Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft announced the release of its OS/2 version to original equipment makers (OEMs) dated April 2, 1987; [6] :243—244 meanwhile, the company was working on a 32-bit SO, Microsoft Windows NT, using ideas from OS/2; this new SO was launched July 21, 1993 with a moduler kernel Win32's new application programming interface (API), making porting from 16-bit Windows (MS-DOS-based) easier.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

After Microsoft notified IBM about NT, the OS/2 partnership ended. [16]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft introduced its office software, Microsoft Office, in 1990.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The software consists of several office productivity applications, such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel. [6] :301 On May 22, Microsoft launched Windows 3.0 with new user interface graphics and state-of-the-art protected mode capabilities for Intel 386 processors. [17]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Both Office and Windows became dominating products in their respective fields. [18] [19] Novell, a competitor to Word in 1984—1986, filed lawsuits a few years later claiming that Microsoft left some of its APIs undocumented to gain a competing edge. [20 ]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Dated July 27, 1994, the U.S. Department of Justice, Antitrust Division issued a Competition Impact Statement stating that: “Starting in 1988, through July 15, 1994, Microsoft forced many OEMs to execute “per processor” licenses that were anti-competition.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Under a per-processor license, an OEM pays Microsoft a royalty for each computer it sells that contains a particular microprocessor, whether that OEM sells a computer with a Microsoft operating system or a non-Microsoft operating system.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

As a result, royalty payments to Microsoft when no Microsoft products are used play a penalty, or tax, against discharging rival PC operating systems by those OEMs.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Since 1988, the usage of licenses per processor by Microsoft has continued to increase. “[21] 1995—2005: The Internet and the 32-bit era After Bill Gates' internal “Internet Tidal Wave memo” of May 26, 1995, Microsoft began redesigning its offerings and expanding its product lineup to computer networks and the World Wide Web. [22]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The company released Windows 95 on August 24, 1995, with double duty turns, a new user interface that features a 'start' button, and 32-bit compatibility; just like NT, this SO provides the Win32 API. [23] [24] :20 Windows 95 comes out complete with MSN online services, and a web browser Internet Explorer for OEM.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Internet Explorer is not included with the Windows 95 retail box because the box was printed before the team completed development of that web browser, and was only included in the Windows 95 Plus! package. [25]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

With the expansion into new markets in 1996, Microsoft and NBC Universal established a new 24/7 cable news station named MSNBC. [26]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft designed Windows CE 1.0, a new SO designed for low-memory appliances and other limitations, such as personal digital assistants. [27]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

In October 1997, the Department of Justice issued a motion in Federal District Court, stating that Microsoft violated a 1994 signed agreement and requesting the court stop the packing of Internet Explorer with Windows. [6] :323—324 Dated January 13, 2000, Bill Gates handed over the post of CEO to Steve Ballmer, Gates' longtime friend in college and employee since 1980, and created a new post for himself as Chief Software Architect. [6] :111, 228 [8] Various companies, including Microsoft, formed Trusted Computing Platform Alliance in October 1999 to improve security and protect intellectual property through identification of hardware and software changes.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Critics state the alliance is a way to impose indiscriminate limits on how consumers wear software and how computers react, a form of digital rights management; for example, a computer is not only secured for users, but also secured against the user. [28] [29] Dated April 3, 2000, a verdict was handed down in the case of United States v.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft, [30] called this company an “abusive monopoly”; [31] it settled the case with the U.S. Department of Justice in 2004. [13]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

On October 25, 2001, Microsoft released Windows XP, sehinnga uniting the mainstream and NT ranks under the NT codebase. [32]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The company launched the Xbox in late 2000, signaling Microsoft's entry into the game console market that had been dominated by Sony and Nintendo. [33]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

In March 2004, the European Union issued antitrust lawsuits against this company, calling Microsoft abusing its dominance with Windows OS, thus culminating in a judge's ruling to pay damages of €497million ($613million) and produce a new version of Windows XP without Windows Media Player, Windows XP Home Edition N and Windows XP Professional N. [34] [35] 2006—2010: Windows Vista, mobile phones, SaaS, Yammer Released in January 2007, the next version of Windows, Windows Vista, focuses on features, security, and a new user interface dubbed Aero. [ 37] [38] Microsoft Office 2007, released at the same time, featured the “Ribbon” user interface which became the biggest change from the previous version.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Relatively strong sales of both products helped create 2007's record profit. [39]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The European Union dropped another €899million ($1.4billion) fine for Microsoft's non-compliance with a March 2004 ruling on February 27, 2008, stating that it fined its rivals an unreasonable value for key information regarding the working group's servers and its administration.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft stated that they were compliant and “the fine relates to long-standing issues already resolved”. [40]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Bill Gates resigned from his position as Chief Software Architect on June 27, 2008 and held other positions at Microsoft in addition to being the company's advisor on key projects. [41]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Azure Services Platform, a sign of Microsoft's entry into the cloud computing market for Windows, launched October 27, 2008. [42]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

On February 12, 2009, Microsoft announced its desire to open a Microsoft-branded retail store network, and on October 22, 2009, the first Microsoft Store opened in Scottsdale, Arizona; the same day as the official launch of Windows 7.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The focus of Windows 7 is on improving Vista with easy-to-use features and performance updates, instead of a total overhaul of Windows. [43] [44] [45] As the smartphone industry boom began in 2007, Microsoft sought to level with its rivals, Apple and Google, in system provisioning operation of modern smart telephones.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

As a result, in 2010, Microsoft overhauled its aging mobile phone operating system, Windows Mobile, and replaced it with the new Windows Phone OS; alongside new strategies in the smartphone industry, Microsoft continues to work closely with mobile phone manufactures such as Nokia and provides a consistent user experience across all smartphones using Windows Phone OS.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

This SO uses the new user interface design language, “Metro”, which features simple shapes, typography, and iconography.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft was a founding member of the Open Networking Foundation on March 23, 2011.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Its founding companies include Google, HP Networking, Yahoo, Verizon, Deutsche Telekom, and 17 other companies.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

This nonprofit organization focuses on providing support for a new cloud computing initiative named Software-Defined Networking. [46]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The initiative aims to accelerate innovation through simple software changes to telecommunications networks, wireless networks, data centers, and other network regions. [47] 2011-present: Mobile Phones and Metro After the launch of Windows Phone 7, Microsoft is slowly undertaking re-imaging its entire product lineup between 2011 and 2012.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Logos, products, services, and websites are updated with beautiful features of Metro's design language.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

On May 31, 2012, Microsoft released a preview version of its next-generation Windows 8 software.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The software is designed for a wide range of appliances ranging from tablets to desk computers. [48]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

On June 25, 2012, Microsoft announced that it purchased the Yammer social network for $1.2 billion. [49]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

On August 23, 2012, Microsoft introduced the new corporate logo at the opening of the 23rd Microsoft store in Boston, signaling the move of the company's focus from the classic style to the Metro checkered interface worn on the Windows Phone platform, Xbox 360, and the Windows 8 product lineup and Next Office Suite. [50]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Product division In fiscal 2010, Microsoft had five product divisions: Windows & Windows Live Division, Server and Tools, Online Services Division, Microsoft Business Division, and Entertainment and Devices Division.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Windows & Windows Live Division, Server and Tools, Online Services Division Client Division produces lines of Windows operating systems such as Windows 7; the division also produces the Windows Live family of products and services.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Server and Tools produces versions of Windows servers, such as Windows Server 2008 R2 as well as a set of development tools called Microsoft Visual Studio, Microsoft Silverlight, a web application workframe, and System Center Configuration Manager, a collection of tools that provide capabilities remote control, patch management, software distribution and hardware/software inventory.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Other server products include: Microsoft SQL Server, a relational database management system, Microsoft Exchange Server, for business-specific email and scheduling features, Small Business Server, for small business-specific messaging and other features; and Microsoft BizTalk Server, for business process management.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft provides IT consulting services (“Microsoft Consulting Services”) and creates a series of certification programs handled by the Server and Tools division designed to acknowledge people with little ability in certain roles; this includes developers (“Microsoft Certified Solution Developer”), system/network analysts (“Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer”), trainers (“Microsoft Certified Trainers”) and administrators (“Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator” and “Microsoft Certified Database Administrator”).


