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Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus, DM (Greek: διαβαίνειν, diabaínein, translucent or shower) (Latin: mellitus, sweet taste) also known in Indonesia under the term sweet urinary disease is a metabolic disorder caused by many factors such as lack of insulin or the body's inability to utilize insulin (Insulin resistance), with symptoma in the form of chronic hyperglycemia and impaired carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism, as a result of: deficiency of insulin hormone secretion, insulin activity, or both. [2] glucose transporter deficiency or both.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Glucose is not the usual sugar commonly available in stores or markets.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Glucose is a natural carbohydrate that the body uses as a source of energy.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

What is sold a lot is sucrose and this is very different from glucose.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

High concentrations of glucose can be found in soft drinks (soft drinks) and certain fruits.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Blood sugar levels imply only blood glucose levels and do not state levels of fructose, sucrose, maltose and lactose (many in milk). [3]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

What is not glucose will be partially converted into glucose through a process that can be lengthy depending on the type, hence it may not quickly raise blood sugar levels.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Fruits in addition to having glucose also have fructose with different composition depending on the fruit.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Sucrose included quickly turns into glucose, but sugar cubes due to the manufacturing process differ better than granulated sugar, while palm sugar and java sugar are much better for diabetics.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Glucose levels in the blood are controlled by several hormones.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Hormones are chemicals in the body that transmit signs on cells to other cells.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

When eating, the pancreas makes insulin to transmit messages to other cells in the body.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

This insulin commands cells to take glucose from the blood.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Glucose is used by cells for the manufacture of energy.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Excessive glucose is stored in cells as glycogen.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

By the time blood sugar levels reach a certain low level, the cells break down glycogen into glucose to create energy.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Various diseases, syndromes and symptomas can be triggered by diabetes mellitus, including: Alzheimer's, ataxia-telangiectasia, Down syndrome, Huntington's disease, mitochondrial abnormalities, myotonis dystrophy, Parkinson's disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Werner syndrome, Wolfram syndrome, [4] leukoaraiosis, dementia , [5] hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypogonadism, [6] and others.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

In 2013, Indonesia had about 8.5 million people with Diabetes which was the fourth most in Asia and number 7 in the world. [7]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

And by 2020, it is estimated that Indonesia will have 12 Million diabetics, because those who start getting diabetes are getting younger.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Signs and symptoms Signs of Diabetes ƒ*Frequent urination (Frequent urination) Excessive thirst (Excessive thirst) Excessive hunger (Increased hunger) Loss of weight (Weight loss) Fruity breath (Fruity breath odor) Fatigue (Tiredness) Loss of attention and concentration ( Vomiting and gastric pain, often suspected flu (Vomiting and stomach pain, often mistaken as the flu) A tingling sensation or numbness in the hands or feet Blurred vision Frequently infected (Frequent infections) Slow healing of wounds Bedwetting bedwetting, in children and adults (Bedwetting, in children and adults) The classic signs of untreated diabetes are weight loss, polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (often thirst), and polyphagia (often hungry). [8]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

The symptoms can develop very quickly (a few weeks or months only) in type1 diabetes, while in type2 diabetes it usually develops much more slowly and may be asymptomatic at all or unclear.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Some of the other signs and their symptoms may indicate the presence of diabetes, although this is not specific to diabetes.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

They are blurred views, headaches, fatigue, slow healing of wounds, and hives.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Long high levels of blood glucose can lead to the absorption of glucose in the lens of the eye, leading to a change in shape, and a change in visual acuity.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

A number of hives due to diabetes are known as diabetic dermadromes.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Emergency diabetes Patients (usually diabetes type1) may also experience diabetic ketoacidosis, a metabolic problem characterized by nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, acetone odor in breathing, deep breathing known as Kussmaul breathing, and in severe cases reduced level of consciousness. [9]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Rarely, but severe is also the possibility of the presence of Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, which is more common in type2 diabetes and this is primarily due to dehydration. [9]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Complications All forms of diabetes increase the risk of complications in the long term.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

It develops after 10-20 years, but could have the first symptoms appear in those who have not been diagnosed during this time.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

The main long-term complication is the destruction of blood vessels.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetics are twice as much at risk for cardiovascular disease [10] and about 75 percent of deaths from diabetes are due to corner heart disease. [11]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Other large vessel diseases are stroke, and peripheral vascular disease (peripheral vascular disease).


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Complications of micro blood vessels due to diabetes include damage to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves. [12]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Damage to the eye is known as diabetic retinopathy, which is caused by damage to blood vessels in the retina, and can result in gradual loss of vision and eventually blind. [12]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Damage to the kidneys is known as diabetic nephropathy, it can cause scarring, protein loss, and sometimes chronic kidney development, which sometimes requires dialysis or kidney transplantation. [12]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Damage to nerves is known as diabetic neuropathy, which is usually a major complication of diabetes. [12]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Symptoms may include numbness, tingling, pain, and other painful sensations, which can cause damage to the skin.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetic foot (such as diabetic foot ulcers) may arise, and it is difficult to deal with, sometimes requiring amputation.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

In addition, proximal diabetic neuropathy causes pain in muscle wasting and becomes weak.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

There is a link between reduced cognitive and diabetes.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Compared to those without diabetes, diabetics experienced a 1.2 to 1.6 times greater decline in cognitive function. [13]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

The World Health Organization (WHO) classification classifies forms of diabetes mellitus based on treatments and symptomas: [2] Type 1 diabetes, which includes ketoacidosis symptoma to the destruction of beta cells within the pancreas caused or causing autoimmunity, and is idiopathic.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus with apparent pathogenesis, such as cystic fibrosis or mitochondrial deficiency, does not belong to this class.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes, which results from insulin secretion deficiency, is often accompanied by insulin resistance syndrome Other Type Specific Diabetes which include genetic defects of pancreatic beta cell function, genetic defects of insulin action, pancreatic exocrine disease, endocrinopathy, drug or substance influence chemical, infectious, rare immunological causes, and other genetic syndromes associated with diabetes mellitus.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Gestational diabetes, which includes gestational impaired glucose tolerance, GIGT and gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM.And according to the clinical stage without consideration of pathogenesis, is made into: Insulin requiring for survival diabetes, as in the case of peptide-C deficiency. Insulin required for diabetes control.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

At this stage, the secretion of insulin of the endogenus is not enough to achieve the symptoms of normoglycemia, if it is not accompanied by additional hormones from outside the body.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Not insulin requiring diabetes.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

The fourth class at the clinical stage is similar to the classification of IDDM (English: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), medium fifth and sixth stages are members of the NIDDM classification (English: non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus).


