Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Darkening of the periphery is a decrease in the brightness level of light in the disc of a star approaching its periphery region. [25]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Red dwarf flare stars such as UV Ceti can have prominent starspots on their surface. [26]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The light magnitude of visible light from a star is called pseudo magnitude, that is, the light of a star which is a function of the luminosity of the star, distance from the earth and the change in its light when crossing the Earth's atmosphere.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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An absolute magnitude or intrinsic magnitude is the pseudo magnitude of a star if the distance between the earth and the star is 10parsec (32.6light-years), so it is directly related to the star's luminosity and states the actual brightness of the star.


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Both pseudo-magnitude and absolute magnitude scales are logarithmic units in which a difference of one magnitude equals a brightness difference of about 2.5times [28] (a root of rank 5 out of 100, or close to 2.512).


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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This means a star with a magnitude value of +1 is approximately 2.5 times brighter than a star with a magnitude value of +2, and approximately 100 times brighter than a star with a magnitude value of +6.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The dimmest stars that can be seen by the naked eye under good observation conditions are stars with a magnitude value of approximately +6.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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In the scale of pseudo magnitude and magnitude appear, the smaller the magnitude, the brighter the star; the larger the magnitude, the dimmer.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The brightest stars on both scales have negative magnitude values.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The light light difference (Δ<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[17547,17552,2,2]}'>L) between two stars is calculated by subtracting the magnitude value of the brighter star (mb) from the magnitude value of the dimmer star (mf), then using the difference as an exponent for the principal number 2.512.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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It can also be written with the following equation: Δ m = m f − m b {\ displaystyle\ Delta {m} =m_ {\ mathrm {f}} -m_ {\ mathrm {b}}} 2.512 Δ m = Δ L {\ displaystyle 2.512^ {\ Delta {m}} =\ Delta {L}} Although both are dependent on luminosity and distance from earth, The absolute magnitude of a star (M) is not equal to its exact magnitude (m). [28]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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For example, the bright star Sirius has a pseudo magnitude value of −1.44, having an absolute magnitude value of +1.41.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The sun has a pseudo magnitude value of −26.7, but its absolute magnitude is only +4.83.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky, is roughly 23 times brighter than the sun, is being Canopus, the second brightest star in the night sky with an absolute magnitude of −5.53, roughly 14,000 times brighter than the sun.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Although Canopus was much brighter than Sirius, but Sirius looked more brilliant than Canopus.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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This is due to Sirius's distance being only 8.6 light-years from earth, while Canopus is much farther away with a distance of 310 light years.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Based on 2006 data, the star with the highest known absolute magnitude is LBV 1806-20, with a magnitude value of −14.2.


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The star is at least 5,000,000 times brighter than the sun. [29]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Moderate stars with the lowest known luminosity are currently located in the cluster NGC 6397.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The dimmest red dwarf star in the cluster has a magnitude of 26, while it is also found to be a white dwarf star with a magnitude of 28.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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These dim stars are so faint that the light is the same as the light of a birthday candle on the moon when viewed from the earth. [30]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Unit of measurement Most stellar parameters are expressed in SI units, but units of cgs are sometimes used (e.g. luminosity is expressed in units of erg per second).


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The use of unit cgs is more of a tradition than a convention.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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But in practice often the mass, luminosity and radius of a star are expressed in units of the sun, considering that the sun is the most studied star and known to its physical parameters.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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For the sun, the following parameters are known: solar masse:m= 1.9891 × 1030 kg [31] solar luminosity:L= 3.827 × 1026 watts [31] solar radius= 6.960 × 108 m [32] Very large length size, for example the length of the semi-major axis of the orbit of a double star system, often expressed in astronomical units (AU = astronomical units), that is, the average distance between the earth and the sun.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Properties and characteristics Almost everything concerns a star influenced by its initial mass, including important properties such as size and luminosity, as well as evolution, age and eventual conditions.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Diameter Because of the great distance from the earth, all stars except the sun look only like shining points in the night sky when viewed with the naked eye, and twinkling due to the effects of the Earth's atmosphere.


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The sun is also a star, but it is spaced close enough to the earth that it looks like a disk in the sky and is able to illuminate the earth.


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In addition to the sun, the star with the largest apparent size is R Doradus, which is also only 0.057 arc seconds. [33]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The discs of most stars are too small their angular diameter to be observable with the Earth optical telescopes that exist today, so it takes an interferometer telescope to produce an image of a star.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Another technique for measuring the angular diameters of stars is occultation passing.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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By precisely measuring the bright decrease of a star's light during occultation with the moon (or the bright increase in starlight when the star reappears), the angular diameter of the star can be calculated. [34]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Star sizes are very diverse, ranging from neutron stars, which are only between 20 to 40km in diameter, to dowry stars such as Betelgeuse in the constellation Orion, which are about 650 times the diameter of the sun or about 900millionkm in diameter.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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However Betelgeuse has a much lower density than the sun. [35]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Kinematics The relative motion of a star to the sun can provide important information about the origin and age of the star, even about the structure and evolution of surrounding galaxies.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The motion component of a star consists of its radial velocity towards or away from the sun, and its transverse shift called self-motion.


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The radial velocity of a star is measured through a doppler shift in its spectrum line and is expressed in units of kilometers per second.


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The self-motion of a star is determined through meticulous astronomical measurements in units of milliseconds of arc per year.


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By determining the parallax of a star, the motion of the self can be then converted into units of velocity.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Stars with high velocities of self-motion are most likely closely spaced to the sun, making them suitable for measuring parallax. [37]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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As the velocities of both motions are known the space velocities of stars relative to the sun or the Milky Way can be calculated.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Among the stars around us, it is known that younger population I stars typically have lower velocities than older population II stars.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Population II stars have elliptical orbits that are inclinated against the plane of the Milky Way galaxy. [38]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Comparison of the kinematics of various stars around the sun also led to the discovery of a set of stars that are most likely a collection of stars with the same location of origin in a giant molecular cloud. [39]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Chemical composition When formed, the stars in the Milky Way galaxy its mass consisted of about 71% hydrogen and 27% helium, [40] and the rest were slightly heavier elements.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Usually the portion of heavy elements is known by measuring the amount of iron charge contained in a star's atmosphere, because iron is a common element and its absorption spectrum lines are relatively easy to calculate.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Because the molecular cloud in which stars form is continuously enriched with heavier elements, measurements of the chemical composition of a star can be used to determine its age. [41]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The portion of heavier elements can also be used as a clue to whether a star has a planetary system or not. [42]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The star with the lowest iron content ever measured is the dwarf star HE1327-2326, with an iron content of only 1/200,000 of the sun's iron content. [43]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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In contrast, the metal-rich star μLeonis, having a content that is almost twice that of the sun, medium planetary star 14 Herculis, has a content that is almost three times that of the sun. [44]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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There are also stars whose chemical composition is odd, which shows an extraordinary abundance of certain elements in their spectrum; in particular chrome and sparse earth metals. [45]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Mass. One of the most massive stars known is Eta Carinae. [46]


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With masses up to 100—150times the mass of the sun, the star also has a lifespan of only a few million years.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Research into the Arches cluster shows that the highest limit of stellar mass within the present era of the universe is 150times the mass of the sun. [47]


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The reason for this limit is not yet known for certain, but it is partly due to Eddington's luminosity, which is the maximum amount of luminosity that can pass through a star's atmosphere without having to catapult gas into space.