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft Press, which publishes books, is also managed by this division.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The Online Services Business division handles MSN online services and the Bing search engine.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

As of December 2009, it held an 18% stake of cable news channel MSNBC without any editorial control; however, the division developed its website, msnbc.com, in a joint venture with the channel's co-owner, NBC Universal. [51]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft Business Division Microsoft Business Division produces Microsoft Office, including Microsoft Office 2010, Microsoft's office software line.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Its software products include Word (word processor), Access (relational database program), Excel (spreadsheet program), Outlook (collaborative software, often used with Exchange Server), PowerPoint (presentation program), Publisher (desktop publishing software) and Sharepoint.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Several other products were added later through the launch of Office 2003, namely Visio, Project, MapPoint, InfoPath and OneNote.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The division also develops enterprise resource planning (ERP) software for companies under the Microsoft Dynamics brand.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The software is Microsoft Dynamics AX, Microsoft Dynamics NAV, Microsoft Dynamics GP, and Microsoft Dynamics SL.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

All of them are targeted at different types of companies and countries, and are limited to organizations under 7,500 employees. [52]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

In addition, under the Dynamics brand there is a customer relationship management software named Microsoft Dynamics CRM, part of the Azure Services Platform.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Entertainment and Devices Division's Entertainment and Devices Division produces Windows CE operating systems for embedded systems and Windows Phone for smartphones. [53]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft initially entered the mobile phone market through Windows CE for handheld equipment, which was later developed into Windows Mobile OS and now, Windows Phone.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Windows CE is designed for appliances whose operating system is not directly visible to the end user, in particular household appliances and cars.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The division also produces computer games operating on Windows PCs and other systems, some of which are Age of Empires, Halo, and the Microsoft Flight Simulator series, and manages the Macintosh Business Unit, which produces Mac OS software, including Microsoft Office 2011 for Mac.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft Entertainment and Devices Division designs, markets, and makes consumer electronics such as the Xbox 360 game console, Zune handheld media player, and MSN TV television-based Internet devices.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft also markets personal computer hardware such as mice, keyboards, and various game controllers such as joysticks and gamepads.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Culture Technical references for developers and articles for various Microsoft magazines such as Microsoft Systems Journal (or MSJ) are available through the Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN).


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

MSDN also offers subscription plans for companies and individuals, and more expensive subscription plans typically include access to beta versions of Microsoft software prior to launch. [54] [55] In April 2004, Microsoft launched a community site for developers and users named Channel9, which provides wiki services and Internet forums. [56]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Another community site that has daily and other videocast services, On10.net, was launched on March 3, 2006. [57]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Free technical assistance is usually provided through Usenet online news groups, and formerly CompuServe, which is supervised by Microsoft employees; there are also several news groups for one product only.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Solutionists are selected on a peer basis or by Microsoft employees to earn Microsoft Most Valuable Professional (MVP) status, which grants them privileged social status, rewards, and other benefits. [58]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Famous for its internal lexicon, the term “eating our own dog food” is used to describe the policy of using pre-release and beta versions of Microsoft products to test them in “real-world” situations. [59]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The term is usually shortened to “dog food” only and is used as a noun, verb, and adjective.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Another jargon, namely FYIFV or FYIV (“Fuck You, I'm [Fully] Vested”), is used by an employee to indicate that they have reached a level of financial freedom and can refuse to work anytime they want. [60]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The company is also well known for its prospective employee selection process which is imitated by other companies and dubbed the “Microsoft interview”, which is notable for its quirky, out-of-context questions of the company such as “Why sewage drain covers are circular ?”. [61]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft is a vehement opponent of H1B visa limits, which allow companies in the United States to hire certain foreign workers.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Bill Gates claimed limits on H1B visas made it difficult to hire employees for Microsoft, stating “I'm going to get rid of the H1B limit” in 2005. [62]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Critics of H1B visas state that easing limits will result in rising unemployment among United States citizens because H1B workers work in low-paid positions. [63]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The Human Rights Campaign Corporate Equality Index, a report on as positive as whether a company's policies toward LGBT employees (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual), gave Microsoft a rating of 87% since 2002 to 2004 and 100% since 2005 to 2010 after they allowed openness of the sexes. [64]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Criticism of Microsoft has existed since the company was established due to various aspects of its products and business practices.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The ease of use, stability, and security of enterprise software has always been a padded target of critics.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

For example, the Trojan horse and other loopholes have spread to many users due to security errors Microsoft Windows and other programs.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft has also been accused of blocking vendors from selling their products alone, as well as not complying with and following its own software standards. [65]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Comparison of the total cost of ownership of Linux and Mac OS X with Windows is a topic of debate that is still hotly discussed.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The company was once the target of numerous lawsuits by a number of state administrations and other corporations over unauthorized monopolistic practices.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

In 2004, the European Union declared Microsoft guilty in a highly notorious anti-trust case.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

In addition, Microsoft's EULAs for some of its programs are often denounced for being too restrictive and rejecting open source software.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft was criticized (along with Yahoo, AOL, and other companies) for engaging in censorship in the People's Republic of China. [66]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft was also denounced for shifting employment to China and India. [67] [68] [69] There have been a number of reports of poor working conditions at a company in southern China that makes Microsoft products. [70]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Criticism of Microsoft led to the company's “demon kingdom” nickname by a number of parties. [71]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

In science fiction allusion, Microsoft nicknamed “The Borg” after the alien race in Star Trek.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The nickname reflects the view that Microsoft often takes technology from other companies instead of developing it itself, [72] as well as Microsoft's ability to adapt to and defeat the strategies of its competitors. [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] The company is run by the board directors consisting of people outside the company, as those companies are publicly traded.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The members of Microsoft's board of directors in June 2010 were: Steve Ballmer, Dina Dublon, Bill Gates (chairman), Raymond Gilmartin, Reed Hastings, Maria Klawe, David Marquardt, Charles Noski, and Helmut Panke. [79]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Board members are elected annually in an annual general meeting of shareholders by a majority vote system.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

There are five committees within the council responsible for more specific affairs.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Those committees are the Audit Committee, which takes care of accounting, including audits and reporting; Compensation Committee, which approves compensation for CEOs and other employees of companies; Finance Committee, which handles financial affairs such as proposed mergers and acquisitions; Governance and Nominating Committee, which handles various corporate affairs, including the nomination of board members; and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which seeks to prevent companies from violating antitrust laws. [80] frame|ka|250px|five-year stock history chart (NASDAQ:MSFT) on September 29, 2009. [81]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

When Microsoft opened itself to the public and made its initial public offering in 1986, its opening stock price was $21; after the trading day, the price closed at $27.75.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

