Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The world must produce 70% more food by 2050 to feed an additional 2.3billion lives and meet demand as incomes rise, according to the UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). [216]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

A number of social researchers have warned of the possibility that global civilization will experience a period of economic contraction and re-localization due to reduced fossil fuels and rising crises in transportation and food production. [217] [218] [219] Helga Vierich predicts a return to activity Sustainable local economies such as hunter-gatherers, horticulture, and pastoralism. [220]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Urbanization Population growth throughout times of rapid industrialization and globalization of the 20th century was accompanied by increasing urbanization worldwide.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

In 2011, the majority of the world's population lives in industrial urban areas surrounded by factories and business offices, no longer traditional rural areas dominated by agriculture. [221]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Some cities are beginning to emerge as global cities and are considered important centers of economic activity of the world.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Megakota, that is, a city inhabited by more than 10 million people, increased in number from 3 cities in 1973 to 24 in 2013.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The number is expected to grow to 27 cities by 2025. [222]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Global health represents population health in a global context that covers countries' viewpoints and concerns. [223]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Health problems that cross state borders or have polyitc and economic influence globally continue to be emphasized. [224]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Global health is defined as 'a field of study, research, and practice whose priority is to improve health and achieve health equality for everyone in the world'. [225]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

So global health rests with improvements in world health, gap reduction, and protection from global threats that don't care about country borders. [226]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Global Mental Health is one of the applications of these principles in the realm of mental health. [227]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a major health institution at the international level.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Other important institutions that take care of global health activities are UNICEF, World Food Programme (WFP), United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, and the World Bank.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Major initiatives to improve global health were unveiled under the names of the United Nations Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals. [228]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

International travel is spreading deadly infectious diseases. [229]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Modern modes of transport allow large amounts of people and goods to travel around the world faster, but they also open a gap for transcontinental displacement of disease vectors. [230]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

One of them is AIDS/HIV. [231]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

As a result of immigration, about 500,000 people in the United States are believed to suffer from Chagas disease. [232]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

In 2006, tuberculosis (TB) rates among foreign-born U.S. residents were 9.5 times greater than those of U.S.-born residents. [233] Starting in Asia, the Black Plague killed at least one-third of Europe's population in the 14th century. [234]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

More severe devastation was experienced by the natives of the American continent after the arrival of “New World” European arrivals such as Aztecs, Maya, and Inca killed as a result of smallpox disease spread through the European colonization process.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Global natural environment The natural environment includes all living things and nonliving objects formed naturally on Earth or a region.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The natural environment is an environment that encompasses the interaction of all species of living things. [235]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The natural environment is different from the waking environment consisting of areas and components that are heavily influenced by human activity.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

It's hard to find a completely natural environment.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Naturalness (naturalness) varies in one continuum, ranging from 100% natural to 0% natural.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

We can consider various aspects or components of the environment, then observe that the level of naturalness is not uniform. [236]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Even so, in this world has been created a combined human—environment system.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Human threats to the natural environment, such as climate change, cross-border water and air pollution, overfishing in the oceans, and the spread of invasive species, require transnational and global solutions.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

As factories in the developing world increase global production and are less regulated by environmental regulation, there is increasing water and air pollution around the world. [237] [238] The 2006 State of the World Report lists that India and China's high economic growth is not sustainable.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The report states, “The ecological capacity of the world is not sufficient to satisfy the desires of China, India, Japan, Europe, and the United States and the desires of the entire world in a sustainable way. “[239]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

In a 2006 news article, the BBC reported, “... if China and India consume the same resources per capita as the United States or Japan in 2030, the planet Earth is needed to meet all of them. “[239]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

In the long term, this effect may result in an increase in the conflict of natural resource seizure [240] and the Malthus disaster.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

International direct investment in the developing world will give rise to a “race to the bottom” as countries are vying to loosen their environmental and natural resource protection laws to attract foreign capital. [8] [241] The reverse of this theory could have happened had the country developed maintaining environmentally friendly activities and imposing its responsibilities on the target country of its investment, then creating a “race to the top” phenomenon. [8]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Time that needs to be passed on transcontinental and country travel is shrinking more and more because of globalization, so developing and developed countries need to find new ways to solve problems on a global, rather than regional, scale anymore.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Agencies like the United Nations must now be the global regulators of pollution, whereas before, regional governance was enough. [243]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

A series of actions have been taken by the United Nations to oversee and reduce atmospheric pollutants through the Kyoto Protocol, the UN Clean Air Initiative, and air pollution research and public policy. [244]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The world's traffic, production, and consumption result in a global increase in the amount of air pollutants.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The Northern Hemisphere is the largest producer of carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. [245]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Changes in natural capital are beginning to erode economic thinking in one of the key areas of economic globalization: the international division of labor and production based on the global inventory chain. [246]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Planetary limits for a number of strategic natural resources have been reached, and other resources are close to their limits.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Over time, peak oil and climate change will lead to a “peak of globalization” that can be seen from the reduced tons of miles of goods transported across oceans and continents. Comparative advantages of global inventory chains will be broken by rising transportation costs and current delays in goods transit. [246]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

China and India increased their consumption of fossil fuels after their economies shifted from subsistence agriculture to industry and urbanization. [247] [248] China's oil consumption rose 8% annually between 2002 and 2006, doubling since 1996—2006. [249]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

In 2007, China beat the United States as the world's largest producer of CO 2 emissions. [250]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Only 1 percent of China's 560 million city-dwellers (as of 2007) breathe clean air according to EU standards.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

This means that developed countries can “outsource” some of their consumption pollution to countries that have many pollution-producing industries.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Communities utilize forest resources to achieve sustainable levels of economic development.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

From the past, forests in early developing countries experienced a “forest transition”, that is, a period of deforestation and reforestation when surrounding communities were increasingly developed, industrialized, and moved their primary natural resource production to other countries through imports.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

For countries on the edge of the global system, no country can be used as a place to transfer natural resources, and forest degradation will take place endlessly.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Forest transitions have a major influence on the hydrology, climate change, and biodiversity of a region through declining water quality as well as the buildup of greenhouse gases through the reforestation of new forests into second- and third-generation forests. [251] [252] The main source of deforestation is industry wood dominated by China and Japan. [253]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The global palm oil market has resulted in severe deforestation in Southeast Asia resulting in many animal species threatened by its sustainability, such as rhinos, tigers, and orangutans. [254] [255] Without recycling, zinc will be used up by 2037, indium and hafnium will run out in 2017, and terbium was depleted in 2012. [256]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Other “peak” phenomena, such as peak oil, peak coal, peak gas, peak water, and peak wheat, contribute to the availability and sustainability of natural capital.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

In 2003, 29% of open sea ponds were threatened with failure. [257]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The journal Science released a four-year study in November 2006 predicting that with current frequency, the world would run out of wild seafood by 2048. [258]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

