Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The term “Crusade” only came to the fore around 1760.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In 1095, Pope Urbanus II called on the Christian world to inflame the First Crusade in his sermon at the holding of the Council of Clermont.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

He appealed to the audience to deploy military force to help the Byzantine Empire and the Byzantine Emperor, Aleksios I, who at that time needed additional troops to deal with the Turks who had migrated west and had colonized Anatolia.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

One of the goals that Sri Pope wants to achieve is the guarantee of flexibility and security for Christian pilgrims to make pilgrimages to Christian holy sites in the eastern Middle Sea occupied by Muslims, but experts disagree on whether access guarantees For pilgrims this is the main motive of Sri Pope himself or the main motive of the parties responding to his call.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

It is possible that Sri Pope actually intended to reunite the separate Eastern and Western hemispheres of the Christian World since the events of East-West Schism in 1054, as well as to make himself the head of all the Church.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The early victories achieved by Christian soldiers in the Crusades resulted in the establishment of the first four Crusader States in the eastern region of the Middle Sea, namely the Regency of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and the Regency of Tripoli.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The bubbling response to Pope Urbanus' calls from across the peoples of Western Europe set a precedent for later Crusades.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Volunteers become Crusaders by casting vows in public advance and receiving plenary indulgences from the Church.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Some volunteers expect to be raised to heaven from Jerusalem or get forgiveness from God for all their sins, while others participate to become Crusaders for feudal obligations, for glory and honor, or for economic gain and politics.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

A two-century attempt to liberate the Holy Land from the colonization of the Muslims ended in failure.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

After the First Crusade, still blazed again six great Crusades and many small Crusades.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

After the last leading strongholds of Catholic Christians were conquered in 1291, there were no more Crusades, but the gains that were successfully amassed lasted longer in the northern and western areas of Europe.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Wendi Crusade and the crusades dissolved by the Archbishop of Bremen succeeded in uniting the entire northeastern area of the Baltic Peninsula as well as the tribes of Mecklenburg and Lausitz under the control of Catholic Christians at the end of the 12th century.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

At the beginning of the 13th century, the Teuton Knight Tarecat established a Crusader State in Prussia, and the French monarchy took advantage of the Albigensian Crusade to expand its territory of power all the way to the Middle Seas.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The lunge of the Turkish-Osmanli Sultanate at the end of the 14th century was responded to Catholic Christians with the crusades that ended with the defeat of the Crusaders in Nikopolis in 1396 and in Varna in 1444.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Europe under the control of the Christian Catholics fell into disarray, and the final chapter in the Christian-Islamic feud was marked by two stirring events: the fall of Constantinople into the hands of the Turkish-Osmanli Sultanate in 1453, and the final Spanish victory over the Moro peoples with his destiny of Granada in 1492.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The idea of the Crusades continued to live on, at least in the form of the Tarekat Knights Hospitalis, until the end of the 18th century, but the pedestal of interest of Western Europeans had shifted to the New World.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Modern historians differ in opinion about the Crusaders.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

For some historians, the Crusaders' lunge is not in line with the noble goals that were originally buzzing, and is not in harmony with the attitude of the papal institution as a guide to the morals of the Christian World, as evidenced by the fact that the Pope did not impose a punishment. exclusion of the Crusaders.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Crusader reinforcements in his movement often carried out pillaging actions, and in general the Crusader commander-in-chief held out control of the territories that had been successfully captured, instead of returning them to the Byzantine Empire.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

During the blazing of the People's Crusade, thousands of Jews were killed in a cruel action now referred to as the Rheinland Massacre.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Constantinople was plundered all-out during the Fourth Crusade.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Nonetheless, the Crusades had a great impact on the civilization of the Western World: these wars reopened the waters of the Middle Sea to commercial and shipping activities (enabling the development of Genova and Venice); pitted the collective identity of the Latin Church under the leadership of Sri Pope; and became the source of the tales of heroism, chivalric behavior, and piety that animate the romances, philosophies, and literature of the Middle Ages.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Crusades also strengthened intervals between the Western Christian World, feudalism, and militarism.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Perislahan The term “Crusade” in Indonesian is a translation of the Arabic term “hurubul salibiyah” (Arabic: حروب الصليبية, war-crusade).


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

This translation term is the equivalent of the Dutch term “kruistochten” (cruciform exploring) or “kruisvaarten” (cruciform voyage) which connotates “war” or “military action”.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

When Pope Urbanus called for the deployment of armies to the Holy Land, there was no term “Crusade” yet.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The term used at that time was “iter” (lawatan), or “peregrinatio” (pilgrimage).


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

These wars with the blessing of the Church are newly associated with the term “cross” after the word “crucesignatus” (the person with the sign of the cross) from Latin came into use at the end of the 12th century. [1]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the etymology of the word “crusade” (the English term for “Crusade”) relates to the word croisade in modern French, croisée in old French, crozada in Provençal, cruzada in Portuguese and Spanish, and crociata in the language Italy.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

All of these words are derivatives of the word cruciāta or cruxiata in Medieval Latin, which originally meant “to torture” or “crucify”, but since the 12th century also meant “to make the sign of the cross”. [2]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Although the term “Crusade” has been used by historians as a designation for the holy wars committed by Christians since 1095, the events referred to as the “Crusades” are so many and varied that the use of this term may lead to incorrect understand, especially related to the inaugural war-crusades. [1]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The crusades in the Holy Land were usually sorted into nine different wars, ranging from the first Crusade (1095—1099) to the ninth Crusade (1271—1272).


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

It was this sorting into nine wars that historian Charles Mills used in his written work entitled History of the Crusades for the Recovery and Possession of the Holy Land (1820), and was often used as the easiest form of sorting, although in fact it was still still is debatable.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The fifth and sixth crusades led by Emperor Friedrich II can be regarded as one-time wars, as well as the eighth and ninth Crusades led by King LouiSix. [3]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The term “Crusade” could have been interpreted differently, depending on the view of the author using it.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Giles Constable lays out four different points of view among historical examiners as follows: [4] Traditionalist viewpoints.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Traditionalists limit the understanding of the Crusades as wars carried out by Christians in the Holy Land from 1095 to 1291, “both to help the Jews in the land or to free Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulchre from colonization”. [5]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The point of view of the pluralists.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Pluralists use the term Crusade as a designation for all sorts of military actions publicly condoned by the pope in office. [6]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Such a meaning reflects the view of the Roman Catholic Church (including Medieval figures of the Crusades such as Saint Bernardus of Clairvaux) that any war condoned by the Pope can legitimately be called a Crusade, without distinguishing cause, reason, nor its place.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

This broad definition includes acts of assault on idolaters and heretics such as the Albigensian Crusade, the Northern Crusade, and the Husite Crusade.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

This definition also includes wars for political gain and control of territories such as the Aragonese Crusade in Sicily, the Crusade that Sri Pope Inocensius III promulgated against the Markward of Anweiler in 1202, [7] and those expelled against the people of Stedingen, some Wars The cross that was proclaimed (by different popes) against Emperor Friedrich II and his sons, [8] two crusades incurred against the opponents of King Henry III of England, [9] and the act of reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Christians. [10]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The point of view of the generalists.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Generalists viewed the Crusades as all sorts of holy wars related to the Latin Church and which were carried out as martial acts.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Popularist viewpoint.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Popularists limited the understanding of the Crusades as wars characterized by a crowded audience movement on religious grounds, namely only the first Crusade, and perhaps the People's Crusade. [4]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The term used as a common designation for Muslims at the time was “Sarasen”; before the 16th century, the terms “Muslim” and “Islam” were rarely used by Europeans. [11]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The term “Sarasen” in Greek (Σαρακηνοή, Sarakēnoí) and Latin (Saraceni) comes from a designation in the first millennium for non-Arab peoples inhabiting the desert areas around the Province of Arabia Petrea. [12]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

This term was also used as a designation for Arab tribes, and in the 12th century became a tribal marker of nations and religions synonymous with the word “Muslim” in Medieval Latin literature. [13]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The terms “Franka” (Faranji or Faranggi) and “Latini” (Latini) were used as designations for Western Europeans during the Crusades, to distinguish them from “Greeks” (Eastern Christians). [14] [15] Muslim chroniclers of the Middle Ages such as Ali ibn al-Athir calls the Crusades the “wars of the Franka people” (Arabic: حروب الفرنجة, hurubul faranjah).


