Question: What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry

The molecules are grouped by their function group base.


Question: What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry

Alcohol, for example, has a C-O-H subunit. All alcohols tend to be hydrophilic, usually forming esters.


Question: What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry

Aliphatic compounds Aliphatic hydrocarbons can be divided into 3 homologous series based on saturation level: paraffin/alkanes without double bonds or triple-bonds, olefins or alkenes containing one or more double bonds, for example di-olefin (diene) or polyolefines. alkuna that have one or more triple ties.


Question: What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry

In addition these are classed based on existing clusters of functions.


Question: What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry

Existing compounds can be straight chain, branched chain, or cyclic.


Question: What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry

The degree of branching determines its characteristics.


Question: What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry

Aromatic compounds Aromatic hydrocarbons contain conjugated double bonds.


Question: What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry

This means each carbon atom in the ring is hybridized sp2 so that it adds stability.


Question: What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry

The most common example is benzene whose structure was formulated by Kekulé.


Question: What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry

Heterocyclic compounds The characteristics of cyclic hydrocarbons will change if there are heteroatoms in them, which can be present in the form of substituents attached outside the ring (exocyclic) or as the inside of a ring (endocyclic).


Question: What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry

Pyridine and furan constitute examples of aromatic heterocyclic whereas piperidina and tetrahydrofuran constitute alicyclic heterocyclic examples.


Question: What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry

Polymers One of the important characteristics of carbon is that it is ready to join to form chains or networks through bonding.


Question: What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry

This merging process is called polymerization, while the chain or tissue formed is called polymer.


Question: What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry

Compounds were originally called monomers.


Question: What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry

There are 2 main polymer groups that exist: synthetic polymers and biopolymers.


Question: What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry

Synthetic polymers are deliberately created and often referred to as industrial polymers. [1]


Question: What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry

Biopolymers appear in nature without human intervention.


Question: What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry

Outside Links Category:Academic Disciplines Category:Chemistry


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

Frater was a member of one of the mendicant tarecats established since the 12th or 13th century; this term distinguishes the venturing nature that characterizes the mendicant tarecats, which are run under the jurisdiction of a general leader, from a loyal attitude to one particular monastery that becomes distinctive features of old domestic tarekats and which are inaugurated through the binding of stability vows.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

Notable mendicant tarecats are Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians, and Carmelites. [1]


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

Frater's definition differs from monk in that he is called to exercise the advice of the Gospel (vows of poverty, purity, and obedience) while being devoted to the community, not by fighting and worshiping in securityness.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

If the monks live in the paguyuban self-sufficiency, then the brothers work in the midst of ordinary people and live from derma or other donations. [2]


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

A monk or rubiah puts forth his kaults and binds himself to a certain paguyuban in a certain place.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

The brothers attached themselves to a paguyuban spread over a wider geographical scope called the province, and therefore it was customary to move around dwellings, from one paguyuban guesthouse to another paguyuban guesthouse within the scope of their province.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

The etymology of the term frater in Indonesian is derived from the word frater (brother) in Latin, which is widely used in the Latin New Testament Bible as a designation for members of Christian congregations.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

The Spanish equivalent to this term is “Fray” which is sometimes used in former Spanish colonies such as the Philippines or the Southwestern United States as a title, for example Fray Juan de Torquemada.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

In the Roman Catholic Church, there are two classes of friars or tarekat beggars: four “big tarekats” and “small tarekats”.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

The four great tarecats are discussed in the Council of Lyon II (1274), namely: Carmelite, founded ca. 1155. [3]


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

The tarekat is also famous by the nickname “White Fraters” for wearing white coats covering their brown habit.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

This tarecat received the approval of the Holy See from Pope Honorius III in 1226 and later from Pope Inocensius IV in 1247.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

The Carmelite tarekat was established purely as a contemplative tarekat, but later became a beggar tarekat in 1245.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

There are two groups in the Carmelite tarekat, namely the group of adherents of the ancient order (O.Carm.) and the Uncasted Carmelite (O.C.D.), founded by Santa Teresa of Avila in the 16th century.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

Franciscans, founded in 1209.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

The tarekat is also famous by the nickname “Brothers of Hina Dina”.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

The Franciscan Tarecate was founded by St. Francis of Asisi and received the approval of the Holy See from Pope Inocensius III in 1209 and the official inauguration of the Holy See from Pope Honorius III in 1223.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

Now the tarekat brothers of hina dina are divided into three branches: Tarekat Brethren Dina (chocolate-robed), Tarekat Brethren Dina Kapuchin (brown robe with taper hood), and Tarekat Brethren Dina Conventual (robed in gray or black).


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

Dominicans, founded ca. 1216.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

The tarekat is also famous by the nickname “Frater-Frater Ecclesiastes”, or “Black Frater-Fraters”, for wearing a black coat (cappa) covering their white habit.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

The Dominicans Tarecate was founded by St. Dominicus and received the approval of the Holy See from Pope Honorius III in 1216 as an “Ordo Praedicatorum” (Tarekat Warta) which followed the Regula of Saint Augustine.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

This tarekat became a mendicant tarekat in 1221.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

Augustinian, founded in 1244 (“Small Guild”) and enlarged in 1256 (“Great Guild”).


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

The tarecat is also famous by the nickname “The ascetic of St. Augustine”, or “Frater-Frater Agustin”.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

This tarekat regula is based on the written works of St. Augustine of Hipo.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

The Augustinian Tarekat was formed from a combination of ascetic paguyuban as a beggar tarekat by Pope Inocensius IV in 1244 (Small Union).


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

Another paguyuban-paguyuban was incorporated into this tarecate by Pope Aleksander IV in 1256 (Great Guild).


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

There are various small tarecats, among others: the Holy Cross Tarecate which received oral approval from Pope Innosensius III on May 3, 1210, and the official approval of Pope Innosensius IV in 1248.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

Tarekat Carmelite Uncasut, founded in 1568.


Question: what is a frater?

Brother

See also Brother Priest Dervish Sadhu Bhiksu Referral Category:Terms in Roman Catholic Church Category:Ecclesiastical Degree Category:Catholic


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android (/ˈæn.drɔɪd/; an-droyd) is a Linux-based operating system designed for touchscreen moving devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. [11]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android was originally developed by Android, Inc., with financial support from Google, which later purchased it in 2005. [12]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The operating system was officially released in 2007, along with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of hardware, software, and telecommunications companies aimed at advancing the open standards of mobile devices. [13]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The first Android phones went on sale in October 2008. [14]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android user interfaces are generally direct manipulations, using touch gestures similar to real actions, such as sliding, tapping, and pinching to manipulate on-screen objects, as well as virtual keyboards for writing text.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In addition to touchscreen devices, Google has also developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars, and Android Wear for watches, each of which has a different user interface.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android variants are also used on portable computers, game consoles, digital cameras, and other electronic equipment. [15]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android is an open-source operating system, and Google releases its code under the Apache License. [11]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Open source code and licensing licenses on Android allow the software to be freely modified and distributed by device makers, wireless carriers, and application developers.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In addition, Android has a large number of application developer communities (apps) that extend the functionality of the device, generally written in a customization version of the Java programming language. [16]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In October 2013, there were more than one million apps available for Android, and about 50 billion apps had been downloaded from Google Play, the main Android app store. [17] [18] A survey in April—May 2013 found that Android was the most popular platform for people developers, used by 71% of mobile app developers. [19]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