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However, a star named R136a1 in the star cluster RMC136a, measured to have a mass 265times the mass of the sun, makes that limit questionable. [48]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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A study showed that stars in the R136 star cluster larger than 150times the mass of the sun were formed as a result of the collision and merging of massive stars from several adjacent binary systems; thus those stars were able to cross the boundary 150times the mass of the sun. [49]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The first stars formed after the massive bang were likely larger than those present, reaching up to 300times the mass of the sun, even more, [50] due to the presence of elements heavier than lithium in their content.


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However, this massive generation of population III stars is long extinct and exists only theoretically.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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With a mass only 93 times the mass of Jupiter, AB Doradus C, a friend star of AB Doradus A, is the smallest star known to still perform nuclear fusion in its core. [51]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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For a star with a metalicity similar to that of the sun, the theoretical minimum mass a star can have, but still able to perform nuclear fusion at its core, is estimated to be about 75times the mass of Jupiter. [52] [53] However if the metalicity of a star is very low, its minimum mass is about 8.3% of the mass of the sun or about 87times the mass of Jupiter, based on recent research over the dimmest stars. [53] [54] An even smaller star called a brown dwarf, which occupies a clearly undefended gray area between the star and the gas giant.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The gravitational magnitude of a star's surface is determined by its diameter and mass.


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Giant stars have much lower surface gravity than those of the main row stars, while the opposite is for compact stars such as white dwarfs.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Surface gravity affects the appearance of a star's spectrum, with higher gravity causing widening of the uptake line. [55]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Magnetic field The magnetic field of a star is generated in the interior of the star where convection circulation occurs.


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This conductive plasma motion functions like a dynamo, generating a magnetic field that encompasses the entire star.


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The strength of a star's magnetic field depends on the mass and content of that star, and the amount of magnetic activity of the star's surface depends on the rotational velocity of the star.


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This surface activity produces starspots, which are regions of the star's surface with strong magnetic fields but temperatures much lower than other surface regions.


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The corona arch is a magnetic field that curves and reaches up to into the corona from the active regions of the star.


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Star bursts are bursts of high-energy particles emanated as a result of the same magnetic activity.. [56]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Young, fast-rotating stars tend to have high levels of surface activity as a result of the influence of their magnetic field.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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This magnetic field can also affect the stellar wind, which acts like a brake and slowly slows the rotation rate of a star along with the aging of a star.


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Therefore, older stars such as the sun, have that rotation rate and lower surface activity.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The level of surface activity of stars with a slow rate of rotation tends to be cyclical, and sometimes even does not exist at all for a period of time. [57]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Throughout Maunder's minimum lifetime for example, the sun shows almost no sunspot activity for 70years.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Rotation The rotation rate of the star can be determined through spectroscopy, or it can be measured even more precisely by observing the rotational rate of starspots.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Young stars can have a high rate of rotation, up to above 100km/s measured at their equator.


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A B-class star Achernar, for example, has a rotation rate of about 225km/s or more at its equator, causing its equator region to protrude outward so that this star has an equator diameter that is more than 1.5 times the distance between its poles.


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This rotation rate is only slightly below the critical rotation rate of 300km/s which would cause a star to disintegrate. [58]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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In contrast, the sun only rotates once for 25—35days, with an equatorial rotation rate of 1.99km/s.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The magnetic field and stellar wind slowed down the rotation rate of the main row stars significantly as a star developed in the main series. [59]


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A degenerate star is a star that has shrunk to a compact mass and resulted in a high rotation rate.


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However this rate of rotation is still lower than predicted by the law of immutability of angular momentum.


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Much of the angular momentum of such stars disappears due to the loss of stellar mass by the stellar wind. [60]


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Nonetheless, the rotation rate of pulsar stars can be very high.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The star pulsar at the center of the crab nebula for example, rotates 30 times in a second. [61]


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The rotation rate of pulsar stars will slowly slow down as a result of radiation emissions.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The temperature of the surface temperature of the main row star is determined by the energy income rate in its core which is generally estimated from the color index of the star. [62]


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Usually this temperature is expressed by the effective temperature, which is the temperature if a star is considered an ideal black object emitting energy with the same luminosity across its surface.


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So effective temperature is just a picture, because the temperature in a star gets higher if it gets closer to its core. [63]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Temperatures in the core area of a star reach up to several million degrees Celsius. [64]


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The temperature of a star determines the rate of ionization of various elements within it, also determining the nature of its spectrum absorption lines.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Surface temperature, absolute magnitude and spectrographic uptake properties of stars are used as the basis for classifying stars (see stellar classification below) [55] Massive stars in the main series can temperature up to 50,000°C.


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Moderate smaller stars, such as the sun, have a surface temperature of several thousand degrees Celsius.


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The red giant has a relatively low surface temperature of around 3,300°C, but the star has a high luminosity due to its vast outer surface. [65]


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Age Most stars are between 1—10billion years old.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Some stars may even be closer to 13.8billion years old—the observed lifespan of the universe.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The oldest star discovered to date, HE1523-0901, is estimated to be 13.2billion years old. [66] [67] The higher the mass of a star, the shorter it is.


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This is mainly due to the fact that a star with a high mass will have a high pressure anyway at its core which causes it to burn hydrogen more quickly.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The most massive stars last an average of only a few million years, while stars with a minimum mass (red dwarf) burn their fuel slowly and last for tens to hundreds of billions of years. [68] [69] Classification The star classification systems that exist today originate from the early 20th century, when stars were classified from A to Q based on the strength of their hydrogen lines. [71]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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At the time it was not yet known that the most influential to hydrogen line strength was temperature; hydrogen line strength peaked at 9,000 K (8,730°C) and weakened both at higher and low temperatures.


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As the classification system is reset based on temperature, its shape is getting closer to the modern system we use today. [72]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Stars are assigned single-letter classifications based on their spectrum, from very hot O-type to M so cold that molecules can form at their atmosphere.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The primary classification based on their temperature, from highest to lowest, is O, B, A, F, G, K, and M. Some stars with a rare type of spectrum have their own special classification.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Most commonly are the L and T categories, which include stars with low temperatures and masses as well as chocolate dwarfs.


