Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, around 449, Vortigern, King of the British Isles, invited the “Angle kin” (an Anglian Tribe led by Hengest and Horsa) to help him in contesting a conflict with the Pict tribe.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

In return, the Angles were granted land in the southeast of England.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Liet5uryi 5u6 wsdalu further help was needed and in reaction “came the men of Ad Seaxum of Anglum of Iotum” (the Saxons, the tribe of Anglia, and the tribe of Jute).


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

The chronicle talks about the influx of many immigrants or incomers who eventually founded the seven kingdoms called by the term heptarchy.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Modern pundits argue that most of these stories are legends and have political motives.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

In addition the identification of the entrants in England with the Angle, Saxon, and Jute tribes is not accepted anymore today (Myres, 1986, p.46 etc.), especially after it was accepted that the Anglo-Saxon language turned out to be more similar to the Frisian language than the language of one of the tribes referred to above.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Old English The arrivals who invaded the island of Britain dominated the locals who spoke the Keltic language.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

The Keltic language could eventually be sustainable in Scotland, Wales and Cornwall.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

The dialects that the incomers who invaded Britain today are called Old English, and finally Anglo-Saxon.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Later, it was influenced by the North Germanic languages; the Old Norwegian language interred by the Vikings who invaded and eventually settled in the north-east of England (see Jórvík).


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

The early arrivals said Germanic languages of different branches.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Many of their vocabulary roots are indeed the same or similar, although the grammar is somewhat more distinct including the prefixes (prefixes), suffixes (suffixes), and inflectional laws (tacriphans) of many words.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

The Germanic language of the Old English-speaking Britanians, affected contact with the Norwegians who invaded Britain.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

This is most likely a reason rather than a morphological simplification of Old English, including the loss of noun and case gender (except pronominal).


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

A well-known literary work that is still sustainable from the Old English period is a fragment of the wiracarita “Beowulf”.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Its author is unknown, and this work had been heavily modified by Christian spiritualists, long after it was composed.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Later the introduction of Christianity in Britain added to a new wave that brought many loan words from Latin and Greek.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

In addition some argue that the influence of the Norwegian language lasted until the early Middle Ages.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

The Old English period officially ended with the Norman Conquest, when English was drastically influenced by this Norman language called Norman and was a dialect of French.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

The use of the term Anglo-Saxon to describe the intermingling between Anglian and Saxon languages and cultures is a modern development.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

According to Lois Fundis, (Stumpers-L, Friday, 14 Dec 2001) “The first citation for the second definition of 'Anglo-Saxon', referring to early English language or a certain dialect thereof, comes during the reign of Elizabeth I, from an historian named Camden, who seems to be the person most responsible for the term becoming famous in modern times.”


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

“The first citation for the second definition of 'Anglo-Saxon', referring to early English or a particular dialect of this language, appears during the reign of Elizabeth I, from a historian named Camden, who seems to be the person most responsible for being famous this term in modern times.”


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Middle English For 300 years after the Norman invasion of Britain in 1066, the Norman kings and the nobility spoke only the Norman dialect of French only called the Anglo-Norman language.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

In the meantime English continued as the language of the people.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

While the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle remained written until 1154, most other literary works from this time were written in Old French or Latin.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

A large number of Norman words were borrowed in Old English and resulted in many synonyms (as examples are taken ox/beef (cow), sheep/mutton (goat), and others).


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

This Norman influence strengthened the continuity of English vicissitudes in later centuries and resulted in a language now referred to by the term Middle English.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

One of the changes is the increasing use of a unique aspect of English grammar called the term continuous tense with an impact or -ing suffix.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

English spelling also influenced French in this period.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

The sounds /θ/ and /ð/ are now spelled as th rather than by the Old English letters and ð, which do not exist in French.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

During the 15th century, Middle English changed further again.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

This change was referred to as The Great Vowel Shift (“Great Vowel Shift”), and began with the spread of the London dialect of English that was beginning to be worn by the administration and the advent of printed books.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Modern English itself could be said to have arisen in the time of William Shakespeare.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

This famous author of Middle England is Geoffrey Chaucer, with his famous work The Canterbury Tales.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Many contemporaneous sources state that within fifty years after the Norman Invasion, most of the Norman people outside the court changed languages and spoke English.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

French at that time remained the official language of government and legislation that was prestigious beyond social dynamics.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

For example, Orderic Vitalis, a historian born in 1075 and a son of Norman knights, states that he only studied French as a second language.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

English literature began to reappear in about 1200M when the changing political climate and the fall of the Anglo-Norman language made this more acceptable.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

At the end of the century, even the royal circles have changed to speak English.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

While the Anglo-Norman language still remained in certain circles until quite a long time, but eventually it was not a living language anymore either.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Early Modern English Starting from the 15th century, English changed to Modern English, which often began with the Great Vowel Shift (“Great Sound Shift”).


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

After that, English began to take a lot of words from foreign languages, especially Latin and Greek since the Renaissance.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Since many words are borrowed from different languages, and English spelling can be said to be inconsistent, the risk of mispronunciation of words is quite high.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

However remnants of the more archaic forms still exist on some regional dialects, especially on dialects in the West Country.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

In 1755 Samuel Johnson published the first important dictionary of English, entitled Dictionary of the English Language.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Examples of English fragments from time to time Old English fragments Beowulf lines 1 to 11, approximately 900 AD Hwæt!


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Wē Gār-Denain geārdagum, Þēodcyninga, Þrym gefrūnon, hū ðā æþelingasellen fremedon.oft Scyld Scēfingsceaþena þrēatum, monegum mgþum, meodosetla oftēah, egsode eorlas.ððrest wearðfēasceaft funden, hē þæs frōfre gebād, wēox under wolcnum, weorðmyndum þāh, oðþæt him ghwylcþāra ymbsittendraofer hronrādehran scolde, gomban gyldan.þæt wæs gōd cyning!


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

This fragment could be translated as: Look, praise the expertise of the people-kings of the Danes armed with spears, on the long day of gliding, we already heard, and the honor in which the athelers (“crown princes”) prevailed!


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Oft Scyld Scefing of an enemy divided into squadrons, of many tribes, damaged the feast benches, leaving the nobles enthralled.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

From the first time he was without friends, a baby was naked, fate avenged him: because he was enlarged in space, in wealth he grew rapidly, reaching before him the people, both far and near, who had a house near the whale road, heard his mandate, gave him a gift: a good king he is!


