Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

For an atom, the successive ionization energy increases according to the increase in the degree of ionization.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Magnesium, for example, has a first ionization energy of 738 kJ/mol and the second by 1,450 kJ/mol. The closer orbital pad electrons experience a greater electrostatic attraction force, so to release them more energy is required.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The ionization energy increases from bottom to top (in one group) and from left to right (in one period) the periodic table. [32]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

A large spike in ionization energy occurs when releasing one electron from a noble gas configuration (complete electron skin).


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Magnesium, for example, the first two ionization energies already described above are used to release two 3s electrons, and the third ionization energy is much larger at 7,730 kj/mol, to remove a 2p electron from a fluorescent Mg2+ configuration.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Similar spikes also occur in the ionization energies of other third-row atoms. [32]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Electronegativity Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons. [33]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The electronegativity of an atom is affected by the atomic number and the distance between the valence electrons and the atomic nucleus.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The greater the electronegativity, the stronger the element attracts electrons.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

It was first put forward by Linus Pauling in 1932. [34]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

In general, electronegativity increases from left to right in the same period, and decreases from top to bottom in the same group.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Therefore, fluorine is the most electronegative element, [n 4] while sesium is the weakest of its electronegativity. [16]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

There are some exceptions to this general rule.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Galium and germanium have higher electronegativity than aluminum and silicon due to d-block-contraction.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The elements of period four just after the first row of transition metals have smaller atomic radii because electron-3d does not effectively protect the rise in core charge, and smaller atam sizes correlate with higher electronegativity. [16]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The anomalies of the greater electronegativity of lead than thallium and bismuth appear to be due more to data collection (and data availability) —including calculation methods—because Pauling's method does not show any trend deviance for such elements. [35]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Electron affinity The electron affinity of an atom is the amount of energy released when an electron is added into a neutral atom to form a negative ion.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Although the affinity of electrons varies greatly, but there are patterns that can be drawn.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

In general, nonmetals have more positive electron affinity values than metals.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Chlorine is the most powerful at attracting electrons.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The electron affinity of the noble gas is not yet fully measured, therefore it may have a slightly negative value. [38]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Electron affinity generally increases throughout the period.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

This is due to the filling of the valence skin of atoms; a class 17 atom frees greater energy than a class 1 atom to attract electrons because the atoms of class 17 have almost full valence skin making it more stable. [38]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The tendency of electron affinity to decrease along the group from top to bottom has been estimated.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Additional electrons will enter orbitals farther away from the atomic nucleus.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Because these electrons are less attracted by atomic nuclei, then their energy release is also smaller when added.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Nevertheless, in one class from top to bottom, about a third of elements undergo anomalies, that is, heavier elements have a higher electron affinity than lighter elements.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Mostly, this is a result of the lack of protection from the electrons d and f.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The seragan decrease in electron affinity applies only to the atoms of class 1. [39]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Metal character The smaller the ionization energy, electronegativity, and electron affinity, the stronger the metallic character an element possesses.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

In contrast, nonmetallic character increases in proportion to the increase in the above properties. [40]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

In accordance with periodic trends of these three traits, metallic character tends to decrease for elements in the same period (or rows) and, with some deviation (mostly) resulting from relativistic effects, [41] tends to increase from top to bottom for elements in the group (or columns) of the same.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Most metallic elements (such as sesium and fransium) are in the lower left half of the traditional periodic table and most nonmetallic elements (oxygen, fluorine, chlorine) in the upper right.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The combination of horizontal and vertical trends in metal characters explains the risers like limiting lines for separating between metal and non-metal that can be found on some periodic tables.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Some practitioners grouped the elements present around those boundary lines as metaloids. [42] [43] The history of the first systematization experiment In 1789, Antoine Lavoisier published a list of 33 chemical elements.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

He grouped them into gases, metals, nonmetals, and soils. [44]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Chemists spent a century searching for a more adequate classification scheme.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

In 1829, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner observed that many elements could be grouped into triads based on their chemical properties.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Lithium, sodium, and potassium, for example, are grouped into one triad as soft, reactive metals.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Döbereiner also observed that, if arranged by atomic weight, the second member of each triad has the mean atomic weight of the first and third members. [45]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

This later became known as the Law of the Triad. [46]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The German chemist Leopold Gmelin researched this system, and in 1843 identified ten triads, three groups of four and one group of five.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Jean-Baptiste Dumas published his research in 1857 describing the relationships between different groups of metals.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Although many chemists try to identify relationships between small groups of elements, they have not yet managed to establish a scheme that can accommodate them all. [45]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

In 1858, German chemist August Kekulé observed that carbon often coupled with another four carbon atoms.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Methane, for example, has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

This concept will later be known as valence; different elements bind to a number of different atoms. [47]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

In 1862, Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois, French geologist, published an early form of the periodic table, which he called telluric helix or screw.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

He was the first to note the periodicity of the elements.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

By composing an element in a spiral on a cylinder according to an increase in atomic weight, de Chancourtois showed that elements with similarity of visible properties appear at certain intervals.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The diagram also lists some ions and compounds in addition, in addition to the elements.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

His paper also used more geological terms than chemistry, and did not display images; as a result his research did not attract many parties until passed on by Dmitri Mendeleev. [48]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

In 1864, Julius Lothar Meyer, German chemist, published a table of 44 elements arranged by valence.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The table shows that elements with similarity in chemical properties often have the same valence. [49]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

In a separate place, William Odling (English chemist) published a preparation of 57 elements, compiled by their atomic weight.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

With some tactregularity and gaps, he sees what appears to be the periodicity of atomic weight between the elements and that this corresponds to the already ever accepted 'grouping'. '[50] Odling alluded to the idea of periodic law but he did not develop it. [51]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

He then proposed (in 1870) a classification of valency-based elements. [52]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The English chemist John Newlands published a series of papers from 1863 to 1866 noting that when elements were arranged based on an increase in atomic weight, the same chemical and physical properties would repeat at intervals of eight; it seems that he equated periodicity with musical octaves. [53 ] [54] Hence it is called the Law of the Octave.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

In any case, this idea caused Newlands to be derided by his colleagues, and the Chemical Society refused to publish his handiwork. [55]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

However Newlands was able to design a table of elements and use it to estimate the presence of undiscovered elements, such as germanium. [56]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The Chemical Society finally recognized the significance of the Newlands discovery five years after the recognition of Mendeleev. [57]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

In 1867, Gustavus Hinrichs, the Danish-born academician chemist who settled in America, published a periodic system of spirals based on atomic spectra, atomic weight and semblance of chemical properties.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The results of his work are considered idiosyncratic, ungrounded and convoluted. [58] [59] Mendeleev tables of Russian chemistry professor Dmitri Mendeleev and German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer separately published their periodic tables in 1869 and 1870. [60]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Mendeleev's table was his first published version, while Meyer was a developed version of the 1864 version of Meyer's table. [61]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Both build the table by arranging the elements in rows or columns according to their atomic weight and starting new rows or columns when the characteristics of the elements begin to repeat. [62]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The recognition and acceptance that Mendeleev's table obtained came from two decisions he made.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

