Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

René Vincent, an Art Deco designer, also influenced him especially in the early episodes: “René's influence can be seen in the early parts of the Tintin episode in the Sovyet Land, where his paintings were made based on a decorative drawl of lines, as befits the letter 'S'...”. [29].


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

He also did not hesitate to admit that he had taken a very round nose painting of a George McManus, and made it very pleasant to use it in the absence of a disclaimer [30].


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

During his deep research he undertook in the process of making the Blue Lotus, led him to be affected also by the illustration patterns made by the Chinese and Japanese people.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

This is evident in the depiction of the beach scene which is an imitation of the work done by Hokusai and Hiroshige.. [31] [32] He also states that Mark Twain as the one who contributed to his writing of the series, although His admission this could backfire when he described that the Incas had no knowledge of when there would be the next solar eclipse as seen in the episode In the Temple of the Sun, a mistake discovered by T. F. Mills that revealed the reality that the Incas were acutely aware of the existence of a later day “Connecticut Yankee”. [8]


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Criticism In the early episodes, the series gained a lot of criticism as a story containing racism, violence, colonization, unaffection for animals and more siding with fascists and portraying the painting of Gentiles as a lesser nation.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

The Hergé Foundation stated that the criticisms were very naive [33].


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

This is because what Hergé does is not independent of the environment in which he grew up.


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The Adventures of Tintin

This is implied from Harry Thompson's statement stating that Hergé only did what was told to him by Abbé Wallez [33].


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

In addition the surroundings around him greatly influenced him where he admitted that “I gained a lot of influence from the bourgeois community around me" [30].


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

In the episode of Tintin in the lands of Sovyet, the Bolsheviks were portrayed as a particularly violent party.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Hergé was given a job as an illustrator on Moscow Unveiled, from Wallez and was created by Joseph Duillet, the former consul of the Belgian embassy in Russia during the time the Soviet regime was still in power, although this was not met in Belgium, as a country of devout Catholics.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

In Russia, what is recognized is only the Bolshevik religion and beyond that it is atheist [30].


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

In this episode it is depicted that the Bolshevik leaders are godless only to his own gluttony, and Tintin discovers pent-up treasures from Lenin and Trotsky.


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Hergé acknowledged that his alpia in the series as a time of his violation of the law at a young time. [33]


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Only in 1999 was this portrayal acceptable, but the English-language weekly tabloid for Economics and International Relations, The Economist, stated “In its review of the series, it turns Hergé's portrayal of the famine and abomination of tyranny by the Soviet regime on those times, is very accurate”. [34]


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Whereas Tintin in Congo earned criticism as an episode that demeaned the African nation, where there it was portrayed that they were a naive and primitive nation.


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In the original edition, Tintin was described as teaching a class consisting of African children only.” Mes chers amis,” he said, “Je vais vous parler aujourd'hui de votre patrie: La Belgique” whose translation in Indonesian is “My friends, today I will tell you about your ancestral land: Belgium”.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Hergé replaced it with a story that Tintin was teaching mathematics.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

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He acknowledged this flaw and stated that “I describe this episode... referring to the views of the Belgian government in those days" [30].


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

The various defects in the series were later abstracted by Sue Buswell in 1988 [35], as acts that demeaned other nations and a sense of disrespect to animals, although Thompson noted them as acts that were out of bounds [33].


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

In the series it is described that our hotshot killed more than 15 antelopes, but only 1 was taken for dinner, and this caused quite loud protests from publishers from Scandinavian countries and asked Hergé to replace the picture.


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The Adventures of Tintin

In addition there is also a picture that quite invites controversy which is when our hotshot drills the skin of a rhino and puts dynamite into it then to be blown up.


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In the latest print this image has been replaced with a picture when accidentally the rhino stepped on the trigger of Tintin's long-barreled weapon and he ran off terbirit in surprise [23].


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

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In 2007 the Commission for Equal Rights of the UK, requested the return of the entire print run of the series, Tintin di Congo. [36] [37] And in August 2007, students from Congo sent an official complaint letter over the series which was deemed to have demeaned them [38].


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The Adventures of Tintin

Some of the early episodes of the series went through many changes tailored to demand from the publishers.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

For example, due to the encouragement of the American publishers, Hergé changed the dark-skin characters in the series to be more white or neutral [39].


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Episode Mysterious Star, originally contained an American villain character with a Jewish surname, Mr. Blumenstein.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

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This could cause controversy in America, because the characters depicted there are stereotypically Jewish.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

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Mr. Blumenstein was later transformed into an American with no basis of any ethnicity under a new name, Mr. Bohlwinkel, and on the latest print he became a South American from the fictional country of Sao Rico.


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But it turned out that Hergé discovered that even the new given name was a Jewish name [27].


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

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Adaptations and exhibitions The Tintin Adventure comic series has been adapted into various forms of media based on his comics.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

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While Hergé was alive, he himself led the artists from his studio to make this animated film.


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But when he had returned, then it was his foundation that continued this work and also carried out various exhibitions [40].


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Adaptation films in the form of films exist in the form of animated films, but some are films played by humans, where all of them are based on this famous comic series.


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Golden Scapit Crab (1947) - animated film based on his book.


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Tintin and the Mystery of the Golden Fleece (1961) - human film based on film scripts.


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Tintin and the Blue Oranges (1964) - a human film based on film scripts.


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The Adventures of Tintin

Tintin and the Temple of the Sun (1969) - animated film based on his book.


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Tintin and the Shark Lake (1972) - was based on film scripts, which were later adapted into comic form.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

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Secrets of the Unicorn 2011 - Animated film to be released in 2011 [41] Steven Spielberg bought the option to film Tintin some time before Hergé died in 1983, but unfortunately at that time Spielberg was not yet certain to become his director so Hergé refused to signed his contract [42].


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

It was only in November 2002 that the leading animation film company Dreamworks bought the rights to film the series to the big screen [43].


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

A well-known director and widely known as a Tintin lover, Steven Spielberg will team up with Peter Jackson to create his trilogy with the lead actors, Jamie Bell as Tintin [44] and Andy Serkis as Captain Haddock.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

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Both great directors said that the adaptation to the big screen in rather than comical form will give their own challenges, because so deeply the impression that has been attached to its readers [45].


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Steven Moffat was fostered as a scriptwriter, where he signed a contract with DreamWorks in November 2006 for three films [46].


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

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The story is taken from 23 series that have been published excluding Tintin and Alpha-Art which have been published in the period from 1929 to 1976 [47].


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

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Spielberg will direct the first film in which the shooting will be planned to begin in September 2008 [48].


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

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The titles to be adapted in film form are the Golden Scapit Crab, The Secret of the Unicorn and the continuation of the Red Rackham Treasure. [49]


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

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Documentaries So far there have been two documentaries that have been made either for Tintin or for Hergé himself.


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The documentary is: I, Tintin (1966), a documentary made in French.


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Tintin and I (Tintin and I), created by Danish director Anders Høgsbro Østergaard in 2003, a joint production from Denmark, Belgium, France, and Switzerland.


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The documentary was made based on interviews over Hergé recorded in a tape recorder by Numa Sadoul since 1971.


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Although the results of the interview were published in book form, Hergé was allowed to make changes as necessary before they were published and some parts were changed or cut [50].


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The documentary was already broadcast on the non-profit television channel PBS in the United States on July 11, 2006 [51].


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Television Two animated television series were once made, in which both were adaptations of his comics but not of the original story so had some fundamental differences.


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The two series were: Hergé's Adventure of Tintin produced by Belvision.


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The Adventures of Tintin

This version has aired in the period from 1958 to 1962, with 104 episodes, in which each episode of no more than 5 minutes has been created and aired at that time.


