Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Historian M. C. Ricklefs says the transfer of European military technology to the Javanese was “quite urgent”, with gunpowder and weapons made in Java at least by 1620. [15]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Europeans were employed to train Javanese army troops in arms handling, military leadership skills, and construction techniques, [15] but, despite this training, the conscripted peasants of the Javanese army often lacked discipline and fled during battle. [ 17] [18] Mataram forces numbered “much larger” than the rebels numbering 9,000 at Gegodog in September 1676, [1] falling to only a “small entourage” after the fall of the capital in June 1677, [19] and increasing to over 13,000 as it moved towards Trunajaya's capital at Kediri as late as 1678. [2]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The VOC has its own professional army. [15]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Each VOC soldier has a sword, light weapons, bullets, carrying pockets and belts, smoke bombs, and grenades. [15]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The majority of VOC permanent soldiers were Indonesians, with a small number of European servicemen and marines, all under the command of European officers. [20]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

While in a technological sense, VOC forces were not superior to their indigenous counterparts, [16] they generally had better training, discipline, and equipment than indigenous Indonesian soldiers. [15]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The VOC forces also differed in terms of logistics: the troops moved step by step followed by a long caravan of carts carrying supplies. [16]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

This gave them an advantage over Javanese troops, who often survived by collecting or stealing food while traveling through the countryside and often faced supply shortages. [16]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

VOC forces numbered 1,500 in 1676, [21] but were later augmented by Bugis allies under the leadership of Arung Palakka.


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The first troupe of 1,500 Bugis arrived in Java in late 1678, [5] and as of 1679 there were 6,000 Bugis warriors in Java. [6]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In common with other wars, the army of Trunajaya and its allies also used cannons, cavalry, and fortresses. [16]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

When the VOC captured Surabaya from Trunajaya in May 1677, Trunajaya escaped with twenty of his cannons, and left behind 69 iron cannons and 34 bronze cannons. [22]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Trunajaya forces consist of Javanese, Maduranese, and Makassar. [1]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

When the rebels overran Java in 1676, they numbered 9,000 [1] and consisted of the followers of Trunajaya and the Makassar fighters.


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Later, the revolt was followed by other Javanese and Madura nobles.


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Notably, the ruler of Giri, one of the most prominent Islamic spiritual rulers in Java, joined in early 1676. [23]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Trunajaya's father-in-law, Raden Kajoran, head of an influential Kajoran family, joined after Trunajaya's victory at Gegodog in September 1676, [24] and Trunajaya's uncle, Prince Sampang (later Cakraningrat II) joined after the fall of the capital Mataram in June 1677. [25]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The military campaign The beginning and early rebel victory of the Rebellion began with a series of attacks from Makassar pirates based in Demung against trading towns on the northern coast of Java. [26]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The first attack took place in 1674 at Gresik but was repulsed. [26]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Trunajaya entered into a pact and marriage alliance with Karaeng Galesong, the leader of the Makassarese people, in 1675 and planned further assaults.


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In the same year, the pirates of the Makassar-Madura people seized and burned the main cities in northeastern Java, from Pajarakan to Surabaya and Gresik. [26]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In view of the failure of the loyalist forces against the rebels, King Amangkurat I appointed a military governor in Jepara, the provincial capital on the northern coast, and strengthened the city. [26]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The Mataram forces moving on Demung were defeated, and combined action by Mataram and VOC ships on beaches overrun by pirates was not always successful. [26]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Karaeng Galesong moved to Madura, a region from his ally, Trunajaya.


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In 1676 Trunajaya bestowed upon himself the title of Panembahan (Ruler) of Maduretna and had the support of the sunan (spiritual ruler) of Giri, near Gresik.


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

A VOC fleet attack later destroyed the pirates' base at Demung, but they launched no action against Trunajaya in Madura. [27]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Battle of Gegodog In September 1676, a 9,000-strong rebel army [1] led by Karaeng Galesong crossed from Madura into Java and then captured Surabaya, the main city of East Java. [28]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Mataram sent a large army, commanded by the crown prince (later Amangkurat II to meet the rebels. [28]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

A battle occurred at Gegodog, east of Tuban, in 1676, resulting in the total defeat of a much larger Mataram force. [28] [29] Loyalist soldiers were deployed, the king's uncle, Prince Purbaya was killed, and the crown prince fled to Mataram. [28]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The crown prince was blamed for this defeat because of his long indecision before attacking the rebels. [28]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In addition, there are rumors that he colluded with enemies, including his former follower, Trunajaya. [28]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Within months of the victory in Gegodog, the rebels quickly captured trading towns in the north of Java, ranging from Surabaya to the west in Cirebon, including the cities of Kudus and Demak. [28]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The cities fell easily, partly because their strongholds had been destroyed due to their conquest by Sultan Agung of Mataram some 50 years earlier. [28]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Only Jepara managed to withstand the attack, due to the combined efforts of the new military governor and the new VOC forces reinforcing the city just in time. [28]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The rebellion spread inland when Raden Kajoran, Trunajaya's influential father-in-law centered east of the capital city of Mataram, joined the rebellion. [24]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Kajoran and Trunajaya forces moved towards the capital, but were repulsed by loyalist forces. [24]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

VOC intervention and fall of Mataram's capital Battle of Surabaya In response to a request for intervention by Mataram, the VOC sent a large fleet containing Indonesian and European troops, commanded by Admiral Cornelis Speelman. [24]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In April 1677 the fleet sailed to Surabaya, where Trunajaya base. [24]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

After negotiations failed, Speelman's forces stormed Surabaya and seized it after fierce fighting. [30]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The forces continued to clear the rebels from the area around Surabaya. [30]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

VOC forces also captured Madura, Trunajaya's home island, and destroyed his residence there. [31]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Trunajaya fled to Surabaya and established his capital at Kediri. [30]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Fall of Plered Although the rebels were defeated in Surabaya, rebel forces campaigning in the interior of Central and East Java were more successful.


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The rebel military campaign reached its peak in the fall of the capital city of Plered in June 1677. [31]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The king was in ill condition, and distrust among the royal princes precluded well-planned resistance. [31]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The king fled west with the crown prince and his retinue, allowing rebels to enter and plunder the capital with little resistance. [31]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The rebels then retreated to Kediri, taking the kingdom's wealth with them. [32]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The enthronement of Amangkurat II and his alliance with the VOC King Amangkurat I died while moving back in Tegal in July 1677. [31] [21] The crown prince replaced his father and used the title Amangkurat II, and was accepted by the Javanese nobility in Tegal (his grandmother's hometown) and also by the VOC. [33] [21] , he failed to cement his power in the nearby city, Cirebon, whose rulers decided to declare independence from Mataram with the support of the Sultanate of Banten. [33]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Subsequently, his younger brother Prince Puger (later Pakubuwanai) captured the now-destroyed capital, refused to join as an AmangKuratii loyalist, and declared himself king with the title Ingalanga Mataram. [33]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Having no army and wealth and being unable to assert his power, Amangkurat decided to ally with the VOC. [34]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

At this time, Admiral Speelman was in Jepara, sailing there from Surabaya after hearing of the fall of the capital. [33]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

His forces have recaptured important coastal cities in Central Java, including Semarang, Demak, Kudus, and Pati. [35]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Amangkurat moved to Jepara by VOC ship in September 1677.