First he left some holes in the table when he considered that related elements had not been discovered. [63]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Mendeleev was not the first chemist to do this, but he was the first to recognize using trends in his periodic table to predict the properties of missing elements, such as gallium and germanium. [64]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The second decision is to sometimes ignore sequences made by atomic weight and replace with elements next to them, such as tellurium and iodine, in order to achieve better classification into their chemical family.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Finally, in 1913, Henry Moseley discovered the experimental value of the nucleus charge or atomic number of each element, and showed that the sorting of Mendeleev's model actually referred to an increase in atomic number. [65]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The importance of atomic numbers on the preparation of the periodic table is not appreciated until the existence and properties of protons and neutrons are understood.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Mendeleev's periodic table uses atomic weight instead of atomic number to compose its elements.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Precision measurable information in Mendeleev's time.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Atomic weight is by far suitable for most cases, being able to present predictions of the properties of missing elements more accurately than other known methods.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The replacement of the method to atomic number, gave a sequence of elements by integer, and Moseley estimated that the missing elements (in 1913) between aluminum (Z=13) and gold (Z=79) were Z=43, 61, 72 and 75, which were eventually discovered.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Atomic number sequences are still used today, even as a basis for research and manufacturing new synthetic products. [66]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The second version along with its development In 1871, Mendeleev published his periodic table in a new form, by grouping elements that had similarities in columns, no longer in rows, and these columns were given numbers I to VIII according to the degree of elemental oxidation- the element.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

He also gave detailed forecasts of the properties of the elements that had been mentioned earlier as missing, but actually according to him existed. [67]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

These intersections slowly filled in as chemists discovered additional elements that existed naturally. [68]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

It is often stated that the last natural element discovered was fransium (referring to Mendeleev as eka-sesium) in 1939. [69]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

However, plutonium, produced synthetically in 1940, was identified to exist in nature in renic quantities as a primordial element in 1971. [70] [n 5] A popular view of the periodic table, [71] also known as the general form or standard form (as shown in this article), was the handiwork of Horace Groves Deming.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

In 1923, Deming, the American chemist, published a short () and medium () form periodic table. [72] [n 6] Merck & Co. prepared a leaflet containing an 18-column table of Deming's version in 1928, which was then widely circulated in schools in America.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

In the 1930s, Deming's tables appeared in guiding books and chemical encyclopedias.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

It was also distributed for several years by the Sargent-Welch Scientific Company. [73] [74] [75] As the modern theory of quantum mechanics developed about the configuration of electrons in atoms, it became increasingly clear that each of the periods (rows) in the table corresponds to the charging of electrons on the skin quantum.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The larger the atom, the more sub electron skins it has, finally, the longer the period to be listed in the table. [76]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

In 1945, Glenn Seaborg, American scientist, gave a suggestion that actinide elements, as with lanthanide, fill the f sub-level.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Previously, actinides were inserted into the fourth row of D-blocks.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Seaborg's colleagues advised against publicizing this kind of radical proposal because it could adversely affect his career.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

After considering that cooking did not bring any adverse impact on his reputation or career, Seaborg finally published his proposal.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Seaborg's proposal was declared correct and Seaborg won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1951 for his research into the synthesis of actinide elements. [77] [78] [n 7] Although there are small amounts of transuranium elements present naturally, [3] but all of them were first discovered in the laboratory.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Its production has expanded the periodic table significantly.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The first transuranium to be synthesized was neptunium (1939). [79]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Since most transuranium elements are highly unstable and decay rapidly, the challenge is to detect and perform characterization as soon as they are produced.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

There is controversy over the competition of discovery claims for some elements.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

It requires an independent review to determine which party has priority, and is entitled to the claim.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The most current accepted elements are flerovium (element 114) and livermorium (element 116), both inaugurated on 31 May 2012. [80]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

In 2010, a Russia—US collaboration in Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russia, claimed to have synthesized six atoms of unseptium (element 117), making it an up-to-date recognition. [81]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

As of December 30, 2015, elements number 113, 115, 117, and 118 are officially recognized by the IUPAC, thus completing the 7th row of the periodic table. [82]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Official names and symbols for each of these elements, which will substitute names and temporary symbols such as ununpentium (Uup) for element number 115, are expected to be announced later in 2016.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Different periodic tables Variations of common forms There are three main variants of the periodic table of common or 18-column forms.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

They differ in their depiction in the group 3 column. [83]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

For the purposes of this article three variations are expressed as type I, type II and type III.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Type I: Sc, Y, La and Ac.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Lanthanum and actinium are in the main table, in group 3, below scandium and itrium.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The fourteen elements of the lanthanide class and the actinides that follow it are written as footnotes, to save space.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

There are two lines containing fourteen elements, the first line begins with Ce and ends with Lu, the second line begins with thorium and ends with lawrensium.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

This is the most common variant. [84] [n 8] It emphasizes the similarity in the downward periodic trend in groups 1, 2 and 3, by breaking down lanthanide and actinides. [n 9] Type II: Sc, Y, Lu and Lr.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Lutesium and lawrensium are in the main table, in group 3, below scandium and itrium.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Footnotes are 14 elements of the next class of lanthanide and actinides starting with lanthanum and actinium and ending with iterbium and nobelium.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

This variant is based on alternative arguments with regard to periodic tendencies of the physical and chemical properties of lanthanum and lutesium, as well as maintaining a fixed f-block-width of 14 columns, while still breaking down lanthanide and actinides.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

It emphasizes the similarity of periodic trends between group 3 and subsequent groups at the expense of discontinuities in periodic trends between groups 2 and 3. [n 10] Type III: Sc, Y, and marker.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The two positions below the scandium are emptied or given footnote marks in some way.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The footnotes of lanthanide and actinides begin with lanthanum and actinium as well as end with lutesium and lawrensium, forming two rows of fifteen elements.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

This variant emphasizes the chemical similarity of 15 lanthanide elements (La—Lu), at the expense of ambiguity for elements occupying class 3 at two positions below scandium and itrium, and visible block width f to be 15 columns (in reality only 14 elements per row can be accommodated in block-f). [n 11] All three variants stem from the historic difficulty in placing lanthanide in the periodic table, and the argument of the initial and final position of the block-f element. [85]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

It has been stated that such an argument is proof that, “it is a mistake to break down [periodic] systems into blocks with sharp restrictions. “[86]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Equally, some versions of the type III table have been criticized for implying that all 15 lanthanide occupy a single box or place it under itrium, [n 12] violating the basic principle of one place, one element. [87] [n 13] The controversy about viable elements occupies a Class 3 position in Under scandium and itrium are discussed further in the section Open questions and controversies of this article.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Table type II, as a general variant, is shown the overview section of this article.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

When compared to the type I variant, “there are fewer noticeable exceptions to regular 4f orbital series fills among subsequent members. “[88] [n 14] Unlike the type III variant, there is no ambiguity on the composition of group 3.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Alternative structures There are many periodic tables with other structures than the standard form.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

During the 100-year presence of Mendeleev tables since 1869, he had estimated that about 700 different versions of the periodic table would be published. [89]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Just like its four-faceted variations, other periodic table formats have also sprung up, for example, [n 15] circular, cubical, cylindrical, edificial (like building) forms, helical, lemniscate, octagonal prism, pyramidal, separate, spherical, spiral, and triangular.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Alternatives of this kind are often developed to highlight or emphasize the physical or chemical properties of elements that cannot be presented in the traditional periodic table. [89]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

A popular alternative structure [90] is Theodor Benfey's version (1960).