At Google I/O 2014, Google reported there were more than one billion monthly active users of Android, an increase from 583 million in June 2013. [20]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The above factors have contributed to the development of Android, making it the most widely used smartphone operating system in the world, [21] beating Symbian in 2010. [22]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android is also an option for tech companies who want a low-cost, customizable, lightweight operating system for high-tech devices without having to develop it from scratch. [23]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The open nature of Android has also prompted the emergence of a large number of app developer communities to use open source code as the basis for app creation projects, by adding new features for advanced users or operating Android on devices that was officially released using another operating system. [24]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

As of November 2013, Android controlled the share of the global smartphone market, led by Samsung products, with a percentage of 64% in March 2013. [25]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

As of July 2013, there are 11,868 different Android devices with various versions. [26]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The success of this operating system has also made it the target of patent ligitation “smartphone wars” among technology companies. [27] [28] Through May 2013, a total of 900 million Android devices have been activated worldwide, and 48 billion applications have been installed from Google Play. [ 29] [30] Android History, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, in October 2003 by Andy Rubin (founder of Danger), [31] Rich Miner (founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.), [32] Nick Sears [33] (former VP of T-Mobile), and Chris White (head of WebTV interface design and development) [12] for developing “smart mobile devices that are more aware of their user's location and preferences”. [12]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The original goal of Android development was to develop an advanced operating system intended for digital cameras, but later it was realized that the market for such devices was not large enough, and Android development was shifted for the smartphone market to rival Symbian and Windows Mobile (Apple's iPhone had not been released at the time). [34]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Although Android developers are experienced technology experts, Android Inc. operated secretly, it was only revealed that the developers were creating a software intended for mobile phones. [12]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Still that same year, Rubin ran out of money.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Steve Perlman, a close friend of Rubin, loaned him $10,000 in cash and rejected an offer of stock in the company. [35]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Google acquired Android Inc. on August 17, 2005, making it a wholly owned subsidiary of Google.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android Inc. founders such as Rubin, Miner and White remained employed at the company after it was acquired by Google. [12]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

After that, not much is known about the development of Android Inc., but many presumptions state that Google plans to enter the mobile phone market with this action. [12]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

At Google, a team led by Rubin began developing a mobile device platform using the Linux kernel.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Google markets the platform to mobile device manufacturers and wireless carriers, with the promise that they provide flexible, updatable systems.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Google has selected several software and hardware company partners, and signaled to mobile operators that this cooperation is open to anyone wishing to participate. [36] [37] [38] Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continues to grow until December 2006. [39]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The BBC and Wall Street Journal report that Google is working hard to include its apps and search engine on mobile devices.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Various print media and online media indicate that Google is developing mobile devices under the Google brand.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Some of them speculate that Google has determined its technical specifications, including mobile phone manufacturers and network operators.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In December 2007, InformationWeek reported that Google had filed several patent applications in the field of mobile telephony. [40] [41] On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance (OHA) was established.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

OHA is a consortium of tech companies such as Google, mobile device manufacturers such as HTC, Sony and Samsung, wireless carriers such as Sprint Nextel and T-Mobile, as well as chipset manufacturers such as Qualcomm and Texas Instruments.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

OHA itself aims to develop open standards for mobile devices. [13]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

At that time, Android was unveiled as its first product; a mobile device platform using the Linux kernel version 2.6. [13]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The first commercial mobile phone to use the Android operating system was the HTC Dream, which was launched on October 22, 2008. [42]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In 2010, Google released the Nexus series; smart phone and tablet devices with the Android operating system produced by mobile phone manufacturer partners such as HTC, LG, and Samsung.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

HTC is working with Google in releasing the first Nexus smartphone product, the Nexus One. [43]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

This series has been updated with newer devices, for example, the Nexus 4 smartphone and the Nexus 10 tablet produced by LG and Samsung. [44]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

On October 15, 2014, Google announced the Nexus 6 and Nexus 9 produced by Motorola and HTC. [45]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

On March 13, 2013, Larry Page announced in his blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to work on new projects at Google. [46]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

He was replaced by Sundar Pichai, who previously served as head of the Google Chrome division, which developed Chrome OS. [44]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Since 2008, Android has gradually made a number of updates to improve the performance of the operating system, add new features, and fix bugs contained in previous versions.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Each major version released was named alphabetically based on the names of desserts or sugared snacks; for example, version 1.5 was named Cupcake, which was later followed by version 1.6 Donut.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The latest version is 5.0 Lollipop, which was released on October 15, 2014. [47]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Features Interface User interface on Android is based on direct manipulation, [48] using touch input similar to actions in the real world, such as swiping (swiping), tapping, and pinching, to manipulate objects on the screen. [48]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

User input is responded quickly and there is also a touch interface like a water surface, often using the vibration capabilities of the device to provide haptic feedback to the user.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Internal hardware such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to user actions, for example to adjust screen position from portrait to landscape, depending on how the device is positioned, or allow the user to steer the vehicle while playing races by rotating the device as a steering wheel control simulation. [49]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

When turned on, the Android device will load on the front screen (homescreen), namely the main navigation and information center on the device, similar to the desktop on a personal computer.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android's front screen usually consists of app icons and widgets; app icons serve to run related apps, while widgets display live and auto-update content, such as weather forecasts, user email inboxes, or show news tikers directly from the front screen. [50]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The front screen can consist of several pages, users can swipe back and forth between one page to another, allowing Android users to set the appearance of the device according to their tastes.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Some third-party apps available on Google Play and in other app stores are extensively capable of reorganizing Android's front-screen theme, and can even mimic the look of other operating systems, for example Windows Phone. [51]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Most mobile phone manufacturers and wireless carriers customize the appearance of their homemade Android devices to differentiate them from their competitors. [52]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

At the top of the screen is a status bar, which displays information about the device and its connectivity.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

This status bar can be “pulled” down to open a notification screen showing important information or app updates, such as emails received or incoming SMS, by not interfering with user activities on the device. [53]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In early versions of Android, this notification screen could be used to open relevant apps, but once updated, this function is further enhanced, for example, the ability to call back phone numbers from missed call notifications without having to open the main app. [54]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

This notification will remain until the user sees it, or it is deleted and disabled by the user.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android apps allow users to install third-party apps, either obtained from app stores such as Google Play, Amazon Appstore, or by downloading and installing APK files from third-party sites. [55]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

On Google Play, users can browse, download, and update apps published by Google and third-party developers, in accordance with Google compatibility requirements. [56]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Google Play will filter the list of available apps based on their compatibility with users' devices, and developers can limit their created apps to specific carriers or countries for business reasons. [57]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

App purchases that do not match the user's liking can be returned within 15 minutes of download. [58]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Some mobile operators also offer direct billing for app purchases on Google Play by adding app purchase prices to users' monthly bills. [59]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In September 2012, there were more than 675,000 apps available for Android, and the estimated number of apps downloaded from the Play Store was 25 billion. [60]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android applications are developed in the Java programming language using the Android software development kit (SDK).