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The king had to agree to the broad concessions demanded by the VOC in return for restoring his monarchy. [34]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

He promised the VOC revenue from all port cities on the north coast. [34]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The highlands of Priangan and Semarang will be handed over to the VOC. [32]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The king also agreed to recognize the jurisdiction of the VOC's power over all non-Javanese living in his territory. [34]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Dutch historian H. J. de Graaf commented that by doing this, the VOC, as a corporation, engaged in “dangerous speculation”, which they hoped would pay off in the future when their colleague would regain its power over Mataram. [34]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

VOC—Mataram forces made sluggish progress against the rebels. [32] [34] At the beginning of 1678 their control was limited to several towns on the central northern coast.


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In 1678, Speelman became Director-General of the VOC, replacing Rijcklof van Goens, who became Governor-General (Speelman later became Governor-General in 1681). [32]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

His command at Jepara was handed over to Anthonio Hurdt, who arrived in June 1678. [32]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Loyalist victory and death of Trunajaya The VOC and Mataram forces moved inland against Kediri in September 1678.


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

As per the king's advice, the troops were broken into three ranks, with no direct route, with the aim of covering more locations and inducing awe in those who felt hesitant to take sides. [36]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The king's idea worked, and as the military campaign continued, local groups joined forces, who were eager for booty. [20]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Kediri was captured on 25November by an assault force led by Captain François Tack. [20] [32] The victorious force proceeded to Surabaya, the largest city in East Java, where Amangkurat established its keraton. [37]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Elsewhere, the rebels were also defeated.


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In September 1679, a combined VOC, Javanese, and Bugis force under Sindu Reja and Jan Albert Sloot defeated Raden Kajoran in battle at Mlambang, near Pajang. [7] [38] Kajoran surrendered but was executed on Sloot's orders. [38]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In November, VOC and Bugis forces allied under Arung Palakka destroyed the Makassar rebels' stronghold in Keper, East Java. [7]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In April 1680, after what the VOC considered a fierce battle in the war, the rebellious ruler of Giri was defeated and most of his family executed. [7]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

As the VOC and Amangkurat achieved more victories, more and more Javanese declared their allegiance to the king. [7]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

After his fortress fell in Kediri, Trunajaya managed to escape to the mountains in eastern Java. [39]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The VOC forces and the king pursued Trunajaya, who was shelled and short of food, surrendered to the VOC in late 1679. [40] [7] Initially, he was treated with respect as a captive of the VOC commander.


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

However, while on a ceremonial visit to the nobleman's residence in Payak, East Java, on 2 January 1680, [40] he was stabbed by Amangkurat himself, and the king's courtiers finished him off. [40] [7] The king defended the murder of a VOC prisoner by saying that Trunajaya had tried to kill him. [40] [7] The king defended the murder of a VOC prisoner by saying that Trunajaya had tried to kill him. . [41]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The VOC was not convinced by this explanation, but chose not to punish the king. [42]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

A romantic story regarding Trunajaya's death appears in 18th-century Central Javanese babad. [39]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

End of Prince Puger's rebellion In addition to Trunajaya's forces, Amangkurat II continued to face opposition from his brother Prince Puger, who had seized the old capital at Plered and had seized the throne for himself in 1677. [33]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Before Trunajaya's defeat, Amangkurat forces took no action against him. [34]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

After Trunajaya was defeated, Amangkurat still could not convince his brother to surrender. [7]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In September 1680, Amangkurat built a new capital city in Kartasura. [7]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In November, Amangkurat and VOC forces drove Puger out of Plered. [7]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

However, Puger quickly rebuilt his army, seizing Plered again in August 1681, and nearly seizing Kartasura. [7]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

In November 1681, VOC and Mataram forces again defeated Puger, and this time he surrendered and was pardoned by his brother. [7] [43] Amangkurat II's denouement secured his rule with the defeat of the rebels.


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Due to the rebels' capture and then the destruction of the capital at Plered, he built a new capital, Kartasura, in the district of Pajang, and moved his keraton there. [43]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

A VOC fortress was built in the capital, next to the royal residence, to defend it from invasion. [43]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

As for the VOC, its involvement allowed the cornered and nearly defeated Amangkurat II to remain on his throne. [44]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

This became the beginning of VOC precedent supporting Javanese kings and claimants in exchange for concessions. [44]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

However, by 1680, this policy required a high level of expenditure to maintain a military presence in Central and East Java, and this led to slumping VOC finances. [44]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The payment promised by Amangkurat was not kept, and by 1682 the king's debt to the VOC exceeded 1.5million reals, about five times the amount of the royal estate. [45]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Semarang's handover was postponed due to disputes, [45] and other provisions in the contract were largely ignored by local Javanese officials. [46]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Subsequently, an anti-VOC faction developed in the palace of Mataram, and a member of this faction, Nerangkusuma, became patih (chief minister) from 1682 to 1686. [47] [46] The poor relations between Mataram and the VOC continued by protecting Surapati, an enemy of the VOC, in 1684, [48] and death VOC captain, François Tack at Mataram palace in 1686. [48]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

The king's younger brother, Prince Puger, who tried to seize the throne during the Trunajaya rebellion, was pardoned by the king. [43]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

However, after the king's death in 1703 and succeeded by his son Amangkurat III, Puger seized the throne again. [49]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Puger's claim was supported by the VOC, and the VOC-Puger alliance won the subsequent First Javanese War of Succession (1704—1708). [49]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Puger ascended the throne with the title Pakubuwana I and AmangkuratiII was exiled to Sri Lanka. [49]


Question: does Raden Trunojoyo have a kingdom?

Trunajaya Rebellion

Footnote Reference Library Category:Historical Java Category:Military history Indonesia Category:Historical Dutch East Indies Category:Wars involving the Netherlands Category:VOC


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Edward Christopher Sheeran, MBE (/ˈɪərərən/; born 17 February 1991) is an English singer, songwriter, guitarist, record producer, and actor.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, and grew up in Framlingham, Suffolk.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

She entered the Academy of Contemporary Music in Guildford as a scholar at the age of 18 in 2009.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Early in 2011, Sheeran independently released an extended play titled No. 5 Collaborations Project.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

After signing a contract with Asylum Records, his debut album, + (read as “plus”), was released in September 2011.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The album topped the albums charts of Great Britain and Australia, was numbered at five in the US, and has been certified seven-times platinum in the United Kingdom.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The album produced the single “The A Team”, which earned him an Ivor Novello Award as Best Song Musically and Lyrically.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

In 2012, Sheeran won Brit Awards as Best British Male Solo Artist and British Breakthrough Act.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

“The A Team” received a nomination as Song of the Year at the 2013 Grammy Awards, for which she performed this song with Elton John.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Her second studio album, x (read as “multiply”), was released in June 2014.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The album was numbered one in the United Kingdom and the US.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

In 2015, x won a Brit Award as Album of the Year, and she received the Ivor Novello Award as Songwriter of the Year from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

His single from x, “Thinking Out Loud”, earned two Grammy Award at this show in 2016: Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

In May 2016, x was named the best-selling album worldwide of 2015.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran's third album, ÷ (read as “divide”), was released in March 2017.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The album debuts at number one in the United Kingdom, US and other countries.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The first two singles from the album, “Shape of You” and “Castle on the Hill”, were released in January 2017 and broke the records of various countries, including Great Britain, Australia and Germany, with debuts in the top two positions propped up to the song.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

He also became the first artist to have two songs debut in the top 10 in the US in the same week.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

As of March 2017, Sheeran has had 10 top-ten singles from ÷ on the UK Singles Chart, breaking the record as a top 10 single which was in the top ten of one album in the United Kingdom.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Her fourth single from ÷, “Perfect”, was numbered one in the United Kingdom and Australia, while “Perfect Duet”, an acoustic version with Beyoncé, was numbered one in the US.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

In April 2018, ÷ was named the best-selling album worldwide of 2017.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran has sold more than 26 million albums and 100 million singles worldwide, making him one of the best-selling music artists in the world. [5]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Two of her albums entered the list of albums with best-selling sales in Great Britain's album history: x (at number 20) and ÷ (at number 34).