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The elements are arranged in a continuous spiral, with hydrogen being at the center of the spiral and transition metals, lanthanide, as well as actinides located at their cementations. [91]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Most periodic tables are two-dimensional; [3] however, three-dimensional tables have been known since at least 1862 (before Mandeleev's two-dimensional table of 1869).


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Current examples include the Periodic Classification of Courtines version (1925), [92] Wringley's Lamina System (1949), [93] Giguère's Periodic Helix (1965) [94] [n 16] and Dufour's Periodic Tree (1996). [95]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

A step further, Physicist Stowe's Periodic Table (1989) [96] has been described as a four-dimensional table (having three spatial dimensions and one color dimension). [97]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The diverse forms of the periodic table can be considered the laying of the basis of the chemical-physics continuum. [98]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Towards the end of the chemical continuum, there can be found, for example, the Periodic Table of the 'recalcitrant' inorganic chemist version [99] Rayner-Canham (2002), [100] which emphasizes tendencies and patterns, as well as uncommon chemical properties and relationships.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Towards the end of the physics continuum, there appeared Janet's Left-handed Periodic Table (1928).


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

This version has a structure that shows a close relationship to the order of electron skin filling with quantum mechanics. [101]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

In the middle of the continuum are various variations of general or standard forms of the periodic table.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

It is considered an expression of better empirical trends in terms of physical states, electrical and thermal conductivity, as well as oxidation numbers, and other properties easily deduced from traditional techniques of chemical laboratories. [102] VTLEFT-step periodic table (by Charles Janet) f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9f10f11f12f13f14d1d2d3d4d5d5d6d7d8d9d10p1p2p3p4p5p6s1s21shhe2slibe2p 3sbcnofnenamg3p 4salsipsclarkca3d 5sscp TiVCrmnFeconicuzngageAssebr Krrbsr4d 5p 6syzrnbmotcruhpdagcdinsnsbteixecsba4f 5d 6p 7slaceprndpmsmeugdtbdyhoertmybluhftawreosirptauhgtlpbbipoaRnFrra5f 6p 8sacthpaunppuamcmbkcfesfmmdnolrrfdbsgbhhsmtdsrgcnnhflmclvtsog119120ubu121122123124125126f-blockd-blocks-block, g-block This form of periodic table is congruent with the order which electron shells are ideally filled according to the rule, as shown in the accompanying sequence in the left margin (read from top to bottom, left to right).


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The experimentally determined electron configurations of the elements differ from the configurations predicted by the Madelung rule in twenty instances.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Open question and controversy Unknown element of its chemical properties Although all elements up to oganesson have been found, for the above elements hassium (element 108), only copernicium (element 112) and flerovium (element 114) have known chemical properties.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Other elements can behave differently from what is predicted extrapolately, due to relativistic effects.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

For example, flerovium is predicted to exhibit properties such as noble gases, even though it lies within the carbon class. [103]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Recent experiments have proven that, flerovium has chemical properties like lead, as estimated from its position in the periodic table. [104]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Development of the periodic table It is not yet clear whether the new elements will follow the pattern that has existed on the current periodic table as period 8, or require further adjustment.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Seaborg estimates the eighth period to follow the existing pattern, so that: (1) will include two block-s elements for elements 119 and 120, (2) there is a new block that is a g-block for the next 18 elements, and (3) 30 additional elements continue the current block-f, -d, and -p. [106]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

In recent news, physicists such as Pekka Pyykkö have made the theory that these additional elements do not follow the rules or rules of Madelung, which predicts how the electron skin is filled and therefore will affect the current view of the periodic table. [107]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Prediction of the element with the largest atomic number The number of possible elements is not yet known.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

An early estimate made by Elliot Adams in 1911, based on the preparation of the elements in each row of the periodic table was: an element with an atomic weight greater than 256± (which may lie between elements 99 and 100 for the current term) is unlikely to exist. [108]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The newest estimate is that the periodic table may soon end after the island of stability, [109] which is estimated to be centered around element 126, since the development of nuclide and periodic tables is limited by the drip lines of protons and neutrons. [110]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Other predictions of the expiration of the periodic table revolve around element 128 by John Emsley, [3] on element 137 by Richard Feynman, [111] and on element 155 by Albert Khazan. [3] [n 17] The Bohr model of the Bohr model shows the difficulty for atoms with atomic numbers greater than 137, since any element with an atomic number over 137 would require its 1s electrons to move beyond the speed of light, c. [112] Therefore, Bohr's non-relativistic model is inaccurate if applied to elements of this kind.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Dirac relativistic equations The Dirac relativistic equation faces problems for elements over 137 protons.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

For an element of this kind, the wave function of the Dirac base condition is oscillating, and there is no gap between the positive and negative energy spectra, as in Klein's paradox. [113]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

More accurate calculations account for the influence of limited size on atomic nuclei signifying that the first energy bond exceeds the possible limitation for elements over 173 protons.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

For heavier elements, if the innermost orbital (1s) is unfilled, the electric field of the core will pull electrons out of the vacuum, which results in spontaneous positron emission. [114]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Nevertheless, this is not the case if the innermost orbital is filled, so element 173 is not the end of the periodic table. [115]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Placement of hydrogen and helium If following the electron configuration, hydrogen (electron configuration 1s1) and helium (1s2) should lie in groups 1 and 2, above lithium ([He] 2s1) and beryllium ([He] 2s2). [21]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

