ampera Bridge located?

Ampera Bridge

Reference See also Musi II Bridge Outlinks Media related to Ampera Bridge at Wikimedia Commons Ampera Category:Palembang City


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (Sinhalese:


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka borders the sea with India to the northwest and with the Maldives to the southwest.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Until 1972, the international world called this country Ceylon.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The documents show that Sri Lanka has a history of more than 3000 years.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Due to its highly strategic geographical location, it allowed Sri Lanka as one of the stopping places from the time of the Silk Road to World War II.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is a diverse country, populated by different peoples of religion, tribe, and language.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka has a very rich Buddhist heritage, the one where the first Buddhist writings were written in the country.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka has been engulfed in ethnic conflict over the past two decades between the government and Tamil minority groups perpetrated by the Tamil Tigers.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

In 2009, the conflict between the two ended with the victory of the government side.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is a republic.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Its capital city, Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte, is a suburban town of Sri Lanka's largest city, Colombo.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The country is renowned for its tea production.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Other products that are also very important are coffee, gemstones, coconut, rubber, and cinnamon.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is often called the “Gem of the Indian Ocean” because of its shape and also its natural beauty.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The name of the Island is known by the names Lanka, Lankadeepa (Sanskrit meaning “shining land”), Simoundou, Taprobane (from Sanskrit: Tāmaraparnī), Serendib (from Sanskrit: Sinhala-dweepa), and Selan in ancient times.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Under British colonization, the island was called Ceylon, which is sometimes still used today.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

History It is estimated that the ethnic group that is currently the largest population compared to other ethnic groups, began to arrive to the island around in the 5th century BC.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

They came from the southern Indian mainland and later settled around the coast of the west side.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

To support this activity they build irrigation facilities, in the form of waterways and other supporting facilities, until finally they can find quite advanced agricultural techniques.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

In those days they were already able to trade their agricultural produce to other areas, even to mainland China.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

This trading activity is supported by the strategic geographical location of the island and is located in the trade route from west to east.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The tribe which is the second largest ethnic group in the country is thought to have started settling into this region between the early AD to the 12th century.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Around the 14th century they managed to establish a kingdom located around him with his capital.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Most of them occupy the northern part and sect the coast of the east coast, while the third group that comes to this region is the tribe of the Moors.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

They actually came to the region to trade, but eventually later settled.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

With the increasing significance of this area for the west - east trade jaluir, various ethnic groups were pushed to take control of the entire region.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Therefore, until the 15th century, the island was full of opposition, invasions and inter-dynastic rivalries.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Even after medieval times the island was coloured with much interstate opposition to fighting over the island.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The Europeans who first came to the island were the Portuguese, who came in 1505, they managed to pin their influence in the region.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Even if they never conquered the entire region, their power lasted until 1658, after which the Dutch managed to conquer it in various battles.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Dutch power over the region lasted from 1658 until 1796 when the British came to power and took over Dutch power.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Around 1900, it began to grow awareness of nationalism among the natives.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Nineteen years later they formed a national congress (Ceylon National Congress).


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

In this congress they put forward a draft constitution that expressed among other things: the importance of natives getting a majority of seats in a legislative body.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

In 1931 Ceylon succeeded in forming a new constitution that allowed it to exercise its own government.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

In 1947 the region gained full sovereignty from British hands and was designated as one of the commonwealth nations.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

In this year, too, they held the first ever general election to establish who had the right to run the government.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

In this first general election, the Party of National Unity (United National Party) won the most votes.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

On 2 May 1972, Ceylon transformed into the Republic of Sri Lanka.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The Resident population of Sri Lanka predominantly resides in the countryside.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Life expectancy figures for Sri Lankan residents who are male is 68 years old and female ones 72 years.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

About 74 percent of Sri Lanka's population constitutes a Sinhalese ethnic group.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The other population consists of ethnic groups of Sri Lankan Tamils (13 percent), Indian Tamils (6 percent), Sri Lankan Moors (7 percent) and others.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The official language of introduction used by residents is English.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The governance and politics of Sri Lanka constitutes a republican state and includes members of the commonwealth states.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The country adheres to a multi-party system.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Since the country gained sovereignty in 1947, the Sri Lanka Freedom Party has almost always dominated the general elections held.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

His most dominant opposition party was the United National Party (United National Party).


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

His head of government is a president elected for a term of office for six years.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Then he appointed a prime minister and a member of the cabinet.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The appointment is based on the most votes from the results of the general election.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Under the amends established in 1982, the president has the power to hold a general election again at least four years after holding office.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

To ease local administration, Sri Lanka is divided into several districts headed by a governor.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The highest powers for any government of this county consist of a township council, a town council, an urban council and a village council.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Legislative power is vested in a Single Assembly, namely the House of Representatives (National State Assembly).