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Each letter is subdivided into 10 subsections numbered 0—9, from the highest temperature to the lowest.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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However this system is less precise at very high temperatures, namely that the likelihood of stars of class O0 and O1 does not exist. [73]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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In addition stars can also be classified by the effect of luminosity in their spectrum lines, which is proportional to the size and gravitational strength of their surface.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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This classification is known by the Yerkes classification system and divides the stars into the following classes: 0 Supreme Giant I Maharaksasa II Bright giant III Giant IV Sub-giant V Main series (dwarf) VI Sub-dwarf VII White dwarf Most stars fall within main series consisting of ordinary hydrogen burner stars.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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These stars form thin diagonal bands in a stellar graph based on their absolute magnitude and type of spectrum (Hertzsprung-Russell diagram). [73]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Generally the class of stars is expressed with the two classification systems above.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Our sun, for example, is a G2V class mainline yellow dwarf star that has a moderate temperature and size.


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Additional naming, in lowercase form, can be written behind the classification of a star's spectrum to indicate special features of that star's spectrum.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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For example, the letter “e” may indicate the presence of an emission line; “m” indicates an unusually high level of metal (metal), and “var” can mean a varying type of spectrum. [73]


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White dwarf stars have their own classification starting with the letter D. This classification is further divided into the classes DA, DB, DC, DO, DZ, and DQ, depending on the type of its prominent spectrum line.


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Then behind it followed by a number value indicating its temperature index. [74]


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Distribution In addition to being stand-alone, stars can also be in multistellar systems.


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Multistellar systems can consist of two or more stars that are gravitationally bound and orbiting each other.


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The simplest and frequently encountered type of multistellar system are binary stars.


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In addition there have also been found multistellar systems that have three or more stars.


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Such multistellar systems are often hierarchically composed of multiple binary stars to maintain the stability of the orbits of their stars. [75]


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There are also larger clusters called star clusters.


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Star clusters range from a not-so-dense set of stars with only a few stars, to unusually large globular clusters with hundreds of thousands of stars.


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It has long been thought that most stars are in gravitationally bound multistellar systems.


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This is particularly true for the massive stars of class O and B, which 80% of its population is believed to be in multistellar systems.


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But the smaller the star, the more population of its type is in a single star system.


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Only 25% of red dwarfs are known to be in multistellar systems and since 85% of overall stars are red dwarfs, it is possible once most stars within the Milky Way were single since they formed. [76]


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The stars do not spread out evenly across the universe, but are usually in groups forming galaxies along with interstellar dust and gas.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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An ordinary galaxy contains hundreds of billions of stars, and there are more than 100billion (1011) galaxies within the observed universe. [77]


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Based on a number of stars in 2010 it is estimated that there are 300 triyar (3 × 1023) stars in the observed universe. [78]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Although it is often believed that stars are only present in galaxies, stars are found outside the galaxy (intergalactic stars). [79] [note 1] The closest star to earth other than the sun is Proxima Centauri which is about 4.2 light years or approximately 39.9trillion kilometers.


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If this distance was traveled at the shuttle's orbital velocity (8km/s—nearly 30,000km/h), then it would take roughly 150,000 years to get to. [note 2] Such distances are common interstellar distances in galactic disks, including in the surroundings of the solar system. [80]


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The stars can be very close together at the center of galaxies and in globular clusters or separated very far in the galactic halo.


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Due to the relatively very far interstellar distances within galaxies other than in the central regions of the galaxy, interstellar collisions are thought to be rare.


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In denser regions such as globular cluster nuclei or galactic centers, interstellar collisions can occur frequently. [81]


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Collisions like this can produce what is known as the blue straggler (blue straggler) star. [note 1] These abnormal stars have a surface temperature higher than other mainline stars in a star cluster with the same luminosity. [82]


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The term traveler refers to its location that is outside the normal evolutionary line of other stars on the Hertzsprung-Russel diagram of the star cluster.


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Evolution The structure, evolution, and ultimate fate of a star is greatly influenced by its mass.


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In addition, chemical composition also takes a role on a smaller scale.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The formation of a star is formed in a cloud of molecules; that is, a large area of interstellar medium with a high density (although it is still less tightly packed compared to a vacuum chamber on Earth).


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These clouds mostly consist of hydrogen with about 23— 28% helium and a few percent heavy elements.


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The composition of elements in these clouds has not changed much since the Big Bang nucleosynthesis event at the time of the beginning of the universe.


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Gravity plays a very important role in the process of star formation.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Star formation begins with gravitational instability inside molecular clouds that can have masses thousands of times the Sun.


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These instabilities are often triggered by shock waves from supernovae or collisions between two galaxies.


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Once a region reaches a material density that sufficiently qualifies the occurrence of Jeans instability, the cloud begins to collapse under its own gravitational force.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Under the terms of Jeans' instability, stars do not form alone, but in clusters that come from a collapse in a large cloud of molecules, then split into individual conglomerations.


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This is supported by observations wherein many similarly aged stars are incorporated in clusters or stellar associations.


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Once the cloud collapses, there will be an individual conglomeration of densely packed dust and gas referred to as the Bok globula.


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This Bok globula can have a mass of up to 50 times the Sun.


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The collapse of the globula makes an increase in density.


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In this process the gravitational energy is converted into thermal energy so that the temperature increases.


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When this protostellar cloud reaches hydrostatic equilibrium, a protostar will form at its core.


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These pre-main series stars are often surrounded by protoplanetary disks.


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The shredding or collapse of these molecular clouds takes up to tens of millions of years.


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When the temperature increase in the protostellar core reaches the range of 10 million kelvins, the hydrogen in the core 'burns' into helium in a thermonuclear reaction.


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Nuclear reactions within the core of the star supply enough energy to maintain pressure at the center so that the process of dredging stops.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Protostars are now starting new lives as main series stars.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The Main Series of the Star spends about 90% of its life burning hydrogen in a fusion reaction that produces helium with very high temperatures and pressures in its core.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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In this phase stars are said to be in the main series and are referred to as dwarf stars.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The end of a star When the hydrogen content in the star terrace runs out, the star terrace shrinks and frees up a lot of heat and heats the outer layers of the star


