Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The period leading up to Indonesian Independence On August 6, 1945, 2 atomic bombs were dropped on two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the United States.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

It caused Japan to surrender to the United States and its allies.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This moment was also utilized by Indonesia to proclaim its independence. August 7 - BPUPKI was renamed PPKI (Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence).


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

On 9 August 1945 Soekarno, Hatta and Radjiman Wedyodiningrat were flown to Vietnam to meet Marshal Terauchi.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

It was rumored that Japanese forces were heading for destruction but the Japanese wanted Indonesian independence by 24 August.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Meanwhile, in Indonesia, Sutan Syahrir had heard the news over the radio on August 10, 1945, that Japan had surrendered to the Allies.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The underground fighters were getting ready to proclaim the independence of RI, and rejected the form of independence given as a Japanese gift.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

When Soekarno, Hatta and Radjiman returned to the homeland on 14 August 1945, Syahrir urged that Soekarno immediately proclaim independence.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

But Soekarno was not convinced that Japan had indeed surrendered, and the proclamation of Indonesian independence at that time could cause great bloodshed, and could prove fatal if Indonesian fighters were not ready. August 15 - Japan surrendered to the Allies.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan's army and navy are still in power in Indonesia because Japan has promised to return power in Indonesia to Dutch hands.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The young fighters, including Chaerul Saleh, who belonged to the underground movement lost patience, and in the early hours of the morning of 16 August 1945 they kidnapped Soekarno and Hatta, and took them to Rengasdengklok, which was then famous as the events of Rengasdengklok.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Here, they again convinced Soekarno that Japan had surrendered and the fighters had prepared to fight the Japanese, whatever the risks.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In the evening, Soekarno and Hatta returned to Jakarta, met with General Moichiro Yamamoto and spent the night at the residence of the Young Admiral Maeda Tadashi.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

From this communication between Hatta and the right hand of the Japanese commander in Java, Soekarno and Hatta became convinced that Japan had surrendered to the Allies, and had no more authority to grant independence.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Knowing that proclamation without blood growth was no longer possible, Soekarno, Hatta and other PPKI members that night also met and prepared the text of the Proclamation which was then read on the morning of 17 August 1945.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Army of Defenders of the Fatherland, radical young groups, and the people of Jakarta organized the defense at Soekarno's residence.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Leaflets were then handed out containing about the announcement of the proclamation of independence.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Adam Malik also sent a brief message of the Proclamation announcement abroad.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Post-Independence August 18 - PPKI forms an interim government with Soekarno as President and Hatta as Vice President.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Jakarta Charter which included the word “Islam” in the Pancasila precepts, was omitted from the new constitution's mukadimah.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The nascent Republic of Indonesia comprises 8 provinces: Sumatra, Kalimantan, West Java, Central Java, East Java, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Lesser Sunda.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

On 22 August the Japanese announced they were surrendering in public in Jakarta.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan disarmed them and disbanded PETA Dan Heiho.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Many members of this group have not heard of independence. 23 August - Soekarno sends the first radio message to all of Indonesia.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The People's Security Agency, the first Indonesian armed forces began to be formed from former members of PETA and Heiho.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

A few days earlier, several PETA battalions had been told to disband. 29 August - The draft constitution of PPKI which had been announced on 18 August, was designated as Constitution 45.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Soekarno and Hatta were officially appointed President and Vice President.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

PPKI later changed its name to KNIP (Central Indonesian National Committee).


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This KNIP is a temporary institution in charge until elections are held.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The new government of the Republic of Indonesia, the Presidential Cabinet, began service on 31 August.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In accordance with the Vienna treaty in 1942, that the allied countries agreed to return the territories now occupied by Japan to their respective colony owners if the Japanese were successfully expelled from their occupied areas.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

According to the Allies as the party that won World War II, Lord Mountbatten as the Allied Supreme Commander in Southeast Asia was the one who was given the responsibility of power over Sumatra and Java.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Australian Army was given responsibility for Borneo and Eastern Indonesia.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

On 23 August 1945 Dutch soldiers landed in Sabang, Aceh. 15 September 1945, allied soldiers arrived in Jakarta, accompanied by Dr Charles van der Plas, the Dutch deputy to the Allies.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The presence of this allied army, diboncengi NICA (Netherland Indies Civil Administration - the civil administration of the Dutch East Indies) led by Dr Hubertus J van Mook.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Impact of Japanese Occupation In Various Aspects of Indonesian National Life Political Aspects The first policy that Dai Nippon (大日本) (Japanese military government) did was to ban all meetings and political activities.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

On March 20, 1942, an ordinance was issued that dissolved all political organizations and all forms of sorority.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

On September 8, 1942 was issued Law no. 2 of Japan controlling the entire national organization.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In addition, Japan does propaganda to attract the sympathy of the Indonesian people in a way: Consider Japan as the old brother of the Asian nation (Hakko Ichiu) launched a motto 3A (Japan leader, Japan light and Japan protector of Asia) Waging sympathy through education in the form of scholarship student.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Attracting sympathy of Muslims to go Hajj Attracts sympathy of Islamic organization MIAI.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Waging political dumping invites to join National struggle figures such as: Ir. Soekarno, Drs. M. Hatta and Sutan Syahrir, by freeing the figure from Dutch detention.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In addition to propaganda, Japan also carried out various tangible actions in the form of the establishment of cooperation bodies such as the following: Putera (People's Power Center) with the aim of persuading secular nationalists and intellectuals to give up their manpower and mind to serve Japan.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Javanese Hokokai (Javanese devotional Association) is a central organization and consists of various professions (doctors, educators, central women's services and companies).


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Application of the Autarchy system (an area that must meet its own needs and the needs of war).


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The system is applied in every economic region.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The example of Java became 17 regions, Sumatra 3 regions, and Meinsefu (Navy ruled area) 3 regions.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

After the surrender of power from the Dutch to the Japanese in Kalijati, the entire Dutch East Indies area became 3 areas of military administration: The Tengan area covering Java and Madura was controlled by the sixteenth army with the headquarters in Batavia (Jakarta).