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Fragments of Middle English Excerpt from The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, 14th century Here bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunterbury Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote The droghte of March hath perced to the roote And bathed every veyne in swich licour, Of which engendred is the flour; Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth Inspired hath in every holt and heeth The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne, And smale foweles maken melodye, That slepen al the nyght with open eye- So priketh hem in Nature hir corages; Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages Translation: Here begins the Book of Stories from Canterbury When in April, with its sweet rain The drought of March has penetrated its roots and bathed all the veins with a liquid like this, To produce in and growing flowers; Also when Zephirus (“west wind”) with his sweet breath Gives inspiration to all the trees and heeth The soft shoots and the young sun Have run half the way on the constellation Aries, And the little birds sing, Which at night sleeps with their eyes open- And then nature pierced its courage); Then people wanted to go on pilgrimage Fragments of Early Modern English From Paradise Lost by John Milton, 1667 Of man's disobedience, and the fruit of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste Bringed death into the world, and all our woe , With loss of Eden, till one greater Man Restore us, and regain the blissful seat, Sing, Heavenly Muse, that on the secret top Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst ispire That shepherd, who first taught the chosen seed, In the beginning how the Heavens and Earth Rose out of chaos: or if Zion hill Delight thee more, and Siloa's brook that flowed Fast by the oracle of God, I thence Invoke thy aid to my adventures song, That with no middle flight intends to soar Above the Aonian mount, whyle it pursues Things unattempted yet in prose of rhyme.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Translation: The non-obedience of man, and the fruit of that forbidden tree, where its deadly taste brought death into the world, and altogether our misery, With the loss of Paradise, until a greater Man Restored us, and regained a seat that Blessed, Sing, God of Heavenly Song, that he secret peak Oreb, or Sinai, gave spirit to the shepherd, who first taught the chosen seedlings, In the beginning how Heaven and Earth Emerged from chaos: or if the hill of Zion Illuminated You more, and the trenches Fast-flowing Siloa by the oracle, then I called for your help on my adventurous song, that with no middle flight meant to shout over the backrest of the Aonian, when he pursued the still untried thing on the verse of the gancaran.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Fragments of Modern English Excerpt from the United States Proclamation of Independence, 1776, by Thomas Jefferson IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united states of America, When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Translation: AT CONGRESS, July 4, 1776.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

The unanim declaration of the thirteen States of America, if in the Path of human events, it becomes necessary for one person to dissolve the political ties that already connect them to another, and to join among the rulers of the Earth, a separate and equal position in which the Law of Nature and Nature God gave their right, the right thing to man's opinion that requires that they should promulgate the cause that drives them to separation.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

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Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

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Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

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Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

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Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

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Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

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Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

J. N. L. Myres, The English Settlements (Oxford History of England), Oxford University Press, 1986.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

ISBN 0-19-821719-6.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When did the British first enter Indonesia?

History of the English language

Category:English Category:Historical languages


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

Phonology is the science of the repertory of sounds (phonemes) of a language and its distribution.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

Phonology is interpreted as a study of language that learns about the sounds of language produced by human speech tools. [1].


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

The field of phonology study is the sound of language as the smallest unit of speech with the combined sounds that form syllables. [1]


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

The origin of the word phonology, literally simple, consists of the combination of the words fon (meaning sound) and logi (meaning science). [1]


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

In the Indonesian khazanah, phonological terms are derivatives of words from Dutch, namely phonologie. [2]


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

Phonology consists of 2 (two) parts, namely Phonetic and Phonemic.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

Phonology is different from phonetics.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

Phonetics studies how the phoneme sounds of a language are realized or pronounced.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

Phonetics also studies the workings of human organs, especially those related to the use and pronunciation of language.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

In other words, phonetics is a part of phonology that studies how to produce language sounds or how a language sound is produced by human speech tools.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

Meanwhile, Phonemics is a part of phonology that studies speech sounds according to their function as a differentiator of meaning.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

There are 3 (three) important elements when the human speech organ produces sounds or phonemes, namely: air - as a sound conductor, articulator - a moving part of the speech instrument, and the articulation point (also called passive articulator) - the part of the speech tool that becomes the touch point of the articulator.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

There are several other terms related to phonology, including: phona, phoneme, vowel, and consonant.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

Fona is a neutral speech sound or still not proven to distinguish meaning, while the phoneme is the smallest unit of speech sounds that distinguish meaning.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

The variation of the phoneme due to the influence of the environment it enters is called an allophone.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

Images or phoneme emblems are named letters, so phonemes differ from letters.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

These variations consist of: vowels, consonants, diphthongs (duplicate vowels), and clusters (duplicate consonants).


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

A vowel is a phoneme produced by moving air out without obstacles.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

In languages, especially Indonesian, there are vowels.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

Vowel letters are letters that can stand single and produce their own sounds.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

The vowel letters consist of: a, i, u, e, and o.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

Vowel letters are often also called live letters.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

Consonants are phonemes produced by moving air out with obstacles.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

In this case, the obstacle is the inhibition of the outgoing air by the presence of movement or a change in the position of the articulator.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

There are also terms of consonant letters, which are letters that cannot stand singular and require the presence of vowels to produce sounds.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

The consonant letters consist of: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, and z.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

Consonant letters are often also referred to as dead letters.


Question: What is Phonology?

Phonology

See also Linguistic terms Reference Reference Reference related Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Category:Linguistics


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

International recognition of Transnistria (also known as Pridnestrovia), a region in Eastern Europe located between Moldova and Ukraine, remains controversial.


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

Although Transnistria declared independence in 1990, no member of the United Nations recognizes its sovereignty and the region is considered by the United Nations to be part of Moldova.


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

As of 2011, only Abkhazia, the Republic of Artsakh, and South Ossetia recognize its independence, whereas all three include countries with limited recognition.


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

While not officially recognizing Transnistria's independence, Russia has set up consulates in that disputed territory.


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

History In 1990, the Moldovan Pridnestrovia Soviet Socialist Republic (RMP) was proclaimed in the region by a number of Soviet conservative local officials who opposed perestroika.


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

The action was immediately declared invalid by Soviet Union President Mikhail Gorbachev.


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Moldova, including Transnistria, became independent.


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

The RMP side declared Moldova's declaration of independence misunderstood and that they considered the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact to be null and invalid.


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

The RMP party argued that if that was the case, then Moldova itself had agreed to relinquish Transnistria, since the territory had never belonged to Moldova, nor belonged to Romania before the signing of the treaty between the Soviet Union and Germany.


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

During the Transnistria War of 1992 several villages changed hands between the RMP and Moldovan governments.


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

The troops' RMP forces often clashed with Moldovan representatives.


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

Foreign policy Government documents from the state of Transnistria state that the republic has “stood by and maintained friendly relations with countries seeking recognition.”


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

To that end, it is argued that relations will continue to be developed in a friendly manner with the three countries/political entities that have had relations, namely with the Republic of Abkhazia, the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, and the Republic of South Ossetia.


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

Transnitria sought to establish relations with other foreign countries and international organizations, especially from Europe, which were seen as “very important”.


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

The pro-European orientation was a consequence of a “common understanding of the fundamental values of world civilization.