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This version was adapted by Charles Shows and later voiced into French by Greg who later became chief editor of Tintin magazine.


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However, this version gets a lot of criticism because the story is very different from the original story and animation techniques are very lacking [51].


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The adventures of Tintin, which tells 21 of the 24 already published in book form.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

This version was made during 1991 - 1992 and was directed by two people namely Stéphane Bernasconi, and Peter Hudecki which was produced by Ellipse (France) with Nelvada (Canada), on behalf of Hergé.


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This animated film uses basic animation techniques that try to be as close as possible to the version of the book - it can even be said that this is a comic book made moving or “alive”.


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The series has aired in nearly 50 countries [52].


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The Hergé Theatre helped in the creation of Tintin to be shown in the form of a theatrical format: Tintin in India: The Mystery of the Blue Jewel (1941) and the Abduction of Boullock (1941 - 1942).


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His theatrical manuscript was written together with Jacques Van Melkebeke and performed in Brussels.


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Around the end of the 1970s and early 1980s, two theatrical Tintins were performed in London, where the script was adapted by Geoffrey Case for the Unicorn Theatre Company.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

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The titles are: Tintin's Great American Adventure, based on the comic Tintin in America, which was performed in the period 1976 - 1977; and Tintin and the Black Island, based on the Black Island story, which was performed in 1980.


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This second title was then performed at other venues as part of the tour.


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A musical play based on the story 7 Crystal Balls and In the Temple of the Sun was premiered on 15 September 2001 at the Stadsschouwburg (the name of one of the theatres in Belgium) in Antwerp, Belgium.


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The title was Kuifje - De Zonnetempel (De Musical) and also aired on the television channel Canal Plus, before later being transferred to Charleroi channel in 2002 in its other title Tintin — Le Temple du Soleil.


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The Adventures of Tintin

A famous musical drama company by the name of Young Vic performed musical plays based on original stories from Tintin in Tibet which were staged at the Barbican Arts Centre in London from December 2005 to January 2006. [53] The creation was directed and adapted by Rufus Norris and David Greig. [53]


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The Hergé Foundation then also re-staged this musical in the West End in December 2006 and January 2007 in commemoration of Hergé's hundredth birth day in 2007.


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Unofficial comics A wide variety of comics published neither by official publishers nor pirated works of the original series and pastiches and parodies, including a crude parody titled Breaking Free and its rather grazed parodys to the world of pornography, Tintin in Thailand, which is reported found traded since December 1999 [54].


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The Adventures of Tintin

Yves Rodier also produced several works by Tintin, but none of which were approved by the Hergé Foundation, included in them were Tintin's still-unfinished Tintin and Alpha-Art stories.


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The Adventures of Tintin

Exhibition Various works from Hergé to Tintin have been the basis for holding exhibitions, where the Hergé Foundation once held an exhibition run in 1991.


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“Hergé's World” represents the best introduction to be able to appreciate his works well.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Various materials from this exhibition also served as the basis for an even larger exhibition called “Hergé the Draughtsman”, an exhibition to remember 60 years of birth from the creation of Tintin figures, and the latter exhibition was “In Tibet With Tintin”.


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The Adventures of Tintin

In 2001, one of the maritime museums, the Musée de la Marine held an exhibition of various marine objects, where this was done by the museum based on inspiration from Hergé.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

In 2002, the art museum in Japan, Bunkamura Museum of Art in Japan held an exhibition of original paintings from the series, submarines and rocket launchers created by Professor Litmus in this series.


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The Adventures of Tintin

In Barcelona also once held an exhibition about Tintin and the Sea, “llamp de rellamp” held in the “Marine Museum”, where this exhibition was held in 2003 [40].


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The Adventures of Tintin

While in 2004, in the country the Dutch windmills held an exhibition with the theme “Tintin and the Incas” held at the Royal Museum of Ethnology; as well as another exhibition with the theme “Tintin in the City” held at Halles Saint Géry in the city of Brussels; as well as an exhibition devoted to Tintin's exploits about the marine world held at the National Maritime Museum, London [40].


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The last exhibition held was in the framework of the 75th anniversary of the birth of the Tintin Adventure series which was held in cooperation with the Hergé Foundation. [55]


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

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In 2004 at the museum of the Belgian Centre for Comic Strip Art was added a special area as a dedication and tribute to Hergé. [40]


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The largest exhibition held was in the framework of the 100th anniversary of Hergé's birth held in Paris, precisely at the museum for “contemporary arts”, the Centre Georges Pompidou, held from 20 December 2006 to 19 February 2007, where in the exhibition it featured, between Another all original pages, about 120 sheets from the Blue Lotus episode [56].


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The Adventures of Tintin

Video Games From this legendary comic series also created several video games that were released to be used on PC or PlayStation.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

The games are: Tintin on the Moon (1989) Tintin in Tibet (1996) Prisoners of the Sun (1997) Destination Adventure (2001) and Secret of the Unicorn (2011) Collectible objects The images from this series give rise to new business in the form of memorabilia or collectibles, in where these items will be hunted by the collectors.


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The Adventures of Tintin

Images from this series have been used to sell a variety of memorabilia items from clocks to underwear. [57]


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Today it is estimated that there have been more than 250 items of various forms made and sold in connection with his figures, of which some parts of it became a mandatory item for collectors to own. [58]


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Since Hergé returned home, the Hergé Foundation which currently holds the license for the collectible items, under the trademark, Moulinsart, the commercial division of the foundation.


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Peter Horemans, who was then at the helm at Moulinsart, said that: “We had to be very careful with the items at hand.


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This we do this by selectively selecting colleagues... making him famous as he befits him, then caution is required in his use. “[59]


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However, the foundation did not escape the criticism of “simplifying the works of Hergé and specializing in memorable items” is a movement that only emerged in the late '90s to describe three-dimensionally what was already seen in his comics makes it natural to incur a certain fee. [60]


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The Adventures of Tintin

For example, NBC Universal is one-on-one that reserves the right to trade all items of memorabilia from this famous series in North America.


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Shop A wide variety of memorabilia items and collectibles about Tintin can be obtained from a network of stores around the world.


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The first store was inaugurated by Jane Taylor in 1984, located in Covent Garden, London, where many now have its branches in all corners of the world, including two stores in Belgium, precisely located in Brussels and Bruges.


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The Adventures of Tintin

The British bookstore chain called Ottakars is taking its name from King Ottokar, from the episode Ottokar Stick, and therefore the store has a lot of collectibles over Tintin [61].


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The Adventures of Tintin

In addition, there are also many kinds of cafés that carry the theme of Tintin in all corners of the world.


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Figure Tintin stamps were used several times as pictures on stamps issued in commemoration of special days, [62] where the first series was published by the Belgian Postal Service in 1979 [63] in the framework of the celebration of the day “Young Philatelist of Belgium”.


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The Adventures of Tintin

It was the first postage stamp series to feature images from Belgian comics, and was also the first stamps in the world to feature hero figures from comics.


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The Adventures of Tintin

In 1999, the Dutch Postal Service issued two postage stamps on October 8, 1999, on which the images were based on the Journey to the Moon episode, which instantly sold out just hours after being circulated.


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The French Postal Service (in French) La Poste (Français) later issued stamps of Tintin and Milo in 2001.


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To mark the end of the use of the Belgian currency, the Franc, and also in order to celebrate 70 years of the birth of the Tintin episode in Congo, two more postage stamps were issued by the Belgian Postal Service on 31 December 2001.


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The stamps were also issued in the Congo at the same time.