In July 2010, with nine stock splits of the company, the shares of any IPO will be dialed 288; if one buys today's IPO after dividing and other factors, the price becomes 9cents. [6] :235—236 [82] [83] Microsoft's share price peaked in 1999 at $119 ($60,928 if adjusted by division). [84]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The company began offering dividends on January 16, 2003, starting at 8 cents per sheet for the fiscal year, followed by a dividend of 16 cents per sheet in the following year, changing from dividends per year to per quarter in 2005 with 8 cents per sheet per quarter and payments once a special of 3 dollars per sheet for the second quarter of the fiscal year. [84] [85] Despite the increase in dividend payments, Microsoft's stock price has remained stable for years. [85] [86] One of Microsoft's business tactics, namely “follow, expand, and stop,” initially followed a competing standard or product, then expanding it into its own version that is then incompatible with existing standards, which ultimately stops competition that is not in line with Microsoft's new version. [87]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Various companies and governments sued Microsoft for this tactic, giving rise to multibillion-dollar lawsuits against this company. [88] [30] [35] Microsoft claimed its initial strategy was not anti-competition, but merely in the form of implementing their policies to implement features that users believe want. [89]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Financial Standard and Poor's and Moody's have given AAA valuations to Microsoft whose assets are worth $41bn with $8.5bn in the form of unsecured debt.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

In response to this valuation, in February 2011, Microsoft released $2.25bn of corporate bonds with relatively low borrowed value when compared to government bonds. [90]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

For the first time in 20 years, Apple Inc. beat Microsoft in terms of profit and revenue per quarter in Q1 2011 due to weakening PC sales and the massive loss of Microsoft Online Services Division (which takes care of the Bing search engine).


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft's profit was $5.2 billion, while Apple's $6 billion, with $14.5 billion in revenue and $24.7 billion consecutively. [91]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft Online Services Division has been losing constantly since 2006 and in Q1 2011, the division made a loss of $726 million.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

This loss follows a $2.5 billion loss in 2010. [92]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

On July 20, 2012, Microsot suffered its first quarter loss, despite setting record revenues for that quarter and fiscal year.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft reported a net loss of $492 million; its acquisition of advertising company aQuantive in 2007 for a value of $6.2 billion and issues associated with it were touted as the cause of this loss. [93]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft environmentalists ranked 17th in the Guide to Greener Electronics (16th edition) Greenpeace's output which made a list of 18 electronics companies according to their policies against toxic chemicals, reproduction, and climate change. [94]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft's target to stop the use of BFRs and phthalates in all its products is 2012, but the commitment to stop using PVC remains unclear.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Until January 2011, Microsoft did not have a product completely free of PVC and BFR. [95]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft's main campus in the United States earned silver certification from its Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program in 2008, and the company installed more than 2,000 solar panels on the roofs of its buildings in Silicon Valley.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Those solar panels produced about 15 percent of the total energy Microsoft needed in April 2005. [96]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft leverages alternative transportation.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The company created the world's largest private bus system, the “Connector”, to transport people from outside the company; for transportation in office environments, the “Shuttle Connect” operated with a fleet of hybrid cars to save fuel.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The company also serves regional public transportation as its incentive. [96] [97] In February 2010, Microsoft opposed adding additional public transportation lines and multi-passenger vehicle lanes on a bridge linking Redmond with Seattle; the company also serves as its incentive. do not want to procrastinate any more of its construction. [98]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft ranked 1st on the World's Best Multinational Workplaces list by the Great Place to Work Institute in 2011. [99]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Marketing In 2004, Microsoft hired several research firms to conduct independent studies comparing the total cost of ownership (TCO) of Windows Server 2003 with Linux; those firms concluded that many companies considered Windows easier to use than Linux, so those who use Windows can work faster and lead to lower corporate spending. [100]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

This gave rise to many related studies; a study by Yankee Group concluded that updating versions of Windows Server to other versions cost less than the cost of switching from Windows Server to Linux, although the companies surveyed noted improved security and reliability of Linux servers and issues about forced use of Microsoft products. [101]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Another study released by Open Source Development Labs claimed that Microsoft's study was “out of date and sided” and their survey concluded that Linux TCO was lower because Linux users took care of more servers than Windows users and other factors. [102]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

As part of the “Get the Facts” campaign, Microsoft emphasized the .NET trading platform they had developed in collaboration with Accenture for the London Stock Exchange, claiming that Microsoft had “five nines” reliability.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

After experiencing server outages and being deemed unreliable [103] [104] The LSE announced in 2009 that it planned to stop using Microsoft products and move to Linux in 2010. [105] [106] The Microsoft logo adopted the “Pac-Man Logo”, designed by Scott Baker, in the year 1987.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Baker said that, “This new logo, with its italic Helvetica font, has a gap between the o and s to emphasize its “soft” side and give allusion to movement and speed. “[107]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Dave Norris had time to make an internal joke to save his old green, uppercase logo with the unique letter O, nicknamed it blibbet, but it was soon removed. [108]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Microsoft logo with the slogan “Your potential.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Our passion.”


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

under the company name is designed based on the slogan used by Microsoft in 2008.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

In 2002, the company began wearing the aforementioned logo in the United States and began television commercials with the slogan, changing from its previous slogan, which was “Where do you want to go today?”. [109] [110] [111] At the 2010 MGX (Microsoft Global Exchange) conference, Microsoft unveiled the company's new slogan, “Be What's Next.”. [112]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

On August 23, 2012, Microsoft unveiled a new corporate logo at the opening of the 23rd Microsoft Store in Boston.


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The replacement of this logo signifies a shift of the company's focus from the classic style to the modern, all-box interface to be worn on the Windows Phone, Xbox 360, and Windows 8 and Office Suites platforms. [113]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

The new logo consists of a rectangle with the colors of the Windows logo. [50]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Even so, this logo is not new at all, since it once appeared in Windows 95 ads in the mid-1990s. [114] [115] Each of the colors represents a large Microsoft product: blue for Windows (and Windows 8), green for Xbox, red for Office, and yellow are still unknown. [116]


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Logo gallery “Pac-Man” Microsoft Logo (1987-2012) Microsoft Logo (2012-present) Microsoft Symbol (2012-present) Microsoft Windows Logo Windows 8 Logo Windows Phone Logo Microsoft Office Microsoft Indonesia Microsoft Indonesia, since February 15, 2012, led by Andreas Diantoro as President Director of Microsoft Indonesia [117].


