Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

The main leader of Android products in the global market is Samsung; one of its products, Galaxy, has been instrumental in the introduction of the Android brand since 2011. [152] [153] While other Android phone manufacturers such as LG, HTC, and Google-owned Motorola Mobility, have fought hard for marketing its products since 2011.


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Ironically, at a time when Google didn't get anything from the proceeds from selling Android products directly, Microsoft and Apple instead managed to win a lawsuit over patent royalty payments from Android device manufacturers. [152]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Android is also said to be very “fragmented”, [154] that is a condition when various Android devices, both in terms of hardware variations and differences in running software, are tasked with developing applications to run consistently, more complicated by comparison with iOS, whose applications vary less. [155]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

For example, according to OpenSignal data in July 2013, there are 11,868 models of Android devices with various screen sizes and Android versions, while most iOS users use iPhone devices with the latest version. [155] [156] Tablets Despite the success in smartphones, the adoption of Android for tablet computers initially runs slow. [157]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

One of the main causes is the presence of a situation known as “chicken or egg”, that is, the conditions when consumers are hesitant to buy an Android tablet due to the lack of high-quality tablet applications, while on the other hand, the developers are also hesitant to spend time and their resources to develop tablet applications until the availability of a significant market for those products. [158] [159] The content and “ecosystem” of applications proved to be more important when compared to hardware specifications after the commencement of tablet sales.


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Due to the lack of applications for tablets in 2011, Android tablets were initially forced to install apps reserved for smartphones, so the screen size did not match the large screen of the tablet.


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

In addition, the sluggish growth of Android tablets is also due to the dominance of Apple's iPad which has many iOS apps compatible with tablets. [159] [160] The growth of Android tablet apps is slowly starting to increase, however, at the same time, a large number of tablets are using other operating systems such as the HP TouchPad and BlackBerry PlayBook were also released to the market to capitalize on the success of the iPad. [159]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

InfoWorld dubbed this business with the designation “Frankenphone business”; a short-term low-investment opportunity that imposes the use of an optimized Android smartphone OS (before Android 3.0 Honeycomb for tablets was released) on devices by ignoring the user interface.


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

This approach failed to grab market traction with consumers and worsen the reputation of Android tablets. [161] [162] What's more, some Android tablets like the Motorola Xoom are priced at the same price, or more expensive than the iPad, which further worsens sales.


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

An exception is in Amazon's Kindle Fire, which is sold at a cheaper price and the ability to access content and the “ecosystem” of Amazon apps. [159] [163] This began to change in 2012 with the release of the Nexus 7, and the encouragement from Google to developers to create Better tablet apps. [164]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Android tablet market share finally succeeded in overtaking the iPad in mid-2012. [165]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Market share Research firm Canalys estimates that in the second quarter of 2009, Android had a 2.8% share of smartphone sales worldwide. [166]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

In the fourth quarter of 2010, this number jumped to 33%, becoming the world's best-selling smartphone platform. [21]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Through the third quarter of 2011, Gartner estimates more than half (52.5%) of the global smartphone market is controlled by Android. [167]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

According to IDC, in the third quarter of 2012, Android controlled 75% of the global smartphone market share. [168]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

In July 2011, Google revealed that there were 550,000 new Android devices activated each day, [169] increasing from 400,000 per day in May, [170] and in total, more than 100 million Android devices have been activated worldwide, [171] with a growth of 4.4% per week. [169]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

By September 2012, 500 million Android devices had been activated, with 1.3 million activations per day. [172] [173] In May 2013, at Google I/O, Sundar Pichai announced that the total of Android devices that had been activated amounted to 900 million. [174]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Android's market share varies by location.


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

In July 2012, Android's market share in the United States was 52%, [175] and increased up to 90% in RRT. [176]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

During the third quarter of 2012, the worldwide share of the Android smartphone market was 75%, [168] with total enabled devices totaling 750 million and 1.5 million activations per day. [173]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

In March 2013, Android's share in the global smartphone market was led by Samsung products, which was 64%.


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Market research firm Kantar reports that Google's besutan platform accounted for more than 70% of all smartphone device sales in RRT during this period.


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Still in the same period, the level of loyalty to the use of Samsung products in the UK (59%) was the second highest after Apple (79%). [25]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Until November 2013, Android's market share was rumored to have reached 80%.


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Of the 261.1 million smartphones sold in August, September, and October 2013, about 211 million of them were Android devices. [177]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Platform usage The table below shows data on the percentage of the number of Android devices accessing Google Play recently, and running a specific version of the Android platform until September 9, 2014.


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Android 4.1/4.2/4.3 Jelly Bean is the most widely used version of Android, which is approximately 53.7% of all Android devices worldwide. [178]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

App hijacking There are some concerns regarding the ease of Android paid apps to be hijacked. [181]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

In May 2012, Eurogamer, the developer of Football Manager, stated that the ratio of pirated players vs. original players was 9:1 on their home-made games. [182]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

However, not all developers take issue with this piracy rate; in July 2012, the developers of the game Wind-up Knight revealed that the piracy rate on their games is only 12%, and most of it comes from China, a country whose Android users cannot buy apps from Google Play. [183]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

In 2010, Google released a tool that serves to validate official purchases for use in applications, but developers complain that it is not efficient enough.


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Google countered that the tool was intended as a sample framework for developers to modify and develop it according to their needs, not as a solution to end piracy. [184]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

In 2012, Google released a feature in Android 4.1 that encircled paid apps so that they could only run on the device from which they were purchased, but this feature was temporarily disabled due to technical issues. [185]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Legal issues Both Android and Android phone manufacturers have been involved in various patent law cases.


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

On August 12, 2010, Oracle sued Google over allegations of copyright and patent infringement dealing with the Java programming language. [186]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Oracle initially demanded $6.1 billion in damages, [187] but this lawsuit was rejected by a United States federal court, which asked Oracle to revise its lawsuit. [188]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

In response, Google filed several defenses, claiming that Android did not infringe Oracle's patents or copyrights, that Oracle's patents were invalid, and several other defenses.


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Oracle states that Android is based on Apache Harmony, a clean room implementation of Java class libraries, and independently developed a virtual machine called Dalvik. [189]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

In May 2012, the jury in the case found that Google had not infringed Oracle's patents, and the judge ruled that the Java API structure used by Google was not copyrighted. [190] [191] In addition to charges directly against Google, various “proxy wars” were also waged against Android indirectly by targeting Android device manufacturers, with the aim to reduce the chances of such manufacturers adopting the Android platform and increasing the cost of launching Android products to the market. [192]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Apple and Microsoft sued several Android device manufacturers over patent infringement issues; Apple's prolonged lawsuit against Samsung became a highly publicized case.


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

In October 2011, Microsoft revealed that it had entered into patent licensing agreements with ten mobile phone manufacturers whose products controlled 55% of the global market of Android devices, [193] including Samsung and HTC. [194]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

The patent infringement case between Samsung and Microsoft ended with an agreement that Samsung would allocate more resources to develop and market phones with Microsoft's Windows Phone operating system. [192]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Google has publicly expressed its frustration in facing a patent infringement lawsuit in the United States, alleging that Apple, Oracle, and Microsoft are working to undermine Android's digitality through patent litigation, instead of innovating and competing with how to create products and better service. [195]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

In 2011-2012, Google bought Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion.


