Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

It was made back for television in 2003 with Patrick Stewart and Glenn Close (for which Close won the Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress In A Mini-series or Motion Picture Made for Television and was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress - Miniseries or a Movie).


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Aliénor's role inside Becket's play, filmed in 1964 with Pamela Brown as Aliénor, contains a fictitious history, acknowledged by author Jean Anouilh.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Pad of 2004, Catherine Muschamp's one-woman play, Mother of the Pride, toured Britain with Eileen Page inside the title role.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

In 2005, Chapelle Jaffe played the same part in Toronto.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

The character “Queen Aliénor” appears in William Shakespeare's King John, along with members of the family.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

On television, she was portrayed inside this play by Una Venning in the BBC series Sunday Night Theatre (1952) and by Mary Morris in the BBC version of Shakespeare (1984).


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

He is prominent in Sharon Kay Penman's novels, When Christ And His Saints Slept, Time and Chance, and Devil's Brood.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

He briefly appeared in Here Be Dragons.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Penman also wrote a mystery history series in which Aliénor, at his old age sends a trusted servant to reveal various riddles.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

The titles are The Queen's Man, Cruel as the Grave, Dragon's Lair, and Prince of Darkness.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Eleanor deals with Nicole des Jardins in Arthur C. Clarke's series Rendezvous with Rama.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

She is often noted as the ideal role for Nicole along with Joan of Arc.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Amy Ruth Kelly's biography “Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings,” published by Harvard Paperbacks has a reputation for quite a long time.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Jean Plaidy wrote about him in several novels.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Courts of Love is written from a first-person view in the Plaidy Queens of England series, and in The Plantagenet Saga, Aliénor of Aquitaine is played in The Plantagenet Prelude, Revolt of the Eaglets, The Heart of the Lion, and Prince of Darkness.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Aliénor of Aquitaine appears inside a book inside the series The Royal Diaries, Eleanor: Crown Jewel of Aquitaine (2002) by Kristiana Gregory.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

The books in the series were written as fictitious diaries of a noblewoman in their teens; Aliénor's book was created in 1136.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Cecelia Holland's 2010 novel The Secret Eleanor: A Novel of Eleanor of Aquitaine, set in 1151—1152, centers Aliénor's relationship with her sister Pétronille; which recounts Aliénor and Henry Plantagenet's meeting, at the beginning of their romance, The annulment of Aliénor's marriage to Louis VII, and Pétronille's important role of helping his sister in the events, in fictitious secret history according to the known facts of their lives.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

In 2013, Elizabeth Chadwick published her first and three published books concerning Aliénor's life, called The Summer Queen.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Aliénor is one of four women mentioned in Helen Castor's book “She-Wolves: The Women Who Ruled England Before Elizabeth” (Faber & Faber), and the BBC documentary “She-Wolves: England's Early Queens”, presented by Castor.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Aliénor's film, radio and television plays a role in a number of screen versions of Ivanhoe and the story of Robin Hood.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Played by Martita Hunt in The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men (1952), Jill Esmond in the British TV adventure series The Adventures of Robin Hood (1955—1960), Phyllis Neilson-Terry in the British TV adventure series Ivanhoe (1958), Yvonne Mitchell in the series British TV adventure The Legend of Robin Hood (1975), Siân Phillips inside the TV series Ivanhoe (1997), and Tusse Silberg inside the TV series The New Adventures of Robin Hood (1997).


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

She was portrayed by Lynda Bellingham in the BBC series Robin Hood.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Most recently, she was portrayed by Eileen Atkins inside Robin Hood (2010).


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Inside a 1964 film, "Becket” (1964), Aliénor was briefly played by Pamela Brown with Peter O'Toole's inaugural performance as a young Henry II.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

In the 1968 film The Lion in Winter, Aliénor was played by Katharine Hepburn, and Henry was played by Peter O'Toole.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

The film chronicles the tentnag of their relationship troubles and the infighting of their three sons Richard, Geoffrey, and John over the succession.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

A 2003 TV movie remake starring Glenn Close as Aliénor and Patrick Stewart as Henry.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

She was also played by Mary Clare in a silent film Becket (1923), which was based on a play by Alfred Lord Tennyson, Prudence Hyman in a TV film of the children's series Richard the Lionheart (1962), and Jane Lapotairedi in a BBC serial drama The Devil's Crown (1978), which dramatizes the reigns of Henry II, Richard I and John.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Aliénor was also played by Jane Lapotaire in Mike Walker's BBC Radio 4 serial Plantagenet (2010).