Question: Who created the game on the computer the first time

Microsoft

Footnotes Outside links Business data for Microsoft Corporation: Category:Establishment in 1975 in United States Category:Cloud computing providers Category:Companies centered in Redmond, Washington Category:Companies founded in 1975 Category:Software companies United States Category:Companies based in Washington (state) Category:Dow Jones Industrial Average Category:Multinational companies headquartered in United States Category:United States generally traded companies


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Kongsie Langfong/ [1] Lanfang Republic (Hanzi traditional: 和), Hanyu Pinyin: Lánfāng Gònghéguó) is the name of a Chinese state and federation of Hakka kongsi in West Borneo, Indonesia [2] founded by Low Fang Pak (Luo Fangbo) () in 1777 until finally dissolved by the Dutch in 1884. [3]


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Sultans in West Kalimantan brought laborers from China in the 18th century to work in gold or tin mining.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Among these are a number of business ties (kongsi) that enjoy political autonomy and Lanfang is known by history based on writings by Yap-Yoen Siong, son-in-law of the last Kapitan kongsi Lanfang, which was translated into Dutch in 1885. [4]


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

The history of Kongsi Kongsi is a Chinese mining association in the western region of Borneo Island/Kalimantan.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

The mines worked by the Chinese people are gold mines spread across the northern coast of the western Borneo Region.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Most of the gold mines were in the territory of the Sultanate of Sambas.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

The Chinese people who worked the gold mines first came to this area of West Kalimantan was in 1740 AD brought by King Panembahan Mempawah, Opu Daeng Manambon.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Then in around 1750 A.D. The 4th Sultan of Sambas, Sultan Abubakar Kamaluddin also brought Chinese people for the first time the Sambas Sultanate to work on gold mines in the Sambas Sultanate area, namely in Montraduk, Seminis and Lara areas.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

In this case the status of these Chinese people were mineworkers who worked on Sultan Sambas.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Some of the mine was set aside for the wages of the gold mine workers and some of it was income for the Sultanate of Sambas as the owner of the country.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Along with the growing growth of gold mining activities in the territory of the Sultanate of Sambas, in around 1764 AD there was a massive wave of Chinese people brought by the 5th Sultan Sambas, Sultan Umar Aqamaddin II to the Sambas Sultanate area following so There are many new gold mines found in the territory of the Sultanate of Sambas.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

By around 1767 AD the number of Chinese people working on gold mines in the western region of Borneo Island, especially in the Sambas Sultanate had reached up to a dozen thousand people.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Because of this increasingly large number of Chinese people and they grouped based on their respective mining areas, so in around 1768 AD, these groups then established a kind of mining association each called Kongsi.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

These Kongsi (which at that time numbered about 8 Kongsi) declared subservience to Sultan Sambas but the Kongsi were given limited discretion by Sultan Sambas to govern his own Kongsi such as the appointment of Kongsi leaders and the arrangement of their respective mining activities.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

As for the results of gold mines, it was agreed that Kongsi-Kongsi are regularly obliged to set aside some of their gold mine proceeds to be handed over to Sultan Sambas for the income of Sultan Sambas as the owner of the country.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

At that time Sultan Sambas received a profit share from the Chinese Kongsi-Kongsi as much as 1kg of pure gold each month, not including the receipt by the important princes in the Sambas Sultanate of the Kongsi.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

In 1770 AD began to arise a kind of defiance from the Chinese congitionists that existed in the Sambas Sultanate's territory against the Sambas Sultanate.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

This ploughing is in the form of their refusal to give some of the gold mine proceeds to Sultan Sambas which amounted to 1kg of pure gold every month.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

The congitionists were only willing to provide a share of gold mines amounting to half kg or half of the previous agreement even though at that time gold mining activities in the Sambas Sultanate region was growing.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

This then made Sultan Sambas angry especially then there was an assassination by the Chinese Kongsi people of the supervising officers of the Sambas Sultanate (who were the Dayak people) who were assigned by Sultan Sambas to supervise the activities of the Kongsi gold mine, so that later Sultan Sambas at that time, Sultan Umar Aqamaddin II sent troops of Sambas Sultanate to the area of congsi-congsi who committed treason and pilgrimage.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

After the Sambas Sultanate's troop movement has been going on for about 8 days and has not had a big battle between the Sambas Sultanate forces with the congsi side, then the congsi was frightened until then admitted his mistake and willing to keep paying the profit sharing gold mine to Sultan Sambas according to the previous agreement which amounted to 1kg of gold each month.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Another version reveals that there was actually a close cooperation between the Sultanate of Pontianak and Sambas and kongsi but in its development the Pontianak Sultanate was pressured by the Dutch to be hostile to kongsi.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

As a result the kingdom sent down its forces attacking kongsi.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

The longer the number of existing Kongsi is growing and by around 1770 AD, there have been about 10 Kongsi in the Sambas Sultanate area and at that time there were 2 Kongsi the largest, namely Kongsi Thai Kong and Kongsi Lan Fong.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

In 1774 AD there was a battle between the two largest congsi fruits in the Sambas Sultanate, namely Kongsi Thai Kong and Kongsi Lan Fong.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Kongsi Thai Kong then managed to defeat Kongsi Lan Fong so Kongsi Lan Fong broke up.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

The arrival of Lo Fang Pak Lo Fang Pak began his adventure at the age of 34.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

He wandered to West Kalimantan during the limelight of people looking for gold (Gold Rush), traveling through Han Jiang towards Shantao, along the coast of Vietnam, and finally anchored in Kalbar (Sambas Sultanate Region) at the age of about 41 years, which was around 1774 A.D. from mainland China was at the request of the Malay sultans at that time who brought gold mine workers from mainland China to do mine work which was indeed the expertise and difficulty of mine work at that time could only be done with the perseverance of the people China.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

The demand for mineworkers from mainland China was one trend that developed in the Malay kingdoms, which started by the Malay kingdoms that existed in the Malay Peninsula then the Malay kingdoms on the north and east coast of Sumatra and then the Malay Kingdom of Brunei (i.e. during the Sultan's time Omar Ali Saifuddin I) was then overtaken by the Malay Kingdoms located on the coast of the western Borneo Island region.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

The Malay Kingdom on the west coast of Kalimantan Island who first brought mine workers from mainland China was Panembahan Mempawah whose King was Opu Daeng Manambung, around 1740 A.D.Panembahan Mempawah's policy was likely on the advice of Opu Daeng's sister Manambung is Opu Daeng Celak who was currently serving as a Viceroy in the Sultanate of Riau who had previously brought workers from mainland China for tin mines in the Sultanate of Riau and succeeded well.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

However, at that time Panembahan Mempawah brought in Chinese people for the first time mine workers (gold) numbered 20 people (likely gold-seeking experts) who had previously worked in the Sultanate of Brunei.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

After that, gold mining was established by the Chinese people, namely in the area of Mandor which was then Panembahan Mempawah area.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

After several years working on this gold mine in Mandor, these gold prospectors from China then indicated a place not so far from Mandor, which was supposed to contain a lot of gold.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

But the region was the dominion of the Sambas Sultanate namely the area named Montraduk.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Then the envoy of the Chinese gold mine workers faced Sultan Sambas about the potential of gold in Montraduk.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

To hear that Sultan Sambas then allowed to open a gold mine in Montraduk by the Chinese people on the condition that some of the gold proceeds were for these Chinese mine workers and some of the proceeds were for Sultan Sambas as the owner of the country.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

So then opened a gold mine in Montraduk in around 1750 AD, the second gold mine after Mandor.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

It is beyond conjecture that the gold potential in the Sambas Sultanate region is abundant.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

After Montraduk successively opened again gold mines at Seminis, Lara, Lumar which were all in the territory of the Sultanate of Sambas and gave a very satisfactory gold yield.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

As an impact the wave of arrival of Chinese people is increasingly abundant to this region of West Kalimantan especially in the Sambas Sultanate region.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

They arrived based on family, a yard or fellow assemblage so that then in about 1770 AD there had been about 20,000 Chinese gold mine workers in this area of West Kalimantan which was about 70% of the number of gold mine workers that was about 70% of the number of gold mine workers. was to be in the territory of the Sambas Sultanate centered on Montraduk.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

In around 1775 AD came a leader of the Hakka people from China named Lo Fong Pak to the Kongsi area in the Sambas Sultanate Region.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

In 1776 A.D. 14 pieces of Kongsi in the West Kalimantan region are 12 Kongsi in the Sambas Sultanate area centered in Montraduk and 2 Kongsi in Panembahan Mempawah area centered in Mandor unified themselves in an institution called Hee Soon that is to strengthen union among them from the threat of fighting between fellow Kongsi as had occurred between Kongsi Thai Kong and Lan Fong in 1774 AD ago.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

One of the 14 Kongsi was Kongsi Lanfong which was brought to life again by Lo Fong Pak with Lo Fong Pak himself being its chairman.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

A year later, in 1777 A.D. Lo Fong Pak moved the location of Kongsi Lan Fong to another location where the location of the new Kongsi Lan Fong is no longer in the Sambas Sultanate area but is in Panembahan Mempawah area namely Mandor (Tung Ban Lut).