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

This SDK consists of a set of development tools, [61] including a debugger, a software library, a handset emulator based on QEMU, documentation, sample code, and tutorials.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Officially supported by the Eclipse integrated development environment (IDE), which uses the Android Development Tools (ADT) plugin.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Other development tools available include the Native Development Kit for applications or extensions in C or C++, Google App Inventor, visual environments for novice programmers, and various cross-platform mobile web application frameworks.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In order to deal with Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China, Android devices sold on RRT are generally adapted to country-approved services. [62]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Memory management Because Android devices are generally battery-powered, Android is designed to manage memory (RAM) to maintain minimal power consumption, in contrast to desktop operating systems that can connect to unlimited power sources.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

When an Android app is no longer in use, the system will automatically suspend it (suspend) in memory—technically it is still “open”, but by being suspended, it will not consume resources (e.g. battery power or processing power), and will” silent” in the background until the app is reused.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

This method has the dual benefit of not only improving the response of Android devices because apps don't need to be closed and reopened from scratch at any time, but also ensuring that apps running in the background don't spend power in vain. [63]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android manages apps stored in memory automatically: when memory is weak, the system will disable inactive applications and processes for a while, applications will be disabled in reverse order, starting from the last one used.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

This process is invisible to the user, so the user does not need to manually manage memory or disable the application. [64]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

However, user confusion over memory management on Android has led to the emergence of several popular third-party task killer apps on Google Play. [65]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Hardware requirements Until November 2013, the latest version of Android required at least 512MB of RAM, [66] 32-bit ARMv7 processors, MIPS architecture, or x86, [5] as well as OpenGL ES 2.0 compatible graphics processing units (GPUs). [67]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The main hardware platform on Android is the ARM architecture.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

There is also support for x86 from the Android-x86 project, [5] and Google TV using a special x86 version of Android.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In 2013, Freescale announced involving Android in its artificial i.MX processors, namely the i.MX5x and i.MX6x series. [68]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In 2012, Intel processors also began to appear on the main Android platforms, for example, on mobile phones. [69]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Some hardware components are not required, but they are already standard in certain devices.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Some features were initially needed as requirements, but were later dispensed with.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

After Android became a smartphone OS, some hardware, such as microphones, gradually turned into optional devices.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In addition, the camera is designated as a mandatory device for Android phones. [70]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android devices incorporate a variety of optional hardware components, including video cameras, GPS, hardware orientation sensors, game controls, accelerometers, gyroscopes, barometers, magnetometers, proximity sensors, pressure sensors, thermometers, and touchscreens.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0, and 3.0.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Some applications explicitly require certain versions of OpenGL ES, so suitable GPU hardware is required for Android devices to run certain applications. [67]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android development was developed privately by Google until the latest changes and updates were ready for release, and information regarding the source code also began to be disclosed to the public. [71]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

This source code will only run without modification on certain devices, usually on the Nexus series. [72]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

There are separate binaries provided by the manufacturer for Android to operate. [73]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The green Android logo was originally designed for Google in 2007 by graphic designer Irina Blok. [74] [75] [76] The design team was tasked with a project to create an easily recognizable universal icon by including specific robot icons in the final design.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

After a number of design developments based on themes of science fiction and space films, the team finally drew inspiration from the human symbol contained on the toilet door, and modified its shape into a robotic shape.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Since Android is open-source software, it was agreed that the logo should also be open, and since its release, the green logo has been redesigned again in countless variations. [77]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Google's update schedule provides key updates for the Android version, with a timeframe every six to nine months.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Most devices are capable of receiving updates over the air (OTA). [78]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The latest major update is Android 6.0 Marshmallow. [79]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Compared to the mobile operating system of its main rival, iOS, Android updates are usually slower to receive by its users' devices.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

For devices other than the Nexus brand, usually new updates can be received within months of the release of the official version. [80]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

This is due to the large variety of Android hardware, so each update must be customized specifically, for example: Google's official source code runs only on Nexus devices.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Porting Android on certain hardware done by mobile phone manufacturers takes time and process, these manufacturers generally give priority to their latest devices to receive updates, and streamline older devices. [80]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Therefore, old smartphones are often not updated if the manufacturer decides that it is just time-consuming, although in fact the device is capable of receiving updates.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

This problem is compounded when manufacturers adapt Android to the interface and applications of their creation, which this must be reapplied for each recent release.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Other delays could also be caused by wireless carriers; after receiving updates from mobile phone manufacturers, carriers would adapt them to their needs, for example conducting extensive testing of the network before sending updates to users. [80]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The lack of post-sales support from mobile phone manufacturers and carriers has raised criticism from consumers and technology media. [81] [82] Some critics state that the industry has financial motives not to update their devices, such as the absence of updates for old devices and updating new devices with the aim of increasing sales, [83] an attitude they call “insulting”. [82]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The Guardian reported that the complicated update method occurred because it was the manufacturer of the phone and its operator who had designed it that way. [82]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In 2011, Google, working with a number of industrial companies, formed the “Android Update Alliance”, with the promise that they would provide updates in a timely manner for each device within 18 months after the release of the official version. [84]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Since its founding until 2013, the organization has never been touted again. [80]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Google then began updating its apps, including Google Maps and Google Play Music, as independent apps separate from Android, and also introduced system-level components that provide APIs for Google apps, which are auto-installed and updated directly by Google through Google Play, as well as supports almost all Android devices with versions above 2.2. [85]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Linux kernel Until November 2013, Android used a kernel based on Linux kernel version 3.x (version 2.6 on Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich and its predecessors).


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The middle devices, software libraries, and APIs are written in C, and the application software runs on application frameworks, including the Java-compatible library based on Apache Harmony.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android uses Dalvik virtual machines with timely compilation to run Dalvik's' dex-code '(Dalvik Executable), usually translated from Java bytecode. [86]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The architecture of the Linux kernel on Android has been changed by Google, in contrast to the development cycle of the usual Linux kernel. [87]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

By default, Android does not have the original X Window System or the full set support of standard GNU libraries.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Therefore, it is difficult to port Linux libraries or applications on Android. [88]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Support for simple C and SDL applications can be done by injecting Java shim and using JNI, [89] for example on the Jagged Alliance 2 port for Android. [90]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

One feature that Google tried to contribute for the Linux kernel was a power management feature called “wakelocks”, but this feature was rejected by major kernel developers because they felt that Google had not shown its intention to develop its own code. [91] [92] [93] April 2010, Google announced that it would hire two employees to develop the Linux kernel community, [94] however, Greg Kroah-Hartman, maintainer of the stable version of Linux kernel, stated in December 2010; he was concerned that Google was no longer trying to change the main Linux code. [92]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Some Android developers at Google hint that “the Android team is already getting saturated with this process”, because they are just a small team and are forced to do urgent work for the sustainability of Android. [95]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In August 2011, Linus Torvalds stated: “eventually Android and Linux will return on the common kernel, but probably for the next four or five years”. [96]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In December 2011, Greg Kroah-Hartman announced the start of the Android Mainlining Project, which aims to restore some of Android's drives, patches, and features on the Linux kernel, beginning with Linux 3.3. [97]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