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The outer layers of stars that are still plenty of hydrogen expand and exchange red and are called red monster stars that can reach 100 times the size of the Sun before forming white dwarf stars.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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If the star is larger than the sun, it will form a red superraksa.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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This red superraksax then forms a Nova or Supernova and then it forms a neutron star or a black hole.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Variable stars Variable stars are stars whose luminosity changes both periodically and randomly, caused by factors from the inside and outside of that star.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The variable stars that result from factors within the star itself can be classed in three main categories.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The first type is a pulsating variable star.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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In stellar evolution, some stars enter a phase in which they can transform into pulsating variable stars.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Variable stars of this type change in radius and luminosity throughout time, expanding and shriveling with an interval of time from a few minutes to years, depending on the size of the star.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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This category includes chepeid-like and chepeid-like variable stars, as well as long-period variable stars such as Mira [83] The second is an eruptive variable star, that is, a star that experiences sudden luminosity spikes due to bursts and star-material throwing events mass lasts. [83]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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This category includes protostars, Wolf-Rayet stars and flare stars as well as giant stars and dowry giants.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The latter are explosive or cataclysmic variable stars including among them nova and supernova stars.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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A binary star system whose one of the stars is a white dwarf, can produce explosions of certain types of extraordinary types, including novae and supernovae type 1a. [84]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The explosion is created when a white dwarf sucks hydrogen from its partner star, increasing its mass until the hydrogen inside undergoes fusion. [85]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Some novae occur over and over again, with periodic outbursts that have a low amplitude. [83]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Stars can also change their luminosity due to external factors, for example eclipsing binary stars, as well as stars that have exceptional and rotating starspots. [83]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The most famous example of an eclipsing binary star is Algol which usually changes in magnitude between 2.5 to 3.5 with a period of 2.87 days.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The inner structure of a stable star is in a hydrostatically weighted state, where the force resulting from the pressure gradient from inside the star pushing outward offsets the gravitational force pulling inward.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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This pressure gradient results from the temperature gradient of the star's plasma, which is high on its exterior and gets colder to approach its core.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The core temperature of a main-series star or giant star is at least 107°C.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The temperature and pressure experienced by hydrogen incendiary nuclei on mainline stars are sufficient to allow nuclear fusion to occur and to generate enough energy to avoid stellar collapse. [86] [87] When subjected to nuclear fusion in a stellar core, atomic nuclei radiate energy in the form of gama rays.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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These photons interact with the surrounding plasma and increase thermal energy at the core.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The stars of the main series convert hydrogen into helium which makes the proportion of helium in its core increase slowly but surely.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Eventually the charge of helium will become dominant and even energy production ceases in the core.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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But for stars that mass more than 0.4times the mass of the sun, fusion reactions occur in a slowly expanding layer around helium degenerate nuclei. [88]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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In addition to hydrostatic equilibrium, the inside of a stable star will also maintain thermal equilibrium.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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There is a temperature gradient throughout the inside of the star that results in a stream of energy flowing to the outside.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The energy flow that leaves each layer in this star will be the same as the flow coming from under each layer.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Radiation zones are regions on the interior of a star where radiative transfer is efficient enough to maintain energy flow.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Within this area the plasma of the star would not move and any mass motion would be stalled.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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However, if this is not the case, then the plasma becomes unstable and there will be convection forming a convection zone.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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This can occur for example in regions where very high energy flows occur, such as near the core of a star or in areas with high relief (opacity) as in the outer layers. [87]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The occurrence of convection in the outer layers of the main series stars depends on its mass.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Stars with masses how many times the mass of the sun have a convection zone deep on the inside of the star and a radiation zone on the outer layer.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Smaller stars such as the sun are the opposite, with zones of convection located in the outer layers. [89]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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A red dwarf with a mass less than 0.4 times the mass of the sun has only a convection zone throughout its layers thus preventing the formation of helium cores. [90]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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In most stars, the convection zone will also change over time with the aging of the star and the changing arrangement of the core of the star. [87]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The part of a star visible to an observer is called the photosphere.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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It is a layer of stellar plasma that becomes transparent to photons of light.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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From this, the energy generated by the core spreads freely outward into space.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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It is in this photosphere that starspots, or regions of below-average temperatures, appear.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Above the photosphere is the stellar atmosphere.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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In mainline stars such as the sun, the lower part of the atmosphere represents the thin chromospheric region where the spicules appear and the start of stellar bursts.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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This chromosphere is surrounded by transitional regions, where temperatures rise rapidly within a distance of just 100km.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Outside it is the corona, an all-hot plasma volume that can reach outward up to several million kilometers. [91]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The existence of the corona appears to depend on the convection zone on the outer layer of the star. [89]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Although the temperature is high, the corona emits very little light.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The region of the solar corona is usually only visible in solar eclipses.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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From the corona, the charged stellar wind of plasma particles expands out of the star, propagating until it interacts with the interstellar medium.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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For the sun, the influence of its solar wind extends to the entire bubble-shaped region of the heliosphere. [92]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Nuclear fusion reaction pathways A variety of different nuclear fusion reactions take place within the stellar nucleosynthesis as part of stellar nucleosynthesis, by depending on their mass and composition.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The net mass of diffused atomic nuclei is smaller than the sum of the mass of the nuclei of their forming atoms.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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This missing mass is released as electromagnetic energy, according to the law of mass-energy equivalence where E=mc2. [93]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The hydrogen fusion process is a temperature-sensitive process.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Just the slightest increase in core temperature will lead to a considerable increase in fusion rate.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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As a result, the core temperatures of the main series stars vary only from 4 million degrees celsius for small M-class stars to 40 million degrees celsius for massive O-class stars. [64]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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In a solar core of 10million degrees celsius, hydrogen is fused to form helium in the proton-proton chain reaction: [94] 41H → 22H + 2e+ + 2νe (4.0 MeV + 1.0 MeV) 21H + 22H → 23He + 2γ (5.5 MeV) 23He → 4He + 21H (12.9 MeV) These reactions result in an overall reaction: 1H → 4He + 2e+ + 2γ + 2νe (26.7 MeV) where e+ is a positron, γ is a gama ray photon, νe is a neutrino, and H and He are respectively isotopes of hydrogen and helium.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The energy released by the reaction is in millions of electronvolts, which is really just a very small amount of energy.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Yet these reactions constantly occur in large quantities, generating the entire energy needed to sustain the star's radiation production.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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In more massive stars, helium is generated in a carbon-catalyzed reaction cycle called the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle. [94]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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In a developing star, with a core temperature of 100 million degrees celsius and a mass between 0.5 and 10 times the mass of the sun, helium can be converted into carbon through a triple-alpha process that uses beryllium as its intermediate element: [94] 4He + 4He + 92 keV → 8*Be 4He + 8*Be + 67 keV → 12*C 12*C → 12C + γ + 7.4 MeV With a whole reaction of: 34He → 12C + γ + 7.2 MeV In massive stars, heavier elements can also be burned in shrivelled cores through fluorescent combustion processes and oxygen combustion processes.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The final stage of the stellar nucleosynthesis process is the silicon burning process resulting in the production of the stable iron-56 isotope.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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After that the fusion reaction cannot be passed on again unless through endothermic processes, so more energy can only be generated through gravitational collapse. [94]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The example below shows the time it takes a star of mass 20 times the mass of the sun to exhaust its entire nuclear fuel.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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This star falls into the category of class O stars that measure eight times the radius of the sun and have a lumonicity of 62,000 times the sun. [96]


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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The closest star of the Sun Alpha Centauri Alpha Centauri known also as Rigil Kentaurus is the brightest star in the constellation Centaurus.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Although it looks like a point seen with the naked eye, it actually has three stellar components.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Among others; Alpha Centauri A (α Cen A), Alpha Centauri B (α Cen B) the third component is called Proxima Centauri (α Cen C).