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Inside a 2010 film `Robin Hood` starring Russell Crowe, Aliénor was played by Eileen Atkins.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

The music of Aliénor and Rosamund Clifford, as well as that of Henry II and Rosamund's father appeared inside Gaetano Donizetti's opera Rosmonda d'Inghilterra with a libretto byFelice Romani, which first appeared at Firenze, Teatro Pergola on 27 February 1834.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

A recording made by Opera Rara (1994), features Nelly Miricioiu as Eleanor and Renée Fleming as Rosamund.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Pedigree Guillaume IX 1087-1127Philippa of ToulouseGuillaume X 1099-1137Aenor of Chatellerault 1103-1130Louis VII of France 1120-1180Aliénor of Aquitaine 1122-1204Henry II of England 1133-1189Marie 1145-1198Alix of Blois 1150-1951Guillaume IX 153-1156Henry of England 1155-1183Maud 1156-1189Richard I 1157-1199Geoffroy II 1158-1186Leonor of Castile 1162-1214Joan, Queen of Sicily 1165-1199John, King of England 1166-1216 Ancestral Family of Main Page 16.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Guillaume V of Aquitaine8.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Guillaume VIII of Aquitaine17.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Agnés of Bourgogne4.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Guillaume IX of Aquitaine18.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Robert I of Bourgogne9.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Hildegarde of Bourgogne19.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Ermengarde of Anjou2.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Guillaume X of Aquitaine20.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Pons from Toulouse10.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Guillaume IV of Toulouse21.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Almodis de la Marche5.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Philippa of Toulouse22.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Robert of Mortain11.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Emma from Mortain23.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Matilda de Montgomerie1.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Aliénor of Aquitaine24.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Hugues I of Châtellerault12.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Boson II of Châtellerault25.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Gerberge de La Rochefoucauld6.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Aimery I of Châttellerault26.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Aimery IV of Thouars13.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Alienor de Thouars27.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Aremgarde de Mauléon3.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Aenor de Châtellerault28.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Archimbaud Borel de Bueil14.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Barthelemy de L'Isle Bouchard29.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Agnes de L'Isle Bouchard7.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Dangerose de l'Isle Bouchard30.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Eon de Blaison15.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Gerberge de Blaison31.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Tcheletis de Trèves Descendant NamalahirwafatMarrieddgn Louis VII of France (married 12 July 1137, annulled 21 March 1152) Marie, Comtesse Champagne114511 March 1198married Henri I of Champagne; had descendants Alix, Comtesse Blois11511198198Married Thibaut V of Blois; had descendants andgn Henry II of England (married 18 May 1152, widowed 6 July 1189) Guillaume IX of Poitiers17 August 1153April 1156dead youngHenry of England28 February 115511 June 1183married Marguerite of France; without descendent.Matilda of EnglandJune 115613 July 1189married Marguerite of France; without descendent.Matilda of EnglandJune 115613 July 1189married Heinrich III of Sachsen, Duke of Sachsen; had descendantRichard I of England8 September 11576 April 1199married Berenguela of Navarra; without descendanceOffroy II of Bretagne23 September 115819 August 1186married Konstanza of Bretagne; without descendantLeonor, Queen of Castilia13 October 116231 October 1214married Alfonso VIII of Castile; had descendantJoan, Queen of SiciliaOctober 11654 September 1199married 1) Guglielmo II of Sicily 2) Raymond VI of Toulouse; had descendantJohn of England27 December 116619 October 1216married 1) Isabella, Comtesse of Gloucester 2) Isabelle, Comtesse Angoulême; has descendants See Pula List of Oldest Rulers Reference Eleanor of Aquitaine: Queen of France, Queen of England, Ralph V. Turner (2009) Eleanor of Aquitaine: Lord and Lady, John Carmi Parsons & Bonnie Wheeler (2002) Queen Eleanor: Independent Spirit of the Medieval World, Polly Schover Brooks (1983) (for young readers) Eleanor of Aquitaine: A Biography, Marion Meade (1977), Amy Kelly (1950) Eleanor of Aquitaine: The Mother Queen, Desmond Seward (1978) Eleanor of Aquitaine: A Life, Alison Weir (1999) (in French) Le lit d'Aliénor, Mireille Calmel (2001 ) The Royal Diaries, Eleanor's Crown Jewel of Aquitaine, Kristiana Gregory (2002) Women of the Twelfth Century, Volume 1: Eleanor of Aquitaine and Others Six, Georges Duby's A Proud Taste For Scarlet and Miniver, E. L. Konigsburg (1973) The Book of Eleanor: A Novel of Eleanor of Aquitaine, Pamela Kaufman (2002) The Young Lion, Blanche d'Alpuget (2013) The Courts of Love, Jean Plaidy (1987) Power of a Woman.


