Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The new government of the Republic of Indonesia, the Presidential Cabinet, came into service on 31 August.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In accordance with the Vienna treaty in 1942, that the allied countries agreed to return the territories now occupied by Japan to their respective colony owners if the Japanese were successfully expelled from their occupied areas.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

According to the Allies as the party that won World War II, Lord Mountbatten as the Allied Supreme Commander in Southeast Asia was the one who was given the responsibility of power over Sumatra and Java.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Australian Army was given responsibility for Borneo and Eastern Indonesia.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

On 23 August 1945 Dutch soldiers landed in Sabang, Aceh. 15 September 1945, allied soldiers arrived in Jakarta, accompanied by Dr Charles van der Plas, the Dutch deputy to the Allies.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The presence of this allied army, diboncengi NICA (Netherland Indies Civil Administration - the civil administration of the Dutch East Indies) led by Dr Hubertus J van Mook.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Impact of Japanese Occupation In Various Aspects of Indonesian National Life Political Aspects The first policy that Dai Nippon (大日本) (Japanese military government) did was to ban all meetings and political activities.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

On March 20, 1942, an ordinance was issued that dissolved all political organizations and all forms of sorority.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

On September 8, 1942 was issued Law no. 2 of Japan controlling the entire national organization.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In addition, Japan does propaganda to attract the sympathy of the Indonesian people in a way: Consider Japan as the old brother of the Asian nation (Hakko Ichiu) launched a motto 3A (Japan leader, Japan light and Japan protector of Asia) Waging sympathy through education in the form of scholarship student.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Attracting sympathy of Muslims to go Hajj Attracts sympathy of Islamic organization MIAI.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Waging political dumping invites to join National struggle figures such as: Ir. Soekarno, Drs. M. Hatta and Sutan Syahrir, by freeing the figure from Dutch detention.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In addition to propaganda, Japan also carried out various tangible actions in the form of the establishment of cooperation bodies such as the following: Putera (People's Power Center) with the aim of persuading secular nationalists and intellectuals to give up their manpower and mind to serve Japan.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Javanese Hokokai (Javanese devotional Association) is a central organization and consists of various professions (doctors, educators, central women's services and companies).


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Application of the Autarchy system (an area that must meet its own needs and the needs of war).


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The system is applied in every economic region.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The example of Java became 17 regions, Sumatra 3 regions, and Meinsefu (Navy ruled area) 3 regions.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

After the surrender of power from the Dutch to the Japanese in Kalijati, the entire Dutch East Indies area became 3 areas of military administration: The Tengan area covering Java and Madura was controlled by the sixteenth army with the headquarters in Batavia (Jakarta).


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Western area includes Sumatra with headquarters in Bukittinggi controlled by the second army.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Eastern areas include Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Archipelago, Maluku and Irian Jaya under the rule of the second southern fleet with its center in Makassar.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In addition to the above political policies, the Japanese Military government also made changes in the bureaucracy of government, including the establishment of a governmental organization at the central level by forming a Department and the establishment of Cou Sang In/Advisory Council.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

To facilitate supervision, three military governments were formed, namely: Army Formation/Gunseibu, supervising Java and Madura with Batavia as the center and known as the sixteenth army led by Hitoshi Imamura.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The formation of the Army Force/Rikuyun, which oversees Sumatra with the center of Bukit Tinggi (West Sumatra) known as the twenty-fifth army led by General Tanabe.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The formation of the Navy/Kaigun, which oversees Borneo, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and Irian with its center Ujung Pandang (Makassar) known as the second Southern Fleet by the name of Minseifu led Admiral Maeda.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

For the position of the special temporary military government of Southeast Asia was centered in Dalat/Vietnam.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Economic and Social Aspects In these two aspects, you will find how Japan's economic and social exploitation practices have done to the Indonesian nation and you can compare the economic and social impact with the political and bureaucratic impact.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The matters enacted in the Japanese government's economic regulation system are as follows: Economic activity is geared towards war interests then all potential natural resources and raw materials are used for industries that support the war machine.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan seized the entire proceeds of plantations, factories, banks and important companies.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Much farmland was neglected as a result of policy heavy points focused on the war economy and industry.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The conditions caused food production to decline and hunger and poverty to increase drastically.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan implements a strict system of economic oversight with very severe sanctions of violations.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Such supervision is applied to the use and circulation of the remains of the inventory of goods.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Control prices to prevent the rising price of goods.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Supervision of tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane plantations and simultaneously monopolizing their sales.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Restrictions on tea, coffee and tobacco, as it does not directly pertain to the needs of war.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Monopolies of sugar cane and sugar, the coercion of planting castor trees and cotton on farmland and plantations damaged the land.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Implementing war economy system and autarchy system (meeting the needs of the region itself and supporting war activities).


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Consequently the duties of the people along with all wealth were sacrificed for the sake of war.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This is obviously very agonizing to the people both physical and material.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In 1944, Japan's political and military conditions began to be pushed, so the demands for war materials increased.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

To address it the Japanese government organized a massive handover campaign of food and goods through Javanese Hokokai and Nagyo Kumiai (agricultural cooperatives), as well as official government agencies.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The impact of these conditions, the people are charged to hand over 30% foodstuffs to the government, 30% for village granaries and 40% to the rights of the owners.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This system caused people's lives increasingly difficult, labor passion decreased, food shortages, low nutrition, plague disease hit almost every village on the island of Java one of them: Wonosobo (Central Java) the mortality rate was 53.7% and for Purworejo (Central Java) the mortality rate reached 224.7%.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

You can imagine how severe the suffering felt by the Indonesian people during Japan (even people were forced to eat animal food such as itchy classes, snails, tubers).


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Aspects of Military Life In this aspect of the military, you will understand that the military bodies created by Japan were solely due to the increasingly depressing conditions of the Japanese military in the Pacific war.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Entering its second year of occupation (1943), Japan intensified educating and training Indonesian youth in the military field.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This was due to the fact that the situation on the battlefield (Asia — Pacific) made it more difficult for Japan.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Starting from Allied blows at naval battles at Midway (June 1942) and around the Coral Sea (August '42 — February 1943).


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The conditions were compounded by the fall of Guadalacanal which was the base of Japanese power in the Pacific (August 1943).