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In 2002 the French Postal Service published a First Day Cover series featuring our hero, Tintin, while in 2004 the Belgian post office celebrated its 75th birth day, which also celebrates the 50th birth day of the episode Adventure on the Moon as well as the celebration of The 35th birth for the landing on the Moon featured in the postage stamp series based on the episode<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[69849,69874,2,2]}'>Explorers on the Moon. [64]


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In 2007, and in order to celebrate the 100th day of Hergé's birth, Belgium, France and Switzerland, planned to issue special stamps of commemorative celebrations. [65]


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Coins In addition to being in the form of stamps, Tintin figures are also remembered in the form of commemorative coins several times.


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In 1995, the Monnaie de Paris party published a set of 12 coins to celebrate the 10 years of Hergé's death, in which the coins were made of silver, and made with very limited quantities of 5000 pieces alone.


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The Adventures of Tintin

In addition, commemorative coins were shown to commemorate 50 years of the birth of the episode Journey to the Moon, limited to 10,000 pieces alone.


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Belgium also minted limited edition commemorative coins to celebrate 75 years of Tintin's birth in January, 2004. [66]


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The coins were made of silver and featured figures of Tintin and Milo minted in a limited number of 50,000 only.


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Although the coin displays a side that displays a value of €10, as befits any other commemorative coin, it can only be used in the country of its publisher, in this case it is in Belgium.


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Books So many books have been published in order to peel our hero Tintin.


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Translation process of translating this serial into Indonesian is very different depending on the licensee for the translation given by Casterman.


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The series has undergone three translation process, where it was first done by PT. 35 Djakarta.


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But unfortunately, the result of this first translation is currently arguably not there, because the published book almost no one has it.


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The second translation done by Indira got a deep place in the hearts of these comic lovers in Indonesia.


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The difficulty faced by publishers is finding the right Indonesian word match without exiting the existing text balloons.


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This provision is the absolute thing that is done as required by the publisher of this series from abroad.


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Often, it ends up the great letters that are sacrificed, so it is not uncommon for his writing to be more rather difficult to read because of their smallness.


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In addition the typical words often uttered by Captain Haddock when angry were not simply translated because if so it would obscure its purpose.


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This series published by Indira refers more to the English version so the naming of the characters also refers to it.


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For example, a white fox-terrier, Tintin's faithful friend who in his French named Milou became named Snowy.


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Then his twin detective figures were named Thomson and Thompson, while our professor was named Professor Cuthbert Calculus.


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The third translation was done by Gramedia, where it had direct licensing rights from Casterman in Belgium.


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A very noticeable change is in the format of the size of the book, where the size they create is smaller than the size of the issue of Indira.


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In addition some of the main figures refer more to their names in French, such as Milo, Dupont and Dupond and Professor Lionel Litmus.


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The legacy of Tintin and his creator Hergé has been made role models and became the Reference material of many art workers in the comic world.


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The most famous and most influential is, a style of depiction of Hergé referred to as ligne claire.


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All parties who rembug in Tintin magazine also use this style.


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And what can be seen most affected by style is when we pay attention to the handiwork of Jacques Tardi, Yves Chaland, Jason Little, Phil Elliott, Martin Handford, Geoff Darrow and Garen Ewing.


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His other legacy was the creation of a comics market for collectors; the series followed by special editions for collectors was widely adopted and applied by publishers from France and Belgium.


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This model allows comic creators to earn a fairly stable income, where they can still earn in addition to them being required to always produce new creations.


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This is opposite to the pattern applied by publishers from America and England where they adhere to the pattern of the other, which is less favorable to the creators of the comics.


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However this was refuted by Roger Sabin who stated that the pattern that would first make the art workers would produce excellent results. “[67]


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Paul Gravett also stated that the wide variety of Reference materials and also Hergé's archive of photographs that began to be implemented since the Blue Lotus, was an important turning point that made his works more mature and better. “[7]


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In the art world, both Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein stated that Hergé as a person influenced them greatly.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Lichtenstein made paintings based on footage of episodes from Tintin's Adventures, while Warhol used the “ligne claire” style as well as creating a series of paintings in which Hergé was his subject.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

He stated that: “Hergé has influenced me as befits Walt Disney.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

For me, Hergé is not just a mostly comic artist. “[68]


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

In the world of music, Tintin has been the inspiration of several band groups and musicians.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

A bank group of British technopop genre from the 1980s era took its name from the twins Dupont and Dupond.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Stephen Duffy, a former member of the group band Duran Duran, performed the minor hit single “Kiss Me” under the name “Tintin”; however he had to change his name due to pressure of abuse of intellectual property rights.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Duffy also made a Designer Beatnik album under the name “Doctor Calculus” which took references from Professor Litmus.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

A rock band group (psychedelic rock) from Australia and American independent progressive rock bank group also used the name “Tin Tin”, not forgetting the English dance group Tin Tin Out was also inspired by the series.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Writer/singer from South Africa Gert Vlok Nel compared Tintin to God on his song titled “Waarom ek roep na jou vanaand”.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Most likely this is because Tintin's character is so perfect who is like God.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

A cartoonist from Australia cartoonist, Bill Leak often analogized Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd as Tintin.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Hergé was also praised as “creating in art a powerful graphic record of the 20th century's tortured history” through his work, Tintin. [69] while the “Maurice Horn World Comics Encyclopedia” referred to him as a man who had “spear-headed the post World War II renaissance of European comic art”. [70]


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

An expert on French philosopher, Michel Serres states that Tintin's 23 albums have produced a “chef-d'oeuvre”, a masterpiece in which until this second no French novelist has matched her in terms of her thoroughness and her piety”. [71]


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

It is also worth remembering that Tintin was used as a reference material from the series The Simpsons in the episode Husbands and Knives.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Awards On June 1, 2006, the Dalai Lama bestowed the International Campaign for Tibet's Light of Truth award on Tintin figures, jointly with Archbishop of South Africa Desmond Tutu. [72]


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

The award was given in recognition of Hergé Tintin's work in Tibet, where Executive Director of World Information Technology from Europa, Tsering Jampa delivered that “for many... introduction to their awe-inspiring landscape and culture of Tibet”. [73]


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

In 2001, the Hergé Foundation improved the Chinese translation of his work under the title Tintin in China's Tibet.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Where later the work was reprinted with the correct translation. [74]


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

As representative of the Hergé Foundation, Hergé's widow Fanny Rodwell stated: “We never expected that this story of friendship would have echoes more than 40 years later”. [72]


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

See also (in French) The countries referred to in the series Tintin Ideology of Tintin Benoit Peeters - a very famous Tintinologist Michael Farr - a very famous Tintinologist The adventures of Yo, Susi and Yokko - another comic series written by Hergé Adventure Quick and Flupke - another comic series written by Hergé Reference Outlink Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

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Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Tintin Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Tintin - Kuifje The Many Languages of Tintin Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Tintin - Kuifje publications by country.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is the genre of Tintin Adventure?

The Adventures of Tintin

Tintin in English (in Indonesian) Tintin in Indonesia (in English) Tintin in Indonesia.


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

United States Independence Day (Independence Day or Fourth of July) is a federal holiday every July 4 in the United States to commemorate the sailing of the Declaration of Independence by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776.


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

The declaration was a proclamation of the independence of the Thirteen Colonies from the Kingdom of Great Britain.


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

U.S. Independence Day is celebrated with fireworks parties, parades, barbecues, carnivals, picnics, concerts, baseball games, political speeches, as well as various official activities and ceremonies related to the history, governance, and traditions of the United States.


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

Celebration On the morning and evening of July 4, 1777, thirteen cannon shots were ringed in Bristol, Rhode Island.


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

Celebrations in Philadephia mark the first ever U.S. Independence Day commemoration.


