Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Some types of fungi are also parasitic to insects and can be used to kill such insects.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Bacillus thuringiensis is an example of a biopesticide bacterium.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

These bacteria produce proteins that kill insect larvae.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

This protein disrupts the digestive tract causing insect larvae to starve


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Plants can also be genetically modified to produce compounds capable of protecting plants.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Biochemical pesticides naturally present in nature can control pests in a non-toxic manner.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

An example is pheromones that affect the breeding cycle of insect breeding so that the insect's offspring chain is cut off.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Pheromones can also serve as insect charmers to head to insect traps.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Examples of other pesticides are: Pesticide utilization is used to control the presence of pests believed to harm. [17]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

For example mosquitoes that can carry various deadly diseases such as West Nile virus, yellow fever, and malaria.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Pesticides are also addressed to animals capable of causing allergies such as bees, wasps, ants, and so on.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Insecticides are also used in farms to prevent the presence of insects capable of transmitting diseases and becoming parasites. [17]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Pesticides are also used in food preservation, such as preventing the growth of mold in agricultural materials and preventing and killing rats that used to eat stored agricultural produce.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Herbicides are also used in transportation such as killing weeds on roadsides and sidewalks.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Invasive plants and animals can also be tackled and prevented with pesticides.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Herbicides and algacids have been used to control the growth of algae and aquatic plants in waters. [18]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Pests such as termites and fungi can damage building structures made of wood. [17]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Pesticides can save agricultural businesses by preventing the loss of agricultural produce due to insects and other pests.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

In the United States, it is estimated that every dollar spent on pesticides saves four dollars of money that can be lost to pests. [19]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Other studies found that without the use of pesticides, agricultural yields may fall by about 10%. [20]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Another study conducted in 1999 found that the banning of pesticides in the United States could lead to rising food prices, loss of jobs, and increased hunger sufferers. [21]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

DDT sprayed on home walls can fight malaria and was used in the 1950s and the WHO supported that. [22] [22] But in 2007, a study linked breast cancer to pre-pubertal DDT exposure. [23]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Symptoms of poisoning can also occur when DDT and chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds enter the human diet.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Even so, scientists estimate DDR and other organophosphate chemicals have saved 7 million lives since 1945 by preventing the spread of malaria, bubonic plague, African tripanosomiasis, and typhus. [24]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Nevertheless, the use of DDT is not always effective as resistance to DDT has been found since 1955, and in 1972 19 mosquito species were declared to have been resistant to DDT. [25]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

A study by WHO in 2000 in Vietnam found that malaria control without DDT can be more effective than DDT. [26]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

In 2006 and 2007, the world has used at least 5.2 billion pounds of pesticides with herbicides constituting the largest portion, reaching 40%, followed by insecticides 17%, and fungicides 10%. [27]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

In the same year, the United States used 1.1 billion pounds of pesticides. [27]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

There are currently 155 million active ingredients listed as pesticides [28] that can be used together to form 20000 types of pesticide products. [29]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

It is estimated that this market will benefit US$ 52 billion in 2019. [30]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Alternatives Various methods can be used to control pests, including modification of cultivation methods, use of biological pest control such as pheromones and microbial proteins, genetic engineering, and methods of obstructing insect breeding. [24]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Application of compost from garden litter can also be used to control nematodes. [31]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

This method is becoming increasingly popular because it is safer than the use of conventional chemicals.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Modifications to cultivation practices include polyculture practices, crop rotation, planting on land that cannot be overgrown with pests, planting by season in which pests do not appear much, and the use of trap crops that lure pests from produced crops. [24]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Hot water watering is also just as effective as pesticides at the same cost as pesticide spraying. [24]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

The release of organisms that fight pests can also be an alternative to pest countermeasures.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Such organisms are predators or parasites of target pests. [24]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Intervention of the insect reproductive cycle can be achieved by sterilization of male insects so that females do not produce eggs. [24]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

This method was first used in Cochliomyia hominivorax insects in 1958. [32] [33] But this method can take a lot of cost and time, as well as being effective only in certain types of insects. [24]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Another alternative is heat treatment of the soil (sterilization) using steam to kill living or dormant pests in the soil.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

The effectiveness of various evidence shows that alternative pest control methods have an effectiveness equivalent to chemical pesticides.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Sweden has reduced half its harmful pesticides without reducing its agricultural yields. [24]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

In Indonesia, farmers have reduced pesticides in rice fields by 65% and have only decreased prduction of 15%. [24]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

In Florida corn planting followed by the application of garden litter compost with a high C/N ratio can reduce nematode parasites and increase production yields. [31]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Pesticide resistance has generally increased so increased use of chemical pesticides tends to be meaningless.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

In the 1940s in the United States, farmers lost 7% of agricultural produce to pests.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Increased pesticide use increased, but in the 1980s farmers lost 13% of agricultural produce to pests.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Since 1945, it is estimated that between 500 and 1000 species of insects and weeds have developed resistance to pesticides. [34]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Pesticide losses generally bring harm to the environment and human health. [35]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Hazard to health Pesticides can cause acute and long-term effects for exposed agricultural workers. [36]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Exposure to pesticides can cause varying effects, ranging from irritation to the skin and eyes to more deadly effects that affect the work of the nerves, disrupt the reproductive hormone system, and cause cancer. [37]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

A 2007 study in non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leuchemia showed a positive association with pesticide exposure. [38]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Strong evidence also shows that the negative impacts of pesticide exposure include nerve damage, congenital abnormalities, fetal death, and impaired nervous system development. [39] [40] The American Medical Association recommends limiting pesticide exposure and starting to use alternatives that safer. [10]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

WHO and UNEP estimate that each year 3 million agricultural workers experience pesticide poisoning, and 18000 of them die. [24]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

And it's likely that 25 million people experience mild pesticide poisoning symptoms each year. [41]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Suicide by poisoning oneself with pesticides is the third most popular way of suicide in the world. [42]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Women at 8 weeks gestation living close to fields sprayed with organochlorine pesticides types dicofol and endosulfan have the possibility of getting a child born in autistic condition. [43]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Effects for the environment The use of pesticides increases the number of problems in the environment.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

More than 90% of insecticides and 95% of sprayed herbicides go to where they are not targets. [24]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Pesticide flows occur when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried away by wind into another region, thus potentially causing pollution.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Pesticides are a major problem of water pollution and some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants that cause soil contamination.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Pesticides also reduce agricultural biodiversity in soil thereby reducing the rate of nitrogen binding. [44] loss of polyinators, [45] [46] [47] [48] destroy habitat (especially bird habitat), [49] and endanger threatened wildlife. [24]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Over time, pest species can develop resistance to pesticides so research is needed to develop new types of pesticides.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Because chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides dissolve within fatty tissue and are not excreted, the exposed organism will retain the compound throughout its life.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Accumulation will occur in the food chain, where pesticides will be concentrated on food chain trackers.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