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

Many of Pridnestrovia's foreign interests are in this area.


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

The importance of harmony of the inclusion of Pridnestrovia in the international democratic society makes active cooperation necessary.”


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

Another path of interest is cooperation with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe because of its interests “as a mediator in the negotiation process between Moldova and Pridnestrovia... in ensuring regional stability.”


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

Transnistria's goal was to “rely on future European experience for the political, economic, knowledge and engineering, and cultural development of Transnitria. “[1]


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

Transnistria is a member state of the Community for Democracy and the Rights of Nations.


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

The government of Moldova does not actively prevent or attempt to prevent representatives from other countries from interacting with the government of Transnistria. [2]


Question: why is the Moldavian Republic of Pridnestrovia not world recognized?

Countries that officially recognize independent Transnistria United Nations Nonmember states that do not recognize independent Transnistria United Nations Member states Positions taken by international organizations Reference See also List of countries with limited recognition Category:Politics in Moldova


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java

The Yuan-Mongol raid into Java was an invasion of the Sino-Mongol Empire under the Yuan Dynasty into the lands of Jawadwipa (the island of present-day Java).


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java

In 1293, Kubilai Khan, the Grand Khan of the Mongol Empire and founder of the Yuan Dynasty, sent a major invasion to the island of Java with 20,000 [1] to 30,000 soldiers.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java

This was an expedition to punish King Kertanegara of the Singhasari Kingdom, who refused to pay tribute and even wounded Mongol envoys.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java

Background Kublai Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire and emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, sent envoys to many countries to have them submit under his authority and pay tribute.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java

Men Shi or Meng-qi (), one of his envoys sent to Jawadwipa, was not well received there. [2]


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java

The ruler of the Singhasari Kingdom, Kertanagara, was not willing to submit to the Mongols.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Kertanegara then stamped the messenger's face with a hot iron as it was customary to do against thieves, cut off his ears, and threw him out roughly.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Kublai Khan was deeply shocked by the incident.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

In 1292, he also ordered an expedition to punish Kertanegara, whom he called a barbarian.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Based on the Yuan shi script, which contains the history of the Yuan Dynasty, 20,000-30,000 warriors were collected from Fujian, Jiangxi and Huguang in southern China, along with 1,000 ships and provisions for one year. [3] [4] The leaders were Shi-bi (Mongols), Ike Mese (Uyghur people), and Gaoxing (people). China).


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Meanwhile, after defeating the Kingdom of Sriwijaya in Sumatra in 1290, the Singhasari Kingdom became the strongest kingdom in that area.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

But Jayakatwang, Duke in Kediri, the vasal state of Singhasari, rebelled and succeeded in killing Kertanagara.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Most of his relatives and former royal families hate him.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Kertanegara's son-in-law, Raden Wijaya, was pardoned by Jayakatwang with the help of a guardian from Madura, Arya Wiraraja.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Raden Wijaya was then given forest land in Tarik.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

He cleared that forest and established a village there.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

The village was named Majapahit, which is taken from the name of the maja fruit there which has a bitter taste, so it became its name Majapahit (maja+bitter).


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Kublai's army chose troops from Southern China, because they wore light battlesuit.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Light battlesuit was considered more suitable in Java, which was a tropical country, while heavy harnessing units were not suitable, as Khan himself noted.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

The amount of possession of the armor of the new Yuan army is only 20%, and the army from Northern China is slightly more than that.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

They had many bows and shields, and they also had many gunners, the infantrymen in armour of their rear guards were armed with heavy spears and axes.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

The Mongolian army also brought horses.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Yuan histories also mention the use of gunpowder weapons, although the type used is unknown. [5]


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

The type of ship used is not mentioned in Yuan shi, but Worcester estimates Yuan Dynasty jung ships to be 11 meters wide and more than 30 m long.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

By comparison of the number of ships and the number of warriors, each ship could likely carry 20-30 men. [6]


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Yuan Shi noted that the Javanese army had more than 100,000 men.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

This is an exaggerated figure, as the local terrain determines that they cannot be placed on the battlefield at the same time.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

The armies in various parts of the South China Sea were mainly dominated by light infantry until the Arabs brought in more sophisticated forging techniques and weapons.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Most of the Javanese army was mobilized from peasants and some noble warriors.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

The nobles marched on the front line, and the huge T-formed rear army overturned.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

The Javanese peasant soldiers were dressed half-naked and covered with cotton cloth around their waist.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Most weapons are bows and arrows, bamboo spears, and short swords.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Aristocrats were heavily influenced by Indian culture, usually armed with swords and spears, and dressed in white. [5]


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

However, the Javanese navy was more advanced than China's.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Jung java was over 50 m long, capable of carrying 500-1000 men, and was built with several thick planks that rendered artillery fire useless on him. [7]


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Invasion Yuan forces set out from southern Quanzhou, [8] then went along the coast of Dai Viet and Champa to head towards their main target.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

The small states in Malaya and Sumatra submitted and sent envoys to them, and the Yuan commanders left several darughachi there.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

It is known that Yuan forces briefly stopped at Ko-lan (Biliton, now Belitung Island) in January 1293.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

After arriving at Jawadwipa (= island of Java) at Tuban Harbour (now in Tuban Regency, East Java) on 1 March 1293, Shi-bi broke up his army, he sent some of the troops to walk by land, and some of the others down the river using boats.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Based on Kidung Panji-Wijayakrama, Yuan forces likely had time to plunder Tuban village on their way.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

When Yuan forces arrived at Jawadwipa, Raden Wijaya attempted to ally with them to fight Jayakatwang.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

He gave the Mongol forces a map of the Kalang area.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Based on, Yuan-shi, Raden Wijaya had initially attempted to attack Jayakatwang alone but was unsuccessful, until later he heard about the arrival of Yuan forces.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Raden Wijaya then asked them for help.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

In return, Raden Wijaya promised to bow to Yuan power.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

The story of the war is briefly told in Yuan-shi: “... The troops from Daha came to attack Wijaya on the seventh day of the month, Ike Mese and Gaoxing came on the eighth day, some Daha warriors were defeated, the rest fled into the mountains.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

On the nineteenth day, the Mongol forces with their allies arrived in Daha, fought against more than a hundred thousand warriors, attacked three times, killing 2,000 men while forcing thousands more to retreat to the river and then drowning them.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Jayakatwang retreated back to his palace...” —Yuan-shi (Book 210) After Jayakatwang was defeated by Mongol forces, Raden Wijaya returned to Majapahit, pretended he was about to prepare a tribute payment for the Mongols, and left his Mongols allies feasting celebrating their victory.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Shi-bi and Ike Mese allowed Raden Wijaya to return to his district to prepare a tribute as well as a letter of surrender, but Gaoxing disliked this and he warned the other two commanders.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Raden Wijaya then asked some of the Yuan troops to come to his country without carrying arms.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Finally, two hundred Yuan warriors who were unarmed and led by two officers were sent to the country of Raden Wijaya.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