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

At the Continental Congress were held official dinners, toasts, 13 times cannon shots, speeches, prayers, music, parades, troop checks, and fireworks parties.


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

The ships were decorated with red, white, and blue flags.


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

In 1778, General George Washington celebrated July 4 with artillery fire and the division of rum rations for the soldiers twice that of the usual rations.


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

In Paris, Ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner banquet for Americans.


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

In 1779, the 4th of July fell on a Sunday.


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

U.S. Independence Day is celebrated on Monday, July 5.


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

In 1971, the Massachusetts General Court became the state legislative body in the U.S. that first set July 4 as a state celebration.


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

In 1783, the congregation of the Moravian Church in Salem, North Carolina celebrated the 4th of July with the musical work Psalm of Joy by Johann Friedrich Peter.


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

In 1791 for the first time the term Independence Day was worn in written documents.


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

In 1870, the United States Congress designated U.S. Independence Day as an unpaid holiday for federal employees. [1]


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

In 1931, Congress changed U.S. Independence Day as a paid federal holiday for federal employees.


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

Transclusion Outer link reference error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. on the website of the United States Department of State Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. by James R. Heintze, American University, Washington, D.C. Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When is the United States independent?

Independence Day (United States)

Category:Feast days in the United States


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

East Kalimantan (abbreviated as Kaltim) is an Indonesian province on the eastern tip of Kalimantan Island bordering Malaysia, North Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, West Kalimantan, and Sulawesi.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The total area of Kaltim is 129,066.64 km² and the population is 3.6 million.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Kaltim is the region with the fourth lowest population density in the archipelago.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Its capital is Samarinda.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Senambah East Kalimantan before blooming into North Kalimantan is the second largest province in Indonesia after Papua, with an area of 194,489 sq km which is about the same as Java Island or about 6.8% of the total area of Indonesia.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The history of East Kalimantan region was the majority of tropical rainforests.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

There are several kingdoms located in East Kalimantan, including Kutai Kingdom (Hindu), Kutai Sultanate of Kartanegara ing Martadipura, and Pasir Sultanate.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The region of East Kalimantan includes Paser, Kutai, Berau and also Karasi (Buranun/pre-Sultanate of Sulu) claimed as the conquered territory of Maharaja Suryanata, governor of Majapahit in Dipa State (which was based in the Great Temple in Amuntai) until 1620 at the time of the Sultanate of Banjar.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

With reinforcements from the Demak Kingdom, the Sultanate of Banjar continued to widen its influence to Paser, Kutai, and Berau.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The agreement signed between Pieter Pietarsz (VOC envoy) and King Kutai Kartanegara in 1635 contained among other things that free trade was allowed between the Kingdom of Kutai and the Banjar people and the Dutch only.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The arrival of the Banjar people helped expand the influence of Kutai Sultanate's power on the Dayak people in the interior. [1] [2] Since that Banjar traders began to dominate before the arrival of the Bugis migration in 1638-1654 and the fall of Makassar into Dutch hands in 1667.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Between 1620-1624, the countries in Kaltim had been the area of influence of Sultan Alauddin from the Sultanate of Makassar, before the Bungaya treaty. [3]


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

According to Hikayat Banjar Sultan Makassar once borrowed land for trading places covering the eastern and southeastern regions of Kalimantan to Sultan Mustain Billah of Banjar when Kiai Martasura was sent to Makassar and entered into an agreement with Sultan Tallo I Mangngadaccinna Daeng I Ba'le' Sultan Mahmud Karaeng Pattingalloang [4], who became the principal and advisor to Sultan Muhammad Said, King of Gowa in 1638-1654 and also the in-law of Sultan Hasanuddin [5] [6] [7] who would make East Kalimantan as a trading place for the Sultanate of Makassar (Gowa-Tallo) [4] since then began to come ethnic origin South Sulawesi.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

But based on the Treaty of the Sultanate of Banjar with the VOC in 1635, the VOC helped Banjar return the lands in Kaltim into the area of influence of the Sultanate of Banjar.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

This is manifested in the Bungaya agreement, that the Sultanate of Makassar is forbidden to trade to the east and north of Kalimantan.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

As per tracts of 1 January 1817, Sultan Sulaiman of Banjar ceded East Kalimantan, Central Kalimatan, parts of West Kalimantan and parts of South Kalimantan (including Banjarmasin) to the Dutch East Indies.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

CONTRACT MET DEN SULTAN VAN BANDJERMASIN 4 May 1826.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

/B 29 September 1826 No. 10, Sultan Adam al-Watsiq Billah of Banjar reaffirmed the surrender of East Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, parts of West Kalimantan and parts of South Kalimantan to the Dutch East Indies colonial administration. [8] [9] In 1846, the Dutch began to place Assistant Resident in Samarinda for East Borneo (now East Kalimantan province and eastern South Kalimantan) named H. Von Dewall. [10]


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Kaltim is part of the Dutch East Indies. [11]


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Caltim 1800-1850. [12]


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

In 1879, Kaltim and Tawau constituted Ooster Afdeeling van Borneo part of Residentie Zuider en Oosterafdeeling van Borneo. [13]


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

In 1900, Kaltim was a zelfbesturen (dependency area) [14] In 1902, Kaltim was Afdeeling Koetei en Noord-oost Kust van Borneo. [15] [16] Year 1942 Kalimantan was Afdeeling Samarinda and Afdeeling Boeloengan en Beraoe. [17]


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

When Indonesia proclaimed its independence on 17 August 1945, Indonesia had 8 provinces, namely: Sumatra, Borneo (Kalimantan), West Java, Central Java, East Java, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Lesser Sunda.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

During the independence movement (1945-1949), Indonesia experienced a change of territory due to the return of the Dutch to control Indonesia, and a number of “puppet states” were formed by the Netherlands within the territory of the country of Indonesia.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The territory of East Kalimantan was newly merged into the Republic of Indonesia officially on 10 April 1950.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Previously, in early 1950 the people of Kaltim in the National Front coalition led by Abdoel Moeis Hassan (not Inche Abdoel Moies) demanded the removal of the swapraja-swapraja alias four Sultanates in Kaltim and demanded that the Federation of Kalimantan merge into the Republic of Indonesia.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

At that time, the Federation of Kalimantan Van Mook heritage is in the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia United States (RIS), not RI.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The government of Kalimantan Federation is a combination of Kutai Sultanate, Sambaliung, Gunung Tabur, Bulungan, plus neoswapraja Pasir.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The demands of the National Front were met by local and central authorities.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Successive: February, March 10, and March 16; Kalimantan Council, Kalimantan Federation, and Kaltim Residents asked the RIS Government to realize the demands of the people of Kaltim. 19 March the Indonesian Government agreed.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The merger of East Kalimantan into the Indonesian region was conducted in a handover ceremony from the Government of RIS to the Government of Indonesia.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

RIS represented Aji Raden Aflees (Plt.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Resident of Kaltim).


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The RI is represented by Dr. Moerdjani (Governor of Kalimantan).


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Acting as a witness, Interior Minister Mr. Soesanto Tirtoprodjo.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The merger of Kaltim into RI is recorded in history as the first area outside Java and Sumatra after the Round Table Conference (KMB) that merged itself into the Indonesian region.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The status of the Kalimantan region at the beginning of joining the Republic of Indonesia until 6.5 years later is the trust under the province of Kalimantan which is capitalized in Banjarmasin. [18]


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Establishment of East Kalimantan Province East Kalimantan Province besides as administrative unity, also as ecological and historical unity.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

East Kalimantan as an administrative region is formed based on its first governor being APT Pranoto.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Previously East Kalimantan was one of the karesidenans of Kalimantan Province.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

In accordance with the aspirations of the people, since 1956 the area was bloomed into three provinces, namely East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan and West Kalimantan.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

In 2012, there was again an expansion of the region marked by the establishment of North Kalimantan Province.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Level II areas within East Kalimantan, formed based on, on the Establishment of Level II Regions in Kalimantan (State Gazette of 1955 No.9).