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Although it has a Parent Group namely Hee Soon, this Kongsi-Kongsi still states subservience under Sultan Sambas and Panembahan Mempawah where 12 Kongsi are subject under the patronage of Sultan Sambas and 2 Kongsi are subject under the auspices of Panembahan Mempawah.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

However Kongsi-Kongsi was given the authority to appoint Kongsi leaders and regulate mining as well as the surrounding region according to its mine location (a kind of district autonomous area).


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

In Mandor, Lo Fong Pak, Chairman of Kongsi Lan Fong then united the Hakka people in the Mandor area in an organization called San Shin Cing Fu (because in the Mandor area at that time there were also Chinese people besides the Hakka Tribe/Khek, namely Thio Ciu people, in contrast to Kongsi-kongsi China in the Sambas Sultanate area is entirely of the Hakka/Khek Tribe).


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

In 1778 AD there was an extension of the degree of power in the area of Muara Sungai Landak where Syarif Abdurrahman Al Qadri who was the Chairman of Kampung Pontianak (formed in 1771 AD) located at the Estuary of Sungai Landak later in that year raised himself to become the first Sultan of the Sultanate of Pontianak.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

The establishment of Pontianak Sultanate in the Estuary of Sungai Landak later caused loud protests from the King of the Kingdom of Landak because historically the estuary of Sungai Landak was the area of power of the Kingdom of Landak.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

But the Dutch VOC due to economic interest in the estuary of the Landak River then stood behind the Pontianak Sultanate thus making King Landak relax his violent protests.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

The power of Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman at the mouth of the Landak River is a bit much to make Kongsi Lan Fong depend on the activity at the mouth of the river so this is one that then makes Lo Fong Pak closer to the Sultan of Pontianak than to Panembahan Mempawah even though Kongsi Lan Fong was still under the auspices of Panembahan Mempawah.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

In 1789 AD, the Sultan of Pontianak with Dutch support made an attack on Panembahan Mempawah with the aim of seizing the Panembahan Mempawah area.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

To support this attack the Sultan of Pontianak at that time also invited Lo Fong Pak (Kongsi Lan Fong to participate in the attack to Panembahan Mempawah this and Kongsi Lan Fong then also sent his troops to assist the Sultan of Pontianak's forces.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Faced with this attack, Panembahan Mempawah lost which then King Panembahan Mempawah, who withdrew to the area of Bouquet and then settled there.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Since then the relationship of Lo Fong Pak (Kongsi Lan Fong) with the Sultan of Pontianak became stronger and closer so that later Lo Fong Pak (Kongsi Lan Fong) was granted even wider authority (a kind of special autonomy region) but remained under the auspices of the Sultanate of Pontianak.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

This event occurred when the age of Lo Fong Pak reached the age of 57 years, which was around 1793 A.D.The way of election of Chairman of Kongsi Lan Fan at that time according to the understanding of today is very democratic that is the Chairman of Kongsi elected through general elections by all Kongsi citizens.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Because of this way of selection that some people translate the writings of Yap Siong Yoen (the stepson of the last Kapitan Kongsi Lan Fang) and the writings of J.J. Groot (Dutch historian) regarding Kongsi Lan Fang which is interpreted too far so that Kongsi Lan Fang interpreted is” The Republic of Lan Fang” whereas in the two posts there is no Republican word.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Besides, the word Republic is for an independent country/region while Kongsi Lan Fang when although it received special autonomy status but still under the auspices of the Sultanate of Pontianak so that it is not an independent country.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Therefore what is referred to as the “Republic of Lan Fang” it never existed, which existed was Kongsi Lan Fang which got special autonomy status from the Sultan of Pontianak.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Lo Fang Pak was subsequently re-elected through the general election system to serve as Chairman of the Kongsi Lan Fong Autonomous Region, and was given the title in Mandarin “Ta Tang Chung Chang” or Head of the Autonomous Region.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Kongsi Lan Fong Regulation mentions that the position of Chairman and Vice Chairman of Kongsi Lan Fong must be held by a Hakka-speaking person.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Its center remained at Mandor and Ta Tang Chung Chang (Chairman of Kongsi) was elected through a general election.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

According to its rules, both the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Kongsi must be a Hakka person coming from the Ka Yin Chiu or Thai Pu area.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

The flag is a yellow rectangular, with the inscription in Chinese “Lan Fang Ta Tong Chi”.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

The flag of Lo Fong Pak (Kongsi Chairman Lan Fong) is yellow in triangular shape with the inscription “Chuao” (General).


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Its high officials wear traditional Chinese-style clothing, while lower officials wear western-style clothing.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

The aforementioned Kongsi Lan Fong achieved great success in economy and security stability during Lo Fang Pak's 19 years of leadership. In the date of the oceanic state of the Qing Dynasty was recorded the existence of a place where people Ka Yin (from Mei Hsien area) worked as miners, built roads, established their own country, every year his ships landed in Zhou and Chao Zhou (Teochiu) area to trade.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

While in the historical records of Kongsi Lan Fong itself it is revealed that every year they pay tribute to the Qing Dynasty such as Annan (Vietnam).


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

The fall of Lan Fong Kongsi Lo Fong Pak died in 1795, the second year the Special Autonomous Region was declared (1793).


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

He has lived in Borneo for more than 20 years.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

At the age of 47 the establishment of Kongsi Lan Fong, namely during the reign of the fifth Chairman of Kongsi, Liu Tai Er (Hakka: Liu Thoi Nyi), the Dutch began to actively expand in Indonesia and occupied the southeastern region of Kalimantan.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Liu Tai Er was persuaded by the Dutch in Batavia (now Jakarta) to sign a cooperation agreement with the Netherlands.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

The signing of the deal later made Kongsi Lan Fong in Dutch influence.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

The emergence of native rebellion further weakened Kongsi Lan Fang.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Kongsi Lan Fang later lost its autonomy and transitioned from an area under the patronage of the Sultan of Pontianak to a Dutch protectorate.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

The Dutch opened its colonial representation in Pontianak and took full control of Kongsi Lan Fong by inducting Chairman Kongsie as regent.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

In 1884 A.D. Kongsi Thai Kong based in Montraduk refused to be ruled by the Dutch, so Kongsi Thai Kong was invaded by the Dutch.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

The Dutch managed to occupy Thai Kong Kongsi, but the kongsi held resistance for 4 years.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Kongsi Thai Kong's opposition against the Dutch also later involved Kongsi Lan Fong so Kongsi Lan Fong was then also attacked by the Dutch and conquered by the Dutch, following the death of Liu Asheng (Hakka: Liu A Sin), the last Chairman of Kongsi Lan Fong.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Some residents of Kongsi Lan Fong were then displaced to Sumatra.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Fearing a violent backlash from the Qing administration, the Dutch never declared Lan Fong as its colony and allowed a descendant of them to become a puppet leader.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

List of Chairmen of Kongsi Lanfang List of Chairmen who once headed the Kongsi Lanfang Autonomous Region (1777 - 1793) and Kongsi Lanfang Special Autonomous Region from 1793 - 1884.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

See also Sambas Sultanate Pontianak Sultanate West Kalimantan Reference Outside links.