In marine habitats, concentrations of pesticides exist in carnivorous fish, especially bird and mammal predatory fish. [50]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Global distillation is a process in which vaporized pesticides flow from hotter environments to colder environments, especially poles and mountaintops.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

These pesticides can be carried away by wind and condensed, returning to the ground as rain or snow. [51]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

In mitigating these negative impacts, pesticides are expected to be capable of degrading or at least not becoming active after getting into the environment outside the spraying target land.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Inactivation can be done by mastifying the chemical properties of compounds or utilizing processes occurring in the environment. [52] [53] Adsorption of pesticides by soil can also inhibit the movement of pesticides, but harm biodiversity in the soil. [54]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Economy In the United States, cost losses due to pesticide impacts on health and the environment are estimated at US$ 9.6 billion. [55]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Additional costs include the registration process and purchase of pesticides.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

The process of registering a new pesticide substance or product takes several years to complete because it requires more than 70 types of field tests and costs US$ 50 - 70 million for one pesticide. [55]


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

See also Pesticide Residues Bad Impact Pesticides Generally Reference Related reading materials CS1 maint books: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list CS1 maint: extra text: authors list CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Journal Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help ); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help) News Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Outside links Information about pesticide-related topics.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

- Source of information on pesticide hazards, least-toxic practices and products, and on pesticide issues.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

The website has Daily News Blog relating to pesticides.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Lists of pesticide names by type.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Pesticide Action Network.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Compilation of multiple regulatory databases into a web-accessible form.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Information about pesticide use in the workplace and links to U.S. regulatory information., tracking residue levels in food General Pesticide Development Information Regulatory Institute of pesticide use College voor toelating bestrijdingsmiddelen en biociden.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Regulatory authority in the Netherlands - information available in English (May 21, 2008) — Pesticide legislation suggests industry lobby is still alive and well Human health NIH encyclopedia pages with - Provides risk assessment tools for pesticide use Environmental Working Group (July 14, 2005),.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

(October 2007) by L Tran, R Glass, P Ritchie, A Sleeuwenhoek, L MacCalman, J Cherrie.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Institute of Occupational Medicine Research Report TM/08/01 by A Soutar and others.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Institute of Occupational Medicine Research Report TM/00/04 by SN Tannahill and others.


Question: What are Pesticides?

Pesticides

Institute of Occupational Medicine Research Report TM/96/07 Category:Environmental Health Category:Soil pollution


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Deliberation is derived from the word Syawara which is derived from Arabic meaning to confer, say and propose something.Other terms in Indonesian state administration and modern life about deliberation are known as “syuro”, “rembug desa”, “nagari density”.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

The obligation of deliberation is only for worldly affairs.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

So deliberation is a joint effort with a humble attitude to solve problems (to find a way out) in order to make joint decisions in solving or solving problems that concern forth.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Communication deliberation and communication is the process of an idea being transferred from the source to a recipient or more, with a view to changing their behavior.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Raymond S. Ross explains that communication is the process of sorting, selecting and transmitting symbols in such a way that it helps the listener evoke a meaning or response from his mind similar to that intended by the communicator or the messenger.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Deliberation means to be in touch with others and there is a message in it, so these two things are interconnected and related.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Communication helps the process of a deliberation.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

There are sources, messages, media, as well as message recipients who are already preparing to provide feedback.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

In addition there are disturbances that can threaten the passage of information.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Deliberation in our daily life is often also done in everyday life.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

As a small example when we want to eat with friends we definitely deliberate to determine what food and where to eat.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Often also we vote to choose the most voted to determine the place and what food to eat together.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Little things like this we subconsciously do and we often encounter in each side of our lives.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

If we look at technological advances and deliberations that we also often do both have similarities, namely in the process of communicating.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Deliberation itself is better known close to the world of politics and today it is still doubtful how the interest of political lovers themselves from the Indonesian nation.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

This can be because politics is a complicated matter that cannot be handled as easily as turning the palm.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Deliberation itself has the goal that a problem can be solved its way out and as much as possible not to harm others as well as take a fair path.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Everyone has the right to express his opinion, the affair accepted or rejected is a recent affair, provided that the decision of the deliberation can reach a consensus which means having strong approval and value.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

As in Article 28 of the Basic Law 1945 states that “Everyone is entitled to freedom of belief belief, expressed thoughts and attitudes, according to his conscience”.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

In the same article, the contitution of the state guarantees the independence of everyone to disseminate and obtain information and communicate through all kinds of channels available.”


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

So as citizens who have rights, use those rights that we have properly.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Deliberation in the political world Political decision-making is the decision making through public means and it is said furthermore that the decision in question is a decision about common actions or values (public goods) which is about what is done and who gets what.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

From this sense it is clear that we do have our own right in channelling our aspirations.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

No one can forbid us to argue.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Political science according to W.A. Robson, in The University Teaching of Social Sciences [1] says that political science studies power in society, namely nature, basis, processes, scope and outcomes.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

The focus of his attention is on the struggle to attain or retain power, exercise power or influence over others or oppose the exercise of that power.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Political science also deals with the issue of power, the leadership of a person having an influence on the course of political life in a country.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

How that leader leads will affect how his society acts and prevails.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Not everyone will easily give their opinion, making voice is also a vital thing that not everyone can do.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Distrust of oneself is a thing that is often encountered by us as human beings, we are also afraid of being wrong in the opinion, fear that there will be talks behind us and make ourselves uncomfortable in the middle of the group.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Therefore, most of us choose the silent option, which is suggested that silence is to seek safety without doing anything but the negative thing is that the problem can not be solved properly because there are still those who have not channeled their aspirations.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

The political partition itself from the book of the foundations of political science is the activities of citizens acting as personals intended to influence decision-making by the government.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Participation can be individual or collective, organized or spontaneous, steady or sporadic, peacefully or with legal or illegal violence, effective or ineffective.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Online deliberation is also beginning to develop online deliberation which is basically the same as face-to-face or direct deliberation.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

But many presume that one's own communication will go smoothly if there is nonverbal communication.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Communication will feel more complete.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

But there is still a reverse opinion that says that online deliberations help those of us who enter the minority group to participate in the opinion and the opinion poured will be more complete because the editing process can be done first.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Both online deliberation or direct deliberation both have their own strengths and weaknesses.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Here is the difference between online and live deliberation: Online deliberation and live deliberation have roughly the same proposition but direct deliberation is slightly over the top than online deliberation.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

The knowledge gained is also more when they conduct deliberations.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Both online and face-to-face will open the opportunity for participants to be able to participate in politics.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

When we discuss with others we certainly have our own style of expressing what we are talking about then others can see gestures of our body that show ourselves that actually mean it or not.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

This is what cannot be encountered in face-to-face discussions.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

But the existence of minority groups not heard by members of the discussion can also make the discussion improperly run, being small-voiced is considered a discordant voice and unnecessary for criticism.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Something like this invites concern because basically all have equal rights and there should be no difference in treatment.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

The cost incurred for online discussions can be said to be cheap even free as long as it has smooth internet access.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Time is also not wasted so that the discussion that is lived can proceed intensively.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Because meeting in person, there can be disapproval and end up in exploding emotions so that there can also be hostility to each other.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

The words used must be strictly guarded so as not to offend one with the other.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Equalization of regional development is also an important issue.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Let alone the Internet, there are still many who can not enjoy electricity in small areas.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

This kind of thing should be the main focus of the government so that it is not only the strong who will be stronger and the weaker will be weaker.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

List of libraries Mulyana, Deddy, M.A, Ph.D, Prof. 2008.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Communication Sciences An Introduction, PT Adolescent Rosdakarya Bandung Budiarjo, Miriam, Prof. 2008.


