Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The Slavs in the territory of Poland were grouped into tribes; the largest tribes were later called Polish tribes; many names of Slavic tribes are listed in a list compiled by the anonymous Geographer Bayern in the 9th century. [7]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In the 9th and 10th centuries, these tribes terminated areas in the upper reaches of the Wisła River, on the coast of the Baltic Sea, and in Greater Poland.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The last work of these tribes was a political order formed in the 10th century, and which later developed into the State of Poland, one of the West Slavic nations. [5] [x] Piast Wangsa Age (10th—1385) Mieszko I Poland stood as a nation state in the age of the Piast wangsa, who ruled between the 10th century to the 14th century.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The official historical records of the Polish state began during the reign of Duke Mieszko I in the second half of the 10th century.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Duke Mieszko, who began to rule as head of the Polish monarchy before 963 until his mangkat in 992, chose to be baptized according to the Latin Rite of the Western Church, most likely on April 14, 966, after marrying Princess Dobrawa of Bohemia, a devout believer of Christianity. [8]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The baptism of the Duke of Mieszko is also referred to as the Polish Baptism, and the date of this event is often used symbolically as the starting point for the founding of the Polish state. [9]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Mieszko completed the unification of the lands of the ulayat of the West Slavic tribes that were the basis of the existence of the Polish land.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Once established, the country was successively led by rulers who encouraged its people to embrace Christianity, created a powerful Polish nation empire, and encouraged the establishment of a distinctive Polish culture integrated within the wider European culture. [10]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Bolesław I the Brave Son of Mieszko, Duke of Bolesław I the Brave (reigned 992—1025), instituted the structure of the Polish Church, made attempts at the conquest of territories, and was officially crowned the first King of Poland in 1025, near the end of his life. [8]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Bolesław also attempted to disseminate Christianity to Eastern European lands that still worshipped idols, but his efforts were hindered by the murder of his flagship missionary, Adalbertus of Prague, in Prussia in 997. [8]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In the Congress of Gniezno in 1000, Holy Roman Emperor Otto III recognized the existence of the Archdiocese of Gniezno, [8] a highly meritorious institution maintaining the existence of the Polish state. [8]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

During the reign of Otto III's successor, Holy Roman Emperor Heinrich II, Bolesław advanced against the Kingdom of Germany in a protracted war between 1002 to 1018. [8] [11] Kazimierz I, Bolesław II, and Bolesław III Continuous expansion of territory carried out Bolesław I inurgently drain the military resources of the Polish state were not long established, so the Polish monarchy collapsed as long ago.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Recovery efforts were again made by Kazimierz I (reigned 1039—1058).


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Kazimierz's son, Bolesław II the Rash (reigned 1058—1079), was involved in infighting with Bishop Stanislaus of Szczepanów, which eventually became a catastrophe for his reign.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Bolesław ordered the assassination of Bishop Stanislaus in 1079, after being excommunicated by the Polish Church for committing adultery.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The Bishop's assassination triggered an uprising of the Polish nobility that ended with Bolesław's impeachment and exile from his homeland. [8]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Around 1116, Gallus Anonymus wrote a chronicle of Poland's premier, Gesta principum Polonorum, [8] intended to glorify his juncer, Bolesław III the Crooked Mouth (reigned 1107—1138), the ruler of Poland who resurrected the military greatness that Poland once possessed in the reign of Bolesław I. This chronicle is an important source of reference in the writing of the early history of Poland. [12]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The split of territories After Bolesław III divided the land of Poland to his sons in a piece of will dated 1138, [8] there was a schism within the country that weakened Piast dominion in the 12th and 13th centuries.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In 1180, Kazimierz II, who requested the inauguration from Sri Pope of his standing as a senior duke, conferred additional immunity and privileges to the Polish Church in the Congress of Łęczyca. [8]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Around 1220, Wincenty Kadłubek wrote Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae, another major source of reference in the writing of early Polish history. [8]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In 1226, one of the dukes of Piast, the ruler of one of the splintered regions of the Kingdom of Poland, Konrad I of Masovia, invited the Teuton Knights to help him fight the Balts who were still worshipping idols in Prussia. [8]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Konrad's move caused centuries of warfare between Poland and the Teuton Knights, and later between Poland and the German State of Prussia.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The first invasion of the Mongols over Poland began in 1240; culminating with the defeat of the Poles with the Christian communion army and the eventual fall of Duke Henryk Si Pious of the Śląsk branch of Piast in the Battle of Legnica in 1241. [8]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In 1242, Wrocław became the first Polish township incorporated into the territory of another country, [8] when the times of the region split allowed Polish cities to stamp out economic development and growth.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In 1264, Bolesław Si Pious, granted much flexibility to the Jews by issuing the Statute of Kalisz. [8] [13] Władysław I and Kazimierz III The efforts to reunite the Polish land gained momentum in the 13th century, and in 1295, Duke Przemysł II of Greater Poland became the first leader after Bolesław II was crowned King of Poland. [8]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

He ruled over a vast area and was killed shortly thereafter.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In 1300—1305, the ruler of Bohemia, Václav II also reigned as King of Poland. [8]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Piast prayer power over the Polish throne was restored by Władysław I Si Hasta (reigned 1306—1333), who was crowned king in 1320. [8]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In 1308, the Teuton Knights captured the city of Gdańsk and the surrounding area (Pomorze Gdańsk). [8]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

King Kazimierz the Great (reigned 1333—1370), [8] son of Władysław Si Hasta who became the last ruler of these Piast wangsa strengthened and expanded the territory of the recently recovered Kingdom of Poland, but Śląsk Province (officially relinquished by Kazimierz in 1339) and most of the territory The province of Pomorze was off from Poland until centuries later.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Nonetheless, the expansion of the territory of the central province, Mazowsze, was advancing, and in 1340, Poland began its conquest action over the Red Rutenia, [8] which marked the motion of Polish expansion eastward.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In 1364, Poland organized the Congress of Kraków, a grand meeting attended by rulers from Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Northern Europe.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Most likely they got together to plan an anti-Turkish crusade.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In the same year, also established a college that later became Uniwersytet Jagielloński, one of the oldest universities in Europe. [8] [14] On October 9, 1334, Kazimierz the Great confirmed the privileges that had been gifted to the Jews in 1264 by Bolesław Si Pious, and allowed them to settle in large numbers in Poland.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The short period of the reign of the lady Capet Anjou Because the Piast lady no longer had a male heir, King Kazimierz the Great also bequeathed the throne of Poland to his victory, Lajos I, King of Hungary from Capet Anjou.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Lajos I was enthroned as head of state of the union of Hungary and Poland from 1370 until 1382. [8]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In 1374, Lajos granted the Privilese of Koszyce to the Polish nobility in order to place one of his daughters on the Polish throne later. [8]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

His youngest daughter, Jadwiga (died 1399), ascended the throne in 1384. [15]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Jagiellon's wangsa period (1385—1572) Władysław II Jagiełło, the union of the rulers of Poland and Lithuania In 1386, the Grand Duke of Jogaila of Lithuania was married to Queen Jadwiga of Poland.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

This move allowed him to become King of Poland, [16] and rule as King Władysław II Jagiełło until his mangkat in 1434.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