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The situation above made Japan consolidate power by gathering forces from Indonesian youth and students as potential personnel to be included in the battle to face the Allies.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Positive and Negative Impact of Japanese Occupation in Indonesia The period of Japanese Occupation in Indonesia was a very influential period for the development of Indonesia, besides almost the absence of meaningful challenges to the Netherlands before.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In that short period, Japan brought a positive impact and also brought a negative impact on the Indonesian nation in general.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In general, most think that the Japanese occupation was a dark time and full of suffering.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

But not all of it is true, there are several policies of the Japanese occupation government that have had a positive impact, especially in the establishment of Indonesian nationalism and military training for Indonesian youth.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Positive Impact of Japanese Occupation Not many know about the positive impact Japan occupied Indonesia.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

There are also positive impacts that can be presented include: The permissibility of Indonesian to become the national language of communication and cause Indonesian to be confirmed as the national language.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan supported the anti-Dutch spirit, so inevitably participated in supporting the spirit of Indonesian nationalism.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Among other things rejected Dutch influences, for example, the change in the name of Batavia to Jakarta.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

To gain the support of the Indonesian people, Japan approached Indonesian national leaders such as Soekarno in hopes that Soekarno would help Japan mobilize the Indonesian people.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This recognition of Japan cemented the position of Indonesian national leaders and gave them the opportunity to lead their people.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In the field of economics, the establishment of Kumyai is a cooperative aimed at common interests.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Establishing schools such as elementary school 6 years, junior high school 9 years, and SLTA The formation of community strata up to the bottom level, namely the neighboring pillars (RT) or Tonarigumi Introduced a new system for agriculture, namely line system (efficient planting management system) aimed at to increase food production.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The formation of BPUPKI and PPKI to prepare for the independence of Indonesia.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

From this came the idea of Pancasila.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan created a program of training and arming Indonesian youth for the benefit of Japan.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

And by young Indonesians, this was made capital to fight against Japan later, as well as against the return of the Dutch colonial government.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In education the introduction of the Nipon-centric system and the introduction of ceremonial activities within the school.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Negative Impact of Japanese Occupation In addition to bringing positive effects, Japan also brought tremendous negative impacts, among others: The elimination of all political organizations and social prenata of Dutch East Indies heritage which is actually beneficial for the advancement of science, social, the economy, and the welfare of the citizens.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Romusha, the mobilization of the Indonesian people (especially Javanese) for forced labor under inhumane conditions.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The collection of all resources such as sandang, food, metal, and oil for the sake of war by Japan.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

As a result, many of the people are suffering from hunger.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

A very severe economic crisis due to massive printing of occupation money causing inflation.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Self-sufficiency (self-sufficiency) policy that led to the severing of economic relations between regions.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The fascist policies of the Japanese military government that spread special police and intelligence among the people thus stirred fear.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Japanese government is free to violate human rights by interrogating, arresting, even sentencing to death anyone suspected or accused of being a spy or anti-Japanese without due process.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Press restrictions so that no press is independent, all under Japanese supervision.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The chaos of the situation and severe security conditions such as the rampant robbery, rape and others.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The banning of Dutch and English-language books that led to higher education felt impossible.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Many teachers were employed as officials in those days which led to a sharp deterioration of educational standards.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Transclusion Outer link reference error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: when did the Dutch invade Indonesia the first time?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. (in Japanese) (in Japanese) Category:Japanese Occupation in Indonesia Category:History of Indonesia


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is a country on the Balkan peninsula in the south of Europe covering an area of 51,129km² (19,741 mil2) totalling about four million inhabitants.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Bosnian state is known in its official language as Bosna i Hercegovina in Latin letters and Босна и Херцеговина in Cyrillic letters; however usually, it is shortened to Bosnian, BiH or Бих.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The country is inhabited by three main ethnic groups: Bosnians, Serbs and Croats.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnian citizens are generally recognizable as Bosnians in English regardless of their nation.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The administration of the country is carried out in a scattered manner, and the Bosnian state actually consists of a communion of two major areas, namely, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bordered by Croatia to the north, west, and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the south, Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country surrounded by land except for the 20km-long Adriatic Sea coast coast centred on the town of Neum.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The interior of the country is full of mountains, as well as rivers that are mostly unwalkable.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The capital of the largest city is Sarajevo.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The administrative division of Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Brčko district is not part of these two political entities, but is ruled supranationally, and guarded by international armies.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into 10 cantons: Una-Sana Canton Posavina Canton Tuzla Canton Zenica-Doboj Canton Podrinje Bosnia Canton Central Bosnia Canton Herzegovina-Neretva Canton West Herzegovina Canton Sarajevo Canton West Bosnia Demographics Ethnic Groups Inside Bosnia and Herzegovina, there are three ethnic groups known as “constituent peoples”: Bosnians, Croats, and Serbs.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

These constituent peoples formed a majority on all three administrative regions that were indeed formed at the Dayton Agreement for each ethnic group: the Bosnians and Croats occupied the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbs occupied the Republika Srpska, and the Brčko District was equally divided for both political entities.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

However, it does not mean that each ethnic group occupies an exclusively designated area; for example, some Bosnian groups who were expelled from their homes in Republika Srpska during the Bosnian War have returned again after the end of the war.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

According to the Yugoslav census of 1991, the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina had 4,377,000 inhabitants.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Yugoslav wars of the 1990s caused major demographic changes; the UNHCR reported a decrease in population to 3,920,000 people in 1996.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Population census was not conducted from 1991 to 2013 due to political debate that followed the establishment of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina; the October 2013 census reported a population of 3,791,622 people in 1.16 million households, a decrease from the official Yugoslav census of 1991 nor the UNHCR's 1996 unofficial census. [1]


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

According to 2000 data cited by the Central Intelligence Agency, the peoples of Bosnia, Serbia, and Croatia, make up 48%, 37.1%, and 14.3% of the population, with 0.6% remaining from other nations. [2]


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia is one of the most multi-religious countries in the Balkans because no religion forms an absolute majority.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Known as the place where “East meets West”, this is where the Ancient Roman Empire broke into the Catholic Christian Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine) that adhered to Orthodox Christianity.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

This difference in belief was coupled with the arrival of the Ottoman Turks in the 15th century who brought about Islam.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia's own capital, Sarajevo, is known as the “Jerusalem of Europe” because, until the 20th century, it was the only place in Europe where there were Churches, Mosques, and Synagogues standing side by side.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Religious identification in Bosnia and Herzegovina is relatively important due to the still warm state of inter-tribal politics.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Since the Balkan redness of the Ottoman Sultanate, each tribe was closely connected with religion; in the days of the Yugoslav Federation, someone who identified himself as part of the Bosnian nation would automatically be registered as a “Muslim” even if the person did not adhere to a religion Islam.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