After previous attempts failed, Linux eventually included wakelocks and autosleep features on the 3.5 kernel.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The interface is still the same, but the new Linux implementation has two different suspend modes: suspension to storage (traditional suspension used by Android), and suspension to discs (hibernation, similar to features present on desktops). [98]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Inclusion of this new feature will be completed in Kernel 3.8, Google has opened a public code repository containing their experimental work to redesign Android with Kernel 3.8. [99]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Flash storage on Android devices is divided into partitions, such as “/system” for the operating system, and “/data” for installation of applications and user data. [100]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Unlike the Linux desktop distribution, Android device owners are not granted root access on the operating system, and sensitive partitions such as /system are read-only.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

However, root access can be obtained by exploiting security flaws on Android, this way is often used by open source communities to improve the performance of their devices, [101] but can also be utilized by irresponsible parties to spread viruses and destructive device. [102]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Related to the issue of whether Android can be classed into Linux distributions is still widely debated. [103]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The Linux Foundation and Chris DiBona, [104] Google's head of open sources, support this.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Whereas others, such as Google technician Patrick Brady, opposed it, he reasoned that Android was less supportive of most GNU tools, including glibc. [105]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The Android open source community has an active community of developers and enthusiasts who use Android source code to develop and distribute modified versions of their homemade Android. [106]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

These developer communities often provide updates and new features for devices faster when compared to manufacturers/operators, even though they do not undergo extensive testing or lack quality assurance. [24]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

They strive to continue providing support for older devices that no longer receive official updates, or modify Android devices to run using other operating systems, such as the HP TouchPad.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

These communities often release updates for pre-rooted devices, and contain modifications that are not suitable for non-technical users, for example the ability to overclock or over/undervolt the device processor. [107]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

CyanogenMod is the community's most widely used firmware, and is the basis for a number of other firmware. [108]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Historically, device manufacturers and mobile operators have typically not supported firmware development by third parties.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Manufacturers are concerned that there will appear unsuitable functions if the device uses unofficial software, so it will lead to the appearance of additional costs. [109]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In addition, modified firmware such as CyanogenMod sometimes offer features that make operators have to incur premium costs, for example tethering.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

As a result, technical constraints such as lockdown (bootloader) and limited root access can generally be encountered on most Android devices.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

However, software made by the developer community grew in popularity, and after the United States Congress of Librarians allowed the “jailbreaking” of mobile devices, [110] mobile phone manufacturers and carriers began to soften their attitude towards third-party developers.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Several mobile phone manufacturers, including HTC, [109] Motorola, [111] Samsung [112] [113] and Sony, [114] began to provide support and encourage third-party software development.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

As a result, the hardware restriction constraints for installing unofficial hardy devices began to gradually diminish after an increasing number of devices that have the ability to unlock the bootloader, the same as the Nexus series of phones, although users had to lose the warranty of the device they if do. [109]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

However, even though mobile phone manufacturers have approved third-party software development, some mobile operators in the United States still require their users' phones to be “locked”. [115]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The ability to unlock and hack systems on smartphones and tablets continues to be a source of debate among developer communities and industry; the community reasoned that unofficial development was undertaken because the industry failed to provide timely updates for users, or to stay continue the latest version support for their older devices. [115]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Security and privacy Android apps run in a sandbox, an isolated area that has no access on the system, except for access permissions explicitly granted by the user when installing the app.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Before installing the application, the Play Store will display all the necessary permissions, for example: a game needs to activate vibration or save data on the SD Card, but it does not need permission to read SMS or access the phone book.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

After reviewing these permissions, users can choose to accept or reject them, and can install the app only if they receive them. [116]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Sandbox and permissions systems on Android can reduce the impact of bug vulnerabilities on apps, but developer ignorance and limited documentation have resulted in apps routinely requesting unnecessary permissions, reducing their effectiveness. [117]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Several software security companies such as Avast, Lookout Mobile Security, [118] AVG Technologies, [119] and McAfee, [120] have released their created antivirus software for Android devices.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The software actually does not work effectively because the sandbox also works on those applications, thus limiting its ability to scan the system in greater depth. [121]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The results of research by security firm Trend Micro show that premium service abuse is the most common type of malware that attacks Android; text messages will be sent from an infected phone to a premium phone number without consent or knowledge users. [122]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Other vandals will display unwanted ads on the device, or send personal information to unauthorized third parties. [122]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Security threats on Android are reported to be growing gradually, but technicians at Google state that malware and virus threats on Android are simply exaggerated by antivirus companies for commercial reasons, [123] [124] and accuse the antivirus industry of taking advantage of the situation to sell its products to users. [123]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Google confirms that the presence of malicious destructive devices on Android is actually very rare, [124] and a survey conducted by F-Secure shows that only 0.5% of Android destroyers come from Google Play. [125]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Google recently used its Google Bouncer destructive scanner to keep tabs on and scan apps on Google Play. [126]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

It aims to flag suspicious apps and warn users of potential problems with apps before they download them. [127]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android version 4.2 Jelly Bean was released in 2012 with enhanced security features, including a vandal scanner included in the system; this scanner not only checks for apps installed from Google Play, but can also scan apps downloaded from sites third party.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The system will provide alerts notifying users when apps try to send premium text messages, and block those messages, unless the user allows them. [128]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android smartphones have the ability to report the location of Wi-Fi access points, especially if the user is on the move, to create databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of such access points.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

This database forms an electronic map that can position the location of the smartphone.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

It allows users to run apps such as Foursquare, Google Latitude, Facebook Places, and to deliver location-based ads. [129]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Some third-party monitoring software can also detect when personal information is sent from an app to a remote server. [130] [131] Android's open-source nature allows security companies to customize devices with highly secure uses.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

For example, Samsung is working with General Dynamics through the “Knox” Open Kernel Labs project. [132] [133] In September 2013, it was revealed that the intelligence agencies of the United States and Britain; the NSA and the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), have access to user data on devices iPhone, Blackberry, and Android.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

They can read almost the entire information on the smartphone, including SMS, location, email, and notes. [134]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Source code license for Android is available under open source and free software licenses.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Google publishes most of the code (including network and telephone codes) under the Apache License version 2.0. [135] [136] [137] The rest, Linux kernel changes are under the GNU General Public License version 2.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Open Handset Alliance develops changes to the Linux kernel with open source code that is purified all the time.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

For the rest, Android is privately developed by Google, with the source code published to the public when the new version is launched.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Usually Google works with hardware manufacturers to develop a “flagship” device (e.g. the Google Nexus series) accompanied by a new version of Android, then publishes its source code after the device is released. [138]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In early 2011, Google chose to temporarily withhold the Android source code for tablets released with version 3.0 Honeycomb.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

According to Andy Rubin in an official Android blog post, the reason is because Honeycomb was released to run on the Motorola Xoom product, [139] and Google did not want third parties to “worsen the user experience” by trying to operate a version of Android intended for tablets on phones smart. [140]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The source code was finally published in November 2011 with the release of Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich. [141]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

While it is open-ended, device manufacturers cannot use Google's Android trademark, unless Google certifies that it complies with their Compatibility Definition Document (CDD).