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

The effort is seen as a move in Google's defense to protect Android, as Motorola Mobility holds more than 17,000 patents. [196]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

As of December 2011, Google also purchased more than a thousand patents from IBM. [197]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

In 2013, Fairsearch, an organization supported by Microsoft, Oracle, and others, filed a complaint against Android with the European Commission, stating that the free distribution of Android devices was a form of anti-competitive price competition.


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

The Free Software Foundation Europe, which Google donates, denied Fairsearch's allegations. [198]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Use on other devices JMPL|150px|ka|Sony SmartWatch: an example of an Android companion device.


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

The open and customizable nature of Android causes the operating system to also be used on other electronic devices, including laptops and netbooks, smartbooks, [199] Smart TVs (Google TV), and cameras (Nikon Coolpix S800c and Galaxy Camera). [200] [201] In addition, the Android operating system is also developed its applications on smart glasses (Google Glass), watches, [202] ear burgers, [203] car CDs and DVD players, [204] mirrors, [205] portable media players, [206] fixed networks, [207] and VoIP phones. [208]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Ouya, a video game console using the Android operating system, became one of Kickstarter's most successful products, funded by $8.5 million for its development, which was followed by other Android-based video game consoles such as Project Shield by Nvidia. [ 209] [210] In 2011, Google introduced “Android @Home “, a new automated technology that utilizes Android to control several household tools such as light contacts, power sockets, and thermostats. [211]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Controlling the lights is said to be controllable from an Android phone or tablet.


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Android principal Andy Rubin asserted that “turning the lights on and off is nothing new, Google is thinking more ambitiously and the goal is to use its position as a cloud service provider to bring Google products into customers' homes. “[212]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

In August 2011, Parrot launched a car stereo system with the Android platform, known as Asteroid and equipped with voice commands. [213] [214] In September 2013, Clarion released a car stereo system with the more advanced Android platform, known as AX1 and Mirage, uses Android 2.3.7 and 2.2 (Gingerbread) and comes with GPS-based navigation, a 6.5-inch display, and various options for wireless data access. [215] [216] Various other devices, although not using Android, are also designed with an interface that serves as a companion or complementary to Android devices, such as Sony's SmartWatch or Samsung's Galaxy Gear. [210]


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

See also Android version history Android Rooting Android software development List of Bada Android OS-related articles Reference Notes Outlink Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

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Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

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Question: When were Wi-Fi LED smart lights invented?

Android (operating system)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. on YouTube Category:Acquisition Google Category:Cloud Client Category:Linux Category:Google Software Category:Software of the Year 2008 Category:ARM Operating System Category:Mobile Phone


Question: What is the main function of lawrensium?

Lawrensium

Lawrensium () is a chemical element emblematic Lr (formerly Lw) and has atomic number 103.


Question: What is the main function of lawrensium?

Lawrensium

This element is a synthetic element that is radioactive.


Question: What is the main function of lawrensium?

Lawrensium

The most stable isotope of Lawrensium is 262Lr.


Question: What is the main function of lawrensium?

Lawrensium

Reference Outside Links Category:Actinides Category:Chemical Elements Category:Synthetic Chemicals Category:Transition Metals Category:Elements Class 3


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Nahdlatul 'Ulama (Awakening 'Ulema or Awakening of Islamic Scholars), abbreviated as NU, is the largest Islamic organization in Indonesia. [3]


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

The organization was established on 31 January 1926 and engaged in religious, educational, social, and economic fields.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

History Due to colonization and the result of the confinement of tradition, has stirred the awareness of learned people to fight for the dignity of this nation, through the way of education and organization.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

The movement that emerged 1908 was known as the “National Awakening”.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

The spirit of resurrection continued to spread - after the indigenous people became aware of their suffering and abandonment with other peoples.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

In answer, there arose various educational and liberation organizations.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

In response to the national awakening, Nahdlatul Wathan (Awakening of the Fatherland) was formed in 1916.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Later in 1918 was established Taswirul Afkar or also known as “Nahdlatul Fikri” (awakening of thought), as a social political education of people and religious students.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

From there was then established Nahdlatut Tujjar, (movement of merchants).


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

The union was used as a base to improve the economy of the people.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

With the existence of Nahdlatul Tujjar, then Taswirul Afkar, besides appearing as a study group also became an educational institution that developed very rapidly and had branches in several cities.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Departing from the emergence of various committees and organizations that are embryonal and ad hoc, then it is felt necessary to form a more encompassing and more systematic organization, to anticipate the development of the times.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

So after coordinating with various kyai, because it is not accommodated kyai from traditional circles to follow the world Islamic concurrence in Indonesia and the Middle East finally came an agreement from the scholars of boarding schools to form an organization called Nahdlatul Ulama ( Awakening Ulama) on 16 Rajab 1344 AH (31 January 1926) in Surabaya City.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

The organization was led by K. H. Hasjim Asy'ari as Rais Akbar.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

There are many factors.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Among the factors was the development and renewal of Islamic thought which desired the banning of all forms of amaliah of the Sunnis.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

A thought for Muslims to return to “pure” Islamic teachings, that is, by means of Muslims breaking away from the madzhab system.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

For the kiai boarding school, the renewal of true religious thought remains an inevitability, but still not by abandoning the scientific traditions of the former scholars that are still relevant.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

To that end, Jam'iyah Nahdlatul Ulama was urgent enough to be established immediately.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

To affirm the basic principles of this organization, then K. H. Hasjim Ash'ari formulated the book Qanun Human (basic principle), then also formulated the book I'tiqad Ahlussunnah Wal Jamaah.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Both books were then spelled out in the NU khittah, which is used as the basis and reference of NU citizens in thinking and acting in social, religious and political spheres.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Religious Understandings NU adheres to Ahlussunah waljama'ah, a mindset that takes a middle way between extreme aqli (rationalist) and extreme naqli (skripturalist).


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Therefore the source of Islamic law for NU is not only the Qur'an, the Sunnah, but also using the ability of reason coupled with empiric reality.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Such ways of thinking are referenced from earlier thinkers such as Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari and Abu Mansur Al Maturidi in theology/Tauhid/Lordship.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Then in the field of fiqh are more likely to follow the madhab: Imam Shafi'i and confess three other madzhabs: Imam Hanafi, Imam Maliki, and Imam Hanbali as depicted in the 4-starred NU emblem below.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

While in the field of tasawuf, developed the method of Al-Ghazali and Sheikh Juneid al-Bagdadi, which integrated between tasawuf and sharia.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

The idea of returning kehittah in 1984, is an important momentum to reinterpret the teachings of ahlussunnah wal worshipers, as well as reformulate thinking methods, both in the fields of fiction and social.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

As well as reformulating NU's relationship with the state.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

The movement successfully re-aroused the passion of thought and social dynamics within NU.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Nahdlatul Ulama Board List List of Chairmen Nahdlatul Ulama Chairman Supporters Base. In determining the base of supporters or citizens of NU there are several terms that need to be clarified, namely: members, supporters or sympathizers, as well as traditionalist Muslims who are compatible with NU.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

If a citizen's term is equated with a member's term, then to this day there is not a single official document that can be referred to it.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

This is because to date there has been no serious effort in the NU body at any level to manage its membership.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

When viewed in terms of supporters or sympathizers, there are two ways of looking at it.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

In terms of politics, it can be seen from the number of votes of parties based or associated with NU, such as PKBU, PNU, PKU, SUNI Party, and some of PPP.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

While in terms of religious understanding, it can be seen from the number of people who support and follow the understanding of NU.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