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The term used as the equivalent of “Crusade” in modern Arabic is “crusading campaigns” (Arabic: حملات صليبية, hamalāt ṣalībiyah).


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

This modern Arabic term is actually an uptake and translation of the term “Crusade” used in Western historiography. [16]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Historical writing During the time of the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation in the 16th century, historians viewed the War-Crusades through the spectacles of their respective religious beliefs.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Protestants view it as a form of papal evil, and Catholics view it as a coercion of force for good. [17]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Historians of the Enlightenment Ages tend to view the Middle Ages in general, and those Crusades specifically, as various efforts from barbaric cultures driven by fanaticism. [18]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

At the beginning of the Romantic period in the 19th century, the harsh view of the Crusades and its era had softened; [19] later science in the century emphasized specificity and detail. [20]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The academics of the Enlightenment Ages from the 18th century and modern Western historians expressed moral outrage at the conduct of the crusaders.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In the 1950s Steven Runciman wrote, “The lofty ideals are tarnished by cruelty and greed...


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Those Holy Wars are nothing more than an act of intolerance long in the name of God”. [21]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The 20th century produced three important historical writings on the Crusades: by Runciman, René Grousset, and a work by various authors edited by K. M. Stetton. [22]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

During that century, two definitions of the War-Crusades were developed; one of which included all the efforts led by the pope in West Asia and Europe, [23] but historian Thomas Madden wrote, “The crusade, first and foremost, was a war on the Jews for the sake of defending Christian faith...


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

They started it as a result of the Muslim conquest of the territories of the Jews.”


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Madden wrote that the aim of Pope Urbanus was that “Christians from the East should be freed from the humiliating and cruel conditions under Muslim rule. “[24]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

After the fall of Akko in 1291, European support for the War-Crusades continued despite criticism from various peoples of the times (for example Roger Bacon, who believed that the wars were ineffective: “Those who survive, together with their children, is more and more hurt to his heart against the Christian faith”). [25]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

According to historian Norman Davies, the War-Crusades contradicted the Peace and Truce for God's sake espoused by Pope Urbanus and strengthened links between militarism, feudalism, and the Western Christian world.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The establishment of military religious orders surprised the Orthodox Byzantines, and the crusaders plundered the countries they travelled through on their way east.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

By breaking their oath to return territory to the Byzantines, they often defended the territory for their own dimilki. [26] [27] [28] The onset of the People's Crusade initiated a pogrom in the Rhineland and the massacre of thousands of Jews in Central Europe; During the late 19th century, these crusades were used by some Jewish historians to support Zionism. [29]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Fourth Crusade resulted in raiding over Constantinople, thus effectively ending any chance of reconciling East—West Schism and causing the fall of the Byzantine Empire to Ottoman power.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Historians of the Enlightenment Ages criticized the mistarget of the wars—particularly the Fourth Crusade — which attacked a Christian power (the Byzantine Empire) instead of Islamic power.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

David Nicolle mentions the controversy of the Fourth Crusade in his “betrayal” of his work Byzantine, [30] and in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Edward Gibbon wrote that the efforts of the crusaders would be more effective if they improved their nations own. [26]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Background After Muslim forces defeated the Byzantines in the Battle of Yarmuk in 636, Palestine came under the control of the Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbasids, and the Fatimiyads. [31] [32] [33] The political relations, trade, and tolerance between the Arab and Christian states of Europe experienced the tides ebbed until 1072, when the Fatimiyads lost control of Palestine and passed to the rapidly expanding Greater Seljuk Empire. [34]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Although the Fatimiyah caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ordered the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, his successors allowed the Byzantine Empire to rebuild it. [35]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Muslim rulers allowed pilgrimage by Catholics to holy places.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Christian settlers were considered dzimmi and interfered marriages were not uncommon. [36]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Cultures and beliefs coexist and compete with each other, but the conditions of the border regions are hostile to Catholic merchants and pilgrims. [37]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The disruption of pilgrimage due to the conquest of the Seljuk Turks sparked support for the Crusades in Western Europe. [38]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Byzantine Empire undertook territorial expansion in the early 10th century through Basilius II who exhausted most of his power for half a century by undertaking various conquests.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Although he bequeathed an increase in property, he abandoned domestic affairs and neglected the duty to incorporate the results of his conquests into the Byzantine ecumene.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

None of Basilius' successors had political or military talent, and the task of governing the Empire was increasingly left to the civil service.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Their efforts to restore the Byzantine economy into prosperity even fueled inflation.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

To balance the increasingly unstable budget, Basilius' permanent army was disbanded and his thematic army replaced with tagmata.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

After the defeat of Byzantine forces in 1071 in the Battle of Manzikert, the Seljuk Turks controlled almost the entirety of Anatolia and the empire often experienced civil war. [39]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the rule of the Muslims began in the 8th century, reaching its turning point with the recapture of Toledo in 1085. [40]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Although in the Council of Clermont of 1095 [41] Pope Urbanus II had compared the wars of Iberia to the First Crusade he described, but the status of a new crusade was obtained through Pope Kallistus II's encyclical of 1123. [42]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

After this encyclical, the papacy declared Iberian crusades in 1147, 1193, 1197, 1210, 1212, 1221, and 1229.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Crusader privileges were also granted to those assisting the major military orders (the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitalis) and the Iberian orders who were ultimately joined by both major orders: the Order of Calatrava and the Order of Santiago.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

From 1212 to 1265 the Christian kingdoms of Iberia urged Muslims all the way to Keamiran Granada at the southern tip of the peninsula.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In 1492 the city was conquered, Jews and Jews were forced out of the peninsula. [43]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

An aggressively reformist papacy ran into disputes with the secular monarchies of the West and the Eastern Empire, causing the East—West Schism [44] and the Coronation Controversy (which began around 1075 and continued during the First Crusade).


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The papacy began to assert its independence from secular rulers and lay out reasons for the precise use of armed force by Catholic circles.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The result was strict piety, an interest in religious matters, and religious propaganda advocating a righteous war to reclaim Palestine from the Jews.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The majority view is that non-Christians cannot be forced to accept Christian baptism or be physically attacked for having a different faith, but there are minorities who believe that forced conversions and reprisals can be justified due to rejection of government and faith Christian. [45]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Participation in such wars is seen as a form of penitence that can compensate for the loss of sin. [46]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In Europe, the Germans expanded at the expense of the Slavs [47] and Sicily was conquered by a Norman adventurer named Robert Guiscard in 1072. [48]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Emperor Alexius I Komnenus requested military assistance (likely mercenaries to strengthen his tag) from Pope Urbanus II at the Council of Piacenza of 1095 to combat the Seljuks; he excessively recounted the dangers facing the Eastern Empire in order to be able to obtain troops that it needs. [49]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

On 27 November 1095, in the Council of Clermont attended by nearly 300 French clerics, Pope Urbanus raised issues concerning the problems taking place in the East and the struggles of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire against the Muslims.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The five main sources about information related to this council are: Gesta Francorum (The Deeds of the Franka Nation), an anonymous work related between the years 1100—1101; Fulcher of Chartres, a priest who attended this council; Robert the Monk, who probably attended it; Baldric, Bishop The Great of Dol, and Guibert of Nogent (which did not attend him).