This marriage instituted Polish—Lithuanian union under the rule of the Wangsa kings of Jagiellon.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The union between Poland and Lithuania was declared officially for the first time in the Deed of Union of Krewo in 1385, which contained an agreement to match Jogaila with Queen Jadwiga. [16]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

This Polish—Lithuanian partnership incorporated the vast territory of Rutenia controlled by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a mandala of Polish influence which proved beneficial, both for the Polish nation and for the Rutenian nation itself.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

These two peoples coexisted and helped each other as fellow political entities in Europe for the next four centuries.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

After Queen Jadwiga's death in 1399, the Kingdom of Poland fell into her husband's hands. [16] [17] In the area around the Baltic Sea, the feud between Poland and the Teuton Knights still continued until it reached its peak in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410. [16]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Despite an absolute win over his opponent, Polish and Lithuanian armies did not manage to seize Castle Malbork, the centre of government of the Order of the Teuton Knights.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The Deed of Union of Horodło published in 1413 further clarified the increasingly familiar relationship between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. [16] [18] The privileges of the szlachta (nobility) continued to grow, and in 1425, was also formulated the law of Neminem captivabimus, which protected the people nobility of the act of detention by order of the king. [16]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Władysław III and Kazimierz IV The reign of the young ruler Władysław III (1434—1444), [16] the son of Władysław II who reigned as King of Poland and Hungary, was short lived as the King was killed in the Battle of Varna against the armies of the Osmanli Imperium. [16] [19] The period of interregnum which lasted for three years since his appointment ended with the coronation of his younger brother, Kazimierz IV Jagiellon, in 1447.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Major developments during the Jagiellon prayer period were centered on the Kazimierz IV period which lasted quite a long time until 1492.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In 1454, Prussia Rajani was made a swapraja within Polish territory, and infighting with the State of the Order of the Knights of the Teuton again flared up in the Thirteen Years' War (1454—1466). [16]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In 1466, the two sides agreed on the Peace Treaty of Toruń which prefixed a new gazette in Polish history.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Based on this occupation, parts of Prussia were separated into East Prussia swapraja, which later became the Duchy of Prussia, a feudum headed by the Teuton Knights within the territory of the Kingdom of Poland. [16]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Poland also fought against the Osmanli Imperium and the Crimean Tatars in the southern region, and helped the Lithuanians against the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the eastern region.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Poland developed into a feudal state, its economy was dominated by the agrarian sector, and the nobility of landlords increasingly came to power.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Kraków, the capital of the kingdom, was made a center of education and culture, and in 1473, printing presses began operating in the city. [16]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

With the greater power of the szlachta, in 1493, the king's advisory council developed into a bicameral General Sejm (parliament) which no longer solely represented the upper class exalters only. [16] [20] In 1505, the Sejm enacted the Nihil novi Deed which transferred most of the power of the power legislature from the head of the monarchy to the Sejm. [16]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

This event marked the beginning of a period called the “Kencana Independence Age”, when the overall state administration was organized by the “independent and equal” Polish nobility.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In the 16th century, major developments in the agribusiness sector of folwark managed by the nobility resulted in commoners working the land of folwark increasingly oppressed their lives.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The nobility's monopoly over politics also hindered the development of citys—some of which grew prosperous at the end of Jagiellon's woman—and restricted the rights of townspeople thus effectively impeding the growth of the middle class. [21]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Zygmunt I and Zygmunt II, the beginning of Modern Age Poland In the 16th century, the Protestant Reformation movement hacked its way into Christianity in Poland and gave rise to the Potestan Reformation movement in Poland involving a number of different denominations.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The policy of religious tolerance in Poland was quite unique to the size of Europe at that time.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Many people were displaced from areas hit by interfaith infighting to Poland.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

During the reigns of King Zygmunt I (1506—1548) and King Zygmunt II (1548—1572), there was a great development in the field of culture and science (the golden age of the Polish Renewal Ages), represented by the works of astronomer Nikolaus Kopernikus (died 1543). [16]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In 1525, during the reign of King Zygmunt I, [16] The Order of the Teuton Knights was secularized and Duke Albrecht von Hohenzollern worshipped simpuh before the King of Poland (the event of the Prussian Simpuh Prayer) during his inauguration ceremony to the ruler of the Duchy of Prussia. [16]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Mazowsze fully became part of the area of the King of Poland in 1529. [16] [22] During the reign of Zygmunt II [16] which became the cover of Jagiellon, Poland and Lithuania signed the Deed of Union of Lublin (1569) that fully united the two lands.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Under this deed of union, power over the territory of Ukraine was transferred from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the Kingdom of Poland, and transformed the joint Polish—Lithuanian government into a true union. [16]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

This move was intended to preserve the integrity and unity of the two lands as the ancestry of Zygmunt II.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The active and active role of Zygmunt II himself allowed this deed of unity to be realized. [23]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Livonia located far to the northeast was incorporated into Polish territory in 1561, and Poland advanced to face Russia in the Livonian War. [16]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The execution movement (an attempt to prevent rampant high noble families in Poland and Lithuania) reached its peak in the Sejm session in Piotrków in 1562—1563. [16]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In the religious sphere, the Polish Brethren broke away from the Calvinists, and the Brest Bible was published by the Protestants in 1563. [16]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The arrival of the Jesuit padri-padri in 1564 [16] was doomed to have a great impact on Polish history.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth Establishment (1569—1648) of the Union of Lublin 300 px|JMPL|Ka|The entirety of the territory once controlled by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, after Dywilino's Peace Accord in 1619 Signing of the Deed of Union of Lublin in 1569 became the basis for its founding Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth, a federal state with much closer union than the forms of political union between Poland and Lithuania were already.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The holding of government of this federal state was largely in the hands of the nobility through a system of central parliaments and regional parliaments, but headed by elected kings.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The official dominion of the Polish nobility, which was proportionally larger than other countries in Europe, resulted in a prime democratic system (“sophisticated democracy”), [24] distinct from the absolute monarchies that were still rampant throughout Europe . [25]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The formation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth coincided with a period of increasing political power as well as the advancement of civilization and prosperity in Polish history.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The Polish-Lithuanian Union was actively involved in major events in Europe, and became a highly meritorious cultural entity in the dissemination of Western culture (with characteristic Polish features) to the eastern regions.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In the second half of the 16th century and the first half of the 17th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth became one of the largest and most populated countries in Europe, with an area close to 1 million square kilometers (0.39 million square miles) and a population of about 10 million inhabitants.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Its economy is dominated by export activities of agricultural cultivation.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Religious tolerance throughout the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was guaranteed in the Warsaw Confederation in 1573. [26]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The first elected kings After the end of the Jagiellon prayer period in 1572, Henri de Valois (later ascended to the throne to become King of France Henri III) came out of the “free elections” organized by the Polish nobility in 1573.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Although elected King of Poland, he still had to submit to the obligations established by the Sejm in the pacta conventa. [26]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Henri escaped from Poland in 1574 after receiving news of the vacancy of the French throne, since he was also one of the heirs to the royal throne.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

He remained nominal leader over the Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1575.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