So in this case can be referred to the research results of Saiful Mujani (2002) which range 48% of Muslim Indonesian students.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Suaidi Asyari [4] estimates that there are about 51 million of Muslim students of Indonesia can be said to be supporters or followers of NU religious understanding.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

The overall number of Muslim students called up to 80 million or more, are those who understand their religion as they understand the spirit of NU.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

But not necessarily they are all citizens or want to be called affiliated with NU.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Based on their location and karaktaristics, the majority of NU followers are located on the islands of Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Sumatra.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

In recent developments it is seen that NU followers have diverse professions, although most of them are commoners both in urban and rural.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

They have a high cohesiveness, because socioeconomically have the same problem, and besides it is equally very animating the teachings of ahlus sunnah wal worshipers.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

By and large they have quite strong ties to the world of boarding schools which are centers of folk education and NU cultural reserves.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

This NU support base is likely to undergo a shift.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

In parallel with the development and development of industrialization, then the NU population in the village many migrated to the city entered the industrial sector.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

So if during this time the NU base is stronger in the rural peasant sector, then when in the labor sector in urban, it is also quite dominant.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Likewise with the opening of the education system, the intellectual base within NU also expanded, in line with the rapid social mobility that occurred during this time.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

NU has recently had a number of doctorates or masters in various fields of science other than Islamic sciences both from home and abroad, including Western countries.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

However, these doctorates and masters have not been utilized to the maximum by NU administrators in almost every NU stewardship.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Organization Goals to uphold Islamic teachings according to Ahlussunnah waljama'ah understanding in the midst of community life, in the container of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Enterprises In the field of religion, implementing the dawah of Islamiyah and increasing the sense of brotherhood that is based on the spirit of unity in difference.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

In the field of education, conducting education in accordance with Islamic values, to form Muslims who are righteous, virtuous, knowledgeable.This is evident by the birth of NU educational institutions and has been spread in various regions especially in Java Island .


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

In the field of socio-culture, strive for the welfare of the people and culture in accordance with the values of Islamic and humanitarian.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

In the field of economics, strive for equalization of opportunities to enjoy the results of development, by prioritizing the development of the people's economy.This is characterized by the birth of BMT and other Financial Entities that have been proven to help the community.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Develop other businesses that benefit the wider community.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

NU strives to serve and be the best for the community.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Large Management Structure (Central level).


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Regional Management (Provincial level), there are 33 Regions.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Branch Management (Regency/City level) or Special Branch Board for overseas management, there are 439 Branches and 15 Special Branches.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

The Board of Majlis Vice Branch/MWC (District level), there are 5,450 Deputy Branch Assembly.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Twig Board (Village/Village level), there are 47,125 Twig.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

For the Center, Region, Branch, and Vice Branch Assembly, each stewardship consists of: Mustasyar (Advisor) Syuriyah (Supreme Leader) Tanfidziyah (Daily Executor) For Twig, each stewardship consists of: Syuriyah (Supreme Leader) Tanfidziyah (Daily Executor) Membership based in twigs and in branches for privileged branches.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

The institution [5] is a departmental device of Nahdlatul Ulama organization that serves as the implementer of Nahdlatul Ulama policies, relating to specific community groups and/or that require special handling.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

These institutions include: Nahdlatul Ulama Dakwah Institute (LD-NU) Ma'arif Nahdlatul Ulama Educational Institute (LP Ma'arif NU) Rabithah Ma'ahid Islamiyah Nahdlatul Ulama (RMI-NU) * (in Indonesian) Nahdlatul Ulama Economic Institute (LP-NU) Nahdlatul Ulama Agricultural Development Institute (LPP-NU)) Institutions Nahdlatul Ulama Health Services (LPK-NU) Nahdlatul Ulama Family Kemaslahatan Institute (LKK-NU) Nahdlatul Ulama Human Resource Study and Development Institute (LAKPESDAM-NU) Nahdlatul Ulama Research and Legal Assistance Institute (LPBH-NU) Institution of Indonesian Muslimin Cultural Arts (LESBUMI-NU) Zakat, Infaq, and Shadaqah Nahdlatul Ulama Institution (LAZIS-NU) Waqaf and Land Nahdlatul Ulama Institute (LWP-NU) Bahtsul Masail Nahdlatul Ulama Institute (LBM-NU) Ta'mir Masjid Nahdlatul Ulama Institute (LTM-NU) Nahdlatul Ulama Health Institute (LK-NU) Falakiyah Nahdlatul Ulama Institution (LF-NU) Ta'lif wan Nasyr Nahdlatul Ulama Institute (LTN-NU) Institute for Disaster Management and Climate Change Nahdlatul Ulama (LPBI-NU) Lajnah Is the executor of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) program that requires special handling.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

[6] was replaced with an institution.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Originally there were 3 (three) Lajnah namely: Lajnah Ta'lif wan Nasyr Nahdlatul Ulama (LTN-NU) became Ta'lif wan Nashdlatul Ulama Institution (LTNNU) Lajnah Falakiyah Nahdlatul Ulama (LF-NU) became Falakiya Nahdlatul Ulama Institution (LFNU) Higher education (LPT-NU) to become Nahdlatul Educational Institution Ulama (LPTNU) Autonomous Agency Autonomous Agency [7] is an organizational device Nahdlatul Ulama that serves to carry out Nahdlatul Ulama policies related to certain community groups and consisting of individuals.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Autonomous Bodies are grouped in a catagory of age-based Autonomous Agencies and specific community groups, and other profession-based and specificity Autonomous Bodies.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Types of Age-based Autonomous Bodies and specific community groups are: Muslimat Nahdlatul Ulama (Muslimat NU) Ansor Nahdlatul Ulama Youth Movement (GP Ansor NU) Fatayat Nahdlatul Ulama (Fatayat NU) Student Association of Nahdlatul Ulama (IPNU) Student Association of Princess Nahdlatul Ulama (IPPNU) Indonesian Islamic Students (PMII) Ahlith Thoriqoh Al-Mu'tabaroh an-Nahdliyah (MATAN) Autonomous Body based on professions and other specificities: Jam'iyyah Expert Thariqah Al-Mu'tabarah An-Nahdliyah (JATMAN) Jami'iyyatul Qurro wal Huffadz Nahdlatul Ulama (JQH) Nahdlatul Ulama Scholars Association (ISNU ) Indonesian Muslim Labor Association (SARBUMUSI) Association of Pencak Silat Nahdlatul Ulama Pagar Nusa (IPSNU Pagar Nusa) Association of Teachers Nahdlatul Ulama (PERGUNU) Fishermen's Union Nahdlatul Ulama Indonesia Hadroh Art Association (ISHARI) NU and Politics First time NU plunged into practical politics at the time declared a breakaway with Masyumi in 1952 and then followed the 1955 elections.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

NU was quite successful by winning 45 House seats and 91 Constituent seats.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

During the time of Leaded Democracy NU was known as a party that supported Soekarno, and joined NASAKOM (Nationalist, Religious, Communist) Nationalists represented by Indonesian National Party (PNI) Religious Nahdhatul Ulama Party and Indonesian Communist Party (PKI).


