Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The vacuole membranes, which are part of the endomembrane system, are called tonoplasts.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The vacuole comes from the Latin word vacuolum meaning 'empty' and is so named because this organelle has no internal structure.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Generally vacuoles are larger than vesicles, and are sometimes formed from the concatenation of many vesicles. [44]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Young plant cells are small and contain many small vacuoles that then merge to form a central vacuole along with the addition of water to it.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Plant cell size is enlarged by adding water into that central vacuole.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The central vacuole also contains food reserves, salts, pigments, and metabolic wastes.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Substances that are toxic to herbivores can also be stored in vacuoles as defense mechanisms.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Vacuoles also play an important role in maintaining plant turgor pressure. [44]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The vacuole has many other functions and can also be found in animal cells and unicellular protists.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Most protozoa have food vacuoles, which join lysosomes to allow the food in them to be digested.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Some types of protozoa also have contractile vacuoles, which secrete excess water from cells. [44] Mitochondria Most eukaryote cells contain many mitochondria, which occupy up to 25 percent of the cytoplasmic volume.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

These organelles include large organelles, in general only smaller than nuclei, vacuoles, and chloroplasts. [45]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The name mitochondria comes from its thread-like appearance (mythical Greek, 'thread') under a light microscope. [46]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

These organelles have two kinds of membranes, the outer membrane and the inner membrane, which are separated by the intermembrane space.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The surface area of the inner membrane is greater than that of the outer membrane because it has folds, or krista, that pop into the matrix, or mitochondrial inner space. [45]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration, which is a chemical process that energizes cells. [47] Carbohydrates and fats are examples of high-energy food molecules broken down into water and carbon dioxide by reactions within the mitochondria, with the release of energy.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Most energy released in that process is captured by a molecule called ATP.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

It is mitochondria that produces most of the cell's ATP. [42] The chemical energy of ATP can later be used to execute various chemical reactions in cells. [44] Most of the stages of breakdown of food molecules and ATP manufacturing are carried out by enzymes contained in crystas and mitochondrial matrix. [45]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Mitochondria multiply themselves independently of whole other parts of the cell. [46]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

This organelle has its own DNA that encodes a number of mitochondrial proteins, which are made on its own ribosomes similar to the ribosomes of prokaryotes. [44]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are one type of organelle called plastid in plants and algae. [36]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that captures light energy for photosynthesis, that is, a series of reactions that convert light energy into chemical energy stored in carbohydrate molecules and other organic compounds. [48]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

One unicellular algal cell can have one chloroplast alone, while one leaf cell can have 20 to 100 chloroplasts.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

These organelles tend to be larger than mitochondria, with a length of 5—10µm or more.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Chloroplasts are usually shaped like discs and, like mitochondria, have an outer membrane and an inner membrane separated by intermembrane space.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The inner membrane of chloroplasts envelops the stroma, which loads various enzymes responsible for forming carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in photosynthesis.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

A second inner membrane system within the stroma consists of flattened pockets called interconnected thylacoids.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Tilakoid-tilakoids form a pile called granum (plural, grana).


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Chlorophyll is present in the thylacoid membrane, which plays a similar role to the inner membrane of mitochondria, that is, it is involved in the formation of ATP. [48]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

A portion of this formed ATP is used by enzymes in the stroma to convert carbon dioxide into a triple carbonaceous intermediate compound which is then removed into the cytoplasm and converted into carbohydrates. [49]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Just like mitochondria, chloroplasts also have their own DNA and ribosomes and grow and multiply themselves. [44]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

These two organelles can also move around in cells. [49] Peroxisomes are similar in size to lysosomes and can be found in all eukaryote cells. [50]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

These organelles are so named because they usually contain one or more enzymes involved in oxidation reactions producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). [51]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic chemical, but within the peroxisomes this compound is used for another oxidation reaction or is decomposed into water and oxygen.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

One of the tasks of peroxisomes is to oxidize long fatty acids to shorter which are then taken to the mitochondria for perfect oxidation. [50]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Peroxisomes in liver and kidney cells also detoxify various toxic molecules that enter the blood, for example, alcohol.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Meanwhile, peroxisomes in plant seeds play an important role in converting the fat reserves of seeds into carbohydrates used in the germination stage. [51]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton of eukaryotes consists of three types of protein fibers, namely microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments. [52]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Cytoskeleton proteins that are similar and function similarly to the cytoskeleton of eukaryotes are also found in prokaryotes. [33]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Microtubules are hollow cylinders that give the cell shape, guide organelle movement, and aid the movement of chromosomes at the time of cell division. The cilia and flagella of eukaryotes, which are aids of movement, also contain microtubules.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The intermediate filament supports the shape of the cell and keeps the organelle in place.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Meanwhile, microfilaments, which are thin rods of actin proteins, function among other things in muscle contraction in animals, the formation of pseudopodia for the movement of ameba cells, and the flow of material within the cytoplasm of plant cells. [53]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

A number of motor proteins drive various organelles along the cytoskeleton of eukaryotes.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

In general, motor proteins can be classed in three types, namely kinesin, dinein, and myosin.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Kinesin and dinein move on microtubules, while myosin moves on microfilaments. [54]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Extracellular components The cells of animals and plants are united as tissues primarily by the extracellular matrix, that is, a complex network of molecules that the cell secretes and functions primary forming a supporting skeleton.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Especially in animals, cells in most tissues are directly bound to each other through cell connections. [55] Animal extracellular matrix The extracellular matrix of animal cells is based on the main constituent of glycoproteins (proteins that bind to short carbohydrates), and the most abundant is collagen which form strong fibers on the outside of the cell. These collagen fibers are embedded in a woven tangle made of proteoglycans, which are glycoproteins of another class [56] Variations in the type and molecular arrangement of the extracellular matrix give rise to various shapes, for example hard such as the surface of bones and teeth, transparent like the cornea of the eye, or shaped like a strong cord on a muscle.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The extracellular matrix not only unifies cells but also affects cell development, shape, and behavior. [57] Plant cell wall The plant cell wall is the extracellular matrix that envelops each plant cell. [58]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

These walls are composed of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides as well as proteins and are much thicker in size than the plasma membrane, which is 0.1µm by several micrometers.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The cell wall protects plant cells, retains their shape, and prevents excessive suction of water. [59]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Intercellular connections Cell junctions can be found at intercellular meeting points or between cells and extracellular matrices.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

According to its function, cell joints can be classified into three, namely (1) occluding junction, (2) anchor connection (anchoring junction), and (3) communicating junction.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

A plug connection seals the surface of two cells into one in such a way that even small molecules cannot pass, for example is a tight junction in vertebrates.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Meanwhile, anchor joints attach the cell (and its cytoskeleton) to its neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Lastly, the communicating joint unites two cells but allows chemical or electrical signals to pass between those cells.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Plasmodesmata is an example of a communication connection found only in plants. [60]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Metabolism Function The whole chemical reaction that makes living beings capable of their activities is called metabolism, [61] and most of those chemical reactions occur in cells. [3] The metabolism that occurs in the cell can be catabolic reactions, that is, the overhaul of chemical compounds for produce energy and to be used as a material for the formation of other compounds, and anabolic reactions, namely the reaction to the preparation of cell components. [62] One of the catabolic processes that remodel food molecules to produce energy in the cell is cellular respiration, which mostly takes place inside mitochondria eukaryotes or cytosolic prokaryotes and produce ATP.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Meanwhile, an example of an anabolic process is protein synthesis that takes place on the ribosome and requires ATP.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Cell communication The ability of cells to communicate, i.e. receive and transmit 'signals' from and to other cells, determines interactions between unicellular organisms and regulates the function and development of the body of multicellular organisms.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

For example, bacteria communicate with each other in the process of quorum sensing (quorum sensing) to determine if their numbers are sufficient before forming biofilms, while cells in animal embryos communicate for coordination of differentiation processes into different cell types. Cell communication consists of the process of intercellular signal transfer in the form of molecules (e.g., hormones) or electrical activity, and signal transduction within the target cell to molecules that elicit a cell response. Signal transfer mechanisms can occur by intercellular contact (e.g. via communicating junctions), dispersal of signal molecules to adjacent cells, dispersal of signal molecules to distant cells through channels (e.g. blood vessels), or propagation of electrical signals to distant cells (e.g. in smooth muscle tissue).