From the beginning, this policy of electing kings in Poland had attracted the interest of foreign powers trying to manipulate the Polish nobility to choose candidates who could later be utilized for their interests. [27]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Henri de Valois was succeeded by István Báthory of Hungary (1576—1586); he was a man of firmness and self-confidence, both in the military sphere and in everyday life. [26]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The establishment of the judicial institution of the Crown Court in 1578 transferred many appellate cases from the scope of the authority of the monarch to the scope of the authority of the nobility. [26]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The first kings of the Waza wangsa ka|jmpl|325 px|Zygmunt III in Smolensk.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The King reigned for quite a while, but was preoccupied by the problems of Waza in his hometown, Sweden.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The period of reign of the Swedish kings of Waza (Swedish: Vasaätten) in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth began in 1587.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The first and second kings of these venants, namely Zygmunt III (1587—1632) and Władysław IV (1632—1648), incessantly tried to occupy the throne of the Kingdom of Sweden, thus abandoning the foreign affairs of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. [26]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

At the same time, the Catholic Church began to launch a counter-offensive movement of Protestant ideology and counter-Reformation movement that succeeded in attracting adherents of the new Catholicism from among the Protestants in Poland and Lithuania.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In 1596, by establishing the Union of Brest, some of the Eastern Christians in the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth formed the Uniate Church which remained in use of the worship rites of the Christian religion of the eastern madhab, but submits under the leadership of the Pope. [26]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Zebrzydowski's rebellion against King Zygmunt III flared up in 1606—1608. [26] [28] Between 1605 to 1618, the Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia fought over the status as the preeminent state in Eastern Europe.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

This war broke out when Russia was experiencing the Sukar Period, a period of time referred to as the era of the Polish—Moskowi War (or the “Para Dmitriy” period).


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Thanks to the persistence of its armies, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth managed to expand the territory to the east, but did not manage to realize its main intention to proclaim the Russian throne for the King of Poland.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Sweden also sought to appear to be a superpower in the Baltic region by fighting the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1617 to 1629, while the Osmanli Imperium waged an onslaught from the south in the Battle of Țuțora in 1620 and the Battle of Khotyn in 1621. [26]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The rapid expansion of farmland and the pressure of serfdom rules in Ukrainian Poland became the cause of the series of events of the Kazaki uprising.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

As an ally of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth did not involve itself directly in the Thirty Years' War. [s] Throughout the reign of King Władysław IV, the peace of the country was barely disturbed.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The Russian invasion in the Smolensk War from 1632 to 1634 could be pushed back. [26]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The hierarchy of the Orthodox Church, declared forbidden in Poland after the Pledge of Unity of Brest, was restored again in 1635. [26] [29] The slump (1648—1764) Flood of JMPL|Ka|185px|Jan II Kazimierz Waza became Head of State of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the most precarious times.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Dismayed by his own incompetence to renew the commonwealth state, he abdicated the throne in 1668. [30]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

During the reign of King Jan II Kazimierz Waza (1648—1668), the third and last king of the Waza, the democracy of the noble people suffered a deterioration as a result of foreign invasions and chaos in the country. [26] [31] All these catastrophes multiplied in time was brief and marked the end of the Polish Golden Age, and made the once all-powerful Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth gradually becoming vulnerable to foreign intervention.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The rebellion of Kazaki Chmielnicki (1648—1657) enclosed the southeastern area of the colonies of the Polish Crown. [26]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

This rebellion had a devastating effect in the long run on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth state.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The liberum veto (the right of every member of the Sejm to dissolve the provisional session) was for the first time instated by a deputy in 1652. [26]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

This practice ultimately weakened Poland's central administration critically.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In the Treaty of Pereyaslav (1654), the Ukrainian rebels declared themselves as the Tsarist of Russia.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The second Northern War raged in the central area of Poland during the period of 1655—1660.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

This war also included an invasion action against Poland which was in such a brutal way and destroyed it to the point that it was referred to as the Flood of Sweden.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

This war was brought to an end in 1660 with the Treaty of Oliva, [26] which resulted in Poland having to relinquish some areas located in the northern area of its territory.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In 1657, the Treaty of Wehlau-Bromberg established the independence of the Duchy of Prussia. [26]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Third Polish Republic (1989—present) Transition from communism The approval of the Polish Round Table in April 1989 called for the establishment of independent government, the issuance of job guarantees policies, legalization of independent trade unions, and massive reforms in various fields. [32]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The Sejm at that time immediately implemented the results of the agreement and agreed to hold the National Assembly elections on 4 and 18 June. [33] 35% of the seats in the Sejm (lower house of the national legislature) and all seats in the Senate were contested freely; the rest of the seats in the Sejm that did not contested (65%), reserved for the communist party and its allies. [34] [35] The defeat of the communist party in vote calculation (almost all contested seats were won by opposition strongholds) posed a political crisis.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The April constitutional approval agreed after the Round Table Approval called for the restoration of the post of President of Poland, and on July 19, the National Assembly elected the communist leader, General Wojciech Jaruzelski to occupy that post.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

His election was seen as politically important, but was done without the support of a number of Solidarity deputies, so the position of the new president was not strong.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In addition, the unexpectedly final result of the parliamentary general election resulted in new movements and efforts made by the communist party to form a government ended in failure. [34] [33] [35] [36] On August 19, President Jaruzelski asked journalists as well as a Solidarity activist, Tadeusz Mazowiecki, to form a government; on 12 September, through a vote, the Sejm approved the appointment of Prime Minister Mazowiecki and the cabinet he formed.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Mazowiecki decided to hand over economic reform affairs completely into the hands of liberal economic advocates under the leadership of the new deputy prime minister, Leszek Balcerowicz, [33] who followed up that decision by devising and implementing a policy of “shock therapy”.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

For the first time in postwar history, Polish rule was in the hands of noncommunists.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

This Polish move soon became a reference followed by other communist countries, giving rise to a major phenomenon known as the 1989 Revolution. [34] [35] Mazowiecki's acceptance of the “bold line” formula meant that his government would not carry out “hunting” sorcerer”, namely an act of revenge and removal against former communist officials from the Polish political arena. [33]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Affected by wage indexation policies, inflation soared up to 900% by the end of 1989, but was soon tackled with radical policies.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In December 1989, the Sejm approved the Balcerowicz Plan to rapidly transform Poland's economy from a centralized economy to a free-market economy. [37] [v] The Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland was amended to eliminate the primacy given to the communist party and changed the name of the country to “Republic of Poland”.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The communist-leaning Polish Employees' Union Party dissolved itself in January 1990.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Instead, they formed a new party under the name Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland. [34] [38] The “self-governing territory” abolished in 1950 was re-enacted in March 1990, to be further led by democratically elected officials in the regions respectively; its basic unit is an administratively independent gmina. [39] [q] In October 1990, the constitution was again amended to limit the term of office of President Jaruzelski. [40]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In November 1990, the German-Polish Boundary Poultice Agreement was signed. [41]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In November 1990, Lech Wałęsa was elected President of Poland for a five-year term; in December, he was sworn into becoming the first President of Poland to be directly elected by the people.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Parliamentary elections were freely for the first time held in October 1991. 18 parties gained seats in the new Sejm, but the largest representatives won only 12% of the total vote. [42]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Democratic constitution, joined by NATO and the European Union Between the 1989 general election and the 1993 general election, Polish rule was several times organized by post-Solidarity cabinets before finally being taken over by “postcakomunist” left-wing parties. [43]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In 1993, the former Northern Group Forces of the Soviet Union, the remnants of the past power, finally lifted a foot from the land of Poland. [38]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In 1995, Aleksander Kwaśniewski of the Social Democratic Party was elected President of Poland and served for ten years (twice terms). [38]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In 1997, the new Polish Constitution was finally completed and approved by referendum; this constitution replaced the 1992 Minor Constitution, the amended constitution of the communist state of Poland. [44]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Poland joined NATO in 1999. [45]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Since then anyway, elements of the Polish Armed Forces have been included in the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Poland joined the European Union during the expansion of the European Union in 2004.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Poland's membership in these two organizations marked the integration of the Third Polish Republic with the Western world.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Nonetheless, Poland has not adopted the Euro as the common currency of EU member states.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