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Each member of parliament is appointed for a six-year term.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Even so, in urgent circumstances, the president has the power to hold elections after holding office for four years.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The province of Sri Lanka consists of 9 provinces: North Central East North West Sabaragamuwa South Uva West Economy Sri Lanka relies on its economy on agricultural exports.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

In 1987 the sector contributed 24.2 percent of its total Gross Domestic Product (GDP).


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

This agricultural sector absorbs almost half the number of existing workforces in the rest of the country.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Other sectors that account for GDP are trade, industry, transportation and communications, and construction.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

In agriculture, it is known as the second largest tea-exporting country in the world.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

In addition, the country is also known as a country exporting rubber, coconut and fiber.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Its rubber production accounts for 36 percent of world rubber production.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

As for coconuts, the country donates about 71 percent of the world's rubber production.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The main industry is graphite.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Most of this production was exported to Japan.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

In addition, today the country is developing cement, textile, ceramics and leather industries.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

JMPL Demographic Education|Hindu temple in Colombo.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Approximately 69% of the population is from the Sinhalese Tribe, the majority of whom are Theravada madhab Buddhists.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Another major group is the Tamil Tribes (18%) who are majority Hindu 15%, and live to the north and east.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The Tamil tribes were further divided to two groups: the Native Tamils and the Tamil tribes who were newcomers from India.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Both Sinhala and Tamil have been official languages since the India-Sri Lankan approval signed in 1989.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

English, the unifying language under the constitution, is the mother tongue for about 10% of the entire population, and is spoken and widely intelligible in Sri Lanka.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

All three languages are used in education and government.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Smaller minorities are Muslims (8%), most of whom are of Arab and Malay descent, Burgher tribes (mixed European ancestry; 1%) as well as Wanniyala-Aetto or Vedda, descendants of early culture in Sri Lanka whose numbers are receding.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The largest religions are Buddhist (70%) and Hinduism (15%).


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

About 7% of the population is Christian (6% Catholic and 1% Protestant).


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Transportation The main means of transportation in the territory of the country are land and rail freight.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Almost the entire area between the islands can be reached by this transport.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The main sea port is in Colombo, the capital of Sri Lanka.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The port dominates shipping in Sri Lanka.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Almost 90 percent of the number of ship visits through this port.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka also has other ports located in Trincomalee and Galle.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

To serve international flight routes, Sri Lanka has Katunayake and Ratmalana air ports, while domestic flights at are served by Trincomalee, Galle, Jaffna, Baticaloa and Ampari air ports.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The country's aviation service is held by Air Ceylon.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The natural state of Sri Lanka is a country whose territory is a large island with several small islands around it.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

More than three-quarters of the country's territory is at elevations above 200 meters above sea level and is mostly hilly terrain.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Physiographically, the territory of the country of Sri Lanka consists of four parts of the region, namely the Central Region, the Southern Region, the Eastern Region and the Western Region.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Almost the entire Central Region is a hilly and mountainous area.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The height of the land in this region is at least 2,524 meters above sea level, namely around Piduru Talagala.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

In this area there is also the headwaters of the Mahaveli Ganga River which is also the most major river in Sri Lanka.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The eastern part is an undulating, hilly area.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Prominent hills include Westminster Abbey, Monaragalla and Kataragama.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

In the northern part, particularly around the mainland of Jaffna, the area is limestone cobblestones and elongated rocks in the offshore ocean.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Flora and fauna Half the territory of the country is still dense forests, grasslands and deserts.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

But as a result of wild forest cutting has caused forest areas in the country to become damaged.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

This damage has resulted in reduced amounts of vegetation.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The most prominent type of fauna in the country is elephants.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Today the population of these elephants has been much reduced.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

It is estimated that the number lives only hundreds of dogs across the country.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Other types of fauna consist of deer, leopard, ape, monkey, srigala and bull.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Climate In general, Sri Lanka has a tropical climate.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The presence of season winds and various forms of relief in some places causes the amount of rainfall to vary between regions one and another.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Every year, parts of the central and western regions receive more rain than other regions (east and north).


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The average rainfall of the western and central parts of the region ranges from 2,250 - 5,450 millimeters, while in the eastern and northern parts it is about 1,000 - 1,600 millimeters annually.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Generally the air temperature in the country ranges from 26.7 degrees Celsius to 28 degrees Celsius.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

The highest air temperature is around Trincomalee, which is 36 degrees Celsius.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Natural resources The most major natural resource of the country is graphite.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Until recently Sri Lanka was the largest producer of graphite in the world.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Graphite of this country is also reputed to have high quality.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

Other natural resources consist of iron ore and precious stones.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

These resources are widely encountered in the central region.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

In addition, this area also has resources in the form of kaolin, namely porcelain, tile making materials, tiles, glassware and bricks, quartz sand and limestone or limestone.


