Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy was then invaded by the Allies in July 1943, which impacted on the vault of the Fascist regime and the fall of Mussolini.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In September 1943, Italy surrendered.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The country was still a battleground for several subsequent battles, as the Allies moved forward from the south when the north was a base for Italian fascists, and the army of NAZI Germany, was also fought by the Italian resistance movement.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Hostilities ended on 2 May 1945.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Almost half also Italians (including civil society) were killed because of the conflict [46] and the Italian economy was melted; per capita income in 1944 was the lowest since the beginning of the 20th century. [47]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Italian Republic became a republic after the successful constitutional referendum [48] held on June 2, 1946, a day that would be celebrated as Republic Day.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

That day also became the first time Italian women were allowed to channel their vote. [49]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The son of Viktor Imanuel III, namely Umberto II, was forced to abdicate and was banished.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Constitution of the Republic was passed on January 1, 1948.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Under the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty, most of Venezia Giulia was detached to Yugoslavia's grasp, and thereafter, the Free Territory of Trieste was divided to both countries.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The vote-owners' fears in Italy of a possible takeover of power by the Communists proved crucial to the electoral outcome of the first universal suffrage on April 18, 1948, when the Christian Democrats, under the leadership of Alcide De Gasperi, achieved a runoff victory.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In the aftermath, in 1949 Italy became a member of NATO.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Marshall Plan helped restore the Italian economy, which until the late decade of the 1960s, enjoyed a period of sustained economic growth, commonly called the “Economic Miracle”.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In 1957, Italy was a founding member of the European Community (EEC), the forerunner of the European Union (EU) in 1993.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

From the late 1960s until the early 1980s, the country experienced the Hot Tin Period, a period characterized by economic crises (in particular after the 1973 oil crisis), widespread social conflict and terrorist massacres carried out by opposition extremist groups with the alleged existence of United States intelligence involvement. [50] [51] [52] The Hot Tin Period culminated in the assassination of the leader of the Christian Democrats, Aldo Moro, in 1978, and in the massacre at the Bologna railway station in 1980, in which 85 people were killed; these events greatly affected all of Italy.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In the decade of the 1980s, for the first time since 1945, two governments were led by prime ministers who were not from the Christian Democrats: the first a liberal (Giovanni Spadolini), and the second a socialist (Bettino Craxi); but the Christian Democrats were still the main party of the government.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

During Craxi's reign, the economy was reinstated, and Italy became the fifth largest industrialized nation in the world, able to enter the G7 group.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Nonetheless, as a result of his policies, Italy's national debt swelled in Craxi's time, surpassing 100% of GDP.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In the early 1990s decade, Italy faced significant challenges, when vote-owners — who were let down by political paralysis, massive public debt, and a widespread system of corruption (known as Tangentopoli), revealed by a 'Clean Hands' investigation — demanded reforms radicals.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The scandals involved all the major parties, in particular those in the government coalition: the Christian Democrats, in power for almost 50 years, went through several crises, and even in fact broke up, splintering into factions.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Communists rearranged its power as a Social Democracy force.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In the decades of the 1990s and 2000s, a coalition of right-of-centre (dominated by media magnate Silvio Berlusconi) and centre-left alternately ruled the country, which entered a prolonged period of economic unstuck.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The geography of Italy is located in Southern Europe and consists of the boot-shaped Italian Peninsula, and a number of islands including the two largest, Sicily and Sardinia.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy is located between 35°LU, and 47°LU, and 6°BT, and 19°BT.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The overall area of the country is 301,230km², 294,020km² of which is mainland, and the remaining 7,210km² are waters.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Including its islands, Italy has a total of coastline, and borders along 7,600km; namely in the Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea, Tirenia Sea (740km), and borders with France (488km), Austria (430km), Slovenia (232km), and Switzerland (740km); as well as San Marino (39km), and the Vatican (3,2km), both- secondly an enclave.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Apennini Mountains form the backbone of the peninsula, and the Alps form the border in the north, where Italy's highest point lies at Mont Blanc (4,810 m). [note 3] The Po River, the longest river in Italy (652km), flows from the Alps on the western border with France, and crosses the Po Valley to the Adriatic Sea.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The five largest lakes by size are: [53] Lake Garda (367.94km²), Lake Maggiore (212.51km², shared with Switzerland), Lake Como (145.9km²), Lake Trasimeno (124.29km²), and Lake Bolsena (113.55km²).


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The country is located at the meeting point of the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate, causing a large amount of earthquake and volcano activity.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

There are 14 volcanoes in Italy, four of which are still active: Mount Etna (the traditional site of Volcanus blacksmith mythology), Stromboli, Vulcano, and Vesuvius.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Vesuvius is the only volcano still active on the European Continent and the most famous of the disasters it produced, Pompeii and Herculaneum.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Several islands and hills have been formed due to usefulness activity and there is still a large active caldera, namely Campi Flegrei to the north-west of Naples.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Although the country encompasses the Italian Peninsula and most of the southern Alps basin, some Italian regions extend beyond the Alps basin and some islands lie beyond the exposure of the Eurasian continent.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The territories in question are communes: Livigno, Sesto, San Candido, Dobbiaco (partly), Chiusaforte, Tarvisio, Curon Venosta (partly), all of which are part of the Donau basin, while Val di Lei encompasses part of the Rhein basin, and the islands of Lampedusa, and Lampione are included in exposure to the African continent.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Environment After its rapid industrial growth, Italy has long been dealing with environmental problems.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

After several improvements, Italy now ranks 84th in the world for its ecological sustainability. [54]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

National parks cover roughly five percent of the country's territory. [55]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In the past decade, Italy has become one of the world's leading renewable energy producers, ranked the world's 4th largest in terms of installed solar energy capacity [56] [57], and the 6th largest owner of wind energy capacity in the world in 2010. [58]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Renewable energies now account for roughly 12% of final energy consumption, and total primary in Italy, with a future target spread of 17% for 2020. [59]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Despite this, air pollution is still a bad problem, particularly in the more industrialized northern regions, reaching the 10th world rank in terms of industrial carbon dioxide emissions in the 1990s decade. [60] Italy was the 12th largest producer of carbon dioxide. [61] [62] Density and traffic jams in the largest metropolitan areas continue to cause environmental damage and sticking health issues, although smog levels have been dramatically lowered since the decades of the 1970s and 1980s, and the presence of smog is becoming an increasingly rare phenomenon and sulfur dioxide level decreases. [63]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

There are many water bars, and beaches are also polluted by industrial activities, and agriculture, while due to rising sea levels, Venice has been regularly flooded in recent years.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Waste disposed of from industrial activities does not always meet legal standards, and has triggered permanent health impacts for residents in affected areas, such as in the case of the Seveso Disaster.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The country also operated several nuclear reactors in 1963 to 1990, but after the Chernobyl Disaster, and the referendum of 1987 the nuclear program was suspended, a decision overturned by the government in 2008, which planned the construction of up to four centres nuclear power plants, with French technology.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

This in turn was hit by a referendum following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. [64]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Deforestation, illegal building construction, and poor land management policies have led to significant erosion throughout Italy's mountainous regions, and triggered major ecological disasters such as the 1963 Vayon Reservoir flood, Sarno 1998 [65], and the Messina landslide year 2009.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Climate Climate in Italy is very variegated, it is influenced by the large, longitudinal shape of the peninsula, and most of it is mountainous.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In much of the northern, and central inland, the climate spans from wet subtropical to wet continental, and oceanic climate.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In particular, the climate in the geographical region of the Po Valley is continental, with harsh winters, and scorching summers. [66] [67] The coastal regions of Liguria, Toskana, and most of Southern Italy generally meet the stereotype of the mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa).