See also Description a.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The Piłsudski family was a prominent family in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that was already adapting to Polish culture.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

This family came from the noble circles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that had been polonized thus making him regard himself as well as people of the same background seemed to himself as legitimate citizens of Lithuania.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

This kind of view puts itself in a position opposite that of modern Lithuanian nationalists (who in Piłsudski's lifetime redefined the scope of meaning of “Lithuanians”), and therefore in opposition to other nationalists as well as the movement of nationalities Modern Poland. [46] q.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

In Poland, the officials of the central government (wojewoda, provincial heads) can overturn the decisions of local chiefs and elected township trustees.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

u.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

According to Jerzy Eisler, about 1.1 million people may have been imprisoned or detained in the 1944—1956 period, and about 50,000 people may have been killed as a result of upheaval and oppression, including about 7,000 warriors of the right-wing underground movement that fell in the 1940s. [47] [48] According to Adam Leszczyński, the total death toll killed by the communist regime in the first few years after the war reached 30,000 lives. [49] v.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

According to Andrzej Stelmachowski, one of the important figures in Poland's systemic transformation, Minister Leszek Balcerowicz wanted to implement very liberal economic policies, so often agonizing the people.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The Statutes of the Sejm on credit service reform in December 1989 introduced a “crazy” system of privileges for banking circles.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The banks were allowed to change the interest rate unilaterally in those contracts already created.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The interest rate was also set too high by the banks bankrupting many companies that were previously able to make a profit and shut down the apartment block construction industry, which in the long run also adversely affected the country's revenue and spending budget.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Balcerowicz's policies also inflicted permanent damage within the Polish agricultural sector, which Balcerowicz “did not understand”, and within the cooperative sector in Poland that was often successful and beneficial to the people. [37] [50] w.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Under the leadership of Władysław Anders, the Polish II Corps participated in the Battle of Monte Cassino in 1944, as part of the Italian Campaign waged by the Allied Parties. [51] x.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

This theory is known as the Piast Idea, the forerunner of this theory is Jan Ludwik Popławski, based on the statement that Piast's hometown was inhabited by people referred to as “indigenous people” of Slavic aborigines and Polish Slavs since antiquity and later “infiltrated” by Kelt's “foreigners”, Germans, and so forth.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

After 1945, these Polish prehistoric mazhabs touted with the term “autoctonyms” or “aborigines” achieved considerable support in Poland.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

According to this madhab of thought, the Lausitz civilization that has been successfully identified by archaeologists in the area between the Oder River and the Wisła River from the beginning of the Iron Age, is said to have been characteristic of Slavs; all non-Slavic tribes and tribes recorded once inhabited the region are considered as the sheer “arrivals” and “visitors”.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

On the other hand, opponents of this theory, such as Marija Gimbutas, consider it a hypothesis without evidence, and for them the dates and regions of origin of the movement of the displacement of the Slavic peoples westward are largely unmapped; the relationship between the Slavs and the Lausitz civilization wholly delusion; and the existence of intermingled tribes and the alternation of the tribes of the inhabitants of the Northern European Plain is considered a reality that has existed since the beginning. [52] y.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Based on the contents of the report of Prime Minister and Minister of Internal Affairs Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski before the Sejm commission in January 1938, 818 people were killed in an attempt to dampen labor protests (industrial and agricultural cultivation) carried out by the police in the period 1932—1937 . [53]


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

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Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The History of Poland.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Greenwood, 2000. 264 pp.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The Cambridge History of Poland, 2 vols., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1941 (1697—1935), 1950 (to 1696).


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

New York: Octagon Books, 1971, old-style but highly detailed Frucht, Richard.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism Garland Pub., 2000 Oskar Halecki.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

History of Poland, New York: Roy Publishers, 1942.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

New York: Barnes and Noble, 1993, ISBN0-679-51087-7 Kenney, Padraic.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

“After the Blank Spots Are Filled: Recent Perspectives on Modern Poland,” Journal of Modern History Volume 79, Number 1, March 2007 pp. 134—161, Stefan Kieniewicz historiography, History of Poland, Hippocrene Books, 1982, ISBN0-88254-695-3 Kloczowski, Jerzy.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

A History of Polish Christianity.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Cambridge U. Pr., 2000. 385 pp.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Lerski, George J. Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966—1945.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Greenwood, 1996. 750 pp.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Leslie, R. F. et al.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The History of Poland since 1863.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Cambridge U. Press, 1980. 494 pp.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Lewinski-Corwin, Edward Henry.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

The Political History of Poland (1917), many illustrations; 650 hlmn.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Litwin Henryk,, BUM, 2016.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Poland: An Illustrated History, New York: Hippocrene Books, 2000, ISBN0-7818-0757-3 Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Poland: A Historical Atlas.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Hippocrene, 1987. 321 pp.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Radzilowski, John.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

A Traveller's History of Poland, Northampton, Massachusetts: Interlink Books, 2007, ISBN1-56656-655-X Roos, Hans.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

A History of Modern Poland (1966) Sanford, George.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Historical Dictionary of Poland.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Scarecrow Press, 2003. 291 pp.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Wróbel, Piotr.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Historical Dictionary of Poland, 1945—1996.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Greenwood, 1998. 397 pp.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Published in Polish History of Poland, Aleksander Gieysztor et al. Warsaw: PWN, 1968 History of Poland, Stefan Kieniewicz et al. Warsaw: PWN, 1979 An Outline History of Poland, by Jerzy Topolski.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Warsaw: Interpress Publishers, 1986, ISBN83-223-2118-X An Illustrated History of Poland, by Dariusz Banaszak, Tomasz Biber, Maciej Leszczyński.


Question: When was Poland's independence day?