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

IDDM and NIDDM are classifications listed on the International Nomenclature of Diseases in 1991 and the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases in 1992.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

The malnutrion-related classification of diabetes mellitus, MRDM, is no longer used because, although malanutrition can affect the expression of some types of diabetes, until now there has been no evidence that malanutrition or protein deficiency can cause diabetes.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Subtypes of MRDM; protein-deficient pancreatic diabetes mellitus, PDPDM, PDPD, PDDM, are still considered forms of malanutrition induced by diabetes mellitus and require further research.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Whereas another subtype, Fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes, FCPD, is classified as an exocrine pancreatic disease on the trajectory of fibrocalculous pancreatopathy inducing diabetes mellitus.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

The classification of Impaired Glucose Tolerance, IGT, is now defined as the stage of glucose regulation defects, as can be observed in all types of hyperglysemis abnormalities.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

However it is no longer considered a diabetic.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

The classification of Impaired Fasting Glycaemia, IFG, was introduced as a symptoma of fasting blood sugar ratios higher than the upper limit of its normal range, but still below the ratio established as the basis for diabetes diagnosis.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus type 1 Type 1 diabetes mellitus, pediatric diabetes (English: childhood-onset diabetes, juvenile diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM) is diabetes that occurs due to reduced ratio of insulin in blood circulation due to loss of insulin-producing beta cells in islands of pancreatic Langerhans.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

IDDM can be suffered by children as well as adults.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Until now IDDM was unpreventable and incurable, even with diet or exercise.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Most people with type 1 diabetes have good health and weight when the disease begins to suffer.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

In addition, both sensitivity and the body's response to insulin are generally normal in people with diabetes of this type, especially in the early stages.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

The greatest cause of beta cell loss in type 1 diabetes is the error of the autoimmunity reaction that destroys the beta cells of the pancreas.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Such autoimmunity reactions can be triggered by the presence of infection in the body.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Currently, type 1 diabetes can only be treated using insulin, with meticulous supervision of blood glucose levels through a blood-testing monitor device.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

The basic treatment of type 1 diabetes, even for the earliest stages, is insulin replacement.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Without insulin, ketosis and diabetic ketoacidosis can lead to coma can even result in death.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Emphasis is also placed on lifestyle adjustment (diet and exercise. [14]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Apart from injectable administration in general, it is also possible to give insulin through the pump, which allows for the administration of insulin input 24 hours a day at a predetermined dose rate, it is also possible to give the dose (a bolus) of the required insulin at the time of the meal.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

As well as it is also possible to give insulin input through “inhaled powder”.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Type 1 diabetes care should continue.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Treatment will not affect normal activities if sufficient awareness, proper care, and discipline in the examination and treatment are carried out.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Average Glucose levels for patients with type 1 diabetes should be as close as possible to normal numbers (80—120mg/dl, 4-6mmol/l).


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Some doctors recommend getting to 140—150mg/dl (7-7.5mmol/l) for those with problems with lower numbers, such as “frequent hypoglycemic events”.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Numbers above 200mg/dl (10mmol/l) are often followed by discomfort and too frequent urination leading to dehydration.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Numbers above 300mg/dl (15mmol/l) usually require prompt treatment and can lead to ketoacidosis.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Low levels of blood glucose, called hypoglycemia, can lead to loss of consciousness.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

In older people, usually blood sugar is kept below 200mg/dl only and not lower, because it is feared that the occurrence of 'hypo' or blood sugar below 100mg/dl, for example, late eating, eating less than usual or too happy with activity excess than usual.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Currently, there is a lot of insulin administration to people with diabetes type 2 that continuously blood sugar is always above 200mg/dl, although they have been given various combinations of oral medications.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Insulin given is a 'long acting' or 24 hours and still taking oral medication at a lower dose each large meal.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus type 2 Diabetes mellitus type 2 (English: adult-onset diabetes, obesity-related diabetes, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) is a type of diabetes mellitus that occurs not caused by the ratio of insulin in the blood circulation, but is a disorder metabolism caused by mutations in many genes, [15] including those expressing β-cell dysfunction, impaired secretion of insulin hormone, cell resistance to insulin [16] caused by GLUT10 dysfunction [17] with resistin hormone cofactors causing tissue cells, especially in the liver becomes less sensitive to insulin [18] as well as RBP4 which suppresses glucose uptake by striated muscles but increases blood sugar secretion by the liver. [18]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Mutations of that gene often occur on chromosome 19 which is the densest chromosome found in humans. [19]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

At NIDDM was found high expression of SGLT1, [20] a high ratio of RBP4 and resistin hormones, [18] an increase in the metabolic rate of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver, [18] a decrease in the rate of oxidation reactions and an increase in the rate of esterification reactions in the liver. [21]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

NIDDM can also be caused by dyslipidemia [22], lipodystrophy, [18] and insulin resistance syndrome.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

At the initial stage of the disorder that appears is a reduced sensitivity to insulin, which is characterized by an increased level of insulin in the blood.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Hyperglycemia can be alleviated by anti-diabetic drugs that can increase insulin sensitivity or reduce glucose production from hepatic, but the more severe the disease, insulin secretion is reduced, and insulin therapy is sometimes needed.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

There are several theories that mention the exact cause and mechanism of occurrence of this resistance, but central obesity is known to be a predisposing factor to the occurrence of resistance to insulin, in relation to the discharge from adipokines it impairs glucose tolerance.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Obesity is found in approximately 90% of the world's patients developed a diagnosis with type 2 sweet urination.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Other factors include snarling and family history, although in the last decade it has been steadily increasing began to affect adolescents and children.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes can occur without any symptoms prior to the outcome of the diagnosis.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes is usually, initially, treated by means of changes in physical activity (exercise), [23] diet (generally a reduction in carbohydrate intake), and passing weight reduction.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

It can reinvigorate the sensitivity of the hormone insulin, even when the weight/load loss is humble,, for example, at around 5kg (10 to 15lb), most especially when it is in obese abdominal deposits.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

The next step, if necessary, treatment with oral antidiabetic drugs.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

[As /When/Cause] production of the hormone insulin is an initially unobstructed treatment, oral (often used in combination) cans remain used to increase the production of the hormone insulin (e.g., sulfonylureas) and regulate the unsuitable release/release of glucose by the liver ( and thinning the retaliation of insulin hormones to some extent (e.g., metformin), and in fact thinning the retaliation of insulin hormones (e.g., thiazolidinediones).


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

If this fails, the science of insulin hormone treatment will become necessary to maintain normal or near normal glucose levels.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

An orderly way of life about blood glucose check is recommended in most cases, most especially once and necessary when taking most medications.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

A dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor substance called sitagliptin, has recently been allowed for use as a treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. [24]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Like other dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, sitagliptin will open opportunities for both tumor and cancer cell development. [25] [26] A very characteristic phenotype shown by NIDDM in humans is a deficiency in oxidative metabolism within mitochondria [27] in striated muscles. [28] [29] In contrast, tri-iodotironina hormone induces biogenesis within the mitochondria and increases the synthesis of ATP synthase in complex V, increases cytochrome c oxidase activity in complex IV, decreases reactive oxygen spection, decreases oxidative stress, [30] moderate melatonin hormone will increases ATP production within the mitochondria as well as increases respiratory chain activity, especially in complexes I, III and IV. [31]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Together with insulin, these three hormones form a cycle that regulates oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria within striated muscles. [32]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

On the other hand, metallothioneine inhibiting GSK-3beta activity will reduce the risk of cardiac muscle deficiency in diabetics. [33] [34] [35] Symptoma occurring in NIDDM can be dramatically reduced, followed by a reduction in body weight, after intestinal bypass surgery.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

This is known as a result of increased secretion of the hormone incretin, but experts have not been able to determine whether this method can provide a cure for NIDDM with changes in glucose homeostasis. [36]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