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Devices must also meet the licensing requirements of Google's closed-source applications, including Google Play. [142]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation have criticized the intricacy of the Android brand, and recommend alternative operating systems such as Replicant. [143] [144] They argue that hardware drives and hardy devices are necessary to operate Android is exclusive, and Google Play also offers paid software.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Reception JMPL|left|Eric Schmidt, Andy Rubin, and Hugo Barra at the Google Nexus 7 tablet launch press conference.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android was warmly welcomed when it was unveiled in 2007.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

While analysts are impressed by the renowned technology company partnering with Google to form the Open Handset Alliance, it is still doubtful whether mobile phone manufacturers will be willing to replace their operating systems with Android. [145]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The idea of an open source and Linux-based development platform has attracted the interest of technology experts, [146] but there have also arisen concerns regarding the intense competition Android will face with established players in the smartphone market such as Nokia and Microsoft. [147]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Nokia responded to it by stating: “we don't see this as a threat," [148] while one member of Microsoft's Windows Mobile team stated: “I don't understand, what impact they will produce. “[148]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android quickly grew to become the most widely used smartphone operating system, [23] and became “one of the fastest mobile operating systems ever. “[149]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Reviewers hailed Android's open-source nature as one of the defining strengths of its success, allowing companies such as Amazon (Kindle Fire), Barnes & Noble (Nook), Ouya, Baidu, and others, to flock to release software and hardware which can operate on the Android version.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

As a result, tech site Ars Technica called Android a “standard operating system for launching new hardware” for companies without having to have its own mobile platform. [23]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The open and flexible nature of Android is also enjoyed by users: Android allows its users to customize its devices extensively, and apps are also freely available in non-Google app stores and on third-party websites.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

This factors into one of the advantages that Android phones have when compared to other phones. [23] [150] Although Android is very popular, with device activation rates three times higher than iOS, there are reports stating that Google has not been able to take advantage of their products to the maximum, and web services ultimately turn Android into a money-earner, as analysts had previously predicted. [151]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The Verge argues that Google has lost control of Android because of the breadth of customization that developers and users can do, also because of the high proliferation of non-Google apps and services—for example Amazon Kindle Fire directs users to visit Amazon apps store, which competes directly with Google Play.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Google's SVP, Andy Rubin, whose position as head of the Android division was replaced in March 2013, was blamed for failing in building healthy partnerships with mobile phone manufacturers.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The main leader of Android products in the global market is Samsung; one of its products, Galaxy, has been instrumental in the introduction of the Android brand since 2011. [152] [153] Whereas other Android phone manufacturers such as LG, HTC, and Google-owned Motorola Mobility, have fought hard for marketing its products since 2011.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Ironically, at a time when Google didn't get anything from the proceeds from selling Android products directly, Microsoft and Apple instead managed to win a lawsuit over patent royalty payments from Android device manufacturers. [152]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android is also said to be very “fragmented”, [154] that is a condition when various Android devices, both in terms of hardware variations and differences in running software, are tasked with developing applications to run consistently, more complicated by comparison with iOS, whose applications vary less. [155]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

For example, according to OpenSignal data in July 2013, there are 11,868 models of Android devices with various screen sizes and Android versions, while most iOS users use iPhone devices with the latest version. [155] [156] Tablets Despite the success in smartphones, the adoption of Android for tablet computers initially runs slow. [157]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

One of the main causes is the presence of a situation known as “chicken or egg”, that is, the conditions when consumers are hesitant to buy an Android tablet due to the lack of high-quality tablet applications, while on the other hand, the developers are also hesitant to spend time and their resources to develop tablet applications until the availability of a significant market for those products. [158] [159] The content and “ecosystem” of applications proved to be more important when compared to hardware specifications after the commencement of tablet sales.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Due to the lack of applications for tablets in 2011, Android tablets were initially forced to install apps reserved for smartphones, so the screen size did not match the large screen of the tablet.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In addition, the sluggish growth of Android tablets is also due to the dominance of Apple's iPad which has many iOS apps compatible with tablets. [159] [160] The growth of Android tablet apps has slowly begun to increase, however, at the same time, a large number of tablets are using other operating systems such as the HP TouchPad and BlackBerry PlayBook were also released to the market to capitalize on the success of the iPad. [159]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

InfoWorld dubbed this business with the designation “Frankenphone business”; a short-term low-investment opportunity that imposes the use of an optimized Android smartphone OS (before Android 3.0 Honeycomb for tablets was released) on devices by ignoring the user interface.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

This approach failed to grab market traction with consumers and worsen the reputation of Android tablets. [161] [162] What's more, some Android tablets like the Motorola Xoom are priced at the same price, or more expensive than the iPad, which further worsens sales.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

An exception is in Amazon's Kindle Fire, which is sold at a cheaper price and the ability to access content and the “ecosystem” of Amazon apps. [159] [163] This began to change in 2012 with the release of the Nexus 7, and the encouragement from Google to developers to create Better tablet apps. [164]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android tablet market share finally succeeded in overtaking the iPad in mid-2012. [165]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Market share Research firm Canalys estimates that in the second quarter of 2009, Android had a 2.8% share of smartphone sales worldwide. [166]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In the fourth quarter of 2010, this number jumped to 33%, becoming the world's best-selling smartphone platform. [21]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Through the third quarter of 2011, Gartner estimates more than half (52.5%) of the global smartphone market is controlled by Android. [167]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

According to IDC, in the third quarter of 2012, Android controlled 75% of the global smartphone market share. [168]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In July 2011, Google revealed that there were 550,000 new Android devices activated each day, [169] increasing from 400,000 per day in May, [170] and in total, more than 100 million Android devices have been activated worldwide, [171] with a growth of 4.4% per week. [169]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

By September 2012, 500 million Android devices had been activated, with 1.3 million activations per day. [172] [173] In May 2013, at Google I/O, Sundar Pichai announced that the total of Android devices that had been activated amounted to 900 million. [174]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android's market share varies by location.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In July 2012, Android's market share in the United States was 52%, [175] and increased up to 90% in RRT. [176]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

During the third quarter of 2012, the worldwide share of the Android smartphone market was 75%, [168] with total enabled devices totaling 750 million and 1.5 million activations per day. [173]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In March 2013, Android's share in the global smartphone market was led by Samsung products, which was 64%.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Market research firm Kantar reports that Google's besutan platform accounted for more than 70% of all smartphone device sales in RRT during this period.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Still in the same period, the level of loyalty to the use of Samsung products in the UK (59%) was the second highest after Apple (79%). [25]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Until November 2013, Android's market share was rumored to have reached 80%.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Of the 261.1 million smartphones sold in August, September, and October 2013, about 211 million of them were Android devices. [177]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Platform usage The table below shows data on the percentage of the number of Android devices accessing Google Play recently, and running a specific version of the Android platform until September 9, 2014.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android 4.1/4.2/4.3 Jelly Bean is the most widely used version of Android, which is approximately 53.7% of all Android devices worldwide. [178]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