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Conditions in the coastal regions of the peninsula can be very different than high land, and valleys in the interior, especially in winter when the high land tends to be colder, damp, and often snowy.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Coastal areas have moderate winters, and generally warm, and dry summers, although the valleys on the low land can become quite scorching in the summer.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Average winter temperatures vary from 0°C in the Alps to 12°C in Sicily, while in summer temperatures vary from 20°C to 30°C or more. [68]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italian politics has been a unitary parliamentary republic since June 2, 1946, when the monarchy was abolished by a constitutional referendum.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The President of the Italian Republic (Presidente della Repubblica), now Giorgio Napolitano since 2006, is Italy's head of state.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The President is elected to carry out a single mandate for seven years by the Italian Parliament in a joint session.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy has a written democratic constitution, as a result of the work of the Constituent Assembly formed by representatives of all anti-fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of the NAZIS, and Fascists in the civil war. [69]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Italian administration has a parliamentary government based on a proportional voting system.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Italian Parliament is a perfect bicameral parliament: both of its chambers, the House of Representatives (located in the Palazzo Montecitorio), and the Senate of the Republic (which houses the Palazzo Madama), have equal powers.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Prime Minister, officially President of the Council of Ministers (Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), is the head of government of Italy.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Prime Minister, and cabinet are appointed by the President of the Republic, but must go through a vote of confidence within Parliament to be able to serve.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

While its function is similar to that of most other parliamentary systems, the Italian Prime Minister has weaker authority than some of his peers.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The prime minister is not given the power to request the dissolution of Parliament or dismiss ministers (which instead becomes the exclusive prerogative of the President of the Republic), and must receive a vote of approval from the Council of Ministers—which holds effective executive power—in order to exercise the vast majority his political activity.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Following the cessation of Silvio Berlusconi on 12 November 2011, economist Mario Monti has been appointed technocratic Prime Minister.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The four largest political parties in Italy are the People of Freedom, the Democratic Party, the Northern League, and the Italia dei Valori.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In the 2008 general election these four parties won 590 of the 630 seats available within the House of Representatives, and 308 of the 315 seats available within the Senate of the Republic.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Most of the remaining seats were won by smaller parties that only took part in general elections in parts of Italy, for example the People's Party of South Tirol, and the Movement for Autonomy.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Nonetheless, over the past three years, a stronghold also called the “Third Pole” began to grow, namely the UDC's Christian Democrats combined with some dissenting lawmakers coming from Berlusconi's cabinet.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

A peculiarity of the Italian Parliament is that a portion of the representatives are allocated to Italian nationals settled abroad: 12 People's Deputies, and 6 Senators are elected in four different across the ocean electoral districts.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In addition, the Italian Senate is also characterized by the presence of few lifelong senators, appointed by the President “for the merit of extraordinary heroism in social, scientific, artistry, or literature”.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Former President of the Republic is an ex officio lifetime senator (because of his office).


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

On 22 February 2014, Matteo Renzi was appointed as Prime Minister of Italy [70], he replaced Enrico Letta.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The former mayor of Florence became Italy's youngest prime minister at the age of 39.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

He was sworn in by Presien Giorgio Napolitano at Rome's presidential palace.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

On 31 January 2015, Matteo Renzi elected Sergio Mattarella as the 12th President of Italy, succeeding Giorgio Napolitano [71].


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Previously Mattarella was a constitutional judge from the Province of Sicilia.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Law and criminal justice The Italian justice system is based on Roman law modified by Napoleonic statutes, and newer statutes.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Supreme Court of Cassation is the highest court in Italy, for criminal as well as civil appellate cases.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Constitutional Court of Italy (Corte Costituzionale) played a role on the alignment of legislation with the constitution, and was a new breakthrough after World War II.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Since their presence in the mid-19th century, organized crime in Italy, and criminal organizations have infiltrated social, and economic life in many regions of Southern Italy, the most severe of which was the Sicilian Mafia, which later expanded to several other countries, including America Unions.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Mafia revenue probably reached 9% [72] [73] of Italy's GDP. [74]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

A report from 2009 identified 610 communes with such a strong mafia presence, in which 13 million Italians settled, and 14.6% of Italy's GDP was generated. [75] [76] The 'Ndrangheta of Calabria, now perhaps the most powerful crime syndicate in Italy, accounting for 3% of GDP country. [77]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Nonetheless, with a figure of 0.013 for every 1,000 people, Italy ranks only the 47th highest in terms of the number of murders [78] (in a group of 62 countries), and ranks 43rd highest in terms of the number of rapes for every 1,000 people in the world (in a group of 65 countries), a relatively low picture for the size of developed countries.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Foreign relations Italy is a founding member of the European Community, now the European Union (EU), and the North Atlantic Defence Pact (NATO).


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy became a member of the United Nations since 1955, and Italy also is a member, and a strong supporter of a number of other international organizations, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), GATT/World Trade Organization (WTO), Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the European Assembly, and the Central Europe Initiative.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy held rotating leadership in several international organizations, among them the Conference for Security, and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), the predecessor of the OSCE, in 1994; the G8; and the European Union in 2009, and from July to December 2003.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy strongly supports multilateral international politics, advancing the United Nations, and international security activities.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy dispatched its troops to support United Nations peacekeeping missions in Somalia, Mozambique, and East Timor, and provided support for NATO, and United Nations operations in Bosnia, Kosovo, and Albania.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy dispatched more than 2,000 troops in Afghanistan to support Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) since February 2003.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy still supports international efforts to rebuild, and stabilize Iraq, but Italy has withdrawn its military contingent of 3,200 soldiers in November 2006, and only retains humanitarian officers, and other civilian personnel.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In August 2006 Italy dispatched approximately 2,450 of its soldiers to Lebanon for the UNIFIL peace mission. [79]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The militaries of the Italian Army, Navy, Air Force, and Military Police are entirely part of the Italian Armed Forces, under the command of the Supreme Defence Council, headed by the President of the Italian Republic.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Since 2005, military service has fully become willing. [80]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In 2010, the Italian military had 293,202 active personnel, [81] 114,778 persons of them as Military Police. [82]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy's total military spending in 2010 ranks 10th in the world, at a figure of US$ 35.8billion, or equal to 1.7% of national GDP.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

As part of NATO's nuclear sharing strategy Italy is also the site for 90 United States nuclear weapons, housed at Ghedi Air Base, and Aviano Air Base. [83]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Italian Army had personnel of 109,703 people in 2008.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

His best known combat vehicles are Dardo infantry fighting vehicles, Centauro tank destroyers, and Ariete tanks, and among his airplanes are Mangusta attack helicopters, recently used in UN missions.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Italian Army also had many Leopard 1, and M113 armoured personnel carriers.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Italian Navy in 2008 had 35,200 active personnel with 85 assigned ships, and 123 airborne aircraft. [84]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Italian Navy now equipped itself with larger aircraft carriers, (Cavour), destroyers, submarines, and versatile frigates.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In modern times, the Italian Navy, being a member of NATO, has taken part in many peacekeeping coalition operations around the world.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Italian Air Force in 2008 had 43,882 active personnel, and operated 585 airplanes, including 219 fighter jets, and 114 helicopters.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

As a replacement for a leased interceptor aircraft, the Panavia Tornado ADV, the Italian Air Force has leased 30 F-16A Block 15 ADF, and four F-16B Block 10 Fighting Falcons, with even more options.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The following years would also witness the introduction of 121 Eurofighter Typhoons EF2000, which would replace the F-16 Fighting Falcons.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The next possible updates are Tornado IDS/IDT, and AMX International AMX.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The transport capability was guaranteed by 22 C-130J aircraft, and the Aeritalia G.222 of which 12 of them were replaced by a new variant of the G.222 called the C-27J Spartan.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

An autonomous military corps, the Italian Military Police constitute a military police tasked with carrying out police functions in the military environment, and the civilian population, in addition to other policing forces in Italy.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