In Yugoslavia, each tribe was identified as follows: Serbs, Montenegrins, and Macedonians, adhered to Orthodox Christianity; Croats and Slovenes adhered to Catholic Christianity; and Bosnia and Albania adhered to Islam.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

This brought on the schism of Yugoslavia; in fact, the Yugoslav Wars in addition to being caused by inter-ethnic conflicts were also driven by prolonged inter-religious conflicts.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Central Agency for Statistics of Bosnia estimates religious affiliation as follows: 45% Muslim (mostly Bosnian nation), 36% Orthodox Christian (mostly Serb nation), and 15% Catholic Christian (mostly Croat nation), with the remaining 1% adhering to Protestant Christianity as well as 3% others (atheists, Jews, etc.).


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The language of the Constitution of Bosnia does not establish an official language for Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

However, the writing of the Dayton Agreement in Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian (as well as English) established all three languages as the de facto official languages at the state level.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

In 2000, the Constitutional Court determined that all three languages have equal degrees and were designated as official languages for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

All three languages have high inter-language understanding because before the Yugoslav Wars, all three were known as one language, namely Serbo-Croatian language written with Cyrillic.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The political heat of the Balkans in the 1990s caused each ethnic group to form different dialects, as well as the change of writing using the Latin Alphabet for Bosnian and Croatian languages.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Until now, the use of dialects of the Serbo-Croatian language differs into a pointer of the identity of their respective ethnic peoples.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

According to the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages in 1992, Bosnia and Herzegovina recognizes several minority languages as follows: Albanian, Montenegro, Czech, Italian, Hungarian, Macedonian, German, Polish, Romani, Romanian, Rysin, Slovak, Slovenian, Turkish, Ukrainian, and Israeli.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The German minority in Bosnia and Herzegovina are mostly remnants of Donauschwaben (Danube Swabians), who settled in that area after the Habsburg monarchy claimed the Balkans from the Ottoman Empire.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Due to forced expulsions and assimilations after World War II, the number of ethnic Germans in Bosnia and Herzegovina was drastically reduced.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

History The early history of Bosnia and Herzegovina is a border region between Western, and Eastern Culture.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

In the Middle Ages, the region became a scene of infighting, and a struggle of influence between the Catholic Western Romans and the Orthodox Eastern Romans.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

In the midst of the struggle, also joined a Christian heresy group called Bogomil.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The sect mainly consists of Bosnian upper-class society.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The third influential force in the history of the country emerged at the end of the 13th century, when the region was conquered by the Islamic Usmani Turks.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Followers of Bogomil flocked to the Islamic religion so that the religion vanished.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The religious displacement is mostly the equation of degrees offered by Islam.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

If they convert to Islam then they will gain the same position as other Muslims, but if they remain in the religion of their ancestors, they will have the status of those who lost in war subject to the rules of Islam.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

That stuff isn't utter nonsense.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

In its development, Bosnian Muslims gained status equal to native Turks.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

They became the right hand of the Turks to rule over the Bosnian population that nevertheless embraced the religion of its ancestors.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The influx of nationalism thought brought great, and sharp, changes in Bosnia.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

If previously in general the people of the region were called Bosnians, and differentiated only according to their religion, now they identify with their neighbors.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnians who adhered to Orthodox Christianity identified themselves as Serbs while Catholic adherents became Croats.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

When Turkey weakened, its colonies in the Balkans set free.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

One of them is Serbia.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The newly independent state attempted to incorporate Bosnia but its ambitions were thwarted by the Austria-Hungary Empire, which annexed the region in 1908.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

This later prompted Serbian nationalists to assassinate the crown son of the empire in Sarajevo in 1914, which led to the outbreak of World War I. After PD I was over, Bosnia and Herzegovina, together with Croatia, Slovenia, and Vojvodina, were handed over by Austria to the Kingdom of Serbia-Montenegro.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

From this merger came the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (South Slavic).


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

But divisions soon hit the country as a result of the opposition of its two main ethnicities.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Serbs sought to establish a unitary state while Croats wanted a loose federation.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnian Muslims were caught up in the infighting as the two sides contested the territory.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Some Jews supported Serbia's claims, and referred to itself as Serb Muslims.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Yet more are pro -Croatian, and refer to themselves as Croatian Muslims.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The opposition then exploded into violence after Nazi Germany took control of Yugoslavia in 1941.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Torn Land After conquering Yugoslavia, Hitler merged the former provinces of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina into a puppet state referred to as the Independent Croatian State (better known by its Croatian initials, NDH).


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The country was led by Ante Pavelic, leader of Croatia's extreme nationalist organization, the Ustasa (rebels).


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The NDH regime is trying to cleanse its territory of Serbs, Jews, and Gypsies.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Due to the large number of Serbs in the NDH, the Ustasa allied with the Muslims in order to compensate them.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Many Muslims joined the regime, where even the vice president, and the NDH minister were Muslim figures.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Jews also joined the Germans in fighting guerrillas, both Chetniks and Partisans.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Two SS divisions (the Schutzstaffel, Hitler's feared elite bodyguard) were formed from among the Bosnian Muslims, namely the 'Handzar' and 'Kama' Divisions.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Many Serbs who survived joined the pro-king Chetnik guerrillas, and later waged retaliatory massacres against Croats, and Muslims.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

This bloody ethnic conflict gave an advantage to the Tito led Partisan group.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Due to its communist bow that did not discriminate against ethnic, and religious backgrounds, the group attracted supporters from various backgrounds who disliked bloodshed among fellow Yugoslav citizens.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Thus, the Partisans managed to seize power throughout Yugoslavia after the war.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Tito's era After gaining power over Yugoslavia, Josip Broz Tito sought to rebuild the country's civilization under the banner of communism.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

In his efforts to address disputes between ethnic groups, and religions, he shaped the country according to a federal system drawn on the basis of ethnicity.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia, which is due to have plural residents, is a tough test for Tito.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Serbs demanded the incorporation of the region because of the Serb population which almost reached half of the total population there in those days.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

But Tito turned it down.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

He doesn't want to make Serbia as strong as before.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Therefore, he decided to divide the Serbs.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Serbia's territory was downsized by forming two federal republics (namely Montenegro, and Macedonia) as well as two autonomous provinces (Vojvodina and Kosovo).