Question: What was Aliénor's greatest fortune ever recorded?

Aliénor of Aquitaine

Memoirs of a turbulent life: Eleanor of Aquitaine, Robert Fripp (2006) The Origin and Meaning of Courtly Love: A Critical Study of European Scholarship, Roger Boase (1977), Manchester University Press The Duchess of Aquitaine, Margaret Ball (2006), St. Martin's Press The Queen's Pawn, Christy English ( 2010), New American Library Eleanor of Aquitaine - The Young Life: Alienor, Mark Richard Beaulieu (2012) Eleanor of Aquitaine - The Journey East: Helienordis”, Mark Richard Beaulieu (2012) Eleanor of Aquitaine, Curtis Howe Walker (1950) Eleanor of Aquitaine, Regine Pernoud, Collins; 1st ed. (1967) Eleonore van Aquitanië 1122-1204, een bijzondere vrouw in het zomertij der middeleeuwen, Guus Pikkemaat, Aspekt BV (2011) (in Dutch) “Revisited Monarchy: Women and the Prospects for Power,” Katherine Crawford (2012) “Some Legends Concerning Eleanor of Aquitaine,” Frank McMinaine N Chambers (1941) Outlinks preserved at the Louvre (en) Category:Birth 1122 Category:Death 1204 Category:Empress Franka Category:Empress of France Category:Duke of Normandy Category:Duke of Gascony Category:Duke of Aquitania Category:Comte Poitiers Category:Wangsa Poitiers Category:Figures of Aquitania Category:Wangsa Plantagenet Category:Wangsa Kapetia


Question: was David Archuleta's first song?

David Archuleta (album)

David Archuleta's Main Page is the first album from 7th season American Idol runner-up, David Archuleta.


Question: was David Archuleta's first song?

David Archuleta (album)

Track Listing No.TitleWriter (s) Length1.” Crush"J. Cates, D. Hodges, E. Kiriakou 3:322.” Touch My Hand"s. Kipner, S. McEwan, W. Wilkins 4:213.” Barriers"s. Kipner, S. McEwan, W. Wilkins 3:504.” My Hands"Z. Bey, J. Fauntleroy, E. Kiriakou 4:045.” A Little Too Not Over You"D. Archuleta, M. Gerrard, M. Krompass, R. Nevil 3:186.” You Can"A. Armato, T. James 3:427.” Running"J. Fauntleroy, K. Risto, W. Nugent, S. Russell, D. Torimiro 3:358.” Desperate"A. Carlsson, D. Child, K. Rethwisch, A. Rethwisch 3:419.” To Be with You"K. DioGuardi, E. Kiriakou 3:2510.” Don't Let Go"d. Archuleta, J. Chasez, J. Harry 3:4711.” Your Eyes Don't Lie"A. Armato, T. James, D. Karaoglu 3:0412.” Angels"G. Chambers, R. Williams 4:09 Release Time Reference Category:Albums of 2008 Category:David Archuleta Albums