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Furthermore, signaling molecules either penetrate the membrane directly, pass through the protein canal, or cling to receptors in the form of transmembrane proteins on the surface of the target cell and trigger signal transduction within the cell. This signal transduction can involve a number of substances called second messengers whose concentrations increase after attachment of the signal molecule to the receptor and which later regulate the activity of other proteins within the cell. In addition, signal transduction can also be performed by a number of protein types that can ultimately affect cell metabolism, function, or development. [63] [64] Each cell cycle comes from previous cell division, and the stages of cell life between cell division to division The next cell is referred to as the cell cycle. [65] In most cells, this cycle consists of four coordinated processes, namely cell growth, DNA replication, splitting duplicated DNA to two prospective tiller cells, as well as cell division. [66] In bacteria, the process of splitting DNA to prospective tiller cells can occur in conjunction with DNA replication, and successive cell cycles can lap.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

This is not the case with eukaryotes whose cell cycle occurs in four separate phases so the rate of bacterial cell division can be faster than the rate of cell division of eukaryotes. [67]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

In eukaryotes, the cell growth stage generally occurs twice, namely before DNA replication (called G1 phase, gap 1) and before cell division (G2 phase).


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The bacterial cell cycle is not obligate to have a G1 phase, but has a G2 phase called period D. The DNA replication phase in eukaryotes is called the S phase (synthesis), or in bacteria equivalent to period C. Furthermore, eukaryotes have a nucleus cleavage stage called the M phase (mitosis).


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The interstage transition of the cell cycle is controlled by a regulatory fixture that not only coordinates events in the cell cycle, but also connects the cell cycle with the extracellar signals that control cell multiplication. For example, animal cells in G1 phase can stop and not switch to S phase when there are no specific growth factors, but instead enter a state called G0 phase and undergo neither growth nor multiplication.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

An example is fibroblast cells that simply divide themselves to repair the body's damage caused by injuries. [66]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

If the regulation of the cell cycle is disrupted, for example due to mutations, the risk of tumor formation—that is, abnormal cell multiplication — increases and may have an effect on cancer formation. [68]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Cell differentiation Cell differentiation creates a diversity of cell types that appear during the development of a multicellular organism from a fertilized egg.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

For example, mammals derived from a cell develop into an organism with hundreds of different cell types such as muscles, nerves, and skin. [69]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The cells in the developing embryo perform cell signaling that affects the expression of cell genes and causes such differentiation. [70]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Programmed cell death Cells in multicellular organisms can undergo a programmed death which is useful for cell population control by compensating for cell multiplication, for example to prevent the appearance of tumors.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Cell death is also useful for removing parts of the body that are not needed.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

For example, at the time of embryo formation, the fingers on the human hand or foot are initially fused together, but then they form thanks to the death of interfinger cells.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Thus, the time and place of occurrence of cell death, just like cell growth and division, is a highly controlled process.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Such cell death occurs in a process called apoptosis that begins when an important factor is lost from the cell environment or when an internal signal is activated.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The initial symptom of apoptosis is nucleus compaction and DNA fragmentation followed by cell shrinkage. [71] The study of modern cell biology develops from the integration between cytology, which is the study of cell structure, and biochemistry, which is the study of molecules and chemical processes of metabolism.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Microscopy is the most important equipment in cytology, while a biochemical approach called cell fractionation has also become very important in cell biology. [72] Microscopy microscopy played a role in the study of cells since the beginning of its discovery.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The type of microscope used by Renaissance scientists and that is now widely used in laboratories is the light microscope.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Visible light is passed through the specimen and then a glass lens that refracts the light in such a way that the image of the specimen is magnified when projected onto the microscope user's eye.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

However, light microscopy has a limit to parse power, that is, it is not able to decipher finer details of approximately 0.2µm (small bacterial size).


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The development of techniques for using light microscopy since the early 20th century involved efforts to increase contrast, for example by staining or administering fluorescent substances.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Furthermore, cell biology experienced rapid progress with the invention of electron microscopy that uses electron beams in place of visible light and can have a resolution (parse power) of about 2nm.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

There are two basic types of electron microscopy, namely transmission electron microscope (transmission electron microscope, TEM) and payar electron microscope (scanning electron microscope, SEM).


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

TEM is primarily used to examine the internal structure of cells, while SEM is particularly useful for looking at specimen surfaces in detail. [72]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Cell fractionation. Cell fractionation is a technique for separating parts of cells. In general, this technique involves homogenization, that is, the subtle breakdown of cells with the help of a blender or ultrasound device, and centrifugation, that is, the separation of cell components by centrifugal force in a centrifuge device, a tool such as a merry-go-round for test tubes that can rotate on speed range.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

The most advanced centrifuge, called an ultrasentrifuge, can rotate as fast as 80,000 rotations per minute (rpm) and exert a force on sampled particles up to 500,000 times the Earth's gravitational force (500,000 g).


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Homogenate screening inside the centrifuge separates the cell parts into two fractions, namely pellets, consisting of larger structures collected at the bottom of the centrifuge tube, and supernatants, which consist of smaller cell parts suspended in liquid on top of the pellet.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

These supernatants are re-centrifuged and the process is repeated, with progressively higher rotation speeds at each stage, so that the longer the smaller cell components collect in successive pellets. [72]


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

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Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

All about the cells., a flash video showing what happens inside of a cell of, a collection of peer-reviewed still images, video clips and digital books that illustrate the structure, function and biology of the cell.


Question: What is a cell?

Cell (biology)

Category:Cell biology


Question: What is ELO?

Elo rating system

The Elo rating system is a method to calculate the relative skill level of players in a game between two players such as chess and igo.


Question: What is ELO?

Elo rating system

The system is also used as a ranking system for multi-player (multi-player) games on some types of computer games.


Question: What is ELO?

Elo rating system

“Elo” is often written in capital letters (ELO), but it is not actually an acronym.


Question: What is ELO?

Elo rating system

Elo comes from the name of the system's creator, Árpád Élő (1903-1992), a Hungarian-born United States physicist.


Question: What is ELO?

Elo rating system

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Elo rating system

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Elo rating system


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Elo rating system

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Elo rating system

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Elo rating system

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Question: What is ELO?

Elo rating system

Category:Chess Category:Ranking system


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Albania (officially Republika e Shqipërisë (Republic of Albania)) is a country located in southeastern Europe.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Albania borders Montenegro to the north, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east, and Greece to the south.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

The Adriatic Sea lies to the west of Albania, while the Ionian Sea is to the southwest.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Albanian in its language is called Shqipëria, meaning Homeland of the Eagle Bird.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Albanians attribute this definition as an epithet of their people as a whole, and this epithet is also attributed as a deciphering from the image of a two-headed eagle on the flag and emblem of Albania (this two-headed eagle is actually the emblem of the Byzantine Empire that once controlled the regions of the Balkans and Anatolia, which were in turns drawn from pre-Roman civilizations in Anatolia.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

This coat of arms can also be found in emblems of other countries, such as Russia).