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Western area includes Sumatra with headquarters in Bukittinggi controlled by the second army.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Eastern areas include Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Archipelago, Maluku and Irian Jaya under the rule of the second southern fleet with its center in Makassar.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In addition to the above political policies, the Japanese Military government also made changes in the bureaucracy of government, including the establishment of a governmental organization at the central level by forming a Department and the establishment of Cou Sang In/Advisory Council.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

To facilitate supervision, three military governments were formed, namely: Army Formation/Gunseibu, supervising Java and Madura with Batavia as the center and known as the sixteenth army led by Hitoshi Imamura.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The formation of the Army Force/Rikuyun, which oversees Sumatra with the center of Bukit Tinggi (West Sumatra) known as the twenty-fifth army led by General Tanabe.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The formation of the Navy/Kaigun, which oversees Borneo, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and Irian with its center Ujung Pandang (Makassar) known as the second Southern Fleet by the name of Minseifu led Admiral Maeda.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

For the position of the special temporary military government of Southeast Asia was centered in Dalat/Vietnam.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Economic and Social Aspects In these two aspects, you will find how Japan's economic and social exploitation practices have done to the Indonesian nation and you can compare the economic and social impact with the political and bureaucratic impact.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The matters enacted in the Japanese government's economic regulation system are as follows: Economic activity is geared towards war interests then all potential natural resources and raw materials are used for industries that support the war machine.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan confiscated all the proceeds of plantations, factories, banks and important companies.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Much farmland was neglected as a result of policy heavy points focused on the war economy and industry.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The conditions caused food production to decline and hunger and poverty to increase drastically.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan implements a strict system of economic oversight with very severe sanctions of violations.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Such supervision is applied to the use and circulation of the remains of the inventory of goods.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Control prices to prevent the rising price of goods.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Supervision of tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane plantations and simultaneously monopolizing their sales.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Restrictions on tea, coffee and tobacco, as it does not directly pertain to the needs of war.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Monopolies of sugar cane and sugar, the coercion of planting castor trees and cotton on farmland and plantations damaged the land.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Implementing war economy system and autarchy system (meeting the needs of the region itself and supporting war activities).


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Consequently the duties of the people along with all wealth were sacrificed for the sake of war.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This is obviously very agonizing to the people both physical and material.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In 1944, Japan's political and military conditions began to be pushed, so the demands for war materials increased.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

To address it the Japanese government organized a massive handover campaign of food and goods through Javanese Hokokai and Nagyo Kumiai (agricultural cooperatives), as well as official government agencies.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The impact of these conditions, the people are charged to hand over 30% foodstuffs to the government, 30% for village granaries and 40% to the rights of the owners.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This system caused people's lives increasingly difficult, labor passion decreased, food shortages, low nutrition, plague disease hit almost every village on the island of Java one of them: Wonosobo (Central Java) the mortality rate was 53.7% and for Purworejo (Central Java) the mortality rate reached 224.7%.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

You can imagine how severe the suffering felt by the Indonesian people during Japan (even people were forced to eat animal food such as itchy classes, snails, tubers).


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Aspects of Military Life In this aspect of the military, you will understand that the military bodies created by Japan were solely due to the increasingly depressing conditions of the Japanese military in the Pacific war.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Entering its second year of occupation (1943), Japan intensified educating and training Indonesian youth in the military field.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This was due to the fact that the situation on the battlefield (Asia — Pacific) made it more difficult for Japan.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Starting from Allied blows at naval battles at Midway (June 1942) and around the Coral Sea (August '42 — February 1943).


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The conditions were compounded by the fall of Guadalacanal which was the base of Japanese power in the Pacific (August 1943).


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The situation above made Japan consolidate power by gathering forces from Indonesian youth and students as potential personnel to be included in the battle to face the Allies.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Positive and Negative Impact of Japanese Occupation in Indonesia The period of Japanese Occupation in Indonesia was a very influential period for the development of Indonesia, besides almost the absence of meaningful challenges to the Netherlands before.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In that short period, Japan brought a positive impact and also brought a negative impact on the Indonesian nation in general.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In general, most think the Japanese occupation was a dark and sufferful time.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

But not all of it is true, there are several policies of the Japanese occupation government that have a positive impact, especially in the establishment of Indonesian nationalism and military training for Indonesian youth.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Positive Impact of Japanese Occupation Not many know about the positive impact Japan occupied Indonesia.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

There are also positive impacts that can be presented include: The permissibility of Indonesian to become the national language of communication and cause Indonesian to be confirmed as the national language.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan supported the anti-Dutch spirit, so inevitably participated in supporting the spirit of Indonesian nationalism.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Among other things rejected Dutch influences, for example, the change in the name of Batavia to Jakarta.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

To gain the support of the Indonesian people, Japan approached Indonesian national leaders such as Soekarno in hopes that Soekarno would help Japan mobilize the Indonesian people.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This recognition of Japan cemented the position of Indonesian national leaders and gave them the opportunity to lead their people.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In the field of economics, the establishment of Kumyai is a cooperative aimed at common interests.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Establishing schools such as elementary school 6 years, junior high school 9 years, and SLTA The formation of community strata up to the bottom level, namely the neighboring pillars (RT) or Tonarigumi Introduced a new system for agriculture, namely line system (efficient planting management system) aimed at to increase food production.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The formation of BPUPKI and PPKI to prepare for the independence of Indonesia.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

From this came the idea of Pancasila.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan created a program of training and arming Indonesian youth for the benefit of Japan.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

And by young Indonesians, this was made capital to fight against Japan later, as well as against the return of the Dutch colonial government.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In education the introduction of the Nipon-centric system and the introduction of ceremonial activities within the school.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Negative Impact of Japanese Occupation In addition to bringing positive effects, Japan also brought tremendous negative impacts, among others: The elimination of all political organizations and social prenata of Dutch East Indies heritage which is actually beneficial for the advancement of science, social, the economy, and the welfare of the citizens.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Romusha, the mobilization of the Indonesian people (especially Javanese) for forced labor under inhumane conditions.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The collection of all resources such as sandang, food, metal, and oil for the sake of war by Japan.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

As a result, many of the people are suffering from hunger.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Very severe economic crisis due to massive printing of occupation money causing inflation.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Self-sufficiency (self-sufficiency) policy that led to the severing of economic relations between regions.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The fascist policies of the Japanese military government that spread special police and intelligence among the people thus stirred fear.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Japanese government is free to violate human rights by interrogating, arresting, even sentencing to death anyone suspected or accused of being a spy or anti-Japanese without due process.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Press restrictions so that no press is independent, all under Japanese supervision.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The chaos of the situation and severe security conditions such as the rampant robbery, rape and others.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The banning of Dutch and English-language books that led to higher education felt impossible.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Many teachers were employed as officials in those days which led to a sharp deterioration of educational standards.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Transclusion Outer link reference error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. (in Japanese) (in Japanese) Category:Japanese Occupation in Indonesia Category:History of Indonesia


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

The periodic table is a way of preparation of chemical elements, which are arranged by atomic number, electron configuration and repetition of their chemical properties.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

The elements are arranged according to the increment of atomic number.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

The standard form table consists of a grid of elements, with rows called periods and columns called groups.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

The history of the periodic table reflects the development of understanding chemical properties over more than a century.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

The most important event in its history occurred in 1869, when tables were published by Dmitri Mendeleev, [1] who developed the tables based on earlier developments by scientists such as Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier and John Newlands, but only Mendeleev gets credit for its development.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