History of Poland

Poznań: Publicat, 2008, ISBN978-83-245-1587-5 Poland: History of Poland, by Stanisław Kołodziejski, Roman Marcinek, Jakub Polit. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Ryszard Kluszczyński, 2005, 2009, ISBN83-7447-018-6 Film outlinks (online) Miscellaneous Map


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Deoxyribonucleic acid, better known by the abbreviation DNA (English: deoxyribonucleic acid), is a type of biomolecule that stores and encodes the genetic instructions of each organism and many types of viruses.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

These genetics instructions play an important role in the growth, development, and function of organisms and viruses.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA is a nucleic acid; along with proteins and carbohydrates, nucleic acids are essential macromolecules for all known living things.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Most DNA molecules consist of two unting biopolymers that intertwine with each other forming a double helix.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

These two DNA edits are known as polynucleotides because they are composed of units of molecules called nucleotides.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Each nucleotide consists of one type of nitrogen base (guanina (G), adenina (A), thymina (T), or cytosine (C)), a monosaccharide sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

These nucleotides are then connected in one covalent bond chain between the sugars of one nucleotide with the phosphate of the other nucleotide.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The result is a chain of criss-crossed sugar-phosphate ridges.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

According to the rules of base pairing (A with T and C with G), hydrogen bonds binding the bases of both unting polynucleotides forming a double editing DNA Two DNA unting is anti-parallel, meaning that the two pair oppositely.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In each sugar group, it is bound to one of four types of nucleobases.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

These sequences of four nucleobases along the DNA ridge chain are what store the biological information code.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Through a biochemical process called transcription, DNA editing is used as a template to create RNA unting.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This RNA unting is then transmitted to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein being constructed.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The existing chemical structure of DNA makes it perfectly suited for storing the biological information of every living thing.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The DNA ridge chain is resistant to chemical cleavage, and both unting in the DNA double unting structure store the same biological information.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Therefore, this biological information will be replicated when two DNA unting are separated.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Most DNA (more than 98% in humans) is non-coded, meaning this part does not function to encode proteins.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In cells, DNA is composed in chromosomes.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

During cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in a process called DNA replication.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA in the cell nucleus and the remaining fraction in organelles such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. [1]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Instead prokaryotic organisms (bacteria and arkaea) store its DNA only in the cytoplasm.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones play a role in the preparation of DNA into compact structures.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

It is this compact structure that then interacts between DNA and other proteins, thus helping control which parts of DNA can be transcribed.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Scientists use DNA as a molecular tool to reveal the theories and laws of physics, such as the ergodic theorem and elasticity theory.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The distinctive properties of DNA matter make it particularly interesting to research for scientists and engineers working in the fields of microfabrication and nanofabrication of materials.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Some advances in this material field for example DNA origami and DNA-based hybrid materials. [2]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The properties of DNA DNA is a polymer consisting of repeating units called nucleotides. [3] [4] [5] Each nucleotide consists of three main components, namely phosphate groups, deoxyribose sugars, and nitrogen bases (nucleobases) [6].


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

On DNA, the nucleobases found are Adenina (A), Guanina (G), Cytosina (C) and Timina (T).


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Nucleobases connected to a sugar group are referred to as nucleosides, and nucleosides connected to one or more phosphate groups are referred to as nucleotides.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Polymers consisting of nucleotides connected to each other into a single chain are referred to as polynucleotides. [7]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

So that DNA is also included into polynucleotides.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The DNA unting back chain consists of criss-crossed phosphate and sugar clusters. [8]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The sugar on DNA is a pentose sugar (carbonaceous five), which is 2-deoxyribose.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Two sugar groups connect with phosphate via a phosphodiester bond between the third carbon atom on the ring of one sugar and the fifth carbon atom on the other sugar.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

These unsymmetrical bonds make DNA have a certain direction or orientation.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In double helical structures, the orientation of the nucleotide chain at one unting is opposite to the orientation of the other unting nucleotide.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This is referred to as antiparallel.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The two asymmetric ends of DNA are referred to as 5' (five primes) and 3' (three primes).


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The 5' end has a terminus phosphate group, while the 3' end has a terminus hydroxy group.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

One of the main differences in DNA and RNA is the constituent sugar, the 2-deoxyribose sugar in DNA is replaced by ribose sugar in RNA. [9]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In living organisms, DNA is usually found in paired and strongly bound form. [9] [10] Two DNA editing intertwined form a double helix.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This double helix is stabilized by two main forces: hydrogen bonding between nucleotides and stack interactions between aromatic nucleobases. [11]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In an aqueous cell environment, nucleotide inter-base conjugate π bonds are arranged perpendicular to the DNA pilinan axis.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This minimizes the interaction with the solvation shell, and thus lowers the Gibbs free energy.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The DNA structure of all types of species consists of two twisted helical chains with a distance between helical turns of 34Å (3.4nanometers) and radii 10Å (1.0nanometers). [12]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

According to other studies, when measured using a specific solution, the DNA chain has a width of 22-26Å (2.2-2.6nanometers) while a unit nucleotide has a length of 33Å (0.33nm). [13]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Although these units of nucleotides are very small, DNA polymers can have millions of nucleotides strung like chains.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

For example, chromosome 1 which is the largest chromosome in humans contains about 220 million base pairs. [14]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA nucleobases are classified into two types: purines (A and G) in the form of fusion of five-membered heterolingkar compounds with six-membered heterolingkar compounds, and pyrimidines (C and T) in the form of six-membered rings. [9]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The other pirimidina, uracil (U), usually replaces the thymina on DNA.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The difference of uracil with thymina lies in the absence of a methyl group on the uracil ring.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In addition to the five nucleobases, there are also a large number of artificial nucleic acid analogues that have been synthesized to examine the properties of nucleic acids and are used in biotechnology. [15]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Uracil is not usually found in DNA (it is found in cells only as a product of cytosine description).


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

But in a number of bacteriophages— bacteriophages PBS1 and PBS2 Bacillus subtilis and bacteriophages PyR1-37 Yersinia— the timina has been replaced by uracil. [16]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Another phage - Staphylococcus S6 phage - has also been identified to have uracil in its genome. [17]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Base J (beta-d-glucopiranosiloksimethyluracil) which is a modified form of uracil can also be found in a number of organisms: Diplonema and Euglena flagellates, and the whole organism of the kinetoplastid clan [18] Biosynthesis of J bases occurs in two stages: in the first stage, thymina bases specific on DNA is converted to hydroxymethyldeoxyuridine (HomeDU); in the second stage HomeDU is diglicosylated to base J. [19] These J-basin-binding proteins have also been successfully identified. [20] [21] [22] These proteins appear to be distant relatives of the Tet1 oncogene that involved in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leuchemia. [23]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The J base appears to work as a termination signal for RNA polymerase II. [24] [25] DNA grooves In the structure of the DNA double helix, there is a DNA inter-editing space that also takes the form of a helical groove.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This empty space is adjacent to the base pair and is a potential bonding footprint.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Because the two DNA editing is not symmetrically positioned with each other, the resulting groove is also not the same size.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

One groove called a major groove, has a width of 22Å, while the other groove called the minor groove, has a width of 12Å. [26]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The width of the major groove means that the edges of nucleotide bases can be more easily accessed through the major groove than through the minor groove.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

As a result, proteins such as transcription factors that bind to specific base sequences usually make contact with the base through a major groove. [27]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This situation may vary in the unusual conformation of DNA in the cell, although major and minor grooves are always named so to reflect the difference in size seen when DNA is reversed into a prevalent shape B. Base installation in the DNA double helix, each type of nucleobases on the double helix of DNA, each type of nucleobases in one DNA unting binds to only one type of nucleobases from another DNA unting.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This is referred to as complementary base fitting.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Purina will form hydrogen bonds with pyrimidine; adenina binds to timina in two hydrogen bonds, and cytosine binds to guanina in three hydrogen bonds.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This arrangement of two nucleotides is referred to as one base pair.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Since hydrogen bonds are not covalent, it can be disconnected and re-merged relatively easily.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Both editing DNA in the double helix can therefore be pulled open like a zipper, either through mechanical force or high temperature. [28]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Because these base pairs are complementary, all information on the double editing sequence of DNA helices is duplicated in each unting.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This is very important in DNA replication.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Reversible and specific interactions between complementary base pairs are highly critical of the overall function of DNA in living things. [4]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The two types of base pairs have different amounts of hydrogen bonds.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The AT pair has two hydrogen bonds, while the GC pair has three hydrogen bonds.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA containing high GC base pairs is more stable than low-GC base paired DNA.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