While different branches of the Italian Military Police report to separate ministries for each of their individual functions, these corps report to the Ministry of the Interior when maintaining security, and public order. [85]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The division of the Italian region is divided into 20 regions, five of which have special autonomous status which allows them to enact legislation concerning some of their local affairs.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The country was then further divided into 110 provinces, and 8,100 communes.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Only the Aosta Valley Region has one province.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

There are also 15 metropolitane cities (città metropolitane), established in 2009, but the division of the region is still not under way.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Italian economy has a market economy characterized by high GDP per capita, and low unemployment figures.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In 2010, Italy was the 8th largest economy in the world, and the 4th largest in Europe in terms of nominal GDP, [86], and the 10th largest economy in the world, and the 5th largest in Europe in terms of balance of shoppability. [87]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy is a founding member of the G8, the Eurozone, and the OECD.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

After World War II, Italy transformed rapidly from an economy that relied on agriculture to one of the most industrialized countries [88], and a leading country in terms of international trade.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy is a developed country, with the 8th highest quality of life in the world in 2005 [89], and the 24th Human Development Index in the same year.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Despite the recent global economic crisis, Italy's GDP per capita (balance of shopping skills) is still close to the EU average, [90] while unemployment (8.5%) is the lowest in the EU. [91]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The country is well known for its innovative, and influential business economy, [92] for its industrial, competitiveness, agricultural sector [92] (Italy is the world's largest wine producer), [93], and for its fashion, equipment, industrial, high-grade automotive, and creative design. [ 92]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

According to 2010 IMF statistics the sectoral distribution of GDP in 2010 was dominated by the service sector at 73.3%; followed by industry at 24.9%; and agriculture at 1.8%.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy has a small number of global multinationals compared to other economies of its size, but there are a large number of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) gathered in several industrial districts, and become the backbone of Italian industry.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

These SMEs produce a manufacturing sector that often focuses on niche market exports, and luxury products, which if on the one hand are less able to compete on that quantity, then the other side is better able to deal with competition from China, and the growing Asian economies, based cheap labor fare, with high-grade products. [94]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The country became the 7th largest exporter in the world in 2009. [95]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy's closest trade dealings are with other countries in the European Union, which contribute roughly 59% of its entire trade.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The largest EU trading partners, in terms of market proportion, are Germany (12.9%), France (11.4%), and Spain (7.4%). [96]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Ultimately, tourism is one of the lucrative, and fastest growing sectors for the national economy: with 43.6million international tourists arriving, and total receipts estimated at $38.8million in 2010, Italy is the 5th most visited country, and tourism winner highest in the world. [97]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Despite these important achievements, the Italian economy is now suffering from many problems.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

After strong GDP growth in the range of 5— 6% per annum since the decades of the 1950s through the early decades of the 1970s, [98], and the progressive slowdown in the decades of the 1980s, and 1990s, the average annual growth performance in the most recent decade is quite poor at 1.23% compared to with an average EU annual growth rate of 2.28%. [99]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The unwillingness of economic growth, and political efforts to resurrect it with massive government spending from the decade of the 1980s ahead, actually inflated the public debt quite severely.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

According to the European Union's statistics agency, Eurostat, Italy's public debt stood at 116% of GDP in 2010, ranking the 2nd largest debt ratio after Greece (at 126.8%). [100]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

However, the largest chunk of Italian public debt is owned by national subjects, a big difference between Italy, and Greece. [101]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In addition, Italian living standards have a fairly significant north-south gap.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Average GDP per capita in the north far exceeds the EU average, while many regions in Southern Italy are well below. [102]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy is often nicknamed the sick man of Europe, [103] [104] characterized by economic unwillingness, political disability, and problems with reform programs.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

More specifically, Italy suffers from structural weaknesses due to its geographic shape, shortage of raw materials, and lack of energy sources: in 2006 the country imported more than 86% of its total energy consumption (99.7% solid fuels; 92.5% oil; 91.2% natural gas; and 15% of electricity). [105] [106] Italy's economy is weakened by lack of infrastructure development, market reforms, and research investments, and also high public deficits. [92]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In terms of the Economic Freedom Index of 2008, the country ranks 64th in the world, and 29th in Europe, the lowest in the Eurozone.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy still receives development aid from the EU every year.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Between 2000, and 2006, Italy received €27.4billion from the European Union. [107]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The country has an inefficient public service bureaucracy, poor protection of property rights, high corruption, huge taxes, and public spending that reaches half the national GDP. [108]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In addition, recent data show that Italy's spending on research and development in 2006 was equal to 1.14% of GDP, or below the EU average of 1.84%, and the Lisboa Strategy goal that advocated a 3% share of GDP for research, and development activities. [109]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

According to Confesercenti, a major business association in Italy, organized crime in Italy represents “the largest segment of the Italian economy”, reaching €90 billion in receipts or 7% of Italy's GDP. [110]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Infrastructure In 2004 the transport sector in Italy generated revenues of 119.4bn euros, employing 935,700 people in 153,700 companies.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

About the national road network, in 2002 there were 668,721 kilometers of worthy roads in Italy, including 6,487 kilometers of controlled freeways, state-owned but taken care of by the private company Atlantia.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In 2005, approximately 34,667,000 passenger cars (590 cars per 1,000 people), and 4,015,000 freight cars passed on the national road network. [114]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The network of railroads is national, state-owned, and taken care of by Ferrovie dello Stato, in 2003 of an entire 16,287 kilometers, 69 percent of which had been electrified, and 4,937 locomotives, and carriages passed over it.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The national waterway network in the interior includes 1,477 kilometers of rivers, and traversable canals in 2002.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In 2004 there were nearly 30 major airports (including two connecting Malpensa International Airport in Milan, and Leonardo da Vinci International Airport in Rome), and 43 major ports (including the port of Genoa, the largest in Italy, and the second largest in the Middle Sea).


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In 2005 Italy maintained a civilian air fleet of approximately 389,000 units, and a commercial fleet of 581 arks. [114]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Demographics The population of Italy is predominantly religious, and like-speaking but with a diverse culture, economy, and politics.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy has the fifth largest population density in Europe with 196 inhabitants per square kilometer.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The minority group of natives is small in number.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy had 60,626,442 inhabitants according to munisipal records (Anagrafe) on 1 January 2011. [115]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Its density, amounting to 201 inhabitants per square kilometer, is denser than most countries in Western Europe.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

But the spread of the population is not so evenly distributed.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The most populous regions are the Po Valley (reaching almost half the national population), and the metropolitan areas of Rome, and Naples, while vast territories such as the high mainland of the Alps, and Apenina, Plato Basilicata, and the Island of Sardinia are sparsely populated territories.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy's population almost doubled in the 20th century, but the growth pattern is very ununiform due to a massive migration from the rural South to the industrialized North, a symptom that occurred as a result of Italy's economic miracle in the decade 1950s to 1960s. Moreover, after centuries of net emigration, from the decade of the 1980s Italy has experienced massive immigration for the first time in modern history.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

According to the Italian Government, there were 4,570,317 foreign citizens in Italy in January 2011. [116]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Fertility rates, and high birth rates lasted long into the decade of the 1970s, after which both began to decline dramatically, impacting the rapid aging of the population.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In the late 2000s decade, one in five Italians was older than 65. [117]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

However, with considerable immigration in the most recent two decades, Italy has experienced significant birth rate growth in recent years. [118]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The total fertility figure has climbed dramatically from 1.18 children per woman in 1995 to 1.41 per female in 2008. [119]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The total fertility figure is expected to reach 1.6 - 1.8 by 2030. [120]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italian ethnic groups experienced mass emigration from the late 19th century until the decade of the 1960s. In the period 1898-1914, the peak years of the Italian diaspora, nearly 750,000 Italians emigrated each year. [121]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