A number of elements of physics (such as platinum, tin and zinc) have been known since antiquity, as they are found in their natural form and are relatively easy to mine using primitive equipment. [2]


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

However, the idea that there is a small number of elements which entirely dates back to about 330 BC, when the Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that all were made of a mixture of one or more roots, an idea previously raised by the Sicilian philusuf Empedocles.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

The four roots, later named elemental by Plato, are land, water, air and fire.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

While Aristotle and Plato introduced the concept of the element, their ideas did not enhance the understanding of the naturalness of matter.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Enlightenment century Hennig Brand The history of the periodic table is also the history of the discovery of chemical elements.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

The first person in the history of the discovery of the new element was Hennig Brand, a bankrupt German merchant.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Brand tries to uncover a philosophical rock— a mystical object that is believed to turn ordinary metal rocks into gold.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

In 1649, his experiment with distillation of human urine produced in the production of a fluorescent white material, called phosphorus. [3]


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

He kept his discovery secret until 1680, when Robert Boyle reunravelled phosphorus and publicized his invention.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

The discovery of phosphorus provoked the emergence of questions that a substance is called an element.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

In 1661, Boyle defined an element as “a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances through chemical reactions”.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

This simple definition was valid for three centuries and ended when the discovery of subatomic particles.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier Lavoisier's writings entitled Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry), written in 1789 and first translated into English by Robert Kerr, is to be the first modern textbook on chemistry.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

The book contained a list of “simple substances” that Lavoisier believed could not be further broken down, covering oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, mercury, zinc and sulfur, which built the basis for the modern list of elements.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Lavoisier's list also includes' light 'and' calorific ', which at the time were believed to be substance matter.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

He has classified these substances into metallic and nonmetallic.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

While many prominent chemists refused to believe Lavoisier's new theory, the Elementary Treatise he wrote was good enough to convince the younger generation.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

However, Lavoisier's explanation of elements is incomplete, as he only classifies elements as metallic and nonmetallic.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

19th century Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner In 1817, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner began to formulate one of his earliest experiments to classify elements.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

In 1829, he found that he could form multiple elements into groups of three, each of which was a group of three elements having related properties.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

He gave the name of this group a triad.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Some of the triads classified by Döbereiner are: chlorine, bromine, and iodine calcium, stronsium, and barium sulfur, selenium, and cellurium lithium, sodium, and potassium In all triads, the atomic weight of the element in the middle is almost precisely the average atomic weight of the other two atoms. [4]


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois, a French geologist, was the first scientist to notice the periodicity of elements— similar-looking elements appear at certain intervals if arranged based on their atomic weight.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

In 1862 he composed an early form of the periodic table, which he called Vis tellurique (telluric helix), after the element tellurium, positioned near the center of the diagram. [5]


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

By structuring elements spirally in a cylinder based on an increase in atomic weight, de Chancourtois saw that elements with similarity in properties lined up vertically.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

His 1863 publication included a graph (consisting of ions and compounds, as an addition of elements), but his original paper in the Comptes Rendus Academie des Scéances used more geological terms than chemistry and did not include diagrams.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

As a result, de Chancourtois's idea received little attention until finally Dmitri Mendeleev published his research. [6]


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

John Newlands In 1864, the English chemist John Newlands classified the sixty-two known elements into eight groups, based on their physical properties. [7] [8] Newlands observed that there were many pairs of similar elements, distinguished over multiple multiples of eight in its mass number, and was the first to introduce atomic number. [9]


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

When his 'law of octaf' was published in Chemistry News, this periodicity of eight was similar to the scale of musicals, so that it was ridiculed by some of his contemporaries.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

His lecture before the Chemistry Society on 1 March 1866 was not published.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

The Society defended its decision by saying that such 'theoretical' topics could invite controversy.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

The importance of Newlands analysis was finally recognised by the Chemistry Society with a Gold Medal five years after they recognised Mendeleev's research.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

It was not until the following century that the importance of periodicity eight would be accepted, with Gilbert N. Lewis's valence bond theory (1916) and Irving Langmuir's chemical bond octet theory (1919). [10] [11] The Royal Chemistry Society appreciated Newlands' contributions to science in 2008, when they provide Blue Plaque (Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

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Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Blue Plaque) in his birth home, who referred to him as “the inventor of the Periodic Law of chemical elements”. [9]


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

He contributed the term 'periodic' in chemistry.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Dmitri Mendeleev The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was the first scientist to create a periodic table similar to the one used now.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Mendeleev composed the elements based on atomic mass, corresponding to their relative molar mass.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

It is sometimes mentioned that he plays chemical solitaire on a long travel train, using cards with various facts about known elements. [12]


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

On March 6, 1869, a formal presentation was made to The Russian Chemical Society, entitled The Dependence Between the Atomic Weight Properties of the Elements (Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

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Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements).


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

In 1869, his tables were published in an unknown Russian journal and later republished in a German journal, Zeitschrift für Chemie. [13]


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

In it, Mendeleev states that: Elements, if arranged according to their atomic mass, exhibit a periodicity of tangible properties Elements that have a semblance of chemical properties have almost the same atomic weight (e.g., Pt, Ir, Os) or increase periodically (e.g., K, Rb, Cs).


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

The preparation of elements, or groups of elements according to their atomic mass, relates to their valence, and also, to some extent, to their differentiating chemical properties; as seen among other series in Li, Be, B, C, N, O, and F. The most widely propagated elements have atomic weight small.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

The magnitude of atomic weight determines the character of an element, just as the magnitude of molecules determines


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

We have to estimate the discovery of many as yet unknown elements—for example, elements analogous to aluminum and silicon — with an atomic weight estimated at between 65 and 75.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

The atomic weight of an element can sometimes be changed by knowing its contiguous elements.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Therefore the atomic weight of tellurium must be between 123 and 126, and not possibly 128.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Certain characteristic properties of elements can be presumed from their atomic masses.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Scientific advantages of Mendeleev tables Allowed Mendeleev to predict the discovery of new elements and give free space for them, say eka-silicon (germanium), eka-aluminum (gallium), and eka-boron (scandium).