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

As an actor, Sheeran has played recurring roles in The Baslard Executioner and Home and Away.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

He also appeared as a Lannister soldier in Game of Thrones.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Early life Sheeran was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, [6] and moved with his family to Framlingham in Suffolk when he was a child. [7]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

He has an older brother named Matthew, [8] who works as a composer.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Their parents, John and Imogen, are from London.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

His paternal grandparents were Irish, [9] [10] [11] and Sheeran has stated his father came from a “very large” Catholic family. [12]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

John was an art curator and lecturer, and Imogen was a cultural publicist who became a jewelry designer. [10] [13] His parents ran Sheeran Lock, an independent art consultancy, from 1990 until 2010. [14]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran sang in a local church choir from the age of four, learned to play guitar while attending Rishworth School, [15], and began writing songs while attending Thomas Mills High School in Framlingham. [16] [17] He was accepted into the National Youth Theatre in London when a teenager. [18] [19] He is a patron of Youth Music Theater UK [20] and at Access to music, where he studied majoring in Artist Development. [21] [22] Sheeran is the second cousin of Northern Irish broadcaster Gordon Burns, [23] who co-hosted the British game show The Krypton Factor. [10]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Music career 2004—2010: Early in Sheeran's career began recording music in 2004, and independently released his first collection, Spinning Man. [upper-alpha 1] He has been friends with fellow British singer, Passenger, since he was 15, with both playing at the same gig in Cambridge. [25]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

He moved to London in 2008, and began playing at small venues.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

In 2008, he auditioned for the ITV series, Britannia High. [26]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

He was also the opening act for Nizlopi at Norwich in April 2008, having been one of their guitar technicians. [17]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

He released another EP in 2009, You Need Me, before going on tour with Just Jack.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

He also did several collaborations with Essex singer, Leddra Chapman, including Cee Lo Green's “Fuck You”.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

In February 2010, Sheeran put up a video via SB.TV, and rapper Example invited Sheeran to tour with him. In the same month, he also released the EP Loose Change, which featured his upcoming debut single, “The A Team”. [27]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

In autumn 2009, Sheeran began studying music at the Academy of Contemporary Music (ACM) in Guildford, Surrey as an undergraduate, [28] [29] although it is unclear how long he remained on campus.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran began to be seen by more people via the internet via YouTube and his fanbase grew, with him also earning credit from The Independent newspaper, England football captain Rio Ferdinand and Elton John. [30]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

He performed at the Station Session at St. Pancras International in June 2010. [31] [32] This episode is not available on official broadcast Station Sessions. [33]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran also self-released two other EPs in 2010, Ed Sheeran: Live at the Bedford and Songs I Wrote with Amy, which are a collection of love songs he wrote in Wales with singer, Amy Wadge. [34]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

In 2010 she was in Los Angeles and was invited to perform at The Foxxhole, a club run by actor Jamie Foxx, which ended with an invitation to stay at Foxx's house. [35]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On January 8, 2011 Sheeran released another independent EP, No. 5 Collaborations Project, featuring artists such as Wiley, Jme, Devlin, Sway and Ghetts. [36]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

With this EP, Sheeran gained mainstream attention for reaching number 2 on the iTunes charts without promotion or label, selling over 7,000 copies within its first week. [37]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Three months later, Sheeran held a free show for fans at the Barfly in Camden Town.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

More than 1,000 fans turned up, so Sheeran played four different shows to make sure everyone saw him gig, including a gig outside on the street after the venue had closed.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Later that month, Sheeran has been contracted by Asylum Records. [37] 2011-2013:. + and was an international success On April 26, 2011 Sheeran appeared on the TV music show, Later... with Jools Holland, where he performed his debut single, “The A Team”.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Six weeks later, “The A Team” was released as a digital download in the United Kingdom.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Released as the lead single from Sheeran's debut studio album, + (read as “plus”). [38]”


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The A Team” entered the UK Singles Chart at number three, selling over 58,000 copies in its first week.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The single was the best-selling inaugural single and the eighth best-selling overall single of 2011, selling 801,000 copies. [39] The inaugural single also made the top ten in Australia, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Norway and the Netherlands.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

During being a show-filler on the BBC Introducing tent at Glastonbury Festival 2011, Sheeran announced that “You Need Me, I Do Not Need You” would be released on 26 August as the second single from the album.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The second single peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart. [40]”


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Lego House” was released as the third single, [41] reaching the top ten in Australia, Ireland, Scotland, New Zealand Singles Chart, Flemish Ultratop 50 and Wallonia Ultratip.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

“Drunk”, released on 19 February 2012, became Sheeran's fourth consecutive single to be in the top ten in the UK, peaking at number nine. [42]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran released + on 12 September 2011.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The album generally received favourable reviews from music critics. + debuts at number one on the UK Albums Chart for sales of 102,000 copies.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

At the end of 2011, the album's sales in the UK stood at 791,000; it became the second best-selling album debut and ninth best-selling album there. [43]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The album has been certified six-times platinum by the British Industry Phonographic, denoting shipments of 1,800,000 copies. [44]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

As of March 2012, the album has sold 1,021,072 copies in the United Kingdom. [45]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The album also reached the top five in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. [46] [47] [48] The song “Moments”, on the debut album by boy band One Direction, was released in November 2011, co-written by Sheeran. [49]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On 21 February at the Brit Awards 2012, Sheeran won the Brit Awards for Best British Male Solo Artist, and British Breakthrough Act of the Year. [50] [51] on 10 January 2012, it was announced that Sheeran would support Snow Patrol on their United States tour from late March to May on the band's Fallen Empires Tour. [52] The song, “Give Me Love”, was in the episode “Dangerous Liaisons” of The Vampire Diaries. [53] The song was also featured in an episode of the sitcom Cougar Town (TBS) on February 12, 2013.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran performed “The A Team” at the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II concert held on The Mall outside Buckingham Palace on 4 June 2012 and a cover of pink Floyd titled “Wish You Were Here” at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics on 12 August 2012. [ 54]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Taylor Swift contacted Sheeran after hearing his music during an Australian tour in March 2012. [55]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

He later co-wrote and provided vocals for “Everything Has Changed”, a single included on Swift's fourth studio album, Red.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran also contributed two songs to One Direction's second album, Take Me Home, released in November 2012; the single "Little Things” became the group's second number one in the UK. [56]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran's album peaked at No 5 on the Billboard 200, while “The A Team” reached Number 16 on the US Billboard Hot 100. [55]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

In late 2012 and early 2013, he made a U.S. tour of 6,000-9,000 capacity venues. [55]”