Question: What is the definition of deliberation?

Deliberation

Fundamentals of Political Science third edition, PT.Gramedia Main Library Reference Category:Politics Category:Democracy


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Sankt-Peterburg (listen (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, Sankt-Peterbúrg) is the name of a city in the Russian Federation.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Previously, the city was named Petrograd in 1914-1924 and Leningrad during Soviet times (1924-1991) in memory of Vladimir Lenin.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

St.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Peterburg is now the center of government of Leningrad Oblast although it has status as a federal city.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The town is a port city located on the banks of the Neva River and Finskiy Bay.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Its population amounts to 4,848,700 inhabitants based on the census of 2010.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

In this town flow more than 40 rivers and roughly 20 canals.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

St.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Peterburg is an important industrial, science, and cultural center and has machinery, iron, steel, chemical, and food industries.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The city has had a subway system since 1955.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Its city centre is one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The history of St. Peterburg was founded by Peter the Great in 1703.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

In 1712-1728 and 1732-1918, the city became the capital of the Russian Empire.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The February Revolution and the October Revolution in 1917 erupted in the city.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

During World War II, the city was once besieged by Nazi German forces.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The siege of Leningrad lasted for 882 days from September 1941, until on 27 January 1944 Leningrad was successfully re-liberated by the army of the Soviet Union.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

But its citizens who never gave up lost at that time so it was awarded the title of City of Heroes by the Soviet Union in 1945.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

More than 1,500,000 people died as a result of starvation and malnutrition in these wars.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The events are again remembered and recounted in the film, titled Attack On Leningrad.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Places of interest There are many institutes of scientific inquiry in St. Peterburg, one of which is a branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

There are also 43 colleges in the city, one of which is St. Peterburg State University.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The Mariinskiy Theatre, the Opera and Ballet Theater, and the Great Drama Theater are also located in the city.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

One place worth visiting is the National Library of Russia which has a collection of several Malay manuscripts, including the History of Malays brought by Admiral I. F. Kruzenshtern on his voyage in 1798.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

St.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Peterburg also has 47 museums, among others the Hermitage Museum which is rich in collections of paintings, sculptures, and tapestries from all corners of the world, the Russky Muzey Museum which houses a collection of Russian painting art, the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnology (used to be called Kunstkammer) which has an ethnographic collection Indonesia, and the Pushkin Memorial Museum.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

In addition, there are many places that are relics of the past, including the Statue of Peter the Great (1782), the Winter Palace (1754-1762), the Petropalovskaya Fortress on Zayachy Island (1703), the Summer Garden, and the Isaakievskiy Cathedral (1818-1858).


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Not far from St. Peterburg is the Peterhof Palace which has beautiful gardens and full of fountains.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg transport is the main transport link.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The first train line in Russia was built here in 1837, and since then the city's transportation infrastructure has continued to develop following the development of the city.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Petersburg has an extensive system of local roads and trains, and still maintains public transport systems among them tram and Saint Petersburg Metro, as well as several cruise lines.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The city is connected with the rest of Russia by several international train routes.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Road and public transport JMPL|left|Obvodny Kanal station opened in 2010 Saint Petersburg has excellent public transport links, among which there are buses, tram, trolleybus) and hundreds of other routes served by marshrutka.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Trams in the city used to be the main public transport; in the 1980s it was once the largest tram network in the world, but the lines were much eliminated by the 2000s. Buses transport 3 million passengers per day, serving more than 250 routes.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg Metro is an underground rapid transit system that began operation in 1955; it currently has 5 lines with 67 stations, connected with all five train terminals, and transports 2.3 million passengers per day. [1]


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The metro station is also heavily decorated with various materials such as gravel stone and bronze.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Congestion is widely encountered in the city, mainly due to large daily commuting volumes and high snowfall.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The construction of the Saint Petersburg Ring Road completed in 2011 helped reduce inner-city congestion.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg is an important transport corridor connecting Scandinavia with Russia and Eastern Europe.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The city has a network of European roads E18 towards Helsinki, E20 towards Tallinn, E95 towards Pskov, Kiev and Odessa, as well as E105 towards Petrozavodsk, Murmansk and Kirkenes (north) and Moskwa/Kharkiv (south).


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The St. Peter Line Company waterway operates 2 ferries sailing from Helsinki to STPetersburg and from Stockholm to St. Petersburg.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The City Railway has 5 train terminals: Baltiysky, Finlyandsky, Ladozhsky, Moskovsky and Vitebsky, [2] [3] Saint Petersburg has international connections towards Helsinki, Finland, Berlin, Germany and other former republics of the Soviet Union.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The Helsinki Railway, built 1870 with a route length of 443 kilometers (275mi), has a schedule of 4 times a day with a 3.5-hour journey on the new Allegro train.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The Moscow—Saint Petersburg Railway opened in 1851 and the route is 651 kilometers (405mi); with the length of the journey varies from 3 to 9 hours. [4]


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

In 2009 Russian Railways launched a new high-speed train for the Moscow—Saint Petersburg route.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The train is named after Sapsan, is a derivative of the popular Siemens Velaro train and has operated in several European countries.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

It set a record as Russia's fastest train of 2009, at a speed of [5] 290 kilometres per hour (180mph).