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

So that, there is no disturbance to the periodic table.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Can be used by Mendeleev to prove that some of the atomic weight used back then was not exact.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Presents atomic weight sequence variance.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Disadvantages of the table Mendeleev Table can not predict the presence of noble gases.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

However, when this whole family of elements was discovered, Sir William Ramsay could add it to the table as Class 0, without disturbing the basic concept of the periodic table.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

A single position cannot be established for hydrogen, which can be placed either in the alkali metal class, the halogen class or separately on the table among boron and carbon. [14]


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Lothar Meyer Unbeknownst to Mendeleev, a German chemist, Lothar Meyer, also researched the periodic table.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Although his work was published in 1864, and performed separately from Mendeleev, some historians consider him a companion to the inventor of the equivalent of the periodic table.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Meyer's table included only twenty-eight elements, which were not classified by atomic weight, but by valence, and he never achieved the idea of predicting new elements and correcting atomic weight.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

A few months after Mendeleev published a periodic table on known elements, predicting new elements to help complete tables and correcting the atomic weight of some elements, Meyer published a nearly identical periodic table.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Meyer and Mendeleev are considered by some historians of science to be joint creators of the periodic table, but the quality of Mendeleev's accurate predictions over undiscovered elements allowed him to have greater reward rights.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

William Odling In 1864, the English chemist William Odling also compiled a table very similar to the tables produced by Mendeleev.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Odling overcame the tellurium-iodine problem and even managed to get thallium, lead, mercury and platinum into the right group, which was something Mendeleev's failure when making his first attempt.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

However, Odling failed to receive recognition, as it was alleged he, as Secretary of the Chemical Society of London, was instrumental in discrediting Newlands' work on the earlier periodic table.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Twentieth century Henry Moseley In 1914, a year before he was killed in action at Gallipoli, the British physicist, Henry Moseley, discovered the relationship between the wavelength of an elemental X-ray and its atomic number.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

He was then able to resort the periodic table by the charge of the nucleus, rather than by atomic weight.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Prior to this discovery, atomic numbers were sorted by atomic weight of elements.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Moseley's discovery showed that atomic numbers were actually based on experimental measurements.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Using information about X-ray wavelengths, Moseley placed argon (with atomic number Z=18) before potassium (Z=19), despite the fact that the atomic weight of argon is 39.9 greater than the atomic weight of potassium (39.1).


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

That new sequence corresponds to the chemical properties of the elements, since argon is a noble gas and potassium an alkali metal.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Similarly, Moseley placed cobalt before nickel and was able to explain that tellurium appeared before iodine, without revising the experimental atomic weight of tellurium, as had been proposed by Mendeleev.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Moseley's research shows that there are vacancies in the periodic table at atomic number 43 and 61, which are now occupied by technesium and prometium respectively.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Glenn T. Seaborg During his Manhattan Project research in 1943, Glenn T. Seaborg experienced unexpected difficulties in isolating the elements amerisium and curium.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Seaborg wonders if these elements belong to different series, which would be able to explain why their chemical properties differ from what would be expected.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

In 1945, responding to the advice of his colleagues, he proposed a significant change to Mendeleev's table: Actinide series.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Seaborg's concept of actinides based on the electronic structure of heavy elements, with the prediction that actinides form a transition series analogous to the sparse soil series in the lanthanide series, is now well accepted and included in the periodic table.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

The actinide series is the second row of the f-block (series 5<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[18275,18280,2,2]}'>f).


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

In both actinide and lanthanide rows, the 'deep electron skin' is being filled.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

The actinide series consists of elements ranging from actinium to lawrensium.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

Seaborg's subsequent elaboration of the concept of actinides theorized regarding a series of superheavy elements in a series of transactinides consisting of elements ranging from 104 to 121 as well as a series of superactinides ranging in elements 122 to 153.


Question: When was the periodic table created?

History of the periodic table

See also Reference Category:Periodic table


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui or known as Sultan Badrul Alam Sharif Lamtui al-Mutaawi Jamalul Lail (died after 1712) was a sultan who ruled in the Sultanate of Aceh during a short period in 1702—1703.


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

Mighty Alam was the son of an Arab named Jamalul Lail who was recognized as a sayyid who was a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad.


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

Since 1699 the Sultanate of Aceh was under the rule of Wangsa Syarif. [1]


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

From one somewhat doubtful source the truth is said that Perkasa Alam is the victory of Sri Ratu Zainatuddin Kamalat Syah, the sultanah of Aceh who reigned in 1688—1699.


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

Mighty Alam ruled when his elder brother Badrul Alam Sharif Hashim Jamaluddin abdicated the throne in 1702 and died the same year.


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

After passing a short transition period after the death of Badrul Alam all parties in the sultanate agreed to crown Perkasa Alam as sultan.


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

He was enthroned in a short period of time.


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

In the first days of his administration he imposed new taxes in order to improve the state's financial condition.


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

He charged again port duties for British ships coming into the port of Aceh.


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

The British merchants who felt objected to the tax levies resisted and carried out a siege of the port as well as shelling the villages around the Krueng estuary of Aceh.


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

While the rich and the Uleebalangs who were disgruntled against the sultan's policies levied taxes for agricultural land and land they took advantage of the British blockade to overthrow the Mighty Alam by committing rebellion. [2]


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

Then a son of his predecessor, Alauddin who since the time of Badrul Alam Syarif Hashim Jamaluddin had been promised as a replacement sultan occupied the throne in June of 1703.


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

Two months after the transition period Alauddin was inaugurated as sultan with the title then he ascended the throne with the title Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir. [3]


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

Perkasa Alam then moved and settled in the village of Peusangan, an area on the north coast of Aceh.


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

But in 1712 he was attacked and driven out by 7,000 soldiers sent by Jamalul Alam Badrul-Munir.


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

He was eventually caught in Takengon and his fate grew worse after he was detained by the new ruler. [4]


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

Reference Links outside Coolhaas, W.P., ed. (1976) Generale missiven van Gouverneurs-Generaal en Raden aan Heren XVII der Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, Deel VI: 1698-1713. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff.


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

Crecelius, D. and Beardow, E.A. (1979) 'A Reputed Acehnese Sarakata of the Jamal al-La'il Dynasty', Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 52, pp.51—66.


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

Djajadiningrat, Raden Hoesein (1911) 'Critische overzicht van de in Maleische werken vervatte gegevens over de geschiedenis van het soeltanaat van Atjeh', Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 65, pp.135—265.


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

Lee Kam Hing (1995) The Sultanate of Aceh: Relations with the British, 1760-1824.


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.


Question: who are the parents of Sultan Jamalul Alam Badrul Munir?

Sultan Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

Category: Sultans of Aceh


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

This article is about the history of tanks.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

The history of tanks The problem of advancing attacking while being shot at the enemy has existed since ancient times.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

The idea of using a moving object to protect against projectiles has also appeared since time immemorial.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Ancient Greece used an assault tower named Helepolis.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

The Roman Empire wore a tower covered with a visor that shot using a catapult.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

In the Middle Ages, Poles and Czechs had made armored war chariots.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

And Leonardo da Vinci once designed a wheeled war vehicle.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

The old concepts above focus more on the storming of the castle, where tactics and formations are not needed.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

But the technological development of the Industrial Revolution made war a giant raid; that is trench warfare.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

World War I The fighting conditions of World War I on the Western Front made the British Army think about developing vehicles that could cross trenches, destroy barbed wire, and not have machine-gun fire.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

The prototype tank was first tested by the British military on 6 September 1915.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

At first, these vehicles were named “land ships” (ground ships), but to keep secrets, early versions of tanks were referred to as “water carriers” which were later shortened as “tanks” (water tanks in English).