In contrast, globalization created a global market for fish and seafood cultivation that in 2009 provided 38% of the world's supplies and was able to reduce excess fishing. [259]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Global goods trade relies on reliable and inexpensive transportation of goods in complicated and far-flung inventory chains. [246]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Global warming and peak oil hinder globalization because it has an impact on transportation costs and the movement of goods.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Because it counteracts geographical patterns of comparative advantage with high transportation costs, climate change and peak oil can result in peak globalization.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

After the peak of globalization, export volumes will decrease based on tons of miles of goods transported. [260]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Global workforce Global labor refers to international groups of workers, including those employed by multinational corporations and connected through global network and production systems, immigrant workers, transient migrant workers, telecommuting workers, and those involved in export-oriented work or contingent work as well as hard work.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

As of 2012, the global labor group includes roughly 3 billion people, and 200 million of them are unemployed. [261]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Global labor or international labor reflects the new international division of labor that has emerged since the late 1970s after another wave of globalization. Global economic actors driving the rise of multinational corporations, namely the displacement of goods, services, technologies, and capital across borders, constantly changing the way we view about labor and its structure today.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Departing from the social processes that encouraged standardization and industrialization, post-industrial societies in the Western world were sustained by industrialization in other parts of the world, especially in Asia.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

As industrialization took place around the world and many cultures moved away from traditional work practices, the way employers viewed and utilized labor changed.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The global workforce is competitive and touted as a “talent search war. “[262]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The competition is partly due to communications technology that helped various companies gain multinational status.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Communications technology also allows a company to search for workers without needing to restrict its search locally; a process like this is called global labor arbitration.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

One example of a talent search war is the appointment of a foreign chief executive at the headquarters of a loka company. [263] [264] Even so, production and service workers in developed countries fail to compete directly with low-wage workers in developing countries. [265]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Countries that implement low wages get an element of low value-added work that previously existed in developed countries, whereas high-value jobs still survive.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

For example, the total number of people employed in factories in the United States was reduced, but the value added per worker increased. [266]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

There are many examples of the displacement of labor to the developing world.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Two examples of these can be found in China and South Africa.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

China's success has made the number of jobs in other emerging economies and Western countries drastically reduced. [267]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

From 2000 to 2007, the United States lost 3.2million manufacturing jobs (factories). [268]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

On April 26, 2005, Asia Times Online wrote that, “In South Africa's regional giant, some 300,000 textile workers lost their jobs in the past two years due to the influx of Chinese-made goods [to South Africa] . “[269]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

In 2012, according to Eurostat, Europe's unemployment rate set a record high of 11.8%, meaning 18.8 million people did not have jobs and the number of young unemployed reached the highest level. [270]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The youth unemployment rate at the beginning of 2013 in Spain rose 56%, while in Greece it rose 62.5%. [271]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Research shows that young people in Europe are worried about their future. [272]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Nobel Prize-winning economist, Michael Spence, wrote that, “Massive global economic changes since World War II are giving a very positive effect.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Hundreds of millions of people in the developing world are coming out of the noose of poverty, and millions more will follow in the future.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The global economy will continue to grow, at least tripling in the next 30 years.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

One person's gain is not someone else's loss; that global growth is simply not a matter of winning or losing.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

However, globalization still harms a number of community groups in various countries, including developed countries.” [273] Not everyone is optimistic about the continuation of economic growth in the future.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Augustine Karlo Lumban Raja, head of Palm Watch's Department of Environmental Initiatives and Policy, said that, “The spread and intensification of horizontal social conflict over indigenous land boundaries proves that the Malind tribe is under threat.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Their indigenous lands were targets for development by the private sector in the absence of deliberation with the various clans and tribes that claimed the land. ” "[274] International displacement Many countries have a kind of guest worker program whose policies are the same as those in the U.S. that allow U.S. companies to hire non-U.S. citizens for three years, then deport them if they haven't applied for a card green.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

As of 2009, more than 1,000,000 guest workers settled in the United States.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Its largest program, the H-1B visa, involves 650,000 workers in the United States, [275] and its second largest program, the L-1 visa, involves 350,000 workers. [276]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

There are more types of United States visas enforced for guest workers, such as H-2A visas that permit farmers to work unlimited numbers of guest workers.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The United States ran a Mexican guest worker program in 1942—1964 under the name Bracero Program.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

An article in The New Republic criticized guest worker programs by likening them to second-class citizens who would not be able to obtain citizenship and get fewer rights than citizens of the United States. [278]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The displacement of educated and skilled workers is called brain drain.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

For example, the United States welcome nurses from around the world to work there. [279]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The brain drain from Europe to the United States means that about 400,000 science and technology graduates in Europe now live in the United States, and most of them do not plan to return home to Europe. [280]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Nearly 14 million immigrants came to the United States from 2000 to 2010. [281]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Immigrants in the United States along with their descendants founded more than 40 percent of the companies on the 2010 version of the Fortune 500 list.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

They founded seven of the ten most valued companies in the world. [282]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Reverse brain drain is the displacement of human capital from a more developed country to a less developed one.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

This is considered a reasonable result of the strategy of saving and honing the capabilities that migrants make overseas so that they can take advantage of them in their home countries. [283]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Reverse brain drain can occur when scientists, technicians, or other intelligentsia move to a developed country to study at their university, conduct research, or seek work experience in areas that may be restricted in their home country.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

These profesinoals then return to their native countries after several years of business pioneering experience, teaching at colleges, or working for multinational companies in their native countries. [284]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Remittance is the transfer of money from a foreign worker to his country of origin.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Remittances play an important role in the economies of some countries as well as contributing to economic growth and the survival of underprivileged communities.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

According to World Bank estimates, total remittances in 2009 reached US$414 billion, US$316 billion of which flowed to developing countries and involved 192 million migrant workers. [285]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

For a number of countries, the remittance can represent one-third of its GDP. [285]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Since the recipient of the remittance has a high likelihood to have a bank account, remittances give way for both the sender and the recipient to take advantage of financial services.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

This is an important aspect of remittance aimed at promoting economic development.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Countries that have a large percentage of remittances in their PDB are predominantly smaller countries such as Tajikistan (45%), Moldova (38%), and Honduras (25%). [286]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The IOM mentioned there were more than 200 million migrants worldwide in 2008, [287] including those through illegal immigration. [288] [289] Remittance flows to the developing world reached US$328bn in 2008 and were estimated at US$515 billion in 2015. [290]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Transnational marriage is marriage between two people from different countries.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Various problems arise in different countries of marriage, including nationality and cultural issues that add complexity and challenge to conjugal relationships.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

In the era of globalization, when people have networks of acquaintances and places around the world and are not fixated on one place anymore, more and more people are getting married without looking at the borders of the country.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Transnational anchoring is a byproduct of human movement and displacement.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Support and opposition Reactions to processes affecting globalization continue to emerge and vary as time goes on.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Philosophical differences regarding the disadvantages and advantages of such processes spawned various ideologies and social movements.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Supporters of growth, expansion, and economic development generally view the process of globalization as something desirable or necessary for the welfare of mankind. [291]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