Question: Is the capital Sri Lanka?

Sri Lanka

See also List of countries in the world


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Penataran Temple or Panataran Temple or its original name is Palah Temple is a cluster of Hindu Siwaitis religious temples located in Penataran Village, Nglegok District, Blitar Regency, East Java.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The grandest and widest temple in East Java is located on the southwestern slopes of Mount Kelud, to the north of Blitar, at an altitude of 450 meters above sea level.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

From the inscriptions stored in part of the temple it is estimated that the temple was built during the time of King Srengga of Kadiri Kingdom around 1200 AD and continued in use until the reign of Wikramawardhana, King of Majapahit Kingdom around 1415.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

In the book Desawarnana or Nagarakretagama written in 1365, this temple is referred to as the sacred building “Palah” visited by King Hayam Wuruk on a royal excursion around East Java. [1]


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

In 1995 the temple was submitted as a candidate for UNESCO World Heritage Site in its tentative list. [2]


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Temple complex This temple complex is a cluster of several buildings longitudinal in a northwest-southeast axis.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Behind the main temple on the east side is a river headwaters on the mountain Kelud.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The temple complex is arranged in a linear pattern, several perwara temples and pendopo hall are located in front of the main temple.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

This layout is different from the temples on the anggam of Central Java, for example Sewu Temple, which is arranged in a concentric mandala pattern with the main temple located in the middle of the temple courtyard surrounded by rows of perwara temples.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Linear arrangement pattern with somewhat irregular pattern in Penataran temple is characteristic of East Java that flourished in Kediri to Majapahit period, then continued on the layout pattern of Bali Temple.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The Penataran Temple building complex occupies a land area of 12,946 square meters lined longitudes from northwest to east and southeast.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The entire courtyard of the concierge complex except the southeastern part is divided into three parts, which are separated by two walls.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

To make it easier to understand the compek of Penataran Temple, the parts of Penataran Temple are called front yard, central courtyard, and backyard.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The arrangement of the Penataran Temple complex is very unique and not arranged symmetrically.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

It is propagating that the creation of the temple is not in one period.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Here are the parts of the Penataran Temple: Front courtyard Enter the front courtyard, the gate is located on the northwest side of the temple complex, flanked by two Dwarapala statues, doorkeepers with numbers of 1242 Saka or 1320 AD sculpted on statues.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Local people refer to it as Reco Pentung.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Based on the sculptures of the figures of the year in both statues, the historians concluded that the building of Palah Temple was newly inaugurated into the State Temple during the reign of King Jayanegara of Majapahit.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

East of the two statues are the remains of a gate made of red bricks.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Bale Agung Through the former gate, come to the leading part of the Penataran Temple, Bale Agung.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The location of the building is located in the northwestern part of the forecourt, its position slightly jutting forward.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The building is entirely made of stone, the diding is still plain and has four steps, two are located on the southeast side, so the building is impressed facing southeast.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Whereas the other two are located on the northeast and southwest side impressed as a staircase to the side door.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

In the north and south diding there are two entrance steps that divide the east side wall into three parts.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The surrounding body of the Great Bale building was wrapped around by a dragon snake.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The head of the dragon snake is hidden in the right and left parts of the building.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Each staircase ascending there is a guardian statue in the form of a mahakala statue.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The Great Bale building measures 37 meters long, 18.84 meters wide and 1.44 meters high.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Above there is a court in each corner there is an umpak-umpak stone that is thought to be a passenger of wooden poles used for the roof of the building.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The function of Bale Agung building according to N.J. Krom as also in Bali is used for the deliberation place of priests or pendanda.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Certainly bale or pendopo is once shaded pile structure and roof from organic wood and may be roofed ijuk or shingle that has been weathered and wiped out.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Pendopo Teras The location of the building is located in the southeast of the Bale Agung building.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Pendopo Terrace consists entirely of stones, rectangular in shape with a size of 29.05 meters x 9.22 meters x 1.5 meters.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

It is thought that Pendopo Teras was used as a place to lay offerings in religious ceremonies or the resting place of kings and other nobles.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

On the west side there are two steps up in the form of steps, this staircase does not continue on the eastern wall.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

At each corner of the entrance staircase on the left and right of the cheeks of the ladder there is a small, winged giant statue with the knees of the legs bent on one leg and one of his hands holding a mace.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The cheek of the staircase is shaped by a large ukel with a beautiful spill.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Pendopo Terrace building is 1297 Saka or 1375 AD.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The location of this year's sculpture is rather difficult to find it because it blends in with the decoration in the form of tendrils of leaves, its location is at the top of the east side wall.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