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Alpha Centauri is the closest star system from our Earth, with a distance of 4.2 to 4.4 light-years.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Barnard's Star Barnard's star is a red dwarf star that has a very small mass.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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It is located about 6 million light-years from Earth.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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This star is the closest star located in the constellation Ophiuchus, and the fourth-closest star from the Sun, after all three Star components in the Alpha Centauri system.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Wolf 359 Wolf 359 is a red dwarf star located in the constellation Leo, near the ecliptic.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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It is about 7.8 light-years from Earth, and has an apparent magnitude of 13.5 and can only be seen with large telescopes.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Wolf 359 is one of the closest stars to our solar system, after Alpha Centauri, Proxima Centauri, and Barnard's star.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Its proximity to Earth led to this Star being widely referred to in some works of fiction.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Lalande 21185 Lalande 21185 is a small red star in the constellation Ursa Major.


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It is approximately 8.3 light-years from Earth.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Although relatively close, it is nevertheless too dim seen with the naked eye.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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In about 19,900 years, Lalande 21185 will be at its closest distance of about 4.65 ly (1.43 pc) from the Sun.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Sirius Sirius is the brightest star in the night sky located in the constellation Canis Major.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Sirius can be seen in almost all places on the surface of the Earth except by people living at latitudes above 73.284° north.


Question: What number of stars are there in the solar system?

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Sirius is one of the closest star systems to Earth at a distance of 2.6 parsecs or 8.6 light-years.


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Footnote Reference List library Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Outside links at HowStuffWorks.


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Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg.


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University of Illinois.


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Astronomical Society of South Australia


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Snow White is a fictional character and heroine of Walt Disney's first animated film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

She is also considered to be the first member of the group Disney Princess.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Snow White (:Schneewittchen) comes from famous fairy tales from Europe, the most famous version of which is the Grimm Brothers collection.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

In Indonesian, Snow White is known as White Snow.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Snow White's voice cast was Adriana Caselotti in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

As for the Indonesian version filled by Apriliana Suci Ariesta Profile Clothes Snow White once wore two dresses in the original movie.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

First, a brown waitress shirt with white sleeves and a torn skirt with fabric patches.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

The band is dark blue.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Secondly, a blue top with a white collar and light blue sleeves with a red decoration in the shape of a large water droplet, each sleeve has three.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

The skirt is yellow (trinkets) or cream (film).


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

His band became a red color.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

She also wears light brown color shoes with yellow ribbons.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Snow White's physical appearance has “rose-red lips, ebony-black hair, snow-white skin” as the magic mirror belongs to the Evil Queen.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Although never mentioned, Snow White's lifespan is fourteen years.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Snow White is also the shortest Disney Princess.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Snow White's nature is shown to be very good-natured, innocent, and cheerful.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Snow White never got mad even at the Evil Queen.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Snow White is close to the animals.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

He was also friendly, industrious, and somewhat shy.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Snow White is fond of singing and cooking.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Snow White cares about the parents, even though the grandmother turns out to be evil.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Snow White can make people like him, like Grumpy who can't bear to dislike him.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Snow White is also the softest and sweetest Disney Princess and the only one to ever pray.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs appearance Snow White is a young princess living in a palace with her stepmother, the Evil Queen.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Snow White has a melodious voice.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Despite being treated badly by the Evil Queen, Snow White remained cheerful.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

She sings while working, accompanied by the doves.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

While he was drawing water in the well while singing, Snow White came by a handsome Prince.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

The Prince came along to sing so Snow White was embarrassed.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Snow White also ran into the tower.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Prince sang a love song to Snow White and ever since, Snow White fell in love with Prince.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

The Evil Queen is not happy with Snow White being the prettiest girl.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

He wants to kill Snow White with the services of a hunter.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Snow White is taken to the forest by hunters.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

In the woods, the gentle Snow White encounters a small bird who lost its parents.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

The hunter who was about to kill Snow White did not bear to carry out the queen's orders.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

He also told Snow White to run away.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Snow White ran into the woods.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

He was frightened because in the middle of the forest was very dark, plus he still didn't believe the Queen was willing to kill him.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

He fell down and cried.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

But the animals of the forest came and comforted him.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Snow White has a simple personality and is good at singing.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

He took the beasts to the dwarf's lodge.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Finding the dwarf's house dirty, Snow White took the initiative to clean it up.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Due to exhaustion, Snow White falls asleep


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Upon awakening, Snow White makes good friends with the dwarves who have come home from working quarry.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

They even partied.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

It's just that one of the dwarves named Grumpy appears to dislike Snow White.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

However the next day, Grumpy turns out to also like Snow White.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

In reality, he worries Snow White because his stepmother is evil.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

When the seven dwarves went to mine gems, the Evil Queen who had transformed through the potion into an old grandmother came to the dwarf's lodge.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

The Evil Queen tricked Snow White who was making a pie pie.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

He said, if Snow White eats his gift apple while saying his hope, Snow White's hope will come out.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

When Snow White ate the poisoned apple, Snow White fell unconscious.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

The dwarves are informed by the forest beasts of the arrival of the Evil Queen, chasing the Evil Queen all the way to the top of the cliff where the queen falls and dies.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

But Snow White was not saved.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

He was eventually laid inside a glass crate.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

In the spring, the Prince who heard the news of Snow White's death, searched and managed to find her.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

He kisses Snow White and Snow White awakens.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Only the kiss of true love can defeat the curse.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

The Prince and Snow White go towards the palace and live happily.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Appearance in the Kingdom Hearts series Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Snow White first met Terra in a meadow when she was picking flowers.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

As the Unversed came, Terra immediately took out his keyblades, but it made Snow White frightened and he immediately ran into the forest with fear.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

After Ventus arrives at the Dwarf Woodlands and encounters the dwarves, he hears Snow White screaming and finds that she has been surrounded by the Unversed and the monsters that exist within the trees of the Dwarf Woodlands.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

He immediately rescues her and they find the dwarves' cottage where Snow White stayed until the dwarves came.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

The dwarves agree to let Snow White stay in their cottage.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

After defeating Mad Treant, Ventus intends to leave the Dwarf Woodlands but accidentally directs the undercover Evil Queen to the spot where Snow White is.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

As Aqua comes, Snow White has eaten a poisoned apple and put to sleep in a glass chest by the dwarves.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Later, Aqua comes with the Prince who can break the curse.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