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The reports are in the form of backward review posts that are very much different between one and the other. [50]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In his work Historia Iherosolimitana of 1106—1107, Robert the Monk wrote that Pope Urbanus asked western Christians to aid the Byzantine Empire because of “Deus vult” (“God wills it”) and promised absolution for its participants; according to other sources, the pope It promises an indulgence.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In those reports, Pope Urbanus stressed to reclaim the Holy Land rather than simply helping the emperor and he listed the egregious abuses allegedly committed by Muslims.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The crusade was called across France; Pope Urbanus wrote to those “who await in Flandria” that the Turk nation, in addition to destroying “the churches of God in the eastern territories”, had seized “the Holy City of Christ, which is adorned by his miserability and resurrection—and is blasphemy to say it—having sold him and his churches into heinous servitude”.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Although the pope did not explicitly call the reconquest of Jerusalem, he called for a military “liberation” of the Eastern Churches and appointed Adhemar of Le Puy to lead this crusade (which began on August 15, on the commemoration of Mary Appointed to Heaven). [51]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

History of Crusade I (1096—1099) and its immediate aftermath JMPL|250px|First Crusade route in Asia.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In 1095 Pope Urbanus II in Rome received an emissary of Byzantine Emperor Alexius I of Constantinople seeking emergency assistance to deal with the threat of the Turk nation.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The pope acted immediately and undertook a crusade with the aim of securing access to holy places.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Historian Paul Everett Pierson said that he also “hoped that if the crusaders helped the Church of the East by defeating the Turks, the Church would be reunited under his leadership. “[52]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Insiprated by the preaching of Pope Urbanus II, Peter the Hermit led as many as 20,000 people, mostly peasants, towards the Holy Land shortly after Easter in 1096. [53]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

When they arrived in Germany in the spring of 1096, crusader units began a Rhineland massacre in the cities of Speyer, Worms, Mainz, and Cologne, despite efforts by Catholic bishops to protect the Jews.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Its main leaders were for example Emicho and Peter the Hermit.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

This anti-Jewish activity has a wide range, ranging from limited spontaneous violence to full-scale military attacks on Jewish communities in Mainz and Cologne. [54]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

This was the first major event related to anti-Jewish violence in Europe, and was cited by Zionists in the 19th century as the need for a Jewish state. [55]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

When the group reached the Byzantine Empire, Emperor Alexius urged them to wait for the western nobles, but they insisted on continuing and fell in an ambush by the Turks outside the city of Nicea, where only about 3,000 men managed to escape self. [56]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Bala crusaders who officially departed from France and Italy in August and September 1096.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The large number of troops was divided into four parts, which traveled separately towards Constantinople. [57] [58] If taking into account people other than fighters, the western forces might number as many as 100,000 men. [59]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The troops traveled eastward by road to Constantinople, where they received a cautious welcome from the Byzantine Emperor. [60]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

His main forces, mostly composed of Norman and French knights under the leadership of the barons, promised to return lost territories to the empire and they marched south through Anatolia. [61] [62] [63] These leaders of the First Crusade for example Godefroy of Bouillon, Robert Curthose, Hugues I of Vermandois, Baudouin of Boulogne, Tancred of Hauteville, Raymond IV of Toulouse, Bohemond of Taranto, Robert II of Flandria, and Étienne, Comte Blois.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The King of France and Heinrich IV, Holy Roman Emperor, were in conflict with the Pope and did not participate. [64]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Bala crusaders initially fought against the Turks in the Siege of Antioch which lasted quite a long time, beginning as early as October 1097 and ending June 1098.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

When they entered Antioch, the crusaders massacred the Muslim population and plundered the city.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

However a large number of Muslim troops led by Kerboga soon besieged the crusaders, who were then inside Antioch.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Bohemond of Taranto successfully regrouped the crusaders and defeated Kerboga on June 28. [65]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Bohemond and his army remained in control of the city, despite having promised to return it to Alexius. [66]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Most of the remaining crusaders moved south, moving from city to city along the coast, and finally arrived in Jerusalem on June 7, 1099 with only a fraction of their original force. [67]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Jews and Muslims fought together to defend Jerusalem in the face of the Franka invasion, but the crusaders made their way into the city on July 15, 1099.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

They began to massacre Muslim and Jewish civilians, as well as looting or destroying mosques or cities themselves. [68]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In his Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem, Raymond D'Aguilers exalts acts that would be regarded as atrocities from a modern point of view. [69]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

As a result of the First Crusade, four major crusader states were created: Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and Jerusalem. [70]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

At a popular level, the First Crusade was considered to unleash a wave of pious and emotional Catholic anger, which was expressed in the massacre of the Jews that accompanied the crusades [71] and the cruel treatment of “schismatic” Orthodox Christians from east. [72]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

After the First Crusade took place the second, less successful crusade and was called the Crusade of 1101, in which the Turks led by Kilij Arslan I defeated the crusaders in three separate battles. [73]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

12th century In the early 12th century, the practice of crusades of a smaller scale continued to take place.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Pope Kallistus II decreed the Venetian Crusade which took place in 1122—1124; [74] the visits of Foulques V, Comte Anjou, in 1120 and 1129 as well as Konrad III of Germany in 1124 resulted in the recognition of the Knights Templar by Pope Honorius II.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The granting of indulgences by Pope Innocensius II in 1135 for involvement in crusades for those opposed to papal enemies is seen by some historians as the beginning of politically motivated crusades. [75]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The crusader states were initially secure, but Imad ad-Din Zengi, after being appointed governor of Mosul in 1127, captured Aleppo in 1128 and Edessa (Urfa) in 1144. [76]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

These defeats led Pope Eugenius III to call for another crusade on 1 March 1145. [77]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

This new crusade was supported by various preachers, the most famous of whom was Bernardus of Clairvaux. [78]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

French and German troops, led by Kings Louis VII and Konrad III respectively, moved towards Jerusalem in 1147 and also carried out a siege over Damascus, but failed to obtain a single important victory. [79]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Meanwhile a group of crusaders from northern Europe stopped in Portugal and allied with the king of Portugal, Afonso I, to reclaim Lisbon from the Muslims in 1147. [80]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

A detachment from this crusader group helped Comte Ramón Berenguer IV of Barcelona to conquer the city of Tortosa the following year. [81]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In the Holy Land, both the French and German monarchs had returned to their respective countries in 1150 without any single meaningful change.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Bernardus of Clairvaux, who through his sermons encouraged participation in the Second Crusade, was dismayed by the violence and massacres of the Jewish population in the Rhineland. [82]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In 1172 Heinrich the Lion, Duke of Sachsen, undertook a pilgrimage that is sometimes considered a crusade. [83]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

At the same time, the Saxons and Danes fought against the Wendi in the Wendi Crusade.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Wendi defeated the Danes; the Saxons did not make a significant enough contribution to the crusade. [84]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The crusades continued while no official papal bulla was issued to authorize the passage of new crusades. [85]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Heinrich restarted efforts to conquer the Wendi in 1160, and they were defeated by him in 1162. [86]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Saladin built a unity of opposition forces and presented a new threat to Latin countries. [87]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

After his victory at the Battle of Hattin, he easily defeated the crusaders who disbanded Berai in 1187 and recaptured Jerusalem on September 29 of that year.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The terms of the agreement were arranged and the city surrendered; Saladin entered the city on October 2. [88]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

According to Benedict of Peterborough, Pope Urbanus III died of deep grief on 19 October 1187 after hearing the news of the defeat. [89]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

On 29 October Pope Gregory VIII issued a papal bulla, Audita tremendi, which enforced the convening of the Third Crusade.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Friedrich I, Holy Roman Emperor, Philippe II of France, and Richard I of England planned to retake Jerusalem and they organized their respective forces.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Friedrich died en route to Jerusalem; some of his troops were able to reach the Holy Land.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Two other troops made it to but were engulfed in political bickering.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Philippe returned to France, abandoning most of his army.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Richard conquered the Island of Cyprus from the Byzantines in 1191 as shipwreck survivors including his sister were taken captive by the island's ruler, Isaakius Komnenos. [90]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

He then recaptured the city of Akko after a long siege.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Bala crusaders traveled south along the Mediterranean coast, defeated the Muslims near Arsuf, and recaptured the port city of Yafo.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

They had been near Jerusalem, but lack of supplies forced them to end this crusade without seizing Jerusalem. [91]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Richard abandoned him the following year after negotiating a treaty with Saladin.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The provisions permitted unarmed Catholics to make pilgrimages to Jerusalem and permitted merchants to trade. [92]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Heinrich VI, Holy Roman Emperor, initiated the German Crusade in 1197 to fulfill promises made by his father, Friedrich.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Leaded by Konrad of Wittelsbach, Archbishop of Mainz, the troops arrived in Akko and captured the cities of Sidon and Beirut.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