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

State Gazette No.72 of 1959 consists of: Establishment of 2 municipalities, namely: Samarinda Municipality, with Samarinda City as its capital and also as the capital of East Kalimantan Province.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The municipality of Balikpapan, with the city of Balikpapan as its capital and is the gateway of East Kalimantan.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The formation of 4 districts, namely: Kutai Regency, with its capital Tenggarong Pasir Regency, with its capital Tanah Grogot.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Berau Regency, with its capital Tanjung Redeb.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Bulungan Regency, with its capital Tanjung Selor.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The formation of New Cities and Regencies Based on Government Regulation Number 47 of 1981, then formed Bontang Administrative City in Kutai Regency and based on Government Regulation Number 20 of 1989, then also formed Madya Tarakan City in Bulungan Regency area.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

In further development in accordance with the provisions inside, then formed 2 cities and 4 districts, namely: West Kutai Regency, capitalized in Sendawar East Kutai Regency, capitalized in Sangatta Malinau Regency, capital in Malinau Nunukan Regency, capitalized in Nunukan Regency Mahakam Ulu is capitalized in Ujoh Mata Tarakan City (increase of Tarakan administrative city into municipality) Bontang City (increase of Bontang administrative city into municipality) Based on Government Regulation number 8 of 2002, then Pasir Regency is experiencing expansion and expansion named Penajam Paser North District.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

On July 17, 2007, the House of Representatives agreed to approve the establishment of Tana Tidung as a new district in East Kalimantan, then the total number of districts/cities in East Kalimantan became 14 regions.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

In the same year, the name of Pasir Regency changed to Paser Regency based on PP No. 49 of 2007.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

On October 25, 2012, DPR RI authorized the establishment of North Kalimantan Province which is the expansion of East Kalimantan.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Bulungan Regency, Malinau Regency, Nunukan Regency, Tana Tidung Regency, and Tarakan City became the territory of the new province, so the number of districts and cities in East Kalimantan was reduced to 9 regions.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

In May 2013 Mahakam Ulu Regency was bloomed from West Kutai so that districts and cities in East Kalimantan became 10 regions.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Geography and Climate [19] Geography of East Kalimantan Region comprising the land area of 127,267.52km² and sea management area 25.656km², located between 113°44' and 119°00' East longitude, and between 2°33 'North latitude and 2°25' South latitude.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

With the development and expansion of the region, East Kalimantan which is the third largest province after Papua and Central Kalimantan, is divided into 7 (seven) districts, 3 (three) cities, 103 districts and 1,026 villages/villages. The seven districts are Paser with the capital Tanah Grogot, West Kutai with capital Sendawar, Kutai Kartanegara with capital Tenggarong, East Kutai with capital Sangatta, Berau with capital Tanjung Redeb, North Penajam Paser with capital Penajam, and Mahakam Ulu with capital Long Bagun (expansion from West Kutai Regency).


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

While the three cities are Balikpapan, Samarinda, and Bontang.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

East Kalimantan is one of the main gateways in Eastern Indonesia.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The area which is also known as woodshed and mining products has hundreds of rivers scattered in almost all districts/cities and is the main means of transportation in addition to land transportation, with the longest river Mahakam River. east of Borneo Island.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Precisely this province is directly adjacent to North Kalimantan to the North, Sulawesi Sea and Makasar Strait to the East, South Kalimantan to the South, and West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and Malaysia to the West.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Mainland East Kalimantan is not separated from the hills that are located almost throughout the district.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The number of lakes in the province is also quite large which is about 18 pieces.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Most of the lakes are located in Kutai Kartanegara Regency with the most extensive lakes namely Lake Semayang and Melintang which have an area of 13,000 ha and 11,000 ha respectively.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Climate Like the climate of Indonesia in general, East Kalimantan has a tropical climate and has two seasons, namely the dry season and rainy season.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The dry season usually occurs in May to October, the rainy season occurs in November to April.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

This state of affairs continues every year interspersed with transitional seasons in certain months.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

In addition, because it is located in the equatorial area, the climate in East Kalimantan is also influenced by Muson winds, namely West Muson wind November-April and East Muson wind May-October.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

But in these last years, the state of the season in East Kalimantan is sometimes erratic.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

In the months that are supposed to rain in reality there is no rain at all, or vice versa in the supposedly dry months it rains with a much longer time.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Temperature and Humidity The air temperature of a place is determined by the height and low of the area from sea level and its distance from the coast.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

In general, East Kalimantan is hot with temperatures in 2013 ranging from 21.6 ⁰C in Berau in October to 35.6 ⁰C in Berau in September.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Average lowest temperature is 22.1⁰C and highs of 35.1⁰C occur in Berau.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

In addition to being a tropical area with extensive forests, in 2013 the average air humidity of East Kalimantan was between 83-87 percent.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The lowest air humidity observed by Samarinda meteorological station occurs in some months with 82 percent humidity.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

While the highest occurred in Berau in February with 91 percent humidity.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Rainfall and Wind Circumstances Rainfall in East Kalimantan area is very diverse by month and location of observer station.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The highest average rainfall recorded at Berau Meteorological Station was 245.1mm and the lowest during 2013 was recorded at Samarinda Meteorological Station was 237.8mm.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

At several stations observers monitored wind conditions in East Kalimantan in 2013.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Observations showed that wind speeds were between 3 to 4 knots.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The highest wind speed is 4 knots occurring in Balikpapan and Berau, while the lowest is 3 knots in Samarinda.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Biodiversity Natural Resources East Kalimantan has a wealth of flora and fauna. [20]


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

In East Kalimantan approximately grow about 1000-189,000 species of plants, among others, black orchids whose price per flower can reach Rp, 100,000, - up to Rp, 500,000, - Natural Resources The problem of natural resources here is mainly illegal logging that wiped out rainforest, besides The Kutai National Park located in East Kutai Regency is also covered by forests.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Less than half of the rainforest still remains.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Local authorities are still trying to stop this pernicious habit.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Besides It Also Has Natural Resources for Tourism.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Melintang Lake in Kutai Kartanegara, south of Kaltim.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Tanah Merah Waterfall, Samarinda.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Rural Government/Village [19] Of 1,026 definitive villages there are 155 villages that still have self-help status, 373 swakarya villages and 498 self-sufficiency villages.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

While from a number of definitive villages, 158 villages have LKMD (Village Community Security Institute) category I, 333 villages category II and 529 villages category III.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Civil Servants [19] The number of civil servants (civil servants) and honorary personnel in regency/city government offices in East Kalimantan amounted to 87,408 people, the most in Kutai Kartanegara Regency Government is 16,575 people, while the least in Mahakam Regency Government Ulu is 742 people.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Based on the education level of civil servants in the provincial government office (Provincial Government) of East Kalimantan, 14 people (13 men and 1 woman) were educated by S-3, educated S1/DIV as many as 2,155 people, while SLTA educated 2,759 people.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The Current Governorate is held by Awang Faroek Ishak.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

He ran for Governor of East Kalimantan in 2008 and was eventually elected in the second round and sworn in on 17 December 2008.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