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Tito, as a Croatian-Bosnian, decided that the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina should become a federal republic.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Thus, the Serbs could be countered by the combined Muslim-Croats in the region.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

In the face of discontent over the decision, Tito's regime wears an iron hand to deal with it.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Such means are effective but only for a while.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

When Tito died, inter-ethnic, and religious infighting again erupted in Yugoslavia, which subsequently razed the country.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina Yugoslavia was split apart in 1991 after the collapse of Communist regimes in Eastern Europe.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Following the example of Croatia, and Slovenia, in March 1992 Bosnia and Herzegovina declared its independence through a referendum followed by the Muslim community, and Bosnian Croats.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

It was opposed by the Serb population who wanted to take control of the entire ex-Yugoslav region.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Under the leadership of Radovan Karadzic, the Bosnian Serbs proclaimed the Republic of Srpska.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

With the help of federal forces led by General Ratko Mladic, the Bosnian Serbs managed to take control of 70 percent of the country's territory.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

In this conflict, the majority ethnic Serbs sought to wipe out ethnic Muslims, and Croats.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

There came to be the greatest massacre in history whose number of victims was lost only by World War.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Murder, torture, and rape of Serbs subsequently led to Serbian leaders being designated as war criminals by the United Nations.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

In the last development they expressed dissatisfaction at not succeeding in purging ethnic Muslim-Bosnians.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Finally, after a protracted bloody war, peace among the three groups was successfully imposed by NATO.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

In accordance with the Dayton Accords of 1995, the intactness of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina was upheld but the country was divided in two parts: 51% Muslim-Croat combined territory (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina) and 49% Serb (Republic of Srpska).


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Now the country is beginning to breathe peace, and all three sides are trying to build mutual trust.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

But it does take a long time to wipe out the centuries-old hostility.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

One of the things that is sought to build such mutual trust is to prosecute war criminals.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Former President of the Republic of Srpska Radovan Karadžić was successfully arrested on 21 July 2008, while former Federal Army Commander General Ratko Mladic was caught in May 2011 [3], and is undergoing court proceedings in the International Court of Justice.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Gallery Počitelj - Old city of Sarajevo - Baščaršija Neum - Coastal coast A bridge in Višegrad also known as “bridge over drina” (circa 1890) Mosque “Gradska Džamija” in Bosanska Dubica State Library in Sarajevo Waterfall in Jajce See also Yugoslavia List of countries- country in the world Reference Ronald H. Bailey, Partisans and Guerillas.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Time Life: 1978 Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

New York University Press: 1996 Robert Lee Wolff, The Balkans in Our Time.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Norton: 1978.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Transclusion error outer link: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How wide is the Republic of Bosnia?

Bosnia and Herzegovina

References


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Violin is a string musical instrument played by swiping.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The violin has four strings (G-D-A-E) tuned differently from each other by an interval perfect fifth.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The lowest note is G. Among the violin family, that is, with alto violin, cello and double bass or cons bass, the violin has the highest pitch.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The other string musical instrument, the bas, technically falls into the viol family.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Paper music for violins almost always uses or is written in the key of G. A commonly used name for violins is fiddle, and violins are often called fiddles if used to play traditional songs (see below).


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

In Indonesian, people who play the violin are called violinists or violinists (- distinguish from violis or viola players).


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The person who makes or corrects a stringed musical instrument is called a luthier.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

History of the violin The early stringing musical instruments were usually played in a plucked manner (for example, the Greek hand harp).


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The musical instrument is thought to originate from the horseman culture in central Asia, for example, the musical instrument of the Mongolian Morin huur.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The musical instrument stringed the two Turkic and Mongolian peoples of the horse mane, played with the bow of the horse's mane, and had a carving of a horse's head on its head.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Violins, violas, and cellos whose bows are still made from horse manes, are relics of that nomadic nation. [1]


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

It is believed that these early musical instruments were brought to East Asia, India, the Byzantines and the Middle East; in these places they adapted to their environment and developed into the musical instruments erhu, esra, Byzantine hand harp, and rebab.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Violin in modern form originated in Northern Italy in the early 16th century, especially in the port cities of Venice and Genoa, which are directly related to Central Asia through silk lines.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Modern European violins are influenced by various musical instruments, especially from the Middle East [2] and Byzantine [3] [4].


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The three early types of musical instruments usually referred to as the forerunners of the violin were the rebec (which was descended from the Byzantine hand harp [5] and the rebab), the vielle (a Renaissance century violin), and the lira da braccio [6] (which was also descended from the Byzantine hand harp [3]).


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

One of the earliest descriptions of the violin, including its mode of tuning, is in the musical Epitome of Jambe de Fer, published in Lyon in 1556. [7]


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Slowly the violin began to spread throughout Europe.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The oldest violin ever recorded that has four strings like a modern violin was made by Andrea Amati in 1555, although its exact year is doubtful.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

(An earlier violin had only three strings, called a violetta.)


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Violins instantly became popular, both among street musicians and nobles, it is evident that the French king Charles IX told Amati to make 24 violins for him in 1560. [8]


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The oldest surviving violin today is one of these 24 violins, and named “Charles IX”, made in Cremona c. 1560.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The most excellent Renaissance age violin with engravings and embellishments is the Gasparo da Salò (1574 c.) which was first owned by Ferdinand II, the Principal Duke of Austria, and subsequently, since 1841, by the Norwegian virtuoso Ole Bull, who used it for forty years and thousands of concerts.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Currently the violin resides at the Vestlandske Kustindustrimuseum in Bergen, Norway.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

“The Messiah” or “Le Messie” (also known as “Salabue”) made by Antonio Stradivari in 1716 has never even been worn.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The violin is in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. [9]


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

There were considerable changes to violin making in the 18th century, especially in terms of length and angle of violin neck.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The majority of the old musical instruments have been updated to this new standard, and so it is clearly different from the state of the instrument when completed by the violin artist, including differences in terms of sound and response. [10]


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Yet these musical instruments with their condition have at this time become the standard of perfection on the art of violin making and violin sound, and violin makers around the world strive to approach those ideals wherever possible.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

To this day, musical instruments from the “Golden Age” of violin making, especially those made by Stradivari and Guarneri del Gesù, are the musical instruments most hunted by collectors and violinists.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The current record violin price for a Stradivari violin is US$3,544,000 in an auction on May 16, 2006.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

All Stradivarius violins have unique names; Stradivari's most expensive violin is named “Hammer” (“Hammer”) made in 1707. [11]


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Violin section A violin is divided into several parts; the body of the violin, the neck of the violin, the viola bridge, the fingerboard, the strings, and several sorts of auxiliary


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Such auxiliary devices include an adjusting peg for each string, a violin tail to hold the strings, pins and ropes to hold the tail of the violin, several additional tuners to the violin tail when needed, and a chin brace.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

(The chin support can be joined with the tail of the violin or fixed to the left.)