But most of those crusaders returned to Germany after Heinrich died. [93]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

13th century When Pope Celestinus III called for a crusade against pagans in Northern Europe in 1193, Bishop Berthold of Hanover led a large number of troops to defeat him and he died in 1198.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In response to the defeat, Pope Innocensius III issued a papal bulla declaring a crusade against ethnic Livonians who mostly adhered to paganism. [94]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Albrecht von Buxthoeven, after being consecrated as bishop in 1199, arrived the following year with a great power and made Riga the throne of his diocese in 1201.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In 1202 he formed the Livonian Knights to help him convert pagans into Catholicism and, more importantly, to protect German trade.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Those ethnic Livonians were conquered and converted between 1202 and 1209. [95]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In 1217 Pope Honorius III declared a crusade against the Prussians, [96] and in 1226 Konrad I of Masovia granted Chełmno to the Teutonic Knights as a base for this crusade. [97]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In 1236 the Knights of Livonia were defeated by the Lithuanians at Saule, and in 1237 Pope Gregory IX merged the remnants of that military order into the Teutonic Knights as the Livonian Order. [98]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In 1249 the Teutonic Knights completed their conquest of the Old Prussians, and commanded him as lords of the German emperors.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

They then conquered and converted Lithuanians, a process that lasted until the 1380s. [99] The order failed to conquer the Orthodox Russians, particularly the Republics of Pskov and Novgorod (with support from Pope Gregory IX), as part of the Northern Crusade.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In 1240 Novgorod forces defeated the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva, [100] and two years later they defeated the Livonian Order in the Battle on the Ice. [101]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Pope Innosensius III began preaching in England, Germany, and particularly France, on what later became the Fourth Crusade in 1200. [102]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

It became a kind of vehicle for the political ambitions of the Doge Enrico Dandolo of Venice (a vasal state from the Byzantines at the time) and the German King Philip of Swabia, who sanctioned Irene from the Byzantines.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Dandolo saw an opportunity to expand Venetian power in the Near East and break free of Byzantine entanglements; Philip saw the crusade as an opportunity to return his exiled nephew, Alexius IV Angelus, to the Byzantine throne. [103]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Although the crusaders made a contract with the Venetians for a fleet and supplies to transport them to the Holy Land, they could not afford to pay because the number of knights arriving in Venice was too little.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Wherefore they agreed to divert the crusade to Constantinople and share what could be usurped as payment.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

As his assurance the crusaders captured the Christian city of Zara on November 24, 1202, and all of them involved were excommunicated by Pope Innosensius who was shocked because of that event. [104]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

They met limited resistance in their initial siege of Constantinople, by sailing down the Dardanelles and breaching the sea walls.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Alexius IV Angelus died strangled after an imperial coup, thus thwarting their efforts, and they repeated the siege in April 1204.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

This time the city was plundered, churches robbed, and many inhabitants murdered; the crusaders divided this empire into various Latin fiefs and Venetian colonies.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Lastly, the defense of La Cava and Nicosia is envisaged. [105]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In April 1205 the crusaders were defeated by the Bulgars and the remnants of the Greeks in Adrianople, where Kaloyan of Bulgaria captured and imprisoned the new Latin emperor, Baudouin of Flandria. [106] [107] Despite regretting those actions, the papacy on initially supported the reunification of the Eastern and Western churches by force. [108]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Fourth Crusade effectively led to the existence of two Roman Empires in the East: a Latin empire in the strait (Constantinople) that survived until 1261 and a Byzantine enclave that ruled from Nicea, which later managed to regain it with took advantage of the absence of Venetian fleet


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

After all Venice is the sole heir or beneficiary. [109]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Although the Albigensian Crusade was held in 1208 to overcome the Cathars (Albigens) of Oceania (present-day southern France), the long struggle over the decades harbored much desire from northern France to extend its control southwards as it did by combating such heretics.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Cathars were eventually driven underground, and southern France lost its independence. [110]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In 1221 Pope Honorius III asked King András II to address the heretics in Bosnia, and Hungarian troops responded to additional papal requests in 1234 and 1241; the campaign which later ended with a Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1241.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Bosnian Church is theologically Catholic, but its schism with the Roman Catholic Church lasted until well past the late Middle Ages. [111]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Pope Innocensius III declared that a new crusade would begin in 1217, and he organized the Lateran Council IV in 1215.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

These crusaders were mostly from Germany, Flandria, and Frisia, with large numbers of troops from Hungary led by András II and additional troops led by Duke Luitpold VI of Austria.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

András and Luitpold arrived in Akko in October 1217, but few results were achieved and András returned to Hungary in January 1218.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

After the arrival of more crusaders, Luitpold and Jerusalem's King Jean of Brienne besieged Damietta in Egypt; [112] they seized it in November 1219.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Continued efforts by Pelagio Galvani, a papal legatus, to move further into Egypt were fruitless. [113]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Being blocked by the forces of the Ayyubiyyah Sultan Al-Kamil, the crusaders were forced to surrender.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Al-Kamil forced the reinstatement of Damietta, agreed to a truce for 8 years, and the crusaders left Egypt. [114]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

After repeatedly breaking his oath in crusades, Emperor Friedrich II was excommunicated. [115]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

He finally sailed from Brindisi, landing at Akko in September 1228 after a stop in Cyprus. [116]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Friedrich agreed on a peace treaty with Al-Kamil which allowed Latin Christians to take control of most of Jerusalem and the passage from Akko to Jerusalem, with the Muslims taking control of their holy areas in Jerusalem.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In return, Friedrich promised to protect Al-Kamil against all enemies even if they were Christians. [117]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

After the Sixth Crusade took place the Crusade of the Barons, which was an attempt by King Thibaut I of Navarre in 1239 and 1240 which stemmed from Pope Gregory IX's call in 1234 to return to gathering in July 1239 after the truce ended.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In addition to Thibaut, Peter of Dreux, Hugues IV of Bourgogne and other French nobles also participated.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

They arrived in Akko in September 1239.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

After a November defeat in Gaza, Thibaut arranged two treaties—one with the Ayyubiyads of Damascus and the other with the Ayyubiyah of Egypt—which returned territory to the countries that were incorporated in the crusade but led to discontent among crusaders.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Thibaut returned to Europe in September 1240; Richard of Cornwall, younger brother of King Henry III of England, took the cross and arrived at Akko a few weeks later.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

After enforcing his treaty of Thibaut, Richard left the Holy Land to return to Europe in May 1241. [118]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

During the summer of 1244 Khwarezmia forces sent by al-Kamil's son, namely as-Salih Ayyub, attacked and took over Jerusalem.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Franka allied themselves with Isma'il, Ayyub's uncle, and al-Mansur Ibrahim, amir of Ḥim; their combined forces entered the battle at La Forbie in Gaza.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The crusaders and their allies were defeated within 48 hours by Khwarezmia forces. [119]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

King Louis IX of France organized a crusade after taking the cross in December 1244, preaching and recruiting between 1245 to 1248. [120]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Louis' forces sailed from France in May 1249, landing in Egypt near Damietta on 5 June 1249.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

After floods from the Nile receded, the troops moved inland in November and by February had been near Mansura.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

They were defeated, and Louis was captured as he retreated back to Damietta. [121]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

He was ransomed for 800,000 bezants, and was agreed to a truce for 10 years.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Louis went to Syria, settling there until 1254 to strengthen and solidify the kingdom of Jerusalem. [122]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In 1256 the Venetians were expelled from Tyre, setting in motion the War of Saint Sabas over the territory in Akko claimed by Genoa and Venice. [123]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Although the Venetians conquered the disputed territory (by destroying the blockhouse of St. Sabas), they were unable to expel the Genoese.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

During the 14-month blockade, Genoa allied with Philippe of Montfort, John of Arsuf, and the Knights Hospitalis; while Venice was supported by Comte Yafo and the Knights Templar. [124]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In 1261 the Genoese could be expelled but Pope Urbanus IV, worried about the impact of the war on the defense of the Mongols, organized a peace council. [125]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The conflict continued in 1264 when the Genoese received help from Mikhael VIII Palaiologos, Emperor of Nicea, and Venice was unsuccessful in its attempt to conquer Tyre.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Both sides used Muslim soldiers (especially Turkopol) to fight their Christian enemies, and the Genoese established an alliance with the Egyptian Sultan Baibars. [126]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

This war significantly impaired the ability of those empires in the face of external threats.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In addition to religious buildings, most of the walled buildings in Akko were demolished; at one point, the town was said to have looked like it had been ravaged by Muslim forces.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

According to Rothelin, who continued the work History of William of Tyre, 20,000 people were killed in the conflict (while the crusader states were very short of warriors).