However, such placements are rarely used outside the context of electron configurations: When noble gases (later called “inert gases”) were first discovered around 1900, they became known as “class 0", reflecting the absence of known chemical reactivity of these elements on at that time, and helium is put at the top of the class, because it has the same inert-an as the entire group.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Because the class changes its formal numbering, most authors still put helium just above neon, in class 18; one of them is the current IUPAC table. [116]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The chemical properties of hydrogen are not very close to those of alkali metals, which occupy group 1, and based on this, sometimes hydrogen is laid elsewhere: the most common alternative is in class 17; one of the factors of consideration is the nonmetallic properties of hydrogen monovalent, and that fluorine (an element located at the apex of class 17) is also a monovalent nonmetallic.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Sometimes, to show that hydrogen has properties both like alkali metals and halogens, hydrogen is displayed in two columns at once. [117]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Another way of presentation is to put hydrogen in carbon atsa in class 14: by putting it in such a way, it fits perfectly with the tendency to rise in the ionization potential value and electron affinity, and does not deviate greatly from the electronegativity trend. [118]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Lastly, hydrogen is sometimes laid apart from any group; this is based on the properties of hydrogen that are very different from any group: unlike hydrogen, other Class 1 elements exhibit highly metallic properties; Class 17 elements generally form salts (therefore it is no term “halogen”); elements of other classes exhibit multivalent chemical properties.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Another period 1 element, helium, is sometimes also laid apart from any group. [119]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The properties that distinguish helium from other noble gases (although helium's inert properties are very close to fluorescent and argon [120]) are that in its closed electron skin, helium has only two electrons on its outermost orbital, while other noble gases have eight electrons.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The class that belongs to transition metals The definition of transition metals, as given by IUPAC, are elements whose atoms have an incomplete sub-skin d, or that can experience an increase in the oxidation rate to cation so that the sub-skin d becomes incomplete. [121]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Based on this definition, all elements in groups 3—11 are transition metals.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The IUPAC definition causes Class 12, among others zinc, cadmium and mercury, to drop out of the transition metal category.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Some chemists treat the categories of “block-d elements” and “transition metals” interchangeably, so that classes 3—12 belong to transition metals.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

In this case, the elements of class 12 are treated as special cases of transition metals where its electron-electrons d are not commonly involved in chemical bonding.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The recent discovery that revealed mercury can use its d electrons in the formation of mercury (IV) fluoride (HgF4) has prompted some commentators to suggest that mercury may be accepted as a transition metal. [122]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Other commentators, such as Jensen, [123] have argued that the formation of compounds such as HgF4 can only occur under abnormal conditions.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Therefore, mercury cannot be accepted as a transition metal based on any interpretation in terms of general scientific meaning. [123]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Other chemists further removed the class 3 elements from the definition of transition metals.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

They do so based on that the elements of class 3 do not form any ions with the skin d partially filled, and therefore do not exhibit the chemical characteristics of transition metals. [124]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

In this case, only groups 4—11 are accepted as transition metals.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The elements of period 6 and 7 in class 3 Although scandium and itrium are the first two elements in group 3 the identity of the next two elements has not yet been completed.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

They are lanthanum and actinium; or lutetium and lawrencium.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

There are strong chemical and physical arguments in favor of the final drafting [125] [126] but not all authors have been convinced. [87]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Most chemists are unaware that there is controversy. [127]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Hydrogenheliumlithiumberylliumboroncarbonnitrogenoxygenfluorineneonsodiummagnesiumaluminumsiliconphosphorussulfurchlorineargonpotassiumcalciumscandiumtitaniumvanadiumchromiummanganeseironcobaltnickelcopperzincgalliumgermaniumaricseleniumchromiummanganeseironcobaltnickelcopperzincgalliumgermaniumaricseleniumchromiummanganeseironcobaltnickelcopperzincgalliumgermaniumaricseleniumbrominekrukdiumstrontiumyttriumzirconiumniobiummolyb denumtechnetiumrutheniumrhodiumbarladiumsilvercadmiumindiumtinantimonytelluriumiodinexenoncaesiumbariumlanthanumceriumpraseodymiumneodymiumpromethiumsamariumeuropiumgadoliniumterbiumdysprosiumholmiumerbiumthuliumtIumtBiumThuliumtBiumThuliumtBiumThuliumtBiumThuliumtBiumThuliumtBiumThuliumtBiumThuliumtBiumumlutetiumhafniumtantalumtungstenrheniumosmiumiridiumplatinumGoldMercury (element) ThalliumLeadBisMuthPoloniuMastatIneradonFranciumRadiumActiniumThoriumProtactiniumuraniumNeptUniUmplutoniumAmericiumCuriumCaliforniumeInsteiniumFermiumMendeleViumNoBeliumLawrenciumRutherForDiumDubNiumSeaborgiumBohRiumSiumHaSeniumLawrenciumRutherFordiumDubNiumSeaborgiumBohRiumSiumhRitumHaSeniumRutherFordiumDubNiumSeaborgiumBohMeItNeriumDarmStadtiumRoentGeniumCoperniciumNihoniumFleroviumMoscovi UMlivermoriumTennessIneoganesson Lanthanum and actinium have traditionally been described as members of class 3. [128] [129] It has been posited that this layout dates back to the 1940s, with the advent of the periodic table based on the electron configuration of its elements and the idea of electron differentiating.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The sesium, barium and lanthanum configurations are [Xe] 6s1, [Xe] 6s2 and [Xe] 5d16s2.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Lanthanum has a 5<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[87794,87799,2,2]}'>d differentiating electron and this indicates it “deserves to be in group 3 as the first member of the d-bloc for period 6. “[130]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

A consistent set of electron configurations is further seen in group 3: scandium [Ar] 3d14s2, itrium [Kr] 4d15s2 and lanthanum [Xe] 5d16s2.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Still in period 6, iterbium has electron configurations [Xe] 4f135d16s2 and lutetium [Xe] 4f145d16s2, “yielding a 4<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[88563,88568,2,2]}'>f differentiating electron for lutetium and confirming it as the last member of block-f for period 6. “[130]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

It has been known since the early 20th century that, “itrium and (to a lesser extent) scandium have chemical properties closer to lutetium and other rarer earth elements [namely lanthanide] than to lanthanum. “[130]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

By that reason, some chemists in the 1920 and 1930s had more lutetium to be put in class 3 than lanthanum.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Recent spectroscopic research found that the iterbium electron configuration turned out to be [Xe] 4f146s2.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

This means that iterbium and lutetium—with configuration [Xe] 4f145d16s2—both have 14 f electrons, “have a differentiating electron d instead of f” for lutetium and make them “equivalent candidates” to [Xe] 5d16s2 lanthanum, for the group 3 periodic table at positions below itrium. [130]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Some physicists in the 1950s and 60s preferred lutetium, in terms of comparison of some properties of physics with those possessed by lanthanum. [130]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

This arrangement, in which lanthanum is the first member of the f-bloc, is refuted by some authors because lanthanum lacks a single f electron.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

However, there have been rebuttals that this is nothing to worry about given the presence of other anomalies in the periodic table—the thorium, for example, does not have an f electron but is part of an f-block. [132]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

As for lawrencium, the confirmed electron configuration in 2015 was [Rn] 5f147s27p1.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Configurations representing another anomaly of the periodic table, regardless of whether lawrensium is located block-f or block-d, since the position of the most possible p-block-position has been “ordered” for ununtrium by approximate electron configuration [Rn] 5f146d107s27p1. [133]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Some tables, including the tables on the IUPAC web, [134] [n 18] add footnotes for the two positions below scandium and itrium, and display both, lanthanum and lutetium, as well as actinium and lawrencium as part of the anthanide and actinide series elements.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

This arrangement emphasizes the similarity of the chemical properties of 15 element lanthanide (La-Lu) more important than the argumentation of electron configurations.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The elements in the actinide series have a more diverse behavior.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The elements at the beginning of the series show some similarities to transition metals; actinium and subsequently are more like lanthanide. [135]


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Optimal form The multiplicity of different forms of the periodic table triggers the question: is there an optimal or definitive (definitive) form of the periodic table?