As in Bale Agung, Pendopo Terrace is also wrapped around a serpent terrace whose tail is convoluted together, its head bulging upwards between the pillars of the building.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The snake's head looks up slightly, wearing a necklace and crested.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

On the walls of Pendopo Teras there are reliefs that tell the story of Bubhuksah and Gangang Aking which in folklore is known as the story of Bela-belu and Dami aking, Sang Setyawan and Sri Tanjung.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Candra Sengkala JMPL|Candra Sengakala temple in Candra Sengkala Temple Penataran complex is 1291 Saka or 1369 AD.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The people of East Java are more familiar with the name of Brawijaya Temple which is the most known building in the Penataran Temple complex and is also used as a symbol of kodam V Brawijaya.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Sometimes there are also those who call it Ganesha Temple because inside the candlestick there is a Ganesha statue.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The location of the temple is in the southeast of the building pendopo terrace within about 20 meters.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The entrance of the temple is located in the western part, the cheeks of the staircase end in the shape of a large ukel with an ornament in the form of flowers in an isosceles triangle arrangement.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The inside of the temple niches there is a stone Ganesha statue in a sitting position on top of the padmasana.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

At the top of the temple chamber on the cover stone cupola there is a relief Surya Majapahit which is a circle surrounded by a beam of rays in the form of straight lines in an arrangement of several isosceles triangles.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Relief Surya Majapahit is also found in several other temples in East Java, in a slightly different variation as a royal emblem.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Candra Sengkala temple like generally other temple buildings, consists of parts called temple foot, namely the lower part of the temple, then the body of the temple, there are booths or temple rooms (garbagriya) and then mastaka or kneuncak building that is cube-shaped.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

On the crown there is a grand decoration and on each wall of the temple body there are niches or niches in the form of pseudo doors at the top of which there is a giant head when apparently terrifying.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The head of this kind of creature is called kala head which in East Java is often called Banaspati which means king of the jungle.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The placement of the head of the kala above the niches of the temple is intended to scare evil spirits from daring to enter the concierge complex.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Meanwhile, on the perimeter of this building there are remnants of brick walls that live part of the base with the entrance on the northwest side.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The buildings in this first courtyard are made entirely of andesite stone.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Except two foundations of rectangular brick berdenah, located to the northeast of this Candra Sengkala temple.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

On the left of Candra Sengkala temple there is a female statue interpreted as the embodiment of Gayatri Rajapatni.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Central courtyard Entering the second courtyard of Penataran Temple, there are two Dwarapala statues in smaller size than Dwarapala temple entrance.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

As in the Dwarapala statue at the entrance, this Dwarapala is also sculpted by the figure of the year, written 1214 Saka or 1319 AD, a year older than Dwarapala at the entrance, also dating from the time of King Jayanegara.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

This central courtyard or second courtyard is divided into two parts by a brick wall that longitudes in the middle of the courtyard.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The wall is now only the foundation is still visible.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

In the northeastern part there are six remaining pieces of building from stone as well as brick.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The remaining three remains in the form of a brick foundation, two pieces in the form of a stone and another in the form of a temple without a cover on it.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The first stone is made of masonry mixed bricks with a larger size than the other stone specifically made of stone.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Naga Temple On the inside of this central courtyard there is Naga Temple, which only remains a section of feet and body with a width of 4.83 meters, a length of 6.57 meters and a height of 4.70 meters.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The name of Naga Temple is used to name this building because the surrounding body of the temple is wrapped by dragons and propped with figures in grand dress like the king as many as nine pieces, each located in the corners of the building, the middle of the three walls and on the left and right side of the entrance.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

These Batara depict the figures of kahyangan creatures, which are the gods seen based on the characteristics of the grand fashion and the luxurious jewelry that they wear.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

One of his hands holds the genta (ceremonial bell) and the other hand supports the body of the dragon which is coiled at the top of the building in its standing state and becomes the pilaster of the building.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Each of the walls of the temple body is decorated with artificial reliefs called with medalion motifs.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The entrance of the temple is located in the northwest with a bejeweled staircase cheek measuring 4.83 meters wide, 6.57 meters long and 4.70 meters high.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

In front it has been conveyed that the dragon image in sangga 9 people hints at a candrasengkala “Naga grandiose sinangga jalma” which means the number of 1208 Saka or 1286 AD during the reign of Kertanegara.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Brick foundation Still in the central courtyard environment, there is a brick foundation that is impressed facing southwest, known from the field jutting out to the southwest side and forming an entrance.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Its location is located to the east of the temple.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The southwest part there are two remaining buildings, namely a brick foundation measuring 10 x 20 meters and another square berdenah that has the same characteristics as one of the foundations in the northeast part.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