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

This war ended in 1270, and in 1288 Genoa regained its field in Akko. [127]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In 1266 Louis IX's brother, Charles, seized Sicily which had previously controlled parts of the area in the eastern Adriatic Sea, namely Kerkyra, the cities of Butrinto, Avlona, and Suboto.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Treaty of Viterbo was agreed with the exiles of Baudouin II of Constantinople and Guillaume of Villehardouin; the heirs of these two Latin princes would be married with Charles' children, and if there were no heirs then Charles would acquire the princedom and the empire.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Charles turned his brother's crusade for his own sake, he persuaded Louis to direct the so-called Eighth Crusade against the rebellious vasal of Charles, Tunis.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

But the death of Louis, the disease spreading among the crusaders, and the storm that destroyed his fleet of ships forced Charles to postpone the plans he had put together over Constantinople.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Mikhael VIII Palaiologos was alarmed by the crusade that Charles had planned to restore the Latin Empire, which had fallen in 1261, and against Charles' expansion in the Mediterranean.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Charles' plans were delayed because Michael began negotiations with Pope Gregory X for the sake of the union of the Greek and Latin churches.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In the Council of Lyon II, the unification of the churches was declared so that Charles and Philippe of Courtenay were forced to establish a truce with the Byzantines.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

This unification later proved unacceptable to Greek circles.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Michael also funded Genoa to encourage rebellions in the territories of northern Italy controlled by Charles. [128]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In 1268 Charles executed Konradin, great-grandson of Isabella of Jerusalem and the principal pretender over the throne of Jerusalem, when he seized Sicily from the Holy Roman Empire.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Charles purchased the right of overlordship of Jerusalem from Mary of Antioch, the only surviving granddaughter of Queen Isabella, thus creating a claim to match Hugues III of Cyprus (Isabella's great-granddaughter).


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Charles spent his life with efforts to supervise a Mediterranean empire; he and Louis viewed themselves as God's instruments to uphold the papacy. [129]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Louis IX ignored his advisers so in 1270 he again attacked the Arabs in Tunis.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The weather was hot, and his army was devastated by disease.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Louis died, thus ending the latter's great attempt to take over the Holy Land. [130]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

From 1265 to 1271, the mamluks led by Sultan Baibars urged the Franka to several small coastal outposts. [131]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Who later became Edward I of England promised to take part with Louis IX in his crusade, but he was late and only reached North Africa in November 1270.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

After the death of Louis, Edward went to Sicily and then to Akko in May 1271.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In any case his army was small, and he was unhappy with the truce between Baibars and King Hugues of Jerusalem.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Edward learned of his father's death and his succession to the throne occurred in December 1272, but he did not return to England until 1274 (although he achieved little achievement in the Holy Land). [132]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The conclave in 1281 that elected a French pope, namely Pope Martinus IV, brought papal power entirely to Charles's back line.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

He campaigned in Albania and Achaya, but unsuccessfully, ahead of preparations to stage his crusade (with 400 ships carrying 27,000 equestrian knights) against Constantinople.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Mikhael VIII Palaiologos allied himself with Pero III of Aragon to foment a revolt, later called the Sicilian Vespers, in which a fleet of crusader ships was abandoned and burned.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Sicilians raised Pero as king, and Wangsa Anjou Kapetia was exiled from Sicily.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Pope Martinus excommunicated Pero and staged a crusade against Aragon before Charles died in 1285, allowing Henri II of Cyprus to retake Jerusalem.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

One factor in the decline of the crusaders was the schism and conflict surrounding the interests of Latin Jews in the eastern Mediterranean.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Pope Martinus was seen as endangering the papacy by supporting Charles of Anjou, recklessly carrying out secular “war-crusades” against Sicily and Aragon thus tarnishing his spiritual glitter.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The fall of papal moral authority and the rise of nationalism rang the death bells for the practice of crusades, eventually leading to the Avignon Papacy and Western Schism.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Aragonese Crusade was declared by Pope Martinus against Pero III in 1284 and 1285, in which Pero supported anti Angevin forces (“from Anjou”) in Sicily after the Sicilian Vespers and Pope Martinus supported Charles of Anjou.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Pope Bonifasius VIII declared a crusade against Federico III of Sicily (Pero's youngest son) in 1298, but he was unable to block Federico's recognition and understanding as king of Sicily. [133]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The mainland lands of the Crusader states of the outremer vanished with the fall of Tripoli in 1289 and Akko in 1291. [134]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Most remaining Latin Christians went to various destinations within Frankokratia (“Franka's reign”), were murdered, or enslaved. [135]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The efforts of small crusading practices still existed in the 14th century; Pierre I of Cyprus seized and plundered Aleksandria in 1365 in an event known as the Aleksandrian Crusade, but his motivation was more to economic than religious interests. [136]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Louis II led the Mahdiya Crusade to fight Muslim pirates in North Africa; after a 10-week siege, the crusaders agreed on a truce for 10 years. [137]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The 14th and 15th centuries A number of crusades were carried out during the 14th and 15th centuries to deal with the expansion of the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman); the first (in 1396) was led by Sigismund of Luxemburg, king of Hungary.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Many French nobles joined Sigismund, for example Jean II of Bourgogne (son of the Duke of Bourgogne).


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Although Sigismund advised the crusaders to focus on defense when they reached Donau, they laid siege to the city of Nikopol.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Ottomans defeated them in the Battle of Nikopolis on September 25, captivating 3,000 men. [138]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Hussit Crusade, known also as the Hussit Wars or Bohemian Wars, was a military action against the followers of Jan Hus in Bohemia from 1420 to 1431.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Various crusades were declared five times during this period: the years 1420, 1421, 1422, 1427, and 1431.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The expeditions forced Hussit's forces, which disagreed with many doctrinal matters, to unite to repel the invaders.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

This war ended 1436 with the ratification of Compactata Iglau by the Church. [139]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Polish-Hungarian king Władysław Warneńczyk attacked the Ottoman-conquered territories, reaching Belgrade in January 1444; Sultan Murad II refused a truce negotiation a few days after its ratification.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Continued efforts by the crusaders ended in the Battle of Varna on November 10, an absolute Ottoman victory that led to the retreat of the crusaders.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

This withdrawal, following the Western side's last attempt to aid the Byzantine Empire, resulted in the downfall of Constantinople in 1453.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

János Hunyadi and John of Capistrano organized a crusade in 1456 to liberate Belgrade from an Ottoman siege. [140]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In April 1487 Pope Innocensius VIII called for a crusade against the Waldensians of Savoy, Piemonte, and Dauphiné in southern France and northern Italy.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The only attempt that was actually made, which resulted in little change, was at the Dauphiné. [141]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The crusader states of the First Crusade established the first four crusader states in the Eastern Mediterranean: the County of Edessa (1098—1149), the Principality of Antioch (1098—1268), the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099—1291), and the County of Tripoli (1104—although Tripoli had not been conquered until 1109—until 1289 ).