His opponents see one or more processes of globalization as something that undermines social welfare at the global and local level; [291] they question the social or natural sustainability of long-term economic expansion that runs constantly, social structure disparities resulting from those processes, as well as colonial, imperialistic, or hegemonic ethnocentrism, cultural assimilation, and cultural appropriation underlying those processes.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

As Noam Chomsky put it: The propaganda system that exists today makes the word “globalization” refer to the particular version of international economic integration they want, which gives priority to the rights of investors and lenders, whereas people's rights are merely a sideline.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Regarding the use of this word, parties that support other forms of international integration that give priority to human rights become “anti-globalists”.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

It's vulgar propaganda, befits the term “anti-Soviet” used by ruthless rulers to call his critics.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The term is not only vulgar, but stupid.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Let's take for example the World Social Forum (WSF) called “anti-globalization” in a propaganda system that happens to include the media, the educated public, and others with certain exceptions.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The WSF is an example of the globalization paradigm.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The WSF is a large collection of human beings from all over the world, from every sphere of life we know, in contrast to the small elite who met at the World Economic Forum and were called “pro-globalization” by the propaganda system. [292]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Supporters Generally, corporate business people, especially in the financial sector, see globalization as a positive driver in the world.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Many economists cite statistics that seem to support such a positive impact.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

For example, growth in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in post-1980 global countries rose from 1.4 percent per year in the 1960s and 2.9 percent annually in the 1970s to 3.5 percent in the 1980s and 5.0 percent in the 1990s. The acceleration of the move is particularly remarkable as rich countries suffered a steady decline in growth from 4.7 per cent in the 1960s to 2.2 per cent in the 1990s. In addition, non-global emerging economies seem to suffer more severely than globalizers.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The countries' annual growth rate plunged from 3.3 percent throughout the 1970s to just 1.4 percent throughout the 1990s. This rapid growth among globalists is not only due to the strong economies of China and India in the 1980s and 1990s — 18 out of 24 global countries experienced growth gains, many of which were quite high. [293]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Economic liberalism and free trade Economic liberals and neoliberals generally argue that a broader degree of economic and political freedom in the form of free trade in the developed world is a dead price, resulting in more material wealth.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Globalization is seen as a profitable process of spreading freedom and capitalism. [294]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Jagdish Bhagwati, a former globalization adviser to the United Nations, said that while it is obvious that the problem generated too rapid development, globalization is a positive boost that lifts a country from the poverty line by starting an economic cycle accompanied by economic growth that is fast. [185]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Economist Paul Krugman is another hard-line proponent of globalization and free trade who almost always disagrees with most critics of globalization.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

He argued that critics lacked basic knowledge of comparative advantage and its benefits in the modern world. [295]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Migrant flows to countries whose developed economies are claimed to be successful in creating a global wage pooling.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

IMG research suggests a possible transfer of skills to the developing world after wages in the country rise. [7]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Knowledge liberation is also an integral aspect of globalization.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Technological innovation (or technology transfer) is designed to be more profitable for developing countries and less developed countries, for example in terms of mobile phone use. [23]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Rapid economic growth began to occur in Asia after Asia implemented market-orientation-based economic policies that gave priority to private ownership rights, free enterprise, and competition.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

More specifically, in the developing countries of East Asia, GDP per capita rose by 5.9% per year since 1975 to 2001 (according to the Human Development Report 2003 [296] released by UNDP).


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Britain's economic journalist, Martin Wolf, said that the incomes of poor developing countries, whose population represents more than half of the world's population, are growing faster than rich countries whose growth is relatively stable, then reducing the gap international and poverty.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Certain demographic changes in the developing world after economic liberalization and active international integration resulted in increased general welfare and reduced disparities.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

According to Wolf, in all developing countries, life expectancy rose by four months each year since 1970, and infant mortality reduced from 107 per 1,000 babies in 1970 to 58 per 1,000 in 2000 thanks to improvements in living standards and health conditions.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

In addition, adult literacy rates in the developing world rose by 53% in 1970 to 74% in 1998, and lower illiteracy rates among youth signify that the number of illiterate residents will continue to diminish over time.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The fall in birth rates across the developing world from 4.1 births per woman in 1980 to 2.8 births per woman in 2000 signifies a rise in women's knowledge rates regarding birth and child supervision through parental attention. [297]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Consequently, more prosperous and educated parents whose children have little decided to keep them away from early work so they can have the opportunity to demand knowledge in school; this decision also resolves the problem of child labor.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Although there is an unequal distribution of income in developing countries, growth and economic development provide a higher standard of living and well-being for everyone.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Global democracy The globalization of democracy is a movement that fights for a global democratic system that will give the citizens of the world the right to vote in political institutions.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Global democracy will cross nation-states, corporate oligopolies, ideological self-help institutions, political streams, and magia.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

One of the most outspoken supporters is the British political thinker David Held.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Supporters of democratic globalization argue that economic expansion and development should be used as the first stage of the implementation of democratic globalization, then followed by the development stage of global political institutions.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Francesco Stipo, Director of the United States Association of the Club of Rome, supports having all united nations form a world government.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

He argued that world governance “reflects the political and economic balance of the countries of the world.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The world confederation shall not overstep the governing authority of each country, but rather be complementary, because the government of the state and the world have power within the scope of its competence”. [299]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Former Canadian Senator Douglas Roche, O.C., sees globalization as something unavoidable and supports the establishment of institutions such as a directly elected United Nations Parliamentary Assembly to oversee international bodies whose members do not enter through direct elections. [300]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

International cooperation Military cooperation has occurred in the past.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

One example is the security cooperation between the United States and the former Soviet Union after the Cold War that succeeded in leaving the international community dumbfounded.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Arms control and disarmament treaties, including the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (see START I, START II, START III, and New START) and the establishment of the NATO Peace Partnership, Russia's NATO Council, the G8 Global Partnership Against the Deployment of Weapons and Mass Destroying Materials, pioneered a series of concrete arms control and denuclearization initiatives.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

U.S.-Russian cooperation was strengthened by anti-terrorism treaties passed post-9/11. [301]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

One of the most successful environmental cooperation ever was a chlorofluorocarbon reduction (CFC) agreement as per the Montreal Protocol to reduce ozone depletion.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The current debate around nuclear energy and coal-fired power plants has resulted in one more consensus on the actions each country needs to take.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

In addition, major achievements at the International Court can be studied through development studies. [301]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Global citizenship Global citizenship exposes that citizenship can be understood on a global scale as a social contract between the global population in an era of interdependency and interaction.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The bearers of this concept define it as thinking that we have certain rights and responsibilities towards each other on the basis of our being human beings on Earth. [302]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