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The answer to this question is to depend on how to see the correctness of chemical periodicity that arises in those elements, whether absolute truth, or simply human interpretation tailored to the needs, beliefs and tastes of the observer.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

The objective basis of chemical periodicity will answer questions about the location of hydrogen and helium, as well as the composition of group 3.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

This kind of fundamental truth, if any, is likely yet to be discovered.


Question: what is the number of elements of the periodic table of 2000?

Periodic table

Without such fundamental truths, the multiplicity of differences in the form of the periodic table can be thought of as variations of the theme of chemical periodicity, each of which explores and gives emphasis to different aspects, properties, perspectives and relationships between elements. [n 19] The existence of an official periodic table of standard or medium and estimated length versions is the result of setting a layout with a good balance of features in the sense that it is easy to create and of decent size, and can describe atomic sequences and periodic trends. [51] [136] See also Note foot Reference Library List Outside Links Category:Chemistry


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Monasticism (Greek μοναχός, monacos, from the root of the word μονός, Monos, itself), is a religious practice in the form of the act of disbelieving all desires going forth with the intention of dedicating life solely to spiritual activities.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Many religions have elements of monasticism, including Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Jaina religion, although their forms vary.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

People who undergo the practice of monasticism are usually called monks, monks, monks, brothers, brothers, or “brothers” if they are male, and are called biksuni, nuns, rubiahs, sisters, or “sisters” if they are female.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The Buddhist monasticism of the Order of monks and the Buddhist rubiah (Sangha) was founded by Gautama Buddha during his lifetime about 2500 years ago.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The Buddhist monastic lifestyle is rooted in the lifestyle of pre-existing sects of wandering ascetics, some of which had been studied by the Buddha, and first of all were very eremitic.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Monks and rubiahs are expected to live on very little personal property, which is eaten by Buddhists.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The lay people also provide the daily food needed by the monks, and provide shelter for the monks where needed.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

After the Buddha died, the Buddhist monastic order developed into a senobitis movement.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The practice of living together during the rainy season (vassa), taught by the Buddha, gradually evolved into a monastic life of a sedentary nature centered on living in a community.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Most of the modern orderlies obeyed by monks and Rebiahs—Patimokkha—are related to life in the community, and contain details of the proper methods of living and relating in a community of monks or rubiahs.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The number of rules to be adhered to varies between one order and another; the Theravada monks have about 227 rules.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

There are more special rules for bhikkhuni (rubiah).


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Buddhist monasticism with its conciliatory traditions, missions, and as a source of knowledge and literacy spread from India to the Middle East and even to the West.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Christian Monasticism followed in the footsteps of their steps in areas where Emperor Ashoka once sent Buddhist missions.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The Buddhist monastic order consists of a council of monks (men) and a council of bhikkhuni (women).


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Initially this council consisted of only men but expanded to include women after the Buddha's stepmother, Mahaprajapati, begged to be allowed to live life as a bhikkhuni.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Monks and rubiahs are expected to perform various roles in the Buddhist community.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

First of all and foremost, they are expected to preserve the doctrine and order that is now known as Buddhism.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

They are also expected to provide an example for ordinary people, and become “lands of virtue” for ordinary people seeking reward by making donations and support for monks.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

In reply to the support of the people, monks and rubiah are expected to monks and nuns are expected to live an austere life focused on the study of Buddhist doctrine, the practice of meditation, and the observance of good moral character.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

A monk, called a Bhikkhu in Pali or Bhikshu in Sanskrit, is first ordained as a Samanera (novis) for a period of a year or more.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Novicists are often ordained at a very young age, but generally not under the age of 8.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The samaneras lived according to dasasila, but were not required to obey all monastic rules.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Higher ordination, namely full status as a Monk, is usually only granted to men who are already 20 years old or older.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The rubiah follow the same stage, but are required to live as samanera for a longer period of time- usually 5 years.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Regulation of order for monks and rubiahs is intended to create an unpretentious and focused life, rather than simply individual matiraga.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Celibacy is essential in monastic discipline.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Hindu monasticism In its efforts to achieve the goal of spiritual life, some Hindus choose the path of monasticism (sanyāsa).


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

This monastic is committed to an unpretentious life, celibacy, staying away from earthly matters, and focusing their minds on God. [1]


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Hindu monks are called sanyāsī, sādhu, or swāmi. [2]


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Rubiah is called sanyāsini, sadhavi, or swāmini.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Such renunciations are highly regarded in Hindu society, as their way of life that avoids selfishness and worldly matters becomes an inspiration for heads of households who fight for mental renunciation.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Some monks live in monasteries, others wander from place to place, dangling life on the sheer grace of God. [3]


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Eating food or other necessities to the sadhu is believed by Hindus to be a great virtue.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The sādhu should be treated with respect and compassion, whether by the poor or the rich, the good or the wicked.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Nor should they differ in attitudes towards praise, swearing, pleasure, and suffering. [4]


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

A sādhu can usually be recognized by his orange clothes.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Generally the Waisnawa monks shook their heads except in a small area on the back of their heads, while the Saiwa monks let their hair and beard grow long.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The vows of renunciation of a sadhu usually forbid him to: possess personal property except a bowl, a cup, two sets of clothing and medical aids such as glasses; relating, looking at, thinking, even adjacent to a woman; eating for pleasure; having or even touching money or other valuables in any form and way; establish personal relationships.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Christian Monasticism Monasticism in Christianity has various forms of religious life in order to respond to the call of Jesus of Nazareth to follow him.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Christian monasticism began to grow since the beginning of the history of the Church, following the examples and ideas of the Scriptures, including those listed in the Old Testament Scriptures, although the book does not require it to be lived in any particular institution.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Christian monasticism is styled according to spiritual rules (e.g. Regula Santo Basilius, Regula Santo Benedict, Regula Karmel) and, today, Church law of every Christian denomination that has a monastic life.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Christian monasticism is a spiritual way of life (also called the “path of refinement”) which is welcomed as a call of God from the desire to gain eternal life in His presence.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

At the Sermon on the Mount in His happy words (the right way of life according to God's law), Jesus conveyed to a crowded audience who listened to his Chorite to be “Perfect as your Father in Heaven is perfect” (Matt 5:48).


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

When speaking to his followers, Jesus presented also an invitation to live celibacy for those “to whom gifts have been given” (Matt 19:10-12); and when asked what else is necessary but to keep the law in order to “enter into eternal life”, He Advocate them to sell all their worldly possessions and distribute the proceeds to the poor and follow Him, “if you wish to be perfect” (Matt 19:16-22 = Mar 10:17-22 = Luke 18:18-23).


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

In the New Testament scriptures there is evidence of Christian monastic life, such as the services performed by widows and virgins.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

In the end, first of all in Syria and then in Egypt, Christians began to feel called also to live an eremitic monastic life (with the spirit of the “Wilderness Theology” of the Old Testament in order to achieve spiritual renewal and return to God).