But Raden Wijaya quickly mobilized his army and ambushed Yuan's troupe.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Afterwards Raden Wijaya moved his army towards the main camp of the Yuan forces and launched a sudden attack.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

He managed to kill many Yuan warriors whereas the rest ran back to their ships.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

On the coast, a fleet of Javanese troops also destroyed a number of Mongol ships. [9]


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

The Yuan forces retreated chaotically as the muson winds that can bring them home were coming to an end, leaving them threatened with being trapped on the island of Java for the next six months.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

After all the troops boarded the ships on the coast, they dispelled the Javanese fleet and sailed to Quanzhou for 68 days.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

As a result of the attack, the Yuan forces lost 3,000 of its best warriors, with the number of people taken captive unknown and a number of ships destroyed. [8] [9] [10] As a result of the Three Yuan generals, losing morale due to being expelled from the land of Jawadwipa and losing many elite warriors, eventually returned to China with the rest of the survivors.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Knowing that his army was failing, Kublai Khan became very angry.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

He punished Shi-bi with 70 lashes and confiscated one-third of his wealth for failures that befell his army.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Ike Mese was also convicted and one-third of his wealth possessions were confiscated.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

While Gaoxing suffered a different fate, he was rewarded with 50 taels of gold for protecting the troops from complete destruction.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

In later life, Shi-bi and Ike Mese were pardoned, and the emperor restored their reputation and wealth. [11]


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

This failure was at once Kubilai Khan's last military expedition.


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

In contrast, Majapahit then became the most powerful state of its time in the archipelago. [12]


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

Kublai khan planned another invasion of Java with a force of 100,000 soldiers, but this plan was cancelled after Kublai Khan's death. [5]


Question: When did the Yuan-Mongol Invasion to Java occur?

Yuan-Mongol raid to Java

However, other figures who passed through the archipelago, namely Ibn Battuta and Odoric of Pordenone, reported that Java was attacked several times by Mongols, but was always successfully thwarted. [13] [14] See also the Yuan-Mongol Invasion into Vietnam Footnote Library Category:War involved Mongol Category:Majapahit Kingdom Category:Singhasari Kingdom Category:Yuan Dynasty Category:Historical Java Category:13th Century Category:Conflict Year 1293


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

Sewing is the work of connecting fabrics, furs, animal skins, pepagans, and other materials to which sewing needles and threads can pass.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

Sewing can be done by hand wearing hand needles or with a sewing machine.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

People who work sewing clothes are called tailors.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

The dressmaker of menswear is called a tailor, while the tailor of women's clothing is called a modiste.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

Sewing education can be obtained at needlework courses or fashion schools.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

Sewing products can be clothing, curtains, mattresses, sheets, tablecloths, furniture upholstery fabrics, and upholstery fabrics.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

Other objects are sewn for example screens, flags, tents, shoes, bags, and book covers.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

In the garment industry, sewing is mostly done wearing a sewing machine.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

At home, people sew wearing hand needles or sewing machines.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

Light work that involves sewing at home for example correcting detached stitches, noisy clothes, or installing detached buttons.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

As a criya art, people sew to make handkerchiefs, napkins, embroidery, to stuffed dolls and patchwork crafts.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

Sewing clothes The work of sewing clothes consists of the stages of pattern making, material cutting, and sewing.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

Pattern making In fashion design terms, patterns are parts of clothing made from paper to be plagiarized onto the fabric before the fabric is scissored and sewn.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

The archetype is created based on the model of the clothing, and the size is adjusted to the size of the


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

There are two main techniques in creating an archetype [1]: flat construction that draws patterns on paper by wearing accurate measurements, and solid construction (draping patterns) that make patterns wearing muslin or calico cloth over sewing dolls.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

Methods draw patterns according to the name of the creators of the method, for example Dressmaking and So-En from Japan, or Danckaerts and Cuppens Geurs from the Netherlands.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

Women's magazines also often contain ready-made patterns (finished patterns) following instructions on how to sew them.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

Cutting material After the pattern is pinned to the fabric with a bouncer needle, the fabric is cut out according to the pattern used as an example.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

In mass production of clothing, the fabric is cut with a cutting machine.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

Before the pattern is removed from the material, the stripes and markings on the pattern are plagiarized onto the fabric with the help of rader, sewing carbon, and sewing chalk.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

Sewing work After the fabric is scissors, pieces of fabric are joined using hand needles or sewing machines.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

In sewing are known a number of stitching techniques, for example, back stitch (back stitch), chain stitch, and stalk stitch.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

In addition, it is known for stitching to connect two strands of fabric into one, and sewing seam technique.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

Although machine stitching is neater than hand stitching, not all stitching techniques can be done by machine.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

After the clothes are finished sewn, the tieled edges are tidied with an obras machine so that the fabric threads do not come off.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

Final finish. After completion, clothes often need to be slicked with an iron on an ironing board.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

Ironing such difficult parts as sleeves is carried out with the help of an ironing pillow.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

Sewing technique Threads and needles are pierced into the fabric to create different shapes of stitches so that different types of stitches or stitches are known.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

Baste puncture and baste stitch for example, refer to the same sewing and embroidering techniques.


Question: What is the material used to sew Kebaya Labuh?

Sewing

Base puncture Baste puncture Chain stitch stalk skewer Back stab Piquer skewer Som skewer Feston skewer Flannel skewer Base stab Trip base Outdoor Folding Costume Potent french Costume Palent flattened Guster Glove Glue shearing Equipment Sewing tools Thread Scissors Needle Needle Needle Sewing Needle Pads Sewing Machine Spool Pendedel (seam opener) Timble (finger cap) Lifeboat Sewing Shoes Obras machine Home button machine Tide button machine Som machine Plisket machine Reference Category:Indonesian words and phrases Category:Manufacturing


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

The now de facto capital of Japan is in Tokyo.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

In Japan, the term “capital city” (shuto) only became known to people after World War II ended.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

Previously, Tokyo was since 1868 the capital of the empire (teito).