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia had existed before the Crusades, but royal status gained it from Pope Innocensius III and then gained full western influence by Wangsa Lusignan.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

According to historian Jonathan Riley-Smith, these countries were an early example of a “Europe abroad”.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

They are commonly known as outremer, from French outre-mer (“abroad”, English: overseas). [142]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Fourth Crusade established a Latin Empire in the east and allowed the division of Byzantine territory by its participants.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Latin Emperor controlled a quarter of Byzantine territory, Venice three of its debates (including three-eighths of the city of Constantinople), and the rest was divisible among other crusading leaders.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

These events predate a period of Greek history known as Frankokratia or Latinokratia (“Franka [or Latin] reign”), whereas Catholic Western European nobles—mainly from France and Italy—established states in former Byzantine territory and ruled the Greeks Byzantine Orthodox in those territories.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae is an important account of the family property and the Byzantine administrative division (episkepsis) in the early 13th century. [21]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The finances of the war-crusades cost a lot; as the number of wars grew, the costs increased.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Pope Urbanus II asked the wealthy to assist the lords of the First Crusade, such as Duke Robert of Normandy and Comte Raymond of St. Gilles, who subsidized the knights in their forces.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The total cost incurred by King Louis IX of France during the crusades of 1284—1285 is estimated at 1,537,570 livres, which is six times the king's annual income.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

This may be conservative, because the records show that Louis spent 1,000,000 livres in Palestine after the Egyptian campaign.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

War leaders requested subsidies from their subjects, [143] and derma and grants requested during the conquest of Palestine were additional sources of income.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The popes ordered that collecte boxes be placed in churches and, from the middle of the 12th century, granted indulgences in exchange for donations and grants given. [144]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Military Orders, especially the Templar and Hospitalist orders, played an important role in providing support for the Crusader States, as they provided an army of highly trained and motivated soldiers who were decisive in Christian moments. [145]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Knights Hospitalis and Templars became international organizations, with various depots throughout Western Europe and in the East.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Teutonic Knights focused on the Baltic, and the Spanish military orders of Santiago, Calatrava, Alcántara, and Montesa were concentrated in the Iberian Peninsula.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Order Hospitalis (the Knights of the Order of the Hospital of Saint John Jerusalem) was founded in Jerusalem before the First Crusade but its mission has been much further expanded since the Crusades began. [146]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

After the fall of Akko they moved to the Island of Cyprus, conquering and ruling Rodos Island (1309—1522) and Malta (1530—1801).


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Templar Order (the Fellow Soldiers of the Poor from Christ and from Solomon's Temple) was founded in 1118 to protect pilgrims on their way to Jerusalem.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

They became rich and powerful through banking and realestat.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

In 1322 the King of France suppressed this order ostensibly due to cases of sodomy, witchcraft, and heretics, but likely for political and financial reasons. [147]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The roles of women, children, and classes of women were closely related to the War-crusades; they assisted in recruitment, took over the responsibilities of the crusaders in their absence, also provided moral and financial support. [148] [149] Historians argue that The most significant role played by women in the West is maintaining the status quo. [150]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The landholders who went to the Holy Land left control of their property to the overseers who were often their wives or mothers.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Since the Church was aware of risks to family and property that might weaken the spirit of the crusaders, the special protection of the papacy was a privilege in the practice of crusades. [151]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

A number of aristocratic women participated in the war-crusades, for example Aliénor of Aquitaine (who joined her husband, Louis VII). [152]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Non-aristocratic women also served in positions such as washermen. [150]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

More controversial are women taking an active role (contrary to their femininity); reports of women participating in battle are mainly told by Muslim historians, who describe Christian women who killed cruelly and amoral. [153]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Children's Crusade is said to be a Catholic movement in France and Germany in 1212 that sought to reach the Holy Land.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Its traditional narrative may be a blend of some factual and mythical sense from the period that includes a visibility from a young German or French man, an intention to peacefully convert Jews in the Holy Land to adherents of Christianity, a group consisting of several thousand young men who traveled to Italy, and children who were sold as slaves. [154]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

A study published in 1977 cast doubt on the existence of these events, and many historians believe that they were (or primarily) not children but a group of “wandering poor” in Germany and France, which some of them sought to reached the Holy Land and some others who never intended to do so. [155] [156] [157] [158] Three attempts to join the crusade were made by peasants during the middle of the 1250s and early 14th centuries.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The first, the Crusade of the Shepherds (1251), was canvassed in northern France.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

After a meeting with Blanca of Castile, the movement became disorganized and was dissolved by the government. [159]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The second, in 1309, occurred in England, northeastern France, and Germany; as many as 30,000 peasants arrived in Avignon before it was later disbanded. [160]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The third, in 1320, became a series of attacks on the clergy and Jews that it was finally forcibly dissolved. [161]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

However this “crusade” was mainly seen as a rebellion against the French monarchy.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Jews had been allowed to return to France, having previously been expelled in 1306; all debts owed to the Jews prior to their expulsion were billed by the monarchy, thus triggering the occurrence of Pastoureaux (the term used to call this movement). [162]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Relics of Western Europeans in the East adopted local customs, viewed themselves as citizens of their new homes and interfered marriages occurred. [163]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

This led to the existence of people and cultures descended from the remnants of the European population in the crusader countries, especially the French Levantines in Lebanon, Palestine, and Turkey.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Merchants from the maritime republics around the Middle Sea or Mediterranean (Venice, Genoa, Ragusa) continued their lives in Constantinople, Smirna, and other parts of Anatolia as well as the eastern Mediterranean coast during the middle of the Byzantine and Ottoman eras.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

These people, known as Franko-Levantin (French Levantin; Frankolevantini; Italian: Levantini; Greek: Φραγκολεβαντίνοι; and Turkish: Levantenler, Tatlısu Frenkleri), constitute Roman Catholics.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The crusades at the time influenced the attitude of the Western Church towards warfare; regular calls for crusades were said to accustom clergy to violent acts.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

They also sparked a debate around the legitimacy of seizing land and ownership from pagans on purely religious grounds which again came to the surface during the Exploration Age in the 15th and 16th centuries. [164]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The need for crusading practices encouraged the development of secular governments, which were not all positively impacted; resources used in warfare were supposed to be able to be used by developing countries for local as well as regional needs. [165]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

As its prestige and power were raised by the War-Crusades, the papal curia at the time became in greater control over the western Church and expanded the papal system of taxation through Western ecclesiastical structures.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The system of indulgences grew significantly in Europe in late medieval times and triggered the Protestant Reformation in the early 16th century. [166]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Although the Albigensian Crusade was intended to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, it acquired the mainland with closer language and cultural ties to Catalunya.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

This crusade also played a role in the formation and institutionalization of the Dominicans Order and the Medieval Inquisition. [167]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The persecution of Jews in Crusade I became part of a long history of antisemitism in Europe. [168]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The need to raise, transport, and supply troops in large numbers led to a rise in trade activity between Europe and the outremer.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Genoa and Venice experienced development with the presence of profitable trading colonies in the crusader states of the Holy Land and (later) in the captured Byzantine territories. [169]


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

See also Milkhemet Mitzvah Religious Wars Reference Bibliography Harris, Jonathan (2014), Byzantium and the Crusades, Bloomsbury, 2nd ed. ISBN 978-1-78093-767-0 CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) Advanced information Advanced reading Introduction Missing or empty |title= (help) Cobb, Paul M.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades (Oxford University Press, 2014) Hillenbrand, Carole.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Crusades, Islamic Perspectives. (2000) Holt, P.M.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517. (2nd ed. 2014) Jotischky, Andrew.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Crusades: a beginner's guide (Oneworld Publications, 2015) Madden, Thomas F.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Concise History of the Crusades (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014) Murray, Alan V., ed.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Crusades to the Holy Land: The Essential Reference Guide (ABC-CLIO, 2015) Phillips, Jonathan.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Holy Warriors: A Modern History of the Crusades (2010) Phillips, Jonathan.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Crusades, 1095—1204 (2nd ed. Routledge, 2014) Riley-Smith, Jonathan, ed.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Atlas of the Crusades (1991) Riley-Smith, Jonathan.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Crusades, Christianity, and Islam (2011) Riley-Smith, Jonathan.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Crusades: A history (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014) Special Studies of Boas, Adrian J. Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape, and Art in the Holy City under Frankish Rule (2001) Bull, Marcus, and Norman Housley, eds.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Experience of Crusading Volume 1, Western Approaches. (2003) Edbury, Peter, and Jonathan Phillips, eds.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Experience of Crusading Volume 2, Defining the Crusader Kingdom. (2003) Florean, Dana.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

“East Meets West: Cultural Confrontation and Exchange after the First Crusade.”