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

The term tank was used so that the workers who made it thought that they were making water transport vehicles for the British army in Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq).


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

The term tank was finally inaugurated on 24 December 1915.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Tanks were first worn in the war when Captain H. W. Mortimore brought Mark I tanks in the Battle of the Somme on 15 September 1916.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

The French developed Schneider CA1 tanks made from Holt Caterpillar tractors, and first used on 16 April 1917.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Massive use of tanks in combat occurred at the Battle of Cambrai on 21 November 1917.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

And then tanks could be successfully worn at the Battle of Amiens, where the Allies managed to break the German trench defences with the help of such armoured vehicles.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

The role of tanks would eventually make the concept of trench warfare obsolete, with the creation of thousands of tanks by the French and British.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

At first, discharging tanks had varying results.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Problems such as unreliable tank performance.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

And the first tanks had low power, both weapons and machine capabilities, as well as a weak layer of steel.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

The use of tanks in small groups also reduces the impact that tanks produce.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

The German troops were surprised and did not have weapons that could stop the tanks, but eventually they managed to find anti-tank fire, and the longer trench digging also succeeded in stopping the pace of the British tanks.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Changes to the battlefield and poor performance of tanks forced the Allies to continue developing this tank concept.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Tanks continued to develop in World War I, for example Mark V tanks, which were made very long so as to pass through even wide trenches.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

The period between the two wars With the formation of the tank concept, during the time between the world wars a number of countries began to develop and manufacture their respective tanks.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

British-made tanks are the most sophisticated, due to the British desire to make armored troops since the 1920s. France and Germany did not so much pursue the development of tanks at this time, given the poor economic conditions, and the Treaty of Versailles which restricted Germany.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

The United States also did little to develop their armored vehicles, as the available funds were more heavily spent on cavalry development.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

In this time, developed a wide variety of classes of tanks, in particular in the United Kingdom.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Light tanks, which weighed less than ten tons, were used for monitoring duties, and were armed only powerful submachine guns used against other light tanks.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Medium tanks or cruiser tanks, are heavier and aim for fast travel over long distances.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

And the last, heavy tanks or infantry tanks, are tanks with a heavy protective layer, which run slowly.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

These tanks were made to be used to penetrate defences together with infantry.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Its heavy protector made it fireproof anti-tank guns.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Once heavy tanks and infantry successfully hollow out the opposing defensive line, medium tanks will be sent through the hole and attack the logistics lines and unit commanders.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Tactics like this were eventually developed by the Germans in the concept of blitzkrieg.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

World War II World War II found rapid development in tanks.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

The Germans for example, used light tanks such as the Panzer I which had previously been used only for training exercises.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Light tanks and other armoured vehicles became the most important elements in the blitzkrieg.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

However, these light tanks were outgunned against British tanks and more so against Soviet T-34 tanks.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

And by the end of the war all sides had drastically increased the size of cannons and tank protectors.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

For example, the Panzer I used only two machine guns, and the Panzer IV, Germany's heaviest tank at the beginning of World War II used a low-speed 75 mm cannon, and weighed under 20 tons.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

By the end of the war, the standard German medium tank, the Panther, used a high-speed 75mm cannon, and weighed 45 tons.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Another wartime development was the introduction of a much improved suspension system.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Perhaps this sounds inconsequential, but the quality of the suspension is the determinant of the cross-country performance of tanks.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Tanks with poor suspension will result in a large vibration that riders feel, this will result in difficult operation, reduced speed, and make shooting while walking impossible.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

New suspension systems such as Christie's suspension system or torsion bar suspension improved performance and speed drastically.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

At this time almost all tanks were equipped with radios to facilitate briefing and communication.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Tank bodies have also been modified to be worn for other roles, such as mine destruction and combat engineer roles.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

All major countries participating in the war have developed self-motion cannons: artillery, crushing tanks, and assault cannons.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

German and Soviet assault cannons, cheaper and lighter than tanks, used the heaviest cannons.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

While tank destroyers belonging to the United States and Britain were already difficult to distinguish from ordinary tanks.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

The rotating cannon, previously unavailable on all tanks, is considered a very important thing.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

This cannon must be able to be used against other tanks, so it is tried to be as big and strong as possible, it means that the tanks have enough to have one cannon that must be very powerful.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

As a result, tank designs with many cannons, such as the Soviet T-35, were abandoned.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Cold War onwards After World War II and into the Cold War, developed countries and superpowers took lessons from Germany in the use of tank force.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Coupled with the threat of nuclear and chemical warfare that keeps tanks equipped with nuclear and chemical warfare gear.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Advances in its cannon and ammunition technology made tanks even more feared, and individual countries were vying to perfect the technology.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

But precisely the biggest threat of tanks today is that infantry forces equipped with light weaponry that have a devastating destructive power, by developing anti-tank basoka which is also the result of the development of the German bazooka in World War II.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Coupled with the development of air force capabilities with helicopter gunships that have anti-tank capability.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

See also Tank Cannon Reference — The history of tanks and people of the Panzertruppe.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

Peter Wollen: London Review of Books Vol. 22 No. 22, 16 November 2000.


Question: Which country produced the first time tank crusher?

History of tanks

(A review of the book Tank: The Progress of a Monstrous War Machine by Patrick Wright, covering in detail some topics like the development of the first tank in Britain or the influence of the tank in culture) Category:Tank Category:Military Category:Good Article military stubs Category:History


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Gulag (/ˈuːlæ-ˈː-/; Russian:Гулаг, IPA: [ˈlak] (listen)) is an abbreviation for главное управление исправительно—трудовых лагерей и кололой и “Glavnoye u pravleniyeispravitelno-trudovykh lagerey i kolonii”, or “Directorate (or Administration) of the Head for Camps and Colonies- colony of Forced Labor Punishment” of the NKVD.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Anne Applebaum, in her book Gulag: A History, explains: Gulag is a prison that operates a penal system in the form of forced labor camps and transit camps as well as related detention prisons.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

While in these camps were detained all kinds of criminals, the Gulag system was especially once known as a place for political prisoners and as a mechanism to oppress political opposition to the Soviet state.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Although the Gulag imprisoned millions, its name only became famous outside the Eastern Bloc through the publishing of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's 1973 book the Gulag Archipelago, which likened the scattered camps to an archipelago.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Term Literally, the word GULAG is an abbreviation, which means Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei, or Main Camp Administration.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

After some time, the word “Gulag” was finally interpreted not only as the administration of those concentration camps but also the Soviet system of forced labor itself, in all its forms and variations: forced labor camps, penal camps, criminal and political camps, women's camps, children's camps kid, transit camp.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

More broadly, “Gulag” was eventually used to refer to the Soviet own system of oppression, a series of procedures that captives once referred to as “meat milling”: capture, interrogation, transportation on animal trains without heating systems, forced labor, destruction family, the years passed at the disposal, death at an early age that did not need to occur.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Some authors refer to all prisoners and camps throughout Soviet history (1917—1991) as Gulag.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

In modern usage, the word is often not necessarily associated with the Soviet Union.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

For example, in phrases such as “”.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Buru Island is often referred to as “Gulag Indonesia”.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Note that the original abbreviation in Russian (ГУЛАг, never in compound form), describes not just one camp, but a whole government department responsible for the entire camp system.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

This word is almost never used in Russian - either officially or in colloquial usage - because of the term commonly used for the forced labor camp system or for each of those camps, usually referred to in Russian solely as “camp” (“лагеря”) or” zona” (“зона”, always in singular).