World population has several similar meanings, and sometimes refers to someone who disagrees with the traditional geopolitical divide that is based on the national population.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The emergence of this sentiment can be traced to the time of Socrates.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Plutarkhus quotes that Sokrates once blessed: “I am not a citizen of Athens, not a citizen of Greece, but a citizen of duni. “[303]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

In an increasingly interdependent world, the world's citizens need a guide or compass to shape their mindset and create a shared awareness and sense of global responsibility for issues such as environmental issues and nuclear proliferation. [304]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Cosmopolitanism is the proposal that all tribes of a nation constitute one single community with equal morality.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

A person who adheres to the idea of cosmopolitanism in any form is called a cosmopolitan or a cosmopolit. [305]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Cosmopolitan societies could be embodied on the basis of inclusive morality, shared economic relations, or political structures spanning different countries.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Cosmopolitan societies are societies whose individual individunites come from different places (e.g. nation-states) and relate on the basis of mutual respect.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

For example, Kwame Anthony Appiah points out the possibility of a cosmopolitan society whose individs come from different backgrounds (physical, economic, etc.) and create relationships on the basis of mutual respect despite different beliefs (religious, political, etc.). [306]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Canadian philosopher Marshall McLuhan mobilized the term Global Village in 1962. [307]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

His view mentions that globalization will create a world when all countries are increasingly integrated and aware of common and humanitarian interests. [308]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Criticism of globalization usually originates from discussions around the impact of globalization processes on planet Earth and people.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Critics questioned traditional benchmarks such as GDP and turned to other benchmarks such as the Gini coefficient [309] or the Happy Planet Index, [310] as well as calling that “various interrelated fatal consequences—social disintegration, democratic failure, rapid environmental destruction and widespread, spread of new diseases, increasing poverty and exile "[311] are involuntary consequences of globalization.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Criticism came from church assemblies, national liberation groups, trade unions, intellectuals, artists, protectionists, anarchists, advocates of relocalization (e.g., consumption of local goods), and others.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

There are critics who are reformist (in favor of more moderate capitalism), and some are revolutionary (supporting the switch of power from private to public) or reactionary (public to private).


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

A number of critics argue that globalization undermines cultural diversity.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

When the culture of the dominating country is introduced to the recipient country through globalization, foreign culture can threaten the diversity of local cultures.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

There are also those who argue that globalization will lead to westernization or Americanization of culture, a phenomenon when the cultural concepts of Western countries that are more advanced in terms of economy and politics spread and threaten local culture.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Some opponents see globalization as the primacy of the interests of corporatists. [312]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

They also claim that the increasing autonomy and power of corporate entities is shaping the country's pollitic policies. [313] [314] They support global institutions and policies that they think are able to solve the moral problems of the lower class and workers and environmental issues. [315 ]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Economic opinions expressed by fair trade theorists claim that unlimited free trade benefits parties who have higher financial advantages (i.e., the rich) and sacrifices the poor. [316]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Critics argue that globalization causes: Poor countries lose: Free trade does encourage globalization in all countries, but some countries try to protect their domestic suppliers.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The impoverished country's main export is usually agricultural products.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Large countries usually subsidize farmers (e.g. the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy) thus lowering the price of foreign farmers' produce on the market. [317]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Joseph Stiglitz argues that countries that self-manage their economies benefit much from globalization, whereas countries whose economies are managed by international institutions such as the IMF benefit less from globalization. [318]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Transfer to outsourcing: Globalization allows companies to move production and service jobs from high-wage areas, thereby creating economic opportunity with competing wages and benefits of workers. [120]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Unions are weak: A surplus of cheap labor plus a rise in the number of companies undergoing the transition weakens unions in high-wage areas.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Unions lost their effectiveness and workers lost their enthusiasm for joining as the number of union members continued to dwindle. [317]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Increased exploitation of child labor: States that poorly protect vulnerable children infiltrated veiled companies and criminal gangs that wanted to exploit them.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Examples of occupations forced upon children are mining, ship demolition, and plantations, but there are also smuggling, sex slaves, forced labor, prostitution, and pornography. [319]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Helena Norberg-Hodge, director and founder of ISEC, criticized globalization from different sides.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

In her book, Ancient Futures, Norberg-Hodge claims that “the environmental balance and social alignment that persisted for umpteen centuries is threatened by the pressures of development and globalization.”


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

He also criticized the standardization and rationalization of globalization, as it does not always yield the expected growth outcomes.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

While globalization takes place at the same stages in almost all countries, experts like Hodge say that globalization is not effective for certain countries.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Globalization actually rewinds a number of countries and does not build at all. [320]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The anti-globalization movement, or counter-globalization, [321] consists of a number of criticisms of globalization, but is generally critical of the globalization of corporate capitalism. [322]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The movement is also more commonly referred to as the alter-globalization movement, the anti-globalist movement, the corporate anti-globalization movement, [323] or the movement against neoliberal globalization.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The anti-globalization movement can be called encompassing ideologies present in other “movements”, namely the rejection of capital market integration, social justice and disparities, anti-consumerism, global anti-governance, and rejection of environmentalists.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Any such ideology can be included in the anti-globalization movement, but in general this movement exerts all its efforts on these key principles.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The anti-globalization movement is considered a new and modern social movement, as the issues it fights match those of modern times.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

However, events that burned the spirit of this movement have existed since the days of resistance to European colonialism and the imperialism of the United States 500 years ago. [324]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

It refers to the African continent that was colonized and squeezed its natural resources by a European nation in the 19th century.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The anti-globalization movement was also strongly associated with the anti-Vietnam War mobilization between 1960 and 1970, as well as international protests against the adjustment of structures in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

British sociologist Paul Q. Hirst and political economist Grahame F. Thompson say that the term is still blurred; [325] the activity of the “anti-globalization movement” includes efforts to demonstrate sovereignty, practice local democratic decision-making, or restrict the movement of people, goods, and capitalist ideologies, especially free-market deregulation, internationally.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Canadian author and social activist Naomi Klein argues that this term could mean one social movement or several social movements such as nationalism and socialism. [326]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Bruce Podobnik, sociologist at Lewis and Clark College, states that, “the majority of groups participating in these kinds of protests gain international support, and they usually demand globalization that improves democratic representation, human rights, and egalitarianism. “[327]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Economists Joseph Stiglitz and Andrew Charlton write: Anti-globalization movements reject aspects of globalization that they perceive as negative.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The term 'anti-globalization' itself is a mistake, because groups that represent many interests and issues and people involved in the anti-globalization movement actually support closer ties between peoples and world cultures through, for example, aid, aid refugees, and global environmental issues. [328]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Generally, opponents of globalization in developed countries come from the middle class and well-educated.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