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The A Team” received a nomination for Song of the Year at the 2013 Grammy Awards. [57]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Elton John, who runs the management of Sheeran's company, advised awards organisers to get Sheeran to perform at the ceremony but was told that Sheeran himself did not have enough profile.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

John decided to perform with Sheeran to avoid this problem. [58]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

From March to September 2013, Sheeran performed in arenas and stadiums across North America as the opening act for Swift's The Red Tour. [59] [60] According to Sheeran, the tour was his biggest tour at the time and added a red red tattoo to commemorate it. [61] In October 2013, Sheeran's three shows sold out at New York's Madison Square Garden, which has a capacity of 18,200. [60] [62] [63] At the concert, Sheeran debuted several songs including “Tenerife Sea”, [64] the track of his upcoming second studio album.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran released “I See Fire” on November 5, 2013.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The song is featured in the end credits of the film The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug, the film's soundtrack, and on the deluxe version of the second album. [65]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran was nominated for Best New Artist at the 2014 Grammy Awards. [66] 2014-2015: x On March 24, 2014, Sheeran performed at the Teenage Cancer Trust charity concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London where he unveiled “Take It Back”, a song that will appear on the deluxe version of his second album. [67]”


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sing”, the lead single, was released on April 7, 2014.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The song is a displacement from Sheeran's previous recordings. [68] [69] “Sing” was intended to create hype from the album release, but concerns arose that this song might alienate Sheeran from the fan base.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

“One”, an acoustic ballad, was released on May 16, 2014; [60] [70] “One” also marked the first few promotional singles released leading up to the album's release.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

By early June 2014, “Sing” had earned Sheeran's first number one in the UK. [71]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran's second studio album, x (read as “multiply”), was released worldwide on 23 June 2014.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Within a span of three years, Sheeran wrote more than 120 songs for the album, [72] the beginning of which was composed after + was released. [73]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The album features songs produced by Rick Rubin, Pharrell Williams and Benny Blanco, [72]. [68] x peaked at number one on the UK Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

In support of the album, Sheeran embarked on a world tour starting on August 6, 2014 in Osaka, Japan.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On 27 September 2014, Sheeran was one of the show fillers at the Melbourne Cricket Ground prior to the 2014 AFL Grand Final. [74]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

After “Don't”, “Thinking Out Loud” was released on September 24, 2014 the album's third single.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Unlike previous music videos, Sheeran takes the lead role in the music video, in which he performs ballroom dancing. [75]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The single became her second single to reach number one in the UK, [76] and spent eight weeks at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 (with only “Uptown Funk” from Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars remaining in first position). [77]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

In 2014, combined online playback on Sheeran's catalog on Spotify reached 860 million; Spotify named him as the artist with the most online playback and x as the album with the most online playback. [78]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

That same year, the album also made Sheeran the iTunes best-selling artist in the UK, Ireland and New Zealand. [79] [80] x was nominated for Album of the Year at the 2015 Grammy Awards. [81]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On 25 February Sheeran won British Male Solo Artist and British Album of the Year for x at the Brit Awards 2015. [82]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On May 21, 2015, at the Ivor Novello Awards, Sheeran received the award as Songwriter of the Year. [83]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On June 21 Sheeran became the host of the 2015 Much Music Video Awards in Toronto, where he performed the singles, “Thinking Out Loud” and “Photograph”; he also won two awards, Best International Artist and Most Buzzworthy International Artist or Group. [84] [85] On the 27th June Sheeran was the opening act for The Rolling Stones on their Zip Code Tour at Kansas City's Arrowhead Stadium. [86]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On 10—12 July 2015, Sheeran's show sold out at London's Wembley Stadium.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

This performance, announced in November 2014, is part of his world tour. [87]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The concert was documented and broadcast on August 16, 2015 NBC; a one-hour special Ed Sheeran — Live at Wembley Stadium also included backstage video. [88]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

In September 2015, Sheeran wrote “Love Yourself” for Justin Bieber's fourth album. [89]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran originally planned to put the song on his third album ÷ and added that it would be cancelled going on his album before Bieber picked up the song. [90] > On September 26, Sheeran performed at the 2015 Global Citizen Festival at Central Park's Great Lawn in New York, an event hosted by Coldplay vocalist, Chris Martin, who advocated the end of extreme global poverty.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran performed at the festival along with Beyoncé, Coldplay, and Pearl Jam. The festival was broadcast on NBC in the United States on 27 September and the BBC in the United Kingdom on 28 September. [91]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran hosted the 2015 MTV Europe Music Awards on October 25 in Milan, Italy. [92]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

He won awards for Best Live Act and Best Live Stage; [93] for his performance at V Festival in the UK in 2014. [94]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran won the Breakthrough award at the 2015 Billboard Touring Awards. [95]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

His single from x, “Thinking Out Loud”, earned him two Grammy Awards at the 2016 Grammy Awards: Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

In May 2016, x was named the second best-selling album worldwide in 2015, behind 25 by Adele. [96] 2016-present: leave and ÷ On December 13, 2016, after a year's absence and break from social media, Sheeran pinched the picture and changed Twitter, Facebook and His Instagram turned light blue implying the release of a new album, each of Sheeran's previous albums was a background of colored singles with solid mathematical symbols. [97]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On January 1, 2017, Sheeran uploaded a video on the social media site showing him holding a scrap of paper with the words “New Music Coming Friday” written on it. [98]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On January 2, 2017, he uploaded a 10-second video on Twitter and other social media showing what is assumed to be the cover design of his latest album titled ÷ (read as “divide”) released March 3, 2017. [99] [100] The album debuts at number one in the UK, United States, Germany, Australia, Canada and other large markets. [101] [102] [103] With first-week sales of 672,000 albums it is the fastest album sales by a male solo artist in the UK, and the third fastest in UK chart history behind 25 by Adele and Be Here Now by Oasis. [101] It also has Biggest first-week sales in 2017 in the US. [102]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The album was the highest selling album in the first week in 2017 in the US, which was later passed by Taylor Swift with her album Reputation. [102]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On 6 January Sheeran released two singles, “Shape of You” and “Castle on the Hill”; the theme from the latter single was about Sheeran's upbringing in his hometown of Framlingham in Suffolk, with the castle referring to Framlingham Castle. [104]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Following the release of this single, Sheeran went on to become a BBC Radio 1 Breakfast Show radio announcer with Scott Mills it was concluded that he would probably make an appearance at Glastonbury Festival in 2017. [105]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The two singles went on to break Spotify's one-day online playback record, with a combined total of more than 13 million streams in 24 hours. [106]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On 13 January, “Shape of You” and “Castle on the Hill” entered the UK Singles Chart at number one and number two, the first time in history an artist took part two positions propped up a British song with new songs. [107] on the same day he also became the first artist to debuted at number one and number two on the official German Single Charts. [108]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On 15 January, the song debuted at number one and number two on the ARIA Singles Charts, the first time it reached in the history of the Australian charts. [109]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On January 17, “Shape of You” debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, while “Castle on the Hill” entered at number six; this made Sheeran the first artist to have two songs simultaneously to debut in the top 10 in the US. [110]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On January 26, Sheeran announced tour dates for the album ÷ in Europe, South America and North America from March 17 to June 14, 2017. [111]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On 17 February 2017, Sheeran released “How Would You Feel (Paean)”.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Although not an official single, the song peaked at number two in the United Kingdom. [112]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