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Since 12 December 2010 Karelian Trains, a joint venture between Russian Railways and VR Group, operates Alstom Pendolino trains for services between Finlyandsky and Helsinki Central railway Station in Helsinki.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

His train was named after the “Allegro”.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Air Saint Petersburg is served by Pulkovo International Airport, [6] and 3 other small commercial airports on the outskirts of the city.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Lappeenranta Airport, located near Saint Petersburg but located in Finlandiaia is also popular among Russian tourists.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Pulkovo Airport has been in operation since 1931.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

As of 2013, Pulkovo serves over 12 million people per year and becomes the 3rd busiest airport in Russia after Sheremetyevo Airport and Domodedovo in Moscow.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The airport also has a 24-hour bus service serving from and to Pulkovo and the city centre.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Education As of 2006/2007 there were 1024 kindergartens, 716 public schools and 80 vocational schools in Saint Petersburg. [7]


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The largest institution of higher education in the city is the Saint Petersburg State University, having about 32,000 students.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The largest private institution of higher education is the St. Petersburg Institute of International Trade, Economics, and Law.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Other notable universities are Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Herzen University, Higher School of Economics and Saint Petersburg Technical-Military University.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

However, all public universities are property of the federal government, not municipal governments.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Twin cities Not on the government list: Milan and Venice were once twin cities of Saint Petersburg, but are currently stopped as a result of the city's ban on “gay propaganda”. [63]


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Milan ceased relations with the city on 23 November 2012 [64] and Venice followed on 28 January 2013. [65]


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The city of Los Angeles debates whether to discontinue its twin-city status in 2013 [66] and Carl Katter, campaigning in Melbourne, Victoria, to do something similar. [67]


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Bibliographic Reference Amery, Colin, Brian Curran & Yuri Molodkovets.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

St.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Petersburg.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

London: Frances Lincoln, 2006.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

ISBN 0-7112-2492-7.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Bater, James H. St. Petersburg: Industrialization and Change.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Montreal: McGuill-Queen's University Press, 1976.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

ISBN 0-7735-0266-1.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Berelowitch, Wladimir & Olga Medvedkova.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Histoire de Saint-Pétersbourg.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Paris: Fayard, 1996.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

ISBN 2-213-59601-8.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Brumfield, William Craft.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

ISBN 0-520-06929-3.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Buckler, Julie.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Mapping St. Petersburg: Imperial Text and Cityshape.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005 ISBN 0-691-11349-1.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Clark, Katerina, Petersburg, Crucible of Revolution.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Cross, Anthony (ed.).


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

St.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Petersburg, 1703—1825.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

ISBN 1-4039-1570-9.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

“San Pietroburgo, la capitale del nord” by Giuseppe D'Amato in Viaggio nell'hansa baltica.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

L'Unione europea e l'allargamento ad Est. Greco&Greco editory, Milano, 2004. pp.27—46.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

ISBN 88-7980-355-7.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The European Union and its Enlargement to the East) Book in Italian.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

George, Arthur L. & Elena George.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

St.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Petersburg: Russia's Window to the Future, The First Three Centuries.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Lanham: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2003.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

ISBN 1-58979-017-0.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Glantz, David M.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The Battle for Leningrad, 1941—1944.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

ISBN 0-7006-1208-4.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Hellberg-Hirn, Elena.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Imperial Imprints: Post-Soviet St. Petersburg.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Helsinki: SKS Finnish Literature Society, 2003.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

ISBN 951-746-491-6.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Knopf's Guide: Sat. Petersburg.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

New York: Knopf, 1995.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

ISBN 0-679-76202-7.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Eyewitness Guide: St. Petersburg.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Lincoln, W. Bruce.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Sunlight at Midnight: St. Petersburg and the Rise of Modern Russia.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

New York: Basic Books, 2000.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

ISBN 0-465-08323-4.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Orttung, Robert W.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

From Leningrad to Saint Petersburg: Democratization in a Russian City.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

New York: St. Martin's, 1995.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

ISBN 0-312-17561-2.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The Ruble, Blair A. Leningrad: Shaping a Soviet City.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

ISBN 0-87772-347-8.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Shvidkovsky, Dmitry O. & Alexander Orloff.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

St.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Petersburg: Architecture of the Tsars.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

New York: Abbeville Press, 1996.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

ISBN 0-7892-0217-4.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Volkov, Solomons.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

St.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Petersburg: A Cultural History.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

New York: Free Press, 1995.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

ISBN 0-02-874052-1.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

St.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Petersburg:Architecture of the Tsars. 360 pages.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Abbeville Press, 1996.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

ISBN 0-7892-0217-4 Saint Petersburg: Museums, Palaces, and Historic Collections: A Guide to the Lesser Known Treasures of St. Petersburg. 2003.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

ISBN 1-59373-000-4.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Sergei V. Ivanov.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Unknown Socialist Realism.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

The Leningrad School.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

— Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. — 448 p.ISBN 5-901724-21-6, ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Нежиховский Р. А. Река Нева и Невская губа, Leningrad, Гидрометеоиздат, 1981.


Question: who designed Saint Petersburg?

Saint Petersburg

Outlinks {{Country data {{{1}}} | flaglink/core | variant = | size = | name = | altlink =national rugby union team | altvar =rugby union}} on In Our Time at the BBC Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help) Category:Cities in Russia Category:UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Russia


Question: When did the Malta Labour Party stand?

Country Malta

The State of Malta (Maltese: Stat ta' Malta) was the predecessor of the Republic of Malta in modern times.


Question: When did the Malta Labour Party stand?

Country Malta

The country stood from September 21, 1964 to December 13, 1974.


Question: When did the Malta Labour Party stand?

Country Malta

The background of the “Malta Independence Act 1964" set by the Parliament of Great Britain transformed the Crown Colony of Malta into an independent commonwealth state.


Question: When did the Malta Labour Party stand?

Country Malta

Under the new Constitution of Malta approved by a referendum held in May of 1964, Queen Elizabeth II became Queen of Malta (Maltese: Reṣina ta' Malta).


Question: When did the Malta Labour Party stand?

Country Malta

The constitutional roles of the queen are assigned to the Governor General of Malta.


Question: When did the Malta Labour Party stand?

Country Malta

Governors-General Here is a list of Governors-General who have served in Malta from 1964 to 1974: Sir Maurice Henry Dorman (21 September 1964 — 4 July 1971) Sir Anthony Mamo (4 July 1971 — 13 December 1974) Prime Ministers Here is a list of Prime Ministers (and heads government) who had held office in Malta in this period: George Borg Olivier (21 September 1964 — 21 June 1971) Dom Mintoff (21 June 1971 — 13 December 1974) Transition into a republic On 13 December 1974, after the government of Dom Mintoff of the Labour Party amended the Constitution Malta, the monarchical system was dissolved and Malta became a republic within the Commonwealth.


Question: When did the Malta Labour Party stand?

Country Malta

The functions of head of state are handed over to a president appointed by parliament.


Question: When did the Malta Labour Party stand?

Country Malta

The last Governor General of Malta, Sir Anthony Mamo, was then appointed President of Malta.


Question: When did the Malta Labour Party stand?

Country Malta

Category Reference:History of Malta


Question: What year was Ivan Dias born?

Ivan Rakitić

Ivan Rakitić () is a Swiss-born Croatian football player who plays for the Barcelona club at the position of midfielder.


Question: What year was Ivan Dias born?

Ivan Rakitić

Rakitic began his professional career at Basel and spent two seasons with them before he was signed by Schalke 04.


Question: What year was Ivan Dias born?

Ivan Rakitić

After spending three and a half seasons in the Bundesliga, he was signed by Sevilla in January 2011.


Question: What year was Ivan Dias born?

Ivan Rakitić

Two years later, Rakitic has been confirmed as club captain and team captain for UEFA Europa League victory.


Question: What year was Ivan Dias born?