At the west corner of the courtyard is a set of doorways detached from the original building.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

On the thresholds, some of them contain numbers of years that can still be read clearly, namely 1245 Saka, 1294 Saka, 1295 Saka, and two more figures of the same year, 1301 Saka.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

There are two more Dwarapala statues with the number of 1242 Saka located at the entrance to the third courtyard which may be a former paduraksa archway, because near that place there are ruins of a door that dates to 1240 Saka.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The backyard Passing through the gate of the paduraksa which only lives the foundations and guarded two dwarapala, arrive in the third courtyard is located at the southeast end as the rearmost part of the temple complex and is located on higher ground than all others.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Because of the notion that the place is the most sacred place.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

There are about 9 pieces of former buildings in this courtyard that are located irregularly.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Two of the temples that can be recognized are the main temple building and the Palah inscription in the form of crowns.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Along the northwest side there are five remaining buildings in the form of foundations and stone stone or brick.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

One of them a batur contained reliefs of the temple story.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

It is about a meter high.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The main temple In this third courtyard there is a mother temple building consisting of three terraces arranged with a height of 7.19 meters.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

On each side of the staircase there are two mahakala statues, on the end of which there are numbers of 1269 Saka or 1347 A.Sekelling the walls of the temple on the first terrace there is a relief story Ramayana.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

To be able to read it must follow the direction of prasawiya, starting from the northwest corner.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

On the second terrace around the wall is filled with relief sculptures of Krçnayana storyera whose storyline can be followed pradaksina (clockwise).


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

While on the third terrace in the form of reliefs of dragons and winged lions.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The third terrace is almost square in shape, the walls are sculpted with winged lion statues and winged dragons. His head slightly looks forward while the winged lion's hind legs are in a crouching position while the front legs are raised upwards.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

On the south-west side of the courtyard there are two remaining buildings.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

A small temple of not long collapsed stone which the Dutch used to name klein heligdom or small bathara.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

It seems that this temple was originally created along with the Palah inscription through the pratistha ceremony.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Another remnant is in the form of a foundation from brick.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The two remnants of these buildings face towards the southwest.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

In line with the rest of these two buildings stands a stone phallus called the Palah inscription.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

In the area of the branch complex there is also a pond of 1337 Saka or 1415 AD located behind the temple to the southeast near the river flow.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Palah inscription Palah inscription is an inscription made by King Srengga and found in the courtyard of Penataran temple with 1119 Saka or 1197 A.D. [3] explains that “signifies Kertajaya to be happy with the fact that there did not happen four corners of the disaster” tandhan krtajayayåhya/ri bhuktiniran tan pariksirna nikang sang hyang chess lurah hinaruhåra nika”.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

He then poured out with the order to build an inscription written in a crowbar by Mpu Amogeçwara or also called Mpu Talaluh.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The building he functions to worship Bathara Palah, as contained in the inscription which sounds “sdangnira Çri Maharaja sanityangkên pratidina i sira paduka bhatara palah” which means “When he Sri Maharaja is always every day at the place of bathara Palah”.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The history of JMPL|Ka|reliefs on the main temple are in the form of panel boxes and medalions.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The original name of Penataran temple is believed to be Palah temple called in Palah inscription, built in 1194 by King Çrengalancana (Syrenggra) who held the title Sri Maharaja Sri Sarweqwara Triwikramawataranindita Çrengalancana Digwijayottungadewa who ruled the kingdom of Kediri between 1190 — 1200, as a mountain temple for a place of worship ceremony in order to ward off or avoid the danger caused by Mount Kelud which often erupts.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The Book of Negarakretagama written by Mpu Prapanca narrates the journey of King Hayam Wuruk, who ruled the Majapahit kingdom between 1350 — 1389, to Palah Temple to perform adoration to Hyang Acalapat, the embodiment of Shiva as Girindra (Giri Indra, king of the mountain rulers).


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The similarity of the name Girindra called in the book Negerakretagama with the name Ken Arok which held Girindra or Girinatha raises the conjecture that Penataran Temple is a place of pedharmaan (perabuan) Ken Arok, Girindra is also the name of one of the wangsa derived by Ken Arok besides wangsa Rajasa and Wardhana's wangsa.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

While Hyang Acalapati is one of the embodiments of Lord Shiva, similar to the interpretation of the properties of Bathara Shiva which is said to be executed by Ken Arok.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Attention to the Palah inscription returned in 1286, during the reign of Kertanegara.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

He erected the Naga Temple with a dragon relief decoration propped up by 9 people as a symbol of candrasengkala” Naga grandiose sinangga jalma” or 1208 Saka.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