This diaspora involved more than 25 million Italians, and is considered the largest mass migration today. [122]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

As a result, more than 4.1 million people born in Italy have now settled abroad, [123] while no fewer than 60 million people of full or partial Italian ancestry settled outside Italy, mainly in Argentina, Brazil, the United States, Australia, and Northern Europe. [124] [125] [126] [127] [128] [129] [129] [ 130] [131] The postwar economic miracle, ending long decades of poverty, and emigration, including massive social changes such as low birth rates, an aging population, and the impact of a shrinking workforce.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Under such an atmosphere, starting from the end of the decade of the 1970s, Italy began to receive an inflow of immigrants from abroad.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The current picture is approximately 4.6 million foreigners, [132] approximately 7.5% of the overall population, including more than half a million children born in Italy to second-generation immigrants, but does not include foreign nations gradually begging for Italian citizenship; this applies to 53,696 people in 2008. [133]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The official picture also does not present illegal immigrants, whose numbers are very difficult to determine; they are estimated to be no fewer than 670,000 people. [134]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Since the collapse of the Berlin Wall and, most recently, the 2004, and 2007 expansion of the European Union, the main waves of migration have come from the countries of former socialist Eastern Europe (specifically Romania, Albania, Ukraine, and Poland).


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The second most important area of immigration to Italy was North Africa (specifically, Morocco, Egypt, and Tunisia), with a growing ascendancy as a result of the rise of the Arab world.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Furthermore, in recent years, there has been a growing migratory flow from the Far East (mainly, China [135], and the Philippines), and Latin America (Ecuador, Peru).


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Now, roughly one million Romanians (or 10 percent of them are Rom people [136]) are officially registered as settled in Italy, representing the most important country of origin, followed by Albanians, and Moroccans, as many as 500,000 inhabitants each.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The number of unregistered Romanians is very difficult to surmise, but the Balkan Inquiry Reporting Network suspects that in 2007 there may have been half a million or more. [137] [note 5] Overall, by the end of the 2000s the foreign-born Italian population came from: Europe (54%), Africa (22%), Asia (16%), the Americas (8%), and Oceania (0.06%).


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The spread of immigrants is not evenly distributed in Italy: 87% of immigrants settle in the northern, and central parts of the country (the most developed economic area), while only 13% settle in the southern paro of the peninsula.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The official language of Italy is Italian.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The website Ethnologue suspects that there are roughly 55million speakers of this language in Italy, and 6.7million abroad. [139]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

After all, 120 to 150million people use Italian as a second language or cultural language, worldwide. [140]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Italian language, adopted by the state after the Unification of Italy, is a based on the Toskana language of Firenze dialect, and is the middle language between the Italo-Dalmasian languages, and the Gallo-Roman languages.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Its development was also influenced by the Germanic languages of the Migration Period.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy has many dialects that are interrupted throughout Italy, and some Italians are not capable of speaking Italian at all. [141]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Nonetheless, the fostering of a national education system has decreased the variation of spoken language in Italy.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Bookkeeping expanded in the decades 1950s to 1960s, this situation was made easier by economic growth, and the rise of mass media, and television (state-owned broadcaster RAI helped with Italian language bookkeeping).


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Several linguistic groups are recognized by law, [142], and a number of minority languages have sub-official (co-official) status in some areas of Italy.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

French also gained sub-official status in the Aosta Valley—although in reality the Arpitan language is more prevalent there.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

As in some parts of the province it is German, and the Ladin language has equal status in the province of South Tirol, and in some parts of Trentino.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Slovene language is officially recognized in the Province of Trieste, the Province of Gorizia, and the Province of Udine in Friuli—Venezia Giulia.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In these regions official documents are presented bilingual (trilingual in the community of Ladin), or provided on the basis of request in Italian as well as sub-official languages.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Traffic marks are also presented multilingual, except in the Aosta Valley — where with the exception of Aosta itself retains its Latin form in Italian (as well as in English) — French toponyms are generally used, efforts to digitize them on the Fascist period has been abandoned.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Education is possible to be organized in the minority language spoken in the area the school is located.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Religion Although Roman Catholicism is the majority religion (85% of births in Italy are generally Catholic), there are some communities that are part of the Protestant Church, and also Bené Romans who have run Judaism in Italy for thousands of years.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

And there are also Muslim immigrant communities (see: Islam in Italy).


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Roman Catholicism is by far the largest religion in Italy, although Catholicism is no longer the state religion.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The proportion of Italians who claim to be Roman Catholics is 87.8%, [144] although only a third of them claim to be active congregations (36.8%).


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Most Italians believe in God, or a form of spiritual life power.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

According to a Eurobarometer survey in 2005: [145] 74% of Italian citizens responded that 'they believe in the existence of God', 16% replied that 'they believe that there is some kind of living spirit or power', and 6% replied that 'they do not believe in the existence of a living spirit, God, or power'.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Italian Catholic Church is part of the globalized Roman Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope, the curia in Rome, and the Diocesan Conference of Italy.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In addition to Italy, two other sovereign states belong to the Italian-based diocese, the San Marino enclave, and the Vatican.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

There are 225 dioceses within the Italian Catholic Church.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy is rich in Catholic culture, especially there are many Italian saints, martyrs, and popes.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Roman Catholicism is a religion, and the largest denomination in Italy, with roughly 87.8% of Italians professing to be Catholic.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy is also home to the majority of the world's cardinals, [146], and is the country with the most number of Roman Catholic churches per capita. [147]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Although the main Christian denomination in Italy is Roman Catholic, there are a number of significant minorities, namely Waldens, Eastern Orthodox, and other Christian churches.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In the 20th century, the Pentecostal Church, non-denominational Evangelicalism, was the fastest-growing Protestant church, as well as Jehovah's Witnesses, and Mormonism.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Since the decade of the 1980s, Immigration from Sub-Saharan Africa has multiplied Baptist, Anglican, Pentecostal, and Evangelical congregations in Italy, while immigrants from Eastern Europe have pioneered Eastern Orthodox communities.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

At the beginning of the 21st century, there were more than 700,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians in Italy, including 180,000 Greek Orthodox, [150] 550,000 Pentecostals, and Evangelical adherents (0.8%), of which 400,000 were members of the Congregations of God, 235,685 Jehovah's Witnesses (0.4%), [ 151] 30,000 Waldens followers, [152] 25,000 Seventh-day Adventist congregations, 22,000 Mormon congregations, 15,000 Baptist congregations (plus about 5,000 Free Baptist congregations), 7,000 Lutheran congregations, 4,000 Methodist congregations (affiliated with Waldens Church). [153]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

One of the long-established religious beliefs in Italy is the Jewish Religion, Jews had been present in Ancient Rome before the birth of Christ.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy has witnessed many influential Italian Jews, for example Shabbethai Donnolo (died in 982), prime minister Luigi Luzzatti, who took office in 1910, and Ernesto Nathan, Rome's leading mayor from 1907 to 1913.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

At the time of Holokaus, Italy received many Jewish refugees from NAZI Germany.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Nonetheless, with the establishment of the puppet state of the NAZI-backed Italian Social Republic, approximately 15% of Italian Jews were killed, although the Fascist government refused to deport Jews to the death of the NAZIS.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

These events, together with emigration before, and after World War II, have left a small Jewish community of only roughly 45,000 people in Italy at this point.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Deviating immigration has been accompanied by an increase in non-Christian beliefs.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In 2009, there were 1.0million Muslims in Italy [154] making up 1.6 percent of the population, although only 50,000 were Italian nationality.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Independent parties estimated the number of Muslim populations in Italy ranging from 0.8million [155] to 1.5million. [156]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

There are more than 200,000 followers of the belief originating from the Indian subcontinent with approximately 70,000 Sikhs with 22 gurdwaras throughout Italy, [157] 70,000 Hindus, and 50,000 Buddhists. [158]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