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The violin body consists of two curved soundboards held together by wood called violin ribs glued using animal glue, animal skin glue, or resin.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Ordinary violin ribs consist of the top, the four corners, the bottom, and a thin line called the inner layer, which helps maintain the indentation in the violin ribs, and extends the surface for gluing.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Viewed both from the front and from behind, the body of the violin resembles an hourglass shape.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Two indentations resembling the letter C on either side side of the violin provide room for the violin bow to move.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Generally the upper surface of the violin is made from spruce wood, a type of spruce wood, which is sculpted so that it has a symmetrical shape and is given two earpieces (or F-holes, so named because of their shape).


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The earpiece affects the flexibility of the violin sound, and also as the “airhole” of the violin at a time when the air resonates in it.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

On the edge of this surface, an indentation line called purfling is formed, the purpose is to block the cracks coming from the edge.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Fake purfling painted on the surface of the violin usually signifies the low quality of the violin.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

A small wooden beam was installed within the upper surface of the violin, parallel to the viola bridge above it, to add mass as well as the hardness of the violin's upper surface.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The back and sides of the violin are made from maple wood, commonly selected which has the same groove.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The back of the violin is generally made from symmetrically sculpted whole wood.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

This part is often formed purfling although in this case it is not how influential to the violin itself.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Some antique violins are spiked with handwriting or given a coat of paint in exchange for purfling on the back of the violin.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

A small semicircular protrusion contained in the part close to the neck of the violin provides an additional surface at the time of gluing.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The protrusion is important for the connection between the neck and the body of the violin, but at the time of measuring the length of the violin this part is unexplained.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The neck of the violin is usually made of mapel wood which is similar to the back and sides of the violin body.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

On the neck of the violin there is a fingerboard made from ebony or other wood painted black.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Ebony is often chosen by violin craftsmen for its hard, charming, and durable properties.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Some very old violins use maple wood for their fingerboards, and are lacquered with ebony.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

At the tip of the upper fingerboard there is a prominent line of wood, ordinary ebony or ivory, called the upper saddle.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

This protrusion is used to hold the strings, just as the bridge of the violin is used for the same thing in the body part of the violin.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The viola bridge is carefully sculpted from maple wood and has several uses: its upper arch holds the strings at a certain height from the fingerboard in a curved shape so that it can be swiped alone (or simultaneously) and transmit sound vibrations from the strings to the body of the violin.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

This bridge once installed can also be moved to tune the sound of the violin.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The tail of the violin is the place of tethering the lower ends of the strings tucked into each of its four holes.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Often for the E strings are also given additional tuning to make tuning easier, but for other strings can also be attached this additional tuner.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

(Some players are unwilling to add additional tuners because it can weight the violin and change the quality of the resulting sound.)


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Violin bow The violin bow consists of a log and strands of horse hair mounted from one end of the stick to the other.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The hair used for this violin bow is usually taken from the hair of a male white ponytail (the hair is also always golden white), although cheaper bows use synthetic fibers.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

At its lower end there is a kind of screw that is used to tighten (when it will be played) or loosen (when it will be stored) the hair.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Near the screw is also a thumb handle and other fingers.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

This screw, if loosened to the end, will remove the Frog from the wood that is in the violin bow.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

If the violin bow is diligently rubbed with gala (English: rosin) it will make the 'grip' of the bow to the strings more stable and controlled (not easy to escape), and can help vibration technique.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The logs used are usually made from pernambuco wood for best results or from cheaper brazilian wood, and inexpensive bows usually use glass fiber.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Recent innovations have allowed carbon fibre to be used as a material for making fiddle bow wood rods.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

JMPL violin strings|Violin strings before installation Strings are made from sheep intestines, stretched, dried, then twisted.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Once upon a time it was discovered that these gut strings can be developed by means of metal mixtures.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The result obtained from this process is stronger and more balanced strings, and as it is denser it can be tuned with greater pressure, resulting in a larger volume anyway.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Compared to the synthetic strings widely used now, the gut strings have a warmer sound, like a singing sound.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Modern strings use solid steel, editing steel, or various synthetic materials.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

All editing strings and some solid strings are coated with an assortment of metals to adjust their mass, diameter, and moisture content.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The highest string E is usually of solid steel, which is sometimes mixed aluminum to prevent “whistling”.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The gold coating prevents rust on the strings and also reduces “whistling”.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Stainless steel produces a slightly different sound.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Synthetic nucleated strings combine the qualities that gut strings produce with durability and tuning stability.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

These strings are more sensitive to changes in humidity than gut strings, and are not so sensitive to temperature changes than metal strings.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Violin size Children who start learning violin at a time when they have not grown to maximum usually use smaller violins that start from the smallest 1/16, 1/10, 1/8, 1/4, 2/4 (1/2), 3/4, and violins for adults 4/4.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Sometimes a violin size 1/32 is also used (very small in size).


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

There is also a 7/8 violin usually used by women.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The body length (excluding neck) of a 'full' violin or size 4/4 is about 36 cm (or smaller according to some models from the 17th century).


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Violin 3/4 33cm long, 1/2 30cm long.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

By comparison, the 'full' viola measures about 40cm.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

To determine the size of the violin suitable for use by a child, usually the child is told to hold a violin and his hand should reach up to the roll of the violin head.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Some teachers also advocate smaller sizes the better.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Beginners usually use markers on the fingerboard to mark the position of the fingers of the left hand, but once accustomed it will be released.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Another way is to give a speck of white 'tip-ex' as a marker of finger position that long time will disappear if you continue to practice.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The violin is usually used with the right hand holding the bow and the left hand pressing the strings, although the person is left-handed, but in some cases sometimes one may also play it in reverse.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Playing violin JMPL|100px|shoulder support Although there are some violinists who play left-handed, but the majority of violinists, left-handed or non-left-handed, play with the violin in the left hand and the bow in the right hand.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The correct way to play the violin is to hold the violin with the left hand, and the chin brace on the violin flanked with the chin and left shoulder, can be assisted with a shoulder brace, but many players who choose not to use it.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Violin playing can be performed by standing or sitting in a chair, according to the player's taste.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

How to sound the violin can be swiped with a bow or plucked with the fingers of the right hand (this technique is called pizzicato).