In traditional therapy, flavonoids containing the compounds hesperidin and naringin, are known to cause: [37] increased mRNA glucokinase, increased expression of GLUT4 in the liver and increased tissue enlightenment gamma proliferator peroxisome increased plasma ratio hormone insulin, protein C and leptin [38] decreased expression of GLUT2 in the liver decreased plasma ratio of fatty acids and triglyceride levels in the liver decreased plasma ratio and cholesterol levels in the liver, among others by suppressing 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme reductase, acyl-coA, cholesterol acyltransferase decrease oxidation fatty acids in the liver and carnitine activity of palmitoyl, among others by reducing the synthesis of glucose-6 phosphatase dehydrogenase and phosphatidate phosphohydrolase increase the rate of glycolysis trajectory and/or decrease the rate of medium gluconeogenesis trajectory naringin itself, decreases transcription mRNA phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6 phosphatase inside the liver.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Hesperidin is an organic compound found in citrus fruits, while naringin is widely found in grapes.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus type 2 can be prevented or slowed by developing a Healthy Lifestyle: [39] Healthy diet by increasing consumption of vegetables and fruits Exercise 3 times a week, each at least 20 minutes [40] Maintain ideal weight Avoid cigarettes Reduce intake Alcohol Normal weight men risk 70 percent lower than those of obes, while women with normal weight the risk is 78 percent lower than those with obes.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Do always Blood Sugar Test, because a diagnosed person starts Predieabetes, but immediately does his Lifestyle Changes, then he will avoid type 2 diabetes mellitus or at least slow down the appearance of Dibetes mellitus type 2.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Type 3 diabetes mellitus gestational diabetes (English: gestational diabetes, insulin-resistant type 1 diabetes, double diabetes, type 2 diabetes which has progressed to require injected insulin, latent autoimmune diabetes of adults, type 1.5" diabetes, type 3 diabetes, LADA) or diabetes mellitus that occurs only during pregnancy and recovers after childbirth, with the involvement of interleukin-6 and reactive protein C on its pathogenetic trajectory. [41]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

GDM may be able to damage the health of the fetus or the mother, and about 20— 50% of women with GDM survive.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy occurs in about 2— 5% of all pregnancies.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

GDM is temporary and can increase or disappear after childbirth.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

GDM is curable, but requires careful medical supervision during gestation.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Although GDM is temporary, if not handled properly it can harm the health of the fetus and the mother.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Risks that may be experienced by infants include macrosomia (infant weight high/above normal), congenital heart disease and central nervous system abnormalities, and skeletal muscle defects.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Increased fetal hormone insulin can inhibit the production of fetal surfactant and result in respiratory distress syndrome.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Hyperbilirubinemia can result from damage to red blood cells.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

In severe cases, death before birth may occur, most commonly occurring as a result of poor placental perfusion due to vascular damage.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Induction of pregnancy can be indicated by decreased placental function.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Cesarean surgery may be performed when there is a sign that the fetus is in danger or an increased risk of macrosomia-related injuries, such as shoulder dystocia.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Pathophysiology The possibility of induction of type 2 diabetes from various hormonal disorders, such as hormone secretion of the adrenal glands, pituitary and thyroid is an observational study that is currently on the leaf.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

For example, the onset of IGT and diabetes mellitus is often called associated by acromegaly and hypercortisolism or Cushing's syndrome.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Hypersecretion of GH hormones in acromegaly and Cushing's syndrome often results in insulin resistance, both in the liver and other organs, with hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia symptomas, which impact cardiovascular disease and result in death. [42]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

GH does have an important role in glucose metabolism by stimulating glucogenesis and lipolysis, and increasing blood glucose and fatty acid levels.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

In contrast, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) increases sensitivity to insulin, especially in striated muscles.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

However, in acromegaly, an increase in IGF-I ratio cannot decrease insulin resistance, due to excess GH.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Therapy with somatostatin can dampen excess GH in some people, but since it also inhibits insulin secretion from the pancreas, it will provoke complications in glucose tolerance.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

While hypersecretion of the hormone cortisol in hypercortisolism that causes visceral obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, leads to hyperglycemia and decreased glucose tolerance, the occurrence of insulin resistance, stimulation of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

When synergistic with hypertension cofactors, hypercoagulation, may increase cardiovascular risk.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Hormonal hypersecretion also occurs in the thyroid gland in the form of tri-iodothyronina with hyperthyroidism leading to abnormal glucose tolerance.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

In patients with neuroendocrine tumors, there is a change in glucose tolerance caused by insulin hyposecretion, as occurs in patients with pancreatic surgery, feokromocytoma, glucagonoma and somatostatinoma.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Hormone hypersecretion is considered to also induce diabetes of another type, namely type 1.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Synergies of cytokine-shaped hormones, interferon-gamma and TNF-α, are encountered carrying apoptotic signals for beta cells, both in vitro and in vivo. [43]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Beta-cell apoptosis also occurs as a result of fas-FASL mechanisms, [44] [45] and/or hypersecretion of cytotoxic molecules, such as granzyme and perforin; in addition to hyperactivity of CD8- and CD4- T cells. [45]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Complications Long-term complications include cardiovascular disease (double risk), chronic failure of the kidneys (the main cause of dialysis), retinal damage that can lead to blindness, as well as nerve and blood vessel damage that can lead to impotence and gangrene with risk of amputation.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

More serious complications are more common, when control of blood sugar levels is poor.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Complications mean that several organs and body functions are disrupted at once.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

According to the Agency for Health Research and Development (Balitbangkes) Kemkes RI, diabetics can experience the following complications: 50.9 percent have decreased sexual function, 30.6 percent of their body reflexes are impaired, 29.3 percent of their retinas are impaired (diabetic retinopathy), 16.3 percent experiencing early cataracts (faster than the age should be). 50 percent of diabetics will die, due to cardiovascular disease. [46]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetic ketoacidosis In people with type I diabetes, symptoms arise suddenly and can progress rapidly into a state called diabetic ketoacidosis.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

The level of sugar in the blood is high but because most cells cannot use sugar without insulin, then these cells take energy from other sources.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Fat cells are broken down and produce ketones, which are toxic chemical compounds that can cause blood to become acidic (ketoacidosis).


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

The initial symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis are thirst and frequent urination, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and abdominal pain (especially in children).


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Breathing becomes deep and rapid as the body seeks to improve the acidity of the blood.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

The smell of the patient's breath smells like the smell of acetone.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Without treatment, diabetic ketoacidosis can develop into a coma, sometimes within just a few hours.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Even after starting insulin therapy, people with type I diabetes can develop ketoacidosis if they miss one insulin injection or experience stress from a serious infection, accident or illness.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Patients with type II diabetes can be asymptomatic for several years.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

If the lack of insulin is getting worse, then symptoms appear in the form of frequent urination and thirst.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Rarely does ketoacidosis occur.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

If blood sugar levels are very high (up to more than 1,000mg/dL, usually due to stress—for example infections or medications), then the patient will be severely dehydrated, which can lead to mental confusion, dizziness, seizures and a state called hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar coma non-ketotic.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetic retinopathy Diabetic retinopathy is a disruption of the Eye Retina, due to the stiffness and fragility of the blood vessels of the retina, due to the presence of diabetes.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

As a result blood vessels may rupture or vice versa become clogged and form new blood vessels.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetic retinopathy is usually without any symptoms, therefore diabetics should have their eyes checked at least once a year.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

If you see as if there is a flying object hover or blurred view or even completely disappears (1 eye), immediately treat, because it is certain to be torn or even partial detachment of the retina.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Almost all Eye Clinics and Eye Hospitals that have a Retinal section or more specifically a Diabetic Retinopathy section have a Photo Fundus tool (Funduscopy) or more advanced that can determine the presence of disorders in the Retina and if significant disorders are found, it will be Laser held against the Retina for approximately 20 minutes.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

The cost of Funduscopy is relatively inexpensive, but the cost of laser is rather high. 8 percent of diabetics of any type will experience the risk of blindness in their old age. [47] [48] Diagnosis of Diabetic disease screening If any of the diabetes risk factors below are met, then it should be carried out Filtering the disease is screened by performing a Fasting Blood Sugar Test and a Blood Sugar Test 2 hours after eating.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Considering that doing the above 2 tests in the Clinical Laboratory costs as large as the Glucose Tolerance Test, then you should just do the Glucose Tolerance Test directly.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Risk factors for diabetes: [49] Older adult age group (45 years and older).