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

The NU then merged itself with the United Development Party on 5 January 1973 at the insistence of the new order's rulers.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Following the 1977 and 1982 elections with the PPP.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

At the NU muktamar in Situbondo, NU declared itself to 'Return to Khittah 1926' which is not to have practical politics anymore.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

But after the 1998 reforms, there emerged parties on behalf of the NU.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Most important is the Nation Awakening Party declared by Abdurrahman Wahid.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

In the 1999 elections the PKB gained 51 House seats and could even deliver Abdurrahman Wahid as President of the Republic of Indonesia.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

In the 2004 elections, the CLA gained 52 House seats.


Question: What organization is Nahdhatul Ulama?

Nahdlatul 'Ulema

Successor Party of National Awakening Party Party Development Party National Awakening Party Clerics Solidarity Party Indonesian National Union Unity Party Nahdlatul Ummah Indonesia See also Muhammadiyah Chinese Islamic Union Indonesian Ummah Assembly in Indonesia KMNU Boarding School Bogor Agricultural Institute KMNU Institut Teknologi Bandung KMNU Universitas Brawijaya [VIDEO] Outline Referral (in Indonesian) (in English) (in English) (in English) Ma'arif Nahdlatul Ulama Educational Institute Category:Islamic Organizations in Indonesia Category:Party politics in Indonesia Category:Nahdlatul Ulama


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Functional food is food and food that can provide additional benefits in addition to the basic nutritional function of the food in a particular community group. [1]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Functional foods are possible to have functional properties for whole populations or special groups that are clearly defined as specific instances for a certain age or for groups that have certain genetic traits. [2]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

In addition, functional foods also include products specifically made to improve physical and cognitive appearance. [3]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Examples of such products are sports drinks, electrolyte replacement drinks, as well as food in the form of bars aimed at improving physiological function while exercising. [3]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Definition Functional food is natural food (for example, fruits and vegetables) or processed foods that contain bioactive components so as to have a positive impact on human metabolic function. [3]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

In the consensus document “Scientific Concepts of Functional Foods in Europe” issued by the European Commission Concerted Action on Functional Food Science in Europe (FUFOSE) defining food can be said to have functional properties if it is proven to provide one or more benefits to target body functions (in addition to its normal nutritional function) in relevant ways can improve health and fitness status and lower the risk of disease. [2]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

The three essential properties of food food, in general can be said to have three essential properties [4]: The main function: as the intake of nutrients that are essential for human survival.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Second function: as a sensory or sensory condensation such as good taste, taste, and good texture.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Third function:physiologically becomes the regulation of biorhythms, nervous system, immune system, and body defenses.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Functional foods can be classified into foods that belong to the third function.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Examples of functional foods can be conventional foods that are fortified, enriched, supplemented, or added to their beneficial value. [4]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Substances contained in them can be essential nutrients to maintain normal body function and growth, as well as bioactive components that can provide postive results on health and physiological effects desired. [4]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

History The concept of functional food was first introduced in Japan in 1984 under the term FOSHU which is an abbreviation in English Food for Special Dietary Uses which means food devoted to a specific diet. [4]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

This is behind the growing population of elderly people in Japan with the potential to increase in chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis, and cancer. [4]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

With this background, the Ministry of Education of Japan in 1984 launched a development and research project focusing on the functional properties of food. [4]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

The project is the world's first functional food research project involving various researchers from disciplines such as nutrition science, pharmacology, psychology, and medicine. [4]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

By the end of 2007, Japan had labeled FOSHU on 755 food products. [4]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Health claims for FOSHU products in Japan are classified into eight groups that provide health effects for IG (Glycemic Index) conditions, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, blood glucose, mineral absorption, dental health, neutral fat in blood, as well as bone health. [4]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Conditions for obtaining the FOSHU Logo in Japan To obtain the FOSHU logo, food produced and circulated in Japan must be qualified as follows [5]: The effectiveness of the food has been clearly proven in the human body.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

There are no particulars regarding food safety (animal toxicity tests, notification of side effects if consumed excessively.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Use appropriate food ingredients (for example, it is not superfluous in using salt).


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

There is a guarantee in accordance with the product specifications written at the time of consumption.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

There are quality control methods, such as product and ingredient specifications, processes, and analytical methods.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

General requirements A food can be categorized into a functional food if it has three main conditions that must be met namely [7]: It is a food or beverage (not capsules, tablets, or powders) containing certain bioactive compounds derived from natural ingredients.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Must be an ingredient consumed from the daily part of the diet.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Has certain functions after consumption, such as improving biological defense mechanisms, preventing and restoring certain diseases, physical and mental control, and slowing down the premature aging process.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Terms in Japan In Japan, the Ministry of Health, Work, and Welfare states that a food can be called a functional food if it has the following criteria [8]: It must be able to improve diet and health function.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

The positive value of nutrition and health should be proven strongly with the results of the study empirically.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Recommendations for consumption from such foods must obtain approval from nutritionists and health experts.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Food and ingredient components contained in it should be safe according to a balanced diet.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Food ingredients contained in it must be clearly characterized in terms of physical and chemical properties, both quantitatively and qualitatively (methods used to analyze these properties must be clearly included) Food ingredients contained therein should not be included lower the nutritional value of these foods.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Such food should be consumed in accordance with normal intake and manner.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Such food should not be in the form of tablets, capsules, or powders.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Food ingredients contained in it must be derived from natural components.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Classification of Functional Food Classification Functional Food can be classified using various principles according to the body or rules applicable in the country concerned.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Here are some functional food classifications according to the body or rules applicable in the country concerned as well as the accompanying scientific justifications.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Based on Some Principles that Juvan et al. (2005): [9] === Based on the group of foods (dairy products and derivatives, beverages, cereal products, confectionery products, oils, and fats).


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Based on diseases to be avoided or prevented (diabetes, osteoporosis, colon cancer).


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Based on physiological effects (immunological, refinement, anti-tumor activity).


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

By category of bioactive components (minerals, antioxidants, lipids, probiotics).


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Based on organoleptic and physicochemical properties (color, solubility, texture).


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Based on the production processes used (chromatography, encapsulation, freezing).


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Classification of Food Ingredient Components Acquiring FOSHU Claims in Japan [5] Functional Food in Europe Since 2007, the Parliament and Council of the European Union have passed new regulations for the field of nutritional and health claims to food. [10]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

The regulation is expected to provide confidence and protection to consumers regarding misunderstandings or untrue claims. [10]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

In addition it is expected to create a healthy competition climate as well as a growing innovation among functional food companies in the European Union. [10]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Until 2004, there were 304 food products with 503 functional ingredient components identified as having functional properties circulating in the EU market. [11]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

There are 168 companies that at least the minimum produce one type of functional food product in the European Union with details about half of these are headquartered in Germany, the rest are headquartered in the UK, Spain, Netherlands, France, Italy, Austria, Finland, Belgium, and Denmark. [11]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Furthermore, there are approximately 26 American companies, 11 Japanese companies, and 30 companies outside the European Union that market their functional food products in the European Union. [11]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

In functional food patent filings, there are at least ten companies in the European Union with fifteen patent filings. [11]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

The company that filed the most patents (5 pieces) in the period of 2001 was Societé des produits Nestlé s.a. which is a Swiss-based company that does not belong to EU members. [11]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Functional food products in the European Union market in 2004 according to the food sector. [11]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Functional food products in the European Union market in 2004 according to food ingredients. [11]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Description: The total total food is more than 100 percent, this is because a product sometimes contains two or more bioactive ingredients. The number of functional food companies as well as the location of its headquarters in the European Union in 2004. [11]


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Description: For the number of companies that are less than three it is classified in others, besides one of the companies (Unilever) has its headquarters in the Netherlands and the UK.