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

The name “Albania” anyway probably derives from the Indo-European sayings albh (white).


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

History Scholars believe the Albanian population to be descendants of non-Slavic, non-Turkic tribal group known as Illyria, who came in the Balkans around 2000 BC.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

The inhabitants of modern Albania nevertheless distinguish between the Gheg (northern tribe) and the Tosk (southern tribe).


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

After falling under Roman authority in 165 BC, Albania was watched almost on an ongoing basis from the turn of foreign powers until the mid-20th century, with a brief period of self-government.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Following the breakup of the Roman Empire in 395, the Byzantine Empire began to take control of the area now known as Albania.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

In the 11th century, Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus made a credentials in which it is noted the first time there was an area or land known as Albania and its inhabitants.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

The Ottoman Sultanate controlled Albania between 1385-1912.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

During this time, most residents converted to Islam, and the Albanian population also emigrated to Italy, Greece, Egypt and Turkey.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Although its oversight was briefly interrupted by the upheavals of 1443-1478, led by Gjergj Kastrioti Skenderbeg, the Ottoman Sultanate eventually reaffirmed their control.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

In the early 20th century, the Ottoman Sultanate could not control its control here.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

The League of Prizren (1878) introduced the idea of an Albanian nationality state and created the modern Albanian alphabet.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Following the end of the Balkan War I, the Albanians issued the Vlore Proclamation on 28 November 1912, declaring 'independence'.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Albania's borders were set by the Great Powers in 1913.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

The integrity of Albanian territory was affirmed at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, after United States President Woodrow Wilson rejected a plan with European powers to divide Albania among its neighbors.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

During World War II, Albania was annexed first by Italy (1939-43) and then by Germany (1943-44).


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

After the war, Communist Party leader Enver Hoxha governed protecting the integrity of Albanian territory for the following 40 years, but entailed a very expensive political price from its population, which was subjugated to purge, reduce, suppression of civil and political rights, a total ban on religious practices, and increased isolation.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Albania loyal to harsh Stalinist philosophy, eventually withdrew from the Warsaw Pact in 1968 and distanced itself from its last ally, the People's Republic of China in 1978.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Following Hoxha's death in 1985 and then the fall of communism in 1991, Albanian society struggled to overcome its isolation and history.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

During the initial transition period, the Albanian government looked to closer ties with the West in order to improve economic circumstances and introduce basic democratic reforms, including a multiparty system.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

In 1992, after a wide electoral glory for the Democratic Party, Sali Berisha became the first democratic figure to be elected President of Albania.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Berisha embarked on a more cautious programme of economic improvement and 'democracy' but as it went there were rumors it failed in the mid-1990s, due to political gridlock.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

At the same time, investment companies that do not heed morals embezzled money throughout Albania using pyramid schemes.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

In early 1997, some of those pyramid schemes collapsed, leaving thousands of people bankrupt, disillusioned, and angry.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Armed upheaval broke out across the country, inflicting a near-total downfall of government authority.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

During that time, Albania had insufficient and ancient infrastructure that suffered great damage, such as people raiding public works for building materials.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Arms depots throughout the country were dismantled and their contents deprived so that year many military firearms were circulated among Albanian civilians.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Anarchy in early 1997 riled the world and prompted intensive international mediation.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Order was restored by the United Nations Multinational Protection Force, and the interim national reconciliation government guarded the June 1997 elections, which returned the Socialists and their allies to power at the national level.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

President Berisha quit, and his successor President was from among the Socialists Rexhep Meidani.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Between 1997 and 2002, a series of short reigns replaced each other.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Fatos Nano, Chairman of the Socialist Party, has been PM since June 2002.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

During the 1997-2002 transition period, Albania's fragile democratic structure was strengthened.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Additional political parties were formed, mass media stores flourished, nongovernmental business organizations and associations so.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

In 1998, the Albanians ratified a new constitution through a general referendum, guaranteeing legal powers and protection of religious rights and freedom.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

On 24 July 2002, Alfred Moisiu was sworn in as President.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

A nonpartisan figure, nominally associated with the Democratic Party, he was appointed as the consensus candidate of both the ruling and opposition parties.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

The quiet turn of power from Meidani to Moisiu was a result of approval among the parties to invite each other in the founding of the parliamentary structure.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

This “ceasefire” brought to a new period of political stability in Albania, which was considered to be able to make meaningful progress possible in democratic and economic reforms, power of legal initiatives, and the development of Albania's relations with its neighboring country as well as the US.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Statewide municipal elections were held in October 2003.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Although the improvement means exceeding years ago, there remain scattered administrative errors, including inaccuracy of the list of collectors.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

The “ceasefire” between party leaders began to fuss in the summer of 2003.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Progress on economic and political improvement suffered visibly as late as 2003 because of the political fight.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

In any case, in December 2003, PM Nano emphasized again his leadership of the ruling Socialist Party and raised a new cabinet.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Demographics According to the population census of 2011, the total population of Albania was 2,821,977 people with an average low fertility rate, which is 1.49 children per woman, while the 2014 estimated number of inhabitants reported an increase to 3,020,209.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

As a former communist country still in a transitional phase from using a planned economy towards a mixed economy, many Albanian residents emigrated to other capitalist countries after the fall of communism of the 1990s, especially Western European countries, in search of income bigger and a better life.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

This was particularly prominent in between 1991 and 2004, during a time in which Albania was caught up in a political, economic, and infrastructural crisis; about 900,000 Albanian residents emigrated, two-thirds of them heading for a neighboring country to the south, Greece.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

This was due to the implementation of Enver Hoxha's 1946-1985 system of communism that was extreme even compared to other fellow communist countries; the government forbade residents from emigrating, and immigration was strictly controlled.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Albania constitutes one of the most homogeneous countries in the Balkan area, with over 97% of the population identifying themselves as part of the Albanian nation.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

However, ethnic minorities settled in Albania, such as Greeks, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Rom, and Aromanians, criticized the government accused of reducing the actual number of minorities reportedly more than recognized.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Albania itself recognizes ethnic Greeks, Macedonians, and Montenegrins, as national ethnicities, while ethnic Aromanians and Rom are recognized as cultural ethnicities.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Other ethnic minorities such as Bulgarians, Gorani, Serbs, Balkan Egyptians, Bosnians, and Jews, also settled but were not recognized in Albania.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Ethnic Macedonians especially suspect that the Albanian government presumably discriminates against their nation - unlike the Greeks, ethnic Macedonians have no representation in the Albanian parliament.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Some say there is disagreement among Slavik-speaking Albanian citizens regarding their membership of the Macedonian nation and a significant number of Slavik-speaking speakers is Torbesh and self-identity as Albanian.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Outside estimates regarding the ethnic Macedonian population in Albania include 10,000 [1], whereas Macedonian sources state that there are 120,000 - 350,000 ethnic Macedonian inhabitants in Albania. [2]


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

The census of 2011 reported the ethnic makeup of the Albanian population as follows: 2,312,356 Albanians (82.6% of the total population), 24,243 Greeks (0.9%), 5,512 Macedonians (0.2%), 366 Montenegrins (0.01%), 8,266 Aromanians (0.3%), 8,301 Rom people (0.3%), 3,368 Balkan Egyptians (0.1 %), 2,644 people of miscellaneous ethnicity (0.1%), 390,938 untrue ethnic affliation (14%), and 44,144 do not consider any important affliation (1.6%) The official language is Albanian, and about 98.7% of the population speaks Albanian.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

The Albanian language is divided into two dialects: Gheg spoken in northern areas (as well as neighboring countries such as Montenegro, Serbia, and Kosovo), and Tosk which is worn in southern areas.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

The two dialects are separated by the Shkumbin river in central Albania.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

For hundreds of years, the Gheg dialect was used as a lingua franca in Albania and in Albanian communities in other countries, but the rule of communism under the leadership of Enver Hoxha (who was originally from Gjirokastër in southern Albania) established the Tosk dialect as the standard language, a status still spoken until now.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

In addition to Albanian, Greek was also spoken by small communities of Greeks who settled near the border with Greece.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Other languages spoken include Macedonian, Rom, Serbian, etc.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

The Albanian religion is the only country in Europe (exclude Turkey which is a transcontinental country) whose majority population is Islamic (Bosnia and Herzegovina has an Islamic plurality, while Kosovo's independence is still disputed).