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Language & Intercultural Communication, 2007, Vol. 7 Issue 2, pp.144—151 Folda, Jaroslav.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Crusader Art in the Holy Land, From the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre (2005) France, John.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade (1996) Harris, Jonathan, Byzantium and the Crusades, Bloomsbury, 2nd ed. (2014) ISBN 978-1-78093-767-0 Hillenbrand, Car.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (1999) Housley, Norman.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Later Crusades, 1274—1580: From Lyons to Alcazar (1992) James, Douglas.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

“Christians and the First Crusade.”


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

History Review (Dec 2005), Issue 53 Kagay, Donald J., and L. J. Andrew Villalon, eds. Crusaders, Condottieri, and Cannon: Medieval Warfare in Societies around the Mediterranean. (2003) Maalouf, Amin.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Crusades Through Arab Eyes (1989) Madden, Thomas F. et al., eds. Crusades Medieval Worlds in Conflict (2010) Peters, Edward.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Christian Society and the Crusades, 1198—1229 (1971) Powell, James M. Anatomy of a Crusade, 1213—1221, (1986) Queller, Donald E., and Thomas F. Madden.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople (2nd ed. 1999) Riley-Smith, Jonathan.The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. (1986) Runciman, Steven.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

A History of the Crusades: Volume 2, The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East (1952); A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades (1954); the classic 20th century history Setton, Kenneth ed. ,


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

A History of the Crusades. (1969—1989), the standard scholarly history in six volumes, published by the University of Wisconsin Press Includes: (2nd ed. 1969); (1969); (1975); (1977); (1985); (1989) Smail, R. C. “Crusaders' Castles of the Twelfth Century” Cambridge Historical Journal Vol. 10, Nos. 2. (1951), pp.133—149.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Stark, Rodney.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

God's Battalions: The Case for the Crusades (2010) Tyerman, Christopher.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

England and the Crusades, 1095—1588. (1988) Historiography of Constable, Giles.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

“The Historiography of the Crusades” in Angeliki E. Laiou, ed.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World (2001) Illston, James Michael.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

'An Entirely Masculine Activity'?


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Women and War in the High and Late Middle Ages Reconsidered (MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 2009) Madden, Thomas F. ed.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

The Crusades: The Essential Readings (2002) Powell, James M.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

“The Crusades in Recent Research,” The Catholic Historical Review (2009) 95 #2 pp 313—19 Rubenstein, Jay.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

“In Search of a New Crusade: A Review Essay,” Historically Speaking (2011) 12 #2 pp 25—27 von Güttner-Sporzyński, Darius.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

“Recent Issues in Polish Historiography of the Crusades” in Judi Upton-Ward, The Military Orders: Volume 4, On Land and by Sea (2008), Primary Sources Barber, Malcolm, Bate, Keith (2010).


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th—13th Centuries (Crusade Texts in Translation Volume 18, Ashgate Publishing Ltd) Bird, Jessalynn, et al. eds. Crusade and Christendom: Annotated Documents in Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre, 1187—1291 (2013) Housley, Norman, ed. Documents on the Later Crusades, 1274—1580 (1996) Shaw, M. R. B. Ed.Chronicles of the Crusades (1963) Villehardouin, Geoffrey, and Jean de Joinville.


Question: how long is the Second Crusade?

The Crusades

Chronicles of the Crusades ed. by Sir Frank Marzials (2007) Outside links through Boise State University ed. by E. L. Knox, Paul Crawford, 1999 —an international organization of professional Crusade scholars —contains articles and primary sources related to the Crusades — a website about the Crusades Category:Jewish History Category:Christian History Category:History of Jerusalem Category:Islamic History Category:Religion and violence


Question: What is the definition of civilization?

Civilization

Civilization or tamadun has various meanings in relation to human society.


Question: What is the definition of civilization?

Civilization

Often the term is used to refer to a “complex” society: characterized by practices in agriculture, handiwork and settlement, compared to other cultures, the members of a civilization will be arranged in complex divisions of labor within a hierarchical structure social.


Question: What is the definition of civilization?

Civilization

Terminology The term civilization is often used as a broader equation of the term “culture” popular in academic circles. [1]


Question: What is the definition of civilization?

Civilization

Where every human being can participate in a culture, which can be interpreted as “art, customs, customs... beliefs, values, behavioral materials and customs in traditions that constitute a way of life of society”. [2]


Question: What is the definition of civilization?

Civilization

However, in the most widely used definition, civilization is a relatively and complex descriptive term for agriculture and city culture.


Question: What is the definition of civilization?

Civilization

Civilization can be distinguished from other cultures by its complexity and social organization and diverse economic and cultural activities.


Question: What is the definition of civilization?

Civilization

In an old understanding but still often used is the term “civilization” can be used in a normative way both in social contexts where complicated and cultural cities are considered superior to other “ferocious” or “savage” cultures, the concept of “civilization” is used as a synonym for “cultural (and often moral) Excellence of a particular group.”


Question: What is the definition of civilization?

Civilization

In the same sense, civilization can mean “improvement of thought, manners, or taste”. [3] societies that practice agriculture intensively; have a division of labor; and sufficient population density to form cities.


Question: What is the definition of civilization?

Civilization

“Civilization” can also be used in broad contexts to refer to the entire or extent of human achievement and its spread (human civilization or global civilization).


Question: What is the definition of civilization?

Civilization

The term civilization itself can actually be used as an attempt by man to improve himself and his life.


Question: What is the definition of civilization?

Civilization

So, in a civilization will definitely not be released from the three factors that are the milestones of the founding of a civilization.


Question: What is the definition of civilization?

Civilization

The three factors are government system, economic system, and science and technology.


Question: What is the definition of civilization?

Civilization

Early civilizations Early civilizations are believed to have started from an area of Mesopotamia known as the Hilal Fertile area.


Question: What is the definition of civilization?

Civilization

This notion was concocted by James Henry Breasted, University of Chicago archaeologist, in his written work entitled Ancient Records of Egypt (1906).


Question: What is the definition of civilization?

Civilization

But there are at least five other ideas about the beginning of modern human civilization.


Question: What is the definition of civilization?

Civilization

The most famous are the civilizations of Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley (an area of modern Pakistan), Mexico which has an ancient Maya civilization, and the Peruvian culture (Peruvian Norte Chico) which has artifacts as old as civilizations in Mesopotamia (circa 3,000 BC).


Question: What is the definition of civilization?

Civilization

See also Culture Art Reference Outlinks Maps to be combined and compared Category:Anthropology Category:Cultural history


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark) is the most minor, and southernmost Nordic country.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Denmark is located about southwest from Sweden and south from Norway.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

The country is located in Scandinavia, Northern Europe so it belongs to the European Union but is not in the Scandinavian Peninsula.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Denmark borders the Baltic Sea and the North Sea.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

It includes a peninsula in northern Germany named Jylland (Jutlandia), Fyn Islands (Funen), Sjælland (Zealand), Vendsyssel-Thy, Lolland, Falster, Bornholm and hundreds of smaller islands, often called the Danish archipelago.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Denmark once long controlled the Baltic Sea.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Prior to the excavation of the Kiel Canal, the waterway to the Baltic Sea was passable only through the three Denmark Straits.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Denmark's only land boundary is with Germany, while its neighbours bounded by the sea are Sweden to the northeast, and Norway to the north.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

The country adheres to a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system of government.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Denmark has one central government, and 98 municipalities as local governments.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Denmark has been a member of the European Union since 1973, but until now has still not joined the Eurozone.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Denmark is one of the founders of NATO and the OECD.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Denmark is also a member of the OSCE.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Denmark, which adheres to the concept of a mixed-market capitalist economy as well as social welfare, is a country that has.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Based on Forbes magazine, Denmark is the country that has the best business climate [1].


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

From 2006 to 2008, surveys said that Denmark was “the most pleasant place in the world”, viewed from health, well-being, and education standards [2].