Question: who introduced physiochemistry?

Functional food

Reference Category:Food and Environment Category:Health


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era (/p el i ə z o, p æ -/; from Greek palaios (παλαιός), “old” and zoe (ωή), “alive”, meaning “primeval life” is the beginning of three geological eras in the age of Fanerozoic, ranging from 541 to 252.17 million years ago.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

This era is the longest-lived of the Fanerozoic era, and is divided into six geological periods (from longest-lived to youngest): Cambrium, Ordovisium, Silur, Devon, Carbonivera, and Permia.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The Paleozoic came after the Neoproterozoic Era of the Proterozoic epoch, and was followed by the Mesozoic Era.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The Paleozoic is a time where changes in geology, climate, and evolution are dramatic.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The Cambrian period witnessed the most rapid and extensive diversification of life in Earth's history, known as the Cambrian explosion, where the modern phylum first appeared.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Fish, arthropods, amphibians, reptiles, and synapsids all evolved during the Paleozoic era.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Life started from the sea but eventually moved to land, and at the end of the Paleozoic, the earth was dominated by various forms of organisms.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Giant-sized forests of primitive plants covered the continent, many of which later formed coal seams extending from Europe to the east of the Americas.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Towards the end of the era, large, advanced reptiles became the dominant ones and the first modern plants (conifers) appeared.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The Paleozoic era ended with the largest mass extinction in Earth's history, the Perm-Trias extinction event.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The effects of this disaster were so devastating that life on land took 30 million years, until the Mesozoic era, to recover.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The recovery of life at sea is thought to be much faster.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Geology In North America, the era began with deep sedimentary basins along the eastern, southeastern, and western sides of the continent, while its inner part (called the interior landmass) was dry land.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

As the era continued, edge seas during periodically shredded the mainland parts of the interior, leaving sediment deposits that marked their “incursions”.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Early in the era, open areas of Precambrium (called shields), rock in central Canada eroded, supplying sediment to the basin from the interior landmass.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Beginning as early as the Ordovisium Period, occasional mountains formed in the eastern Appalachia region and continued for the rest of the era, bringing new sediments.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Sediments shredded from the Acadia Mountains, filling the western Appalachia basin and forming the famous coal swamps of the Carbonivera Period.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

In North America, the term Carbonivera is rarely used.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Instead, time is divided between the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian periods due to differences in sedimentary rocks that were deposited during that era.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

This Mississippian period was characterized by limey sediments deposited in shallow seas, usually alongside many crinoidal fossils, such as in the Burlington Formation.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Whereas the Pennsylvanian period was generally characterized by terrestrial sediments such as sand, shale and most importantly: coal.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Most of the oil and gas can be obtained from Pennsylvania sediments.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

While in places where this has been moved, such as in the Ozark plateau region, there is usually no oil.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Paleoclimatological research and evidences regarding glaciers suggest that most likely central Africa was in the polar regions as early as the Paleozoic.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

In the early Paleozoic, continental Gondwana land had shaped or was forming.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

In the mid-Paleozoic, North America and Europe collided producing Acadian-Caledonian uplifts, and the eastern Australian subduction zone uplifted.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

In the late Paleozoic, intercontinental collisions formed the giant continent of Pangaea and produced various large mountain ranges, including the mountains of Appalachia, the Ural mountains, and the Tasmanian mountains.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Period from the Paleozoic There are six periods in the Paleozoic era: the Cambrian Period, the Ordovisium Period, the Silr Period, the Devon Period, the Carbonivera Period and the Permian.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The Cambrian Period of the Cambrian Period lasted from 541 to 485 million years ago and was the first period of the Paleozoic era.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The Cambrium triggered the evolutionary explosion of life in an event known as the Cambrian Explosion, whereby the greatest number of evolved living things throughout Earth's history in a single period.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Algae-like creatures began to thrive, but most areas of water were inhabited by armored arthropods, such as trilobites.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Almost all marine phylum evolved within this period.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

During this time, the giant continent of Rodinia began to break up, most of which became the giant continent Gondwana.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The Ordovisium Period Ordovisium lasted from 485 million years to 443 million years ago.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Ordovisium represents a period in Earth's history where many species are still prevalent today thriving, such as primitive fish, squid, and coral.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The most common forms of life, remain, trilobites, snails, and shells.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

More importantly, arthropods first went ashore to colonize the empty continent of Gondwana.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

By the end of the period, Gondwana was at the south pole, early North America had collided with Europe, closing the Atlantic Ocean.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The glaciation (freezing) of Africa resulted in a decrease in the height of large amounts of sea water level, killing all life scrambling the region along coastal Gondwana.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Glaciation caused a snowball earth, and the extinction of Ordovisium-Silur in which 60% of marine invertebrates and 25% of families became extinct, and is considered the first and second deadliest mass extinction.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Silurian The Silurian lasted from 443 million years until 419 million years ago.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The Silur Period bears witness to the “healing” of the earth that is recovering from the snowball earth.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

In this period there was also a mass evolution of fish, non-jawed fish multiplied, cropped fish evolved, and freshwater fish evolved for the first time, although arthropods, such as sea scorpions, were still peak predators.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Life on land was already fully evolved, which included early arachnids, fungi, and centipedes.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Also, the evolution of vascular plants (Cooksonia) allowed plants to gain a foothold on land.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

This early plant was the forerunner of all plant life on land.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

In this period, there were four continents: Gondwana (Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica, Siberia), Laurentia (North America), Baltica (Northern Europe), and Avalonia (Western Europe).


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Rising sea levels provide opportunities for many new species to thrive in the water.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The Devonian Period of Devon occurred from 419 million years to 359 million years ago.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Also known as the “Fish Age”, Devon had an abundance of fish diversity, including armoured fish such as Dunkleosteus and the eventually evolved lobe-finned fish that became the first tetrapods.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

On land, plant groups diversified in the event known as the Devonian explosion by which the first trees evolved, as well as seeds.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

These events also diversified on the life of arthropods.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The first amphibians also flourished, and it was the fish that became at the top of the food chain.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Towards the end of the Devonian period, 70% of all species became extinct in an event known as the Late Devon extinction and the second mass extinction event that the world has seen.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Carbonivera Carbonivera covers 359 million to 299 million years ago.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

During this time, global temperatures averaged very high; early Carbonivera averaged about 20° Celsius (but cooled to 10° on Middle Carbonivera).


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Tropical swamps dominated the earth, and large numbers of trees created much of the carbon for the coal used today (hence the name “Carbon-ivera” appearing).


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Perhaps the most important evolutionary development of the time was the evolution of amniotic eggs, which allowed amphibians to head further inland and vertebral animals remained dominant throughout the duration of this period.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Also, the first reptiles and synapsids began to thrive in the marshes.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Throughout the Carbonivera, there was a cooling pattern, which eventually led to glaciation from Gondwana mostly occurring around the south pole in an event known as the Permo-Carbonivera glaciation or the Carbonivera Rainforest Destruction.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The Permian Permian spans 299 million — 252 million years ago and is the last period of the Paleozoic.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

In the beginning, all continents joined together to form the giant continent of Pangaea surrounded by a single ocean called Panthalassa.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The earth is very dry during this time, the climate of Pangaea's interior land experiences harsh seasons and lacks water landscapes (lakes, rivers, etc.).