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Saint Antonius the Great was touted by Athanasius as one of the early “Hermit monks”.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Starting in Egypt, monastic life fostered senobitic monasticism as it is mainly known in the West.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Particularly in the Middle East eremitic monasticism remained the most common pattern of monasticism until the deterioration of the Christianization of Syria in the late Middle Ages.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

However, not everyone fits into the secluded life, and there are many reports of ascetics who have experienced mental disorders.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Clearly it took organized forms of spiritual guidance; and around 318 Saint Pakhomius began organizing his followers in what would later become the first Christian senobitic monastery.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Soon, similar institutions were established throughout the Egyptian wilderness as well as the entire Eastern region of the Roman Empire.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Notable Eastern monasteries include: the Monastery of Saint Antonius, which is the oldest Christian monastery in the world.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Mar Awgin founded a monastery on Mount Izla in Nisibis, Mesopotamia (~350), and from this monastery the senobitic tradition spread throughout Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Georgia, and even up to India and China.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Saint Sabas organized the monks in the wilderness of Judea into a monastery near Bethlehem (483), and this monastery is considered the parent of all monasteries of the Eastern Orthodox Churches.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The Monastery of Santa Katarina was founded between 527 and 565 in the Sinai wilderness by order of Emperor Justinianus I. In the West, the most important development occurred when the rules for monastic communities were written, the Rule of Saint Basilius is considered the first.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The exact date of writing of the Rule of the Master is still problematic; but the rule is thought to predate the Rule of Saint Benedict drawn up by Benedict of Nursia for his monastery at Monte Cassino, Italy (± 529), and other monasteries he had founded.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Saint Benedict's rule became the most common rule used during the Middle Ages and still remains in use today.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The Regula of St. Augustine, due to its brevity, has been adopted by various communities, especially by the Canons Regular.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Around the 12th century, the Franciscan, Carmelite, Dominicans, and Augustinian orders decided to live in urban monasteries amidst the people rather than in remote hermitages.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Now Christian monasticism, many of which are ecumenical, flourishing in places such as the Bose Monastic Community in Italy, the Jerusalem Monastic Brotherhood throughout Europe, and the Taizé Community in France, as well as the Neomonasticism movement which is mainly in nature evangelical protestants in America.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Islam and monasticism Many Muslims do not believe in monasticism (with reference to the Quranic directive (Surah 57 verse 27), in which God says that monasticism is an unrevealed practice of human beings).


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Nonetheless, there are various sufi “tariqah” orders, which embolden practices similar to the practices of monasticism in other religions.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Dervishes — pioneers of the Sufi orders — are convinced that love is a projection of God's essence for the universe.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Many dervishes are ascetics who live off charity and pledge to undergo a poor hisup.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Although there are some of them who choose to become solicitors, others make a living in common professions; for example many Qadirit in Egypt work as fishermen.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

All the pure brotherhood of dervishes bears its origin from two of the Prophet Muhammad's best friends, namely Ali ibn Abi Talib and Abu Bakr.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Their form of brotherhood differs from the Christian spiritual brotherhood in that they do not live together in a 'monastery'; in fact they are required to have a family, and have a lawful daily.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The spinning dance, practised by the Mevlevi order in Turkey, is just one of the physical methods used to achieve spiritual ecstasy (majdhb) and relationship with God.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The rifa'i, in mystical conditions, pierced their bodies without causing any harm.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Other groups include the Syadhili, a gnosis-based order that practices' hadra 'or' present ', a dance-like breathing exercise that includes the repetition of Illahi names.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

All fraternities and their pure offshoots chant Quranic verses, and are obliged to obey sharia, or Islamic holy law.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Traditionally the monks in Islam are known as fakir.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The term is also used to refer to Hindu monks.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Jain monasticism The Jain religion has two branches that are as distinct from each other in terms of monasticism.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The digambara monks do not wear clothes; even so they do not consider themselves nake—they wear nature.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The digambara believed that the practice represented a rejection of religious comfort and personal possession—only digambara ascetics were required to refuse clothing.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The digambara hermits had only two items: a peacock feather duck and a jug.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

They also believed that womenfolk could not attain moksha.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

As a result, out of about 6000 Jain rubiah, only 100 are digambara.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The Shvetambara people are another major Jain sect.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The svetambara people, unlike the digambaras, did not believe that ascetics should practice nudity, nor did they believe that women could not attain moksha.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Shvetambara people are generally seen wearing masks so as not to accidentally kill small creatures upon inhalation.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Monasticism in other religions Ananda Marga has rahib-rahib and rubiah-rubiah (i.e., acharya or male and female missionaries) as well as a small group of family acharya.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

These monks and rubiahs engage in various kinds of direct service to the people, therefore they do not resign themselves from the crowded world permanently.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

They do have to live a life of celibacy, live impoverished, and obey many other rules of life once they have finished their training.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Bön is believed to have a rich monastic history.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The monasteries of Bön still exist today, but the monks dwelt in that place practiced Buddhism-Bön.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Judaism does not support the monastic ideal of poor living and celibacy, but two thousand years ago passing the vows of Nazir was a common feature in this religion.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Nazir Jews abstained from eating the products of grapes, did not cut hair, and did not touch the remains.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

But they did not withdraw from the general public, and they were allowed to marry and possess property; after all, in many cases a vow of nazir was valid for a period of time and was not permanent.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

In modern Hebrew, the term Nazir is often used to refer to non-Jewish monastics.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Manikeism has two groups of followers, the listeners, and the chosen.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The chosen people live separate from the listeners in order to concentrate on reducing the influence of worldly truths. they run it through celibacy, poverty, teaching, and preaching.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Therefore the elected people are at least half monastic.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Scientology preserves a “fraternal order” called Sea Organization or abbreviated Sea Org. They only work for the Church of Scientology and have signed employment contracts for billions of years.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Sea Org members live communally, their need for shelter, food, clothing, and medical care borne by the Church of Scientology.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The Sikh religion specifically prohibits the practice of monasticism.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Therefore there are no monasteries or fraternal groups in the Sikh religion.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Reference Additional reading Fracchia, Charles.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Living Together Alone: The New American Monasticism.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Harper & Row, 1979.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

ISBN 0-06-063011-6.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Gruber, Mark. 2003.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Sacrifice In the Desert: A Study of an Egyptian Minority Through the Lens of Coptic Monasticism.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Lanham: University Press of America.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

ISBN 0-7618-2539-8 Johnston, William M. (ed.). 2000.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Encyclopedia of Monasticism. 2 vols., Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Lawrence, C. H. 2001.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (3rd ed.).


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

New York: Longmans.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

ISBN 0-582-40427-4 Zarnecki, George. 1985.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

“The Monastic World: The Contributions of the Orders”. pages 36—66, in Evans, Joan (ed.). 1985.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

The Flowering of the Middle Ages.


Question: What is the sense of monastic order?

Monasticism

London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. Outlink — An Eastern Point of View Greek Orthodox Monastery of Saint Antonius Category:Religion Category:Religious organizations Category:Asceticism


Question: What is the name of the widest district in Central Java?