There were approximately 4,900 Baha'i adherents in Italy in 2005. [159]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Education Education in Italy is free, and compulsory for residents aged 6 to 16, [161], and consists of five levels: kindergarten (scuola dell'infanzia), primary school (scuola primaria), junior high school (scuola secondaria di primo grado), senior secondary school ( scuola secondaria di secondo grado), and universities (università). [162] JMPL|left|150px|University of Bologna is one of the oldest academic institutions in the world, founded in 1088.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy is home to many different types of universities, colleges, and academies.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Founded in 1088, the University of Bologna is one of the oldest universities in the world. [163]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In 2009, the University of Bologna, according to The Times, was the only Italian college included in 200 World Universities.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Luigi Bocconi Commercial University in the City of Milan was included in the top 20 business schools in the world by The Wall Street Journal's international rating, in particular for its MBA program, which in 2007 ranked 17th in the world in alumni recruitment priorities by companies- major multinational corporations. [164]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Bocconi was also placed by Forbes as the best in the world in the special category Value for Money. [165]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In May 2008, Bocconi took over some of the world's best business schools in the Financial Times executive education rankings, reaching 5th in Europe, and 15th in the world. [166]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Other best universities, and polytechnics are Torino Polytechnic, Milano Polytechnic (which in 2011 was ranked 48th best technical university in the world according to THE-QS World University Ranking. [167]), University of Rome La Sapienza (which in 2005 became a university the 33rd best in Europe, [168] and ranks amongst Europe's 50 and the world's 150 best colleges [169]), and Milano University (whose research, and teaching activities have been developed over the years, and have received international important recognition.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The university is the only Italian university that considers the League of European Research Universities (LERU), a prestigious group of 20 research-intensive universities in Europe.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The university is also ranked: 1st in Italy, and 7th in Europe (Leiden Ranking — Leiden University).


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

According to the National Science Indicators (1981—2002), a database generated by the Research Services Group containing lists of outputs, and citation statistics for more than 90 countries, Italy has an above-average scientific publication output (in terms of the number of written papers involving least one author is from Italy) in astronomy (9.75% of world papers), mathematics (5.51% of world papers), computer science, neuroscience, and physics; the lowest, but still above the world average, output in terms of the number of papers produced recorded in social sciences, psychology, and psychiatry, and economics, and business. [170]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Health Italy runs the general health care system of the universe since 1978. [171]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Nonetheless, health care is provided for all citizens, and residents by a general-private mixed system.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The common part is the Servizio Sanitario Nazionale, formed under the Ministry of Health, and handed over to be taken care of by the regional administration.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Health care spending in Italy exceeded 9.0% of national GDP in 2008, slightly above the OECD average of 8.9%. [172]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

After all, Italy ranks 2nd best in the world in terms of health care systems, [171] [173], and ranks 3rd in the world in terms of health care performance. [174]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy reached the 12th highest life expectancy in the world in 2010, [175] meanwhile, as in many other Western countries, Italy witnessed a rise in the proportion of people who are overweight, and obese, with 34.2% of Italians reporting to be overweighted agency, and 9.8% were obese. [176]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The proportion of daily smokers was 22% in 2008. [177]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Smoking in public places including bars, restaurants, nightclubs, and offices has been restricted to ventilated rooms only since 2005. [178]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italian culture was intangible as a single state until the unification of this country in 1861.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Because of this fairly recent unification, and the historical autonomy of each region that makes up the Italian Peninsula, there are many traditions, and the customs that are now recognized as belonging to Italy are clearly recognizable by region of origin.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Despite the political, and social differences in these regions, Italy's contribution to the cultural heritage, and history of Europe, and the world is still large.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy is home to a large number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites (currently 47 pieces), and is rich in a repertory of art, culture, and literature from many different periods.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

This country influenced many world cultures, also because there were many Italians who emigrated elsewhere during the time of the Italian Diaspora.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In addition, the country has roughly 100,000 monuments in many likenesses (museums, palaces, buildings, statues, churches, art gallerias, villas, fountains, historical buildings, and archaeological relics). [179]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Architecture JMPL|left|260px|Leaning Tower and Piazza dei Miracoli in Pisa.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

This piazza is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, [180] and both of these buildings are examples of Romanesque architecture. [181]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy has varied architectural styles, and types, which cannot be distinguished only on the basis of period, but also region, since Italy was still a collection of city-states until 1861.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Nonetheless, these circumstances have created a very diverse, and sometimes inter-synergized, architectural design.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy is known for its outstanding architectural achievements, [182] such as the construction of arches, domes, and similar structures in Ancient Roman times, the stub of the Renaissance architectural movement in the late 14th to 16th centuries, and being the birthplace for Palladian architecture, a style constructions that inspired the neoclassical architecture movement, and influenced the designs used by honourables to make their rural homes around the world, especially in Great Britain, Australia, and the United States in the late 17th to early 20th centuries.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Some of the best works of Western architecture, are the Coloseum, Milano Cathedral, and Florence Cathedral, the Tower of Pisa, and the draft buildings in Venice built in Italy.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italian architecture also influenced world architecture.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The British architect, Inigo Jones, inspired by the design of buildings, and cities in Italy, brought the ideas of Italian Renaissance architecture to England in the 17th century, inspired by Andrea Palladio. [183]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In addition, Italianate architecture, refreshing since the 19th century, is used to describe foreign architecture built in the Italianate style, specifically as modeled by Renaissance architecture.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Fine art Over the centuries, Italian art has evolved through many stylistic changes.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italian painting is traditionally interrupted by warm, and bright colors, as exemplified in the works of Caravaggio, and Titian, and a pleasure with drawings, and religious motifs.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italian painting enjoyed prominence in Europe for hundreds of years, since the Romanesque, and Gothic periods, and through the Renaissance, and Baroque periods, the second last being the one that witnessed its fruit in Italy.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Other notable artists who fell within these periods were Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello, Botticelli, Fra Angelico, Tintoretto, Bernini, and Raphael.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Thereafter, Italy experienced sustained conquest by foreign powers which led to a shift to political issues, and resulted in its decline as master of art in Europe.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

It was not until Futurism of the 20th century, especially through the works of Umberto Boccioni, and Giacomo Balla, that allowed Italy to regain its former perstise as a place for the evolution of artistry.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Futurism was replaced by the metaphytic paintings of Giorgio de Chirico, which greatly influenced the Surrealists, and the generation thereafter.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Literature and theater The foundation of the modern Italian language was formed by Firenze's poet, Dante Alighieri, whose greatest work, Divina Commedia, is considered one of the leading suliterary statements produced in Europe in the Middle Ages.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

There is no shortage in the glorified suliterary figures in Italy: Giovanni Boccaccio, Giacomo Leopardi, Alessandro Manzoni, Torquato Tasso, Ludovico Ariosto, and Petrarch, whose famous means of expression, the sonnet, is an original Italian find.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The leading philosophers among them Giordano Bruno, Marsilio Ficino, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Giambattista Vico.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Modern literary figures, and Nobel laureates are nationalist poet Giosuè Carducci in 1906, realist writer Grazia Deledda in 1926, modern theatre writer Luigi Pirandello in 1936, poet Salvatore Quasimodo in 1959, and Eugenio Montale in 1975, satirist, and theatre writer Dario Fo in 1997. [185]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italian theatre can be reversed to the Roman tradition that was heavily influenced by Greece; as with many other literary genres, Roman dramatists tended to adapt, and translate Greek works.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

For example, Seneca's work, Phaedra is based on Euripides, and many of Plautus's comedies constitute translations of Menander's works.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In the 16th century, and until the 18th century, Commedia dell'arte was a form of improvisational theatre, and until now it is still performed.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Troupes of safari players usually set up stages in open spaces, and provide entertainment in the form of juggling, acrobatic, and, more commonly, witty games based on the repertoire of established characters with outline grooves, called canovaccio.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Music From folk to classical music, music has always played an important role in Italian culture.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Instruments related to classical music, are the piano, and the violin, found in Italy, and many common forms of classical music, such as symphonies, concertos, and sonatas, can lead their roots to Italian musical innovations in the 16th, and 17th centuries.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The most famous composers of Italian origin were Renaissance composers (Palestrina, and Monteverdi), Baroque composers (Scarlatti, Corelli, and Vivaldi, classical composers (Paganini, and Rossini), and Romantic composers (Verdi, and Puccini).