App hijacking There are some concerns regarding the ease of Android paid apps to be hijacked. [181]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In May 2012, Eurogamer, the developer of Football Manager, stated that the ratio of pirated players vs. original players was 9:1 on their home-made games. [182]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

However, not all developers take issue with this piracy rate; in July 2012, the developers of the game Wind-up Knight revealed that the piracy rate on their games is only 12%, and most of it comes from China, a country whose Android users cannot buy apps from Google Play. [183]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In 2010, Google released a tool that serves to validate official purchases for use in applications, but developers complain that it is not efficient enough.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Google countered that the tool was intended as a sample framework for developers to modify and develop it according to their needs, not as a solution to end piracy. [184]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In 2012, Google released a feature in Android 4.1 that encircled paid apps so that they could only run on the device from which they were purchased, but this feature was temporarily disabled due to technical issues. [185]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Legal issues Both Android and Android phone manufacturers have been involved in various patent law cases.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

On August 12, 2010, Oracle sued Google over allegations of copyright and patent infringement dealing with the Java programming language. [186]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Oracle initially demanded $6.1 billion in damages, [187] but this lawsuit was rejected by a United States federal court, which asked Oracle to revise its lawsuit. [188]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In response, Google filed several defenses, claiming that Android did not infringe Oracle's patents or copyrights, that Oracle's patents were invalid, and several other defenses.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Oracle states that Android is based on Apache Harmony, a clean room implementation of Java class libraries, and independently developed a virtual machine called Dalvik. [189]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In May 2012, the jury in the case found that Google had not infringed Oracle's patents, and the judge ruled that the Java API structure used by Google was not copyrighted. [190] [191] In addition to charges directly against Google, various “proxy wars” were also waged against Android indirectly by targeting Android device manufacturers, with the aim of minimizing the chances of such manufacturers adopting the Android platform and increasing the cost of launching Android products to the market. [192]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Apple and Microsoft sued several Android device manufacturers over patent infringement issues; Apple's prolonged lawsuit against Samsung became a highly publicized case.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In October 2011, Microsoft revealed that it had entered into patent licensing agreements with ten mobile phone manufacturers whose products controlled 55% of the global market of Android devices, [193] including Samsung and HTC. [194]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The patent infringement case between Samsung and Microsoft ended with an agreement that Samsung would allocate more resources to develop and market phones with Microsoft's Windows Phone operating system. [192]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Google has publicly expressed its frustration in facing a patent infringement lawsuit in the United States, alleging that Apple, Oracle, and Microsoft are working to undermine Android's digitality through patent litigation, instead of innovating and competing with how to create products and better service. [195]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In 2011-2012, Google bought Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The effort is seen as a move in Google's defense to protect Android, as Motorola Mobility holds more than 17,000 patents. [196]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

As of December 2011, Google also purchased more than a thousand patents from IBM. [197]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In 2013, Fairsearch, an organization supported by Microsoft, Oracle, and others, filed a complaint against Android with the European Commission, stating that the free distribution of Android devices was a form of anti-competitive price competition.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The Free Software Foundation Europe, which Google donates, denied Fairsearch's allegations. [198]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Use on other devices JMPL|150px|ka|Sony SmartWatch: an example of an Android companion device.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

The open and customizable nature of Android causes the operating system to also be used on other electronic devices, including laptops and netbooks, smartbooks, [199] Smart TVs (Google TV), and cameras (Nikon Coolpix S800c and Galaxy Camera). [200] [201] In addition, the Android operating system is also developed its applications on smart glasses (Google Glass), watches, [202] ear burgers, [203] car CDs and DVD players, [204] mirrors, [205] portable media players, [206] fixed networks, [207] and VoIP phones. [208]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Ouya, a video game console using the Android operating system, became one of Kickstarter's most successful products, funded by $8.5 million for its development, which was followed by other Android-based video game consoles such as Project Shield by Nvidia. [ 209] [210] In 2011, Google introduced “Android @Home “, a new automated technology that utilizes Android to control several household tools such as light contacts, power sockets, and thermostats. [211]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Controlling the lights is said to be controllable from an Android phone or tablet.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Android principal Andy Rubin asserted that “turning the lights on and off is nothing new, Google is thinking more ambitiously and the goal is to use its position as a cloud service provider to bring Google products into customers' homes. “[212]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

In August 2011, Parrot launched a car stereo system with the Android platform, known as Asteroid and equipped with voice commands. [213] [214] In September 2013, Clarion released a car stereo system with the more advanced Android platform, known as AX1 and Mirage, uses Android 2.3.7 and 2.2 (Gingerbread) and comes with GPS-based navigation, a 6.5-inch display, and various options for wireless data access. [215] [216] Various other devices, although not using Android, are also designed with an interface that serves as a companion or complementary to Android devices, such as Sony's SmartWatch or Samsung's Galaxy Gear. [210]


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

See also Android version history Android Rooting Android software development List of Bada Android OS-related articles Reference Notes Outlink Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

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Question: when does Open Government Indonesia start?

Android (operating system)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. on YouTube Category:Acquisition Google Category:Cloud Client Category:Linux Category:Google Software Category:Software of the Year 2008 Category:ARM Operating System Category:Mobile Phone


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Madani society (in English: civil society) can be interpreted as a civilized society in building, living, and transforming its life. [1]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

The word madani itself comes from Arabic which means civil or civilized (civilized). [1]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

The term madani society is a translation of civil or civilized society, which means civilized society. [1]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

For the first time the term Madani Society was raised by Anwar Ibrahim, former deputy prime minister of Malaysia. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

According to Anwar Ibrahim, Madani society is a fertile social system based on moral principles that ensure a balance between individual freedom and the stability of society. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Initiatives from individuals and communities will be in the form of thought, art, implementation of government based on laws and not individual passions or desires. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Dawam Rahardjo defines society as the process of creation of civilization that refers to shared policy values. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Dawam explained, the main basis of society is unity and social integration based on a life guideline, avoiding conflict and enmity that cause divisions and living in a fraternity. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Madani society in principle has multimeaning, namely a democratic society, upholding ethics and morality, transparent, tolerance, potentially, aspirative, motivated, participating, consistent, able to coordinate, simple, synchronous, integral, acknowledge, emancipation, and human rights, but the most dominant is a democratic society. [3]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Madani society is a social institution that will protect citizens from excessive embodiment of state power. [4]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Even the society is the main pole of democratic political life. [4]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Because the society does not only protect citizens in dealing with the state, but also formulate and voice the aspirations of the community. [4]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Historical Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322) who viewed civil society as a system of statehood or identical to the state itself. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

This view represents the first phase of the history of civil society discourse. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

At the time of Aristotle civil society was understood as a system of statehood using the term ''koinonia politike”, a political community where citizens could be directly involved in various economic-political and decision-making beliefs. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