As of 11 March 2017 Sheeran has had a top 10 single from ÷ on the UK Singles Chart, breaking Scottish DJ Calvin Harris's record of having nine top 10 singles from one album. [113] [113] The fourth single from ÷, “Perfect”, was numbered one in the United Kingdom and Australia, and an acoustic version from this song titled “Perfect Duet”, a collaboration with Beyoncé, was numbered one in the US and the United Kingdom, [114] [115] became the United Kingdom's number one Christmas single on that date. [116]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On November 7, Taylor Swift revealed that Sheeran collaborated with her on a song titled “End Game” from her sixth studio album Reputation. [117]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The song, which also features alongside rapper Future, was released on November 10. [118]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On December 4, Sheeran became the most online playback artist on Spotify in 2017 with 6.3billion online playbacks.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

He has the biggest album on Spotify with ÷ played online 3.1billion times, and alongside the song “Shape of You” with 1.4billion plays online. [119]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On December 5, 2017, hip-hop artist Eminem announced that Sheeran had collaborated with him on the song “River” for his ninth studio album titled Revival. [120]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Working alongside Eminem, Sheeran stated, “He was one of the reasons I started writing songs, and it was a lot of fun working with him. “[120]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Speaking on The Late Late Show on Irish television on December 15, Sheeran stated he had written a song for a James Bond film background song in case he got a phone call from the producer of the film series. [121]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On January 3, 2018, “Shape of You” was named the best-selling single of 2017 in the United Kingdom, [122] and the best-selling single of 2017 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US. [123]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On the same day, ÷ was named the best-selling album of 2017 in the United Kingdom, [124] and in the US. [125]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

In April 2018, IFPI crowned ÷ to be the best-selling album worldwide in 2017. [126]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

At the Billboard Music Awards 2018 on May 20, Sheeran performed “Galway Girl” at his concert at Phoenix Park in Dublin, Ireland, and won six awards, including in the Top Artist and Top Hot 100 Artist categories. [127]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Another Venture Gingerbread Man records In March 2015, Sheeran revealed he founded a record company, Gingerbread Man Records, which is an agreement with Warner Music Group. [128]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The record company was launched in August 2015 with its YouTube channel. [129]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Jamie Lawson, the company's first artist, met Sheeran when they were both at a folk music pool in London. [130]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Lawson released his similarly titled debut album on 9 October 2015, which was at number one on the UK Albums Chart. [131]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran contracted his second artist, Foy Vance, in November 2015. [132]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran's charity performed at a concert in Bristol, which raised £40,000 for a charity that helps commercial sex workers.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

“It's good to show the insight that these people are real people with real emotions and they deserve the same charitable help as everyone else,” Sheeran said.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

'There are a lot of more popular charities that get a lot of attention.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

And with certain subjects like this they are often inconsolable and people don't have to give them the attention they deserve.”


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Tickets are available to those taking part in the Give it up One25 campaign charity event by giving something for 125 hours and generating as much as £40,000. [133]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran often gives his clothes to charities around Suffolk, his hometown. [134] As an ambassador of East Anglia Children's Hospice, he has donated clothes to the charity St Elizabeth's Hospice in his hometown of Framlingham, including eight bags containing clothes on the month February 2014, and the eight items of clothing she wore at the 2015 Grammy Awards. [135]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

In 2016 she donated 13 bags containing clothing to this charity. [136]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

The tartan shirt Sheeran wore when he met Renee Zellweger's character, Bridget, in the film Bridget Jones's Baby, was auctioned online to raise further funds for the care home. [136]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On 15 November 2014, Sheeran joined together a charity supergroup called Band Aid 30 along with another British and Irish artist, recording a new version of the song “Do They Know It's Christmas?”


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

at Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill, London, to raise money in aid of the Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa. [137]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

In November 2015, Sheeran supported the No Cold Homes campaign by the UK charity, Turn2us. [138]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran is one of almost thirty other celebrities, who include Helen Mirren, Jeremy Irons and Hugh Laurie, who donated winter clothes at this campaign, with the income used to help people in this country whose distress keeps their homes warm at times winter. [139]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran appeared on an episode of Gogglebox in November 2017 along with other British celebrities such as Ozzy Osbourne, former Oasis aide Liam Gallagher, and Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn as part of Channel 4 and Cancer Research UK's Stand Up fundraising campaign to Cancer. [140]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran made his acting debut in 2014, a supporting role as himself in the New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street, which was filmed when he was in this country. [141]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

In May 2015, she appeared as herself and appeared on a live episode of NBC's Undateable Commit. [142]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

At the same time, while in Australia, she filmed a scene for the soap opera Home and Away, as a character inspired by herself. [143]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

After recording a cover version of Foy Vance's song titled “Make It Rain” for Sons of Anarchy, Sheeran was chosen by creator Kurt Sutter to play Sir Cormac in FX's drama The Bastards Executioner. [144]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Sheeran also appeared as himself in the 2016 film Bridget Jones's Baby in a scene where Bridget Jones, played by Renée Zellweger, went to Sheeran at Glastonbury Festival where he was performing. [145]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

In July 2017, Sheeran appeared as a supporting role in Game of Thrones in a scene with actress Maisie Williams, who played the character Arya Stark. [146]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

David Benioff explained since Williams was a big fan of Sheeran, they wanted to show Sheeran at this event to surprise Williams, and they've been trying to get him for years. [147]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

His performance received mixed ratings from positive and highly critical assessments. [148] [149] Sheeran's personal life was dating Scottish singer Nina Nesbitt (who performed his music video titled “Drunk”) in 2012, before breaking up. [150]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Nesbitt was the inspiration of Sheeran's songs titled “Nina” and “Photograph”, while Nesbitt's album, Peroxide, was about Sheeran. [150]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

In January 2014, Sheeran entered into a relationship with Athina Andrelos, who worked alongside chef Jamie Oliver. [151]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

He was the inspiration of Sheeran's song titled “Thinking Out Loud”. [152]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

They separated in February 2015. [152]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Since July 2015, Sheeran has been in a relationship with childhood friend and former classmate during high school Ceri Seaborn.


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

They announced their engagement in January 2018. [153]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

In June 2015, Forbes interpreted his earnings as $57million from the past 12 months, and placed him in order to 27th highest-earning celebrities in the world. [154]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

On 19 October 2015, Sheeran received an honorary degree from the University of Suffolk in Ipswich for his “admirable constributions in music”. [155] [155] In an interview in December 2017 with The Sunday Times's “Culture” magazine, Sheeran spoke of his admiration for leader of Jeremy Corbyn's Labour Party. [156]


Question: was the name of the first song coined by S.E.S?

Ed Sheeran

Discography Album + (2011) x (2014) ÷ (2017) Filmography Headlining concert tour + Tour (2011—2013) × Tour (2014-2015) ÷ Tour (2017-2018) Opening act Snow Patrol Fallen Empires Tour (North American select dates) (2012) Taylor Swift Red Tour (all North American dates) (2013) [160] Awards and ARIA Music Awards BRIT Awards BT Digital Music Awards Grammy Awards Ivor Novello Awards MOBO Awards MTV Europe Music Awards MuchMusic Video Awards Q Awards UK Music Video Awards World Music Awards Reference Outside links on Facebook on Twitter Category:Date of birth February 17 Category:Birth 1991 Category:English Singers Category:Figures from Halifax Category:Living people Category:Grammy Award Winners Category:Brit Award Winners


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Communication is “a process in which a person or several people, groups, organizations, and communities create, and use information in order to connect with the environment and others”. [1].