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

According to the 2011 census, 58.79% of the population is Sunni Muslim, while another 2% follow Bektashism, one of the tarekates of Sufism. 17.06% of the population is Christian, making it the second largest religion in Albania, while the rest of the population follows other religions or is not religious.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Before World War II, 70% of the population was Jewish, 20% Orthodox Christian, and 10% Catholic Christian.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

The spread of Islam in Albania (and in the Balkan area as a whole) was caused by the rule of the Usmaniyah Sultanate from the 15th to 20th centuries which controlled the Balkan area until the rise of nationalism of the Balkan regions after the reddening of Greece; previously, the majority of the Albanian population was religious Orthodox Christians.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

However, according to a 2010 study, Albania is one of the least faithful countries in the world; only 39% of the population think religion plays an important role in their lives.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

This was due to the fact that after the degradation of the Usmaniyad Sultanate, republics and kingdoms that ruled in Albania from 1912 to 1945 did not establish an official religion and weakened the role of clerics and clerics in daily life.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

This policy was carried further on communist rule after the reddening of Albania from Nazi Germany, where the government banned the practice of religion with the threat of prison sentences, destroyed places of worship, and declared Albania the world's first “atheist country”.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

As a result, after the fall of communism in 1991, most of the Albanian population arguably identified their religion only on name only, while in everyday life they were atheists.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Those who still practice religion also separate it with the state (secularism).


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

See also List of countries of the world Albania Football Association Further reading (in English) Reference Outlink Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

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Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Albania's official website for travel & tourism information.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian

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Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

Albanian


Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

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Question: Is the political system of Republic of Albania?

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Category:OIC Member States Category:Francophonie


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Sunda Kelapa was also the name of Jakarta before 1527.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Sunda Coconut (Sd.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Sunda Kalapa) is the name of a port and surrounding place in Jakarta, Indonesia.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

The port is located in Penjaringan sub-district, Penjaringan district, North Jakarta.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Although now Sunda Kelapa is just the name of one of the ports in Jakarta, this area is very important because the village around the port of Sunda Kelapa was the forerunner of the city of Jakarta whose anniversary was set on June 22, 1527.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

At that time Kalapa, its original name, was a port of Sunda Kingdom or better known at that time as Pajajaran Kingdom which was capitalized in Pakuan Pajajaran (now Bogor city) captured by Demak and Cirebon forces.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Although the anniversary of Jakarta was only set in the 16th century, the history of Sunda Kelapa has started much earlier, namely in the time of the predecessor of Pajajaran, namely the kingdom of Tarumanagara.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

The kingdom of Taruma Negara is the oldest kingdom, how could it be attacked by a kwrajaan that has not been established. The history of Kalapa Port has been known since the 12th century and at that time it was the most important port of Pajajaran.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Later during the influx of Islam and the European colonists, Kalapa was contested between the kingdoms of the Archipelago and Europe.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Eventually the Dutch managed to master it long enough to over 300 years.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

These conquerors renamed the port Kalapa and the surrounding area.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

But in the early 1970s, the ancient name Kalapa was again used as the official name of this old port in the form of “Sunda Kelapa”.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Hindu-Buddhist period According to Portuguese writer Tomé Pires, Kalapa was the largest port in West Java, besides Sunda (Banten), Pontang, Cigede, Tamgara and Cimanuk which Pajajaran also owned. [1]


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Sunda Kelapa which in this text is called Kalapa is considered the most important port because it can be reached from the capital of the kingdom called by the name of Dayo (in modern Sundanese: dayeuh meaning city) within two days. [2]


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

This port has been used since the time of Tarumanagara and is thought to have existed since the 5th century and at that time it was called Sundapura.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

In the 12th century, the port was known as a busy pepper port belonging to the Kingdom of Sunda, which had its capital at Pakuan Pajajaran or Pajajaran which is today the City of Bogor.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Foreign ships coming from China, Japan, South India, and the Middle East were already anchored in these ports carrying items such as porcelain, coffee, silk, cloth, fragrances, horses, wine, and dyestuffs to exchange for spices that were mercantile commodities at that time.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

The Islamic period and the beginning of Western colonialism In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, European explorers began sailing to visit corners of the world.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

The Portuguese sailed to Asia and in 1511, they were even able to seize the port city of Malacca, on the Malacca Peninsula.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Malacca was made a base for further exploration in Southeast Asia and East Asia.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Tome Pires, one of the Portuguese explorers, visited the ports on the northern coast of Java Island between 1512 and 1515.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

He described that the port of Sunda Kelapa is crowded with traders and sailors from outside such as from Sumatra, Malacca, South Sulawesi, Java and Madura.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

According to the report, in Sunda Kelapa is widely traded pepper, rice, tamarind, cut animals, gold, vegetables and fruits.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Portuguese reports explain that Sunda Kelapa was longitudinal one or two kilometres over narrow pieces of land cleared on both banks of the Ciliwung river.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

It is near its estuary located in a bay sheltered by several island fruits.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

The river made it possible to enter 10 merchant ships each of which had a capacity of about 100 tons.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

The ships were generally owned by the Malays, Japanese and Chinese.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

In addition there are also ships from the area now called Eastern Indonesia.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Meanwhile Portuguese ships of a small type that had a loading capacity of between 500 - 1,000 tons had to dock in front of the beach.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Tome Pires also states that Sundanese merchandise goods are transported by lanchara, that is, a kind of ship whose load is up to approximately 150 tons. [3]


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Then in 1522 Governor Alfonso d'Albuquerque based in Malacca sent Henrique Leme to attend the Sundanese king's invitation to build a security fort in Sunda Kalapa to fight the expansive Cirebon people.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Demak's kingdom has meanwhile become an Islamic political powerhouse.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

These Muslims were originally incomers from Java and among them were of Arab descent.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

So on 21 August 1522 a treaty was made that mentioned that the Portuguese would make loji (offices and housing equipped fortresses) in Sunda Kelapa, while the Sunda Kelapa would receive the necessary goods.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

The Sundanese king would give to the Portuguese people 1,000 baskets of pepper as a sign of friendship.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

A memorial stone or padraế was made to commemorate that event.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Padrao is referred to as layang salaka domas in the Sundanese rakya story Mundinglaya Dikusumah.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

The padraí was rediscovered in 1918 at the corner of Prinsenstraat (Jalan Clove) and Groenestraat (East Fisherman Street) in Jakarta.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

The kingdom of Demak considered the Sunda-Portugal friendship treaty as a provocation and a threat to him.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Then Demak tasked Fatahillah to expel the Portuguese as well as seize the city.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

So on 22 June 1527, the combined forces of Demak-Cirebon under the leadership of Fatahillah (Faletehan) captured Sunda Kelapa.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