List of districts and cities in Central Java

The province of Central Java, Indonesia consists of 29 districts and 6 cities.


Question: What is the name of the widest district in Central Java?

Its capital city is Semarang.


Question: What is the name of the widest district in Central Java?

Below is a list of districts and cities in Central Java, along with their district capitals.


Question: What is the name of the widest district in Central Java?

Note See also List of sub-districts and sub-districts in Central Java Reference Outside links {{{1}}}


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia (meaning “South Slavic”) was a country that existed in the Balkan area, in the southeast of Europe, from 1918 until 2003.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

On its way, the country once took the form of an empire and a republic.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

The country is capitalized in Belgrade.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

History 1910-1930s 1918 After the dissolution of the Empire of Austria-Hungary after World War I then the “Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes” was established with Peter I of Serbia as king.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

Seedlings for conflicts in the future are already sown from this moment.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

1921 King Alexander reacted violently by dissolving parliament and brandishing dictatorialism. 1928 Croatia tried to break away after a Croatian parliamentarian was assassinated. 1929 Country name was transformed into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

The King of Yugoslavia, Alexander, was assassinated in Paris, France, by Makedonian-Croatian extreme nationalist groups. 1939 Croatia gained more autonomy. 1940s 1941-1945 The Guardian of the King of Yugoslavia, Prince Paul, was forced to sign a cooperation agreement with the German-Italian-Japanese Axis.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

But the anti-German Serb officers revolted and overthrew his government.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

Hitler went mad and invaded Yugoslavia.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

The Balkan country fell rapidly, mainly because many non Serb ethnics joined the invaders.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

After conquering the country, Hitler split the country under Axis occupation and local puppet regimes.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

By order of Hitler, the former provinces of Croatia, Bosnia, and Hercegovina were merged into the puppet state of Croatia while territories of most of Kosovo, Southern Montenegro and Western Macedonia were merged into the State of Greater Albania.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

The Yugoslav population then rose up against the occupying forces and joined two main guerrilla forces: the Serb-dominated Chetniks supporting the king and the communist Tito led Partisans.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

The Independent Croatian State was formed by the Nazis as a satellite state ruled by croatian fascists named Ustaše.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

The Ustaše were fanatical towards catholic christians but cooperated with the Bosnian Muslims and recognized catholicism and islam as the religion of the croats. [1].


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

These people are trying to cleanse the puppet country of Serbs, Jews and Jipsies.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

Between 1941-45, the Ustaše had massacred an estimated 500,000 thousand Serbs, exiled 250,000 people and forced the change of their religion from orthodox christian to catholic christianity. [2]


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

The other people who were also massacred were 37,000 Jews and 25,000 Jipsies.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

Ethnic cleansing also occurred in the Greater Albanian State, where Albanian militants expelled and killed tens of thousands of Serbs and other Orthodox Slavs, especially in Kosovo and Western Macedonia, and replaced them with Albanian arrivals from Albanian territory.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

This tragedy brought a deep trauma to the Serbian nation.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia at this time became a bloody battleground, where its inhabitants not only fought the Axis occupation forces but also slaughtered each other among fellow citizens—a precedent for the interethnic wars of the 1990s 1943 Democratic Federal Yugoslavia proclaimed by the partizans communists.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

Negotiations with the government of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in exile continued to be carried out, while the territory of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was still demonized by allies. 1944 The communist partisans led by Josip Broz Tito, liberated Belgrade in October with the help of the army of the Soviet Union 1945 Nazi Germany surrender, the partizans took power in all parts of the country.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

On 29 November, King Peter II was impeached by the Yugoslav Communist Constituent Assembly while still in exile.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

On December 2, the communist government declared the entirety of the region as a Democratic Federal part of Yugoslavia. 1946 On January 31, the Democratic Federal of Yugoslavia was renamed the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

The country consists of: Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, and the Republic of Macedonia; as well as two autonomous regions of which Serbia is part: Kosovo and Vojvodina.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia circa 1990. 1: Slovenia; 2: Croatia; 3: Bosnia-Herzegovina; 4: Serbia; 4a: Vojvodina; 4b: Kosovo; 5: Montenegro; 6:Macedonia; A: Adriatic Sea 1948 Breaking away from the influence of the Soviet Union.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia wanted to run alone in implementing communism. 1960s 1961 Vocal power in the establishment of the Non Bloc State Summit. 1963 On April 7, the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Tito was appointed president for a lifetime life. 1980-1990s 1980 Tito died, interethnic differences began to seem, especially when at the end of the 1980s there was an economic crisis.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

Discrimination against Serb and other non Albanian residents in Kosovo led to thousands of people being displaced from the province.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

That reopened old wounds of Serbs and prompted the election of Slobodan Milosevic who applied for Serbian nationalist programs as president of Serbia: the autonomous status of Kosovo and Vojvodina was dispensed with.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

Nationalism based on ethnicity became rife. 1990 April elections in the states.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

In Slovenia and Croatia, the wealthiest regions, pro independence parties won.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

In Serbia and Montenegro, the communist party won. 1991 On June 25, Slovenia and Croatia proclaimed independence.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

The Federal Army (mainly consisting of Serbs) intervened.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

But the war in Slovenia only lasted 7 days because the population there was almost homogeneous so no interests of Serbs were threatened.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

Compared to Slovenia which has a homogeneous population, the war in Croatia was fierce and long and violent due to the historical memory of World War II as well as the size of the Serb community in the region.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

When the Republic of Macedonia, the poorest state, set free on September 8, the Federal Army went silent. 1992 Bosnian Muslims and Croats in Bosnia-Herzegovina voted for independence and declared the state of Bosnia-Herzegovina.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

The Bosnian Serb population rejected the result and attempted to form a separate state with the help of the Yoguslav Federal Army, namely the Serb Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina which later became the Republic of Srpska.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

Again, the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina was fierce and violent between 1992 to 1995.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

In this war there was genocide by the Republika Srpska army against 8,000 men and 30,000 civilian Bosnian Muslims. [3] [4] Of the six states only Serbia and Montenegro were left behind, which later formed the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on April 28, 1992. ended the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina. 1999 broke out an uprising of Albanians in Kosovo.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

Attempts to quell the uprising by Serbs led to the flooding of Albanian refugees into neighboring territories.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

NATO without a UN mandate invades Serbia.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

Milosevic surrendered and Kosovo was given under international supervision.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

It was the turn of the ethnic cleansed Serb population by the KLA.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

This group of Albanian guerrillas also destroyed many Serbian cultural relics in Kosovo as roads wiped out traces of Serbs there.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

The main goal of the KLA itself was to incorporate Kosovo and various other Balkan territories inhabited by Albanians into a State of Greater Albania, as was the case during the time of World War II.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

The rebellion of Albanians extends to Macedonia, which previously with open arms accepted Albanian refugees from Kosovo. 2000s 2000 In October, Milosevic stepped down after Vojislav Kostunica won elections. 2001 Milosevic was handed over to the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. 2002 In March, the governments of Serbia and Montenegro agreed to create a freer union.2003 On February 4, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was reconstituted so as to become the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

With this, came to an end the long journey of the Yugoslav country.