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

The term “punitive forced labor” was proposed for official use by the politbureau meeting of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on July 27, 1929, instead of the term concentration camp, which was commonly used until then.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

A colloquial term for a prisoner in the Soviet Gulag was “zeka”, “zek”.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

In Russian, the word for “prisoner”, “captive” is “заключённый”, zakliuchyonnyi, usually abbreviated to 'з/к' in documents, pronounced as' зэка '(zeh-ka), and slowly changed to' зэк 'and 'зек'.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

This word is still used in everyday outbreaks, without necessarily referring to forced labor camps. 'з/к' was originally an abbreviation for “заключённый каналостроитель”, “zakliuchyonnyi kanalostroitel'” (captive builder of the canal), which came from the slave-workers members of the Volga-Donau Canal.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Later, the term was interpreted as “zakliuchyonnyi”.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

In addition to the most common categories of camps that practice heavy forced labor as well as prisons of various types, there are also other forms.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Sharashka (шарашка, place of wasting time) is in reality a secret research laboratorium-laboratorium.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Here scientists who are arrested and found guilty, some of them are prominent figures, anonymously developing new technologies, and also conducting basic research.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Psikhushka (психушка, madhouse), forced medical treatment in psychiatric detention was used, instead of camps, to isolate and destroy morile political prisoners.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

This practice became increasingly prevalent after the official disbandment of the Gulag system.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

See Vladimir Bukovsky, Pyotr Grigorenko.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Special camps or zones for children (Gulag jargon: “малолетки”, maloletki, minors), for those with disabilities (in Spassk), and for mothers (“мамки”, mamki) who have babies.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Camps for “the wives of the traitors of the Fatherland” (there is a special category of oppression: “Family Members of the Traitors of the Fatherland” (ЧСИР, член семьи изменника Родины)).


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Under the supervision of Lavrenty Beria who headed the NKVD and the Soviet atomic bomb program until his death in 1953, thousands of zeks were used to mine uranium seeds and prepare testing facilities, among others in Novaya Zemlya, Vaygach Island, Semipalatinsk.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Reports even state that Gulag prisoners were used in early nuclear tests (the first held in Semipalatinsk in 1949) within the territories and radioactive nuclear submarines were cleared.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

History Since 1918 detention facilities for this type of prisoner camp were built, as an improved expansion of the previous forced labor camps (katorga), which were operated in Siberia as part of the system of condemnation in the Russian Empire.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Its two main types are “Camps with special purpose Vechecka” (“особые лагеря ВЧК”) and forced labor camps (лагеря принудительных работ).


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

They were built for different categories of people considered dangerous to the state: for common criminals, for prisoners from the Russian Civil War, for officials accused of corruption, sabotage and embezzlement, various political enemies and dissidents, as well as former aristocrats, businessmen, and extensive landowners.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

The legal base and guidelines for creating a system of “punitive labor camps” (Russian: “исправительно-трудовые лагеря”, “Ispravitel'no-Trudovye lagerya”), that is, the backbone of what is usually called the “Gulag,” was a secret edict from Sovnarkom on July 11, 1929 utilization of punitive power (see Reference wikisourcenya), which mimics an additional section aligned in the minutes of the Politbiro meeting on June 27, 1929.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

As an institution based on the USSR Union and a parent administration with the OGPU, the Soviet Secret Police, GULAG was officially established on April 25, 1930 as “ULAG” based on OGPU order No. 130/63 in conjunction with Sovnarkom order No. 22 p. 248 dated 7 April 1930, and renamed to GULAG in November.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

At the beginning of the 1930s, drastic measures that tightened Soviet condemnation policies led to a significant accretion in the number of detention camp occupants.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

In the time of the Great Terror (1937-1938), most arbitrary mass incarcerations led to another large increase in the number of prisoners.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

In these years, hundreds of thousands of people were arrested and sentenced to long prison terms based on one of the various paragraphs of the famous Paragraph 58 of the Criminal Law Book of the Republics of the USSR, which defined condemnation for various forms of “counter-revolution activities.”


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

The hypothesis that economic considerations were responsible as the cause of the missal arrests in the time of Stalinism has been refuted based on ex-Soviet archives that have been opened since the 1990s, although some archival sources also tend to support economic hypothesis. [1] [2] However, the development of the camp system follows economic lines.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

(For “corrective occupational colonies” this is poorly enforced, for specialized dwellings almost absolutely not.)


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

The growth of the camp system went hand in hand with the peaking of the Soviet industrialization campaign.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Therefore, most of the camps were set up to accommodate so many prisoners placed with certain economic tasks.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

This includes natural resources and colonization of remote areas as well as the realization of huge infrastructure facilities as well as industrial development projects.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

In 1931-1932, the Gulag had about 200,000 prisoners in camps; in 1935 — about 800,000 in camps and 300,000 in colonies (annual average), and in 1939 about 1.3 million in camps and 350,000 in colonies.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

(Bdk., i.e., Istorija stalinskogo Gulaga: konec 1920-kh - pervaia polovina 1950-kh godov; sobranie documentov v 7 tomach, ed. by V. pp. Kozlov et al., Moskva: ROSPEN 2004, vol. 4: Naselenie GuLaga) In World War II, the population of the Gulag declined sharply, as it released missally hundreds of thousands of prisoners recruited and sent directly to the boundary poultice (often in punitive battalions sent to the area most dangerous battles and experience high mortality rates).


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

The death rate peaked in 1942—1943.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

After PD II the number of prisoners in prison camps and colonies again increased sharply, to reach about 2.5 million people in the early 1950s (about 1.7 million thereof were in camps).