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

The 2009 Global Peace Index survey said that Denmark was ranked the second most peaceful country in the world, after New Zealand. [3]


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

In 2009, Denmark was one of the least corrupt countries in the world based on the Corruption Perceptions Index, second place after New Zealand. [4]


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

The official language, Danish, is cognate with Swedish and Norwegian, because the languages have strong historical, and cultural ties. 82% of the Danish population, and 90.3% of the Danish tribe are followers of the Lutheran church.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

As of 2010, 548,000 people (9.9% of Denmark's population) were immigrants or descendants.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

The majority (54%) are from Scandinavia or other parts of Europe, the rest are from countries in Asia and Africa.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Greenland and the Faroe Islands were territories of the kingdom of Denmark with political power of its own.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Regions (Provinces) Since January 1, 2007, based on the 2007 Danish Municipal Reform, Denmark revised the division of its administrative areas into 5 regions replacing the 13 amt system and merging some small municipalities into several larger municipalities so that the number 270 shrank to only 98 municipalities.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Etymology The origin of the word “Danmark”, the relationship between the Dane tribe with Denmark, and the history of the incorporation of Denmark as a single kingdom are still disputed [5] [6].


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Some argue “Dan” came from the Dane Dane tribe or from Dan the legendary king in the Dane tribe.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Two of these opinions are referenced from the books of the Dane tribes of Scandinavia, Greece, and the Romans such as Ptolomeus, Jordanes, and St. Gregory of Tours), as well as medieval literature such as Adam of Bremen, Beowulf, Widsith, and the Poetic Edda).


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Some books state [7] “Dan” and “Dane” are derived from a word meaning “flat ground”, or from German Tenne meaning floor, English den means cave, Sanskrit dhánu⸺- (नुस्स्) means desert.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

-Mark means forest area or border area, probably because it borders a forest south of Schleswig's Keharyapatihan, [8] as does -mark in Finnmark, Telemark, and Dithmarschen. [9]


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Some early descriptions of the origin of the word 'Danish', are found in the Chronicon of Lethrense (12th century), Sven Aggesen (late 12th century), Saxo Grammaticus (early 13th century), and Eric's Ballad (mid-15th century).


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Lethrense's chronicon explains that it was when Roman Emperor Augustus fought Denmark in Dawud's time.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Denmark at the time consisted of the seven regions of Jutlandia, Fyn, Sjælland, Møn, Falster, Lolland and Skåne led by King Ypper of Uppsala.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

He had three sons, Nori, Østen, and Dan.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Dan was sent to lead Sjælland, Møn, Falster, and Lolland, known for the Videslev area.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

When the Jutlandians fought Emperor Augustus they called Dan to help them.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

After winning, they made him king of Jutlandia, Fyn, Videslev, and Skåne.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

A council decided to name this united land as “Danmark” (Dania) from the name of their new king, Dan.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

According to historian Jordanes [10] Dani in “The origin of the Deed nation of the Goths” since 551 is estimated to be the earliest mention of the Danes. [11]


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

The Danevirke defensive structure was built in several stages from the 3rd century onwards, and the small size of the construction business was in 737 donated to the appearance of the King of Denmark. [12]


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Prehistoric History Based on archaeological discoveries in Denmark, traced archaeological objects in the Eem Interglacial Period from 130,000-110,000 BC. [13]


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Denmark has been populated since about 12,500 BC, and agriculture has existed since 3,900 BC. [14]


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

The Nordic Bronze Age (1,800—600 BC) in Denmark was marked by tomb mounds, which left many discoveries, including the lur (an ancient trumpet without a hole) and the Trundholm solar combat chariot.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

During the Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC - 1 AD), natives began to migrate south, although [14] the first Danes came between the Pre-Roman Iron Age and Iron Age Germania [16] in the Roman Iron Age (1-400 AD).


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

The Roman provinces maintained trade lines and relations with native tribes in Denmark, evidenced by the discovery of Roman coins in Denmark.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Evidence of strong Kelt cultural influence, is traced from this period in Denmark, and much of Northwestern Europe, and is supporting evidence in the discovery of the Gundestrup kettle.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

The first Danish inhabitants came from east of the Danish Islands (Sjælland) and Skåne.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

They use ancient North Germanic languages.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

According to historians, before they came, most of Jutlandia and the surrounding archipelago was inhabited by the Jutlandia tribe, descendants of the inhabitants known from ancient historical sources (such as Tacitus and Ptolemeus).


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Most of the Jutlandia people are known as the Angle people and the Sakson people.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

They were invited by the British as mercenaries by the King of Britonia named Vortigern and given the south-east area of Kent, namely the Isle of Wight, and they settled down.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Then their culture was absorbed or lost due to the invasion of Angle and the Saxons, who formed the Anglo-Saxons.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

The remaining Jutlandia population was assimilated to the Dane tribe.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Viking Age Between the 8th to 10th centuries, the Danes were known as the Vikings.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Together with the Norwegians and Swedes, they colonized, raced, and traded in all parts of Europe.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

The first time Viking explorers discovered Eslandia through an accident was in the 9th century, through the path of the Faroe Islands (Føroyar) and eventually discovered the “vinland” (wine land) now also known as New Foundland.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

For some time the Viking nation also conquered parts of England, known as the Danelaw, Ireland and France, giving name to the Normandy part of France.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

As affirmed by the Jelling stone, the Danes were united, and Christianized around 965 by Harald Bluetooth, the second recognized Danish king. [17]


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Medieval Denmark Beyond the High and Late Middle Ages, Danish monarchs controlled Skåneland (Skåne, Halland and Blekinge), Danish Estonia, like the duchy of Schleswig and Holstein in northern Germany.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

In 1397, Denmark entered the Union of Kalmar with Norway and Sweden-Finland.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

It was a united Scandinavian states that looked after the interests of each other's lands, and lasted until Sweden flared up in 1523.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

The Protestant Reformation arrived in Scandinavia in the 1530s, and following the civil war of the Princes Feud, Denmark entered Lutheranism in 1536.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Then in that year, Denmark entered a union with Norway and its colonies.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Modern History 2.5 centuries of war with Sweden followed.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Skåneland was ceded to Sweden in the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, and the Danish-Norwegian union broke up with the Treaty of Kiel in 1814, as Norway entered a new union with Sweden, which lasted until 1905.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Denmark kept colonies in Iceland, the Faroe Islands (Foroyar) and Gronland.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Separated from the Nordic colonies, Denmark controlled Danish India (Tranquebar in India) from 1620 to 1869, the Danish Gold Coast (Ghana) from 1658 to 1850, and the Danish West Indies (United States Virgin Islands) from 1671 to 1917.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

The Danish liberal, and national movement gained momentum in the 1830s, and after the European Revolutions of 1848 Denmark became a constitutional monarchy on 5 June 1849.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

After the Second Schleswig War (Danish: Slesvig) in 1864, Denmark was forced to cede Schleswig-Holstein to Prussia, in a defeat that left a deep mark on Danish national identity.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

After these events Denmark took a neutral policy, as a result of which Denmark remained neutral in World War I. After the defeat of Germany, the powers of Versailles offered the return of the Schelswig-Holstein-area which was then part German—to Denmark.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Fearful of iredentism, Denmark refused to consider the regaining of that territory, and insisted on a plebiscite relating to the return of Schleswig.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Both Schleswig Plebiscites occurred successively on February 10, and March 14.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

On 10 July 1920, after a plebiscite, and the signing by the king on 9 July in the re-union document, North Schleswig (Sønderjylland) conferred on Denmark, then enfranchised 163,600 inhabitants, and 3,984km².


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

The day of the union (Genforeningsdag) is commemorated on June 15 every year in Valdemarsdag.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Despite remaining neutral, Denmark was invaded by Germany (Operation Weserübung), on 9 April 1940.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Although granted self-sustaining power (which ended in 1943, due to a culminating resistance movement), Denmark remained militarily occupied throughout PD II.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

As a result of Danish sympathy to the Allies was very strong; 1,900 Danish policemen were detained Gestapo and with escorts were sent to be interned at Buchenwald.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

During the war, Iceland declared independence, and in 1948 the Faroe Islands gained domestic power.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

After the war, Denmark became one of the founding members of the United Nations and NATO and in 1973, joined the European Economic Community (later, the European Union).


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

In 1979, Groenland gained domestic power.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

Danish politics is the oldest monarchy in continental Europe.


Question: What is the currency of Denmark?

Denmark

In 1849, it became a constitutional monarchy with the adoption of a new constitution.