Question: was the name of the currency used in Yugoslavia?

Yugoslavia

Continuation of Yugoslav Fractional States: Slovenia Croatia Macedonia Bosnia-Herzegovina Montenegro Serbia Kosovo Reference See also Vojvodina Head of State Yugoslavia Disintegration Yugoslavia List of Countries in the World Category:Former countries in Europe


Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes

Chromosomes (Greek: chroma, color; and soma, body) are structures in the form of a long series of molecules consisting of a single molecule of DNA [1] and various related proteins that constitute the genetic information of an organism, [2] such as the fifth molecule of histones and transcription factors are present in several series, and include regulator element genes and nucleotide sequences.


Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes

Chromosomes located within the nucleus of eukaryote cells, are specifically called chromatins. [3]


Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes

In eukaryote chromosomes, uncondensed DNA resides in an order-quation structure within the nucleus, where it encloses histones (structural proteins, Figure 1), and where this composite material is called chromatin.


Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes

During mitosis (cell division), chromosomes are condensed and are called metaphase chromosomes.


Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes

This causes each of the chromosomes to be observable through an optical microscope.


Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes

Each chromosome has two arms, a short one called a p arm (from French petit meaning small) and an arm that is long arm q (q follows p in the alphabet).


Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes

Prokaryotes do not have histones or nuclei.


Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes

In its relaxed state, DNA is accessible for transcription, regulation, and replication.


Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes

The chromosome was first observed by Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli in 1842 and its features were described in detail by Walther Flemming in 1882.


Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes

Whereas the classical principles of genetics constituted the deduction thought of Gregor Mendel in 1865 [4] which many people ignored until 1902, Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri found similarities between chromosomal behavior during meiosis with Mendel's law and drew the conclusion that chromosomes are carriers of genes. [5] The results of the study are both known as the Sutton-Boveri theory or the Sutton-Boveri hypothesis or the theory of chromosomal heredity, which became controversy and debate by experts at the time.


Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes

In 1910, Thomas Hunt Morgan proved that chromosomes are carriers of genes. In 1955, Joe Hin Tjio, an Indonesian-born American scientist managed to prove that human chromosomes consist of 23 pairs instead of 24 pairs as geneticists believed long ago.


Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes

Also see List of organisms by chromosome number ZW Gender determination system XY Gender determination system X0 Mutation Reference Outer link Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead., a comprehensive and understandable review of chromosomes, from the Genetic Science Learning Center University of Utah Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead., from the University of UTAH's Genetic Science Learning Center Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes

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Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes

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Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes

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Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes


Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead., European network for Rare Chromosome Disorders on the Internet Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is the composition of chromosomes?

Chromosomes

Ensembl project, presenting chromosomes, their genes and syntenic loci graphically via the web Category:Molecular genetics


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

The Internet is a computer network formed by the United States Department of Defense in 1969, through an ARPA agency project that developed a network called ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network), where they demonstrate how to do with hardware and Unix-based computer software.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

The original purpose of building the project was for military use.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

At that time the United States Department of Defense (US Department of Defense) created a computer network system that was spread by connecting computers in vital areas to solve problems in the event of a nuclear attack and to avoid the occurrence of centralized information, which if going on war can be easily destroyed.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

At first ARPANET connected only 4 sites, namely Stanford Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of Utah, where they formed a single integrated network in 1969, and in general ARPANET was introduced in October 1972.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

Not long afterwards the project grew rapidly across the county, and all universities in the country wanted to join, thus making it difficult for ARPANET to organize it.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

Therefore ARPANET was broken into two, namely “MILNET” for military purposes and the new smaller “ARPANET" (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) for non-military purposes such as, universities.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

The combined two networks eventually became known under the name DARPA Internet, which was later simplified into the Internet.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

Predecessors Before the Internet appeared, there had been several communication systems that were digitally based, one of which was the telegraph system that was often considered a precursor to the Internet.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

The system emerged in the 19th century, or more than a hundred years before the internet came into widespread use in the 1990s. Telegraph technology itself originated from concepts that existed even before the first modern computers were invented, namely the concept of sending data through electromagnetic media such as radios or cables.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

But the technology is still limited because it is only able to connect a maximum of two devices.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

In later eras, scientists such as Claude Shannon, Harry Nyquist, and Ralph Hartley, developed the theory of data and information transmission, which became the basis for many theories in this field.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

Developments occurred among other things in the form of wider range and increased speed.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

But difficulties still occur because the connection between the two means of communication must occur physically, for example through a cable.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

Such a system is certainly not safe because it can be easily disconnected especially during war.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

Computer-Human Symbiosis In 1960, J. C. R. Licklider introduced the term “Man-Computer Symbiosis” (Computer-Human Symbiosis) in his scientific work.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

The term he defines as “networks of computers connected to each other through wide communication bands that serve as libraries, equipped with information storage and search technologies.”


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

Licklider along with another scientist named Welden Clark also published another work entitled “On-Line Man-Computer Communication” (Human-Machine Communication In-Network).


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

In the work, he describes how human life changes in the presence of interconnected computer networks.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

Two years later, Licklider secured an offer from Jack Runia to work as director of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), a new division within DARPA.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

The goal of the team was to create a network connecting the three main computers of the United States Department of Defense in the Cheyenne Mountains, the Pentagon, and SAC HQ.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

He approved it and soon formed a team which he referred to as the “Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network” (“Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network”).


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

Although Licklider finally quit the IPTO in 1964, the vision of a universal network put forward by him led to the creation of ARPANET five years later, in 1969.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

In 1973 Licklider again led for two years Packet switching The problem that arose in later developments was about how to unify separate physical networks into one logical network.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

In 1960, Paul Baran published a study regarding network systems for the United States military.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

The system is designed to be able to survive in case of nuclear war.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

With this system, the information that passes is shared in a smaller form, which is referred to as a message-block.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

Elsewhere, Donal Davies is also developing almost similar networking technology.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

This technology is based on a system he named packet-switching, with various advantages over previous techniques, including having better network tape utilization and faster response times than traditional circuits.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

The mathematical theory for this technology was later developed by Leonard Kleinrock of MIT.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

Follow-up research was then conducted by Tommy Krash and Paul Baran.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

Funded by the United States military, they sought to utilize previously discovered message-block systems to solve structure vulnerability problems on existing network system technologies.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

This vulnerability occurs as a result of a centralized routing structure, so that when broken the entire system will be the Internet is a computer network formed by the United States Department of Defense in 1969, through an ARPA agency project that developed a network called ARPANET ( Advanced Research Project Agency Network), where they demonstrated what about Unix-based computer hardware and software.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

The original purpose of building the project was for military use.


Question: where was Claude Shannon born?

History of the Internet

At that time the United States Department of Defense (US Department of Defense) created a computer network system that was spread by connecting computers in vital areas to solve problems in the event of a nuclear attack and to avoid the occurrence of centralized information, which if going on war can be easily destroyed.