As mentioned above, most DNA molecules are found in a double unting state that binds non-covalently and helically.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This double unting structure (dsDNA, double-stranded DNA) is primarily stabilized by intra-unting base stack interactions.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The strongest interaction is in the G stack with C. Both unting can be separated into two single DNA unting molecules (ssDNA, single-stranded DNA) through a process called DNA melting.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Melting occurs at high temperatures, reandah salt levels, and high pH values (DNA also melts at low pH values, but because DNA is unstable due to acid depurination, low pH melting is rarely used).


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The stability of dsDNA depends not only on the GC content (% of G, C base pairs) of DNA, but also depends on the sequence of bases (base stacks) and the length of those DNA molecules (longer molecules are more stable).


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Therefore, the bond strength between two DNA editing is determined by the percentage of GC base pairs and the overall length of the DNA double helix.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Long DNA helices with high GC content have stronger inter-editing interactions; conversely short DNA helices with high AT content have weaker inter-editing interactions. [29]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In biological processes, double helical parts of DNA that need to be separated easily such as Pribnow TATAAT boxes in some promoters tend to have high AT content. [30]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA stability can be measured through various means; generally DNA stability is measured based on the melting temperature of DNA (also called Tm value), which is the temperature at which 50% of double editing DNA molecules melt into a single DNA unting molecule.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This melting temperature depends on ionic strength and DNA concentration.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

When the entire base pair in the DNA double helix is melted, the two DNA unting will separate as two independent molecules.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

These DNA singular edits do not have the same singular form, although some conformations are more stable than other conformations. [31]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Sense and antisense A sequence of DNA sequences is referred to as “sense” when its DNA base sequence is the same as the sequence of coffee RNA ambassadors transmitted into proteins. [32]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The sequence on its complementary unting is referred to as the “antisense” sequence.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Both sense and antisense sequences can be found on different parts of the same DNA editing (both DNA editing can contain both sense and antisense sequences).


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are also produced, but the function of this antisense RNA is not clearly known. [33]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Antisense posed RNA is involved in the regulation of gene expression through the installation of RNA-RNA bases. [34]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In a small percentage of DNA sequences of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and most plasmid and viral DNA sequences, the distinction between editing sense and antisense is blurred due to the occurrence of overlapping genes. [35]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In this case, some DNA sequences have a double task, namely encoding the first protein when read through one unting, and encoding the second protein when read in the opposite direction through its complementary unting.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In bacteria, this overlapping gene is likely involved in the regulation of gene transcription. [36] While in viruses, these overlapping genes increase the amount of information that can be encoded in a small viral genome. [37]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The twisting of DNA coils (Supercoiling) can be twisted into rope-like through a process called DNA coil twisting.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Under “relaxation” conditions, DNA unting will typically circle the axis of the double helix every 10.4 base pairs.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

But if the DNA is twisted, the edits can be rolled into tighter or rolled into looser. [38]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

If DNA is twisted in the direction of the helical spin, the bases in the DNA editing will be bound more tightly.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

It is called positive coil winding.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Conversely if DNA is twisted opposite the helical spin, the bases in the DNA editing will come off more easily.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

It is called negative coil winding.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Naturally, most DNA has a form of negative coil twisting caused by the enzyme topoisomerase. [39]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This enzyme is also required to release the twisting stress experienced by DNA during transcription and replication processes. [40]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Alternative structures of DNA There are many possible DNA conformations that we can find, among them A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA, although only B-DNA and Z-DNA have been directly observed in functional organisms. [8]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The conformations adopted by DNA depend on the level of DNA hydration, the DNA sequence, the degree and direction of DNA coil piling, chemical modification of the DNA base, the type and concentration of metal ions, and the presence of polyamines in solution. [41]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Biological function Replication Replication is the process of DNA multiplication.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This replication process is necessary when cells will divide themselves.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In every cell, except gamete cells, self-division must be accompanied by DNA replication so that all derived cells have the same genetic information.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Essentially, the replication process takes advantage of the fact that DNA consists of two chains and a chain of which one constitutes the “conjugate” of its partner chain.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In other words, by knowing the arrangement of one chain, then the arrangement of the pair chain can be easily formed.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

There are several theories that attempt to explain how this process of DNA replication occurs.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

One of the most popular theories states that in each of these new DNA obtained at the end of the replication process; one single chain represents the DNA chain of the previous DNA chain, while the pair chain is a newly synthesized chain.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A single chain obtained from such previous DNA acts as a “mold” to create its partner chain.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The replication process requires a protein or auxiliary enzyme; one of the most important is known as DNA polymerase, which is a new DNA chain forming auxiliary enzyme that is a polymer.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The replication process begins with the opening of double strands of DNA at certain points along the DNA chain.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The process of opening the DNA chain is assisted by a helicase enzyme that recognizes the points, and the enzyme girase that is able to open the pillars of the DNA chain.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Once enough space is formed as a result of the opening of these double strands, DNA polymerase enters and binds itself to both already locally open DNA chains.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The process of opening such double chains takes place accompanied by a shift in DNA polymerase following the direction of opening it double chain.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA monomers are added on both sides of the chain that open whenever the DNA polymerase shifts.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This continues until the whole chain has completely separated.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This process of DNA replication is a complicated but meticulous process.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The process of synthesis of new DNA chains has a mechanism that prevents the occurrence of monomer entry errors that can be fatal.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

It is because of this mechanism that the probability of synthesis errors is very small.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Use of DNA in DNA technology in forensics Forensic scientists can use DNA located in blood, sperm, skin, saliva or hair left at the scene of a crime to identify possible suspects, a process called genetics fingerprinting or DNA programming (DNA profiling).


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In DNA programming the relative lengths of repeated parts of DNA such as short tandem repeats and minisatelites, are compared.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA programming was developed in 1984 by British geneticist Alec Jeffreys of Leicester University, and was first used to indict Colin Pitchfork in 1988 in the Enderby murder case in Leicestershire, England.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Many jurisdictions require the defendant of a particular crime to provide a sample DNA to be entered into a computer database.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This has helped investigators resolve old cases where the offenders were unknown and only instances of DNA obtained from the scene (especially in cases of rape between unidentified persons).