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Reptiles and synapsids thrive in new arid climates.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Creatures such as Dimetrodon and Edaphosaurus rule this new continent.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The first conifers evolved, and dominated the mainland landscape.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Towards the end of the Permian, after all, Pangaea dried up and was getting drier.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The Interior Mainland is nothing but merely a dry wasteland, and new species such as Scutosaurus and Gorgonopsids fill the empty wasteland.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Eventually they were wiped out, along with 95% of all life on Earth, in a disaster known as “The Great Dying”, the third mass extinction and the most severe in world history.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Tectonic activity Geologically, the Paleozoic began shortly after the breakup of a giant continent called Pannotia.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Throughout the early Paleozoic, Earth's landmass was broken up into several continents.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Towards the end of the era, the continents converged into a giant continent called Pangaea, which included most of Earth's mainland areas.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The climate of the Ordovisium and Silur Period was a “greenhouse” period, with the highest sea water level of the Paleozoic (200m more than today); the warm climate was interrupted only by a cold period of 30 million years, the Early Paleozoic Icehouse, culminating in the Hirnantian glaciation.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The Cambrian climate was estimated to be moderate at first, warming during the Cambrian, at the same time as the second most catastrophic sustained sea level rise in the Fanerozoic took place.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

However, as if to compensate for this tendency, Gondwana moved south at considerable speed, so that, in the Ordovisium period, most of the West of Gondwana (Africa and South America) were already located over the South Pole.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Early Paleozoic climates were also local, in the sense that the “climate”, in an abstract sense became warmer, but the living space of most organisms at that time (marine continental shelf environment) became colder.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

However, Baltica (Northern Europe and Russia) and Laurentia (eastern North America and Greenland) remain in the tropical zone, while China and Australia lie in waters that are at least in temperate climates.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The beginning of the Paleozoic ended, not suddenly, but briefly, and it turned out to be severe, the Ordovician ice age also came to an end.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

This cold climate caused the second largest mass extinction of the Fanerozoic era.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Over time, warmer weather moved into the Paleozoic period.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Mid Paleozoic is a fairly stable period.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Sea water levels had dropped to coincide with the ice age ending, but slowly recovered during the Silur and Devon periods.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The slow merging between Baltica and Laurentia, and the northward movement of pieces of Gondwana created a variety of relatively warm new areas and the seabed was shallow.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

As plants meet on the edge of the continent, the amount of oxygen increases and carbon dioxide falls, albeit more undramatically.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

North-south temperature differences also seem to have normalized, or animal life became heavier, or both.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

At any event, the continental edge of the southern tip of Antarctica and the West of Gondwana becomes increasingly fertile.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The Devon period ended with a series of events that killed off much of middle Paleozoic vertebrate life, reducing overall species diversity.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The end of the Paleozoic is a period that provides us with many well-unanswered questions.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The Mississippian epoch began with a surge in atmospheric oxygen, while carbon dioxide plummeted to lows.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

This unstable climate led to one, and possibly two, ice ages during Carbonivera.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Much more severe than the brief late Ordovician Ice; but this time, it had no effect on the world's biota.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

In Cisuralian, both oxygen and carbon dioxide have recovered to more normal levels.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

On the other hand, the formation of Pangaea created a large dry inland area of destiny at extreme temperatures.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Lopingian is associated with decreasing seawater level extremes, increased carbon dioxide and general climate decline, culminating in the Permian extinction.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Flora While macroscopic plant life emerged early in the Paleozoic and possibly in the late Neoproterozoic, it remained largely in the water until the Silur and Devon periods, when it began the transition to land.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The terrestrial flora reaches its climax on Carbonivera, when the lycopsid rainforest towers over and dominates the tropical belt of Euramerica.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Climate change led to the destruction of the Carbonivera rainforest which left these habitats divided, reducing the diversity of living plants in the Carbonivera and Permian periods.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Fauna An important feature of Paleozoic life is the sudden abundant emergence of almost all invertebrates of the animal phylum in the early Cambrian.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Vertebrates first appeared in the form of primitive fish, which were very diverse in the Silur and Devon periods.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The first animals to venture onto dry land were arthropods.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Some fish have lungs, and bony powerful fins that can also crawl ashore.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

The bones in their fins eventually developed into legs and they became the first tetrapods.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Amphibians were the dominant tetrapods until mid-Carbonivera, when climate change reduced their diversity.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Later, reptiles were abundant and steadily increased in number and type by the late Permian.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

See also Geological Timescale Precambrium Senozoic Mesozoic Fanerozoic Advanced reading British Palaeozoic Fossils, 1975, The Natural History Museum, London.


Question: How old is the Paleozoic Era?

Paleozoic

Category:Geological timescales Category:History by period


Question: who made the kanji index method?

List of kanji by concept

This kanji index method groups kanji that describe things related to the same concept, such as kanji for numbers or kanji for directions.


Question: who made the kanji index method?

List of kanji by concept

Colorful 白white; black; red; beige; 青blue; yellow; green; 金gold; silver; purple Shape of a circle; circular; concave; convex Direction 北north; 南south; 東east; 西west; left; right; bottom; 上top; front; rear; outer; 中inside/middle animal dog; 馬horse; horse; cat; fish; cow; bird; insect; sheep, bed-neuter; whale; wolf; fox; rat; raccoon; macaque, monkey Money yen Numbers 一1; 2; 三3; 4; 五5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 100; 1.000; 10,000; Time 100,000.000 日day; month; year; day of the week; time ; present; early; late; long ago; long ago, yore (time) Season spring; summer; autumn; winter Days of the week 日Sunday, Sunday; Monday; Tuesday; 水Wednesday; thursday; 金Friday; Saturday Nature 金metal; tree; 水water; fire; earth; sun; moon; moon; mountain; 川 river; 天 sky; rain; 海sea, ocean; 花flower, flower; wind; land; night; dark (pitch); 石stone; silver; spring water; rock; 河stream; beach; grass; lake; 光light; rice; plant; island; star; snow; bamboo; copper; leaves; 林shrub (thicket); forest; forest; 陽 Positive; cloud Person 人 person; father; mother; parent; friend; girl, woman; male, male; children; younger brother younger sister; elder brother; elder sister; grandfather; grandson; 王king; emperor; Mikado or emperor Body heart; blood; ear; mouth; mouth; mouth; hand; flesh; eye; head; neck; body; back; nose; abdomen category:Kanji


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The Pope (from Dutch: pope; Latin: papa of Greek: πάππας pappas, [1] “father”) [2] is Bishop of Rome and leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. [3]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The primacy of the Bishop of Rome stems largely from his role in tradition as the successor of St. Peter, to whom Jesus gave the keys to Heaven and the power to “bind and release” as well as referring to it as the “rock” upon which the Church was then built.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The current pope is Pope Francis, elected on March 13, 2013, succeeding Pope Benedict XVI. [4]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The reign of a pope is also called “papal”, or precisely “pontificate”.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Its ecclesiastical jurisdiction, namely the Diocese of Rome, is often called the “Holy See" [5] or the “Apostolic Throne”; the latter designation is based on the belief that the Bishop of Rome is the successor of the Apostle Peter. [6]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The Pope is considered one of the most influential people in the world because of the cultural and diplomatic influence he has. [7] [8] [9] He is also the head of state of Vatican City, [10] a sovereign city-state located entirely within the Italian capital of Rome.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The Papacy is one of the most enduring institutions in the world and has become an important part of world history. [11]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The popes in ancient times assisted in the spread of Christianity and the resolution of various doctrinal disputes. [12]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In the Middle Ages, they played a role in secular interests in Western Europe, usually acting as arbiters between the rulers of Christian monarchies. [13] [14] [15] Today, in addition to spreading Christian faith and doctrine, popes are engaged in ecumenism and interfaith dialogue, works social, as well as defense of human rights. [16] [17] The whales—who initially had no secular power—have in some historical periods accumulated great power, similar to secular rulers.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In recent centuries, popes have gradually been forced to cede back such secular powers, and present-day papal authority is once again almost completely limited in secular terms. [12]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Over the centuries, the papal claim to spiritual authority has been increasingly firmly expressed; its culmination was in 1870 with the promulgation of papal infallibility dogma for the very rare occasions when a pope speaks ex cathedra—literally meaning “of throne (St. Peter) "—when issuing a formal definition related to faith or morals. [12]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