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Overweight {BB (kg) > 120% BB dream or IMT > 27 (kg/m2)} IMT or Body Time Index = Body Weight (Kg) divided by Height (meter) divided by Height (cm), for example Weight 86kg and Height 1.75meter, then IMT = 86/1.75/1.75 = 28 > 27, means having risk factors for diabetes.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

High blood pressure (> 140/90 mm Hg).


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Family history of DM, father or mother or siblings there being affected by diabetes.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

History of pregnancy with BB born baby > 4000 grams.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

History of DM in pregnancy.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Dyslipidemia (HDL < 35mg/dl dan atau Trigliserida > 250mg/dl.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Ever TGT (Impaired Glucose Tolerance) or GDPT (impaired fasting blood glucose).


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Many people argue that thin people can not get diabetes, this is not true, especially thin people with a deep belly called central obesity.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

According to Public Health England 2014, a person with a large belly whether thin whether fat with a waist circumference exceeding 80 centimeters for women and exceeding 90 centimeters for men has a 7 times greater risk of developing diabetes than those who are not bulky.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Buncit means excess food intake and invites the occurrence of diabetes. [50]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Table: Blood glucose levels during and fasting by enzymatic method as a benchmark for filter and diagnosis of DM (mg/dl). [51] Not yet uncertain DMDM Blood glucose levels:Venous plasma<110110 - 199>200Capillary blood <9090 - 199> 200Fasting blood glucose levels:Venous plasma<110110 - 125>126Capillary blood <9090 - 109>110 Clinical symptoma hyperglycemia further induces three other classic symptoms: polyuria - frequent urination polydipsia - always feeling thirsty polyphagia - always feeling hungry weight loss, often only in type 1 diabetes mellitus and after term long without adequate treatment, can provoke various chronic complications, such as: eye disorders with the potential to result in blindness, impairment of the kidneys to result in renal failure cardiovascular disorders, accompanied by lesions of the basal membrane that can be noticed by examination using electron microscopy, [51] disorders of the nervous system up to autonomic nerve dysfunction, foot ulcer, amputation, charcot joint and sexual dysfunction, and other symptoms such as dehydration, ketoacidosis, ketonuria and non-ketotic hyperosmolar which can result in stupor and coma prone to infection.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

The word diabetes mellitus itself refers to a symptoma called glycosuria, or sweet urination, which occurs if the sufferer does not get treatment immediately.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes disease control There are 4 pillars of diabetes disease control: [49] Education, patients should know that diabetes disease cannot be cured, but can be controlled and control should be carried out for a lifetime Food, if input/input is bad, then output/result will be bad, so also if eating exceeds the prescribed diet, then blood sugar levels will increase Exercise, it is necessary to burn excess sugar levels present in the blood [40] Medication, only if necessary, but if the blood sugar level has dropped by taking the drug, does not mean it has been cured, but it must be consultation with a doctor whether to stay taking medications at a fixed level or taking medications similar to lowered levels or taking other medications. In dieting the patient should know about the glycemic index, that is, the rise in blood sugar levels after eating certain foods weighing 100 grams compared to drinking 100 grams of glucose where the increase in blood sugar due to drinking such glucose is rated at 100 and the food is below 100, the farther from 100 and near zero the better, meaning the food has a low glycemic index and is digested (very) slowly and the increase His blood sugar levels are not fast.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

But it is best to know the glycemic charge, that is, how many servings of charcoal hydrate (powdery substance) contained in such a number of foods are multiplied by their glycemic index and then divided by 100.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

So if you eat foods with a low glycemic index, but in large portions, then the glycemic charge becomes high and certainly not good for diabetics.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Patients who are sufficiently restrained by eating arrangements alone do not have difficulties when fasting.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Patients who are sufficiently restrained with a single dose of the drug also have no difficulty fasting.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

The drug is administered at the time of breaking the fast.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

For those restrained with high doses of oral hypoglycemic drugs (OHO), the drug is administered with doses before breaking the fast greater than the sahur dose.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

For those who take insulin, medium-term insulin is used when breaking the fast alone.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

While patients who have to take double doses of insulin (DMTI), it is recommended not to fast during Ramadan. [51]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Heredity and Lifestyle Diabetes mellitus is lowered, especially when both parents are severe diabetics, but the emergence of Diabetes mellitus type 2 is more influenced by poor Lifestyle, even in couples who one of them is a type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, then Her partner who did not previously have Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the end 26 percent may also have it, because it follows or is affected by her partner's Lifestyle.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Men are often detected late suffering from this disease, because after the Children's Stage rarely get Clinical Laboratorum Examination, while women at least during pregnancy often check with the doctor and also the Clinical Laboratory. [52]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Inhaled insulin research has been developed. [53]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

The initial product has been withdrawn, due to its side effects. [53]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

Afrezza, made by MannKind Corporation, was approved by the FDA (BPOM United States) for general sale in June 2014 [54] There are several advantages of such inhaled insulin: convenient, easy to use and as an alternative to people who cannot use injectable insulin . [55]


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

See also Diabetes insipidus Phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase Atorvastatin Lectin Lipoic acid Reference Outside link Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

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Diabetes mellitus

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Diabetes mellitus

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Diabetes mellitus


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Diabetes mellitus

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Diabetes mellitus


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Diabetes mellitus

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Diabetes mellitus


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Diabetes mellitus

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Diabetes mellitus


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Diabetes mellitus

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Diabetes mellitus

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Diabetes mellitus

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Question: Do Diabetes mellitus type 2 patients need surgery?

Diabetes mellitus

* Category:Nutrition Category:Endocrine Diseases Category:Metabolic disorders


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

Short selling or short selling [1] is a term used in the financial world, is a way to profit from falling prices from securities such as stocks or bonds.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

As the opposite of “short” this is “long” which is the strategy used when the price is expected to experience an increase.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

Short selling is a means used in stock sales where an investor/trader borrows funds (on margin) to sell shares (which are not already owned) at high prices in the hope that they will buy back and return the stock stock to his broker at a time when the stock falls.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

A “short” seller owes to a broker, where the broker borrows the intended stock from other investors who own the shares traded in a “long” manner; such brokers are usually very rare to purchase shares in real terms to be lent to “short” sellers. [2].