Question: was the cause of the Lanfang Republic dissolved?

Republic of Lanfang

Category:Establishment of 1777 Category:Dissolution of 1884 Category:Historical Borneo Category:Hakka Category:Federation of Kongsi


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Zhang Chong-Ren (originally written Tchang Tchong-Chen in French) is one of the fictional figures of the classic comic book series Tintin Adventures drawn and written by Hergé.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

The figure is based on a man named Zhang Chongren, Hergé's real friend.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Although Chang and Tintin only knew each other for a short time, they managed to form an inner bond in which they would shed tears at the time of separation or on their return.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

The story introducing this figure had a strong influence in both Hergé and Tintin, making the Adventures of Tintin one of the most famous serials of all time.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

This figurehead's next appearance also became one of Tintin's most heart-touching adventures.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Inspiration and Influence In 1934, Hergé would begin his work on a story that would take Tintin to China.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Until then Hergé had always taken a stereotypical and clichéd view of the countries Tintin visited: gangsters, cowboys and Indians in America; the fakirs and maharaja in India.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Hergé may also have been planning a story similar to featuring a Chinese criminal similar to Fu Manchu (Tintin had met a figure similar to the picture in a torture chamber in Tintin's book in the Soviet) when he was contacted by Romo Gosset, a Catholic spiritualists, who suggested that Hergé conduct direct research into real life China at the time.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Romo Gosset was the former chief spiritual officer for Chinese students at the University of Leuven and he introduced Hergé to one of those students, Zhang Chongren.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

The two men, who were then both 27 years old, were able to relate so well that Hergé decided to include his new friend in his story.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Zhang gave many of the Chinese writings featured in Hergé's book, in addition to telling many things about Chinese culture, history and drawing techniques.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Zhang also provided detailed information on life in China during the 1930s, including life during the Japanese, British and United States colonization in eastern China.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

The result of meeting these two men was the Blue Lotus book which was judged to be a pivotal point in the course of Tintin's character development.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

From then on Hergé conducted thorough research on the topics he was going to write about.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

He also changed his attitude towards relations between natives and foreigners/arrivals.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

He had previously taken a positive view towards imperialism in Tintin's book on the Congo (published in 1930).


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Now, in the book Blue Lotus (1934) he criticized the Japanese colonization of China and included a story of an event inspired by the Mukden Events.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

The Mukden events were the events of the detonation of railroads belonging to the Japanese colonization government in Manchuria by the Japanese army themselves but later alleged to the Chinese people.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

These events served as the basis for the Japanese invading into Manchuria (China).


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

The Shanghai International Settlement, a local governing body that takes care of British and American concessions in Shanghai, along with racist Western businessmen and corruption-riddled policemen (up policemen who are white and Sikh descent), also shown in a bad picture.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Meeting Tintin The fictional figure Chang first appears in the Blue Lotus as an orphan boy whom Tintin saves from drowning.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

The first thing he asked was why a white stranger like Tintin would help a boy who wasn't white.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

(Tintin also caused the same question when aiding Zorrino in Prisoner of the Sun God).


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Chang and Tintin then exchange stories regarding the prejudicial attitudes held by Chinese and Gentiles towards one with the other, which they end up laughing at all.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

In his drawings of the prejudicial attitudes of Westerners, Tintin narrates one figure similar to Fu Manchu.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

(In the Blue Lotus itself there is a Japanese villain character named Mitsuhirato who is similar to the picture.)


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

They later become friends and Chang takes Tintin to Hukow where he traces the footsteps of a kidnapped doctor.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

There they were staying at Chang's father's friend's house.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

They then crossed with Thomson and Thompson who had just arrived there dressed as Chinese Opera performers, stalked by thousands of people amused to see the international detective's dress up.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Thomson and Thompson were sent to arrest Tintin and take him to a local police station to begin carrying out extradition proceedings.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

But they apparently lost a Chinese-language document intended for local police to help them.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Chang replaced the document with another document written by himself stating that the two men were “madmen and this document proves it”.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Finished reading the document, the police chief laughed out loud.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

He then expelled Thomson and Thompson from his office and freed Tintin.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Chang also rescues Tintin from a Japanese agent posing as a photosmith.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

This agent is sent to kill Tintin.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Tintin takes Chang with him back to Shanghai to resolve his problems with his enemy Mitsuhirato.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Tintin is staying at the headquarters of the Putra Naga, an underground organization fighting against the opium trade.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Chang comes to live with them and joins a war of nerves against a cabal of opium sluggers.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Chang played an important part in the capture of the leaders of the cabal, and saved Tintin and the other men from death row.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

The villains in those adventures one of them turns out to be Tintin's archenemy, Rastapopoulos.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

After it was all over, Chang was eventually adopted by Tintin's ally, Wang Chen-Yee.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Tintin and Snowy then head home to Europe, removed with a tearful and emotional farewell to Chang and his new family.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Chang and Yeti Chang were not mentioned again in Tintin's Adventure stories until Tintin's book in Tibet published 25 years after the Blue Lotus in 1958.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Very similar to Hergé and Zhang, Tintin and Chang do not appear to be people who are always in touch.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

As he is about to leave Europe, Chang sends Tintin a letter to his old home address, apparently not knowing that Tintin by then has been living in Marlinspike Hall with Captain Haddock, Professor Calculus and Nestor.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

According to letters addressed to Tintin and an article in a newspaper, Chang turned out to have moved to Hong Kong, which at that time was to still belong to the United Kingdom.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

It is not explained whether Chang happened to be there for a while or the family that adopted him did indeed move to the territory of the colony.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

As a wealthy leader of an underground movement with mansions and numerous servants, Wang Chen-Yee's lifestyle is not suitable in the communist People's Republic of China.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Chang was on his way to London to work at an antiques shop owned by a brother of Wang Chen-Yee when the plane he was aboard crashed in the Tibetan mountains.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Somehow, Chang survived the crash in a time when all the other passengers were killed.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Chang struggles to reach a cave close to where the plane crashed where he encounters the Yeti, a fairy-tale creature told to live in the Himalayas.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Yeti takes care of Chang, giving him food.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

But when the rescuers came, he took Chang who was weakened by fever to a place far away.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Tintin is convinced that Chang still has not died in the plane crash.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

He gets a dream that Chang is alive and screams for help.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Against all logic, Tintin leaves for Tibet in search of Chang with Captain Haddock who is willing to help but still grumbles.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

The captain, as were the rest of the men, believed that Chang had died.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

On arriving at the site of the plane wreck on a mountainous plateau, Tintin discovers the cave where Chang was protecting himself.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Chang briefly engraved his name on a stone in the Chinese and Roman alphabet.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Tintin also discovers Chang's protective cloth is being snagged on a mountaintop where Chang lost the object.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

The Yeti briefly causes Captain Haddock's ire when the creature steals the last bottle of whisky and drinks it all.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

When Captain Haddock angrily follows the Yeti's footsteps, the reader can see the former site of the Yeti's fall and the Yeti's footsteps walking gratuitously as a result of drunkenness.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Tintin and Captain Haddock eventually manage to trace Chang and Yeti's footsteps to another cave.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Chang still suffers from fever, yet he and Tintin are grateful to meet again in a tearful reunion.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

As they attempt to leave the cave, the Yeti suddenly returns while carrying food and, when seeing his friend being taken from him, the Yeti attacks Tintin.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Luckily the lights blitz from a photo camera frightened and drove the creature away.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Although he had to leave her, Chang was very grateful to the Yeti who had sustained her life and described her as a “snowman” rather than a terrifying creature.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

When Tintin said that the creature would be caught one day, Chang hoped it would never happen because he felt that the Yeti should be considered an “almost human” creature instead of a wild animal.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Seeing Chang leave with Tintin and Captain Haddock, Yeti can only howl of grief.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

In the final panel of the story depicted Yeti is watching his only such friend leave the Himalayas from a distance.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Chang then goes to London where he keeps in touch with his friends, namely by still delivering letters to Tintin and Captain Haddock (read Castafiore's Emerald book).