He kisses her on the lips and wakes her up from her “sleep”.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Snow White bids farewell to the dwarves and immediately leaves with the Prince.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Kingdom Hearts World Snow White is destroyed by Heartless.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Snow White was one of the Princesses of Heart who was kidnapped and taken to Hollow Bastion.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Once they had all been collected, Maleficent immediately used their hearts to open the keyhole in the Hollow Bastion and release the power that was inside.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

When the princess' hearts manage to return to their respective bodies, Snow White and the five other princesses wake up from their sleep and wear their powers to prevent the darkness spreading across the world.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

They couldn't hold it for long, because the seventh daughter, Kairi, did not exist.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

But they are trying to hold it as long as possible to give Sora time.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Sora manages to return and seals the Hollow Bastion keyhole.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

After that, Snow White lives in Hollow Bastion with the other princesses, also with Beast, Leon Yuffie, and Aerith.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

As Kingdom Hearts was sealed, Snow White returned to her own world.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Kingdom Hearts II Although she did not appear, Snow White's name was part of the password that could access the DTD dataspace in Space Paranoids.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Outside links in Disney Archives Please use a more specific IMDb template.


Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

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Question: How long is the process of making Elena and the Secret of Avalor?

Snow White (Disney)

Category:Disney Princess Characters Category:Disney Princesses Category:Children characters in animation


Question: What is the temperature of the melted snow?

Snow

Snow (from Arabic ح لج, thalaj) is water falling from clouds that have frozen to dense and rain-like.


Question: What is the temperature of the melted snow?

Snow

Snow consists of water vapor particles that then cool in the upper air (see atmosphere, biosphere, climate, meteorology, weather) falling to the earth as soft, white, and crystal-like soft snowflakes, ferns like ice crystals, clusters of all of them).


Question: What is the temperature of the melted snow?

Snow

At a certain temperature (called freezing point, 0° Celsius, 32° Fahrenheit), regular snow melts and disappears.


Question: What is the temperature of the melted snow?

Snow

The process when snow/ice turns directly into water vapor without first melting is called sublimating.


Question: What is the temperature of the melted snow?

Snow

The process of his opponent is called deposition.


Question: What is the temperature of the melted snow?

Snow

When the snow freezes, it often becomes small shards called “snowflakes”.


Question: What is the temperature of the melted snow?

Snow

Snow is a prerequisite for winter sports activities such as skiing and sledding).


Question: What is the temperature of the melted snow?

Snow

In the world, snow is common in subtropical and temperate temperate countries.


Question: What is the temperature of the melted snow?

Snow

However, there are also snowy tropics, namely in the Jayawijaya Mountains and Barisan Sudirman in Papua, Indonesia.


Question: What is the temperature of the melted snow?

Snow

See also Avalanche Acretion Ablation Blizzard Climatology Condensation Dendrites Evaporation Icestone Moisture Metamorphism Rain Polycrystalline Frost Pressure Saturated steam Snow core Snow density Snowfall Snow altitude Snow load Snowfall Snowfall Snowfall Snowfall Snowfall Supersaturation Vapor Pressure Category:Weather


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Atoms are a basic unit of matter, consisting of atomic nuclei and clouds of negatively charged electrons surrounding them.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Atomic nuclei consist of positively charged protons, and neutron-charged neutrons (except in the nucleus of the Hydrogen-1 atom, which has no neutrons).


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The electrons on an atom are bound to the nucleus of the atom by electromagnetic force.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

A set of atoms can also bind to each other, and form a molecule.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Atoms containing the same number of protons and electrons are neutral, while those containing different numbers of protons and electrons are positive or negative and are referred to as ions.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Atoms are grouped based on the number of protons and neutrons contained at the nucleus of those atoms.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The number of protons on an atom determines the chemical element of that atom, and the number of neutrons determines the isotopes of that element.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The term atom comes from Greek (τομος/átomos, α-τεμνω), which means that it cannot be cut or something that cannot be divided anymore.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The concept of atoms as an indivisible component was first proposed by Indian and Greek philosophers.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

In the 17th and 18th centuries, chemists laid the foundations of this thinking by showing that certain substances could not be shared even further using chemical methods.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, physicists managed to discover the structure and components of subatomes within atoms, proving that 'atoms' are no longer divisible.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The principles of quantum mechanics used by physicists later managed to model atoms. [1]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

In everyday observations, relatively atoms are considered a very small object that has a proportionally small mass anyway.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Atoms can only be monitored using specialized equipment such as atomic force microscopes.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

More than 99.9% of the atomic mass is centered on atomic nuclei, [note 1] with protons and neutrons massing about the same.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Each element has at least one isotope with an unstable core, which can undergo radioactive decay.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

This can result in transmutation, which changes the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. [2]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Electrons bound to atoms contain a number of energy cores, or orbitals, that are stable and can undergo transitions between these cedes by absorbing or emitting photons corresponding to the energy difference between the cedes.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The electrons on an atom determine the chemical properties of an element, and affect the magnetic properties of the atom.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

History The concept that matter consists of separate units that cannot be further subdivided into smaller units has existed for a millennium.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

However, the thinking is still abstract and philosophical, rather than based on empirical observations and experiments.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Philosophically, the description of atomic properties varies depending on the culture and flow of the philosophy, and often also contains spiritual elements in it.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Nevertheless, the basic thinking about atoms is acceptable to scientists thousands of years later, because it can elegantly explain new discoveries in chemistry. [3]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The earliest reference to the concept of the atom can be re-titled to ancient Indian times in 800 A.D., [4] described in Jainism philosophic manuscripts as anu and paramanu. [4] [5] The Nyaya and Vaisesika mazhab streams developed a theory explaining how atoms merge into more complex objects. [6]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

A century later appeared References regarding atoms in the Western world by Leukippos, by which his disciple Demokritos the view was systematized.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Approximately in 450BC, Demokritos coined the term átomos (Greek: τομος), meaning “uncut” or “undivisible”.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Demokritos theory regarding atoms is not an attempt to describe a physical phenomenon in detail, but rather a philosophy that attempts to provide answers to the changes that occur in nature. [1]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

A similar philosophy also occurred in India, but nevertheless modern science decided to use the term “atom” inscribed by Demokritos. [3]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Further progress on the understanding regarding atoms began with the development of chemical science.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

In 1661, Robert Boyle published the book The Sceptical Chymist which argued that the materials in this world were made up of various combinations of “corpuscules”, that is, different atoms.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

This is in contrast to the classical view which holds that matter consists of the elements of air, soil, fire, and water. [7]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

In 1789, the term element was defined by a French aristocrat and researcher, Antoine Lavoisier, as a basic material that could not be shared even further using chemical methods. [8]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

In 1803, John Dalton used the concept of atoms to explain why elements always react in spherical and fixed comparisons, as well as why certain gases are more soluble in water compared to other gases.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

He put forward the opinion that each element contains unique single atoms, and that atoms can further combine to form chemical compounds. [9] [10] This particle theory was later confirmed even further in 1827, which is when botanist Robert Brown used microscope to observe the dust floating on the water and find that the dust moves randomly.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

This phenomenon later became known as the “Brown Motion”.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

In 1877, J. Desaulx submitted the opinion that this phenomenon was caused by the thermal motion of water molecules, and in 1905 Albert Einstein made a mathematical analysis of this motion. [11] [12] [13] French physicist Jean Perrin then used the results of Einstein's work to determine the mass and the dimension of atoms experimentally, which later determinedly became a verification of Dalton's atomic theory. [14]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Based on the results of his research into cathode rays, in 1897 J. J. Thomson discovered electrons and their subatomic properties.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

This breaks down the concept of the atom as an undivisible unit. [15]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Thomson believed that electrons were uniformly distributed across atoms, and their charges were balanced by the existence of a positive charge ocean (the plum pudding model).