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

While some of them were deserters and prisoners of war, there were also 339,000 Soviet nationals repatriated from refugee camps in Germany (including 233,000 former military personnel) accused of betraying and aiding the enemy.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Tens of thousands of them were eventually found guilty and transferred to detention camps.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Large numbers of civilians from Russian territories occupied by other countries and territories annexed by the Soviet Union after the war were also sent there.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

It was not something out of the ordinary for those who survived Nazi camps to be sent directly to Soviet labor camps.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

But the main reason for the increase in the number of prisoners in the post-war period was the tightening of the law on property rights violations in the summer of 1947 (at this time there was a famine in a number of USSR regions, which resulted in the death of 1 million people), which resulted in hundreds of thousands of people being subjected to long custody period, not uncommon by reason of theft or embezzlement petty.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

During the years following PD II, a small number of prisoners were Baltic and Ukrainian people from countries recently incorporated into the Soviet Union, as well as Finns, Poles, Romanians and others.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Instead, prisoners of war were held within a separate camp system, which was administered by a separate main administration with the NKVD/MVD.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

The state continued to maintain this camp system for a time after Stalin's death in March 1953.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

The amnesty program then enacted was only restricted to those who had been detained for at most 5 years, so most only those who committed ordinary crimes were released.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

The release of political prisoners began in 1954 and became widespread, and was also accompanied by mass rehabilitation, after Nikita Khrushchev rejected Stalinism in his Secret Speech at the 20th Congress of the PKUS in February, 1956.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

According to recent estimates based on archival documents, the whole was about 18-20 million people who had been prisoners in the camps and colonies during the period of Stalinism at any given time.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

By the late 1950s, practically all “corrective labor camps” were disbanded.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Yet the colonies still remain.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Officially the GULAG was dissolved by the MVD order on 25 January 1960.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

The overall documented deaths in the system of corrective forced labor camps and colonies from 1930 to 1956 totaled up to 1,606,748, including both political and ordinary prisoners.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

This figure does not include more than 800,000 death sentences for the “counter-revolution” in the “Great Terror” period, because generally all of them were carried out outside the camp system and counted separately.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

From 1932 to 1940, at least 390,000 peasants died in places of work settlement.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

One can also deny that many of those who survive this suffer permanent physical and psychological damage.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

About the number of prisoners and their death rates, see Getty, Rittersporn and Zemskov papers in the American Historical Review, Vol 98, No 4 Deaths in a certain number of camps are documented more fully than in other places.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Extreme production quota conditions, malnutrition, severe conditions, inadequate housing, health and health maintenance, as well as brutal treatment by officers and camp guards and fellow prisoners are the main reasons for the high mortality rate, which in case- extreme cases can reach 80%.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Tree felling and mining are the most common and most strenuous activities.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

In a Gulag mining, one's production quota (norm) may be up to 13,000kg of iron ore per day, with the quota increased by tufta (“feigned work”), so that more work will be reported than what is actually done, and achieved through bribes, Good relationship, sexual service or deception.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Failure in reaching the quota will result in the loss of important rations (reduced to 300 grams of “black rye bread”, 5 grams of flour, 25 grams of buckwheat or macaroni, 27 grams of meat and 170 grams of potatoes).


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Lower food rations mean lower productivity, and this vicious circle usually results in fatal consequences through a condition of bodily weakness and devitalization, dubbed “dokhodiaga” (доходяга), a term derived from the Russian verb “dokhodit” (), a term derived from the Russian-language verb “dokhodit” () (). reaching (limit of endurance)) and translates roughly as “hopeless person”.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

However, dokhodyaga status can also occur even though one has attained status as an udarnik (a super productive worker) and attained higher rations (in a camp, an air nik receives one kilo of bread per day) and other privileges, such as for example housing conditions better.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

This is due to the fact that the additional food obtained turned out to be insufficient to compensate for the energy used in the attempt to achieve higher quotas, which exceeded the standard norm by 50% or more.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Prisoners are often forced to work in inhumane conditions.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Despite the extremely brutal climate, they almost never get enough adequate clothing, food, and health care.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

They are also given nothing to megatate vitamin deficiencies that cause them to often suffer from malnutrition diseases (such as gingivitis).


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

The nutritional value of daily food rations about 1,200 calories (5,000 kilojoules), mainly from low-quality bread dispensed by weight.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

According to the World Health Organization, the minimum need for a hard worker is between 3,100—3,900 calories (13,000 to 16,300 kJ) per day.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

The administrators routinely stole from this camp various necessity items for his personal benefit, and to please his superiors.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

As a result, prisoners were forced to work even harder to overcome the shortcomings.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

The administrators and confidants (prisoners who were given duties to serve the camp themselves, such as cooks, bakers or warehouse officers, nicknamed “pridurki” [translated as “fools” or “morons”, but actually the real meaning is” people who just tinker” {and not toil}]) steal drugs, clothes, and groceries.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Geography In the first days of the Gulag, the locations for the camps were spun primarily for the ease of isolating the prisoners.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Remote monasteries in particular were often used as places for new camps.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

The place on the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea is one of the first and most important places noted, being built shortly after the 1918 Revolution.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

The colloquial name for this archipelago, “Solovki”, came into colloquial language as a synonym for forced labor camps in general.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

The place was described to the world as an example of the new Soviet way of “re-educating class enemies” and reintegrating them through labor into Soviet society.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

At first those prisoners, consisting mostly of the Russian intelligentsia, enjoyed relative freedom (within the natural boundaries of the archipelago).


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Local newspapers and magazines were disungint and even a number of scientific studies were carried out (i.e., a botanical garden was preserved, but the poor later completely disappeared).


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Eventually this place turned into an ordinary Gulag camp; instead some historians say that Solovki was a stub camp of this form.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

See Solovki for more detailed information.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Maxim Gorky visited this camp in 1929 and published an apology for him.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

With a renewed emphasis on the Gulag as a way to concentralize cheap power, new camps were then built throughout areas of Soviet influence, wherever existing economic tasks required its existence (or were specifically designed to require it, as for example Belomorkanal or Baikal Amur Main Line), including facilities in major cities — parts of the famous Moscow Metro and the new campus of Moscow State University were built with forced labor.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

There were many more other projects during the rapid industrialization of the 1930s, wartime and post-war times implemented relying on the backs of prisoners, and the activities of Gulag camps stretched across vast Soviet industry.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Most Gulag camps were placed in very remote areas of northeastern Siberia (the most famous assemblages were the Sevvostlag (Northeast Camps) along the Kolyma River and Norillag near Norilsk) and in the southeastern parts of the Soviet Union, especially in the stepa-steppes Kazakhstan (Luglag, Steplag, Peschanlag).


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

All these were large and uninhabited territories and had no streets (instead, the construction of the streets itself was assigned to prisoners from camps who had the special task of building railway roads) or food sources, but were rich with minerals and other natural sources (for example wood).