It differs considerably from opponents of globalization in developing countries.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Anti-globalization movements in the developing world were more successful in attracting the attention of millions of workers and farmers. [329]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Advocates of this movement are aware of the inequality of power and appreciative attitudes in international trade between developed and less developed countries. [330]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Activists who support the anti-globalization movement are opposed to manifold issues.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

There are several dimensions of globalization, namely economic, political, cultural, environmental, and ideology.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Its numerous subgroups include trade union members, environmentalists, anarchists, land rights and indigenous rights activists, human rights and sustainable development organizations, opponents of privatanization, and anti-factory squeeze activists (sweatshops). [324]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Movement tacticians D.A. Snow et al. say that the anti-globalization movement is an example of a new social movement.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

This type of movement employs unique tactics and utilizes resources never used by other social movements. [331]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The culprits participate in things like disruptive (disruptive) tactics, for example flash mobs to draw attention around and spread information about the effects of globalization.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

There is also the dissemination of information about social movements through social media, and getok tular about NGOs, organizations, and movements that work to reduce the effects of globalization.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Websites such as Twitter and Facebook become useful tools for the public to be aware of events in the world, ongoing rallies or tactics, as well as the activities of NGOs helping poor countries.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

One of the movement's most famous tactics was the 1999 Battle of Seattle, a rally against the 3rd World Trade Organization Ministerial Meeting. [324]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

This protest or demonstration can be called a gathering of grassroots people who have goals in the anti-globalization movement fighting against corporate power in the WTO.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Around the world, new social movements staged protests outside the WTO meeting hall, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, and the Group of Eight (G8). [324]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

At the rally in Seattle, its participants used creative and violent tactics to rally awareness on the problems of globalization.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The Battle of Seattle is still one of the most important social movement protests of the past 20 years.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Rejection of capital market integration Capital markets has a link to the collection and investment of money in various business entities.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The rapid integration of interstate financial markets creates a global capital market or single world market.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

In the long run, the movement of capital interstate will benefit the owners of capital; in the short term, owners and workers in certain sectors of the capital-exporting country are burdened by having to adjust to more and more capital movements. [332]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

It is quite natural if these conditions lead to political divisions when talking about the push or increase of integration of international capital markets.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Opponents of capital market integration on human rights grounds are disturbed by the various abuses perceived by global and international institutions that he says promote neoliberalism without complying with ethical standards.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

This could be called “corporate capitalism”, that is, money-oriented organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, and popular and competitive multinationals such as Nike and others.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The most prevalent targets for protesters are the World Bank (WB), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), and free trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI), and General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Since there is an economic gap between rich and poor countries, proponents of this movement claim “free trade” without regulations protecting the less-capitalized country will only strengthen the power of developed countries (often called “North”, as opposed to “South” to call the developing world) .


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Some powerful Northern companies have implemented policies such as the privatanisation of public industries and tariff reductions.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

This action has given rise to many squeeze factories (sweatshops) in developing countries whose wages are small and unfair and conditions are not safe for the health and psychology of workers.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Northern countries get their benefits by buying goods that cost less.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Unfortunately, the production of these cheap goods is detrimental to the poor people and his community or his country as a whole.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Currently, fair trade has been put in place to rebuild the economies of third world countries by paying employees of export goods producers appropriately according to their performance. [333]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Global justice and disparities The global justice movement is a gathering of individuals and groups—commonly called “movement movements"—that demand fair trade rules and see today's global economic integration body as a problem. [334]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The movement is often branded as an anti-globalization movement by the mainstream media.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Members of this movement often argue that they are anti-globalization and assert that they support the globalization of communication and people and only oppose the global expansion of corporate power. [335]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The movement is based on the idea of social justice that desires the formation of societies or institutions based on the principles of equality and solidarity, the value of human rights, and the dignity of every human being. [336] [337] [338] Social gaps within and between countries, including the global digital divide, is the main focus of the movement.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Many self-help institutions were set up to combat the disparities occurring in Latin America, Africa, and Asia.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Some notable self-help institutions are War Child, Red Cross, Free The Children, and CARE International.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

They usually work together to improve people's lives in the third world by building schools, improving infrastructure, supplying clean water, purchasing supplies and supplies for hospitals, and other aid. jmpl|250px|Open meeting of the Occupy movement in Washington Square Park, New York City, October 8, 2011 Rapid gap of international trade with high entry bans, corporate consolidation, tax haven and other means of tax avoidance, and political corruption has increased the income gap and wealth centering: distribution of assets (wealth) an increasingly uneven economy and income among the world's population, countries, and individuals.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Economic gaps vary between societies, historical periods, economic structures or systems (e.g. capitalism or socialism), ongoing or completed warfare, gender, and an individual's ability to generate wealth. [339]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

There are various numerical indices to measure economic disparities.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The most famous index is the Gini coefficient, but in addition to this there are also several other methods.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Economic gaps affect equity, equality of spending, and equality of opportunity.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Although old thinking considers economic disparities to be necessary and bring benefits, [340] economic disparities in recent times are more often regarded as social problems. [341]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Early research showing that greater equality inhibits economic growth is demonstrably wrong because it does not consider the time it takes for disparities to impede growth. [342]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

In fact, one of the most obvious and important determinants of economic growth remains the level of income gap. [298]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

International gaps are gaps that occur interstate.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The economic gap between rich and poor countries is huge.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

According to the 2004 United Nations Human Development Report, the GDP per capita in a country whose human development is high, moderate, and low (classification according to the UN Human Development Index) is 24,806, 4,269, and 1,184 PPP$, respectively (the balance of ability to shop in dollars United States). [343]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Gender gap in the global workforce Women are often involved in hard work, including export-oriented jobs.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

A series of evidence shows that while globalization expands access to employment for women, the long-term goal of globalization in the form of changing the gender gap is still unattainable and does not seem to be achieved without capital arrangements and reorientation and expansion of the role of the state in fund community interests and provide a social safety net. [344]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Anti-consumerism Anti-consumerism is a social-political movement that opposes the equalization of personal happiness with the consumption and purchase of proprietary goods.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The term “consumerism” was first used in 1915 to call “support for the rights and interests of consumers”, but the term “consumerism” here refers to the meaning that was introduced in 1960, namely “acquisition of consumer goods”.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Concerns over consumer treatment spawned hefty activism as well as the inclusion of consumer education into school curricula.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Anti-consumerist activism aligns with environmental activism, anti-globalization, and animal rights activism that equally condemn modern corporations or organizations that pursue economic interests only.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

One of the variations of this topic is activism carried out by posconsumers.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Posconsumers put more emphasis on addictive post-consumerism life.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

In recent times there are more books and films introducing anti-corporate ideology to society, such as Naomi Klein's No Logo book and the film The Corporation & Surplus.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Rejection of economic materialism comes from two main sources, religion and social activism.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Some religions teach that materialism interferes with the relationship between man and God and materialism is an immoral lifestyle.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Social activists believe that materialism has something to do with global retail goods and the convergence of suppliers, war, avarice, anomi, crime, environmental destruction, as well as general social malaise and discontent.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Global anti-governance Since the 1930s, there has been a rejection of the idea of world government as carried by a number of organizations such as the World Federalist Movement (WFM). [345]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Opponents of global governance are usually opinionated on the basis that the idea is poorly suited, oppressive, and unnecessary. [346]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Generally, opponents are alarmed by the centering of power or wealth that such a government holds.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Religious reasons were also raised; global governance was seen as the Antichrist or its embodiment (see New World Order (conspiracy theory)).