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

The lender does not lose its right to sell the shares borrowed, so when a share is loaned, there are two investors who have the right to sell the same shares at the same time.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

History The term “short” has been used at least since the 19th century, as is the general sense that the term “short” is used because the seller's account “short” on his broker is in a deficit position.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

These “short” sellers were blamed for the 1929 Wall Street Collapse.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

Regulations governing the sale of these short began to be implemented in 1929 and in 1940.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

President Herbert Hoover blamed the sellers “short” and also J. Edgar Hoover stated that he would conduct an investigation into “short” sellers for their role in prolonging the depression.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

Regulations enacted in 1940 prohibited mutual funds from making “short” sales (this law was updated in 1997).


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

Some special examples of mass “short” sales activities are during the “economic bubble” times, such as during the dot-com bubble, where in those periods “short” sellers expect a market correction.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) announcement of its approval of a drug often causes the market to react unreasonably; “short” sellers use this opportunity. Negative news such as a lawsuit against a company will also stimulate traders professional to conduct stock sales on a “short” basis.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

The mechanism for selling “short” shares consists of: An investor loans shares (there are different regulations in each country that limit the comparison of the amount of loan that can be made with funds available as a deposit on a brokerage account).


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

Investors sell them and the proceeds are credited to their accounts to stockbrokerage firms.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

Investors should “close” their positions by making share buybacks.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

If the price falls then he will benefit but if the price rises it will lose.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

Investors eventually returned those shares to lenders.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

Loan a security If someone sells a security then the sale is accompanied by an obligation to submit the security sold to the buyer.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

If the sale of the security is done in a “short” manner in the sense that the security is not already owned, it must be made a loan from a third party in order to fulfill the obligation of the submission.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

If the loan is not done, there will be a “failed handover”, where the security transaction cannot be “completed” and will arise a lawsuit from the counterparty to the transaction.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

Certain security depositors such as custodian banks or investment management companies often lend security for additional income, this is called “security lending”.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

Lenders receive service returns for these services, as well as on retail investors who can also lend their shares to their brokers at an additional service return.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

This can only happen if the investor has “full rights” to the security, so it cannot be used as collateral for margin transactions of Deutsche Bank (Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany) State Street Corporation (Boston) JPMorgan Chase (New York) Citibank (New York) Mellon Bank Corp. (Pittsburgh) Bank of New York (New York) A “naked short” sale a plain “short” sale is a sale of a security in a “short” manner but without certainty about the existence of the security lender.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

In America, making a preparation for lending security is called “allocation” (locate).


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

In order to prevent widespread handover failures, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) implemented a rule called “Regulation SHO”, which protects investors from “short” selling actions before “allocation”.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

Such restrictions do not apply to market creators because these restrictions would seriously limit liquidity.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

The concept of Short selling is the opposite of “going long.”


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

The seller “shorgyyt” anticipates that the stock price will fall so that there will thus be a possibility that he will be able to buy the stock at a lower price than its selling price so that it can be made a profit.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

The act of repurchasing shares sold is called “closing short” (covering the short).


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

Day traders and hedge funds often use “short” sales to profit on stocks whose prices are considered to be proficient.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

The broker's yield in facilitating the submission of the “short” seller customer will charge a certain amount of service for the services it provides in the form of a standard “commission” as imposed in a security transaction.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

If in a “short” position it turns out that the price increases then the money will be moved from the customer's cash account to the “margin” account.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

If the price increases and the customer does not have sufficient funds to close the position then the customer will be given a loan called a “margin loan” which will be charged interest on the loan.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

Trading market Futures and options contracts In futures contract transactions, short positions mean an obligation to submit something at the time of the maturity date of the contract even if other than the obligation of submission then the holder of the “short” position may use an alternative to make a repurchase of such contracts at maturity.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

These “short” futures transactions are often used by commodity producers to obtain price certainty in the future for goods that have not been produced.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

These “short” futures contracts are also used by those who hold a benchmark asset (e.g. holders of “long” positions) as a temporary hedge for price downside risks.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

On speculative trading is also commonly used by investors who expect to profit from the falling price of futures contracts at maturity.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

Investors may also purchase sell options that give investors the “right” (not obligation) to sell the benchmark asset (such as shares) at the exact price.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

At a time when the market price falls, the option holder can execute this sell option which requires the counterparty to the transaction purchase the benchmark asset at an agreed price (“strike price”) that is higher than the “spot” price of the asset.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

Currency The sale of “short” on money market transactions is different from selling “short” on the stock market.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

Currencies are traded in pairs, where a currency is valued based on the value of its pair's currency.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

In fact, selling “short” on the money market is synonymous with “long” sales.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

For example, a trader wants to trade USD against rupiah assuming the current market value is 1USD=Rp. 10,000and the trader borrows Rp 20,000 where with this money he makes a 2USD purchase.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

If on the next day the conversion rate becomes 1USD=10.100 then the trader by selling 2USD in his possession will earn Rp. 20,200, then Rp. 20,000 will be returned and he earns a profit of Rp. 200.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

Risk On buying a stock (the so-called “going long”) has different risks to selling short.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

At “long”, the loss is finite (the price can only drop maximally to zero) but the gain is infinite.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

On a “short” sale that is the opposite where the possibility of profit gain is limited (the price can only drop by maximum to zero) but the seller can suffer unlimited losses.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

It is for these purposes that “short” selling is usually used as part of a hedging strategy rather than as a means of investment.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

Most “short” sellers give a “stop loss order” to their broker after making a “short” sale of the stock.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

This is an order to the broker to protect the position if the price of the stock rises to a certain price level in order to limit the risk of loss and avoid the onset of unlimited liabilities as mentioned above.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

Short selling is sometimes referred to as a “negative income investment strategy” because of the absence of potential to earn a devident or income where the only income is only from the difference in price.


Question: is the short selling done on wallstreet?

Sell Blank

See also Security lending Long (finance) Options (finance) Outside links, Alex J. Pollock, June 6 2006, Washington Legal Foundation Footnotes Category:Capital markets Category:Speculation


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

It is a soft metal, silvery-white, and highly reactive.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 of the periodic table, because it has one electron in its outer shell that it readily contributes to, creating a positively charged atom—the Na+ cation.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The only stable isotope is 23Na.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The free metal is not present in nature, but it must be made from its compounds.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and is present in many minerals such as feldspar, sodalite and halite (rock salt, NaCl).


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Many sodium salts are highly soluble in water: sodium ions have been dogged by the water action of Earth's minerals for thousands of years, and thus sodium And chlorine are the most common dissolved elements in the oceans (by weight).


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium was first isolated by Humphry Davy in 1807 through electrolysis of sodium hydroxide.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Among many other useful sodium compounds, sodium hydroxide (lindi, English: lye) is used in soap making, and sodium chloride (kitchen salt) is an ice-melting agent and nutrient for animals including humans.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium is an essential element for all animals and some plants.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium ions are the main cations in extracellular fluids (extracellular fluid, ECF) and are therefore the main contributor to ECF osmotic pressure and ECF compartment volume.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The loss of water from the ECF compartment increases sodium concentration, a condition called hypernatremia.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Isotonic loss of water and sodium from ECF compartments reduces the size of those compartments in a condition called ECF hypovolemia.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

By means of a sodium-potassium pump, a living human cell pumps three sodium ions out of the cell in exchange for the two potassium ions pumped in; comparing the concentration of ions crossing the cell membrane, from the inside out, potassium about 40:1, and sodium, about 1:10.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