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

However, these camps generally spread throughout the Soviet Union, including in European parts of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

There were also a number of camps located outside the Soviet Union, in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Mongolia, all of which were under direct Gulag control.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Not all camps were fortified; instead some of the camps in Siberia were marked only by outposts. Escape attempts were hindered by harsh elements, as well as tracking dogs stationed in each of the camps.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

While in the 1920s and 1930s indigenous tribes often helped the escapees, many of those tribes were also victims of the fleeing thieves.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Seduced by the great prizes, they then begin to assist the government in capturing the Gulag escapees.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Camp guards were also given harsh incentives to escort their prisoners at any price.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

When a prisoner escapes under the supervision of a guard, the guard will often lose his uniform and he himself becomes a resident of the Gulag.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Furthermore, when an escaped prisoner is shot, the guards can be fined an amount often equivalent to a week or two weeks' pay.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

In certain cases, teams of prisoners were sent to a new area with a limited supply of sources and left to start a new camp or die.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Sometimes this attempt is made several times before the next wave of colonists can survive in the face of the elements.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

The region along the Indigirka River is known as the Gulag within the Gulag.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

In 1926, the village of Oimiakon (Оймякон) in the region recorded a record low temperature of −71.2°C.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

The influence of Gulag Culture lasted almost forty years in Soviet and Eastern European history and influenced millions of people.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Its cultural impact has also been great.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Many eyewitness reports of Gulag prisoners were published before World War II.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Julius Margolin's book A Travel to the Land Ze-Ka (Journey to the Land of Ze-Ka) was completed in 1947, but such a book was unlikely to be published in the Soviet Union in those days, immediately after World War II.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Gustaw Herling-Grudziński wrote A World Apart (Separated in Another World), which was translated into English by Andrzej Ciolkosz and published with an introduction by Bertrand Russell in 1951.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

By depicting life in the Gulag in harrowing personal reports, the book provides an original and in-depth analysis of the essence of the Soviet communist system.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

The book, written 10 years before Alexander Solzhenitsyn's book A Day In the Life of Ivan Denisovich, made him famous internationally (except in France).


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Alexander Solzhenitsyn's book The Gulag Archipelago (Gulag Archipelago) was not the first literary work concerning forced labor camps.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

His earlier book on the same subject, “A day in the life of Ivan Denisovich”, concerning a typical day of the life of a prisoner in the GULAG, was originally published in the most prestigious Soviet monthly magazine, “Novij Mir”, “The New World”, on November 1962, but was soon banned and pulled from all libraries.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

It was the first work to expose the Gulag as an instrument of government oppression of its own citizens at a massive level.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

The Gulag engendered a great influence on present-day Russian thought, and an important part of modern Russian folklore.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Many of the chants performed by writers and actors known as bards, especially once Vladimir Vysotsky and Alexander Galich, although both were never interned in camps in the Gulag, depicted life inside the Gulag and glorified the lives of the “Zek”.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Words and phrases derived from forced labor camps became part of Russian/Soviet colloquial expressions in the '60s and '70s. The memoirs of Alexander Dolgun, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Varlam Shalamov and Yevgenia Ginzburg, among others, became the langbang of resistance in Soviet society.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

These writings, particularly those of Solzhenitsyn, vehemently denounced the Soviet people for being tolerant and apathetic towards the Gulag, but at the same time bore testimony to the courage and determination of those detained.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Another cultural symptom in the Soviet Union associated with the Gulag was the forced migration of many artists and other cultural figures to Siberia.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

This gave birth to a kind of Renaissance in places like Magadan, where, for example, the quality of its theatre productions was comparable to what was in Moscow.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Colonization Soviet state documents show that among the goals of the GULAG was the colonization of sparsely populated inland areas.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

To achieve this goal, then introduce an understanding of “free settlement”.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

When well-behaved people had already completed a large part of their custody period, they could be freed to live in a “free settlement” (вольное поселение, “volnoye poseleniye”) outside the confines of the camp.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

They were known as the “free settlers” (вольнопоселенцы, “volnoposelentsy”, not to be confused with the terms ссыльнопоселенцы, “ssyl'noposelentsy”, “outcast settlers”).


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

In addition, for persons who have served a full term of custody, but are not granted freedom of choice of residence, it is recommended that they be placed in a “free settlement” and given land around his place of detention.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

This regulation is also inherited from the katorga system.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Life after the term of detention People serving a period of detention in a camp or in prison are subject to restrictions in choosing employment from a wider range.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Disclosing the forfeiture of detention in the past is an offence subject to judicial proceedings.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

People serving detention as “political prisoners” were a nuisance for the “First Department” (Первый Отдел-"Pervyj Otdel”), the channeling of the secret police on all endeavors and institutions, since the former “political prisoners” had to be constantly monitored.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Many of the people released from these camps were forbidden to settle in major cities.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

After a long period of detention, many people lose their previous work skills as well as their social contacts.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Therefore, when they are finally released, many of those who would like to willingly decide to become (or stay as) “free occupants”.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

This decision is also influenced by knowledge of the limits imposed upon them in other places.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

When many of the former prisoners released were recaptured during the wave of arrests that began in 1947, this was more common with those who had chosen to return to their hometowns than those who remained near those camps as free occupants.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

The final development of Anne Applebaum's monograph describes the release of political prisoners from those camps, the last in 1987.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

In November 1991 the Russian parliament, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, approved the “Declaration of Individual Rights and Freedoms” guaranteeing theoretically, among various other freedoms, the right to disbelieve against the government.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

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The Gulag

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Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History, Broadway Books, 2003, Hardcover, 720 pp., ISBN 0-7679-0056-1.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

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The Gulag

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Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Stephane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, 858 pp., ISBN 0-674-07608-7.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

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Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

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Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Arch Getty, Oleg V. Naumov, The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932-1939, Yale University Press, 1999, 635 pp., ISBN 0-300-07772-6.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

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Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Gustaw Herling, A World Apart: Imprisonment in a Soviet Labor Camp During World War, Penguin, 1996, 284 pp., ISBN 0-14-025184-7.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

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Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Paul Gregory, Valery Lazarev, peny., The Economical of Forced Labour: The Soviet Gulag, Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 2003, full text available in Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

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Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Oleg V. Khlevniuk, The History of the Gulag: From Collectivisation to the Great Terror, Yale University Press, 2004, bold cover, 464 pp., ISBN 0-300-09284-9.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

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Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Tomasz Kizny, Gulag: Life and Death Inside the Soviet Concentration Camps 1917-1990, Firefly Books Ltd., 2004, 496 pp., ISBN 1-55297-964-4.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

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Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Jacques Rossi, The Gulag Handbook: An Encyclopedia Dictionary of Soviet Penitentiary Institutions and Terms Related to the Forced Labour Camps, 1989, ISBN 1-55778-024-2.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

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Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Varlam Shalamov, Kolyma Tales, Penguin Books, 1995, 528 pp., ISBN 0-14-018695-6.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

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Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, Harper & Row, 660 pp., ISBN 0-06-080332-0.


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag


Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

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Question: What does the word Gulag mean?

The Gulag

Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago: Two, Harper & Row, 712 pp., ISBN 0-06-080345-2.