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This method is one of the most trusted techniques for identifying a crime, but it is not always perfect, for example when no DNA can be obtained, or when the scene is contaminated by DNA from many people.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA in DNA computing plays an important role in computer science, both as a research issue and as a way of computing.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Research in string search algorithms, which find the occurrence of letter sequences inside larger letter sequences, is motivated in part by DNA research, where this algorithm is used to search for specific sequences of nucleotides in a large sequence.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In other applications such as text editors, even simple algorithms for this problem are usually sufficient, but DNA sequences cause these algorithms to show case-near-worst properties due to small numbers of different characters.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Database theory has also been influenced by DNA research, which has particular problems for putting and manipulating DNA sequences.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Databases devoted to DNA research are called genomics databases, they have to handle a number of unique technical challenges connected with the operations of roughly benchmarking, sequence benchmarking, searching for repeating patterns, and homology search.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The history of DNA was first successfully purified in 1868 by Swiss scientist Friedrich Miescher in Tubingen, Germany, who named it nuclein based on its location within the cell nucleus. However, research into the role of DNA in cells only began in the early 20th century, along with the discovery of Mendel's genetic postulate.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA and proteins are considered the two most possible molecules as carriers of genetic traits based on the theory.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Two experiments in the decade of the 40s proved DNA's function as genetic material.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In the study by Avery and his colleagues, extracts from bacterial cells that one failed to transform the other bacterial cell unless the DNA in the extract was left intact.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The experiments performed by Hershey and Chase proved the same thing using radioactive trace finders (English: radioactive tracers).


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The unsolved mystery when it is: “how does DNA structure so that it is capable of serving as genetic material”.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

This issue was answered by Francis Crick and colleague James Watson based on the results of X-ray diffraction on DNA by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick defined DNA as a polymer composed of 4 bases from nucleic acids, two from the purine groups:adenina and guanina; and two others from pyrimidinal groups:cytosines and timina.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The four nucleobases are connected with glucose phosphate. [42]


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin found that DNA molecules are helically rotating every 3.4nm, while the distance between nucleobases molecules is 0.34nm, until it can be determined that there are 10 nucleobase molecules in each round of DNA.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

After it was discovered that the diameter of the DNA helix was about 2nm, it was only known that DNA consisted not of 1 chain, but rather 2 helical chains.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Crick, Watson, and Wilkins earned the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1962 for this discovery.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Franklin, having died at that time, could not be awarded this prize.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

The final confirmation of the DNA replication mechanism was done through the Meselson-Stahl experiment conducted in 1958.


Question: What is the composition of DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Reference Nucleic Acid DNA


Question: who are Agnieszka's parents?

Janusz Korczak

Janusz Korczak, real name Henryk Goldszmit, is also known by the nickname Old Doctor or Mister Doctor.


Question: who are Agnieszka's parents?

Janusz Korczak

Born on 22 July 1878 or 1879 in Warsaw.


Question: who are Agnieszka's parents?

Janusz Korczak

Died on 5 or 6 August 1942 killed in the German concentration camp at Treblinka.


Question: who are Agnieszka's parents?

Janusz Korczak

A Polish physician, educator, writer, journalist, social activist, and military officer.


Question: who are Agnieszka's parents?

Janusz Korczak

Korczak is an innovative educator and author of a number of publications in the field of educational theory and practice.


Question: who are Agnieszka's parents?

Janusz Korczak

He was a pioneer in the field of child rights and full equality for children.


Question: who are Agnieszka's parents?

Janusz Korczak

As director of an Orphanage, he developed, among other things, a child arbitration tribunal where the children themselves dealt with the issues they raised; they were also allowed to raise cases against their teachers.


Question: who are Agnieszka's parents?

Janusz Korczak

The famous Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget, who visited the Orphanage founded and led by Korczak, said of him: “This extraordinary human being has the courage to give confidence to children and adolescents under his care to the extent of surrendering issues about dwelling on their own hands and entrusting individuals with the toughest tasks associated with great responsibility.”


Question: who are Agnieszka's parents?

Janusz Korczak

Korczak created the first magazine to publish material sent by children and primarily intended for children themselves — “The Little Review”.


Question: who are Agnieszka's parents?

Janusz Korczak

He is one of the pioneers in research on child development and psychology, in addition to educational diagnostics.


Question: who are Agnieszka's parents?

Janusz Korczak

The Polish Parliament in 2011 passed a resolution establishing 2012 as the Year of Janusz Korczak worldwide, on the initiative of the Ombudsman for Children in Poland.


Question: who are Agnieszka's parents?

Janusz Korczak

This year 2012 is at once the 100th anniversary of the Orphan House on Krochmalna street, Warsaw, which he founded.


Question: who are Agnieszka's parents?

Janusz Korczak

Bibliography (not full) Fictional Children of the Streets (Dzieci ulicy, Warsaw 1901) Fiddle-Faddle (Koszałki opałki, Warsaw 1905) Child of the Drawing Room (Dziecko salonu, Warsaw 1906, 2nd ed 1927) — partly autobiography of Mośki, Joski i Srule (Warsaw 1910) Józki, Jaśki i Franki (Warsaw 1911) Fame (Sława, Warsaw 1913, corrected 1935 and 1937) Bobo (Warsaw 1914) King Matt the First (Król Maciuś Pierwszy, Warsaw 1923) - translated into over 20 languages King Matt on a Deserted Island (Król Maciuś na wyspie bezludnej, Warsaw 1923) Bankructwo małego Dear, Warsaw 1924) When I Am Little Again (Kiedy znów będę mały, Warsaw 1925) Senate szaleńców, humoreska ponura (screenplay for Ateneum theatre in Warsaw 1931) Kaytek the Wizard (Kajtuś czarodziej, Warsaw 1935) Pedagogical Book Momenty wychowcawcze edition (Warsaw 1919, Kekeawcze How to Love a Child (Jak) kochać dziecko, Warsaw 1919, 2nd edition 1920 under the title Jak kochać dzieci) The Child's Right to Respect (Prawo dziecka do szacunku, Warsaw, 1929) Playful pedagogy (Pedagogika żartobliwa, Warsaw, 1939) Another Book Diary (Pamiętnik, Warsaw, 1958) (Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy Nasza Księgarnia, 1978).


Question: who are Agnieszka's parents?

Janusz Korczak

Excerpts translated by Adele L. Milch were published in Moment Magazine, November 1979.


Question: who are Agnieszka's parents?

Janusz Korczak

The Stubborn Boy: The Life of Pasteur (Warsaw, 1935) Film “Free sir, Dr. Korczak” German “Sie sind frei Doktor Korczak” — German film, director Alexander Ford, 1975.


Question: who are Agnieszka's parents?

Janusz Korczak

Janusz Korczak is played by Leo Genn.


Question: who are Agnieszka's parents?

Janusz Korczak

“Korczak” — Polish film, director Andrzej Wajda, 1990, screenplay by Agnieszka Holland.


Question: who are Agnieszka's parents?

Janusz Korczak

Janusz Korczak is played by Wojciech Pszoniak.


Question: who are Agnieszka's parents?