In nerve cells, electrical charge crosses the cell membrane thus allowing the transmission of nerve impulses—a potential action—when that charge is dissipated; sodium plays an important role in that activity.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The Physics characteristic of Sodium at standard temperature and pressure is a silvery soft metal which if it reacts with oxygen in the air and forms a greyish-white sodium oxide unless immersed in oil or inert gas, which is its general storage condition.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium metal can be easily cut using a knife and is a good conductor of electricity and heat, since it has only one electron on its valence petals, resulting in weak metallic bonds and free electrons, which carry energy.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Due to its low atomic mass and its long atomic radius, sodium is the 3rd lowest-density metallic element among the entire metal and one of the three metals that can float in water, the other two being lithium and potassium. [1]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The melting (98°C) and boiling points (883°C) of sodium are lower than those of lithium but higher than those of heavier alkali metals (potassium, rubidium, and sesium), following periodic trends along the group from top to bottom. [2]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

These properties change dramatically at pressure increases: at 1.5Mbar, the colour changes from silvery to black; at 1.9Mbar it becomes transparent with red; and at 3Mbar, sodium is a clear, transparent solid.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

All of these high-pressure allotropies are insulators and electrides. [3]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

In the flame test, sodium and its compounds produce a yellow color [4] because the excited sodium 3s electrons emit photons when they return from 3p to 3s; the wavelength of these photons is on the D line at about 589.3nm. spin—orbit interactions involving electrons on the 3p orbital break the D line in half, at 589.0 and 589.6nm; a hyperfine structure involving both orbitals leads to more lines. [5]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Isotopes There are twenty known isotopes of sodium, but only 23Na is stable. 23Na is created in the process of burning carbon in stars through the melting of two carbon atoms together; this requires temperatures above 600 megakelvins and a star of at least three times the mass mass of the sun. [6]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Two cosmogenic, radioactive isotopes are byproducts of cosmic ray spalation: 22Na with a half-life of 2.6 years and 24Na, a half-life of 15 hours; all other isotopes have half-lives of less than one minute. [7]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Two nuclear isomers have been found, the one with the longest lifespan being 24mNA with a half-life of about 20.2 milliseconds.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Acute neutron radiation, such as from a crunch accident, converts some of the stable 23Na in human blood to 24Na; the dose of neutron radiation in the victim can be calculated by measuring the concentration of 24Na relative to 23Na. [8]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Chemistry The sodium atom has 11 electrons, more one than the highly stable fluorescent noble gas configuration.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Therefore, and its first low ionization energy catene at 495.8 kJ/mol, the sodium atom is much easier to lose the last electron and become positively charged than it is to gain one electron to become negatively charged. [9]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

This process requires very little energy so sodium is readily oxidized by releasing its 11th electron.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

In contrast, the second ionization energy is very high (4562 kJ/mol), because the 10th electron is closer to the atomic nucleus than the 11th electron.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

As a result, sodium typically forms ionic compounds as Na+ cations. [10]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The most common sodium oxidation rate is +1.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

It is generally not cereactive potassium but is more reactive than lithium. [11]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium metal is a strong reductor, with the standard reduction potential for Na+/Na pairs being −2.71 volts, [12] although potassium and lithium have more negative potentials. [13]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Salts and oxides Sodium compounds are of enormous commercial importance, especially for industries producing glass, paper, soap, and textiles. [14]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The most important sodium compounds are kitchen salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na2CO3), baking soda (NaHCO3), fire soda (NaOH), sodium nitrate (Nano3), di- and tri-sodium phosphate, sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3·5H2O), as well as borax (Na2B4O7·10H2O). [15]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

In compounds, sodium usually binds ionically to water and anions, and is considered a strong Lewis acid. [16]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Most soaps are sodium salts of fatty acids.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium soap has a higher melting point (and appears to be “stronger”) than potassium soap. [15]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Like all alkali metals, sodium reacts exothermically with water, and sizable chunks melt and can explode.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The reaction produces flame soda (sodium hydroxide) and flammable hydrogen gas.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

When it burns in the air, it forms, mainly, sodium peroxide and sodium oxide. [17]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium water solutions tend to form water-soluble compounds, such as halides, sulfates, nitrates, carboxylates and carbonates.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The main aquatic species is the aquo complex [Na (H2O) n] +, where n = 4—8; with n=6 showing data from X-ray diffraction and computer simulations. [18]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Direct precipitation of sodium salts from aquatic solutions is rare because sodium salts usually have a high affinity to water; with the exception of sodium bismutate (NaBio3). [19]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Therefore, sodium salts are usually isolated as solids by evaporation or through precipitation with organic solvents, such as ethanol; for example, only 0.35g/L of sodium chloride will dissolve in ethanol. [20]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Crown ethers, such as 15-crown-5, can be used as phase transfer catalysts. [21]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Large amounts of sodium content can be determined by treatment using highly excess uranyl zinc acetate; its hydrate hexa, (UO·6H2O precipitates and can be weighed.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sesium and rubidium do not interfere with this reaction, but potassium and lithium interfere. [22]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Lower sodium concentrations can be determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry [23] or by potentiometry using selective ion electrodes. [24]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Electrides and sodides Like other alkali metals, sodium dissolves in ammonia and some amines produce colored solutions; evaporation of this solution leaves a metallic lustrous sodium film.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The solution contains a coordination complex (Na (NH3) 6) +, with a positive charge offset by electrides (electrons as anions); cryptanes allow isolation of these complexes as crystalline solids.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium forms complexes with crown ethers, cryptanes and other ligands. [25]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

For example, 15-crown-5 has a high affinity to sodium because the cavity size (cavity) of 15-crown-5 is 1.7—2.2Å, which is quite fitting for sodium ions (1.9Å). [26] [27] Cryptanes, like crown ethers and other ionophorus ions, also have high affinity to sodium ions; Na− can be obtained [28] by cryptane addiction on sodium solution in ammonia through disproportionation. [29]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Organonatrial compounds Many organonatrial compounds have been made.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

They behave like carbanion sources (salts with organic anions), due to the high polarity of the C-Na bond.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Some well-known derivates include sodium cyclopentadienide (NaC5H5) and tritil sodium ((C6H5) 3CNA). [30]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Because the Na+ cation is large and has very low polarization strength, it can stabilize the radicals of large, aromatic, polarized anions, as in sodium naphthalenide, Na+ [C10H8•] −, a strong reductor. [31]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The intermetallic compound Sodium forms alloys with many metals, such as potassium, calcium, lead, and elements of class 11 and 12.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium and potassium make up KNa2 and NaK.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

NaK is 40-90% potassium and is liquid tangible at ambient temperature.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

It is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium-calcium alloys are byproducts of the electrolytic production of sodium from a mixture of Nacl-CaCl2 binary salts and ternary mixtures of Nacl-CaCl2-Bacl2.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The mixing of calcium with sodium is only partial.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

In the liquid state, sodium mixes perfectly with lead.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

There are several methods for making sodium-lead alloys.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

One is to dilute the two together and the other is to electrolytically deposit sodium at the liquid lead cathode.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

NaPb 3, NaPb, Na 9Pb 4, Na 5Pb 2, and Na 15Pb 4 are some of the known sodium-lead alloys.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium also forms alloys with gold (NaAu2) and silver (NaAg2).