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The modern Italian composer was Berio, and Nono proved significant in the development of experimental music, and electronic music.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

While the classical music tradition is still firmly in Italy, as evidenced by the great fame of opera houses, such as La Scala di Milano, and San Carlo in Naples, and performers such as pianist Maurizio Pollini, and tenor Luciano Pavarotti, Italians do not less of his appreciation of his evolving chapter of contemporary music.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy is well known as the birthplace of opera. [188]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italian opera is believed to have been pioneered since the early 17th century, in Italian cities such as Mantua, and Venice. [188]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Later, works created by original Italian composers from the 19th, and early 20th centuries, such as Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, Verdi, and Puccini, were among the best-known operas ever written, and are now shown in opera houses around the world.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

La Scala di Milano opera house is also known as one of the best in the world.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Famous Italian opera guides are Enrico Caruso, and Alessandro Bonci.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Introduced in the early 1920s decade, jazz took on a strong pedestal specifically in Italy, and still remains popular despite cultural policies that are ksenophobic (fear or dislike of anything foreign or from outside the country) enacted by the Fascist regime.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Now, the most famous centers of jazz music in Italy are Milano, Rome, and Sicily.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Later, Italy was at the forefront in terms of the progressive rock movement in the 1970s, with musical groups such as PFM, and Goblin.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy was also an important country in the development of disco music, and electronics, with Italo disco, known for its futuristic sound, and its prominent use of synthesizers, and drum machines, being one of the earliest electronic dance genres, also a form of European disco music alongside Euro disco (which later influenced several genres such as Eurodance, and Nu-disco).


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Producers/songwriters such as Giorgio Moroder, who won three Academy Awards for his music, have been very influential in the development of EDM (electronic dance music).


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Now, Italian pop music is featured once a year with the Sanremo Music Festival, which served as the inspiration for the Eurovision singing contest, and the Two Worlds Festival in Spoleto.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Pop diva Mina, classic gaek artist Andrea Bocelli, Grammy winner Laura Pausini, and European roster runner Eros Ramazzotti still receive international community praise.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Filming The history of Italian film began a few months after the Lumière brothers began an exhibition of moving images.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy's first film was an impresario of several seconds showing Pope Leo XIII giving blessing to the camera.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The Italian film industry was born in between 1903, and 1908 with three companies: Società Italiana Cines, Ambrosio Film, and Itala Film.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Other film companies appeared in Milano, and Naples.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In a short period these companies achieved reasonable production quality, and films were sold outside Italy.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Film was later used by Benito Mussolini, who founded the Cinecittà studio, reminiscent back to the glory of Rome, the studio used to make Fascist propaganda films up to World War II. [189]


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

After World War II, Italian films were widely acclaimed, and exported until the receding period of artistry in the decade of the 1980s. Notable Italian film directors from this period were Vittorio De Sica, Federico Fellini, Sergio Leone, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Luchino Visconti, Michelangelo Antonioni, and Dario Argento.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The films included in the world film heritage are La dolce vita (The Sweet Life), The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly), and Bicycle Thieves (The Bicycle Thieves).


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The mid-decade of the 1940s to the end of the 1950s decade was an epoch of neorealist films, reflecting the heartbreaking state of postwar Italy. [190] [191] When the country began to grow prosperous in the 1950s decade, a form of neorealism became known as neorealism pink reached glory, and film genres, such as sword-and-sandal, and spaghetti westerns, took place in the decades of the 1960s, and 1970s. More recently, the Italian silver screen has occasionally received international attention, with films such as La vita è bella (Life is Beautiful) directed by Roberto Benigni, and Il postino (The Postman) by Massimo Troisi.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Science For centuries, Italy has spawned several famous clever-cendikia.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Among them, and perhaps the most famous polymath in history, Leonardo da Vinci has contributed to various fields including art, biology, and technology.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Galileo Galilei was a physicist, mathematician, and astronomer who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

His accomplishments were improvements in telescopes, and successive observations of astronimists, and support of Comarrianism.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Physicist Enrico Fermi, a Nobel Prize laureate, was the leader of the group that built the inaugural nuclear reactor, and is also noted for his many other donations to physics, including his participation in developing quantum theory.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

A brief review of several other well-known figures are astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini, who made many important findings about the Solar System; physicist Alessandro Volta, inventor of batteries; mathematicians Lagrange, Fibonacci, and Cardano, where Ars Magna is generally recognized as a modern treatment first towards mathematics, making fundamental advances for this field.


Question: When was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Marcello Malpighi, a physician, and pioneer of microscopic anatomy; biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani, who achieved important discoveries in the function of bodily faeties, animal breeding, and cell theory; physician, pathologist, scientist, and Nobel Prize laureate Camillo Golgi, whose many achievements include discoveries the Golgi complex, and his role in hacking the path to acceptance of the doctrine of Neuron; and Guglielmo Marconi, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of radio. jmpl|ka|the Italian football national team at the 1982 FIFA World Cup.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Football is, by far, the most popular sport in Italy.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italian sport has a long tradition of sportswear.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

In many branches, whether it is individual or team, Italy has a good ambassador a lot of glory that has been achieved.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The most popular sport by far is football.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Basketball, and volleyball rank second, and third after football, where Italy has a rich tradition in both of these branches.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Squadra Azzurra won the 2006 FIFA World Cup, and is now the second most popular soccer team in the world, after Brazil, to have won four FIFA World Cups. [195]


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy also has a strong tradition in bicycle racing, tennis, athletics, fencing, winter sports, and rugby branches.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Scuderia Ferrari are the oldest surviving team in the Grand Prix series, have been racing since 1948, and are statistically the sheen Formula One team throughout history with a record of 15 drivers' championships dn 16 constructors' championships.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Fashion and design JMPL|left|150px|Gucci Tower in Ginza, Tokyo.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italian fashion has a long tradition, and is seen as one of the most important in the world.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Milano, Florence, and Rome are the main fashion capitals of Italy.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

According to the Global Language Monitor in 2009, Milano was nominated to be the true fashion capital of the world, even outperforming other capitals in the world, such as New York, Paris, London, and Tokyo, while Rome ranked 4th. [196]


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The major Italian fashion brands, being Gucci, Prada, Versace, Valentino, Armani, Dolce & Gabbana, Missoni, Fendi, Moschino, Max Mara, and Ferragamo, are considered among the most original fashion houses in the world.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Also, the fashion magazine Vogue Italia, is seen as the most important, and most prestigious fashion magazine in the world. [197]


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italy is also leading in the field of design, mainly interior design, architectural design, industrial design, and urban design.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The country has produced several well-known furniture designers, such as Gio Ponti, and Ettore Sottsass, and Italian phrases such as “Bel Disegno”, and “Linea Italiana” have entered the vocabulary of furniture design. [198]


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Examples of classic Italian home furnishings, and furniture products are washing machines, and Zanussi refrigerators, [199] the “New Tone” sofas by Atrium, [199], and postgraduate bookshelves by Ettore Sottsass, inspired by Bob Dylan's song, “Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again”. [199]


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Now, Milano, and Turino are central cities in the field of architectural design, and industrial design in the country.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The city of Milano is based on FieraMilano, the largest design exhibition event in Europe. [200]