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

Theodore Dafnopatis (Greek: Θεόδωρος Δαφνοπάτης) was a senior Byzantine official and writer.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

He served as imperial secretary, and possibly protasecretist, under three emperors, Romanos I Lekapenos, Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, and Romanos II, rising to the ranks of patrikios and magistros, and the post of urban Prefect.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

Dafnopatis' public career ended with the accession of Nikephoros II Phokas in 963, when he went into retirement.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

Dafnopatis also participated in the encyclopedism movement, writing several homilies and theological as well as historical works, some of which survive.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

Dafnopatis also participated in the encyclopaedic movement, writing several homilies and theological as well as historical works, some of which survive.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

Dafnopatis is best known for his surviving correspondence, and is considered by some modern scholars to be the author of the last chapter of the babad Theophanes Continuatus.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

The life of Dafnopatis was probably born between 890 and 900.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

He was of Armenian origin, and apparently spoke Armenian, when he translated a letter by Bishop Syunik, written in Armenian, into Greek. [1] [2] Although he lived and worked in Constantinople, his family came from elsewhere, when he recorded in a letter of visit by his mother by ship to Pylae, on the coast of Asia from the Propontis, probably in the early 920s. During the return journey, Dafnopatis himself nearly drowned when a huge storm hit his ship.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

Only with great effort and luck was the ship able to reach the shore at Cape Akritas. [1]


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

Dafnopatis first appears in sources in the middle of the 920s, apparently entering the service of the imperial court shortly before.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

In 924/5, Dafnopatis composed three replies from Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos (enthroned 920—944), to letters by Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

In these letters, Romanos I criticized Simeon as a voracious and warlike man, while trying to move him to accept the peace that ended the long war between Byzantium and Bulgaria. [1]


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

Ten more letters to rulers and ecclesiastical leaders in Bulgaria and Armenia, written on behalf of Romanos I in the period 925—933, survive, suggesting that Dafnopatis probably held the post of chief imperial conquest (protasecretist). [1] a number of modern schols—Ivan Dujčev, R. J. H. Jenkins, and Patricia Karlin-Hayter—have suggested that Dafnopatis was an anonymous speechwriter celebrating the closing of peace with Bulgaria in 927 (πττν Βουλγάρων συμβάσει) and the concurrent marriage of Petŭr, son and successor of Simeon, with Irina Lakapina, granddaughter Romanos I. Greek historicist Alkmini Stavridou-Zafraka however rejected this identification. [1] [2] Dafnopatis remained active in the conquest of the empire under Constantine VII (enthroned 913-920, 945-59) after 945.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

At the end of 945/6 he composed a symbolic letter addressed by the emperor to Saint Gregory of Nazianzus (Letter No. 11).


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

About the same time he also wrote a letter to the emperor himself regarding a speech about a recently deceased person, identified by modern scholars with Romanos Lekapenos, who died on 15 June 948.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

In return, the emperor dispatched a courtier with rich gifts. [1]


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

Dafnopatis' continued activity under Constantine VII is unclear, but he reappeared under his successor Romanos II (enthroned 959-963) in the same capacity.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

Three letters (Nos. 13, 14, 16) survive addressed to the emperor, and one letter (No. 15) by Romanos II to Dafnopatis.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

Romanos II further promoted Dafnopatis to the high post of urban Prefect.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

Letter No. 15 indicates his closeness to the emperor, who asked him to interpret the dreams he had.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

In accordance with this dream, the emperor intended to restore an anonymous leading official, whom some modern scholars have identified as Dafnopatis' predecessor and eventual successor as Prefect, Sisinnios, or Patriarch of Constantinople, Polyefktos.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

Either because he was directly affected, or because he did not support reinstating the official at issue, Dafnopatis sent a dodging answer. [1]


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

After the death of Romanos II on 15 March 963, Dafnopatis apparently composed his funeral oration.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

Shortly after, following the rise of Nikephoros II Phokas (enthroned 963—969) to the throne, he retired from public service.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

The most likely reason for this retirement is his age, as he seems never to have been punished in any way by the new regime.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