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

By and large, communication is done verbally or verbally which is understandable to both parties.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

If there is no verbal language that can be understood by both, communication can still be done using body movements, showing certain attitudes, such as smiling, shaking your head, shrugging.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Such a way is called communication with nonverbal language. [2]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Definition Communication is a process of delivering information (messages, ideas, ideas) from one party to another.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

In general, communication is done orally or verbally that can be understandable by both parties. If there is no verbal language that is understandable by both, communication can still be done using body gestures, indicating a certain attitude, such as smiling, shook his head, shrugged.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Such a way is called nonverbal communication.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

History of Communication or communicaton comes from Latin communis meaning 'same'. [3]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Communico, communicatio or communicare meaning to make equal (make to common). [3]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Simply a communique can occur when there is a similarity between the delivery of the message and the person receiving the message. [4]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Therefore, communication depends on our ability to understand one another (communication depends on our ability to understand one another). [5]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

At first, communication was used to express the needs of the organist. [6]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Chemical signals in early organisms are used for reproduction. [6]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Along with the evolution of life, primitive chemical signals used in communicating also evolved and opened up opportunities for more complicated behaviors such as mating dances in fish. [6].


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Humans communicate to divide knowledge and experience. [3]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Common forms of human communication include signaling language, speech, writing, movement, and broadcasting.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Communication can be interactive, transactive communication|transactive, purposeful communication|aiming, or aimless communication|aimless.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Through communication, the attitudes and feelings of a person or group of people can be understood by the other party.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

However, communication will only be effective when the message delivered can be interpreted equally by the recipient of the message.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Although communication has been studied for a long time and includes “antiquities”, this topic became important especially in the 20th century because the growth of communication was described as a “revolutionary invention”, this is due to the rapid improvement of communication technologies such as radio.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Television, telephone, satellite and commuter networks along with the industrialization of large business fields and worldwide politics.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Communication within the academy level may have had its own department where communication is divided into period communication, communication for emcees, publicists and others, but the subject will remain.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

The work in communication reflects the diversity of communication itself.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Components Communication components are things that must exist in order for communication to take place properly.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

According to Laswell the components of communication are: [7] The sender or communicator (sender) is the party who sends the message to the other party.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Message (message) is the content or intent to be conveyed by one party to another party.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Channel (channel) is a medium in which messages are conveyed to communications. in inter-personal communication (face-to-face) the channel can be air that streams tone/voice vibrations.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Recipient or communicate (receiver) is a party receiving a message from another party Feedback is the response of receiving a message to the content of the message conveyed by it.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

The rules agreed by the communicators on how the communication will be executed (“Protocol”) Process Summarily, the process of ongoing communication can be described as follows.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

The communicator (sender) who has the intention of communicating with others sends a message to the person in question.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

The message conveyed can be information in the form of language or passing symbols that both parties can understand.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Messages (messages) are delivered or carried through a medium or channel either directly or indirectly.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

For example, speaking directly by phone, mail, e-mail, or other media. media (channel) tool that becomes the transmitter of messages from communicator to communicator.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

The communicant (receiver) receives the delivered message and translates the contents of the message it receives into a language understood by the communicant himself.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

The communicant (receiver) provides feedback or response to the message sent to him, whether he understands or understands the message referred to by the sender.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Communication models From the various existing communication models, here will be discussed the three main models, and will be discussed the underlying approach and how communication is conceptualized in its development. [4]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Linear communication model This communication model was put forward by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver in 1949 in the book The Mathematical of Communication. [7]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

They describe communication as a linear process because they are interested in radio and telephone technology and want to develop a model that can explain how information passes through various channels (channels).


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

The result is a conceptualization of linear communication (linear communication model). [2]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

This approach consists of several key elements: source (source), message (message) and receiver. [4]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

The linear model assumes that a person is simply the sender or receiver.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Of course this is a very narrow view of the participants in the communication process. [2]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

An important concept in this model is interference (noise), namely any additional and unwanted stimuli that can interfere with the scrupulousness of the message delivered.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

This interference is always present in the shared channel of a message received by the recipient. [7]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Interactional model The interactional model was developed by Wilbur Schramm in 1954 who emphasized the process of two-way communication among communicators. [4]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

In other words, communication takes place both ways: from the sender and to the receiver and from the receiver to the sender.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

This circular process shows that communication is always ongoing. [2]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

The participants of communication according to the interactional model are people who develop their human potential through social interaction, precisely through the role taking of others. [7]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

It is noteworthy that this model places the source and receiver in equal position. [8]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

One element that is important to the intercational model is feedback, or response to a message. [2]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Transactional model Transactional communication model was developed by Barnlund in 1970. [5]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

This model underscores the continual sending and receiving of messages in an episode of communication.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Transactional communication is a cooperative process: the sender and receiver are equally responsible for the impact and effectiveness of the communication that occurs. [2]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

The transactional model assumes that as we constantly transmit and receive messages, we deal both with verbal and nonverbal elements.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

In other words, communication participants (communicators) go through the process of negotiating meaning. [4]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Factors influencing Factors influencing communication include: Cultural background.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Interpretation of a message will be formed from one's mindset through his habits, so the more cultural background between communicators and communicators, the more effective communication. [9]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Group or group bonding The values embraced by a group greatly influence the way it observes the message. [9]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Expectation Hope affects message reception so that it can receive messages as expected. [9]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Education The higher education will be the more complex the point of view in addressing the content of the message conveyed. [9]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Situations Human behavior is affected by the environment/situation. [9]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Interaction with other fields of science Once people were easier to give definitions of science than they are now.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

In the past, the defenisi of science depended on the system of philosophy it proposes.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Now science acquires a free and independent position.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

The definition of science is no longer based on and seen from its philosophy, but based on what is implemented by the science, as well as its methodology. [8]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Speaking the position of Communication Science among other sciences, it will not be detached from the roots or cornerstones of Communication Science itself, where many noncommunication scientists contributed to the birth of Communication Science. [2]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Political expert Harold D. Lasswell.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Sociologists Max Weber, Daniel Lerner and Everett M. Rogers.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Psychologists Carl I. Hoveland and Paul Lazarsfeld.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Linguist Wilbur Schramm.


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

Shannon and Weaver are mathematicians. [8]


Question: Does the body language include a form of Interaction Communication?