Ivan Rakitić

In June 2014, Barcelona and Sevilla reached an agreement on the transfer of Rakitic.


Question: What year was Ivan Dias born?

Ivan Rakitić

At international level, Rakitic played for the Croatian national team.


Question: What year was Ivan Dias born?

Ivan Rakitić

Although naturally a product of Switzerland's youth levels, Rakitic pledged his international career to his parents' country Croatia instead.


Question: What year was Ivan Dias born?

Ivan Rakitić

He made his debut for Croatia in 2007 and has since represented the country at UEFA Euro 2008, UEFA Euro 2012, 2014 FIFA World Cup, and 2018 FIFA World Cup.


Question: What year was Ivan Dias born?

Ivan Rakitić

Reference Outside links at fussballdaten.de (in German) at National-football-Teams.com — FIFA competition record {{subst: #if:rakitic, Ivan|}} [[Category: {{subst: #switch: {{subst:uc:1988}} || UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of missing birth {{subst: #switch: {subst:uc:} |LIVING =( living people)}} | #default =1988 births}}]] [[Category: {{subst: #switch: {{subst:uc:}} || LIVING =Living people | UNKNOWN | MISSING =Year of death missing | #default =deaths}}] Category:2008 UEFA European Football Championship Players Category:UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship 2012 Category:FIFA World Cup Players 2014 Category:Croatian Football Players Category:Players FC Schalke 04 Category:Sevilla FC Players Category:2018 FIFA World Cup Players


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Minangkabau or abbreviated as Minang refers to a cultural and geographical entity characterized by the use of language, customs that adhere to a matrilineal kinship system, and Islamic religious identity.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Geographically, Minangkabau covers the mainland of West Sumatra, the mainland half of Riau, the northern part of Bengkulu, the western part of Jambi, the west coast of North Sumatra, the southwest of Aceh, and Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia. [2]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In layman conversation, Minangs are often equated as Padang people, referring to the name of the capital of West Sumatra province of Padang City.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

However, they will usually refer to their group as urang awak, intending the same as the Minangs themselves. [3]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

According to A.A. Navis, Minangkabau refers more to the ethnic culture of a Malay family that grew up and large because of the monarchical system [4] and adheres to the indigenous system characterized by the family system through women or matrilineal lines, [5] although the culture is very strong colored with teachings religion of Islam.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Thomas Stamford Raffles, after an expedition to the interior of Minangkabau where the Pagaruyung Kingdom stood, stated that Minangkabau was the source of power and origin of the Malays, whose population was widely spread in the Eastern Islands. [6]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The Minang people survive as the largest matrilineal adherents in the world. [7] [8] In addition, this ethnicity has implemented a proto-democratic system since pre-Hindu times with the presence of customary densities to determine important matters and legal issues.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The principle of Minangkabau custom is contained in the statement of Adat basandi yarak, the basandi Kitabullah (The custom of humming the law, the law of humming the Qur'an) which means the custom based on the teachings of Islam. [9]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Minangkabau people are very prominent in the field of business, as professionals and intellectuals.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

They are the inheritors of the old traditions of the Malay Kingdom and Sriwijaya who are fond of trading and dynamic. [10]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

More than half of the overall number of members of this community are in monitoring.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Oversight minang generally resides in major cities, such as Jakarta, Bandung, Pekanbaru, Medan, Batam, Palembang, Bandar Lampung, and Surabaya.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Outside Indonesia, ethnic Minang are concentrated in Kuala Lumpur, Seremban, Singapore, Jeddah, Sydney, [11] and Melbourne. [12]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Minang people have a popular cuisine with the name of Padang cuisine that is very popular in Indonesia even abroad. [13]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The etymology of the Name Minangkabau is derived from two words, minang and kabau.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The name is associated with a legend known inside the tambo.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

From the tambo, it is said that at one time there was one foreign kingdom (commonly interpreted as Majapahit) coming from the sea going to conquest.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

To prevent fighting, local people proposed pitting the buffalo.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The foreign forces approved and provided a large and aggressive buffalo, whereas the local people provided a hungry buffalo pup.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In battle, the hungry buffalo boy thought that the big buffalo was his mother.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

So the buffalo boy immediately ran for milk and rowed his head to tear the belly of the big buffalo.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The victory inspired the local people to use the name Minangkabau, [14] which comes from the sayings “Manang kabau” (meaning to win buffalo).


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

This tambo story is also found in the Hikayat of the Pasai Kings and also mentions that the victory made the land previously named Pariangan using this name. [15]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Furthermore the use of the name Minangkabau is also used to refer to a nagari, namely Nagari Minangkabau, located in Sungayang District, Tanah Datar Regency, West Sumatra.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In the historical records of the Majapahit kingdom, Nagarakretagama [16] dated 1365, has also mentioned the name of Minangkabwa as one of the Malay lands he feared.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Likewise in the Ming Chronicles of 1405, there are the names of the Mi-nang-ge-bu kingdoms of the six kingdoms that sent messengers to the Yongle Emperor in Nanjing. [17]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

On the other hand, the name “Minang” (Minanga kingdom) itself has also been mentioned in the Kedukan Bukit Inscription of 682 and is Sanskrit.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In the inscription it is stated that the founder of the Sriwijaya kingdom named Dapunta Hyang turned out of “Minānga”... [18]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Some experts who refer from the source of the inscription surmise, the words of the 4th (... minānga) and 5th (tāmvan...) lines are actually incorporated, thus becoming mināngatāmvan and translated with the meaning of twin rivers.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The twin river in question is thought to point to the confluence of two sources of the Kampar River flow, namely Kampar Kiri River and Kampar Kanan River. [19]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

However, this opinion was refuted by Casparis, who proved that “tāmvan” has nothing to do with “temu”, because the word temu and estuary are also found in the inscriptions of other relics of the Sriwijaya era. [20]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Therefore the word Minanga stands alone and is synonymous with the mention of Minang itself.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Origins See also: Tambo Minangkabau and Tombo Lubuk Jambi From hereditary accepted tambo, narrate that their ancestors were descended from the descendants of Iskandar Zulkarnain.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Although the tambo is not systematically composed and more to legend than fact and cendrung to a literary work that already belongs to many communities. [4]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

But the story of this tambo can be compared to Sulalatus Salatin who also tells how the Minangkabau people sent their representatives to ask Sapurba one of the descendants of Iskandar Zulkarnain to become their king. [21]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The Minang people were part of the Deutro Malay (Muda Malay) people who made the migration from mainland South China to the island of Sumatra about 2,500—2,000 years ago.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

It is estimated that this group of people entered from the east of the island of Sumatra, along the Kampar river to the highlands called darek and became the hometown of the Minangkabau people. [22]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Some of these darek areas then formed a kind of confederation known as luhak, which is also referred to as Luhak Nan Tigo, consisting of Luhak Limo Puluah, Luhak Agam, and Luhak Tanah Data. [5]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

During the reign of the Dutch East Indies, the luhak area became a territorial area of government called afdeling, headed by a resident who by the people of Minangkabau called Tuan Luhak. [4]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

While along with the growth and development of the population, Minangkabau people spread to other darek areas and formed certain areas into rantau areas.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The concept of rantau for the people of Minang is an area that becomes the entrance to the Minangkabau nature.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Rantau also serves as a place to find life, a trading area.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Rantau in Minangkabau is known as Rantau Nan Duo divided over Rantau in Hilia (eastern coastal area) and Rantau in Mudiak (western coastal area).