Dafnopatis continued to correspond with high officials, including his successors, Sissinios and Constantine, maintaining relations or intervening on behalf of former colleagues.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

For the same period it will probably be dated two further letters entertaining the disgraced officials. [1]


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

Writings Apart from his political work and correspondence, Dafnopatis was an active writer, though most of his works do not survive.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

He wrote a number of homilies and hagiographies (on St. Georgius, Theophanes, and version A of the hagiography of Theodorus Stoudites; the latter is sometimes attributed to Mikhael Monomachos), as well as compiling a collection of quotations from John Krisostomus, in what Alexander called Kazhdan” a work typical of 10th-century encyclopedism”. [1] [2] The 11th-century historicist Ioannes Skylitzes mentions he had written a historical account that he used, and when the Skylitzes made use of passages of Theophanes Continuatus for earlier events, modern experts generally consider him the author of the final part of Theophanes Continuatus, bringing the work up to the year 963.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

Its authorship has been rejected, however, by several scholars, including A. Markopoulos (“Theodore Daphnopatès et la Continuation de Théophane”, JÖB 35 (1985), p. 171—182), the French language writers of historical editions, Bernard Flusin and Jean-Claude Cheynet, and by correspondent editors Daphnopates, J. Darrouzès and LG Westerink. [1] [3] [4] Dafnopatis' correspondence, including the writing on his tombstone on Romanos II, was published in a critical edition by J. Darrouzès and L. G. Westerink: Théodore Daphnopatès, Correspondance, Paris: CNRS (1978).


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

For his theological and hagiographic works, cf. V. Latyšev, “Dve reči Feodora Dafnopata”, PPSb 59 (1910), p. 15-38.


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

Speeches on the Bulgarian treaty have been edited by A. Stavridou-Zafraka in Byzantina 8 (1974), p. 343-406, and translated into English by I. Dujčev, “On the 927 Agreement with Bulgaria”, in the Dumbarton Oak Papers 32 (1978), p. 217-295. [1]


Question: in the empire did Theodore Dafnopatis work as a sekertarist?

Theodoros Dafnopatis

Source Reference Cite BookTitleBasil II and the Governance of Empire (976—1025) Last NameHolmesFirst NameCatherinePublisherOxford University PressYear of Publication2005ISBN0-19-927968-3Location of PublicationNew YorkRefHarvAuthors Listholmes Missing or empty |title= (help) Cite BookurlTitleJohn Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811-1057PublisherCambridge University PressYear of Publication2010ISBN978-0-521-76705-7Editor last NameWortleyEditor first NameJohneditors ListWortleyLocation of PublicationCambridgeRephharv Category:Death of the 10th Century Category:Birth 890s Category:Eastern Roman historians Category:Byzantine officials


Question: Where is Emesa located?

Homs

Homs (Arabic: حم/ ALA-LC: Ḥim) is a city located in the central part of Syria.


Question: Where is Emesa located?

Homs

Its population numbered 700,000 inhabitants (2005).


Question: Where is Emesa located?

Homs

Photos Homs Al-Dablan Street The Old Clock Courtyard of Masjid Khalid bin Walid General view Reference Outside links — Official website for Homs.


Question: Where is Emesa located?

Homs

— Brief information about the city of Homs. (in Arabic) (in Arabic) Category:Cities in Syria


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Metallic elements Alkali metals lithium sodium potassium rubidium caesium francium Alkaline earth metals beryllium magnesium calcium strontium barium radium Transition metals scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium Post-transition metals aluminum zinc gallium cadmium indium tin mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium copernicium Lanthanides lanthanum cerium Praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium Actinides actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium melium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevibelium lawbelium Which Elements are possibly metals meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson Elements which are sometimes considered metals germanium arsenic selenium antimony tellurium astatinevt In chemistry, a metal or metal (Greek: μέταλλον Metallon [1] [2]) is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is usually hard impenetrable, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Metals are generally clay—that is, they can be permanently forged or pressed until deformed without breaking or cracking—and are also fusibel (meltable) and ductile (can be pulled to form a fine wire). [3]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