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

This kind of reasoning has been around since the founding days of the League of Nations and the United Nations.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Environmentalism's rejection of environmentalism is a wide-ranging thought, ideology, and social movement [347] [348] [349] that pays attention to environmental preservation and environmental health improvement issues, especially when it comes to non-human living beings.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Environmentalism demands the protection, return, and improvement of the natural environment so that the relationship between humans and their natural environment is balanced.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

This balance remains controversial and there are many ways to resolve environmental problems.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Environmentalism and environmental concerns are often represented or described by green, [350] but these color links are utilized by the marketing industry as a major tactic in greenwashing (greenwashing).


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Environmental issues that concern globalization include global warming, climate change, world water and water supply crises, inequality in energy consumption and energy conservation, transnational air pollution and pollution of the world's oceans, overpopulation, sustainability of world habitats, deforestation, biodiversity, and species extinction.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Another problem is “environmental apartheid" [351] which claims that people's resources and wealth are enjoyed by a small minority of highly protected races or classes.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The majority of the population has no chance to access the resources needed to survive.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

In pre-Rio times, it was the Northern countries that contributed a lot to environmental destruction.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Globalization reorganized the structure of control over resources to the point that the natural resources owned by the poor were taken over by the rich and the pollution generated by the rich countries was lavished upon the poor. [352]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

For example, 90 percent of carbon dioxide emissions from the past come from developed countries.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Developed countries produce 90 percent of the world's hazardous waste each year.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Global free trade has globalized environmental destruction with asymmetric patterns.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Some argue that the economy is controlled by Northern companies and they continue to dredge up the resources of the poor country for the purposes of its global activias, whereas it is the Southern countries that receive the environmental burden of this global economy.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Globalization then triggered environmental apartheid. [353]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

A related problem is the pollution paradise hypothesis which states that when large developed countries want to set up factories or offices abroad, they will look for the cheapest resource and labor options that have access to land and materials needed (see race to the bottom). [354]


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

This activity usually ignores environmentally friendly practices.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Developing countries whose resources and labor are cheap tend to have lax environmental regulations.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

On the contrary, countries whose strict environmental regulations are considered increasingly unsuitable for companies because it costs a lot to meet these environmental standards.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Because of this, companies that decide to invest physically abroad will move to a country whose environmental standards are low or that its law enforcement is lax.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Main journals major academic journals studying globalization: Antipode Development and Change Economic Geography Globalization and Health Journal of World-Systems Research World Development See also Library resources about Main Page Reference Advanced reading of Carpenter, John.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

“Puritan Missions as Globalization,” Fides et Historia. 31:2, 1999 pp.103—123.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Jones, Andrew (2010) Globalization.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Key Thinkers.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Cambridge: Polity Press, John Wiley & Sons.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

ISBN 0-7456-4322-1 Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) With contributions by Samir Amin, Christopher Chase-Dunn, Andre Gunder Frank, Immanuel Wallerstein Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Panitch, Leo and Sam Gindin (2012).


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

The Making of Global Capitalism: the Political Economy of the American Empire.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

London: Verso.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

ISBN 978-1-84467-742-9 CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Sparks, C. (2007).


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Globalization, development and the mass media.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Los Angeles: SAGE.


Question: When was Michael Dell born?

Globalization

Outside links Library resources about globalisation, from the Ecology and Society Journal Analysis of the idea and its history. , from The Canadian Encyclopedia Globalization Program by Deutsche Welle-TV Category:Historical Theory Category:Socio-cultural Evolution Category:Economic Geography Category:Cultural Geography Category:International Trade Category:Capitalism


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

A satellite is an object orbiting another object with a certain period of revolution and rotation.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

There are two types of satellites, namely natural satellite and artificial satellite.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

The rest of this article will revolve around artificial satellites.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

History The first man-made satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviets on October 4, 1957, and starting the Russian Sputnik Program, with Sergei Korolev as head of design and Kerim Kerimov as his assistant.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

This launch sparked a space race (space race) between the Soviets and Americans.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

Sputnik 1 helps identify the density of the upper layers of the atmosphere by ramp measuring the change in its orbit and providing data from the distribution of radio signals on the ionosphere layer.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

Since these satellite bodies were filled with high-pressure nitrogen, Sputnik 1 also gave the first opportunity in meteorite detection, since the loss of deep pressure caused by meteroid penetration could be seen through the temperature data it sent to the earth.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957 and brought the crew of the first living creature into orbit, a dog named Laika.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

In May, 1946, Project Rand issued a preliminary design for a spaceflight experiment to travel from the world, stating that, “a satellite vehicle containing precise instrumentation could be expected to be a sophisticated science tool for the twentieth century”.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

America has been thinking about launching orbiting satellites since 1946 under the American Navy's Office of Aeronautics (Bureau of Aeronautics of the United States Navy).


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

Project RAND owned by the American Air Force finally issued the above report, but did not express that satellites had potential as military weapons; rather, they considered them to be science, political, and propaganda tools.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

In 1954, the Secretary of American Defense stated, “I am not aware of any American satellite program.”


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

On July 29, 1955, the White House announced that the United States would be willing to launch a satellite in the spring of 1958.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

This later became known as Project Vanguard.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

On 31 July, Soviets announced that it would launch a satellite in the fall of 1957.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

Following pressure from the American Rocket Society (Rocket Society of America), the National Science Foundation, and the International Geophysical Year, the interest of the armed forces increased and in early 1955 the American Air Force and Navy were plying on Project Orbiter, which uses Jupiter C rides to launch satellites.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

The project was successful, and Explorer 1 became the first American satellite on 31 January 1958.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

In June 1961, three and a half years after the launch of Sputnik 1, the American Air Force used various facilities from the United States Space Surveillance Network to catalog a number of 115 satellites orbiting the earth.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

The largest man-made satellite at the moment orbiting the earth is the Interational Space Station (International Space Station).


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

Description Satellite is an object in space that rotates following the rotation of the earth.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

Satellites can be distinguished by their shape and guaanas such as: weather satellites, comonication satellites, science and technology satellites and military satel


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

To be able to operate the satellite was launched into its orbit with the aid of a rocket.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

Developed countries such as the United States, Russia, France and lately China, have stations to catapult satellites into their orbit.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

The position of the satellite on its orbit is of three kinds, namely Low Earth Orbit (LEO): 500-2,000km above the Earth's surface.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO): 8,000-20,000km above Earth's surface.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO): 35,786km above Earth's surface.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

The entire movement of the satellite is monitored from the earth or better known as the controlling station.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

The way the satellite works is by way of uplink and downlink.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

Satellite

Uplink is transmission sent from earth to satellite, while downlink is transmission from satellite to earth station.