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

The new term “capital city” became widely known after the establishment of the Capital Development Law (Shuto kensetsu-hō) of 1950 which ceased to take effect after the issuance of the Metropolitan Areas Consolidation Statute (Shutoken seibi-hō) of 1959.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

Until now, Tokyo's position as the capital of Japan has no valid legal basis. [1]


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

But in practice, Tokyo is treated as the capital of Japan in the writing of laws and laws.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

Tokyo is treated de facto as the capital city because according to the Japanese Constitution, the Emperor of Japan as “the emblem of the Japanese state and the unifying symbol of the Japanese people” and the emperor's palace is based in Tokyo.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

In addition, government institutions such as the Parliament of Japan, the Office of the Prime Minister (Kantei) and the Supreme Court of Japan which designated the constitution as the “supreme institution of the state” are located in the Chiyoda district of Tokyo.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

History Historically, the capital of Japan was the place where the emperor's palace and the city where the Emperor of Japan lived.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

Since the Kofun period, the city for residents of residence was built in a planned manner around the emperor's palace so that the city deserves to be called the “capital”.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

Until Nara times, palace buildings and noble houses were still in the form of hottatebashira constructions (buildings from colonnades erected on excavated ground) so the buildings did not last long.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

Ise Temple which also uses hottatebashira construction is rebuilt every 20 years.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

In ancient times, emperors' capitals and palaces were often moved and built in new places.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

According to estimates, this was done as a result of the building's generally relatively short age.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

Although the planning of construction took on a model of urban planning in China, the people refused to move to settlement sites in the capital cities of Fujiwara-kyō, Heijō-kyō, and Heian-kyō as originally planned.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

The reason is that the areas designated as settlements are high humidity soils due to high groundwater levels, and areas that are easily flooded by the river.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

As a result, houses still made with hottatebashira construction easily become damaged.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

Before the Asuka period, there was no city in Japan that could be called a “capital city”.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

According to the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki origin of the Nara period, in addition to being in Shiki, Iware (now the city of Sakurai, Nara Prefecture), the emperor's palaces were established in several other places, among others in Namba, Kawachi Province (Osaka).


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

Cities are thought to be co-built with the residence of the imperial family as the center.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

Between the Asuka period and the Nara period, Japan knew a second capital city that served as an economic and transportation hub.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

In the time of Emperor Temmu was known the second capital at Naniwanomiya (Osaka).


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

Meanwhile in Emperor Junnin's time it was known the second capital at Horanomiya (Otsu city, Osaka Prefecture, 761—764), while in Emperor Kōken's time it was known the second capital at Yugenomiya (Yao city, Osaka Prefecture, 769-770).


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

Although Horanomiya and Yugenomiya were only a short age, Naniwanomiya remained as the second capital until the capital was moved to Nagaoka-kyō.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

In the time of Nanboku-cho (1336-1392, excluding peacetime 1351—1352), the capital of the North Palace was at Heian-kyō while the South Palace was housed in a number of temporary castles.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

During the First Sino-Japanese War, Emperor Meiji moved the Imperial Headquarters to the city of Hiroshima.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

The Imperial Parliament of those days also convened in Hiroshima.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

Japanese capital from time to time Reference Outlink Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Is the capital of Japan?

The capital of Japan

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. (Tokyo Metropolitan government website) Category:Former capital of Japan Category:History of Japan


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Sawahlunto City is one of the cities in the province of West Sumatra, Indonesia.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The city, located 95km northeast of Padang city, is surrounded by 3 districts in West Sumatra, namely Tanah Datar district, Solok regency, and Sijunjung regency.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The city of Sawahlunto has an area of 273.45km² consisting of 4 sub-districts with a population of more than 54,000 inhabitants.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

During the Dutch East Indies government, the town of Sawalunto was known as a coal mine town.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The town briefly died out, after coal mining was stopped.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Today the city of Sawahlunto developed into a multi ethnic old tourist town, thus becoming one of the best old towns in Indonesia. [2]


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

In this town founded in 1888, there are many old buildings of Dutch heritage.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Some of it has been designated as a cultural reserve by the local government in order to encourage tourism and expand Sawahlunto into a “Cultured Mine Tourism Town”. [3]


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The history of the forerunner made Sawahlunto as a city related to research conducted by several Dutch geologists into the interior of Minangkabau (then known as Padang Plateau), as commissioned by the Governor General of the Dutch East Indies.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The first research was conducted by Ir. C. De Groot van Embden in 1858, later continued by Ir. Willem Hendrik de Greve in 1867.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

In De Greve's research, it is known that there are 200 million tons of coal contained in the vicinity of Batang Ombilin stream, one of the rivers in Sawahlunto. [4]


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Since the research was announced to Batavia in 1870, the Dutch East Indies government began planning the construction of facilities and infrastructure that could facilitate the exploitation of coal in Sawahlunto.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Subsequently Sawahlunto was also made as a city in 1888, precisely on December 1, which was then designated as the Anniversary of Sawahlunto City.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The town began producing coal since 1892. [5]


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Along with that, the town began to become a residential area of mine workers, and continued to develop into a small town with residents whose core were employees and mine workers.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Until 1898, mine businesses in Sawahlunto still relied on convicts who were forced to work to mine and were paid cheaply.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

In 1889, the Dutch East Indies government began building a railway line to Padang City to facilitate the transport of coal out of Sawahlunto City.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The railway line reached Sawahlunto City in 1894, so since rail freight began to be operated coal production in the city has continued to increase to hundreds of thousands of tons per year.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Geography Landscape The landscape of the city of Sawahlunto has a very variable height, which is between 250 meters to 650 meters above sea level.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The northern part of the city has a relatively flat topography despite being in a valley, especially the area traversed by Batang Lunto, where around the river are formed settlements and public facilities established since the reign of the Dutch East Indies.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Meanwhile the eastern and southern parts of the city are relatively steep with a slope of over 40%.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The town of Sawahlunto is located in a highland area which is part of Bukit Barisan and has an area of 273.45km².


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Of this area, more than 26.5% or about 72.47km² is hilly areas covered with protected forest.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The predominant land use in the town is plantations of about 34%, and lakes formed from former coal mine excavations about 0.2%.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Climate and topography Like other regions in West Sumatra, the city of Sawahlunto has a tropical climate with a minimum temperature range of 22.5°C and a maximum of 27.5°C.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

During the year there are two seasons, the rainy season from November to June and the dry season from July to October.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The rainfall rate of Sawahlunto city reaches an average of 1,071.6mm per year with the highest rainfall occurring in December. [6]


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Administrative Boundaries Below are the administrative boundaries of Sawahlunto City according to Government Regulation Number 44 Year 1990 concerning the Boundary Changes of Regional Municipality Region Level II Sawahlunto, Sawahlunto/Sijunjung Regional District and Solok Level II Regional Regency: North Side borders on Tanjung Mas District District Level II Tanah Datar Region; South side borders on District IX Koto Sungai Lasi District District Level II Solok; East side borders Koto VII District and Kupitan District Regional Regency Level II Sawahlunto/Sijunjung (now Sijunjung regency); West side borders on District X Koto Above District Level II Solok.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Government Since 1918, Sawahlunto has been in gemeente (city) status.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

But it has not had time to become stadsgemeente although until 1930 it has had a large population.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