About 91 of the 118 elements in the periodic table are metals, the rest are nonmetals or metaloids.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Some elements exhibit both metallic and nonmetallic properties at once.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Astrophysicists use the term “metal” to explain collectively the entire element other than hydrogen and helium, the two simplest elements, in a star.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The star fuses smaller atoms, mostly hydrogen and helium, to make larger atoms during its lifetime.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

In that sense, the metalicity of an object is the proportion of the matter that composes the entire heavier chemical elements, not only traditional metals. [4]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Many elements and compounds not classified normally as metals become metals at high pressures; these form as metallic allotropy of non metals.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Atomic structures and bonds of metallic substances are typically composed in one of three common crystal structures, among others body-centered cubic (bcc), face-centered cubic (fcc), and hexagonal close-pack (hcp).


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

In bcc, each atom is located at the center of the cube surrounded by the other atom.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

In fcc and hcp, each atom is surrounded by twelve other atoms, but the arrangement of the layers is different.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Some metals adopt different structures, depending on temperature. [5]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Metal atoms readily lose their outermost petal electrons, resulting in a cloud of free-flowing electrons in its dense setting of nature.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

This leads to the ability of metallic substances to easily conduct heat and electricity.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

If this flow of electrons occurs, the solid characteristic of the metal is generated by electrostatic interactions among each atom and the electron cloud.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

This type of bond is called a metal bond. [6]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The Chemical Properties of Metals usually tend to form cations through electron loss mechanisms, [6] reacting with oxygen in the air forming oxides through diverse time scales (iron rusts after years, while potassium burns in seconds.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Example: 4 Na + O2 → 2 Na2O (sodium oxide) 2 Ca + O2 → 2 CaO (calcium oxide) 4 Al + 3 O2 → 2 Al2O3 (aluminum oxide).


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Transition metals (such as iron, copper, zinc, and nickel) are more slowly oxidized because they form their oxid-passivation layer that protects the inside of the metal.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Others, such as palladium, platinum and gold, do not react at all with the atmosphere.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Some metals form barrier oxide layers on their surfaces that cannot be further penetrated by oxygen molecules, so as to retain their luster and conductivity for decades (such as aluminum, magnesium, some types of steel, and titanium).


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Metal oxides are generally alkaline, as opposed to nonmetallic, which are acidic.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Exceptions apply to oxides with very high oxidation levels such as CrO, Mn, and OSO, which react very acidic.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Painting, anodising or metal gilding are good ways to prevent corrosion.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

However, more reactive metals in the electrochemical series should be selected for channeling, especially if selected shredding flakes.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Water and two metals form an electrochemical cell, and if the shredder is less reactive than the coated one, the true igniter has provoked corrosion.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Metal Physics in general has high electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, and high density anyway.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Generally they are pliable and clayey, deforming under pressure without splitting. [6]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

In terms of its optical properties, the metal is shiny and shiny.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Sheets of metal with a thickness below a few micrometers look opak, but the golden paper passes on green rays.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Although most metals have a higher density than most nonmetals, [6] there is a wide range of variation in terms of their density.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Lithium is the lowest density solid element, while osmium is the highest.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Alkali metals and alkaline soils in groups 1 and 2 are referred to as light metals because they have low density, low hardness, and low melting point. [6]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The high density of most metals due to the tightness of the crystal lattices of their metal structure.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Metal bond strength for different metals reaches a maximum around the center of the transition metal row, since such elements have a large number of delocalized electrons in metal bonding tight bonding type.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

However, other factors (such as atomic radii, core charge, orbital number of bonds, orbital energy lift and crystal shape) are also involved. [6]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Electrical The thermal and electrical conductivity of metals is based on the fact that their outermost electrons are delocalized.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

This situation can be visualized by paying attention to the structure of metal atoms as a collection of atoms immersed in a sea of fast-moving electrons.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The electrical conductivity of metals, as with the even capacity and heat conductivity, can be calculated according to the free electron model, which does not pay attention to the detail structure of the ion lattice.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