Janusz Korczak

See also Janusz Korczak International Literary Award International Janusz Korczak Association Outlinks (Polish-English) Category:Polish writers, Polish Educators Category:Birth in Warsaw


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Media dependency system theory (English: media system dependency theory) was developed by Sandra Ball Rokeach and Melvin Defleur in 1976. [1]


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

This theory is based on a foundation of classical sociology literature where media and their users should be studied in the context of larger social systems. [2]


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

These media dependency systems are bound up in a reciprocal relationship to broad social systems, mass media, and individuals in an in-depth explanation of media effects.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

In essence, the basic hypothesis of dependency states that the more one depends on the media to meet needs, the more important media will be in one's life, and therefore the impact of media will also be increasingly present in people's lives.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The relationship between the components of Dependence on media is seen from three relationships. [1] [3] The relationship between society and media: In this relationship, media access and availability is considered an important reference for an individual's experience with the media.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The nature of media dependency in social systems, varies in the fields of politics, economics, and cultural systems.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The relationship between media and audiences: this relationship is a key factor in this theory because it influences how people get to use mass media.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

These relationships also vary across media systems.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The more information needs are seen, the motivation to seek information mediation and reliance on media will be stronger.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

As a result, the possibilities for media in influencing audiences become greater.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The relationship between society and audience: society influences consumer needs and concepts in the use of media, as well as providing norms, values, knowledge, and laws for their members.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Social systems can serve as an alternative to media through similar service offerings from the media.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The need for media and media dependence Three types of needs According to Ball-Rokeach and DeFleur, [1] [4] three media needs determine how important media is to a person at any given moment: The need to understand a social world (surveillance) The need to act meaningfully and effective in the world (social function) The need to withdraw from the world when under high pressure Nowadays the need for media is very high, more and more people are turning to the media to meet those needs, and therefore the media has a greater opportunity to affect audiences.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

It can be said that, there is no need for stable media over a long period of time.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

These needs are always going to change based on aspects of our social environment.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Two basic conditions for increasing the need for media media dependency theory states that there are two specific conditions where people need media and consequently people become dependent on media and potentially the impact of media is very high.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The first condition is that the increasing need of media occurs when the high number of media exists and the importance of media functions in society. [1] [4] For example, in modern countries such as the United States, having quite a lot of media channels as well as the media provide state-of-the-art services that centered on social functions.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

In the United States alone, the media acts as the “fourth branch” of the government, which is as an alarm system during national emergencies as well as being a tool for entertainment and escape, while in underdeveloped countries, the number of media is very few and the service function is very low.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Because of this, the media has a greater opportunity to serve needs and make an impact in contemporary America than in a third world country.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The second condition, increasing media needs occur when a society undergoes social change and conflict.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

When there are wars or massive demos, such as in Vietnam or the Middle East, national emergencies like the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, [5] [6] or natural disasters like Hurricane Katrina.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Similarly, in Indonesia, during the natural disaster of the Aceh Tsunami in 2004, or the suicide bombing tragedy in the Sarinah area of Jakarta in January 2016 people turned to the media as a reference to understand the important events.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

As a result, the media has a greater opportunity to make an impact in every occurrence of social change, and conflict within society.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The effects of the Ball-Rokeach and DeFleur media messages suggest that the cognitive, behavioral and affective consequences of media use are based on individual characteristics and their social environment. [1] [2] [4] [7] Cognitive There are five types of cognitive effects to be exerted on the audience, which first is the creation and resolution of ambiguity.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Ambiguity occurs when users receive inadequate or incomplete information about their social life.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

When there is high ambiguity, stress will arise, and audiences will tend to turn to mass media to resolve ambiguity.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Ambiguity may be particularly prevalent during times of social change or conflict.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The second effect is agenda-setting.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

This is another reason why we call “comprehensive” dependence in media impact theory (combining the entire agenda-setting theory in a theoretical framework).


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

As with other effects, the impact of media in agenda-setting should increase during times when audiences are in need and therefore, reliance on media will increase.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

So, for example, if the need for information and reliance on our media was very high at the time of the invasion of Iraq in 2003, we would have become more vulnerable to the effects of agenda-setting, and we came to feel it, therefore the Iraq War was seen as the most problem important (MIP) in the face of the United States.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Third, is the formation of attitudes.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The media exposes us to truly befit new people, like political figures and celebrities, not to mention physical objects such as birth control pills or car safety mechanisms that come at us in shaping attitudes.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Dependence does not indicate media is large-scale in its ability to influence attitudes, but this theory also does not suggest that media plays a role in the selection of objects and humans which in the formation of human attitudes themselves.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

If one experiences a high level of media dependence, then kiita hopes that people will form more (or more complex) attitudes about attitude-objects from people who are with low media dependence.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The media also has a cognitive effect ptency in expanding people's belief systems.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The media can create a kind of “enlargement” of a citizen's beliefs by disseminating information about other people, places, and everything.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Expansion of a community belief system refers to the expansion or enlargement of beliefs in a particular category.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

For example, a continuous flow regarding information about global warming will expand people's beliefs about pollution affecting the Earth's atmosphere, about closures, trade and other policies, as well as personal contributions regarding global warming. These beliefs meet and incorporated into existing value systems such as religion, free enterprise, employment, ecology, patriotism, leisure, and family.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Last is, value clarification and conflict.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Media helps citizens clarify values (equality, freedom, honesty, forgiveness) by entering information about the conflict of values.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

For example, in the 1960s mass media regularly reported on the activities of the civil rights movement, presenting a conflict between individual freedom (e.g., the property right of employers to deny blacks entry) and equality (e.g., human rights).


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

When such conflicts play out outside the mass media, identified conflict values, so audiences form their own value conditions.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Those conditions can be painful to articulate because it can be forced to choose between conflicting goals and the means to obtain them.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

However, in the process of experiments in deciding which is more important in a particular case, the priority of general values can be clarified.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Affective Ball-Rokeach and DeFleur mention some affective media impacts that are more likely to occur during times of high dependence.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

First is desensitization, which states that too long tangent on violent content can have a “numbing” impact on audiences, teaching insensitivity or lack of desire to help others when viewing violent events in real life.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Second, exposure to news messages or TV dramas depicting a crime-infested city can increase people's fear or anxiety about where to live in or even traveling to a city.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The media can also have an impact on morals and feelings of being alienated.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The degree of positive or negative portrayal on mass media from social groups can lead to fluctuations in people's feelings about the morals of belonging to that group or in a sense they are alienated from that group.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Behavior There are two broad categories on behavioral impact identified by Ball-Rokeach and DeFleur.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The first large category is called “activation” impact, which refers to instances where media audiences do something they do not do, if done as a consequence of receiving media messages.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Behavioral impacts are mostly thought to work through cognitive and affective impacts.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

For example, a woman reading a news story about sexism in the workplace, might build an attitude towards sexism that creates a negative emotional state, eventually joining the action/women's rights movement in the local community.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

The second broad category i.e., behavior is referred to as “deactivation”, and refers to instances where an audience would otherwise do something, but not be done as a consequence of the media message.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

For example, in a prolonged Presidential primary campaign and further increased the use of the media as a target audience.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Thus, a primary campaign might engender negative attitudes towards the electoral process and negative affective states such as boredom or sickness that in the end, might discourage a person from exercising their right to vote.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Media dependency levels In the view of media dependency systems, media systems have two-way dependency resources that relate to individuals (micro levels), groups and organizations (upstanding levels), and other social systems (macro level).


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

Micro level (individual level) Micro level, or individual-level application, focuses on the relationship between the individual and the medium.


Question: What is the sense of Theory of media dependency systems?

Theory of media dependency systems

This level dependency, more commonly known as an individual-level media dependency system (Individual media system depedency), which begins with an assessment of the type of encouragement that brings individuals to use media.