On 10 March 1949, Sawahlunto along with the area of Solok district, Solok city, Sijunjung district, and present-day Dharmasraya district, was set to become Afdeeling Solok headed by a regent.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Subsequently with the issuance of Law No. 18 of 1965, the status of Sawahlunto was then changed to a level II area with the designation of Sawahlunto Municipality and began to be headed by a mayor.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Starting from June 11, 1965, was appointed Achmad Noerdin, S.H. as the first mayor of Sawahlunto to govern until 1971.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Not long after the election of Drs. Shaimoery, S.H. became the mayor then until 1983, then succeeded by Drs. Nuraflis Salam and Drs. H. Rahmatsjah who each served for the following 5 years.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

In 1993, Drs. H. Subari Sukardi became the city's leader for two periods until 2003.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Then since 2003, the city began to be led by Ir. H. Amran Nur who also presided for two periods until 2013.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Subsequently, Sawahlunto was led by Ali Yusuf, S.Pt. until 2018.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Since September 17, 2018 until now, Deri Asta, S.H. leads the City of Sawahlunto.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Mayor List of Mayor List of Mayor of Sawahlunto District Representative Council Administrative Division Division of sub-district and village/village in Sawahlunto City according to Minister of Home Affairs Regulation Number 137 Year 2017 on Code and Data of Government Administrative Area [7]: Population Number the population of the city of Sawahlunto has experienced a very sharp decline since the slump in coal production in the city in 1940, from 43,576 people in 1930 to 13,561 people in 1980.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Then slowly, the city's population increased in 1990, in line with the recovery of coal production since 1980.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

In 1990, the administrative area of the city of Sawahlunto was expanded from just 7.78km² to 273.45km² and brought the consequence of its population increasing.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

So in 1995, the population of Sawahlunto city reached 55,090 people.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

But in 2000, the population of Sawahlunto city decreased to 50,668 people, meaning for five years there has been a decrease of about 8%.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

This is due to some of the housing of employees of PT Bukit Asam Ombilin Mining Unit being moved outside the city area of Sawahlunto.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

So from this point of view it appears the link between coal mining businesses and the number of residents of the city of Sawahlunto.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The results of the 2010 Population Census showed the number of residents of the city of Sawahlunto had increased, from the previous 54,310 people in 2008 to 56,812 people.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Talawi District is the sub-district with the most population, which is 17,676 people or about 31.11% of the population of Sawahlunto city.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The population density of the city of Sawahlunto in 2010 was 238 persons per km², in which Segar Valley subdistrict is the most highly populated density rate of which is 431 persons per km².


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

While the sex ratio of the population of Sawahlunto is 98, which means that the number of male population is 2% less than the female population.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Education To improve the quality of education and competence of students in the city of Sawahlunto, one of the local government programs is to provide English training early [8].


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

In the city of Sawahlunto stands Sawahlunto City State Community Academy and campus away from UNP [10] [11] [12].


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

As a coal mining town, in the city of Sawahlunto stands Underground Mine Training Hall under the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources [13].


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Religious. The majority of the population of Sawahlunto embraces Islam.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Most of the dwellers are Minangkabau people.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Other religions professed in the city are Christianity, Hinduism, and Khonghucu, most of which are professed by residents not from the Minangkabau tribe.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Various places of worship are also found in this city.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Besides being dominated by mosques, there are also two churches in Sawahlunto City, namely St. Barbara's Sawahlunto Parish Church and HKBP Sawahlunto Church [14] [15].


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The people of Sawahlunto city today are dominated by Minangkabau and Javanese ethnic groups.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Other ethnics that are also residents are Chinese and Batak.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Since the establishment of Sawahlunto as a coal mining town or since the establishment of the city in the 19th century, the Dutch East Indies government began sending inmates from various prisons in Indonesia to the city of Sawahlunto as forced labor, so that about 20,000 inmates have been shipped to Sawahlunto.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

It is these forced laborers who are known by the local people as the Chain People.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Health To improve the public health level of the city, Sawahlunto city government has built a regional hospital type C [16].


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

In addition other health facilities available in this city are health centers as many as 5 pieces, helper health centers 20 pieces, post KB/Posyandu 37 pieces, where doctor practices 15 pieces [17].


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Law and Human Rights Since 2015 established Sawahlunto Drug Penitentiary which houses all inmates of narcotics cases in West Sumatra [18].


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Sawahlunto Drug Penitentiary can accommodate up to 1,000 assisted residents [19].


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Economy Based on data from Central Statistics Agency, Sawahlunto is the second lowest poverty rate in Indonesia, after Denpasar, Bali.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Sawahlunto is also among the cities with the second highest per capita income in West Sumatra, [20] where the search eye of the population is largely sustained by the mining and service sectors.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

In addition, other sectors such as agriculture and animal husbandry are also still in demand of the community.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

In fact some areas are being developed to become central areas of the craft and canapés industry.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

For a hundred years more, coal has been exploited reaching about 30 million tons, and there are still remaining reserves of more than 100 million tons.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

But the future of coal mining in the city of Sawahlunto remains unclear, because the remaining reserves can only be exploited as deep mines.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

While the absence of such exploitation depends largely on the mastery of technology and market demand.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

In addition, the implementation of coal mining is also undergoing reorientation by the development of the spirit of decentralization or regional autonomy that arouses the desire of local people to do their own mining.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Transportation The discovery of coal reserves in the city of Sawahlunto has prompted the Dutch East Indies government to build a railway line to Padang city in distributing coal.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The construction began in 1889 and was completed in 1896. [21]


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

This railway line in addition to connecting Padang city with Sawahlunto city, also reaches other cities such as Solok city, Pariaman city, Bukittinggi city, Padang Panjang city, and Payakumbuh city.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

But as a result of declining coal production since 2000, coal haulage activities by rail came to a complete halt.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The distance of Padang city to Sawahlunto is about 95km and can be reached either by bus or private vehicle.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

It can also be accessed by train operating on certain days from Padang Panjang city.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Tourism The main attraction in this city is the tourist attraction of mines, where visitors can take a tilas on the former mining area built during the Dutch East Indies reign.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The architecture and historical heritage of Sawahlunto City has many old Dutch buildings. [22] [23] Some of the buildings have been designated by local authorities as cultural reserves and attractions, one of which is the Sawahlunto Cultural Center Building.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Another old building is the Office of PT Bukit Asam Ombilin Mining Unit which was built in 1916. [24]


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The building has a tower in its central part and around it is a park known as Triangle Park.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Not far from Triangle Park, there is Lubang Suro which is taken from the name of a foreman, Mbah Suro. adjacent to the tourist attraction Lubang Suro, established Info Box Building which provides various information and documentation about the history of coal mining in the city of Sawahlunto. [ 25]