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Although for ordinary players strumming violin strings with pizzicato technique is always done with the fingers of the right hand, but there are also players who pluck with the left hand and special songs that require high speed between swiping with a bow and plucking with fingers so that the fingers left used.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

JMPL|Kyōko Yonemoto's left hand plays Paganini's Caprice No. 24 with a violin Because a violin does not have guitar-like frets as a finger marker, a violinist must really know where a tone is located by using feeling.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

This can only be done by practicing continuously so that the fingers of the hand can automatically press the desired tone appropriately (muscle memory).


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

In addition to training the fingers, the violinist must also train the ear so that it can distinguish discordant tones, even if only slightly.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Techniques used by beginners to mark the location of the tone on the violin include by masking tape affixed to the neck of the violin, or by using a white Tip X to mark the position of the finger.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

After diligent training, a beginner is expected to be able to remember and abandon the above methods and rely on reflexes alone.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

This method is considered less so good because it relies on the senses of sight, rather than hearing, whereas in playing the violin knowing the position of the fingers is not through sight, since the player must also read musical notes, but rather must be through hearing.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Hearing exercises for beginners should be done early so that the foundation is solid.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

One technique often used is to train the same sound.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The four strings of the violin have four 'open tones' or 'open strings', namely G-D-A-E (given black in the figure), the pitch of which reads if the string is swiped without being pressed by a finger.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

These four open tones will also sound if similar tones on other strings are sounded (due to frequency equation), for example the D string will sound if the D (bottom left in figure) tone on the G string is sounded.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

In the first position there are nine 'closed tones' (or 'closed strings', that is, tones that sound if pressed by a finger) that have acoustic resonance with all four open notes above.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Finger positions Fingers are usually numbered 1 (forefinger) to 4 (pinky), and musical nots, especially for beginners, are numbered thus to mark which finger should be used.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The number 0 means an open tone (fingers do not press the strings).


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The chart on the side shows the first position on the violin, which are the tones that can be pressed by the fingers without having to shift the position of the hand.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

What is not visible in the image on the side is the distance between these tones which is higher the smaller the distance.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The blue line signifies the position of the masking tape for 1-2-3 fingers commonly used by beginners.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The position of the fingers, as has been alluded to above, is a term to describe the location of the hand relative to the neck of the violin.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The natural position (i.e., the base position) is called Position 1; in this position the left hand holds the neck of the violin naturally, the fingers can be used to play the entire G note staircase starting from the G string with the highest note B on the E string. This position is the most commonly used position.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

By shifting the position of the left hand down towards the body of the violin it is said that its position has changed.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Position 2 is achieved by positioning the index finger (finger 1) on finger 2 in position 1, in other words the position of the finger shifts one; Position 2 has a range ranging from the lowest tone of B in G and the highest pitch of C# in E. The third position from C in G to D# and so on.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

After Position 5 usually only proficient players use it to be able to play the high notes on the E strings, and they are usually not named anymore (i.e. although in theory there is Position 15, the position that is considered the highest, but it is never taught orally).


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The upper limit of a violin tone depends on the level of proficiency of the player of a violinist, who can easily play two tone ladders on one string, or a maximum of four tone ladders on all four strings.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The lowest position is usually called Position ½, which is between the open tone and Position 1, although this position is rarely used.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The strings used to play a note usually affect the quality of the tone, or so-called timbre, produced.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

For example, although low E tones can be played on the G strings (Position 2 - Position 5) and in the D string (Position 1), sometimes music writers want them to be played on certain strings, for example, with the mark sul G meaning 'played on the G string' and so on.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

If it is not mentioned explicitly, then a player can freely use the strings of his or her choosing.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

JMPL open string|The basic tone of the violin string Swiping or plucking an open tone (open string) — a tone that sounds without pressing the string with a finger — has a distinctive and different sound with the same tone sounded closed (pressed by the finger), for example the open tone D ( in the D string) and the D tone on the G string.This is due to the freer vibration of the strings in the upper saddle if it is not hindered by the fingers of the hand.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Aside from low G tones, which have only one way to play them, classical violin music players tend to avoid open-tone sounds, due to the more 'coarse' quality of the tone — especially the open tone E — than other closed tones, and players cannot use vibrato technique (vibrato) in open tones, although for proficient players this can be recognized by performing vibrato techniques at a note that is an octave higher than the open tone.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Some music writers may affix a mark in his music if a note needs to be played using open strings, as in the early works of composers such as Bach.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Open tones can also be played on fast musical passages, whose sounds are more or less indistinguishable.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Double stop Double stop is a term for the technique of playing a violin by swiping two closed notes on two different strings simultaneously, which results in a chord sound.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The double stop technique can also be played with only one note closed and the other note an open String.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Three or four tones can also be played simultaneously by proficient players, each of which is referred to as a 'triple double stop' and a 'double stop' (the tones can be played simultaneously or by performing the double stop technique twice) Vibration Vibration or vibrato is a technique of vibrating the strings with fingers pressing the strings.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The strings are shifted (while pressed) rapidly forward-backwards resulting in a vibrating sound.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

This technique is also commonly called vibration.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Harmonics The harmonic tone on the violin is sounded by touching (rather than pressing) the strings at a certain position leading to the onset of higher sounds of the tone sound in the same position if pressed.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Right hand The right hand as a bow holder has an important role in creating sound.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The right hand is responsible in terms of tone quality, rhythm, dynamics, articulation, and timbre.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

By knowing good bow-swiping techniques, then a player can regulate the sound produced by the violin.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The most important technique in swiping a violin is the way of holding a bow.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Usually the bow is held with a thumb inserted between the lower end of the bow.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The other radius is placed next to the top of the arc.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The resulting sound will be louder if the bow is swiped at high speed or by applying pressure on the strings of the violin.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The quality of the resulting sound is different, if the strings are progressively pressed by the bow, then the resulting sound will be even more rough.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The position of the swiped strings also affects the sound produced.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The strings swiped near the viola bridge (sul ponticello) will be larger in sound than if swiped away from the viola bridge.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