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Milano also serves events related to design, and major architecture, such as “Fuori Salone”, and Salone del Mobile, and is home to designers Bruno Munari, Lucio Fontana, Enrico Castellani, and Piero Manzoni. [201]


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

The cuisine of modern Italian cuisine has been developed over the centuries, in hand with social, and political changes, with cultural roots that can be retreated to the 4th century BC.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italian cuisine itself has taken on many influences, ranging from the Etruscans, Ancient Greeks, Ancient Romans, Byzantines, and Jews. [202]


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Significant changes emerged with the discovery of the New World with the introduction of foodstuffs such as potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, and corn, now central to Italian cuisine but never present there before the 18th century. [203] [204] Italian cuisine is known for its rejuvenation based on region, [205] [206] [207] an abundance of varying flavors, and is known as one of the most popular cuisines in the world, [208] with widespread influence. [209]


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italian cuisine is embroiled by its simplicity, with many dishes involving four to eight basic ingredients. [210]


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Italian cooks rely more on the quality of basic ingredients than complex processing. [211]


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Dishes, and recipes are often dayacipta of the ancestors instead of the chefs, which makes many of those recipes very suitable for applying at home.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

This is one of the main reasons that led to the growing variety of Italian cuisine, because overseas cookery magazines also disseminate Italian recipes intended for home-cooking activities.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Ingredients are basic, and dishes are very varied in every region.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

There are many dishes that were originally regional, but have now been renationalized, and developed with varying variations throughout Italy.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Cheese, pork slices, and wine are the most important parts in Italian dishes, with many variations, and the official designation, Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC).


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

Coffee, particularly espresso, has become an important element in Italian dishes.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

See also List of Italian figures List of universities in Italy Tourism in Italy Automotive: Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Fiat, Lamborghini, Lancia, Maserati, Pagani, Vespa Food: Spaghetti, Pizza, Panettone Mafia Further reading (in Indonesian) Reference Notes Outside links (in Italian) Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

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Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

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Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

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Question: when was Silvio Berluscon born?

Italy

General country profile - aran on CIA World Factbook - on UCB Libraries GovPubs - on Open Directory Project of BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of Italy Geographic data related to in OpenStreetMap of International Government Futures Public Institutions Tourism Category:Country in Southern Europe Category:Countries in the Middle Sea Category:G8 Countries Category:G20 Countries


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

The water cycle or hydrological cycle is the never-stopping circulation of water from the atmosphere to the earth and back into the atmosphere through condensation, precipitation, evaporation and transpiration.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

The heating of sea water by sunlight is key to the process that the hydrological cycle can run continuously.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

The water evaporates, then falls as precipitation in the form of rain, snow, sleet and snow (sleet), drizzling rain or fog.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

On the way towards earth some of the precipitation may evaporate back up or fall directly which is then intercepted by the plant before reaching the ground.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

Once it reaches the ground, the hydrological cycle continues to move continuously in three different ways: Evaporation/transpiration - Water present in the ocean, on land, in rivers, in plants, etc. will then evaporate into space (atmosphere) and then it will become clouds.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

In a saturated state of water vapor (clouds) it will be water spots that will subsequently fall (precipitation) in the form of rain, snow, hail.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

Infiltration/Percolation into the soil - Water moves into the soil through cracks and pores of soil and rocks towards the groundwater face.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

Water can move as a result of capillary action or water can move vertically or horizontally below ground level until it reenters the surface water system.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

Surface Water - Water moves above ground level close to main streams and lakes; the more sloping the land and the less the soil pores, the greater the surface flow.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

Land level streams can be seen usually on urbanized areas.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

The rivers merge with each other and form a major river that carries all surface water around the watershed to the sea.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

Surface water, both flowing and inundated (lakes, reservoirs, swamps), and some of the subsurface water will collect and flow to form a river and end up into the sea.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

The process of water travel on land occurs within the components of the hydrological cycle that make up the Watershed system (Watershed).


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

The amount of water on the earth as a whole is relatively fixed, what changes is its form and place.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

The largest places occur in the sea.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

Differences and Stages of Water Cycle Process: Short Cycle/Small Cycle 1.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

Seawater evaporates into gaseous vapor due to solar heat 2.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

Condensation and cloud formation occurs 3.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

Rain at sea level Medium Cycle 1.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

Occurs evaporation 3.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

Steam moved by wind gusts ashore 4.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

Cloud formation 5.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

It rained on the surface of the mainland 6.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

Water flows in the river towards the sea back Long Cycle/Great Cycle 1.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

Water vapor undergoes sublimation 3.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

Formation of clouds containing ice crystals 4.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

Clouds moved by wind gusts ashore 5.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

Cloud formation 6.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

It snowed 7.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

Glacier Formation 8.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

The glacier melts forming the watershed 9.


Question: What is the hydrological cycle?

Water cycle

Water flows in rivers towards land and then into the sea Category:Hydrology Category:Water Category:Soil physics


Question: Who introduced Skepticism?

Nihilism

Nihilism is a philosophical view often associated with Friedrich Nietzsche.


Question: Who introduced Skepticism?

Nihilism

Nihilism says that this world, especially human existence in the world, has no purpose.


Question: Who introduced Skepticism?

Nihilism

Nihilists usually have some or all of these views: there is no evidence supporting the existence of a creator, true morals are unknown and secular ethics is impossible.


Question: Who introduced Skepticism?

Nihilism

Therefore, life has no meaning and no action is better than another.


Question: Who introduced Skepticism?

Nihilism

Some philosophers who have written regarding nihilism are Friedrich Nietzsche and Martin Heidegger.


Question: Who introduced Skepticism?

Nihilism

The term nihilism itself was first coined by Ivan Turgenev and introduced to the world of philosophy by Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743—1819).


Question: Who introduced Skepticism?

Nihilism

In principle, a living man always needs a handle, if at any time man has lost his hold.


Question: Who introduced Skepticism?

Nihilism

In outline, the handle is usually identified with god.


Question: Who introduced Skepticism?

Nihilism

If then there was a discourse that god was dead, then indirectly man would still seek that handle.


Question: Who introduced Skepticism?

Nihilism

It was with this discourse that the seeds of nihilism were born.


Question: Who introduced Skepticism?

Nihilism

See also Edvard Munch's Atheism: Expressionism Ivan Turgenev Luigi Pirandello Max Stirner Skepticism Outside Category:Atheism Category:Philosophy Terms


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Android (/ˈæn.drɔɪd/; an-droyd) is a Linux-based operating system designed for touchscreen moving devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. [11]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Android was originally developed by Android, Inc., with financial support from Google, which later purchased it in 2005. [12]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

The operating system was officially released in 2007, along with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of hardware, software, and telecommunications companies aimed at advancing the open standards of mobile devices. [13]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

The first Android phones went on sale in October 2008. [14]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Android user interfaces are generally direct manipulations, using touch gestures similar to real actions, such as sliding, tapping, and pinching to manipulate on-screen objects, as well as virtual keyboards for writing text.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

In addition to touchscreen devices, Google has also developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars, and Android Wear for watches, each of which has a different user interface.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Android variants are also used on portable computers, game consoles, digital cameras, and other electronic equipment. [15]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Android is an open-source operating system, and Google releases its code under the Apache License. [11]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Open source code and licensing licenses on Android allow the software to be freely modified and distributed by device makers, wireless carriers, and application developers.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

In addition, Android has a large number of application developer communities (apps) that extend the functionality of the device, generally written in a customization version of the Java programming language. [16]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

In October 2013, there were more than one million apps available for Android, and about 50 billion apps had been downloaded from Google Play, the main Android app store. [17] [18] A survey in April—May 2013 found that Android was the most popular platform for people developers, used by 71% of mobile app developers. [19]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