History Degree and etymology The word pope comes from the Greek word πάππας meaning “father” or “father”.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In the early centuries of Christianity, this title was applied—especially in the east—to all bishops [18] and other senior clerics; it later became reserved in the west to name the Bishop of Rome, a reservation only declared official in the 11th century. [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] The earliest records surrounding the use of this title is in respect of the Patriarch of Aleksandria at the time, Pope Heraclas of Aleksandria (232—248). [24]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The earliest recorded use of the title “pope” (pope) in English is the middle of the 10th century, when it was used to refer to Pope Vitalianus in an Old English translation of Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum by Beda. [25]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The position in the Church of the Catholic Church teaches that the pastoral office, namely the duty of pastoral pastorship of the Church, formerly performed by the apostles as a group or “collegium” with St. Peter as their head, is now held by their successors, namely bishops, with the bishop of Rome (pope) as their head. [26]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

According to the Catholic Church, Jesus personally elevated Peter as leader of the Church and in the dogmatic constitution of Lumen gentium he issued mentioned a clear distinction between the apostles and the bishops; in it is stated that the bishops were successors of the apostles with the pope as Peter's successor, in this case he was the head of the bishops as Peter was the head of the apostles. [27]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Some historians argue that the idea of Peter being the first bishop of Rome and establishing an episcopal throne there can only be traced back to the 3rd century. [28]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The writings of Ireneus, one of the Church Fathers, who wrote in about 180 AD reflect a belief that Peter “founded and organized” the Church in Rome. [29]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Ireneus is seen not as the first person to write down Peter's presence in the early Church of Rome.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Klemens of Rome wrote a letter to the congregation at Corinth, c. 96, [30] regarding the persecution of Christians in Rome as “the struggle of our time” and presenting to the Corinthian congregation its heroes, “first of all, the truest and greatest pillars”, “the good apostles” Peter and Paul. [31]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Ignatius of Antioch wrote not long after Klemens and in his letter from the city of Smyrna to the church of Rome he said that he did not give them commandments as Peter and Paul did. [32]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Due to this and other evidence, many academics agree that Peter was martyred in Rome in Nero's reign, although some academics have argued that he may have been martyred in Palestine. [33] [34] [35] Protestants argue that the New Testament provides no evidence that the New Testament provides no evidence that the New Testament provides no evidence that the New Testament provides Jesus established the papacy or appointed Peter as the first bishop of Rome. [36]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Others, using Peter's own words, argue that Jesus imposed himself as the foundation of the Church and not Peter. [37] [38] Others argue that the Church is not only built on the foundation of faith and Jesus, but also upon disciples—even if not Peter's spies—as the roots and foundations of the Church correspond to Paul's teachings in the Epistle to the Romans and Ephesians. [39] [40] Each of the Christian communities in the first century had a group of presbyter-bishops (plural bishops) who functioned as their local church leaders.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Gradually, episcopalians were formed in metropolitan areas. [41]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Antioch may have developed such structures before Rome. [41]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In Rome, there were many who claimed to be legitimate bishops although again Ireneus emphasized the validity of a series of bishops from the time of St. Peter to Pope Viktor I who lived at the same time as him, and Ireneus made the list. [42]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Some authors claim that the onset of a single bishop in Rome probably did not occur until the middle of the 2nd century.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In their view, Linus, Kletus, and Klemens may have been prominent presbyter-bishops but not necessarily sole bishops. [28]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Documents from the 1st and early 2nd centuries indicate that the Holy See had a kind of superiority and significance within the Church as a whole, although detail about the meaning of this is very unclear in that period. [43]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Early Christianity (c. 30—325) At the beginning it seems that the use of the terms “episcopos” and “presbyter” were interchangeable. [44]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The consensus among academics was that, at the turn of the 1st and 2nd centuries, local congregations were led by bishops and presbiters with overlapping or indistinguishable posts. [45]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Some circles say that it is likely that “there was not a single 'monarchist' bishop in Rome before the middle of the 2nd century... and perhaps later. “[46]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Other academics and historians disagree, they cite historical records from St. Ignatius of Antioch (died in 107) and St. Ireneus that record the linear succession of the Bishops of Rome (popes) to their own time.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

They also cite the significance of the Bishop of Rome in various ecumenical councils, including all the earliest ones. [47]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In the early Christian era, Rome and several other cities had claims to the leadership of the Church around the world.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

James the Just, known as the “Brother of God”, plays the role of the head of the Jerusalem church which is still revered as the “Mother Church” in the Orthodox tradition.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Aleksandria was once a center of Jewish learning and one of the centers of Christian learning.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Rome had a large congregation at the beginning of the apostolic period which the Apostle Paul discusses in the Epistle to the Church in Rome which he wrote, and according to tradition Paul was martyred there.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

During the first century of the Church (c. 30—130), the Roman capital became recognized as an extraordinarily important center of Christianity.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Klemens I, in the late 1st century, wrote a letter to the Church in Ancient Corinth to intervene in a major dispute, and he apologized for inaction earlier. [48]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

But there are only a few other references from the time related to the recognition of the authoritative primacy of the Throne of Rome outside Rome.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In the Ravenna Document of 13 October 2007, theologians selected by the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church stated: “41.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Both sides agree... that Rome, as a Church that 'exercises leadership in love', according to a phrase from St. Ignatius of Antioch, [49] occupied the first place in taxis, and that the bishop of Rome hence was the prothos among the patriarchs.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In any case the two sides did not agree on the interpretation of historical evidence from this era related to the prerogative of the Bishop of Rome as a prothos, a thing already understood in different ways in the first millennium.”


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

By the end of the 2nd century AD, there were more embodiments of Rome's authority over other churches.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In 189, affirmation of the primacy of the Church of Rome can be indicated in the Against Heresy (3:3:2) of Ireneus's work: “With [the Church of Rome], because of the origin of its superiority, all churches must agree... and in him the faithful everywhere have preserved the apostolic tradition.”


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In 195 AD, Pope Viktor I excommunicated adherents of Quartodesimanism for celebrating Easter on the 14th of Nisan, the date of the Jewish Passover, a tradition inherited by John the Evangelist (cf. Passover controversy).


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

This act is seen as one practice of exercising Rome's authority over the rest of the church.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The celebration of Easter on Sunday, as asserted by the pope, is a system that has prevailed (cf. computus).