There are many violin swiping techniques that allow a wide variety of players to produce a wide variety of sounds, including among which are legato, collé, ricochet, sautillé, martelé, spiccato, and staccato.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The quotation or pizzicato (abbreviated as pizz.) signifies the technique of strumming the strings of a violin with the fingers of the right hand.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Another bow technique Col legno (- with wood) - sounding the strings with the wooden part of the bow, not the mane.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Spicactomemantul-fixing bows on strings at medium speed, usually done with rapid fingering.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

TremolandoVery fast repetitions (usually one tone only, but sometimes more than one) performed with the peak of the bow.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Silencer A silencer can be paired on the bridge of the violin to produce a quieter tone.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

This device can be a clothespin such as a plastic shirt clamp or a thicker from rubber or iron.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Apart from being for rehearsals in places where it is not possible to sound loudly, some music is also specifically written down con sordino (often abbreviated con sord, sord, sordino) which means “silence” in Italian.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The player then pairs the silencer.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

If on the music is written senza sordino (or senza sord) then the instrument is removed.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

In English music, the terms used are mute and unmute.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Its equivalence in German and French is mit Dämpfer (Dämpfer auf) —ohne Dämpfer (Dämpfer ab/weg) and sourdine If language becomes an obstacle, then a violinist can affix a sign meaning “silent” and a silencer is installed and in German that is repetitive there are instructions for installing and removing the silencer.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The flow of Classical violin music Since Baroque and Rococo times the violin has been a vital musical instrument in Western musical art for several causes.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The tone that the violin produces is heard more clearly than any other classical instrument, making it suitable for playing the melodic parts of the music.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

If played by an expert person, then the violin is a very fast musical instrument and can play a barrage of fast and difficult tones.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

In orchestras, the violin constitutes a large portion of the music played.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Violinists are divided into two parts, commonly referred to as first and second violinists.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The composer usually assigns the melodic tone part to the first player, while the second player plays a harmony note or melodic tone one octave below the first player.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

The second player also usually sits on the inside and is tasked to flip the note paper when sitting side by side next to the first player sitting on the outside closer to the pirsawan.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Swipe quartets usually consist of two violinists—one first player and one second player—, a viola player, and a cellist.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Because the potential of violin if played by a violin maestro can produce a very beautiful song, then a high quality violin can reach a very expensive price.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Jazz The use of the violin in jazz music has been recorded since the early 20th century.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

One of its famous forerunners was Joe Venuti.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Indonesia's top jazz violinists include Luluk Purwanto.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

For a list of jazz violinists, see also the list of jazz violinists.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Pop Some examples of pop music that incorporate violin elements into their music include: The Corrs, which blends Irish folk music often using violins, the country genre Dixie Chicks, and the rock-strewn Electric Light Orchestra, Vanessa Mae, Bond, Nigel Kennedy, Yellowcard, Dave Matthews Band, and others.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Folk Some examples of folk (folk) music that uses a lot of violin: Irish folk music, bluegrass (United States), keroncong (Portugal and Indonesia), and Malay music.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Making violin Care Tuning strings Violinist Violin music composers Generally they can also play violin.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Johann Sebastian Bach Balabhaskar Arcangelo Corelli František Drdla Fritz Kreisler Antonio Lolli Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Otto Funk Niccolò Paganini Zoltan Paulinyi Florizel von Reuter Oskar Rieding Alessandro Rolla Camille Saint-Saëns Pablo de Sarasate Arnold Schoenberg Luka Sorkočević PPE Tartini Teodorico Pedrini Henri Vieuxtemps Antonio Vivaldi Henryk Wieniawski Eugène Ysaÿe Andrea Zani Composer who can play violin Édouard Lalo Bedřich Smetana Famous player Itzhak Perlman Vanessa Mae Sarah Chang Yehudi Menuhin Hillary Hahn Joshua Bell Jascha Heifetz Nigel Kennedy Figures Famous who played violin Thomas Jefferson Albert Einstein Orson Welles Fictitious: Sherlock Holmes Otoya Kurenai Tsukimori Len Ryutaro Mine Kiyora Miki Indonesian violinist W. R. Soepratman Luluk Purwanto Idris Sardi and his daughter Santi Sardi Maylaffayza Wiguna Famous Indonesian figures who play Violin Gilang Ramadan Fuad Hassan Iskandar Widjaja See also Concerto for Violin Sonata for Violin Carnatic Violin Baroque Luthier Hardingfele/Violin Hardanger (media) Violin Stroh (media) Violin Stradivarius (media) Electric violin, Yamaha SV 100 famous Stringing Electric Violin Gallery five Ceramic Violins An electric violin another Yamaha SV (Silent Violin) 120 Violin container with a spare bow Glass violin screw Silencer Different types of wood String tuner With fleur-de-lis Dismantled violin Deep reading Principles of Violin Playing and Teaching, by Ivan Galamian (1999), Shar Products Co. ISBN 0-9621416-3-1 The Contemporary Violin: Extended Performance Techniques, by Patricia and Allen Strange (2001), University of California Press.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

ISBN 0-520-22409-4 The Fiddle Book, by Marion Thede (1970), Oak Publications.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

ISBN 0-8256-0145-2 Latin Violin, by Sam Bardfeld, ISBN 0-9628467-7-5 The Cambridge Companion to the Violin, edited by Robin Stowell (1992), Cambridge University Press.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

ISBN 0-521-39033-8 The Violin Explained - Components Mechanism and Sound by James Beament (1992/1997), Clarendon Press.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

ISBN 0-19-816623-0 Antonio Stradivari, his life and work, 1644-1737, by William Henry Hill; Arthur F Hill; Alfred Ebsworth Hill (1902/1963), Dover Publications. 1963.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

OCLC 172278.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

ISBN 0-486-20425-1 An Encyclopedia of the Violin, by Alberto Bachmann (1965/1990), Da Capo Press.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

ISBN 0-306-80004-7 Violin - And Easy Guide, by Chris Coetzee (2003), New Holland Publishers.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

ISBN 1-84330-332-9 The Violin, by Yehudi Menuhin (1996), Flammarion.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