The tragedy of June 22nd is always celebrated as the anniversary of Jakarta.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Since then the name Sunda Kelapa was changed to Jayakarta.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

This name is usually translated as the city of victory or the city of glory, but in fact, it means “victory achieved by a deed or effort” from Sanskrit, jayakṣta (Dewanagari जयकत्त्तात्त्त्तात्त्त्तात्तात्तात्ताताता


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

The period of Dutch colonialism of Demak power in Jayakarta did not last long.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

At the end of the 16th century, the Dutch began to explore the world and seek a way to the east.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

They commissioned Cornelis de Houtman to sail to the area now called Indonesia.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Its escalation despite its high cost was considered successful and the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) was founded.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

In the search for spices in Southeast Asia, they need a base anyway.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

So in the next development on 30 May 1619, Jayakarta was taken by the Dutch under the leadership of Jan Pieterszoon Coen who simultaneously annihilated it.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Above the rubble of Jayakarta was erected a new town. J. P. Coen at first wanted to name this town Nieuw Hoorn (New Hoorn), as per his home town of Hoorn in the Netherlands, but eventually selected the name Batavia.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

This name is the name of a Keltic tribe that lived in the territory of the Netherlands today in Roman times.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

According to historical records, the port of Sunda Kelapa in this early period was built with a canal along 810 meters.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

In 1817, the Dutch government enlarged it to 1,825 meters.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

After the period of independence, rehabilitation was carried out so that the port has a canal along 3,250 meters which can accommodate 70 sailboats with betel stacking system.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

19th century Around 1859, Sunda Kalapa was not as familiar as the previous times.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

As a result of silting, the ships were no longer able to lean near the port so goods from the middle of the sea had to be transported by boats.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Batavia at that time was actually experiencing modern acceleration and touch (modernization), especially since the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, which shortened the mileage thanks to the ability of steamships that increased the flow of voyages between oceans.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

In addition Batavia also competed with Singapore which Raffles built around 1819.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

So was built the oceanic port of Tanjung Priok, which is about 15 km east from Sunda Kelapa to replace it.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Almost simultaneously with it was built the first railway road (1873) between Batavia - Buitenzorg (Bogor).


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Four years earlier (1869) there appeared a four-horse-drawn equestrian tramway, which was given iron at its mouth section.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

In addition, in the mid-19th century the entire area around Syahbandar Tower lived by Dutch and European elites became unhealthy.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

And as soon as the surrounding region of Batavia was free from the threat of wild beasts and hordes of runaway slaves, many Kalapa Sundanese moved to the southern region.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

In the 20th century During the occupation by Dai Nippon soldiers starting in 1942, Batavia was renamed Jakarta.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

After the army of Dai Nippon came out in 1945, this name remained used by the Dutch who wanted to retake control of Indonesia.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Later in the New Order period, the name Sunda Kelapa was reused.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Based on the Decree of the Governor of Jakarta No.d.IV a.4/3/74 dated March 6, 1974, the name Sunda Kelapa is used again officially as the name of the port.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

This port is also commonly called Fish Market because there is a large fish market.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Sunda Kelapa today ka|JMPL|250px|Sunda Kelapa today. At this time Sunda Kelapa Port is planned to become a tourist area because of its high historical value.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Currently Sunda Kelapa Port is one of the ports managed by PT Pelindo II that is not certified International Ship and Port Security because of the nature of its service only for inter-island ships.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Currently the port of Sunda Kelapa has a land area of 760 hectares and a pond water area of 16,470 hectares, consisting of two main ports and the port of Kalibaru.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

The main port has an area of 3,250 meters long and a pool area of approximately 1,200 meters which is capable of accommodating 70 motor sailboats.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Kalibaru Port is 750 meters more long with a land area of 343,399 square meters, a pool area of 42,128,74 square meters, and is able to accommodate about 65 inter-island ships and has a freight stacking field of 31,131 square meters.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

In terms of economy, this port is very strategic because it is adjacent to trading centers in Jakarta such as Glodok, Pasar Pagi, Mangga Dua, and others.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

As an inter-island port Sunda Kelapa crowded visited ships measuring 175 BRT.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

The goods that are transported in this port in addition to grocery goods are groceries and textiles.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

For construction outside the island of Java, from Sunda Kelapa also transported building materials such as concrete iron and others.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

This port is also the purpose of dismantling building materials from outside Java such as sawn wood, rattan, kaoliang, copra, and so on.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

The loading and unloading of goods at this port still uses the traditional way.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

In this port there are also stockpiling warehouse facilities, both ordinary sheds and fire sheds.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

In terms of history, this port is also one of the tourist destinations for DKI.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Not far from this port there is a Maritime Museum that displays the Indonesian maritime world of the past as well as the relics of the Dutch colonial history of the past.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

To the south of this port there are also VOC Shipyards and renovated VOC buildings.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

In addition, the port is planned to undergo coastal reclamation for the construction of Ancol Timur multifunctional terminal of 500 hectares.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Footnote Referral Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Jan Gonda, 1951, Sanskrit in Indonesia. (in English) Adolf Heuken SJ and Grace Pamungkas, 2000, Batavia Shipyard for three hundred years.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Jakarta:Cipta Loka Caraka/Sunda Kelapa Lestari (in Indonesian) Supratikno Rahardjo et al., 1996, Sunda Kelapa as City on the Silk Road.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Research Report.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Jakarta: Ministry of Education and Culture (in Indonesian) Thomas B. Ataladjar and Sudiyono, 1991, 'Sunda Kelapa' at the National Encyclopaedia of Indonesia.


Question: when is the port of sunda coconut in wake?

Sunda Coconut

Jakarta: Cipta Adi Pustaka Outdoors (in Indonesian) (in Indonesian) (in Indonesian) Category:Historical Jakarta Category:Ports in Indonesia Category:Kingdom of Sunda


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Widji Thukul, real name Widji Widodo () is an Indonesian literary and human rights activist.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Thukul was one of the figures who participated against the suppression of the New Order regime.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Since 1998 until now she is unknown to her foreigner, declared missing with presumed kidnapped by the military [1].


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Thukul's family, once his familiar greeting was the first of three children.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

He was born to a Catholic family of modest economic circumstances.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

His father was a rickshaw puller, while his mother sometimes sold seasoned chicken to help the family economy. [2]


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Thukul Started writing poetry since elementary school, and was interested in the world of theater when sitting in junior high school.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Together with the Jagat Theater group, he once ngamen poetry out in the village and city.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Had time to connect his life by selling newspapers, so touts cinema cards, and become a plumber in a furniture company.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

In October 1989, Thukul was married to his wife Siti Dyah Sujirah alias Sipon who was working as a laborer. [3].


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Shortly since her marriage, Thukul-Sipon was given the first child named Fitri Nganthi Wani, then on December 22, 1993 their second child was born who was named Fajar Merah. [2]


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Educational Thukul attended Junior High School 8 Solo and continued his education until the second grade at Sekolah Menengah Karawitan Indonesia majoring in dance. [2].


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Thukul decided to quit school due to financial difficulties. [4]


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Although life is difficult, he actively organizes theater activities and painting with the children of Katar village, where he and his wife's children live.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

In 1994, there was a farmer action in Ngawi, East Java.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Thukul who led the mob and performed the oration was captured as well as militarily beaten.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

In 1992 he joined a demonstration protesting against environmental pollution by the textile factory PT Sariwarna Asli Solo.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

The following years Thukul was active in the People's Art Work Network (Jakker) Year 1995 suffered a right eye injury due to being banged on a car by the apparatus while participating in a protest action of PT Sritex employees.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

The events of July 27, 1998 eliminated any trace of it to date.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

He was one of the dozen missing activists.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

April 2000, Thukul's wife Sipon reported her missing husband to the Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence (Kontras).