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Chang's Original Found Tintin in Tibet may be Hergé's most personal work.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

When he wrote it, he had not been reunited with Zhang for decades.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Then, in 1981, French mass media managed to locate Zhang in China and devised a trip to Europe for a meeting with Hergé.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

In this photo of their reunion can be seen the background depicting Tintin and Chang being together with Tintin wearing her fashion in the Blue Lotus.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

His words in the background were written in French and came from the episode where Tintin managed to find Chang in Tintin's adventure story in Tibet: “I knew I would be able to find you in the end! ...


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

It's so happy!”


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

“Tintin!


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Oh, how often do I think of you!”


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

In 1985 Zhang obtained French citizenship and stayed in Paris to teach.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

There he died in 1998.


Question: Is Zhang Chong-Ren the main character in the Tintin Adventures?

Zhang Chong-Ren

Category:Tintin characters Category:Fictional figures of the clan Zhang


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

Tiket2.com is an airline ticket booking service company in Indonesia that provides facilities to compare ticket schedules and prices, as well as information on domestic flight schedules from various cities in Indonesia in addition to booking the ticket itself.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

The Tiket2 website uses two languages, Indonesian and English.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

Ticket2 services are focused on local and international visitors who want to get domestic flight information. [1]


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

Tiket2 is based in Wroclaw, Poland with a branch office of PT Tiket2 Indonesia located in Yogyakarta where the company is supported by a team for reservation and customer service operating for 24 hours.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

To support its performance, the Tiket2 site is controlled by an IT team working from Tiket2 Sp. z o.o in Poland.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

In addition to being equipped with facilities where visitors can directly choose to view tickets that are being promo or even get free tickets, Ticket2 also provides information and travel tips and updates on the trend of traveling or flight.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

History Tiket2 was founded in 2010 by Michal Czajkowski and Juliusz Calyniuk.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

The company is based in Wroclaw, Poland.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

In Indonesia, Tiket2 operates under the name PT Tiket2 Indonesia located in Yogyakarta.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

The founding of the company was underpinned by Michal's experience during travel and living in Indonesia where at that time he could not find online services that could help him compare airfares.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

Michal also viewed this as a business opportunity and inspired him to set up Ticket2. [2]


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

Developments in Indonesia Ticket2 visitors are mostly from Indonesia, but not a few visitors come from Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, Japan, the United States and Europe.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

By August 2012, after being established for 1.5 years, the Tiket2.com site had been accessed by over 1,000,000 visitors, of which a year earlier the site had recorded only 200,000 visitors.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

Similarly, with the newsletter, not long after being launched, Ticket2 has had 80,000 subscribers and continues to grow today.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

In addition to scoring up to 500% growth in a one-year period, Tiket2.com also recorded 271,358 fans on Facebook, 325,458 followers on Google+ with 8,480,500 views and 115,010 followers on Twitter as of September 2015.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

Ticket2 has cooperated with all major airlines in Indonesia and the Asia Pacific region for domestic and international flights, such as: AirAsia Batik Air Citilink Garuda Indonesia Kal Star Lion Air Malindo Air Nam Air Sriwijaya Air Trigana Air Wings Air Xpress Air Nama Ticket2 company is a name that has two meanings: the first meaning is the plural form of tickets where “ticket2” is a popular term to abbreviate “tickets”.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

The second meaning is ticket to (somewhere), which in Indonesian means a ticket to (somewhere) Not long after the site was launched, the word “Indonesia” was added after Ticket2.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

There is no connection between Tiket2.com and Tiket.com. Although often branded as a copycat from Tiket.com because of its “second” sounding name, Tiket2.com was -launch nine months earlier than Tiket.com. Tiket2.com was -launch in February 2011 whereas Tiket.com did a soft launch in November 2011.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

According to Michal, the founder of Tiket2, his company has no problem with such almost the same name.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

Ticket2 facility provides service facilities in the form of information on domestic flight schedules from various cities in Indonesia, facilities to compare flight schedules and prices, as well as, of course, booking facilities. [3]


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

Sufficiently seeded facilities are facilities where visitors can directly choose to view tickets that are being promo or even get free tickets.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

On this site, visitors can search for flight information from various cities in Indonesia according to the selected departure/arrival time and city, as well as set whether the trip is one-way or round-trip.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

Ticket2 also aggregates departure information from different cities on one page to make it easier for visitors to choose popular flight schedules.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

Ticket2 provides payment facilities through an interbank transfer system that is widely interested in local visitors.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

In addition, the site works with Veritrans to ensure online payment methods such as via credit card, bank transfer, CIMB Clicks & Mandiri Clickpay are processed easily and securely. [4]


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

To facilitate visitors from outside Indonesia, currently being developed payment facilities using PayPal and credit cards. [5]


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

The company also provides services by phone, email and livechat with operators for 24 hours.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

The entire development and technology of Ticket2 was done from Poland. [6]


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

Regarding the technology used to build Tiket2, this site uses Symfony, a reliable site application framework also used by Delicious, Yahoo!


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

Bookmarks and Dailymotion.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

Powered with ORM Doctrine and non-relational database MongoDB, Symfony can support accelerated construction and maintenance of Ticket2 sites.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

Ticket2 uses SSL certificates verified by VeriSign to ensure the security of visitor data and improve site performance so as to help increase traffic.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

Cooperation In 2011, Ticket2 entered into an agreement with Opera Software ASA whereby the approval guarantees that Ticket2 will be listed on Opera and SpeedDial Bookmarks (a feature that shows favorite sites each time you open a new tabbed browser) as well as MyOpera and Opera sites Portal.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

With this deal, visitors to Ticket2 will enjoy faster access when using the Opera browser.


Question: Where is the company Yahoo! conveniently located?

Ticket2.com

Reference Category:Travel travel websites T Category:Website Category:Trade websites


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

The name “Indonesia” comes from various historical series whose peak occurred in the middle of the 19th century.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

Past records refer to the archipelago between Indochina and Australia by various names, while Chinese chronicles refer to the region as Nan-hai (“South Sea Islands”).


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

Various ancient records of Indian peoples name this archipelago Dwipantara (“Islands of Tanah Seberang”), a name derived from the word in Sanskrit dwipa (island) and between (outer, opposite).


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

The Ramayana story by pujangga Walmiki tells the search for Sinta, Rama's wife who was kidnapped by Rahwana, up to Suwarnadwipa (“Golden Island”, thought to be the island of Sumatra now) located in the Dwipantara Islands.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

The name “Indonesia” comes from two Greek words namely, Indus (νδός) meaning “India” and the word Nesos (νσος) meaning island/archipelago, hence “Indo-nesia” means “Indian archipelago”. [1]


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

The Arabs referred to the territory of the archipelago as Jaza'ir al-Jawi (Java Islands).