Communication

References


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Israel (Hebrew: מדינת ישראל, Medinat Yisra'el; Arabic: دولة إسرازيل, Dawlat Isrā'īl) is a country in the Middle East surrounded by the Middle Sea, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt and the Sinai desert.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

In addition, two areas of the Palestinian National Authority are surrounded: the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

With a population of 7.5 million, Israel is the only Jewish state in the world. [1]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

In addition, there are also several other ethnic minority groups, including ethnic Arabs with Israeli nationality, along with other religious groups such as Muslims, Christians, Druze, Samaritans, and others.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

The founding of the modern state of Israel has its roots from the concept of the Land of Israel (Eretz Yisrael), a concept central to Judaism since ancient times, [2] which was also the center of the territory of the ancient Kingdom of Judah.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

After World War I, the League of Nations approved the creation of the British Mandate of Palestine as a “Jewish state”. [3]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

In 1947, the United Nations approved the division of Palestine into two states, one Jewish state and one Arab state. [4]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

On May 14, 1948, Israel proclaimed its independence and this was soon followed by warfare with surrounding Arab states who rejected this plan of division.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Israel then won this war and cemented its independence.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

As a result of this war, Israel managed to expand its state boundaries beyond the area limits defined by the Palestine Division Plan.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Since then, Israel has been in constant contention with neighboring Arab countries, causing wars and violence that continue to date. [5]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Since the beginning of the establishment of the State of Israel, the borders of the state of Israel along with Israel's right to stand have been opposed by many parties, especially by the Arab state and Palestinian refugees.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but peace efforts between Palestinians and Israelis until now have not been successful.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Israel is a democratic state with a parliamentary system of government and universal suffrage. [6] [7] The Prime Minister of Israel serves as the head of government and the Knesset serves as Israel's legislative body.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

In terms of gross domestic product, the country's economy ranks 44th in the world. [8]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Israel has ratings of Human Development Index [9], press freedom, [10] and economic competitiveness [11] which are the highest compared to surrounding Arab countries.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

The capital city According to the claims and laws of the state of Israel, the capital of Israel is Jerusalem.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

This is shown by his attitude that centralizes government even the office of President in this city.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Nevertheless the UN body [12] and most countries in the world do not acknowledge it.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Only the Czech Republic, Taiwan, the United States, and Vanuatu are willing to recognize Jerusalem as the capital.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

While in the eastern part, Palestinians also claim East Jerusalem as the capital.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Tel Aviv is the second largest city and is a financial and technological hub in Israel.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

In addition, embassies of other countries exist in the city.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Therefore, in general the capital of Israel that is better known to the world is Tel Aviv.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

But the United States through Donald Trump's statement sought to restore recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and move the embassy of the United States.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

This caused condemnation in various parts of the world.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

The emergency session of the United Nations General Assembly, Thursday 21 December 2017 the majority finally opposed the American stance by 128 votes, with 35 votes abstaining, and 9 others in favor of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, among others the United States, Israel, Guatemala, Honduras, Togo, Micronesia, Nauru, Palau, and Marshall Islands.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Donald Trump's threat to revoke grants to countries opposed to the United States' decision was not heeded by many countries.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Even earlier the OIC had held an emergency High-Level Conference to unify attitudes regarding the capital city of Jerusalem, which resulted in the strong decision of Islamic countries at the United Nations in the face of the United States claims. [13] [14] [15] The emergency session of the United Nations was conducted after the United States exercised a veto against a draft UN Security Council resolution asking the country to rescind recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Of 15 countries, only the United States voted against this resolution. [13]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Until now, the UN has remained to the view that Jerusalem's status should be resolved through a two-party agreement, Israel and Palestine.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Etymology For more than three thousand years, the name “Israel” has a general and religious sense as the Land of Israel or the entirety of the Jewish state. [16]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

According to the Bible, Jacob was named after Israel after successfully struggling with an angel of the Lord. [17]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Based on the discovery of archaeological artifacts, the name “Israel” (other than as a personal name) is earliest mentioned in the ancient Egyptian Merneptah inscription (around the end of the 13th century BC).


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

On the inscription the name “Israel” itself refers to a group of people who came from a certain land. [18]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

The modern state of Israel is named Medinat Yisrael, which means “State of Israel”.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

In addition, there were also other names that were initiated, including Eretz Israel (“Land of Israel”), Zion, and Judea, but all were rejected. [19]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

In English, citizens/Jews are referred to as Israeli.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

The terms were chosen by the Israeli government at the beginning of its independence.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

This was officially announced by the then Israeli Foreign Minister, Moshe Sharett. [20]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

The area is also known as the Holy Land, which is sacred to all Abrahamic religions including Jewish, Christian, Islamic and Bahá'í beliefs.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Prior to Israel's Declaration of Independence 1,948, the entire region was known by various other names, including Southern Syria, Palestine Syria, Kingdom of Jerusalem, Iudaea Province, Coele-Syria, Retjenu, Canaan and, in particular, Palestine.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Early History History State of Israel Geography Land of Israel DistrictScitiestransPortation Mediterranean Seared Sea Sea of Galilee Jerusalemtel Avivhaifa History Jewish history (timeline) ZionismaliyahTheodor Herzl Balfour DeclarationBritish Mandate UN Partition Plan for Palestine Independence Declaration Austerity Conflicts HistoryIsraeli—Palestinian conflict — Israel proxy conflict 1948 War1949 Armistice Peace proposals Treaties with Egyptjordanisraeli—Palestinian peace process International LawOccupied territories* West Bank barrier Unilateral Disengagement LawPolitics Basic Laws Law of ReturnJerusalem Law ReferencePartiesSelections Prime MinisterPresident KnessetSupreme CourtCourts Criticism of the government Foreign relations United NationsUnited States Arab LeagueFrance Security forces Defense Forces Intelligence Community National Security Council PoliceBorder Police Prison Service Economy CompaniesDiamondsAgricultureIsrael Aerospace IndustriesKibButz TourismWine Science and TechnologyStartup NationSilicon Wadi DemographicsCulture Israeli JewsJewish ImmigrationJewish exodus from Arab CountriesIsraeli Arabs ReligionIslamChristianity MusicarchaeologyUniversities HebrewLiteraturesportsIsraelis PortalCategory WikiProjectVT left|JMPL|Map of the territory of the ancient Israelite kingdoms of the Land of Israel, known in Hebrew as Eretz Yisrael, is the holy land of the Jews.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

According to the book of the Torah, the Land of Israel was promised to the three Jewish Patriarchs by God as their homeland [21] [22].


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Scholars estimate this period existed in the 2nd millennium BC. [23]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

According to the traditional view, around the 11th century BC, several kingdoms and states of Israel were established around the Land of Israel; these kingdoms and states ruled for the next thousand years. [24]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Between the period of the Kingdom of Israel and the Muslim conquest of the 7th century, the Land of Israel fell under the governmentKingdom of Israel, the Assyrian Kingdom of Judah, Babylonian, Persian, Greek, Roman, Sassanian, and Byzantine. [25]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

The existence of Jews in the region was drastically reduced after the failure of the Bar Kokhba War against the Roman Empire in 132, leading to a massive expulsion of Jews.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

In 628/9, Byzantine Emperor Heraclius ordered the massacre and expulsion of the Jews, resulting in the Jewish population declining further.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

However, there is a small group of Jewish populations still settled in the land of Israel.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

The land of Israel was seized from the Byzantine Empire around 636 by Muslim conquerors.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

For more than six centuries, control of the region came under Umayyad, [26] Abbasids, [27] and Crusader control before falling under the Mameluk Sultanate in 1260.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

In 1516, the Land of Israel became part of the Ottoman Sultanate, which ruled the region until the 20th century. [28]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Zionism and the British mandate Diaspora Jews have long aspired to return to Zion and the Land of Israel. [29]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

These hopes and longings are recorded in the Bible [30] and are central themes in the Jewish prayer book.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

At the beginning of the 12th century, Jewish oppression by Catholics prompted the displacement of European Jews to the Holy Land and increased the number of Jewish populations after the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492. [31]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

During the 16th century, large Jewish communities were mostly centered on the Four Jewish Holy Cities, namely Jerusalem, Hebron, Tiberias, and Safed.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