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

The Surakarta Literature Forum (FSS) directed by Poet Sosiawan Leak and Wowok Hesti Prabowo held a solidarity forum for Thukul's disappearance titled “Thukul, Pulang” held in Surabaya, Mojokerto, Solo, Semarang, Yogyakarta, and Jakarta.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

The cause of the disappearance of Thukul Riots in May 1998 has dragged several names of activists into the search list of Mawar Kopassus apparatus. [2].


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Among the activists were activists from the Democratic People's Party, Indonesian Democratic Party, United Development Party, JAKKER, businessmen, students, and students who disappeared from April to May 1998. [2].


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Since July 1996, Thukul has been moving out of the area from one city to another to hide from the chases of the apparatus. [2].


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

In his escape, Thukul still wrote pro-democracy poems, one of which was titled Generals Angry. [2].


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

In 2000, Sipon reported Thukul's disappearance to CONTRAST (Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence), but Thukul has not been found until now. [2]


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Kidnapping victims After the Events of July 27, 1996 to 1998, a number of activists were arrested, kidnapped and went missing, including Thukul.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

A number of people still saw it in Jakarta in April 1998.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Thukul was on the missing persons list since 2000.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Wiji's work has been a lot of writing poetry rhymes since 1982.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

There are about two hundred more poems written by him, whether published or not in various print media at home and abroad.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

There are three popular Thukul rhymes and become compulsory rhymes in mass acts, namely Warning, Sound Rhymes, and Flowers and Walls; all three are in the anthology “Seeking the Field” published by Manus Amici, Netherlands, in 1994.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

But, indeed, the anthology was published by KITLV and publisher Hasta Mitra, Jakarta.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

The name of the fictitious publisher Manus Amici was used to shy away from the government's banning of the New Order.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Of the two hundred poetry rhymes, once published in the form of a poetry collection book including: Pelo Poem (published Taman Budaya Surakarta, 1984).


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Darman and Others (published Taman Budaya Surakarta, 1984).


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

A poetry anthology with Keliek Eswe and Sugiarto B. Darmawan, namely Geguritan Iki Mung Pengin Kandha: Anthology of Javanese Poetry (published Taman Budaya Central Java, 1987).


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

In this anthology there are Javanese poems written by Wiji Thukul under the pseudonym Wiji Thukul Wijaya, and Javanese poetry written by Wiji Thukul is rarely published. [5] [6] Poetry anthology with Beno Siang Pamungkas et al., namely Kicau Kepodang (published Taman Budaya Surakarta, 1993).


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

In this anthology there is also a poem written by Wiji Thukul. [7]


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

One of the poetry anthology series edited by F. Rahardi (there are 45 contributing poets), namely Dari Negeri Poci 2 (published by Literature Library, 1994) also contains some poetry rhymes by Wiji Thukul.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

It was this book as a reward for the kindness of doctors who had relieved the cost of Wiji Thukul's eye surgery.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Seeking the Field (published Manus Amici, 1994). [8] [9] Tumis Kangkung Comberan (published Yayasan Garba Budaya, 1996). [10]


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

I Want So Bullet: A Collection of Poems (published IndonesiaTera, 2000).


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

The book was also published for a Malaysian edition in 2015 by Obscura publishing house with Kedai Hitam Putih, Kota Bharu, Kelantan. [11]


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

The Generals Angry: A Collection of Poems of Wiji Thukul on the Run (published TEMPO Magazine, 2013).


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

The book is a bonus of Tempo's weekly Magazine from Special Edition: Tragedy in May 1998-2013 with the cover title “Puzzles of Wiji Thukul”.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Grassroots Singing: A Complete Collection of Poems of Wiji Thukul (published Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2014).


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

Achievement and award 1989, she was invited to read poetry at the German Embassy in Jakarta by the Goethe Institut. 1991, she performed poetry at the Poetry Night Market (Erasmus Huis; Dutch Cultural Center, Jakarta). 1991, she obtained the Wertheim Encourage Award given by Wertheim Stichting, Netherlands, together with WS Rendra. 2002, was awarded the 2002 “Yap Thiam Hien Award 2002", a documentary about Widji Thukul was made by Tinuk Yampolsky.


Question: where was Setyo Gunawan born?

Thukul Widji

See also List of Missing Persons in Indonesia Kidnapping activists 1997/1998 Sosiawan Leak Outside Reference Category:Birth 1963 Category:Literature Indonesia Category:Indonesian Activists Category:Figures from Surakarta Category:Central Java Figures Category:Javanese Figures Thukul


Question: When did Reki Kawahara start writing novels?

Reki Kawahara

Reki Kawahara (川原, Kawahara Reki, born August 17, 1974) is a Japanese author of light novels and manga from the Sword Art Online and Accel World series.


Question: When did Reki Kawahara start writing novels?

Reki Kawahara

Both have been adapted into anime.


Question: When did Reki Kawahara start writing novels?

Reki Kawahara

He also wrote The Isolator and the spinoff series Sword Art Online: Progressive.


Question: When did Reki Kawahara start writing novels?

Reki Kawahara

Reference Outside Interview General Interview on Twitter (in Japanese) (in Japanese) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia {{subst: #if: |}} [[Category: {subst: #switch: {subst:uc:1974}} || UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of missing birth {{subst: #switch: {subst:uc:} |( =LIVING living people)}} | #default =1974 births}}]] [[Category: {{subst: #switch: {{subst:uc:}} || LIVING =Living people | UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of death missing | #default =deaths}}]]


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Red Hot Chili Peppers (better known RHCP) is a California-based rock music group founded by vocalist Anthony Kiedis, bassist Michael Balzary (known as Flea), the late guitarist Hillel Slovak and drummer Jack Irons in 1983.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Currently its members consist of Anthony Kiedis as vocalist, Michael Balzary aka Flea as bassist, guitarist Josh Klinghoffer and drummer Chad Smith.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Ex-members include the late Hillel Slovak, Jack Irons, Dix Denney, Jack Sherman, Cliff Martinez, Zander Schloss, Chuck Biscuits, Dwayne “Blackbyrd” McKnight, D.H. Peligro, Arik Marshall, John Frusciante, Jesse Tobias and Dave Navarro.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

RHCP has issued nine studio albums, nine #1 modern rock hits, and has sold nearly 50 million album pieces in the world (37 million sold for all three Blood Sugar Sex Magik albums, Californication and By the Way).