The formulation of the civil society was further developed by Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679 AD) and John Locke (1632-1704), who viewed it as a continuation of the evolution of natural society. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

According to Hobbes, as a state antitesa civil society has a role to dampen conflict in society so that he must have absolute power, so that he is able to control and closely supervise the patterns of interaction (political behavior) of every citizen. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

In contrast to John Locke, the presence of the civil society is to protect the freedom and property rights of every citizen. [2] == The second phase, in 1767 Adam Ferguson developed a civil society discourse with a social and political context in Scotland. [2] [5] Ferguson, emphasized an ethical vision on civil society in social life. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

This understanding was born not separated from the effects of the industrial revolution and capitalism that gave birth to striking social inequality. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

The third phase, in 1792 Thomas Paine began to interpret the discourse of the civil society as something opposite to the State institution, even he was considered the antitesa of the State. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

According to this view, the State is nothing but a mere bad inevitability. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

The concept of an absah State, according to this madhab, is the embodiment of the delegation of power granted by society for the creation of common welfare. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

The more perfect a civil society, the greater its chances of organizing the lives of its own citizens. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

The fourth phase, civil society discourse was further developed by Hegel (1770-1837 AD), Karl Marx (1818-1883 AD) and Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937 AD). [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

In the third view civil society is an ideological element of the dominant class. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

The fifth phase, civil society discourse in reaction to the Hegelian madhab developed by Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859 AD). [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Tocqueville's thoughts on civil society as a counterbalance group to the power of the State. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

According to Tocqueville, political power and civil society are the main forces that make American democracy have a strong endurance. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

The figure who first initiated the term civil society was Adam Ferguson in his book “An Essay on the History of Civil Society” published in 1773 in Scotland. [6] [5] Ferguson emphasized the society of society on the ethical vision of life community. [6]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

This understanding is used to anticipate social changes resulting from the industrial revolution and the emergence of capitalism, as well as striking differences between individuals. [6]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

The concept of Madani Society of Madani Society is a concept that has a face. [1]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Has many meanings or often interpreted with different meanings. [1]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

When referring to the sense in English, it comes from the word civil society or civil society, a counterposition of military society. [1]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

The term madani society besides refers to the concept of civil society, also based on the concept of the city state of Medina built by Prophet Muhammad SAW in 622 A.D. [6] Madani society also refers to the concept of tamadhun (savagery society) introduced by Ibn Khaldun, and the concept of Al Medina al Fadhilah (Medina as the Main State) revealed by the philosopher Al-Farabi in medieval times. [6]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

According to Dr. Ahmad Hatta, a researcher at the Institute for Development of Pesantren and Islamic Studies, Al Haramain, the Madinah Charter is an important document that proves how very powerful the community built at that time, in addition to also provide an affirmation of the clarity of the law and the constitution of a community. [6]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

In fact, by driving Hamidullah's opinion (First Written Constitutions in the World, Lahore, 1958), this Madinah Charter is the first written constitution in human history. [6]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

This constitution has astonishingly governed what people now complain about civil rights, or better known as human rights, long before the American Declaration of Independence (1997), the French Revolution (1789), and the Declaration of Independence The United Nations Universal on Human Rights (1948) was summoned. [6]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Meanwhile, the concept of madani society or in the Western khazanah known as civil society, emerged during the enlightenment (Renaissance) in Europe through the thought of John Locke and Emmanuel Kant. [6]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

As a concept, civil society originates from the long historical process of Western society which is usually conceived by the conception of state (state). [6]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

In the European tradition of the 18th century, this sense of civil society is considered the same as the state, which is a group or unity that wants to dominate another group. [6] ==Elements of Madani Society== Madani society does not appear on its own. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

He emphasized the social elements that became the infrastructure of the community order of society. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Some of the main elements owned by the community community are: [2] The existence of a wide public area Free Public Sphere is a free public space as a means to bring forward the opinions of the citizens of the community. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

In this area of public space all citizens have the same position and right to conduct social and political transactions without fear and are threatened by forces outside the civil society. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Democracy Democracy is another absolute infrastructure for the existence of pure civil society (genuine). [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Without democracy civil society is unlikely to materialize. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Democracy will not run stable when it does not receive real support from the public. [5]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

In general democracy is a socio-political order that is sourced and carried out by, from, and for citizens. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Tolerance Tolerance is an attitude of mutual respect and respect for dissent. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Pluralism Rejuvenation or pluralism is another infrastructure for civil society. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Pluralism is not only understood to the extent of the attitude of having to acknowledge and accept diverse social realities, but must be accompanied by a sincere attitude to accept the reality of difference as something natural and God's grace that is of positive value to people's lives. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Social justice is a proportional balance and distribution of the rights and obligations of every citizen covering all aspects of life: economy, politics, knowledge and opportunity. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

In another sense, social justice is the loss of monopoly and the centering of one aspect of life carried out by a certain group or group. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Characteristics of Madani Society Referring to Bahmuller (1997), there are several characteristics of Madani society, among others: [1] Integrated individuals — individuals and groups — exclusive groups into society through social contracts and social alliances. [1]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Spread power so that the interests that dominate in society can be reduced by alternative forces. [1]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

The translation of interests — individual and state interests because the membership of the organization — volunter organizations are able to provide input to government decisions. [1]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Expanding loyalty and trust so that individuals recognize their relationship with others and selflessness (individualist). [1]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

The liberation of society through the activities of social institutions with various perspectives. [1]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Madani Community Enforcement Pillar of Madani community enforcement pillars are institutions that become part of social control that serve to criticize discriminatory policies of rulers and able to fight for the aspirations of oppressed communities. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

The pillars include: [2] Non-Governmental Institutions are social institutions formed by self-help communities whose main task is to help and fight for the aspirations and interests of oppressed communities. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

NGOs in the context of the community community are tasked to empower the community on significant matters in everyday life, such as conducting training and socialization of community development programs. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

The Press Press is an institution that serves to critique and become part of social control that can analyze and publish various government policies related to its citizens. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

In addition, the press is also expected to present news objectively and transparently. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Supremacy of Law Every citizen, whether sitting in government or as a people shall submit to the rule or law. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

So that it can realize the rights and freedoms between citizens and among citizens with the government through peaceful means and in accordance with applicable laws. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Legal supremacy also provides guarantees and protections against all forms of oppression of individuals and groups that violate legal norms and all forms of human rights oppression. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Universitas Higher Education is a place for campus activists (lecturers and students) who become part of social forces and community communities that move through the moral path of porce to channel the aspirations of society and criticize various government policies. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

However, every movement made must be on the right track and position itself on real and true reality objective and voice the interests of society. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

As part of the pillar of community enforcement, the university has the main task of finding and creating alternative and constructive ideas to be able to answer the problems faced by society. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Political Parties are rides for citizens to be able to channel their political aspirations. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Political parties become a place of political expression of citizens so that political parties become prerequisites for the upholding of society. [2]


Question: What is Madani society?

Madanical society

Reference Category:Society Category:Social Category:Human Resources


Question: Who is the publisher of soap operas Bella Vista?