By the middle of the second 18th century, the entirety of the Hasidut communities originating from Eastern Europe had moved to the Holy Land. [32]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Immigration on a large scale, known as the First Aliyah (Hebrew: עלייה), began in 1881, when Jews were fleeing pogroms in Eastern Europe. [33]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

When the Zionism movement has existed since time immemorial, Theodor Herzl was the first Jew to establish a political movement of Zionism, [34] a movement aimed at establishing a Jewish state in the Land of Israel. [35]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

In 1896, Herzl published the book Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State), exposing his vision of a future Jewish state; the following year he then chaired the first World Zionist Congress. [36]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

The Second Aliyah (1904—1914) began after the occurrence of the Kishinev pogrom.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

About 40,000 Jews then converted to Palestine. [33]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Both the first and second waves of the migration were mainly Orthodox Jews, [37] but in the Second Aliyah it also included pioneers of the kibbutz movement. [38]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

During World War I, British Foreign Minister Arthur Balfour issued a statement known as the Balfour Declaration, which was a declaration supporting the establishment of a Jewish state on the land of Palestine.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

At the request of Edwin Samuel Montagu and Lord Curzon, the statement “it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country”. [39]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

The Jewish Legion, a group of battalions made up of Zionist volunteers, then helped Britain conquer Palestine.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Arab opposition to this plan led to the 1920 Palestine Riots and the establishment of a Jewish organization known as the Haganah (in Hebrew it means “Defense”). [40]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

In 1922, the League of Nations entrusted the mandate over Palestine to the United Kingdom. [41]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

The population of this region at the time was predominantly Muslim Arab, while in urban areas such as Jerusalem, it was predominantly Jewish. [42]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Jewish immigration continued with the Third Aliyah (1919—1923) and the Fourth Aliyah (1924—1929), overall bringing 100,000 Jews to Palestine. [33]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

After the Jaffa riots, Britain restricted Jewish immigration, and areas intended as the Jewish state were allocated in Transyordania. [43]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

The rise of the Nazi movement in 1930 led to the fifth Aliyah (1929-1939) with the entry of a quarter of a million Jews into Palestine.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

This massive wave of Jewish influx gave rise to the Arab Revolt in Palestine 1936-1939, forcing Britain to limit immigration by issuing the 1939 White Book.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

In reaction to the rejection of countries in the world that refused to accept Jewish refugees fleeing the Holocaust, an underground movement known as Aliyah Bet aimed at bringing Jews to Palestine. [33]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

By the end of World War II, the Jewish population had reached 33% of the Palestinian population, a drastic increase from the previous only 11% in 1922. [44]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Independence and the first years after 1945, Great Britain became embroiled in violent conflict with Jews. [45]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

In 1947, the British government withdrew from the Mandate of Palestine, stating that Britain could not reach a solution accepted by both Arabs and Jews. [46]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

The recently formed UN body then approved the UN Division Plan (United Nations General Assembly Resolution 18) on 29 November 1947.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

This division plan divided Palestine into two states, one Arab state, and one Jewish state.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Jerusalem is intended as an International city— corpus separatum— administrated by the United Nations to avoid conflict of the city's status. [47]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

The Jewish community accepted the plan, [48] but the Arab League and the Arab Higher Committee rejected it on the grounds that Jews got 55% of all land areas even though constituted only 30% of the entire population in this area. [49]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

On December 1, 1947, the Arab Higher Committee declared a 3-day strike, and Arab groups began attacking Jewish targets.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

The civil war began when the originally defensive Jews slowly became offensive.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

The Arab-Palestinian economy collapsed and some 250,000 Arab-Palestinians were expelled or fled. [50]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

On May 14, 1948, the day before the end of the British Mandate, the Jewish Agency proclaimed independence and named the country as “Israel”.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

A day later, a combined five Arab states—Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq—attacked Israel, giving rise to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. [51]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Morocco, Sudan, Yemen and Saudi Arabia also helped dispatch troops.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

After a year of fighting, the weapon stampede was declared and a temporary territory boundary known as the Green Line was determined.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Jordan then annexed areas known as the West Bank and East Jerusalem, whereas Egypt controls the Gaza Strip.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Israel was subsequently accepted as a member of the United Nations on 11 May 1949. [52]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

During this conflict, about 711,000 Palestinian Arabs (80% of the Arab population) were displaced out of Palestine. [53]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

In the early days of its independence, the labor Zionism movement led by Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion dominated Israeli politics. [54] [55] These years were marked by mass immigration of Holocaust survivors and Jews expelled from Arab lands.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Israel's population increased from 800,000 to 2,000,000 in a ten-year period between 1948 and 1958. [56]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Most of those refugees are housed in encampments known as ma'abarot.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Until 1952, 200,000 immigrants were housed in this camping town.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

An insistence on resolving this crisis forced Ben-Gurion to sign a treaty between West Germany and Israel.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

This agreement caused great protest of Jews who did not agree Israel was in contact with Germany. [57]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

During the 1950s, Israel was continuously attacked by Palestinian militants mostly from the Gaza Strip occupied by Egypt. [58]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

In 1956, Israel joined into a joint secret alliance with Great Britain and France, aiming to retake the Suez Canal which had previously been nationalized by Egypt (see Suez Crisis).


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Despite its successful capture of the Sinai Peninsula, Israel was forced to withdraw under pressure from the United States and the Soviet Union in exchange for Israel's guarantee of shipping rights in the Red Sea and Suez Canal. [59]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

At the beginning of the next decade, Israel succeeded in arresting and prosecuting Adolf Eichmann, a major initiator of the Final Solution who was hiding in Argentina. [60]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

This judiciary had a strong influence on public concern for the Holocaust, [61] and until now Eichmann was the only person executed by Israel [62] although John Demjanjuk was also sentenced to death before later the verdict was reversed by the Supreme Court Israel [63].


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Conflict and peace treaties Arab countries have for years denied Israel's right to stand.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Arab nationalism led by Nasser called for the destruction of the state of Israel. [64]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

In 1967, Egypt, Syria, and Jordan closed its border with Israel and drove United Nations peace forces out of the region as well as blockading Israel's access to the Red Sea.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Israel then launched an attack on an Egyptian air force base for fear of an invasion by Egypt.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

This then culminated in the Six-Day War which was later won by Israel.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

In this war, Israel managed to seize the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula, and Golan Heights. [65]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

The Green Line became the boundary marker between the administrative territories of Israel and the occupied Territories of Israel.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

The boundaries of the Jerusalem area were also expanded by including the area of East Jerusalem.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

A law authorizing the entry of this territory was then established.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

This then culminated in United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 stating that this designation was invalid and in violation of international law.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

The failure of the Arab states in the 1967 war later led to the growth of the Palestinian independence movement by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). [66] [67] In the late 1960s and early 1970s, several Palestinian military groups launched various waves of attacks [68] against citizens- Israelis around the world, [69] including the murder of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

Israel avenged the action by launching Operation Wrath of God (Wrath of God).


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

On this operation, the people responsible for the events of Munich were tracked down and killed. [70]


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

On the day of Yom Kippur October 6, 1973 which is the Jewish holy day, Egyptian and Syrian forces launched a sudden attack on Israel.


Question: When is Israel's independence day?

Israeli

The war ended on 26 October with Israel successfully hitting back at Egyptian and Syrian forces.