When considering the electron band structure and bond energy of a metal, it is necessary to note the positive potential caused by the specific arrangement of ion nuclees—which appear periodically in crystals.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The most important consequence of periodic potetency is the formation of a small band gap on the border of the Brillouin zone.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Mathematically, the potential of ion nuclei can be calculated through a variety of models, the simplest of which is the nearly free electron model.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Mechanical properties of metals include ductility, that is, their capacity in plastic deformation.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Reversible elastic deformation in metals can be explained by Hooke's Law to recover force, while stress is directly proportional to strain.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

A force greater than an elastic boundary, or heat, can cause permanent (irreversible) deformation of the object, known as plastic deformation or plasticity.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Inreversible changes in the arrangement of atoms can occur as a result of: the action of an applied force (or effort).


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The applied force can be tensile force, compressive force, cutting, bending or torsional force (twisting).


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Changes in temperature (heat).


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Changes in temperature can affect the mobility of structural defects such as grain boundaries, point vacancies, line or thread dislocations, buildup faults and twins in both crystalline and non-crystalline solids.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The movement or displacement of such defects is thermally activated, and hence limited by the rate of atomic diffusion.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Viscous flows near grain boundaries, for example, can cause internal derailment, termitation and fatigue in metals.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

It can also contribute to significant changes to microstructures such as grain growth and local densification due to removal of intergranular porosity.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The screw dislocation can roll in the direction of the lattice plane containing the dislocation, while the main driving force for “dislocation ascent” is the motion or diffusion of the void through the crystal lattice.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

In addition, the nondirectional properties of metal bonds are also thought to contribute significantly to the ductility of most metal solids.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

When the ionic bond fields shift to each other, a resultant change in the shifting site of ions of equal charge into close proximity results in crystal cleavage; such a shift is not observed in covalently bonded crystals where crystal fracture and fragmentation occurs. [ 7]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Alloy metals Alloy metals are mixtures of two or more elements in which the main component is metal.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Most pure metals are too soft, brittle or chemically reactive for practical use.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Combining different ratios of metals as alloy metals modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desired characteristics.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The purpose of manufacturing alloy metals generally makes them less brittle, harder, resistant to corrosion, or have the desired color and fragrance.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Of all the metal alloys used today, ferrous alloys (steel, stainless steel, cast iron, tool steel, alloy steel) make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial value.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Iron combined with varying proportions of carbon gives steel low, medium and high carbon levels, with increased carbon levels reducing ductility and toughness.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Addition of silicon will result in cast iron, while the addition of chromium, nickel and molybdenum in carbon steel (over 10%) results in stainless steel.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Other important metal alloys are aluminum, titanium, copper and magnesium.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Copper alloys that have been known since prehistory—bronze gives the name for the Bronze Age—and have many applications today, the most important of which is electrical wiring.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Alloys of the other three metals have been developed lately; due to their chemical reactivity, they require an electrolytic extraction process.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Alloys of aluminum, titanium and magnesium prized kareana a high strength-to-weight ratio; magnesium could also provide electromagnetic shielding.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

These materials are ideal for situations where a high strength-to-weight ratio is more important than material cost, such as in space and some automotive applications.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Alloy metals designed specifically for very heavy applications, such as jet engines, can contain more than ten elements.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Category Base metals In chemistry, the term base metal is used informally to refer to metals that are easily oxidized or corroded, and readily react with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) forming hydrogen.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Examples include iron, nickel, lead and zinc.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Copper is considered a base metal because it is relatively easily oxidized, although it does not react with HCl.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Base metals are typically used in conditions opposite to precious metals.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

In alchemy, base metals are ordinary and cheap metals, as opposed to precious metals, especially gold and silver.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The long-standing goal of the alchemists was the transmutation of base metals into precious metals.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

In numismatics, coins in the past gained their value mainly from the content of precious metals.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Most modern currencies are fiat currencies, which allow coins to be made from base metals.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Ferro metal The term “ferro” comes from the Latin meaning “containing iron”.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

These can include pure iron, such as wrought iron, or alloys such as steel.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Ferrous metals are often magnetic, but not exclusive.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Precious metals Precious metals are metals that are resistant to corrosion or oxidation, unlike most base metals.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