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

The Latin name for frankincense, benzoe, comes from the Arabic name, luban jawi (“Javanese frankincense”), because Arab traders obtained frankincense from the trunks of Styrax sumatrana trees that used to grow only in Sumatra.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

To this day our Hajj congregation is still often called “Javanese” by Arabs, including for Indonesians from outside Java once.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

In Arabic it is also known the names of Samathrah (Sumatra), Sholibis (Sulawesi Island), and Sundah (Sundanese) called kulluh Jawi (“everything Javanese”).


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

The first European nations thought that Asia consisted only of Arabs, Persians, Indians, and Chinese.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

For them, the vast area between Persia and China was all the Indies.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

The South Asian Jazirah they called “Indies Advance” and mainland Southeast Asia was named “Rear Indies”, while the archipelago acquired the name of the Indies Islands (Indische Archipel, Indian Archipelago, l'Archipel Indien) or East Indies (Oost Indie, East Indies, Indes Orientales).


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

Another name also used is “Kepulauan Melayu” (Maleische Archipel, Malay Archipelago, l'Archipel Malais).


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

The political unit under the Dutch colony has the official name Nederlandsch-Indie (Dutch East Indies).


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

The Japanese occupation government 1942-1945 used the term To-Indo (East Indies) to refer to its destiny territory in this archipelago.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

Eduard Douwes Dekker (1820—1887), known by the pseudonym Multatuli, once used a specific name to mention the Indonesian archipelago, namely “Insulinde”, which means also “Islands of the Indies” (in Latin “insula” means island).


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

The name “Insulinde” was subsequently less popular, although it was once the name of a newspaper and movement organization in the early 20th century.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

Indonesian Name In 1847 in Singapore was published an annual scientific magazine, Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA, BI: “Journal of the Islands of the Indies and East Asia”), managed by James Richardson Logan (1819-1869), a Scot who achieved a legal scholar from University of Edinburgh.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

Then in 1849 an ethnologist of the British nation, George Samuel Windsor Earl (1813—1865), incorporated himself as editor-in-chief of the JIAEA magazine.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

In JIAEA volume IV of 1850, pages 66-74, Earl wrote the article On the Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations (“On the Eminent Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations”).


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

In his article, Earl asserted that it was time for the people of the Indian Islands or Malay Islands to have a distinctive name (a distinctive name), because the name of the Indies is not appropriate and often called with other Indian mentions.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

The Earl put forward two choice names: Indunesia or Malayunesia (“nesos” in Greek means “island”).


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

On page 71 of his article it says (translated to Indonesian from English): “...


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

The inhabitants of the Indies Islands or the Malay Archipelago would each be “Orang Indunesia” or “Orang Malayunesia"”.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

The Earl himself stated choosing the name Malayunesia (Malay Archipelago) rather than Indunesia (Indian Islands), because Malayunesia is very appropriate for the Malay race, whereas Indunesia could also be used for Ceylon (Srilanka designation at that time) and Maldives (foreign designation for Maldives Islands).


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

Earl argues also that the Malay language is worn throughout this archipelago.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

In his writings the Earl did use the term Malayunesian and did not use the term Indunesian.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

In JIAEA Volume IV it was also, pages 252-347, James Richardson Logan wrote the article The Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago (“Ethnology of the Islands of the Indies”).


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

At the beginning of his writing, Logan also stated the need for a distinctive name for the archipelago now known as Indonesia, because the term Indian Archipelago (“Islands of the Indies”) was too long and confusing.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

Logan then levied the Earl's discarded Indunesian name, and the letter u was replaced with the letter o in order to better pronounce.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

So the Indonesian term was born. [2]


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

And it proves that some Europeans still believe that the inhabitants of this archipelago are Indians, a nickname retained because it is familiar in Europe.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

For the first time an Indonesian word appeared in the world with printed on page 254 in Logan's writing (translated to Indonesian): “Mr Earl suggested the ethnographic term “Indunesian”, but rejected it and supported “Malayunesian”.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

I prefer the purely geographical term “Indonesia”, which is just a shorter synonym for the Islands of the Indies or the Islands of the Indies” Since then Logan consistently used the name “Indonesia” in his scientific writings, and gradually the use of this term spread among scientists of ethnology and geography. [2]


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

In 1884 the professor of ethnology at the University of Berlin named Adolf Bastian (1826-1905) published a five-volume book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipel (“Indonesia or the Islands in the Malay Archipelago”), containing the results of his research while wandering in archipelago was in 1864 to 1880.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

Bastian's book is the one that mobilizes the term “Indonesia” among Dutch scholars, so that the assumption arises that the term “Indonesia” is Bastian's creation.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

That untrue opinion, among other things is listed in the Encyclopedie van Nederlandsch-Indië of 1918.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

In reality, Bastian took that term “Indonesian” from Logan's writings.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

The native who originally used the term “Indonesia” was Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara).


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

When banished to the Netherlands in 1913 he established a press bureau under the name Indonesische Persbureau.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

The name Indonesisch (Dutch pronunciation for “Indonesia”) was also introduced as a replacement for Indisch (“Indies”) by Prof. Cornelis van Vollenhoven (1917).


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

Correspondingly, inlander (“pribumi”) was replaced with Indonesiër (“Indonesian”)..


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

Politics In the 1920s decade, the name “Indonesia” which is a scientific term in ethnology and geography was taken over by figures of the Indonesian independence movement, so that the name “Indonesia” finally has a political meaning, namely the identity of a nation fighting for independence.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

As a result, the Dutch government began to be suspicious and wary of using the word Logan creation. [2]


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

In 1922 on the initiative of Mohammad Hatta, a student of Handels Hoogeschool (Higher School of Economics) in Rotterdam, the organization of students and students of the East Indies in the Netherlands (which formed in 1908 under the name Indische Vereeniging) changed its name to Indonesische Vereeniging or Indonesian Perhimpoenan.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

Their magazine, Indies Poetra, was renamed Indonesia Merdeka.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

Bung Hatta asserted in his writing, “The upcoming Independent Indonesian State (de toekomstige vrije Indonesische staat) is impossible to be called “Dutch East Indies”.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

Nor is “Indies” alone, because it can cause a fallacy with the original Indians.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

For us the name of Indonesia states a political goal (een politiek doel), because it symbolizes and envisions a homeland in the future, and to make it happen that every Indonesian (Indonesiër) will strive with all their energy and ability.”


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

In Indonesia Dr. Sutomo founded the Indonesische Studie Club in 1924.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

That year also the United Communist Indies was renamed the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI).


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

In 1925 Jong Islamieten Bond formed the guides Nationaal Indonesische Padvinderij (Natipij).


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

Those are the three organizations in the country that originally used the name “Indonesia”.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

Finally the name “Indonesia” was named as the name of the homeland, nation, and language on the Indonesian Pemoeda-Pemoedi Density dated 28 October 1928, which is now known as the Youth Pledge.


Question: when did Chinese people exist in Indonesia the first time?

History of Indonesian names

In August 1939 three members of the Volksraad (Dewan Rakyat; Dutch East Indies parliament), Muhammad Husni Thamrin, Wiwoho Purbohadidjojo, and Sutardjo Kartohadikusumo, filed a motion with the Dutch Government to have the name Indonesië inaugurated as a replacement for the name “Nederlandsch-Indie”.