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

But in 1909, researchers under the direction of Ernest Rutherford fired helium ions into thin sheets of gold, and found that a fraction of those ions were reflected with a sharper angle of reflection than what Thomson's theory predicted.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Rutherford then put forward the opinion that the positive charge of an atom and most of its mass is concentrated in the nucleus of an atom, with electrons circling the atomic nucleus like a planet circling the sun.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The positive charge of helium ions passing through this solid core must be reflected with a sharper angle of reflection.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

In 1913, while experimenting with the results of radioactive decay processes, Frederick Soddy discovered that there is more than one type of atom at each position of the periodic table. [16]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The term isotope was later coined by Margaret Todd as a proper name for atoms that are different but are one element in common. J. J. Thomson further discovered a technique for separating these types of atoms through their work on ionized gases. [17]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Meanwhile, in 1913 physicist Niels Bohr reexamined Rutherford's atomic model and put forward the opinion that electrons lie in quantized orbits as well as can jump from one orbit to another, despite this being unable to freely spin spirals to in or out in a state of transition. [18]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

An electron must absorb or emit a certain amount of energy to be able to transition between these fixed orbits.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

When light from the heated matter radiates through the prism, it produces a multi-colored spectrum.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The sighting of these particular lines of the spectrum is successfully explained by this theory of orbital transitions. [19]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Chemical bonds between atoms later in 1916 were described by Gilbert Newton Lewis as interactions between electrons of such atoms. [20]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

On the existence of the regularity of chemical properties in the chemical period table, [21] American chemist Irving Langmuir of 1919 argued that this could be explained when the electrons on an atom were interconnected or converged in certain forms.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

A group of electrons is thought to occupy a set of electron petals around an atomic nucleus.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The Stern—Gerlach experiment in 1922 provided further evidence regarding the quantum properties of atoms.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

When a beam of silver atoms is fired through a magnetic field, the beam separates according to the direction of the atomic angular momentum (spin).


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Since the spin direction is random, the beam is expected to spread into a single line.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

But in fact this beam is divided into two parts, depending on whether the atomic spin is oriented upwards or downwards. [22]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

In 1926, using Louis de Broglie's thinking that particles behave like waves, Erwin Schrödinger developed a mathematical atomic model that described electrons as three-dimensional waves rather than as points of particles.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

A consequence of using waveforms to explain these electrons is that it is impossible to mathematically calculate the position and momentum of particles simultaneously.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

This later became known as the uncertainty principle, which was formulated by Werner Heisenberg in 1926.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

According to this concept, for any measurement of a position, one can only obtain a range of momentum probability values, as well as vice versa.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Although this model is difficult to visualize, it can well explain the properties of monitored atoms that could not previously be explained by any theory.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Therefore, atomic models that describe electrons circling atomic nuclei like planets around the sun were aborted and replaced by atomic orbital models around the nuclei where electrons are most likely to be located. [23] [24] Developments in mass spectrometry allow it to do so precise measurement of atomic mass.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

This spectrometer equipment uses magnets to deflect the ion beam trayectory, and the amount of deflection is determined by the ratio of the atomic mass to the charge.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Chemist Francis William Aston used this equipment to show that isotopes had different masses.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The difference in mass between isotopes is integer, and it is referred to as the rule of integers. [25]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

This explanation of the isotopic mass difference was successfully solved after the discovery of neutrons, a neutron-charged particle with almost the same mass as a proton, namely by James Chadwick in 1932.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The isotope was later described as an element with the same number of protons, but having a different number of neutrons in the atomic nucleus. [26]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

In the 1950s, the development of particle accelerators and particle detectors allowed scientists to study the impacts of atoms moving at high energies. [27]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Neutrons and protons were then known as hadrons, that is, composites of small particles referred to as quarks.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Standard models of nuclear physics were later developed to explain the properties of atomic nuclei in terms of these subatomic particle interactions. [28]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Around 1985, Steven Chu et al. at Bell Labs developed a technique to lower atomic temperatures using lasers.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

That same year, a group of scientists chaired by William D. Phillips succeeded in trapping sodium atoms in a magnetic trap.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Claude Cohen-Tannoudji then combined both techniques to cool a small number of atoms to a few microkelvins.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

This allowed scientists to study atoms with very high precision, which ultimately led scientists to discover the Bose-Einstein condensation. [29]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

In its history, a single atom has been very small for use in scientific applications.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

But recently, various devices using a single atom of metal connected with organic ligands (single-electron transistors) have been created. [30]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Various studies have been conducted to capture and slow down atomic rates using laser cooling to gain a better understanding of the properties of atoms. [31]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Atomic components subatomic particles Although originally the word atom meant a particle that could not be cut into smaller particles, in modern science terminology, atoms are composed of various subatomic particles.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The constituent particles of this atom are electrons, protons, and neutrons.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

However hydrogen-1 does not have neutrons.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Similarly it does in H+ positive hydrogen ions.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Of all the particles of this subatome, electrons are the lightest, with an electron mass of 9.11kg and a negative charge.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The size of electrons is so small as there is no measurement technique that can be used to measure their size. [32]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The proton has a positive charge and a mass 1,836 times heavier than an electron (1,6726kg).


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Neutrons are not electrically charged and have a free mass of 1,839 times the mass of an electron [33] or (1,6929kg).


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

In the standard model of physics, both protons and neutrons are composed of elementary particles called quarks.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Quark belongs to the class of fermion particles and is one of the two constituent materials of basic matter (the other is lepton).


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

There are six types of quarks and each of them has a fractional listry charge of +2/3 or −1/3.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The proton consists of two ascending and one descending quark, when the neutron consists of one ascending quark and two descending quarks.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

This difference in the composition of the quarc affects the difference in mass and charge between the two particles.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The quarks are bound together by a strong nuclear force interacted by gluons.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The gluon is a member of the tolok boson which is a physics-style intermediate. [34] [35] The atomic nucleus of the atomic nucleus consists of protons and neutrons bonded together at the atomic center.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Collectively, such protons and neutrons are referred to as nucleons (nuclear-constituent particles).