Question: How many spy satellites belong to the United States?

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Satellite communications essentially function as repeaters in the sky.


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Satellites also use transponders, which is a tool to enable 2-way communication.


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Generally satellite communications use many tranponders.


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For example Intelsat VIII using 44 transponders can accommodate 22,500 telephone circuits and 3 TV channels, today until it can accommodate communications in Asia and Africa.


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Satellite antennas are critical of their role in satellite communication networks.


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Because this object serves as a transimission receiver in every region of the world.


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While satellite spacing (satellite placement) is used to make transmission easier based on the area.


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While the power system used by satellites is obtained through sunlight which is converted to the form of electricity using solar cells (Solar cells).


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In addition, the satellite is also equipped with a power source that has a duration of 12 years which is its fuel in order to operate.


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Satellite type Astronomical satellites are satellites used to observe distant planets, galaxies, and other space objects.


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Communications satellites are artificial satellites mounted in space with the purpose of telecommunications using radios at microwave frequencies.


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Most communications satellites use geosynchronous orbits or geostationary orbits, although some recent types use low Earth orbiting satellites.


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Earth-observer satellites are satellites specifically designed to observe Earth from orbit, such as reconnaissance satellites but intended for non-military uses such as environmental observation, meteorology, map-making, etc.


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Navigation satellites are satellites that use radio signals channeled to receivers at ground level to determine the location of an earth-bound point.


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One of the very popular navigation satellites is GPS owned by the United States besides there is also a Russian-owned Glonass.


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If the view between the satellite and the receiver on the ground is no interference, then with a satellite signal receiving device (GPS receiver), it can be obtained position data somewhere with a precision of several meters in real time.


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A spy satellite is an Earth-observer satellite or communications satellite used for military or spy purposes.


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Solar power satellites are proposed satellites made in high Earth orbit that use microwave power transmission to highlight solar power to very large antennas on Earth that are used to replace conventional power sources.


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The space station is a man-made structure designed as a human habitation in space.


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The space station is distinguished from other spacecraft by the absence of primary spacecraft propulsion or landing facilities; And other vehicles are used as transports from and to the station.


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The space station is designed to live intermediate in orbit, for weekly, monthly, or even annual periods.


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Weather satellites are satellites designed to observe Earth's weather and climate.


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Miniature satellites are light and small satellites.


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A new classification was created to categorize these satellites: mini satellites (500—200kg), micro satellites (under 200kg), nanosatellites (under 10kg).


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Observation satellites Earth observer satellites are satellites specifically designed to observe Earth from orbit, similar to spy satellites but intended for non-military uses such as environmental surveillance, meteorology, map-making, etc.


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Many types of observation can be made from satellites, including military reconnaissance, terrain mapping, astronomical photography, international inspection, cloud observation, and Earth photography—useful in Earth sciences.


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Observations can be made in a variety of ways, using sensors operating in different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.


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The first time sensors used by humans were the naked eye.


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Next came photography with its ability to record large amounts of permanent form from detailed information.


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Then followed the development of reconnaissance radar, electronic interception, and infrared reconnaissance.


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Space observatories Space observatories are all tools that are in space used to observe planets, galaxies, and other planetary bodies.


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Few observatories have been launched into orbit, and most have expanded our knowledge of the cosmos.


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Astronomical observations from Earth are limited by the filtering and interference of electromagnetic radiation due to Earth's atmosphere.


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Sending an observatory into space is therefore indispensable.


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As a telescope orbits the Earth outside the atmosphere he is not exposed to twinkling (distortion due to air heat turbulence) or light pollution from artificial light sources on Earth.


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Some earth-lift-off telescopes (such as the Keck I and II Telescopes, Very Large Telescope) can eliminate the effects of atmospheric turbulence with the help of their adaptive optics.


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Space-based astronomy is even more important for reaching frequencies that lie outside the optical window and the radio window, both wavelength ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum that are not reduced by the atmosphere.


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For example, X-ray observations are almost impossible when done from Earth, and have reached an important place in astronomy only because of orbiting satellites equipped with X-ray telescopes such as the Chandra Observatory.


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Space observatories are generally divided into two classes: missions mapping the entire sky, and observatories that make observations of a particular part of the sky.


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Many space observatories have completed their missions, and others are still operational.


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The satellites have been launched by NASA, ESA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.


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A spy satellite Reconnaissance Satellite (officially called a monitoring satellite, English: Reconnaissance satellite) is an Earth monitoring satellite or communications satellite held for military and intelligence purposes.


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It is usually a stellar telescope directed towards Earth rather than towards the star.


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The earliest generation of these satellites were Corona [1] [2] and Zenit whose mechanism was that they took photos from space, then catapulted cans containing film negatives to the earth to be taken later.


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Active and passive satellites Passive satellites are satellites that reflect the electromagnetic radiation they receive without modification or amplification.


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Passive satellites cannot generate their power but only reflect the power it receives.


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An active satellite is a satellite that can transmit power called an active satellite.


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They can amplify or modify signals received later for transmission.


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Miniaturization satellites Miniature satellites or small satellites are satellites of low mass and size, usually under 500kg (1100 pounds).


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While all such satellites may be called small satellites, different classifications are used to categorize them by mass.


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One reason for miniaturizing satellites is to reduce costs: heavier satellites require larger rockets with greater thrust that also have greater costs.


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In contrast, smaller, lighter satellites require smaller, cheaper launch vehicles and can sometimes be launched in multiples.


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Classification Miniature satellites: Small satellites/Small Microsatellites Nanosatelit Picosatelit Femtosatellites Satellite altimeter A radar altimeter, electronic altimeter, reflection altimeter, radio altimeter (RADALT), low range radio altimeter (LRRA) or simply RA is a device measure the altitude above the current terrain below the aircraft or spacecraft.


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This type of altimeter provides the distance between the antenna and the ground directly below, in contrast to a barometric altimeter which provides a distance above a set datum, usually meaning sea level.


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Satellite orbits of Satellites are celestial bodies that have no light source of their own and move around a particular planet while following that planet in circulation.


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For example, the Moon is a satellite of the Earth.


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The movement of satellites around the earth in general follows Keppler's law (Keplerian movement) which is based on some assumptions that are as difficult as movement is affected only by the central heavy force field of the earth, the satellite moves in a fixed orbit plane in space, the mass of the satellite does not means compared to the mass of the earth, satellites move in a vacuum, and no sun, moon, or other celestial objects affect the movement of satellites.