He was also re-elected as Governor of East Kalimantan in the 2013 East Kalimantan election.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The Governor's aide Further as an extension of the hand of the Chief Governor of Dearah of East Kalimantan Province in managing the Government Administration and Development in this area, 2 (two) Governor's Aides in charge of Coordinating the Northern Territory and Southern Region, namely: Governor of Northern Territory, based in Tarakan City which in this case is an extension of the governor's hand for Berau Regency, Bulungan and Tarakan Administrative City.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Assistant Governor of the Southern Region, based in Balikpapan City which in this case is an extension of the governor's hand for Balikpapan Municipality, Kutai Regency, Paser Regency and Bontang Administrative City.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Then the institution of two Vice Governor of East Kalimantan South and North Region has been dispensed since 1999.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The policy of abolition of this institution is solely to comply with the provisions of Law No. 22 of 1999 on Local Government.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Administrative division After the formation of the province of North Kalimantan, East Kalimantan is now divided into 6 districts and 3 cities, among others: List of districts and cities in East Kalimantan Representatives of the Parliament of East Kalimantan, the results of the 2014 legislative election came from ten political parties. [ 21]


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Economy The main results of the province are mine produce such as oil, natural gas and coal.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Other sectors that are now developing are agriculture, tourism and processing industries.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Some regions such as Balikpapan and Bontang began to develop industrial areas of various fields to accelerate economic growth.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Meanwhile, the districts in Kaltim are now starting to open their territory for plantations such as oil palm and others.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

East Kalimantan has several interesting tourism destinations such as Derawan islands in Berau, Kayan Mentarang National Park and Batu Lamampu Beach in Nunukan, crocodile farm in Balikpapan, deer farm in Penajam, Kampung Dayak Pampang in Samarinda, Amal Beach in Tarakan City, Island Kumala in Tenggarong and others.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

But there are obstacles in going to the above places, which is transportation.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Many parts of the province still do not have asphalt roads, so many people travel by boat and plane and it is no wonder that in East Kalimantan has many pioneering airports.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

In addition, there will be a plan for the creation of Balikpapan-Samarinda-Bontang-Sangata Highway in order to smooth the economy.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Education In the field of education, East Kalimantan continues to try to improve the quality of education in order to score the human resources of East Kalimantan Province that can compete in the national and international scene.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Therefore, the Provincial Government of East Kalimantan made steps such as promulgating the 12-Year Compulsory Study Program and the distribution of 20% budget funds for education.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

In addition, the government also has a scholarship program, namely Kaltim Cemerlang which is intended for the people of East Kalimantan in order to increase development in East Kalimantan [22] East Kalimantan Province has the largest universities namely Mulawarman University, Universitas This has been widely supported in the development of infrastructure and quality of human resources educators by the Provincial Government.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

In addition to Mulawarman University there are also other public and private universities that are also supported by the provincial government and district/city government.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

In addition to universities, East Kalimantan province continues to improve the quality of schools in terms of human resources and infrastructure.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

There are now many national and international schools that are being worked in East Kalimantan Province. [22]


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The most dominant ethnic ethnic ethnic community in East Kalimantan is ethnic Javanese (30.24%) which spreads in almost all regions especially transmigratory areas to urban areas.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The second largest ethnicity is Bugis (20.81%) who occupy many coastal and urban areas.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The third largest ethnicity is Banjar (12.45%) which is quite dominant in Samarinda and Balikpapan cities.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

East Kalimantan is the main destination for migrants from Java, Sulawesi and South Kalimantan.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

In the fourth place are Ethnic Dayak (9.94%) who occupy the interior.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The ethnic Kutai (7.80%) inhabiting Kutai Kartanegara, East Kutai and West Kutai are in fifth place.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

In the sixth to tenth consecutive ethnic Toraja (2.21%), Paser (1.89%), Sundanese (1.57%), Madura (1.32%) and Buton Tribe (1.25%) as well as other tribes from various regions in Indonesia.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The composition of the Tribes in East Kalimantan (before the expansion of North Kalimantan), namely: [23] Language The introductory language of the people of East Kalimantan generally uses Bahasa Indonesia and Banjar.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The spread of Banjar language to East Kalimantan due to the large number of monitoring of the Banjar tribe from South Kalimantan so that Banjar language is used as a colloquial language especially in Samarinda and Balikpapan City.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

The speakers of Javanese and Bugis languages are also quite large in East Kalimantan due to the large number of arrivals from Java Island and Sulawesi Island who inhabit East Kalimantan.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Other languages spoken by the people of East Kalimantan include Malay such as Kutai Kota Bangun [26], Kutai Tenggarong [27], Berau language [28] and Barito family such as Paser [29], Benuaq [30], Bentian language [31], Tunjung [32] and Borneo North/Ulu people such as Bahau [33], Modang language [34], Aoheng/Penihing [35], Coutan Language [36], Basap Berau [37] Tourism, Art and Culture Songs Bird Enggang (Kutai language) Meharit (Kutai language) Sabar'ai-Sabar'ai (Banjar language) Angat Manik (Berau language) Bebilin (Tidung) Andang Sigurandang (Tidung) Bedone (Dayak Benuaq) Ayen Sae (Dayak) Sorangan (Banjar) Lamin Talelement (Kutai) Buah Bolok (Kutai) I sing (Kutai) Kandilo River (Sand) Rambai Manguning (Banjar) Ading Sweet (Kutai) Banjar) Indung-Indung (Malay Berau) Basar Intention (Malay Berau) Berambah (Kutai) Undur Hudang (Kutai) Kada Guna Marista (Banjar) Tajong Samarinda (Kutai) Citra Niaga (Kutai) Garden Orchid Kersik Luwai Ne Poq Batangph Banuangku Natural Wealth Etam (Kutai) Mambari Maras (Banjar) Kambang Goyang (Banjar) Apandang Jakku Keledung Ketuyak Jalung Antu Mena Wang Langit Tung Tit To Kaja Ting Ting Nging Endut-Endut Enjung Julun Lajun River Mahakam Samarinda City Tepi (Kutai) Corn Edge Kandania Nest Adui Indung Nasi Bekepor (Kutai) Fate Awak Tenau Luwai (Banjar Language) (Kenyah) (Tonyooi-Benuaq) Sound Art Bedeguuq (Dayak Benuaq) Berijooq (Dayak Benuaq) Ninga (Dayak Benuaq) Enluei (Dayak Wehea) Perpantun Art (Dayak Benuaq) Ngelengot (Dayak Benuaq) Ngakey ( Dayak Benuaq) Ngeloak (Dayak Benuaq) Religion The population census of 2015 shows that the community in East Kalimantan is dominated by adherents of Islam.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

In addition to Islam there are also various other religions recognized in Indonesia namely Protestant Christians, Catholics, Buddhists and Hinduism.


Question: What is the population of Dayak Modang Tribe in 2015?