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The diameter of atomic nuclei ranges from 10−15 to 10−14m. [36]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The radius of the core is estimated to be equal to 1.07 A 3 {\ displaystyle {\ begin {smallmatrix} 1.07 {\ sqrt [{3}] {A}}\ end {smallmatrix}}} fm, with A being the number of nucleons. [37]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

It is very small compared to the radius of an atom.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Those nucleons are bound together by a potential pull-of-interest force called a residual strong force.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

At distances smaller than 2.5 fm, this force is stronger than the electrostatic force that causes protons to reject each other. [38]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Atoms of the same chemical element have the same number of protons, called atomic numbers.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

An element can have varying numbers of neutrons.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

These variations are referred to as isotopes.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The number of protons and neutrons of an atom will determine the nuclides of the atom, while the number of neutrons relative to the number of protons will determine the stability of the atomic nucleus, with certain elemental isotopes running radioactive decay. [39]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Neutrons and protons are two different types of fermions.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The Pauli exclusion principle forbids the existence of identical fermions (such as for example multiple protons) occupying a similar quantum physical state at the same time.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Therefore, each proton in an atomic nucleus should occupy a different quantum state with its own energy level.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

This Pauli principle also applies to neutrons.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

This prohibition does not apply to protons and neutrons occupying the same quantum state. [40]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

For atoms with low atomic numbers, atomic nuclei that have more number of protons than neutrons can potentially fall to a lower energy state through radioactive decay that causes the number of protons and neutrons to balance.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Therefore, atoms with a balanced number of protons and neutrons are more stable and less likely to decay.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

However, with increasing atomic number, the repulsive force between protons makes atomic nuclei require an even higher proportion of neutrons to maintain their stability.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

In the heaviest nuclei, the ratio of neutrons per proton necessary to maintain their stability will increase to 1.5. [40]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The number of protons and neutrons at the atomic nucleus can be changed, although this requires very high energies due to its strong attractive force.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Nuclear fusion occurs when many atomic particles merge to form heavier nuclei.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

For example, at the nucleus of the Sun, protons require energies of about 3—10 keV to overcome the repulsive force between them and merge into a single nucleus. [41]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Nuclear fission is the opposite of the fusion process.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

In nuclear fission, the nucleus is broken into two smaller nuclei.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

This usually occurs through radioactive decay.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Atomic nuclei can also be changed through the firing of high-energy subatomic particles.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

If this changes the number of protons in the nucleus, the atom changes its element. [42] [43] If the mass of the nucleus after the fusion reaction is smaller than the mass number of the initial constituent particles, then this difference is due to the release of energy jets (e.g. gamma rays), as which is found on Einstein's mass-energy equivalence formula, E=mc2, with m being the missing mass and c being the speed of light.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

This deficit is part of the new core binding energy. [44]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Two-core fusions that produce larger nuclei with lower atomic numbers than iron and nickel (the total number of nucleons equals 60) are usually exothermic, meaning that this process releases energy. [45]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

It is this process of energy release that makes nuclear fusion in stars defensible.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

For heavier nuclei, the binding energy per nucleon in the nucleus begins to decrease.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

This means that the fusion process will be endothermic. [40]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The electron cloud The electrons in an atom are drawn by protons in the atomic nucleus through electromagnetic force.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

This force binds to electrons in a well of electrostatic potential around the core.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

This means that outside energy is required in order for an electron to escape the atom.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The closer an electron is in the core, the greater the attraction force, so electrons located close to the center of the potential well require greater energy to escape.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Electrons, just like any other particle, have both particle-like and wave-like properties (wave-particle dualism).


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

An electron cloud is a region in a potential well where each electron produces a kind of silent wave (i.e., a wave that does not move relative to the core) three-dimensional.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

This behavior is determined by the atomic orbital, which is a mathematical function that calculates the probability that an electron will appear at a particular location when its position is measured. [46]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

There will only be one particular set of orbitals located around the core, as other wave patterns will rapidly decay into more stable shapes. [47]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Each atomic orbital corresponds to a certain level of electron energy.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

An electron can change its state to a higher energy level by absorbing a photon.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

In addition to being able to rise towards higher energy cedars, an electron can also descend to a lower energy state by emitting excess energy as a photon. [47]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The energy required to release or increase one electron (electron binding energy) is less than the binding energy of a nucleon.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

For example, it only takes 13.6eV to release electrons from a hydrogen atom. [48]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Compare that with an energy of 2.3MeV required to break down the deuterium nucleus. [49]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Electrically charged atoms are neutral by due to their equal number of protons and electronics.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Atoms that lack or excess electrons are referred to as ions.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The electrons located at the outside of the nucleus can be transferred or divided into other nearby atoms.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

In this way, atoms can bind to each other to form molecules. [50]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Properties of nuclear properties By definition, two atoms with an identical number of protons in their core belong to the same chemical element.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Atoms with the same number of protons but with different neutron counts are two different isotopes of one common element.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

For example, all hydrogens have one proton, but there is one isotope of hydrogen that does not have neutrons (hydrogen-1), one isotope that has one neutron (deuterium), two neutrons (tritium), etc.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Hydrogen-1 is the most common form of hydrogen isotope.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Sometimes it is referred to as protium. [51]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

All isotopes of elements atomic numbered larger than 82 are radioactive. [52] [53] Of the approximately 339 nuclides formed naturally on Earth, 269 of them have never been monitored decays. [54]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

In chemical elements, 80 of the known elements have one or more stable isotopes.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Elements 43, 63, and all elements higher than 83 have no stable isotopes.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Twenty-seven elements have only one stable isotope, when the most number of stable isotopes is monitored in tin elements with 10 stable isotopes. [55]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Mass. Since the majority of atomic mass comes from protons and neutrons, the overall number of these particles in an atom is referred to as the mass number.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The mass of atoms at the quiescent state is often expressed using units of atomic mass (u) also called dalton (Da).


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

This unit is defined as twelfth the mass of a neutral carbon-12 atom, which is approximately as large as 1.66kg. [56]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Hydrogen-1 which is the lightest isotope of hydrogen has an atomic weight of 1.007825u. [57]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

An atom has a mass approximately equal to its mass number multiplied by the unit mass of the atom. [58]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

The heaviest stable atom is lead-208, [52] with a mass of 207.9766521u. [59]


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Chemists typically use units of moles to state the number of atoms.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

One mole is defined as the number of atoms contained at 12 grams exactly carbon-12.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

This number is about 6,022, which is also known as Avogadro.


Question: What is the definition of an atom?

Atomic

Thus an element with an atomic mass of 1 u would have one mole of atoms that mass 0.001kg.