During the reign of Jayanegara the Penataran temple began to receive attention again, then continued during the time of Tribuanatunggadewi and Hayam Wuruk.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The veneration of Lord Palah is more condensed in adoration to the Mountain God or Shiwa.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Penataran temple was inaugurated as a state temple with the status of freelance dharma.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

According to the figure of the year that was placed in the pond wall is 1337 Saka or 1415 AD is the youngest year number among the number of years found in the Penataran temple complex.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

It was Majapahit in the reign of Wikramawardhana.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Sundanese-language chronicles dating back to the XV century concerning the story of the journey of Bujangga Manik, a nobleman of the Kingdom of Sundanese, mention that “Rabut Palah” is still a place of religious learning and a bustling pilgrimage destination.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

In the manuscript the figure claimed to stay there for a year and then forced to leave because the pilgrims “attach more importance to worldly things" [4].


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The Penataran temple was first reported of its existence by British records in 1815, but until 1850 it had not been widely known.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The inventor was Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles (1781—1826), governor-general of the once powerful British colonial government in the archipelago.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Over time, the Penataran temple complex that was once neglected now began to get attention from the government and then restored.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Now the temple is becoming an interesting tourist destination.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Relief temple Relief style In addition to being the widest commundian complex, Penataran Temple also has peculiarities in its relief iconography.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Its relief style shows a distinctly different form of Central Javanese temples from before the 11th century such as Prambanan Temple.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The form of human relief is depicted similar to wayang kulit, as can be found in the style of engraving found in Sukuh Temple, a temple from the late Hindu-Buddhist period in the history of the archipelago.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The temple has been proposed on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 19 October 1995. [5]


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Bubhuksah and Gangang Aking Along the walls of Pendopo Teras etched the story of Bubhuksah and Gangang Aking, as well as the story of Sri Tanjung.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The story is as follows, Bhuksa is described as a creature who has a large body, loves to eat anything, sincere and never sleeps.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

While Handle aking, skinny dry, loves to fast and also likes to sleep.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

One time Lord Shiva turned into a white tiger in order to test the two people.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The response from Handle Aking is “I am a thin person, don't eat me but eat my fat friend” while Bhuksa” please eat my body”.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

In those examinations Bhuksa passed and he then entered Heaven.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Wisdom that can be gleaned from the story is that man must be sincere in living this life.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Sri Tanjung The next story engraved on the relief of Pendopo Teras is the story of Sri Tanjung, which starts from the west side to the south with a round of prasanawya. [6]


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The story of Sri Tanjung begins with a painting of Raden Sidapaksa serving King Sulakrama in Sindurejo.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Sidapaksa was sent seeking medicine by the king to his grandfather Bhagawan Tamba Petra and there he established love with Sri Tanjung.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

After becoming his wife, Sri Tanjung was booked to Sindurejo.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

King Sulakrama was infatuated with Sri Tanjung, so sought power in order to separate him with Sidapaksa.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Sidapaksa was then sent to Heaven, carrying a letter in which the letter carrier would attack Heaven.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

For the help of Sri Tanjung who received the inheritance of the shawl from his father Raden Sudamala, he was able to heaven, and there he was chastened by the gods.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

But eventually by calling his ancestors the Pandavas he was released and given a blessing.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Sepeninggal Sidapaksa, Sri Tanjung was forced by Sulakrama and Sri Tanjung refused.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Suddenly came Sidapaksa and Sri Tanjung was slandered inviting the king to adultery.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Finally with the garang Sidapaksa killed Sri Tanjung.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

However Sri Tanjung was revived by the gods.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Sidapaksa was also required to kill the King of Sulakrama, and in the war he succeeded.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Ramayana and Kresnayana On the walls of the Main Temple are engraved reliefs of Ramayana with figures of Rama and Shinta, and reliefs of Kresnayana with figures of Krisna and Rukmini.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The story of Kresnayana tells of Krisna kidnapping and editting Rukmini.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The reliefs of temples in East Java are usually sculpted based on the analogy of the life history of the figures who were eaten in the place.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The story of Ramayana and Kresnayana sculpted on the walls of Penataran temple is interpreted similar to the story of Ken Arok and Ken Dedes.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Ken Arok's own character is still a controversy between the character of a bandit who ambles to fix offspring after understanding the meaning of the light emanated from the garbha Ken Dedes he sees and then kills Tunggul Ametung who becomes the nareswari's husband, or the character of a man nobles who carried out the mandate of Mpu Purwa who was Ken Dedes's father and Mpu Sindok's descendant to restore the glory of the Kanjuruhan kingdom conquered by the kingdom of Kediri, with the support of brahmins from both kingdoms.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

The Book of Negarakretagama mentioned that Ken Arok was posted in Kagenengan area, which today is still left as the name of the village in the southern region of Malang Regency, precisely in Pakisaji District.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

It can not be confirmed whether this village Kagenengan is the same place called in the book Negarakertagama, and whether this area at that time covers the area of Nglegok District, where Penataran Temple is located.


Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

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Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

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Question: What year was the Penataran Temple built?

Penataran Temple

Presenting Panataran Category:Nglegok, Blitar


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Part of a series on Gnosticism Gnosis Gnosis Enlightenment (spiritual) Western Revelation Divine illumination Divine light Platonism Eastern Irfan Jnana Bodhi Prajna Buddhism Hinduism Gnostic sects List of Gnostic sects Syrian-Egyptian Ophites Sethianism Samaritan Baptist sects Dositheos Simon Magus (Simonians) Menander Alexandrian Basilides Roman Basilideans Valentinus Valentinianism Christian Gnosticism Apelles Cerinthus Marcion Marcionism Nicolahamic Ismaili Druze Mandaeism Nusayrism Sabians Persian Bábism Manichaeism Yazdânism Chinese Manichaeism Modern Modern schools Scriptures List of Gnostic texts Nag Hammadi library Pseudo-Abdias Clementine literature Gnosticism and the New Testament Codices Codex Tchacos Cologne Mani-Codex Askew Codex Bruce Codex Berlin Codex Influenced by Merkabah mysticism Apocalyptic literature Messiah Philo Middle Platonism John the Baptist Early Christianity Paul and Gnosticism Christology Docetism Wisdom (personification) Influence on Neoplatonism and Gnosticism Western esotericism Perennial philosophy Esoteric Christianity Theosophy Carl Jung Gnosticism in modern timesvt Valentinius, (also known as Valentinus ) (l.k. 100 - l.k. 153), was the most famous and influential Christian Gnostic theologian and for a certain period most successful.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

He established his stream in Rome.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

According to Tertulianus in Adversus Valentinianos iv, in 143 he was a prospective bishop of Rome, but he was defeated by a very small difference in votes.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Tertulianus also says that Valentinius was declared remorseful in 175, a few years after his death.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

“Valentinus was lost, but these people were the Valentinians who emerged from Valentinus.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

In Antioch alone to this day Axionikus keeps memories of Valentinus with full observance of his precepts.”


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

(Tertulianus, AV).


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Through him, Gnosticism was almost accepted into the mainstream tradition of Christianity.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

In his teaching, the bedding has a major place in his version of Christian Love Love.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

This emphasis is much different from the concept in common Christianity.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

The biographer Valentinius was born in Frebonis in the Nile Delta and studied in Alexandria, an important inaugural Christian center and metropolis of the time.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

There it is thought that he had heard the Christian philosopher Basilides and later clearly mastered the philosophy of Hellenistic Middle Platonism and the culture of Hellenic Jews such as the allegorist and Alexandrian Jewish philosopher, Filo Judeus.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

His followers in Alexandria claimed that Valentinus was a vassal of Teudas and that Teudas himself was a follower of St. Paul of Tarsus.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Valentinius claims that Teudas taught him the secret wisdom that Paul had taught privately to his close circles, which Paul openly referenced in relation to his visionary encounter with the risen Christ (Romans 16:25; 1 Corinthians 2:7; 2 Corinthians 12:2-4 ; Acts 9:9-10), when he received secret teachings thereof. such esoteric teachings were no longer so interested in Rome after the middle of the 2nd century.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Valentinius first taught in Alexandria and then went to Rome around 136, during the time Hyginus became Pope, and stayed there until the papacy of Pope Anicetus.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

He became so prominent among the Christian community that, according to Tertulianus Adversus Valentinianos iv, Valentinius became a candidate for bishop of Rome (around 143) and that he lost by a very small difference in votes: “Valentinius hoped to be bishop because he was so capable and good at speaking, yet another man who was chosen because he once suffered as a martyr.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Infuriated by this, Valentinius broke with the legitimate church.”


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

— (This described motivation is part of Tertulianus's sarcastic rhetoric.)


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Catholic Encyclopedia says Marcion may also be one of its candidates at the same time.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Tertulianus— who developed the tendencies of Montanist heresy— reports that Valentinius was declared a penitent in about 175 AD after his death.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Tertulianus also states that Valentinius was personally friendly with Origenes.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

There is no evidence that Valentinius was ever described as developing the orthodox Paulin church, but he was indeed controversial.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

According to a tradition later, he withdrew to Cyprus, and there he continued to teach and acquire followers.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

He died probably around 160 or 161.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

The Christian heresologists (=authors of heresy) also wrote details of Valentinus' prophecy which today's scientific community considers unreliable.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

As mentioned above, Tertulianus claimed that Valentinus was a candidate for bishop of Rome and that he lost the election by a slim vote, and afterwards he turned to heresy out of disappointment.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Epifanius writes that Valentinus abandoned his true faith after his ship was shipwrecked in Cyprus and went insane.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

In addition to seemingly impossible, these images also seem conflicting.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Valentinus was one of the inaugural Christians who sought to link Christianity with Platonism.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

He took dualist concepts from the Platonic world of ideal forms (pleromas) and the underworld in the form of phenomena (kenoma).