East Kalimantan

Art and Culture Music Tingkilan (Kutai tribe) Sempek/Kejien (Dayak Wehea tribe) Gantar Dances from Dayak Benuaq Dances from Dayak Benuaq Dances of Dayak Benuaq Dances from Dayak Benuaq Dances from Dayak Kenyah Datun Dances of Dayak Kenyah Tribe Hudoq Dances of Dayak Kenyah Tribe Dayak Wehea Kejien Dance of Dayak Wehea Belian Tribe Maropeng Dance of Banjar Samarinda Tribe Healing Disease Beliatn Bawo (Dayak Benuaq tribe) Beliatn Sentiyu (Dayak Benuaq tribe) Beliatn Kenyong (Dayak Benuaq tribe) Beliatn Luangan (Dayak Benuaq tribe) Beliatn Bejamu tribe Dayak Benuaq) Reject Balla/Hajat/Sesalvation Nuak (from Dayak Benuaq tribe) Bekelew (Dayak Benuaq tribe) Nalitn Tautin (Dayak Benuaq tribe) Paper Maper (Dayak Benuaq tribe) Besamat (Dayak Benuaq tribe) Pakatn Nyahuq (Dayak Benuaq tribe) Ngompong Marriage Dayak tribe Benuaq) Kantarijar Dance (Kutai tribe) Weapons Traditional Mandau - Manaau Gayang Keris Buritkang Chopsticks - Potaatn Shield - Keleubet Spear - Belokokng Traditional Ceremony of Death Kwangkey/Kuangkay (Dayak Benuaq tribe) Kenyeuw (Dayak Benuaq tribe) Parepm Fire/Tooq (Dayak Benuaq tribe) Reference also Sebatik East Kalimantan and typical food of East Kalimantan Regional Head and Deputy Head of East Kalimantan Province 2008 Outlinks (in Indonesian) (in Indonesian) (in Indonesian) Central Bureau of Statistics (in Indonesian) Central Bureau of Statistics (in Indonesian) Investment Coordinates Board (in Indonesian) Coordinates: Category:Provinces in Indonesia


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

The First Crusade (1096—1099) was the first of a number of crusades that attempted to seize the Holy Land, authorized by Pope Urbanus II in 1095.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

This war began as a widespread pilgrimage in Western Christianity and ended as a military expedition by Roman Catholic Europeans to regain the Holy Land taken in the Muslim conquest of the Levant (632—661).


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

It ultimately led to the recapture of Jerusalem in 1099.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Crusade I was inaugurated on 27 November 1095 by Pope Urbanus II with the main purpose of responding to a plea from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, who made a request that volunteers from the west come to help him eliminate the Seljuk Turks from Anatolia.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

An additional goal soon became the main target, namely the reconquest by Jews of the holy city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land and freeing Eastern Christians from Muslim rule.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

During the crusades, knights, peasants, and servants from many Western European countries traveled by land and sea, first to Constantinople and then towards Jerusalem.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

After arriving in Jerusalem, the crusaders launched an attack on the city and seized it in July 1099.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

They also established crusader states namely: the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Edessa.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

The First Crusade then continued with the Second to Ninth Crusades.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

These events were also the first major step towards the reopening of international trade since the fall of the Western Roman Empire.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Since the First Crusade was primarily concerned with Jerusalem, a city that had not been under the rule of the Jews for 461 years, and the crusaders refused to return the land into the control of the Byzantine Empire, hence the status of the First Crusade as something whose defensive or aggressive nature is still a controversy.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

The origin In general the origin of the War-Crusades, and in particular the First Crusade, is widely debated among historians.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

The crusades are most commonly associated with the social and political situation in Europe in the 11th century, the onset of a reform movement within the papacy, as well as the religious and political confrontation between Christianity and Islam in Europe and the Middle East.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Christianity had spread throughout Europe, Africa, and the Middle East by the Late Antiquity Ages, but by the early 8th century the power of Jews in Europe and Anatolia became limited after various conquests by Muslims.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

The Umayyad caliphate had conquered Syria, Egypt, and North Africa from the Christian-dominated Byzantine Empire, as well as Hispania from the Visigoth Kingdom. [2]


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

In North Africa, the Umayyad Caliphate later collapsed and a number of smaller Muslim kingdoms sprang up, for example the Aghlabiyyah who invaded Italy in the 9th century.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Pisa, Genoa, and the Princedom of Catalunya began fighting against various Muslim kingdoms in order to gain control of the Mediterranean Basin, shown by the Mahdiya campaign of 1087 as well as battles in Majorca and Sardinia. [3]


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Essentially, between 1096 and 1011, the Byzantine Greeks experienced this crusade upon arrival in Constantinople in three separate waves.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

In the early summer of 1096, the first large, hard-to-control group arrived on the outskirts of Constantinople.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

This wave was rumored to be undisciplined and lacked the equipment of an army as recorded in the People's Crusade.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

This first group is often referred to as the Peasants' Crusade, led by Peter the Hermit and Gautier Sans-Avoir and did not know or respect the wishes of Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

The second wave was also not under the command of the Emperor and consisted of a number of troops with their respective commanders.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Overall, this group and the first wave were estimated to number 60,000. [4] [5] The second wave was led by Hugues I, Comte Vermandois, brother of King Philippe I of France.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Additionally in the second wave there were also Raymond IV, Comte Toulouse, and troops from Provença.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

“It was the second wave of these crusaders who then crossed Asia Minor, seizing Antioch in 1098 and finally seizing Jerusalem on 15 July 1099. “[6]


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

The third wave, consisting of contingents from Lombardia, France, and Bavaria, arrived in Jerusalem in the early summer of 1101. [7]


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Situation in Europe On the western periphery of Europe and in the face of the expansion of Islamists, the Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula was still ongoing in the 11th century; this was occasionally an ideological issue, as evidenced by the Vigilanus Kodex compiled in 881. [8]


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

In the 11th century more and more knights from outside, mostly from France, came to Iberia to assist the Jews in their efforts. [9] [note 1] Shortly ahead of the First Crusade, Pope Urbanus II had encouraged the Jews of Iberia to reclaim Tarragona with used much of the same rhetoric and symbolism as was used later to preach regarding the crusades to the Europeans. [10]


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

The heart of Western Europe is seen as having stabilized after the Christianization of the Hungarians, Vikings, and Saxons until the end of the 10th century.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

But the breakdown of the Karoling Empire gave rise to an entirely warrior class that now has little to do anything other than quarrel with each other. [11]


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

The random violence perpetrated by this class of knights was regularly condemned by the church, and to respond to it was made the determination of Peace and Truce for God's sake (Peace and Truce of God) to prohibit fighting on certain days of the year.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

At the same time, the renewal-oriented papacy was involved in conflict with the Holy Roman Emperors, resulting in the Coronation Controversy.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Popes such as Pope Gregory VII justified subsequent wars to fight the emperor's backers in theological aspects.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Then it became acceptable for the Pope to utilize the knights on behalf of the Christian world, not just against those political enemies of the Papacy, but also against Al-Andalus, or, theoretically, against the Seljuk Dynasty in the east. [12]


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

To the east of Europe lay the Byzantine Empire, composed of Jews who had long used a separate Orthodox rite; the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches had been in schism since 1054.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Historians argue that the desire to impose the authority of the Church of Rome on the eastern regions may have been one of the goals of this crusade, [13] although Urbanus II—who predates the first Crusade — never referred to such objectives in his letters regarding the practice of war crosses.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

The Seljuk Turks by then had taken over almost all of Anatolia after the Byzantine defeat in the Battle of Manzikert of 1071.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

In any case their conquests were carried out one after another and led by semi-independent warlords, not by the sultan.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

A dramatic collapse over the imperial position on the eve of the Council of Clermont brought the Byzantines to the brink of collapse. [14]


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

By the mid-1090s, the territory of the main Byzantine Empire was only as limited as the European part of the Balkans and the northwestern periphery of Anatolia; they faced its enemies from the Norman peoples in the west as well as the Turks in the east. [15]


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

In response to the defeat at Manzikert and the various subsequent losses the Byzantines suffered in Anatolia in 1074, Pope Gregory VII summoned the Christi milites (“the soldiers of Christ”) in order to go to the aid of the Byzantines.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

These calls were mostly ignored and even opposed. [16]


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

The reason is that although the defeat at Manzikert was surprising, it had only limited significance and did not cause great difficulties for the Byzanium Empire, at least in the short term. [17]


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

The situation in the Middle East Until the arrival of the crusaders, the Byzantines continued to fight against the Seljuks and other Turkic dynasties for control over Anatolia and Syria.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