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

In addition, the public kitchen that was previously able to produce food at any time for thousands of forced laborers and the railway station as a place for coal-hauling activities was made a museum in 2005.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Each named Ration Warehouse Museum and Sawahlunto Railway Museum. [26]


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

While the central building of the power plant was established in 1894, since 1952 it has been used as a mosque with the name of Nurul Islam Grand Mosque or known as the Great Mosque of Sawahlunto. [27]


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The mosque has one large dome in the center surrounded by four domes of smaller size, and has a minaret that reaches 80 meters high. [28]


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Coal mine activities in the city of Sawahlunto also left a number of other buildings such as Silo.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The silos served as a hoarder for coal that had been cleared and ready for transport to the port of Bayur Bay.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The silo still stands firmly in the middle of the city, even if it does not function anything.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

In addition, the siren on the Silo still sounds every 07.00, 13.00, and 16.00 local time, where during the Dutch East Indies reign, the siren in this Silo signifies the working hours of Chain People or inmates who were made coal-grabbing porters. [29]


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Since 2017, the government built three new museums, namely: Sawahlunto Cultural Museum, Dance Museum, and Wood Painting and Ethno Museum [30].


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Nature tourism The city also has other attractions such as the zoo which has an area of about 40 hectares [31] and Kandi Tourism Resort with an area of 393.4 hectares.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

There are 3 lakes formed from former coal mining excavations in Kandi Tourism Resort, namely Kandi Lake, Tanah Hitam Lake, and Tandikek Lake.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

In addition, there is also a family leisure ride known as Waterboom Sawahlunto. [32]


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Sports In this town there is a horse racing field owned by the local government named Bukit Kandih Horse Racing Field.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Annually a horse race is organized on this course.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The 39.69 hectare racecourse has a 1,400 meter horse race track with a width of 20 meters and can accommodate about 30,000 spectators.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

In addition, the city also has a 10 hectare road race arena with a hotmix paved track along 1.2km and has national standard.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The city of Sawahlunto includes the city which is part of the stages of the Tour de Singkarak bicycle race race.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

In the 2011 Tour de Singkarak, a coal-powered tourist steam train named as Mak Itam was used to take bicycle racers to the starting site of etape 5a in Silungkang. [33]


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

In three times the implementation of the Tour de Singkarak bicycle race, Padang city has always been the starting point of the race.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

But for 2012 the starting point of the race was moved to the city of Sawahlunto, while Padang as the capital of West Sumatra was made the finishing point of the race.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

PS Gunung Arakan Sawahlunto is a football club playing in Liga 3 headquartered in this city.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Sawahlunto Press Media is known as the cradle of national famous press figure, Djamaluddin Adinegoro [34].


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Adinegoro is the brother of national figure, the father of Indonesian sonnets, Muhammad Yamin.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

President Joko Widodo announced the construction of a journalistic and literary museum named Adinegoro Museum in this city during his visit on Thursday, February 8, 2018 [34].


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Radio Sawahlunto has two radio stations, SKA FM (already inactive) and Local Government Radio at FM frequency 99.9 MHz [35] [36].


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

The figures of this city are Djohan Soetan Soelaiman and Djohor Soetan Perpatih, brothers were major traders of Minangkabau in the first half of the 20th century or in the colonial period.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

They own Handelsvereeniging Djohan-Djohor (Djohan-Djohor Trading Company) based in Senen Market.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Mohammad Yamin, Indonesia's national hero hails from this city.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

His brother, Djamaluddin Adinegoro is a national press figure whose name is the highest award for Indonesian journalistic work, the Adinegoro Prize.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Another press figure from Sawahlunto City is Ani Idrus, a senior wartawati.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Yunizar, one of the world's famous painters came from the city of Sawahlunto.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Yunizar along with 20 other Indonesian artists were included in the list of 500 best-selling painters in the world based on the Top 500 Artprice 2008/2009 compiled by a market analyst agency of world fine art market development, Artprice, based in Paris, France [37].


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Jusuf Wanandi, senior politician is one of the founders and members of CSIS Forbearing Council, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, an institute of thinkers who actively give birth to various ideas that become government policy [38].


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Jusuf Wanandi has served as Member of MPRS (1968—1972), Member of MPR (1972—1977), Executive Director of CSIS (1986), and Governor of East-West Centre, Honolulu, Hawaii, US.


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Soedjatmoko, an Indonesian diplomat who served as rector of the United Nations University in Tokyo, Japan [39].


Question: What is the area of the city of Sawahlunto?

Sawahlunto Municipality

Melaka Twin Cities, Malaysia [40] Outlink Reference Sawahlunto Sawahlunto


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

The Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) was a political party in Indonesia that had disbanded.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

The PKI was the largest non-ruling communist party in the world after Russia and China before the PKI was finally destroyed in 1965 and declared a banned party the following year. [1] [2] Pioneer Henk Sneevliet and other Dutch East Indies socialists formed a labor union in port in 1914, under the name Indies Social Democratic Association (in Dutch: Indische Sociaal Democratische Vereeniging-, ISDV).


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

ISDV was essentially formed by 85 members from two Dutch socialist parties, the SDAP and the Dutch Socialist Party which later became the communist SDP, which was in the leadership of the Dutch East Indies. [3]


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

The Dutch members of the ISDV introduced Marxist ideas to educate Indonesians looking for ways to oppose colonial power.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

By October 1915, the ISDV began to be active in publishing a Dutch-language newspaper, “Het Vrije Woord” (The Word of the Merdeka).


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Its editor was Adolf Baars.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

At the time of its formation, the ISDV did not demand independence for Indonesia.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

At the time, ISDV had about 100 members, and of all of them only three were indigenous Indonesian citizens.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

However, this party quickly evolved to become radical and anti capitalist.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

But it changed when Sneevliet moved their headquarters from Surabaya to Semarang and attracted many natives from various elements such as religious, nationalist and other movement activists who had lately grown in the Dutch East Indies since 1900.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Under the leadership of Sneevliet this party was dissatisfied with the leadership of the SDAP in the Netherlands, and that distanced itself from the ISDV and refused to cooperate with the government for refusing to “pretend” to be a Council of Societies (Volksraad Volksraad (Dutch East Indies).