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

The history of the Red Hot Chili Peppers (originally named Tony Flow and the Miraculously Majestic Masters of Mayhem) was founded in 1983 by Fairfax High School alumni Michael “Flea” Balzary (bass), Anthony Kiedis (vocals), Jack Irons (drums), and Hillel Slovak (guitar) originally just for once.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

After becoming famous in Los Angeles, they signed a recording contract with EMI.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Irons and Slovak considered the band a side project, and left RHCP before their inaugural album to co-anchor their home band What Is This?.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Slovak and Irons considered RHCP would not have managed to achieve popularity until at the time of the recording process of the first album.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Their first album titled Red Hot Chili Peppers was published on August 10, 1984 and this debut album was recorded with Jack Sherman on guitar and Cliff Martinéz on drums as well as producer Andy Gill of Gang of Four but was not successful on a sales basis.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

The sales results of this inaugural album were not encouraging.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Due to an altercation on the tour, Jack Sherman was fired after the tour ended and Hillel Slovak re-entered after learning Jack Sherman had been fired.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

In 1985, Hillel Slovak re-joined and began contributing again as guitarist on his second album entitled Freaky Styley.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

George Clinton of Parliament-Funkadelic became the producer of their second album Freaky Styley on August 16, 1985.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Cliff Martinéz was fired after this second album was released and Jack Irons rejoined in 1986.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

At this time they began to use narcotics.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Anthony Kiedis who from small did often use drugs and Hillel Slovak used drugs excessively and their addiction was getting crazy in those days.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Not unlike the previous album, this 2nd album failed on the market.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Their next album, which broke into the Billboard Top 200, was The Uplift Mofo Party Plan on September 29, 1988 with producer Michael Beinhorn.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

It is the only album with all four initial members.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

It was this album that brought RHCP into the Billboard Top 200 for the first time.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Ahead of the tour, Hillel Slovak passed away and Jack Irons resigned.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

On tour, Hillel Slovak became increasingly addicted to drugs and Slovak eventually died of a heroin overdose on June 25, 1988 on a tour in Europe.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

After Slovak died, Jack Irons had experienced inner stress, stress to get out of the mental hospital, then Flea was busy with his family and Anthony Kiedis briefly exiled for a month in a settlement.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

After the condition of the band returned to normal, Jack Irons decided to return to play in the band after losing Hillel Slovak who was the guitarist of RHCP as well as his best friend and Jack Irons later joined as drummer for Pearl Jam and Eleven.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

After the band's formation was filled by interim replacement Dead Kennedys drummer, D.H. Peligro and former P-Funk guitarist, DeWayne “Blackbyrd” McKnight, they eventually recruited Chad Smith and John Frusciante in place of Jack Irons and Hillel Slovak.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

After Hillel Slovak's death, Anthony Kiedis and Flea undertook rehabilitation to avoid using drugs again and eventually made a full recovery.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

RHCP also frequently mutually personnel in the positions of guitarist and drummer after Slovak's death.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Until they held an audition for the position of guitarist John Frusciante, a young 18-year-old eventually became RHCP personnel after auditioning.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

They also audition for the position of drummer until they finally set up a big tall man named Chad Smith.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Anthony Kiedis, Flea, John Frusciante and Chad Smith are considered the most perfect lineups throughout the course of his RHCP career.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

The presence of John Frusciante gives new color by adding elements of pop, rock and also country into the funk music that RHCP carries.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Chad Smith is also thought to be able to give a new groove to Flea as a bass player.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Subsequently, RHCP recorded a later album, Mother's Milk, which was issued in August 1989.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

The album reached #52 in the US, the highest for them at the time.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

In this album lies the hit Knock Me Down which they dedicated to Hillel Slovak and put them in the top of modern rock.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

In addition, also released the singles Higher Ground, Taste The Pain and one of the soundtrack of the Pretty Woman movie titled Show Me Your Soul in 1990.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

In 1990 they moved to Warner Brothers Records.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Rick Rubin became the producer of their fifth album Blood Sugar Sex Magik in 1991, which produced numerous hits and sold 7 million pieces in the US.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

The single “Give it Away” won a Grammy award in 1992 for “Best Hard Rock Performance With Vocal”, and the other singles were “Breaking the Girl”, “Suck My Kiss”, and “Under the Bridge”.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Blood Sugar Sex Magik went to number 310 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, and in 1992 reached # 3 in the US.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

The songs from the album several times earned “Give It Away” which won Best Rock Perfomance awards at the Grammy Awards, and also won Best Art Direction and Breakthrough Video in the MTV Video Music Award.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

The success ushered them to the pinnacle of popularity.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Money was getting more and more because of the success they achieved, until John Frusciante couldn't resist plunging into the black valley of the drug world.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Frusciante is getting addicted to heroin and cocaine by the day.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

This messed up RHCP's performance due to Frusciante's chaotic and unruly performance in playing guitar on stage.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

In 1992, just while going to a gig in Japan, Frusciante resigned and went home to America alone.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

He can no longer play on stage because of his very chaotic circumstances.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

This dizzying for all RHCP personnel and crew because concerts in Japan were then void.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Drug problems again interrupted them and John Frusciante officially quit the band in May 1992 after the Blood Sugar Sex Magik tour was implemented in Japan.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

After Frusciante's departure, RHCP often alternated guitarists to accompany them gigs.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

After replacing him with Arik Marshall who is the best friend and friend of Flea and Jesse Tobias who is the guitarist of Mother Tongue, then in September 1993 Frusciante's position was replaced by former Jane's Addiction guitarists, Dave Navarro and Dave Navarro was recruited to record the album One Hot Minute in 1995.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

The album also sold 5 million pieces and stayed on the album charts for 55 weeks.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

This album was considered strange by most fans of RHCP because of the funk elements that they had been carrying as if lost.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Of this album only two songs can be called successful, namely “My Friends” and “Aeroplane”.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

On the other hand, Frusciante who is getting screwed with drugs, doing rehab.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

After the recuperation of Frusciante in 1997, RHCP hooked him back in 1998 and resulted in the firing of Dave Navarro who was considered unsuccessful in the band.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

After Dave Navarro was fired in 1998 due to differences in creativity and heroin addiction, John Frusciante who had been cured of drugs as well as free from rehab returned to RHCP and they recorded a seventh album in 1999 titled Californication.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

The album was more successful than Sex Magik's Blood Sugar and sold 15 million pieces.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

The hit songs from the album were “Scar Tissue”, “Otherside”, and “Californication”.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

From those Albums they gained tremendous success.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

The album hit charts around the world and won many awards such as at the Grammy Awards, American Music Awards and Europe Music Award.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Frusciante is again considered a new life for the near-death RHCP.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

After touring in several countries, in 2002 they issued a new album entitled By the Way.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

In 2002, they published By the Way exactly on July 9, 2002.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

The album sold 700,000 pieces in its first week and produced the hit songs “By the Way”, “The Zephyr Song”, “Can't Stop”, “Dosed”, and “Universally Speaking”.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Continuing the success of the previous album, the album also produced songs that can top the charts and earn many awards.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

They recorded two new songs “Fortune Faded” and “Save the Population” for the Greatest Hits album and in 2004 their first live album, Live in Hyde Park.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Three years later, RHCP again issued their most recent album titled Stadium Arcadium.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Not only did it continue the success of the previous album, it is considered RHCP's best album of all time and could also be called a double album because it contains 24 songs from two discs, namely the Mars and Jupiter discs.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

From this album, outstanding songs such as “Tell Me Baby”, “Snow” ('Hey Oh'), “Charlie”, “Hump de Bump” and also one song that is considered a masterpiece by fans, namely “Dani California”.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

In 2006 they issued Stadium Arcadium which is a double album.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

The album instantly reached #1 on the US charts and stayed for 2 weeks.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Also directly sat dinomer one UK Albums Chart and in 25 countries to another.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

In its inaugural week, the album grossed 442,000 units in the United States and over 1,000,000 worldwide.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Late in 2006, the album was touted as the best-selling album of the year with over 7 million units sold.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

The album also earned 5 awards from the Grammy Awards 2007, for the categories Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal (Dani California), Best Rock Song (Dani California), Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package (Stadium Arcadium), Best Rock Album (Stadium Arcadium), Best Rock Album (Stadium Arcadium), Best Producer (Rick Rubin - Stadium Arcadium).