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Of the mid-2nd-century thinkers and preachers who were declared heretical by Ireneus and by later mainstream Christians, only Marcionlah stood out personally.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

The contemporaneous orthodox-resistance to Valentinus arose from the Martyr Justinus.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

When Valentinus was alive he had many disciples, and his system of thought was the most diffuse of all forms of Gnosticism.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Among the more prominent disciples of Valentinus, who however did not follow the views of his teacher blindly, was Bardasanes, who was usually linked to Valentinus in later referrals, as well as Heracleon, Ptolemeus and Marcus.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Many of the writings of these Gnostic notables, and a large number of summaries of the writings of Valentinus, existing only in the form of quotations shown by his orthodox opponents, up to 1945, when the box of writings in Nag Hammadi revealed a version The Coptic of the Gospel of Truth, which, according to Ireneus, is the same as the Gospel of Valentinus mentioned by Tertulianus in his tractate Adversus Valentinianos.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

In a text known as Pseudo-Anthimus, Valentinus is quoted as having taught that God consists of three hypostasis (essence) (hidden spiritual realities) and three prosopa (personal) called Father, Son and Holy Spirit: “Concerning the heresy of the Ariomaniacs, who have undermining the Church of God...


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

So teach these three hypostasis, just as Valentinus the preacher of the penitent first created in the book given the title 'About the Three Essenties'.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

For he was the first to create these three essence and the three persons namely the Father, the son and the Holy Spirit, and he turned out to have stolen them from Hermes and Plato.”


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

(Source: AHB Logan.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Marcellus of Ankara (Pseudo-Anthimus), 'On the Holy Church': Text, Translation and Commentary.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Verses 8-9.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Journal of Theological Studies, NS, Volume 51, Pt. 1, April 2000, p. 95).


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Since Valentinus had used the term hypostases (essence), his name appeared in the infighting of Arianism in the 4th century.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Marcellus of Ankara, who was a vehement opponent of Arianism but also who rejected belief in God in three essence and considered him heretical (later he was condemned for this view), attacked his opponents (About the Holy Church, 9) by attributing them to:” Valentinus, the leader of a sect, was the first to create an understanding of the three continuous existence (hypostasis), in a book he gave the title About the Three Essentials.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

For, he creates an understanding of the three continuous and three personal existences - the father, the son, and the holy spirit.”


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

These teachings were in recent times adapted in the doctrine on the Trinity from Nicaese Christianity.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

The tasters of Valentinus Shortly after Valentinus' death, Ireneus began compiling his voluminous book Against Heresy (Adversus Haeresis) which, among other things, discusses Valentinus and his teachings in several chapters in his first book.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

A modern researcher, M. T. Riley, observed that Tertulianus' hostile attack, Adversus Valentinianos retranslated a number of alinea from Ireneus, without adding original ingredients.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Later, Epifanius of Salamis discussed and rejected it (Haer., XXXI).


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

As is the case with all non-traditional inaugural Christian writers, Valentinus is known generally through quotations in the works of his critics, although a follower of his from Alexandria also preserved a fragmentary number of passages in the form of long quotations.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

A teacher of Valentinian, Ptolemeus referred to “the apostolic tradition which we have received it through succession” in his letter named Letter to Flora.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Ptolemeus is known only through this letter to a wealthy Gnostic woman named Flora, while this letter itself is only known because it is fully imprinted in the writings of Epifanius Panarion.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

This Epistle recounts the Gnostic views regarding the Law of Moses, and the situation about Demiurgos relating to this law.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

It should not be overlooked that it is possible that this letter was concocted by Epifanius, in the form of composed speeches that ancient historians often put into the mouths of their figures, as a short way of making summaries.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

The Gospel of Truth Under this circumstance, a new field of Valentinian studies was opened when the Nag Hammadi Library was discovered in Egypt in 1945.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

Among the highly mixed sacs containing works branded “gnostic” there is a series of writings that may have once been related to him, in particular a Coptic text called the Gospel of Truth which was specifically named as his work by Ireneus (Adversus Haeresis 3.11.9).


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

This is a statement about the name of the unknown Father.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

If one knows it, the person will be able to penetrate the veil of stupidity that has separated all beings from the Father.


Question: Where did Valentinius die?

Valentinius

And Jesus Christ as Savior has revealed that name through various ways full of language containing abstract elements.