ISBN 2-08-013623-2 The Book of the Violin, edited by Dominic Gill (1984), Phaidon.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

ISBN 0-7148-2286-8 Violin-Making as it was, and is, by Ed.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Heron-Allen (1885/1994), Ward Lock Limited.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

ISBN 0-7063-1045-4 Violins & Violinists, by Franz Farga (1950), Rockliff Publishing Corporation Ltd. Viols, Violins and Virginals, by Jennifer A. Charlton (1985), Ashmolean Museum.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

ISBN 0-907849-44-X The Violin, by Theodore Rowland-Entwistle (1967/1974), Dover Publications.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

ISBN 0-340-05992-3 The Early Violin and Viola, by Robin Stowell (2001), Cambridge University Press.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

ISBN 0-521-62555-6 The Complete Luthier's Library.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

A Useful International Critical Bibliography for the Maker and the Connoisseur of Stringed and Plucked Instruments by Roberto Regazzi.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

ISBN 88-85250-01-7 The Violin, by George Dubourg (1854), Robert Cocks & Co. Violin Technique and Performance Practice in the Late 18th and Early 19th Centuries, by Robin Stowell (1985), Cambridge University Press.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

ISBN 0-521-23279-1 History of the Violin, by William Sandys and Simon Andrew (2006), Dover Publications.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

ISBN 0-486-45269-7 The Violin: A Research and Information Guide, by Mark Katz (2006), Routledge.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

ISBN 0-8153-3637-3 Outside references and links - A quick overview of the history of the violin, including answers to questions such as “Why old master instruments sound so good” Pictures of violins by Andrea Amati, Cremona, ca. 1560, and other rare instruments.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

- University of New South Wales - University of Iowa Electronic Music Studios; anechoic recordings of violin sounds, both arco and pizzicato at various dynamics.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

- Answers this question, as well as explaining the mechanics of bowed strings.


Question: What are some violin playing techniques?

Violin

Technical but very accessible.


Question: what is the currency Croatia uses?

List of currencies in Europe

There are 28 currencies used in 50 European countries, almost all European countries are members of the United Nations, except the Vatican, which is an observer. [1]


Question: what is the currency Croatia uses?

List of currencies in Europe

All currencies are now de facto in Europe, and an incomplete list is registered here.


Question: what is the currency Croatia uses?

List of currencies in Europe

Now, the euro is a legitimate means of payment in 18 of the 28 member states of the European Union, [2] with an additional 5 countries not part of the EU (Monaco, San Marino, Vatican, Andora, and Montenegro). [3]


Question: what is the currency Croatia uses?

List of currencies in Europe

The Republic of Kosovo also uses the euro, [3] but only partial recognition as an independent state.


Question: what is the currency Croatia uses?

List of currencies in Europe

European Currencies See also European Union Currencies List of circulating currencies Reference Outside Category:List of currencies Category:European Currencies


Question: What kind of Dayak Tribe?

Dayak Clump

The old division of the Dayak tribe consists of six Stanmenras or clumps namely: Klemantan clumps aka Kalimantan [1] Iban clumps Apokayan, Kenyah and Bahau clumps Murut Ot Danum-Ngaju clumps Punan.


Question: What kind of Dayak Tribe?

Dayak Clump

Kinds of Dayak tribes according to language groups From the hundred sub tribes of the Dayak with language groups among them are: [2] South Sulawesi-speaking Banuaka Dayak family [3] Dayak Embaloh/Tamambaloh [emb] (parent Malay Embau [4]) (West Kalimantan) Dayak Kalis tribe [emb] (Kalimantan Barat) Dayak Taman Tribe [tmn] (West Kalimantan) Orang Daya (= Land People) speaking Darat Dayak [5] [6] [7] Bakati' Dayak Tribe [bei] (West Kalimantan) Bakati', Rara [lra] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Bakati', Sara [sre] (West Kalimantan) Bidayuh, Biatah [bth] Malaysia (Sarawak)) Bidayuh, Tringgus- Sembaan [trx] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Bidayuh, Bau [sne] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Bidayuh, Bukar-Sadong [sdo] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Gun Tribe (West Kalimantan) Jangkang Dayak Tribe [djo] (West Kalimantan) [8] Dayak Tribe Pomkpang [djo] (West Kalimantan) Kodatn (West Kalimantan) Tribe Dayak Pandu (West Kalimantan) Dayak Simpakng Tribe (West Kalimantan) Dayak Kembayan Tribe [xem] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Kerambai Tribe [xem] (West Kalimantan) Ribun Dayak Tribe [rir] (West Kalimantan) Dayak tribe Bekidoh [rir] (West Kalimantan) Dayak tribe Semandang/Dayak Samanakng tribe [sdm] ( West Kalimantan) Dayak Kualantn Tribe [sdm] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Outlet Tribe [sdm] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Beginci Tribe [sdm] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Tribe Bihak [sdm] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Komi/Domit Tribe [sdm] (West Kalimantan) Dayaks Benyadu' [byd] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Pandu Tribe [byd] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Sanggau Tribe [scg] (West Kalimantan) Dayak tribe Sekajang [scg] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Tribe Mayau [scg] (West Kalimantan) Dayak tribe Dosan [scg] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Ahe tribe [ahe] (West Kalimantan) [9] Tribe Dayak Jagoi [sne] (Malaysia (Sarawak)) Dayak Nyadu tribe [nxj] (West Kalimantan) Dayak, Land/Dayak tribe Mali [dyk] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Latitude tribe (West Kalimantan) Dayak Sekayam Tribe (West Kalimantan) Kanayatn Malay-speaking Dayak family West Borneo [10] Dayak Keninjal Tribe [10] Dayak Keninjal [knl] ( West Kalimantan) Dayak Kubitn/Kubing [knl] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Kanayatn/Kendayan [knx] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Tribe Badamea [knx] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Tribe Bajare [knx] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Tribe Selako, Badameo Dialect [skl] (West Kalimantan) ahe [knx] ( West Kalimantan) Belangin Dayak Tribe [knx] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Bempape Tribe [knx] (West Kalimantan) Dayak Iban (Sea Dayak) Malay-speaking West Bornean Dayak Tribe Around the foot of Banjaran Kelingkang (British Borneo Region) and also Dutch Borneo Region iaitu West & Central) extends from Kwasan Pakit, Mangai, Pangau, Melugu, Po-Ai, Panggil, Engkeramut, Selepong and Gua.