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

RHCP also participated in the Live Earth concert at London's Wembley Stadium on 7 July 2007.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

The Stadium Arcadium album tour was carried out almost two years in venues around the world.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

After a fairly laborious tour, they feel bored and busy with each other's personal activities.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Until at the end in 2008 they declared a vacuum for quite a while.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Flea, John Frusciante and Chad Smih busy themselves with their respective side projects, while Anthony Kiedis was busy taking care of his children and family and steeped in his religion.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Lapsed a year after the vacuum statement, Frusciante quit the band for the second time.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

He stated it came out in because of the already different music streams through his personal website.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Frusciante expressed tired of playing music in the way done by RHCP, he also wanted to switch the flow to electronic music that he had learned for years.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

In 2009, John Frusciante declared his exit from RHCP well and Frusciante decided to pursue an electronic music and solo career.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

In place of John Frusciante, Guitarist and producer Josh Klinghoffer finally officially replaced John Frusciante from the Red Hot Chili Peppers.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Klinghoffer is the personnel of the Los Angeles experimental band, Ataxia which also included Frusciante and Fugazi's bass player Joe Lally.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

In Ataxia, Klinghoffer played drums.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

He has played as a session musician for many years with Beck, Butthole Surfers, PJ Harvey, Gnarls Barkley and the Red Hot Chili Peppers.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

He also worked with Frusciante's solo album, so Josh was John Frusciante's qualified replacement for the Red Hot Chili Peppers.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

John Frusciante left the Red Hot Chili Peppers a year ago, but it was officially announced to the public in December 2009 ago.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

In 2011, RHCP released their tenth album titled I'm With You with the hits singles “Monarchy Of Roses”, “Look Around”, “Brendan's Death Song”, “Did I Let You Know” and “The Adventures of Rain Dance Maggie”.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Red Hot Chili Peppers didn't just die.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

After a vacuum for two years more and being left behind by Frusciante, in 2011 they put out a new album I'm With You by fronting Josh Klinghoffer at the position of guitarist.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Josh Klinghoffer is John Frusciante's friend in various projects and has been a touring member of RHCP as an additional guitar player since 2007.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

The album produced singles among others “Monarchy of Roses” and “Look Around”.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

This album is indeed not as successful as the previous album, but this album marks that the Red Hot Chili Peppers are not dead.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

In 2012, the Red Hot Chili Peppers was honored with the Rock 'N Roll Hall of Fame award for his dedication to music during his years.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

At the awards were present all members and former members of Red Hot Chili Peppers namely Anthony Kiedis, Josh Kinghoffer, Flea, Chad Smith with two former RHCP drummers namely the first drummer as well as RHCP founder Jack Irons and Cliff Martinez, without the presence of Dave Navarro, Jack Sherman and John Frusciante who was absent from this awards show.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Frusciante did not attend because he felt uncomfortable if he was present at the event.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

It was relayed to Chad Smith via a short message.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

On June 17, 2016, RHCP released its eleventh album, titled “The Getaway” and is the second album alongside guitarist Josh Klinghoffer.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

The type of music Technique Flea's bass playing was influenced by funk and blues, particularly bass players Bootsy Collins of Parliament-Funkadelic and John Paul Jones of Led Zeppelin.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Kiedis mixed songs and rapping (mainly in albums until Blood Sugar Sex Magik).


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Their songs address various issues such as friendship, sex, political, social, drugs, alcohol, and death.


Question: When were the Red Hot Chili Peppers formed?

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Band Member Now Anthony Kiedis — lead vocals (1983—present) Flea — bass, trumpet, piano, backing vocals (1983—present) Chad Smith — drums, percussion (1988—present) Josh Klinghoffer — guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2009—present, touring member 2007) Touring Member Chris Warren — keyboards, backing vocals (2007—present, drums technician since 90s) Former Member Hillel Slovak — guitar, backing vocals (1983, 1985—1988; died in 1988) Jack Sherman — guitar, backing vocals (1983—1984) DeWayne McKnight — guitar, backing vocals (1988) John Frusciante — guitar, backing vocals (1988) John Frusciante — guitar, backing vocals vocals (1988—1992, 1998—2009) Arik Marshall — guitar, backing vocals (1992—1993) Jesse Tobias — guitar, backing vocals (1993) Dave Navarro — guitar, backing vocals (1993—1998) Jack Irons — drums, percussion (1983, 1986—1988) Cliff Martinez — drums, percussion (1983—1986) D.H. Peligro — drums, percussion (1988) Former Touring Member Chuck Biscuits — drums (1985) Keith Morris — lead vocals (replaced Kiedis for one show) (1986) Keith “Tree” Barry — saxophone, violin, backing vocals (1987—1990) Rob Rule — opening comedy act, rhythm guitar, backing vocals, roadie (1989—1990, 1995—1996) Rain Phoenix - backing vocals (1995—1996) Acacia Ludwig - backing vocals (1995—1996) Marcel Rodríguez-López — congas, bongos, clavinet (August 2006 — January 2007) Mauro Refosco — percussion (2011—2014) The discography of The Red Hot Chili Peppers (10 August 1984) EMI 300,000 worldwide units Freaky Styley (16 August 1985) EMI 500,000 units worldwide The Uplift Mofo Party Plan (23 September 1987) EMI #148 US 750,000 units worldwide Mother's Milk (16 August 1989) EMI #52 US 2 million units worldwide Blood Sugar Sex Magik (24 September 1991) Warner Bros. #3 US, #25 UK 12 million units worldwide One Hot Minute (September 12, 1995) Warner Bros. #4 US, #2 UK 5 million units worldwide Californication (June 8, 1999) Warner Bros. #3 US, #5 UK 15 million units worldwide By the Way (July 9, 2002) Warner Bros. #2 US, #1 UK 9 million units worldwide Stadium Arcadium (May 9, 2006) Warner Bros. #1 US, #1 UK 5.7 million units worldwide (as of 2006-12-20) Awards Outside Category:Music groups United States Category:Music groups established in 1983 Category:Brit Award winners Category:Grammy Award winners


Question: where is the letah of the University of Indonesia?

University of Indonesia

Universitas Indonesia abbreviated as UI, is a university in Indonesia.


Question: where is the letah of the University of Indonesia?

University of Indonesia

Its main campus is located in the Northern part of Depok, West Java right on the border between Depok and South Jakarta area, and the other main campus is located in the Salemba area in Central Jakarta.


Question: where is the letah of the University of Indonesia?

University of Indonesia

Universitas Indonesia is a modern, comprehensive, open, multicultural, and humanist campus covering broad disciplines.


Question: where is the letah of the University of Indonesia?

University of Indonesia

It has produced more than 400,000 alumni.


Question: where is the letah of the University of Indonesia?

University of Indonesia

It is generally considered one of the top three universities in Indonesia along with Gadjah Mada University and Bandung Institute of Technology. [1] [2] The forerunner of the formation of University of Indonesia was when the Dutch colonial government established a school aimed at to produce additional physician assistants who hold certificates to perform basic level treatments as well as get the degree of Javanese doctor (Javanese doctor).


Question: where is the letah of the University of Indonesia?

University of Indonesia

Officially the University of Indonesia started its activities on 2 February 1950 with its first president (currently called rector) Ir. R. M. Pandji Soerachman Tjokroadisoerio. [3]


Question: where is the letah of the University of Indonesia?

University of Indonesia

The office of the President of the University of Indonesia was originally located in Jakarta, in the Faculty of Medicine building at Jl Salemba Raya no. 6, then moved to Jl. Salemba Raya No. 4, Jakarta.


Question: where is the letah of the University of Indonesia?

University of Indonesia

Date February 2, 1950 was made the day of birth of the University of Indonesia. [4]


Question: where is the letah of the University of Indonesia?

University of Indonesia

The history of the forerunner of UI began from the School of Health Sciences and Vaccines (Opleiding van eleves voor de genees-en helkunde en vaccine) in 1849 based on the Decree of the Governor of the Dutch East Indies. [4]