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Nicaea to East-West Schism (325—1054) Milano's Information (323) provided religious freedom for the people in Imperial Rome, beginning the peacetime of the Church.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In 325, the Council of Nicaea I condemned Arianism and in the sixth canon the council recognized the special role of the thrones of Rome, Aleksandria and Antiochian.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In 380, the Christianity of Nicaea was promulgated as the official religion of Imperial Rome and “Catholic Christianity” had the meaning of followers of this stream.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

When the eastern churches were overrun by civil authorities so that the Patriarch of Constantinople had powerful power in the East, the Bishop of Rome in the West managed to consolidate the influence and power wielded.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

After the fall of the Western Rome Empire, the barbarians embraced Catholicism; Clovis I, king of the Franks, was the first barbarian power holder to embrace Catholicism, not Arianism, thus allying himself with the Papacy.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Other tribes, such as the Visigoths, abandoned Arianism and embraced Catholicism.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

After the fall of Rome, the pope became a source of authority and continuity.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Gregorius the Great (540—604) imposed strict referomation.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Coming from a family of senators, Gregorius worked by wise and disciplined decisions as during ancient Roman times.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Theologically, Gregorius' work shows a change in the classical way of view towards the middle marked by dramatic wonders, reliquies, demons, angels, ghosts and the end of the world.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Gregorius' successors were generally dominated by Eksarkh Ravenna, deputy emperor of Byzantium in Italy.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The humiliation, the weakness of the empire in the face of Muslim expansion and the emperor's inability to protect the papal state from the Lombards made Pope Stephen II turn away from Emperor Constantine V to the Franks.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Pepin the Short conquered the Lombards and gave Italian lands to the papacy.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

When Leo III crowned Karolus the Great, the precedent that one would not become emperor without understanding by the pope began.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Since the 7th century, monarchists in Europe were accustomed to building churches and placing priests on their lands which led to increased corruption of the tertahbis.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

This commonplace practice occurs as a result of generally church trustees and secular rulers playing a role in public life.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

To counter the widespread practice of corruption in the church in the years 900 — 1050, various places, one of them the Cluni Monastery whose influence was widespread, encouraged the renewal of the church.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Pope Gregory VII established various regulations, known as the Gregory Reforms, to counter acts of simony and abuse of civil power and encourage church discipline including celibacy.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The conflict between the pope and secular rulers such as the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Henry IV and Henry I of England, known as the Ordination Controversy, settled in 1122 by the Concordrate of Worms with the pope's decree that the tertahbis be absolved by the church leader and sworn in by secular rulers.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Not long ago, Pope Alexander III began a series of updates that ended at the stipulation of the Canonical Law.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Since the beginning of the 7th century, crucidity had overwhelmed the Southern Mediterranean and threatened Christianity.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In 1095, the Byzantine emperor, Alexios I Komnenos, requested military assistance to pope Urban II in the face of a Muslim invasion.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Urban, at the Council of Clermon, began Crusade I to help Byzantine regain the territory of ancient Christianity, including Jerusalem.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The years 867—1049 were the lowest point of the papacy.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The Papacy was controlled by various political factions.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The whalers were detained, killed and taken down by force.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Some families dominated the papacy for 50 years.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In fact, pope John XII held revelry in the Lateran.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Emperor Otto I of Germany successfully charged pope John XII to the ecclesiastical court that demoted him from the papacy and elected pope Leo VIII a layman, although this attempt failed.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Confictions between popes and emperors of the Holy Roman Empire continued as well as acts of simony continued and were increasingly open.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In 1049, pope Leo IX was elected and faced papal and church problems.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Pope Leo IX visited various cities in Europe to resolve the problems experienced by the church.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

This restored papal prestige in Northern Europe.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

East-West schism until the Reformation Age (1054—1517) the East and West Churches officially split in 1054.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The split is due more to political influence than differences in belief.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The pope had angered the emperor (Byzantium) by making an alliance with the Frankish king, crowning the emperor rival Rome (crowning the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire), taking the Eksarkh of Ravenna and entering Greek Italy (Southern Italy).


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In medieval times, popes scrambled for power with kings.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In 1309 to 1377, the pope took up residence in Avignon (now in France) instead of in Rome.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The Avignon papacy was noted for its gluttony and corruption.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

During this time, the pope was effectively an ally of France and foreigner enemies of France, such as the British.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The pope was initially understood to have the power to draw 'treasures' from the saints and Christ, so that the pope could grant indulgents, reducing one's time within the Purgatorium.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The concept of fines or donations accompanied by remorse, confession and prayer gives rise to the general assumption that indulgence is based on material contributions at a glance.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The pope denounced misunderstandings and abuse but was too distressed by the inclusion to control indulgence.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The popes are scrambling for power with the cardinals, who are trying to establish the authority of the councils over the pope.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Conciliar theory states that supreme authority resides on equminist/general councils not popes.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The basis of this theory appeared in the early 13th century and peaked in the 15th century.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The failure of conciliar theory to gain widespread recognition after the 15th century was a driving factor for the occurrence of the Protestant Reformation.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Anti-popes had intercepted the authority of popes, especially during the time of Western schism (1378—1417).


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

On this schism, the papacy had returned to Rome from Avignon, but an anti-pope remained in office in Avignon, ostensibly to extend the existing papacy.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The eastern church continued to weaken as the weakening of Byzantine power weakened Constantinople's claim of equality against Rome.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The Byzantine emperor had twice forced the reunification of the eastern churches with the papacy.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Claims of papal superiority were a major problem in reunification leading to failure on numerous occasions of reunification.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In the 15th century, the Turks seized Constantinople, thus ending attempts at reunification from the eastern churches with the papacy for several centuries.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The Reformation Age until now (1517 to the present) In general, protestant reformers criticized the papacy as a corrupt institution and characterized the pope as an anti-christ.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The Pope then established the Catholic Reformation (1560—1648) as an answer to the Protestant Reformation and decreed internal reforms.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The Council of Trento, started by Pope Paul III, contained doctrines and reforms that safeguarded the primacy of the pope over church factions that sought to form conciliation with protestants and repellent the pope's authority.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In general, Primation from Peter, was the basis of the papacy, was a controversial doctrine that nevertheless separated the Western and Eastern churches as well as Protestants.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

The pope slowly ceded his temporal powers and focused on spiritual issues.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In 1870, the Vatican Council I proclaimed the dogma of pope infallibility for the very rare occasion of popes on ex cathedra basis when promulgating sublime definitions of belief and morals.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

At the end of the same year, Victor Emmanuel II succeeded in seizing Rome from the papacy and succeeded in unifying Italy.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In 1929, the Lateran Treaty between Italy and the Holy See established a Vatican state guaranteeing papal independence from secular powers.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

In 1950, the pope decreed “Mary raised to Heaven” as a dogma promulgated ex cathedra since the infallibility of the pope was promulgated.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

St. Peter and the origin of the papal office of the Catholic Church teaches that in the Christian community, bishops as one set have replaced the set of apostles (apostolic succession) and the Bishop of Rome has replaced St. Peter. [3]


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

Some Scriptural texts put forward in support of Peter's particular position in relation to the Church for example: “You are Peter and on this rock I will set up My church and death will not master it.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

I will give you the keys to the kingdom of heaven.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

What you have in this world shall be bound in heaven and what you release in this world will be detached in heaven.”


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

(Matthew 16:18-19) “Simon, Simon, see, Satan has demanded to behold you like wheat, but I have prayed for you, that your faith may not fall.


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

And thou, if thou hast been insaf, strengthen your brethren.”


Question: What is the height of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church?

Pope (Catholic church)

(Luke 22:31-34) “Shepherd my sheep.”