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

In 1917 the reformist group from the ISDV broke away, and formed its own party under the name Social Democratic Party of the Indies.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

In 1917 ISDV launched itself the first Indonesian-language publication, Soeara Merdeka.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Under Sneevliet's leadership, the ISDV was convinced that the October Revolution as it happened in Russia should be followed in Indonesia.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

The group managed to gain a following among Dutch soldiers and sailors stationed in the Dutch East Indies.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

The 'Red Guards were formed and within three months their number had reached 3,000 men.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

In late 1917, the soldiers and sailors revolted in Surabaya, a major naval base in Indonesia at the time, and formed a soviet council.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

The colonial rulers oppressed the soviet councils in Surabaya and ISDV.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

The leaders of the ISDV were sent back to the Netherlands, including Sneevliet.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

The leaders of the rebellion among the Dutch military were sentenced to prison terms of up to 40 years. [4]


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Meanwhile, the ISDV formed a bloc with the anti-colonialist organization Sarekat Islam.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Many SI members such as from Surabaya, Semaun and Darsono from Solo were interested in Sneevliet's ideas.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

As a result of Sneevliet's strategy of going “deep bloc”, many SI members were persuaded to set up a more deeply Marxist-dominated revolutionary Sarekat Rakjat. [5]


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

ISDV continues to work in a clandestine manner.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Launched another publication, Soeara Rakyat.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

After the forced departure of some Dutch cadres, in combination with employment within Sarekat Islam, membership has moved from a Dutch majority to an Indonesian majority.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

In 1919 it had only 25 Dutch members, out of a total of members that were less than 400.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Establishment and growth At the ISDV Congress in Semarang (May 1920), the name of this organization was changed to United Communists in the Indies (CCT).


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Semaun was chairman of the party and Darsono served as vice chairman.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

The secretary, treasurer, and three of the five committee members are Dutch. [5]


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

The CCT was the first Asian communist party to become part of the Communist International.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Henk Sneevliet represented the party at the 1921 second congress of the Communist International.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

In the period leading up to the sixth congress of Sarekat Islam in 1921, members became aware of Sneevliet's strategy and took steps to stop it.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Agus Salim, the secretary of the organization, introduced a motion to ban SI members from holding membership and dual titles from other parties in the Indonesian movement struggle scene.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

The decision certainly made the communist members disappointed and quit the party, such as opposition from Tan Malaka and Semaun who also dropped out of the movement because they were disappointed to later change tactics in the struggle of Indonesian movement.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

At the same time, the Dutch colonial government called about limiting political activities, and Sarekat Islam decided to focus more on religious affairs, leaving the communists as the only active nationalist organization. [6]


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Together with Semaun who was away in Moscow to attend the Far Eastern Labor Conference in early 1922, Tan Malaka tried to turn the strike against government pawnshop workers into a national strike to include all Indonesian trade unions.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

This turned out to be a failure, Tan Malaka was arrested and given a choice between internal or external exile.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

He chose the latter and left for Russia. [6]


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

In May 1922, Semaun returned after seven months in Russia and began organizing all trade unions in one organization.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

On 22 September, the United Organizations of Workers All Indonesia (United Vakbonded Indies) was formed. [7]


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

At the fifth Comintern congress in 1924, he stressed that “the main priority of the communist parties is to gain control of the labour union” because there could not have been a successful revolution without this union of the working classes In 1924 the name of this party was once again changed, this time is to become the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). [8]


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Uprising 1926 In May 1925, the Exec Committee of the Comintern in a plenary meeting ordered communists in Indonesia to form a united anti-imperialist front with non-communist nationalist organizations, but extremist elements dominated by Alimin & Musso called for revolution to overthrow Dutch colonial rule. [9]


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

In a conference in Prambanan, Central Java, communist-controlled trade unions decided the revolution would begin with a strike by railway labourers which would be a signal of a more general and widespread strike for then the revolution would be able to begin.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

This would lead to the PKI that would replace the colonial government. [9]


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

In November 1926 the PKI led a revolt against colonial rule in West Java and West Sumatra.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

The PKI announced the formation of a republic.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Together with Alimin, Musso who was one of the leaders of the PKI in that era was not in Indonesia.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

He was in talks with Tan Malacca who disagreed with the rebellion's move.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

This rebellion was eventually brutally crushed by the colonial rulers.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Thousands were murdered and about 13,000 were detained, 4,500 were imprisoned, some 1,308 who were generally party cadres were exiled, and 823 were sent to Boven Digul, a detention camp in Papua [10].


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Several people died in custody.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Many non-communist political activists were also targets of colonial rule, arguing of oppressing the rebellion of the communists.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

In 1927 the PKI was declared banned by the Dutch administration.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Because of this, the PKI then moved underground.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

The insurgency plan itself was devised a long time ago.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Namely in the secret negotiations of PKI activists in Prambanan.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

The plan was firmly rejected by Tan Malaka, one of the main figures of PKI who has many masses especially in Sumatra.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Tan Malaka predicts that the uprising will fail, because he thinks the base of the Indonesian proletarians are peasant people not laborers as in the Soviet Union.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

The rejection left Tan Malaka on stamp as a follower of Leon Trotsky who was also as a central figure of the struggle of the Russian Revolution.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

However, some of the PKI actions actually occurred after the uprising in Java occurred.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Such as the Silungkang Rebellion in Sumatra.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

In the early days of this banning, the PKI tried not to accentuate itself, especially as many of its leaders were imprisoned.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

In 1935 PKI leader Musso returned from exile in Moscow, Soviet Union, to reorganize the PKI in his movement underground.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

But Musso only lived briefly in Indonesia.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Then the PKI moved on various fronts, such as Gerindo and trade unions.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

In the Netherlands, the PKI began to move among Indonesian students among the nationalist organization, Perhimpoenan Indonesia, which shortly thereafter sided with PKI [11].


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

The post-war revival of the PKI resurfaced on the political stage after Japan surrendered in 1945, and actively took part in the struggle for independence from the Netherlands.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Many armed units were under PKI control or influence.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Although the PKI militia played an important role in fighting the Dutch, President Soekarno feared that the growing influence of the PKI would eventually threaten its position.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

In addition, the growth of the PKI troubled the right-wing sector more than the Indonesian administration as well as some foreign powers, in particular the full anti-communist fervor of the United States.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Thus relations between the PKI and other powers that are also fighting for independence in general run fierce.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

In February 1948 the PKI and the Socialist Party formed a joint front, the People's Democratic Front.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

This front did not last long, but the Socialist Party later joined the PKI.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

At that time the Pesindo militia was under PKI control.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

On 11 August 1948 Musso returned to Jakarta after twelve years in the Soviet Union.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

The PKI politibiro was reconstructed, including D. N. Aidit, M. H. Lukman and Njoto.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

On 5 September 1948 he gave a speech requesting Indonesia to be docked to the Soviet Union.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

And the recommendation led to the event of the PKI uprising in Madiun, East Java.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

The 1948 Madiun events Following the signing of the Renville Treaty in 1948, the outcome of the Renville negotiation agreement was considered favorable to the Dutch position.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Instead, Indonesia becomes the disadvantaged party with the narrower territory it has.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Many armed units from the Republican Party returned from conflict zones.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

This gave some Indonesian right-wing confidence that they would be able to match the PKI militarily.


Question: What are the key members of the Communist Party of Indonesia?

Communist Party of Indonesia

Guerrilla units and militias under PKI influence were ordered to disband.