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Orbits are the types where satellites circulate around the Earth's surface.


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In the Context of satellite geodesy, information about the orbit of the satellite will play a role in several ways namely: Position Determination To calculate satellite coordinates that will be required as fixed point coordinates in the calculation of other tiitk-point coordinates on or near the surface of the Earth.


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Observation Planning To plan satellite observations (optimal time and length of observation) Receiver Aiding Helps accelerate the satellite signal observer device to find the satellite in question Satellite Selection To select, if needed, satellites that are in geometric “better” to use.


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Types of orbits Many satellites are categorized over their orbital altitude, although a satellite can orbit at any altitude.


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Low Orbit (Low Earth Orbit, LEO): 300 — 1500km above Earth's surface.


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Intermediate Orbit (Medium Earth Orbit, MEO): 1500 — 36000km.


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Geosynchronous Orbit (Geosynchronous Orbit, GSO): about 36000km above Earth's surface.


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Geostationary Orbit (Geostationary Orbit, GEO): 35790km above Earth's surface.


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High Orbit (High Earth Orbit, HEO): above 36000km.


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The following orbits are special orbits that are also used to categorize satellites: Molniya orbit, a satellite orbit with an orbital periode of 12 hours and an inclination of about 63°.


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Sunsynchronous orbit, satellite orbits with certain inclination and height that always cross equator at the same local clock.


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Polar orbit, satellite orbit across the poles The difference in geosynchronous orbits and geostationary orbits Geosynchronous orbit is the orbit of an object (generally an artificial satellite) with the earth as its center, which has a periode equal to the Earth's rotation that is one sideris day or 23.9344 hours.


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Geometrically this orbit has a half main axis (semimajor axis) which is 42164.17km long.


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Satellites with geosynchronous orbits will be above a point on the face of the earth at any given hour.


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Aside from that time the satellite will appear to shift relative to that point.


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If a geosynchronous satellite has a perfect circular orbit shape and orbits a plot with a catuliwa line then viewed from the earth the satellite will appear still, such an orbit is called a geostationary orbit.


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A Geostationary orbit is a geosynchronous orbit located just above Earth's equator (0° latitude), with an orbital eccentricity equal to zero. From the surface of the Earth, objects that are in geostationary orbit will appear to be stationary (immobile) in space because the periode of that object's orbit around the Earth is equal to the periode of Earth's rotation.


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This orbit is of particular interest to operators of artificial satellites (including communications and television satellites).


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Because it is constant at 0° latitude, the location of the satellite is distinguished only by its location at the Earth's longitude.


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Stationary Orbit Is an orbit that places a satellite to continue to remain in its position referring to a point or location.


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Satellites placed on stationary orbits mostly move from an east to west direction following the rotational movement of the earth.


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LEO (Low Earth Orbit) LEO type satellites are satellites that have an altitude of 320 — 800km above the Earth's surface.


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Because of their very close orbit to the earth, LEO satellites must have a very high speed so as not to be attracted by Earth's gravity.


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The edar speed of LEO satellites reaches 27.359 km/h to circle the earth within 90 minutes.


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LEO Delay Time of 10 ms (Time of propagation of waves from the earth station to the satellite and back again to the earth station) Applications of these LEO type satellites are usually used on Remote Sensing and Weather Forecasting systems because of their distance to the surface of the earth is not too far.


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In the present day orbiting LEO satellites are used for mobile communications applications.


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Due to not too long distances and low cost, LEO satellites are very widely launched for a wide variety of applications.


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As a result that the number of LEO satellites is already very dense, it is noted there are now 8000 more satellites circling the earth on LEO orbit


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Satellites in the low earth orbit are inserted as much as 161 to 483km from the Earth's surface.


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Due to its nature being too close to the Earth's surface causes these satellites to move very quickly to prevent those satellites from being thrown out of their orbital trajectory.


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Satellites on this orbit will be moving at about 28163km/h.


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Satellites in this orbit can recite one round of rolling the earth between 30 minutes and 1 hour.


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Satellites in low orbit are only visible to the Earth station for about 10 minutes.


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The advantages of LEO include Latency or low delay.


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The largest areas of latitude are located at the north and south poles.


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Path loss is small.


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Easy to apply at larger reuse frequencies.


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Control on the small-power earth station.


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Lack LEO Number of satellites is many (50-70 satellit


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Ineffective for national or regional coverage Extensive coverage of small areas.


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Because of the need for many satellite numbers, launch costs to deploy are prohibitive.


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It is difficult in launching and operating because the number of satellites is many.


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Orbital lifetime is much shorter than GEO and MEO due to orbital degradation.


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Characteristics LEO Orbit height: 200 — 3000km, above the Earth's surface Orbit Period: 1.5 hours Rotate speed: 27,000km/h Apparent Time: Delay Time: 10 ms (Time of wave propagation from earth station to satellite and back again to earth station) Number of Satellites: 50 (Global Coverage) Usage: Satellite Imagery, Weather, Spy, mobile telecommunication systems (mobile) for example Iridium and Global Star satellites.


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MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) Satellites in this orbit are satellites that have an altitude above 10000km with the same applications and types as LEO orbits.


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But because the distance is already far enough the number of satellites in the MEO orbit is not as much as the satellite in the LEO orbit.


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This MEO satellite has a delay of 60 — 80 ms.


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MEO, Medium Earth Orbit Satellite with medium orbital altitude with altitude 9656km to 19312km from Earth's surface.


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On this orbit the satellite can be visible to the Earth station for longer by about 2 hours or so.


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And the time required to scrap one round the earth is 2 hours to 4 hours.


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The advantages of MEO, among other things Latency or delay are lower than GEO (but greater than LEO).


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The use of frequency reuse is better than with GEO (but less than LEO) Fewer satellites to deploy and operate and cheaper than LEO systems (but more expensive compared to GEO).


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The lifetime of a satellite on a MEO orbit is longer than that of a LEO system (but less than GEO).


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Lack of MEO, among others. The number of satellites needed is more than GEO.


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Since there are more sumya, then the launch cost is more expensive than GEO.


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Its controlling antennas are generally more expensive and complex.


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Coverage of narrow areas (ie: oceans, deserts, forests) MEO characteristics include Orbital height: about 6,000 — 12,000km, above Earth's surface Orbit Period: 5 — 12 hours Rotary speed: 19,000km/h Apparent Time: 2 — 4 hours per day Delay Time: 80 ms (Time of wave propagation from the station earth to satellite and back again to earth station) Number of Satellites: 10 — 12 (Global Coverage) Usage: Satellite Imagery, Weather, Spy, mobile telecommunication systems (mobile) e.g. Oddysey satellites and ICOs.


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GEO (Geostationery Earth Orbit) GEO Satellite is a satellite placed in an orbit whose position is fixed with the position of a point on the earth.


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Because it has a fixed position, the edarnyh time is equal to the rotation time of the earth.