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Class 12 metals (zinc, cadmium and mercury are known to make alloys with sodium.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

NazN13 and NaCD2 are alloyed with zinc and cadmium.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium and mercury form NaHg, NaHG4, NaHG2, Na 3Hg 2, and Na3Hg. [32]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

History Due to its importance in human metabolism, salt has long been an important commodity, as indicated by the English word salary (English: salary), derived from salarium, salt wafers (brick salt) sometimes given to Roman soldiers along with their wages other.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

In medieval Europe, a sodium compound with the Latin name sodanum was used as a headache remedy.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The name soda is thought to be derived from the Arabic suda, meaning headache, since the properties of sodium carbonate or soda that can reduce headaches have been known from the very beginning. [33]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Although sodium, sometimes called soda, has long been known in its compounds, the metal itself was newly isolated in tofu 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy through electrolysis of sodium hydroxide. [34] [35] In 1809, the German physicist as well as chemist Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert proposed the name Natronium for “sodium” findings Humphry Davy and Potassium for “potassium” Davy findings. [36]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The chemical abbreviation for sodium was first published in 1814 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in his atomic symbol system, [37] [38] and stands for the name of the Neo Latin element sodium, which refers to the Egyptian language sodium, [33] a natural mineral salt whose main content is sodium hydrated carbonates.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Natron historically had several important industrial and household uses, later replaced by other sodium compounds. [39]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium gives a strong yellow color to the flame.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

As early as 1860, Kirchhoff and Bunsen noted the high sensitivity of sodium to the flame test, and stated in Annalen der Physik und Chemie: [40] In the farthest corner of the apparatus inside our 60m3 room, we detonated 3mg of sodium chlorate with milk sugar while observing the flame that does not glow from behind the gap.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

After a while, it glowed bright yellow and showed strong sodium lines that disappeared only after 10 minutes.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

From the weight of the sodium salt and the volume of air in the room, we easily calculate that one part of the weight of air should not contain more than 1/20 million parts of the weight of sodium.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The earthly crust contains 2.27% sodium, making it the 7th most abundant element on Earth and the 5th most abundant metal, after aluminum, iron, calcium, and magnesium, and before potassium. [41]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The estimated abundance of sodium in the oceans is 1.08×104 milligrams per liter. [42]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Because of its high reactivity, it has never been encountered as a pure element.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

It is found in many different minerals, some very soluble, such as halite and natron, others less soluble, such as amphiboles and zeolites.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The solubility of certain sodium minerals such as cryolite and felspar arises from their polymer anions, which in the case of feldspar are polysilicates.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Astronomical observations In the interstellar medium, sodium is identified through the D spectrum line; although it has a high evaporation temperature, its abundance in the atmosphere of the planet Mercury allowed it to be detected by Potter and Morgan using high-resolution earth station spectroscopy.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium has been detected in at least one comet; astronomers who witnessed Comet Hale-Bopp in 1997 observed a sodium tail containing neutral atoms (not ions) and reaching distances of up to 50 million kilometers behind the head. [43]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Commercial production can only be used for rather specialized applications, only about 100,000 tons of sodium metal are produced annually. [14]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium metal was first produced commercially in the late 19th century [44] through carbothermal reduction of sodium carbonate at 1100°C, as the first stage of the Deville process for aluminium production: [45] [46] [47] Na 2 CO 3 + 2 C 2 Na + 3 CO {\ displaystyle {\ ce {Na2CO3 + 2C -> 2Na + 3CO}}} The high need for aluminum makes sodium production important.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

After the introduction of the Hall—Héroult process for aluminum production via electrolysis, salt melt baths put an end to the great need for sodium.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

A related process based on sodium hydroxide reduction was developed in 1886. [45]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Commercial production of sodium today uses the method of electrolysis of sodium chloride melts, based on a process patented in 1924. [48] [49] This process is carried out in Downs cells by mixing NaCl with calcium chloride to lower the melting point below 700°C.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Because calcium is less electropositive than sodium, no calcium will accumulate in the cathode. [50]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

This method is more efficient (in terms of cost) than previous processes (Castner process, electrolysis of sodium hydroxide). [51]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The sodium market fluctuates due to difficulties in storage and shipping; it must be stored under an atmosphere of dry inert gas or anhydrous mineral oil to prevent the formation of surface layers of sodium oxide or sodium superoxide. [52]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Applications Although sodium metal has several important uses, the primary application of sodium uses its compounds; millions of tons of sodium chloride, hydroxide, and carbonate are produced annually.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium chloride is used extensively for anties and ice melting and as a preservative; sodium bicarbonate is mainly used for cooking.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Together with potassium, many important medicines add sodium to increase bioavailability; although potassium is a better ion in most cases, sodium is chosen because of its low price and low atomic weight. [53]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium hydride is used as a base for diverse reactions (e.g., aldol reactions) in organic chemistry, and as a reductor in inorganic chemistry. [54]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium metal is mainly used for the production of sodium borohydride, sodium azide, indigo, and triphenylphospfina.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Its once widespread uses were in the manufacture of tetraethyllead and titanium metal; but sodium production declined since the 1970s due to the abandonment of TEL and the existence of new titanium production methods. [14]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium is also used as a pitting metal, a water-softening agent [55] and as a reductor for metals when other materials are ineffective.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

It should be noted that free elements are not used as precipitating agents, ions in water are exchanged for sodium ions.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Lamps (“vapors”) of sodium plasma are often used for street lighting in cities, emitting light that ranges from yellow-orange to peach as pressure increases. [56]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

As a single Na or with potassium, sodium is desiccant; it gives a strong blue color with benzophenone when the dried dried. [57]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

In organic synthesis, sodium is used in various reactions such as Birch reduction, and sodium fusion assays are performed to qualitatively analyze compounds. [58]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium reacts with alcohol producing alkoxides, and when sodium is dissolved in ammonia solution, it can be used to reduce alkuna to trans-alkenes. [59] [60] Calorific transfer Liquid sodium is used as a heat transfer fluid in some fast cooled reactors sodium [62] because it has high thermal conductivity and low neutron look-latitude absorption required to achieve high neutron flux inside the reactor. [63]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The high boiling point of sodium allows the reactor to operate at ambient (normal) pressure, [63] but its drawbacks include its opacity, which inhibits visual maintenance, and its explosive nature. [64]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Radioactive sodium-24 can be created through neutron bombardment during operation, posing a mild radiation hazard; radioactivity ceases within days of being removed from the reactor. [65]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

If a reactor needs to be turned off frequently, NaK is used; since NaK is a liquid at room temperature, this coolant does not solidify in the pipeline. [66]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

In these cases, potassium pyrophoricity requires extra precautions to prevent and detect leakage. [67]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Another calorific displacement application is the poppet valve in high-performance internal combustion engines; the valve stem is partially filled with sodium and works as a heat pipe to cool the valve. [68]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Biological role In humans, sodium is an important mineral that regulates blood volume, blood pressure, osmotic equilibrium and pH; the minimum physiological requirement of sodium is 500 milligrams per day. [69]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium chloride is the main source of sodium in food, and is used as a condiment and preservative in commodities such as pickle and jerky preservatives; for Americans, most sodium chloride comes from processed foods. [70]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Another source of sodium is the natural presence in food and food additives such as monosodium glutamate (MSG), sodium nitrite, sodium saccharin, baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), and sodium benzoate. [71]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia stipulates the Nutritional Adequacy Rate of sodium is 1500mg per person per day, [72] but the average Indonesian consumes sodium (from salt alone) about 5300mg/day (equivalent to 15grams of salt with 90% NaCl level); excluding sodium sources others such as MSG. [73]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Research reveals that lowering sodium intake by 2g per day tends to lower systolic blood pressure by about two to four mm Hg. [74]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

It has been estimated that a decrease in sodium intake of that magnitude would lower high blood pressure cases by 9 to 17%. [74]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

High blood pressure causes 7.6 million premature deaths worldwide each year. [75]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

For the record, salt contains about 39.3% sodium [76] —the rest is chlorine and other renic substances; thus 2.3g of sodium equates to about 5.9g, or 2.7ml of salt—about half a teaspoon [77] [78]).