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

At first the mention of Minangs had not been distinguished from Malays, but since the 19th century, the mention of Minang and Malay began to be distinguished seeing a matrilineal culture that persisted compared to the patrilineal espoused by the Malay community generally. [23]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Later this grouping continued to take place in the interest of population census as well as politics.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The religion of the Minang Society is currently an Islamic religion, if there is a society out of Islam (apostasy) religion, directly concerned is also considered out of the Minang community, in its term called “banished along customs”.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Islam is estimated to enter through the eastern coastal area, although there are assumptions from the west coast, especially in the Pariaman area, but the Arcat (Aru and Rokan) and Inderagiri area located on the east coast has also become the port area of Minangkabau, and the Kampar River and Batang Kuantan is upstream in the interior area of Minangkabau.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

As the saying exists in the community, Indigenous manurun, Syarak mandaki (Indigenous is descended from the interior to the coast, while the religion (Islam) comes from the coast to the interior), [24] and this is also attributed to the mention of Orang Siak refers to people who are experts and assiduous in religion Islam, [25] still remains in use in the Minangkabau plateau.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Before Islam was widely accepted, this community from some archaeological evidence shows it had embraced Buddhism especially during the kingdom of Sriwijaya, Dharmasraya, until during the reign of Adityawarman and his son Ananggawarman.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Later changes in the royal structure with the rise of the Kingdom of Pagaruyung which had adopted Islam in its system of government, although until the 16th century, Suma Oriental still mentions of three Minangkabau kings only one who had embraced Islam.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The arrival of Hajj Poor, Hajj Sumanik and Hajj Piobang from Mecca around 1803, [26] played an important role in the enforcement of Islamic law in the interior of Minangkabau.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Although at the same time there was a challenge from the local people who were still accustomed to the traditional traditions, and the culmination of this conflict arose the Padri War before finally the common realization that the customs were based on the Qur'an. [27] Customs and cultures According to tambo, the first Minangkabau indigenous system times were inserted by two brothers, Datuk Ketumanggungan and Datuk Perpatih Nan Sebatang.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Datuk Ketumanggungan bequeathed the aristocratic Koto Piliang indigenous system, while Datuk Perpatih bequeathed the egalitarian Bodi Caniago indigenous system.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In the course of this, two indigenous systems known as this harmony fill each other and form the system of Minangkabau people.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In the Minangkabau community, there are three pillars that build and maintain the integrity of culture and customs.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

They were alim ulama, cleverly clever, and ninik mamak, known as the Tigo Sajarangan Furnaces.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The three complement each other and shoulder to shoulder in the same position in height.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In a democratic and egalitarian Minangkabau society, all community affairs are delivered by the three elements in a simple manner. [28]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Matrilineal Matrilineal is one of the main aspects in defining the identity of the Minang people.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Their customs and culture put the female side acting as heirloom and kinship property heirlooms.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The lineage is referred to mothers known as Samande (se-mothers), while their fathers are referred to by the community by the name Sumando (sister-in-law) and are treated as guests in the family.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Women in Minangkabau have a privileged position so nicknamed Bundo Kanduang, play a role in determining the successful implementation of decisions made by men in their position as mamak (uncle or brother from the mother), and preceptor ( chieftains).


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

This great influence makes Minang women symbolized as Limpapeh Rumah Nan Gadang (the main pillar of the house). [29]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Although power is greatly influenced by the control of economic assets, but the men of the female family still hold authority or have the legitimacy of power in their community.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The Minangkabau language belongs to one of the offspring branches of the Austronesian language family.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Although there are differences of opinion regarding the relationship of Minangkabau language with Malay, some consider the language spoken by this community as part of the Malay dialect, because of the many similarities in vocabulary and speech forms in it, while others assume this language is an independent language that differs from Malay and there are also those who call Minangkabau a Proto-Malay language. [30] [31] In addition to the community of Minang speakers itself there are also various dialects depending on their respective regions. [32] [33] Other language influences absorbed into the Minang language are generally from Sanskrit, Arabic, Tamil, and Persian.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Later Sanskrit and Tamil vocabulary found on some inscriptions in Minangkabau has been written using various characters including Dewanagari, Pallawa, and Kawi.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

His strengthening of widely accepted Islam also encouraged his community to use the Jawi Alphabet in writing before changing with the Latin Alphabet.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Despite having their own language, Minang people also used Malay and later Indonesian language extensively.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The traditional historiography of the Minang people, Tambo Minangkabau, is written in Malay and is a piece of Malay literature or old Indonesian literature. [14]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The Minangkabau tribe rejects the use of Minangkabau language for teaching purposes in schools. [34]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The Malay language influenced both grammatically and vocabulary by Arabic has been used for Islamic religious instruction.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Speech in religious schools also uses Malay.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In the early 20th century the Dutch East Indies government-established Malay school in the Minangkabau region taught the Riau Malay language variety, which is considered the standard language and is also spoken in the Johor region of Malaysia.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

But in fact the language spoken by these Dutch schools is a variety affected by the Minangkabau language. [34]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Minangkabau teachers and writers were instrumental in the coaching of the High Malay language.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Many Malay language teachers come from Minangkabau, and the school in Bukittinggi is one of the centers of formal Malay language formation. [35]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

During the receipt of the Malay language Balai Pustaka, the Minangkabau people came to believe that they were the guardians of the purity of the language that later became Indonesian. [34]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Minangkabau Community Arts has a variety of attractions and arts, such as dances that are commonly featured in traditional parties and marriages.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Among these dances for example dance pasambahan is a dance that is played intending as a welcome or expression of respect to the special guests who have just arrived, furthermore plate dance is a form of dance with fast motion of the dancers while holding plates on the palms of each hand, which are accompanied by songs played by talempong and saluang.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Silek or Silat Minangkabau is a traditional martial art typical of this tribe that has developed for a long time.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Today Silek is not only taught in Minangkabau alone, but has also spread throughout the Malay Archipelago even to Europe and America.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In addition, there are dances mixed with silek called randai.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Randai is usually accompanied by singing or also called sijobang, [36] in this randai there is also a role art (acting) based on the scenario. [37]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In addition, Minangkabau is also prominent in the art of speechless.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