Husbands Fear Wife

Main Page Husband-husbanda Terri Wife is a fictional character appearing in Trans TV since October 15, 2007.


Question: Who is the publisher of soap operas Bella Vista?

Husbands Fear Wife

The series was cultivated by the production house Multivision Plus under the direction of director Sofyan De Surza.


Question: Who is the publisher of soap operas Bella Vista?

Husbands Fear Wife

Komsit is played by Otis Pamutih as Sarmili (Pak RT), Aty Fathiyah as Sarmila (Bu RT), Marissa as Sarmilila, Irfan Dent as Karyo, Putty Noor as Sheila, Sumaisy Djaitov Yanda as Tigor, Asri Pramawati as Welas, Ozzol Ramdan as Faisal, Melvy Noviza as Deswita, raised the phenomenon of husbands living in a residential area.


Question: Who is the publisher of soap operas Bella Vista?

Husbands Fear Wife

They all have something in common which is under the domination of their wives.


Question: Who is the publisher of soap operas Bella Vista?

Husbands Fear Wife

This feeling of “senasib sepenanggungan” grew stronger, so they formed an unofficial alliance for these husbands who feared wives.


Question: Who is the publisher of soap operas Bella Vista?

Husbands Fear Wife

They support each other and reproach, reinforce each other so that they no longer want to be oppressed, although often the counsel still fears the wife too.


Question: Who is the publisher of soap operas Bella Vista?

Husbands Fear Wife

The wives in the housing complex also form the same assemblage.


Question: Who is the publisher of soap operas Bella Vista?

Husbands Fear Wife

They give each other support so as not to lose control over their husbands.


Question: Who is the publisher of soap operas Bella Vista?

Husbands Fear Wife

The series has exceeded 600 episodes. [1]


Question: Who is the publisher of soap operas Bella Vista?

Husbands Fear Wife

After the success of television, this comsit will be filmed [2] and planned to be aired on the upcoming Eid. [1]


Question: Who is the publisher of soap operas Bella Vista?

Husbands Fear Wife

The longest episode of this soap opera as the longest soap opera Multivision Plus (October 15, 2007-January 29, 2010) where this soap opera without a season that connects that like the soap opera Cinta Fitri with a season break that ranked the highest rating.


Question: Who is the publisher of soap operas Bella Vista?

Husbands Fear Wife

The following soap operas with the longest episodes have passed this soap opera namely: Azizah (173 episodes) Love Flowers (2 seasons, 254 episodes) Sacred (2 seasons, 274 episodes) Ronaldowati (2 seasons, 203 episodes) Chelsea (200 episodes) Tasbih Love (101 episodes) Grandson Son-in-Law (107 episodes) Melati for Marvel (349 episodes) episodes) Kasih and Amara (239 episodes) Tarzan Cilik (140 episodes) Continued Love (249 episodes) Issabela Core (104 episodes) List of episodes Due to “Prety” A speck of Damaged Husband Sekomplek Confused Ngadepin Bini Galak Like Husband Misses Wife Cousin Quiet Drowning While Diving Flooded Like Tigor Halved Disaster Everywhere Your Wife Your Tiger Wife Refused Shaman Acting Let Slow Origin Shooting Many Ask More Perverted On The Road Like Looking For Compassion In A Haystack Menohok Husband Along Shears Residents In Liptan Set Wife Wife Duct Neighbor Reproached Scrambling Lila Empty No Smoke If There Is No Other Fire Other Wife Her Cooking Is Like Mr. RT in Ujung Horn See also husbands Afraid Wife The Movie List Multivision Plus soap operas Reference Category:Situation Comedy Category:Multivision Plus soap operas Category:Trans TV Category:Sinetron Transinema Pictures Category:Trans TV Television Shows Category:Sinetron Indonesia Category:Indonesian Television Series Category:Indonesian soap operas of 2007 Category:Indonesian Television Series of 2007 Category:Indonesian soap operas of 2008 Category:Television Series Indonesia year 2008 Category:Indonesian soap operas of 2009 Category:Indonesian television series of 2009 Category:Indonesian soap operas of 2010 Category:Indonesian television series in 2010


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

Statistics is the science that studies how to plan, collect, analyze, interpret, and present data.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

In short, statistics is a science with respect to data.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

The term 'statistics' (English: statistics) is different from 'statistics' (statistics).


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

Statistics is a science related to data, while statistics is data, information, or the result of applying statistical algorithms to a data.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

From data sets, statistics can be used to infer or describe data; these are called descriptive statistics.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

Most basic concepts of statistics assume probability theory.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

Some statistical terms include: population, sample, sample unit, and probability.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

Statistics is widely applied in various disciplines, both the natural sciences (e.g. astronomy and biology and the social sciences (including sociology and psychology), as well as in the fields of business, economics, and industry.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

Statistics are also used in government for a wide variety of purposes; population census is one of the best known procedures.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

Other statistical applications that are now popular are poll procedures or polls (e.g. conducted before the general election), as well as quick count (quick calculation of election results) or quick count.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

In the field of computing, statistics can also be applied in pattern recognition and artificial intelligence.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

History The use of statistical terms has its roots from the term term in modern Latin statisticum collegium (“council of state”) and Italian statista (“statesman” or “politician”).


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

Gottfried Achenwall (1749) used Statistics in German for the first time as a name for statehood data analysis activities, by interpreting it as “the science of the state (state)”.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

By the early 19th century there had been a shift in meaning to “science regarding data collection and classification”.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

Sir John Sinclair introduced the name (Statistics) and this sense into English.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

So, statistics in principle at first only takes care of the data used by administrative and government institutions.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

Data collection continues, particularly through regularly conducted censuses to provide information on a changing population at any time.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

In the 19th and early 20th centuries statistics began to widely use those areas in mathematics, especially opportunities.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

The branch of statistics that at this point is very widely used to support the scientific method, inference statistics, was developed in the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century by [Ronald Fisher] (basic plaster of inference statistics), Karl Pearson (linear regression method), and William Sealey Gosset ( researching the problem of a small-sized sample).


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

The use of statistics in the present can be said to have touched all areas of science, from astronomy to linguistics.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

The fields of economics, biology and its applied branches, as well as psychology are much influenced by statistics in its methodology.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

As a result, combined sciences such as econometrics, biometrics (or biostatistics), and psychometrics were born.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

Although there are parties who consider statistics as a branch of mathematics, but some others consider statistics as a field that many related to mathematics see from history and its applications.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

In Indonesia, statistics studies are mostly included in the faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, both within its own departments and incorporated with mathematics.


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

Some statistical contributor Carl Gauss Blaise Pascal Sir Francis Galton William Sealey Gosset (known by the designation “Student”) Karl Pearson Sir Ronald Fisher Gertrude Cox Charles Spearman Pafnuty Chebyshev Aleksandr Lyapunov Isaac Newton Abraham De Moivre Adolphe Quetelet Florence Nightingale John Tukey George Dantzig Thomas Bayes Basic concept There are various statistical techniques used in research especially in hypothesis testing. [1]


Question: when was probability theory invented?

Statistics

In applying statistics to science, industry, or social problems, first starts from studying the population.