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The American Heart Association recommends sodium intake of no more than 1.5g per day, [79] in accordance with Permenkes RI no 75 of 2013 [72] One study found that people with or without hypertension excreted less than 3 grams of sodium per day in their urine (and therefore acidifying less than 3g/day) have a higher risk of death, stroke, or heart attack than those excreting 4 to 5 grams per day.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Levels of 7 g per day or more in people with hypertension are associated with mortality and higher cardiovascular events, but this is not known for the truth for people without hypertension. [80]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The US FDA states that adults with hypertension and prehypertension should reduce daily intake to 1.5g. [78]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The renin—angiotensin system regulates the amount of fluid and sodium concentration in the body.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Reduction of blood pressure and sodium concentration in the kidneys results in the production of renin, which in turn produces aldosterone and angiotensin, retaining sodium in the urine.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

As sodium concentrations increase, renin production decreases, and sodium concentrations return to normal. [81]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium ions (Na+) are important electrolytes in neuronal function, and in osmoregulation between cells and extracellar fluids.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

This is true in all animals by the Na+/K+-ATPase, an active transporter that pumps ions against the gradient, and the sodium/potassium canal. [82]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium is the most prevalent metal ion in extracellar fluids. [83]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Very low or very high levels of sodium in humans are recognized in medicine as hyponatremia and hypernatremia.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

The condition may be caused by genetic factors, aging, or prolonged vomiting or diarrhea. [84]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

In C4 plants, sodium is a micronutrient that aids metabolism, specifically in phosphoenolpyruvate regeneration and chlorophyll synthesis. [85]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

In other plants, it replaces some of the roles of potassium, such as maintaining turgor pressure and assisting the opening and closing of stomata. [86]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Excess sodium in the soil can limit water absorption by lowering water potential, which can cause plants to wilt; excess concentrations in the cytoplasm can lead to enzyme inhibition, which in turn leads to necrosis and chlorosis. [87]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

As a reaction, some plants have developed mechanisms to limit sodium uptake in the roots, to store it inside vacuole cells, and limit the transport of salt from root to leaf; [88] excess sodium can also be deposited in old plant tissues, thus limiting damage on newly grown cells.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Halophytes have adapted to be able to thrive in sodium-rich environments. [88]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Safety and prevention Sodium forms flammable hydrogen and sodium hydroxide when in contact with water; [90] if ingested and exposed to moisture on the skin, eyes or mucous membranes can cause severe burns. [91] [92] Sodium spontaneously explodes in the presence of oxidizer like water. [93]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Water-based fire extinguishers accelerate the burning of sodium; while those based on carbon dioxide and bromochlorodifluoromethane should not be used in sodium fires. [92]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Metal fires are Class D fires, but not all Class D extinguishers can be used for sodium.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

An effective firefighting agent for sodium fires is Met-L-X. [92] Other effective substances include Lith-X, which has graphite powder and organophosphate flame inhibitors, and dry sand. [94]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Sodium fires are prevented in nuclear reactors by isolating sodium from oxygen by enclosing sodium pipes using inert gas. [95]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

Pool-type sodium fires are prevented by using various design sizes called pan catch systems.


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

They collected the leaking sodium into a leak restorer tank isolated from oxygen. [95]


Question: When is the element Sodium used?

Sodium

See also Reference List of Libraries Outside links at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham) Category:Chemical elements Category:Alkali metals Category:Sodium minerals Category:Dietary minerals Category:Biology and Pharmacology Chemical Elements Category:Reductors Category:Nuclear reactor cooling


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

The European Union (abbreviated EU) is an intergovernmental and supranational organization, consisting of European countries.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

Since 1 July 2013 it has had 28 member states.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

The union was established in that name under the Treaty of European Union (better known as the Maastricht Treaty) in 1992.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

However, many aspects of the EU arise before that date through the earlier organization, going back to the 1950s. This international organization works through a combined supranational and intergovernmental system.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

In some areas, decisions are established through deliberations and consultations among member states, and in other areas supranational organ institutions carry out their responsibilities without the need for the approval of their members.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

Important organ institutions within the EU are the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the European Court of Justice, and the European Central Bank.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

In addition, there is also a European Parliament whose members are elected directly by the citizens of the member states.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

On 12 October 2012, the European Union was designated as the 2012 recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

EU members have 28 member states, namely the European Parliament confers in Brusel, Belgium and (several times a year) in Strasbourg (France).


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

The European Parliament is directly elected by its population.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

The beginnings and history of Experiments to unite the European state have begun before the formation of modern states; they have occurred several times in European history.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

Three thousand years ago, Europe was dominated by the Celts, and then conquered and ruled the Mediterranean centered Empire of Rome.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

The beginning of this unification was created by forced means.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

The Franks Empire of Charlemagne and the Holy Empire of Rome united vast territories under loose administration for several hundred years.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

Later in the 1800s customs union under Napoleon Bonaparte, and the conquests in the 1940s by Nazi Germany took place only temporarily.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

Due to its collection of European languages and cultures, this unification experiment usually involves occupation from an unwilling country, creating instability.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

One experiment of unification peacefully through cooperation and equation of members was made by pacifist Victor Hugo in 1851.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

After World War I and World War II, the desire to establish the European Union intensified, driven by a desire to rebuild Europe and eliminate the possibility of another war.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

Therefore, the European Coal and Steel Community was formed by Germany, France, Italy, and the Benelux countries.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

This came about by the Treaty of Paris (1951), signed in April 1951 and started in July 1952.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

After it was formed also the European Economic Community was established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957 and implemented on 1 January 1958.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

Later that community turned into the European Society which was the 'first pillar' of the European Union.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

The European Union has evolved from a trade body into an economic and political cooperation.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

Major policies From the change of its name from “European Economic Community” to “European Community” to “European Union” signifies that this organization has changed from an economic unity to a political union.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

This trend is characterized by an increasing number of policies within the EU.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

This picture of increased centering is offset by two factors.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

First, some member states have some strong domestic traditions of regional governance.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

This led to an increased focus about European regional and regional policies.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

A Committee of the Regions was established as part of the Maastricht Treaty.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

Second, EU policy includes a number of different cooperation.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

Autonomous decision-making: member states have given to the European Commission the power to issue decisions in certain territories such as for example competition laws, State Aid controls and liberalisation.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

Harmonisation: the laws of member states are harmonized through the EU legislative process, involving the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

As a result of this EU law is increasingly noticeably present in the systems of member states.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

Co-operation: Member states, which meet as the Council of the European Union agreed to cooperate and coordinate their domestic policies.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

Tensions between the EU and national (or sub-national) competences persist long in the development of the EU.


Question: What is the number of EU members?

European Union

(See also Inter-governmentanism vs. Supra-nationasism (above), Euroskepticism.)