There are three genres of spoken art, namely pasambahan (offering), indang, and salawat dulang.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The art of wording or tongue-tongued, more puts forward the word satire, allusion, like, allegory, metaphor, and aphorism.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In the art of speechless one is taught to maintain honor and self-respect, without the use of weapons and physical contact. [38]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Horse racing is an equestrian sport that has long existed in Nagari-nagari Minang, and until now it is still organized by the community, as well as an annual race held in areas that have horse racing fields.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Some other traditional games that are still preserved and become entertainment for Minang people include the race pacu jawi and pacu ducks.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Sipak rago, or other name sepak takraw is a traditional Minang community sport played at least five or four people, the ball is made of wicker wicker, the ball is kicked from waist height to head height by a group of people standing circular, in a saga and novels as well as some films such as miserable movies bring favour there alluding to sipak rago's sports problem.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Traditional house Minangkabau traditional house is called Rumah Gadang, which is usually built on a piece of land owned by the parent family in the tribe hereditarily. [39]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

This custom house is made rectangular and divided over two parts face and back. [40]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Generally made of wood, and at first glance it looks like the shape of a stilt house with a distinctive roof, protruding like buffalo horns commonly called gonjong [41] and earlier this roof made from ijuk before changing with zinc roof.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In the front yard of Rumah Gadang, usually erected two to six pieces of Rangkiang used as a storage area owned by the family who inhabited the Gadang House.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Only women with their husbands and children who become residents of Rumah Gadang, while men of these people who are already married, settle in their wife's house.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

If male members of the people are not married, usually sleep in surau.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Surau is usually built not far from the House Gadang complex, in addition to serving as a place of worship, it also serves as a place for adult but unmarried men.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In Minangkabau culture, not all areas may be established Rumah Gadang.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Only in areas that have the status of nagari alone this traditional house can be enforced.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Therefore, in some areas of Minangkabau rantau such as Riau, Jambi, Negeri Sembilan, the west coast of North Sumatra and Aceh, no traditional houses are found.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Marriage In the customs of Minangkabau culture, marriage is one of the important events in the life cycle, and is a very meaningful transitional period in forming small groups of new families of offspring.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

For Minang men, marriage is also a process to enter a new environment, namely his wife's family.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

While for the family of the wife, it becomes one of the processes in adding members in their Rumah Gadang community.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In the traditional marriage procession Minangkabau, commonly called baralek, has several common stages.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Starting with maminang (moaning), manjapuik marapulai (pick up the groom), until basandiang (sanding in the suitor).


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

After maminang and there was a manantuan day agreement (determining the day of marriage), then followed by the Islamic marriage which is usually done in the mosque, before the two brides are joined in the flotation.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In certain nagari after the kabul ijab in front of the penghulu or lord kadi, the groom will be given a new title as a call for his little name. [42]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Then the surrounding community would call him by the new title.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The title of the call usually starts from sutan, bagindo or sidi (sayyidi) in coastal areas.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Meanwhile in the Luhak Limopuluah region, the awarding of this title does not apply.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

JMPL|220px|ka|rendang beef is served with ketupat.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Minang people are also known for their various cuisines.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

With its spicy flavor, making this cuisine popular among Indonesians, so it can be found in almost the entire archipelago. [43]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In Malaysia and Singapore, this cuisine is also very popular, as well as other countries.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In fact, the art of cooking owned by the Minang community also flourished in other regions such as Riau, Jambi, and Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

One of the famous traditional Minang cuisine is Rendang, which has received recognition from all over the world as the most delicious dish. [44] [45] Other cuisines are Spicy Asam, Soto Padang, Satay Padang, and Dendeng Balado.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The cuisine is generally eaten directly by hand.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Minang cuisine contains rich spice spices, such as chili pepper, lemongrass, galangal, turmeric, ginger, garlic, and onion.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Some of them are known to have strong antimicrobial activity, so it is not surprising that any Minang cuisine can last a long time. [46]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

On certain days, many of the dishes served are made from the main meat, especially beef, mutton, and chicken meat.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

This cuisine is better known as Padang Cuisine, as well as a restaurant or restaurant that specializes in serving it called Padang Restaurant.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Whereas in the Minang community itself, it has different characteristics in the selection of ingredients and cooking process, depending on their respective regions.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Social community Persukuan Tribe in the Minangkabau community order is the basis of social organization, as well as a place of fundamental power fight.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The initial sense of syllabic words in the Minang language can mean one quarter, so that if it is associated with the establishment of a nagari in Minangkabau, it can be said to be perfect when it consists of the composition of four tribes inhabiting the region.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Furthermore, each tribe in the Minang tradition, is sequenced from the same lineage on the maternal side, and believed to be descended from one descendant of the same ancestor. [5]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In addition to being a political base, the tribe is also the base of the economic units.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Wealth is determined by the family's ownership of land, property, and other sources of income all of which are known as heirloom treasures.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Heirloom treasures are the common property of all family members.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Heirloom treasures cannot be traded and cannot be private property.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The heirloom treasure is a kind of joint guarantee fund to protect family members from poverty.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

If there are family members who have trouble or disasters, then heirloom treasures can be mortgaged.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Tribes are divided into several smaller family branches or called payuang (umbrellas).


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

As for the smallest unit after sapayuang is called saparuik.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

A paruik (stomach) usually lives in a Gadang House together. [2]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Nagari Minangkabau Region consists of many nagari.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

This Nagari is an autonomous region with supreme power in Minangkabau.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

No other social and political power can interfere with customs in a nagari.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Different Nagari will be possible once have a typical different custom.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Each nagari is led by a council consisting of tribal leaders from all tribes in the nagari.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The council is called by Nagari Indigenous Density (KAN).


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

It was from the results of deliberations and deliberations in this council that a binding decision and regulation for the nagari was produced.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The main factor that determines the dynamics of Minangkabau society is the constant competition between nagari, families, and individuals to gain status and prestige. [47]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Therefore, every head of the people will compete to increase the prestige of his families by seeking wealth (trading) and sending members of the people to the highest level.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In the formation of a nagari since the beginning has been known in the proverbial term that exists in the indigenous people of Minang itself namely From Taratak manjadi Dusun, from Hamlet manjadi Koto, from Koto manjadi Nagari, Nagari ba Panghulu.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

So in the administrative system of government in the Minang area started from the lowest structure called Taratak, then developed into Hamlet, then developed into Koto and then developed into Nagari.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Usually every nagari formed at least has consisted of 4 tribes domiciled the area. [5]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Furthermore, as the administrative center of the nagari was built a Traditional Hall as well as a meeting place in making decisions with the guardians in the nagari.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Penghulu Penghulu or ordinary who is rolling with datuak, is the head of the family who is appointed by family members to regulate all the problems of the people.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Penghulu is usually a male elected among other members of the male people.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Each family will choose a man who is good at speaking, wise, and understanding customs, to occupy this position.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