The Seljuks, who were orthodox Sunni Muslims, formerly ruled the Greater Seljuk Sultanate, but during the time of the First Crusade was divided into several small states after the death of Malik-Shah I in 1092.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Malik-Shah was succeeded by Kılıç Arslan I in the Sultanate of Rûm in Anatolia, and in Syria by Tutuş I—who later died in 1095—his brother.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Tutuş's sons, namely Fahrülmülk Rıdvan and Dukak successively inherited Aleppo and Damascus; they further divvied Syria among the mutually hostile amirs, as well as Kürboğa, atabeg of Mosul. [18]


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Egypt and many areas of Palestine were in the control of the Fatimiyad Caliphate of Arab Shi'ah adherents, for which the territory was significantly smaller since the arrival of the Seljuks.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

The wars between the Fatimiyads and the Seljuks caused immense disruption to local Jews and pilgrims from the West.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

The Fatimiyad Caliphate, which was nominally under the leadership of Caliph al-Musta'li but was actually under the control of the Vizier Al-Afdhal Shahansyah, had lost Jerusalem to the seizing of the Seljuk Sultanate in 1073 (although some longer records mention year 1076). [19]


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

They recaptured it in 1098 from the Artuqid Dynasty, a tribe of smaller Seljuk Turks, shortly before the arrival of the crusaders. [20]


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Note Reference Sources Main sources Albert of Aix, Historia Hierosolymitana Anna Comnena, Alexiad Guibert of Nogent, Dei gesta per Francos Fulcher of Chartres, Historia Hierosolymitana Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum, (anonymous) Ibn al-Qalanisi, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades Michael the Syrian, Chronicle of Peter Tudebode, Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem Online primary sources Selected letters by Crusaders: Anselme of Ribemont, (1098) Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres, (1098) Daimbert, Godfrey and Raymond,, (1099) from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook: Peter the Hermit and the Popular Crusade:.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

The Crusaders Journey to Constantinople:.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

The Crusaders at Constantinople:.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

The Siege and Capture of Nicea:.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

The Siege and Capture of Antioch:.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

The Siege and Capture of Jerusalem:.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Fulcher of Chartres:, 1099.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Ekkehard of Aura:.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Albert of Aix and Ekkehard of Aura:.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Soloman bar Samson:, attacks on Rhineland Jewry.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami (d. 1106): (extracts).


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

First known Islamic discussion of the concept of jihad written in the aftermath of the First Crusade.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Additional sources Harris, Jonathan (2014), Byzantium and the Crusades, Bloomsbury, 2nd ed. ISBN 978-1-78093-767-0 Bibliography, compiled by Alan V. Murray, Institute for Medieval Studies, University of Leeds.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Extensive and up to date as of 2004.


Question: When did the First Crusade happen?

First Crusade

Category:Crusades Category:Wars involving the Byzantine Empire Category:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire Category:1090s


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

Custanza (2 October 1154 — 27 December 1198) was a Maharani of Sicily in 1194—98, together with her husband from 1194 to 1197, and with her infant son, Friedrich II, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1198, as the Norman heir to the king of Sicily.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

She also was Holy Roman Empress through her marriage to Heinrich VI, Holy Roman Emperor.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

Custanza's background and Marriage is the daughter of the late Ruggeru II [1] by his third wife, Beatrix of Rethel. [2]


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

In the spring of 1168, in Messina, opposition to Chancellor Étienne du Perche was growing, and rumors spread that the chancellor was planning to place his brother on the throne, who would marry Custanza to legitimize his heir rights. Étienne was eventually forced to flee.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

Custanza, unusually for a princess, was not matched-up until she was thirty, which then gave rise to the story that she had become a nun and needed papal dispensation to marry.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

Boccaccio recounts in De Mulieribus Claris that a prediction that “his marriage would destroy Sicily” caused him to remain dispassionate.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

Her engagement to Heinrich was announced on 29 October 1184 at the episcopal palace of Augsburg.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

In 1185 Custanza travelled to Milan to celebrate the wedding accompanied by a large procession of princes and barons.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

Heinrich accompanied him to Salerno but had to return to Germany for the funeral of his mother.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

They married on 27 January 1186 in Milan. [3]


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

The death of his nephew Arricus of Capua in 1172 made Custanza temporary heir to the crown of Sicily, [4] since his nephew King Gugghiermu II did not marry until 1177 and his marriage remained childless.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

Abulafia (1988) suggests that Gugghiermu did not see the union of the German and Sicilian crowns as a serious possibility; his aim was to consolidate an alliance, with former Norman enemies of yore in Italy.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

The Papacy, also an enemy of the emperor, did not want to see the kingdom of southern Italy (which was then one of the richest in Europe) in German hands, but Heinrich pressured Pope Celestine III to baptize and crown his son; the Pope forbade him.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

Lawsuit to Sicily Knowing that the Norman aristocracy of Sicily would not welcome a Hohenstaufen king, Gugghiermu was made an aristocracy, and important men of his court, promised to recognize Custanza's succession if he died without a direct heir.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

Nevertheless, after his unexpected death in 1189 his cousin, (and nephew of Custanza) Tancredi, was illegitimate but he had the support of most of the royal greats such as Vice-Rector Matteo d'Aiello.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

On the other hand, Archbishop Gualterus Protophamilius, and most of the aristocracy, supported Custanza.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

But eventually, Matteo was able to persuade Gualterus, along with the other barons, to support Tancredi.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

Giuvanna of England widow Gugghiermu believed that Custanza was the rightful successor and vocally supported the Germans; in response, Tancredi placed him under house arrest and confiscated his vast lands, which action would make Richard I, King of England, Giuvanna's kakanda became angry. [5]


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

First Expedition Provisional Custanza's father-in-law, Friedrich Barbarossa, was on Heinrich's crusade and Custanza was forced to stay in Germany and could not retain his heir rights in Sicily.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

Emperor Friedrich died in 1190 and the following year Heinrich and Custanza were crowned Emperor and Empress.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

Custanza then accompanied her husband at the head of a large imperial army to forcibly take the Sicilian throne from Tancredi with the support of the loyal Pisa fleet.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

The northern cities of Sicily opened their gates to Heinrich, including the early Norman fortresses of Capua and Aversa.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

Salerno, Ruggeru II, sent word that Heinrich accepted and invited Custanza to stay at his father's old palace to escape the heat of the summer, and take care from doctors for his frail health.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

In Naples Heinrich met the first resistance of the entire campaign, and held well into the southern summer from May to August, by which time much of the army had succumbed to malaria and disease.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

As a result the imperial army was forced to retreat from Sicily altogether.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

Custanza remained in Salerno with a small garrison as a sign that Heinrich would soon return.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

Brief Captivity Once Heinrich retreated with most of the imperial army, the cities that were supposed to fall to the Empire immediately declared their allegiance to Tancredi, largely out of fear of his retaliation.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

Nikolas of Ajello, Matteo's son and former Archbishop of Salerno, who helped defend Naples, wrote a letter about the events to his companions in Salerno.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

Thus, the inhabitants of Salerno saw an opportunity to win some favor with Tancredi, so they besieged the powerless Custanza at Castel Terracena.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

Custanza presented himself on the balcony and addressed them in a tone of mild incitement and warning, trying to inform them that the situation might improve and that Heinrich's defeat might be exaggerated by Nikolas, but the Salernitan family were determined to arrest him for Tancredi, so they continued the siege.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

Custanza locked himself in a room, locked the window, and prayed to God for help and revenge.


Question: How many children are there in Custanza?

Custanza of Sicily (1154-1198)

After quick negotiations with Elijah di Gesualdo, a distant relative of Tancredi, Custanza voluntarily walked out on condition that his German garrison troops be allowed to leave unharmed.