At Google I/O 2014, Google reported there were more than one billion monthly active users of Android, an increase from 583 million in June 2013. [20]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

The above factors have contributed to the development of Android, making it the most widely used smartphone operating system in the world, [21] beating Symbian in 2010. [22]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Android is also an option for tech companies who want a low-cost, customizable, lightweight operating system for high-tech devices without having to develop it from scratch. [23]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

The open nature of Android has also prompted the emergence of a large number of app developer communities to use open source code as the basis for app creation projects, by adding new features for advanced users or operating Android on devices that was officially released using another operating system. [24]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

As of November 2013, Android controlled the share of the global smartphone market, led by Samsung products, with a percentage of 64% in March 2013. [25]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

As of July 2013, there are 11,868 different Android devices with various versions. [26]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

The success of this operating system has also made it the target of patent ligitation “smartphone wars” among technology companies. [27] [28] Through May 2013, a total of 900 million Android devices have been activated worldwide, and 48 billion applications have been installed from Google Play. [ 29] [30] Android History, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, in October 2003 by Andy Rubin (founder of Danger), [31] Rich Miner (founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.), [32] Nick Sears [33] (former VP of T-Mobile), and Chris White (head of WebTV interface design and development) [12] for developing “smart mobile devices that are more aware of their user's location and preferences”. [12]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

The original goal of Android development was to develop an advanced operating system intended for digital cameras, but later it was realized that the market for such devices was not large enough, and Android development was shifted for the smartphone market to rival Symbian and Windows Mobile (Apple's iPhone had not been released at the time). [34]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Although Android developers are experienced technology experts, Android Inc. is secretly operated, it is only revealed that the developers are creating a software intended for mobile phones. [12]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Still that same year, Rubin ran out of money.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Steve Perlman, a close friend of Rubin, loaned him $10,000 in cash and rejected an offer of stock in the company. [35]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Google acquired Android Inc. on August 17, 2005, making it a wholly owned subsidiary of Google.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Android Inc. founders such as Rubin, Miner and White remained employed at the company after it was acquired by Google. [12]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

After that, not much is known about the development of Android Inc., but many presumptions state that Google plans to enter the mobile phone market with this action. [12]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

At Google, a team led by Rubin began developing a mobile device platform using the Linux kernel.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Google markets the platform to mobile device manufacturers and wireless carriers, with the promise that they provide flexible, updatable systems.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Google has selected several software and hardware company partners, and signaled to mobile operators that this cooperation is open to anyone wishing to participate. [36] [37] [38] Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continues to grow. until December 2006. [39]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

The BBC and Wall Street Journal report that Google is working hard to include its apps and search engine on mobile devices.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Various print media and online media indicate that Google is developing mobile devices under the Google brand.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Some of them speculate that Google has determined its technical specifications, including mobile phone manufacturers and network operators.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

In December 2007, InformationWeek reported that Google had filed several patent applications in the field of mobile telephony. [40] [41] On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance (OHA) was established.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

OHA is a consortium of tech companies such as Google, mobile device manufacturers such as HTC, Sony and Samsung, wireless carriers such as Sprint Nextel and T-Mobile, as well as chipset manufacturers such as Qualcomm and Texas Instruments.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

OHA itself aims to develop open standards for mobile devices. [13]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

At that time, Android was unveiled as its first product; a mobile device platform using the Linux kernel version 2.6. [13]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

The first commercial mobile phone to use the Android operating system was the HTC Dream, which was launched on October 22, 2008. [42]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

In 2010, Google released the Nexus series; smart phone and tablet devices with the Android operating system produced by mobile phone manufacturer partners such as HTC, LG, and Samsung.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

HTC is working with Google in releasing the first Nexus smartphone product, the Nexus One. [43]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

This series has been updated with newer devices, for example, the Nexus 4 smartphone and the Nexus 10 tablet produced by LG and Samsung. [44]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

On October 15, 2014, Google announced the Nexus 6 and Nexus 9 produced by Motorola and HTC. [45]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

On March 13, 2013, Larry Page announced in his blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to work on new projects at Google. [46]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

He was replaced by Sundar Pichai, who previously served as head of the Google Chrome division, which developed Chrome OS. [44]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Since 2008, Android has gradually made a number of updates to improve the performance of the operating system, add new features, and fix bugs contained in previous versions.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Each major version released was named alphabetically based on the names of desserts or sugared snacks; for example, version 1.5 was named Cupcake, which was later followed by version 1.6 Donut.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

The latest version is 5.0 Lollipop, which was released on October 15, 2014. [47]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Features Interface User interface on Android is based on direct manipulation, [48] using touch input similar to actions in the real world, such as swiping (swiping), tapping, and pinching, to manipulate objects on the screen. [48]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

User input is responded quickly and there is also a touch interface like a water surface, often using the vibration capabilities of the device to provide haptic feedback to the user.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Internal hardware such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to user actions, for example to adjust screen position from portrait to landscape, depending on how the device is positioned, or allow the user to steer the vehicle while playing races by rotating the device as a steering wheel control simulation. [49]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

When turned on, the Android device will load on the front screen (homescreen), namely the main navigation and information center on the device, similar to the desktop on a personal computer.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Android's front screen usually consists of app icons and widgets; app icons serve to run related apps, while widgets display live and auto-update content, such as weather forecasts, user email inboxes, or show news tikers directly from the front screen. [50]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

The front screen can consist of several pages, users can swipe back and forth between one page to another, allowing Android users to set the appearance of the device according to their tastes.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Some third-party apps available on Google Play and in other app stores are extensively capable of reorganizing Android's front-screen theme, and can even emulate the look of other operating systems, for example Windows Phone. [51]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Most mobile phone manufacturers and wireless carriers customize the appearance of their homemade Android devices to differentiate them from their competitors. [52]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

At the top of the screen is a status bar, which displays information about the device and its connectivity.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

This status bar can be “pulled” down to open a notification screen showing important information or app updates, such as emails received or incoming SMS, by not interfering with user activities on the device. [53]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

In early versions of Android, this notification screen could be used to open relevant apps, but once updated, this function is further enhanced, for example, the ability to call back phone numbers from missed call notifications without having to open the main app. [54]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

This notification will remain until the user sees it, or it is deleted and disabled by the user.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Android apps allow users to install third-party apps, either obtained from app stores such as Google Play, Amazon Appstore, or by downloading and installing APK files from third-party sites. [55]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

On Google Play, users can browse, download, and update apps published by Google and third-party developers, in accordance with Google compatibility requirements. [56]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Google Play will filter the list of available apps based on their compatibility with users' devices, and developers can limit their created apps to specific carriers or countries for business reasons. [57]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

App purchases that do not match the user's liking can be returned within 15 minutes of download. [58]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Some mobile operators also offer direct billing for app purchases on Google Play by adding app purchase prices to users' monthly bills. [59]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

In September 2012, there were more than 675,000 apps available for Android, and the estimated number of apps downloaded from the Play Store was 25 billion. [60]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Android applications are developed in the Java programming language using the Android software development kit (SDK).


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

This SDK consists of a set of development tools, [61] including a debugger, a software library, a handset emulator based on QEMU, documentation, sample code, and tutorials.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Officially supported by the Eclipse integrated development environment (IDE), which uses the Android Development Tools (ADT) plugin.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Other development tools available include the Native Development Kit for applications or extensions in C or C++, Google App Inventor, visual environments for novice programmers, and various cross-platform mobile web application frameworks.


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

In order to deal with Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China, Android devices sold on RRT are generally adapted to country-approved services. [62]


Question: Did Ai Qing's first company work?

Android (operating system)

Memory management Because Android devices are generally battery-powered, Android is designed to manage memory (RAM) to maintain minimal power consumption, in contrast to desktop operating systems that can connect to unlimited power sources.