This is because he is responsible for handling all the people's heirloom treasures, guiding victory, as well as representative of the people in the nagari community.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Each penghulu stands parallel to other penghulu, so that in nagari meetings all the voices representing each people are of equal value.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Along with the increase of members of the people, as well as problems and internal conflicts arise, so sometimes in a family this position is broken into two.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Or vice versa, members of the people who are less and less likely to combine their titles to other families as I like. [48]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

This results in changes in the number of penghulu in a nagari.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Having a penghulu that represents the voice of the people in the nagari meeting, is a prestige and esteem.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

So that every people will strive together to have their own preceptors.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Those families whose titles have long since folded, will seek to resurrect their positions by seeking wealth to “buy” their long-set title.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Establishing penghulu costs considerable, so pressure to enforce penghulu always arises from wealthy families. [49]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Kingdom In De Stuers' report [50] to the Dutch East Indies government, it was stated that in the interior of Minangkabau, there was never a centralized governing power under a king.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

But there are small nagari-nagari similar to the polis-polis government of ancient Greece. [51]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

However, from some inscriptions found in the interior of Minangkabau, as well as from the tambo in the local people, ethnic Minangkabau were once in a strong royal system with a power area covering the island of Sumatra and even up to the Malaya Peninsula.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Some kingdoms that exist in the Minangkabau region include Dharmasraya Kingdom, Pagaruyung Kingdom, and Inderapura Kingdom.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

This royal system is still found in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, one of the regions with a fairly significant community of Minang people.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

At first the Minang people in the country picked up a son of the King of the Realm Minangkabau to be their king, as was the tradition of the earlier Minang people, as told in Sulalatus Salatin.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Minangkabau supervisory Minangkabau is a term for Minang people who live outside their hometown.For Minang men are closely related to the message of the ancestors of karatau madang in hulu babuah babungo balun (suggested to men because in the village has not useful).


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In this connection should be developed and understood, what is contained and meant satinggi-high tabangnyo stork baliaknyo ka kubangan juo.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

This phrase is intended for Minang urang so that it will always remember in the realm of origin.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Merantau is the process of interaction of Minangkabau people with the outside world.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

This activity is an experiential and geographical adventure, by leaving your hometown to pit fate in the land of people.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Families that have long had a tradition of wandering, usually have relatives in almost all major cities in Indonesia and Malaysia.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The most powerful families in developing the tradition of nomading usually come from families of merchants and religious sciences. [52]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Nomads usually have gone to rampage since the age of a dozen years, either as traffickers or claimants of science.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

For most Minangkabau people, merantau is an ideal way to achieve maturity and success.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

By wandering not only the wealth and knowledge gained, but also the prestige and honor of individuals in the midst of the indigenous environment.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

From the search obtained, nomads usually send some of the proceeds to their hometown to then invest in family business, namely by expanding the ownership of rice fields, holding control of tillage, or picking up pawned rice fields.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Money from nomads is usually used to improve nagari facilities, such as mosques, roads, or paddy fields.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The number of nomads Ethos nomad Minangkabau people is very high, even estimated to be the highest in Indonesia.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

From the results of studies conducted by Mochtar Naim, in 1961 there were about 32% of Minangs domiciled outside West Sumatra.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Then in 1971 that number increased to 44%. [56]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Based on the census in 2010, ethnic Minangs living in West Sumatra number 4.2 million people, with an estimated that almost half of Minang people are in surveillance.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Minangkabau migration mobility of large proportions occurred in the range between 1958 to 1978, where more 80% of nomads living in the rantau area had left their hometowns after the Dutch colonial period. [57]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

But there is no exact figure on the number of Minang people in the supervision.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The figures shown in the calculations, usually only include nomads born in West Sumatra.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

But it has not covered the descendants of Minang who have been for several generations settled in the supervisory.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Minang nomads, almost all of them are in major cities of Indonesia and Malaysia.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In some urbanites, their numbers are quite significant and even become the majority party.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In Pekanbaru, Minang nomads amount to 37.96% of the city's entire population, and become the largest ethnicity in the city. [58]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

This number has decreased when compared to 1971 which reached 65%. [59]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The wave of Merantau rantau on ethnic Minang has been going on for quite a long time.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

History records the first migration occurred in the 7th century, where many gold traders who came from the interior of Minangkabau traded in the Jambi estuary, and were involved in the establishment of the Malayu Kingdom. [60]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

A massive migration occurred in the 14th century, during which many Minang families moved to the eastern coast of Sumatra.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

They established trading colonies at Batubara, Pelalawan, up across the strait to Penang and Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Along with the wave of eastward migration, there was also a displacement of the Minang people to the west coast of Sumatra.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Along this coast Minang nomads live in Meulaboh, Aceh where Minang descendants are known as Aneuk Jamee; Barus, Sibolga, Natal, Bengkulu, until Lampung. [61]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

After the Malacca Sultanate fell into Portuguese hands in 1511, many Minangkabau families moved to South Sulawesi.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

They became supporters of the kingdom of Gowa, as merchants and administrators of the kingdom.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Datuk Makotta with his wife Mr. Sitti, as the forerunner of the Minangkabau family in Sulawesi. [62]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The next wave of migration occurred in the 18th century, which is when the Minangkabau gained the privilege of inhabiting the Siak Kingdom area.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

During the Dutch East Indies colonization period, massive migration occurred again in 1920, when tobacco plantations in Deli Serdang, East Sumatra began to open.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

During the time of independence, Minang overseers inhabited many major cities in Java, in 1961 the number of Minang nomads especially in Jakarta increased 18.7 times compared to the city's population accretion rate which was only 3.7 times, [63] and in 1971 this ethnicity was estimated to have amounted to about 10% of Jakarta's population at that time. [64]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Now the Minang watchdog is almost spread all over the world.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Minangkabau on the West Coast of Sumatra The west coast area of Sumatra has for centuries been the destination of the Minangkabau people, among them to the west coast of Aceh, Tapanuli, and Bengkulu.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

By locals they are not referred to as Minangkabau people, but rather Aneuk Jamee (Aceh), Coastal Tribe (Tapanuli), and Mukomuko Tribe (Bengkulu).


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Aneuk Jamee is a tribe that inhabits the west coast of Aceh.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

In terms of language, they speak Aneuk Jamee, which is the result of assimilation of the Minangkabau language by discussing the local.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

According to history, they came from the Minang Realm which at that time was still in the power of the Sultanate of Aceh.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Acehnese people refer to them as Aneuk Jamee which means 'guest child' or 'cometer'. [65]


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

Generally they live around Southwest Aceh Regency, South Aceh, Nagan Raya, and a small part of Meulaboh, West Aceh.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The Coastal Tribes (also called Ugang Pasisia) are a group of people scattered across the west coast of North Sumatra, especially in Sibolga and Central Tapanuli.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The Coastal tribe is a population of Minangkabau who migrated to Tapanuli since the 14th century and have mixed with the Malays, Mandailing, and Batak Toba people.


Question: What is the original kingdom of the Minangkabau tribe?

Minangkabau people

The naming of a Coastal Tribe for this group was never known until the 20th century.