They tend to also be valuable metals, often due to their rarity.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Examples include gold laain, platinum, silver, rodium, iridium, and palladium.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Precious metals A precious metal is a rare metallic chemical element with high economic value.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Chemically, the precious metal is less reactive than most elements, having high luster and high electrical conductivity.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

In history, precious metals were important as currencies, but nowadays they are only considered investment and industrial commodities.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Gold, silver, platinum and palladium each have an ISO 4217 currency code.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The best known precious metals are gold and silver.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

While both have the use of indusri, they are better known in the fields of art, jewelry, ddan coins.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Other valuable metals include platinum class metals: ruthenium, rodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum, with platinum being the most traded.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Demand for valuable metals is driven not only by virtue of their practical use, but also its role as an investment and store of value (English: store of value).


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Palladium was once, around the summer of 2006, worth a little under half the price of gold, and platinum was about twice the price of gold.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Silver is substantially not too expensive, but is often traditionally considered a valuable metal because of its role as coins and jewelry.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Heavy metals Heavy metals are all relatively solid metals or metaloids.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

More specific definitions have been put forward, but none gained widespread approval.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Some heavy metals have niche uses, or are otherwise toxic; some are essential in renic amounts.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Metal Extraction is often extracted from the earth which means mining ores rich with the resources of the element in question, such as bauxite.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The location of the ore was determined by prospecting techniques, followed by exploration and testing of the deposit.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Mineral resources are generally divided into surface mines, which are mined by excavation using heavy equipment, and underground mines.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

After the ore is mined, the metal must be extracted, usually using chemical or electrolytic reducers.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Pyrometallurgy uses high temperatures to convert ores into raw materials, while hydrometallurgy applies water-based chemistry for the same purpose.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The method used depends on the type of metal and its contamination.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

If a ligam ore is an ionic compound between a metal and a nonmetal, it must usually be smelted—heated by the addition of reductors—to extract the pure metal.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Many umu metals, such as iron, are smelted using carbon as a reductor.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Some metals such as aluminum and sodium, do not have practical reductors that are freely sold, so are extracted using electrolysis techniques. [8] [9] Sulfide ores are not reduced directly to metals but are baked in the open air to convert them into oxides.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Recycling Demand for metals is closely linked to economic growth.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

During the 20th century, the variety of metal uses in society increased sharply.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Today, the development of major countries, such as China and India, and technological advances, are driving ever more demand.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The result is that mining activity is becoming more widespread, and more and more of the world's stocks of metals above ground are being used, while those below ground as unused reserves.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

An example is used copper stocks.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Between 1932 and 1999, copper used in the US increased from 73g to 238g per person. [10]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Metals are inherently recyclable, so in principle, they can be used over and over again, minimizing the negative impact of the environment and saving energy.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

For example, 95% of the energy used to make aluminum from bauxite ore is saved using recycled materials. [11]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Metal recycling rates are generally low.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

In 2010, the International Resource Panel, organized by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) published a report on existing metal stocks in communities [12] and their recycling rates. [10]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The report's authors observed that metal stocks in communities could serve as giant above-ground mines.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

They warn that recycling rates of some rare metals used in applications such as mobile phones, battery packs for hybrid cars and fuel cells are very low The authors of the report observed that metal stocks in communities can become giant above-ground mines.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

They warn that recycling rates of some rare metals used in applications such as mobile phones, battery packs for hybrid cars and fuel cells are so low that if future recycling rates are not dramatically improved, then these critical metals will become unavailable for use in modern technology.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Metallurgy Metallurgy is the domain of materials science which studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures called alloy metals.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Applications Some metals and metal alloys have high structural strength per unit mass, making them useful materials for carrying large loads or resisting damage from impact.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Metal alloys can be engineered to have high resistance to sliding, torsion and deformation.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

However the same metal is also susceptible to damage from fatigue from repeated use or from sudden pressure failure when load capacity is exceeded.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The strength and resistance of metals has led to its frequent use in the construction of high-rise buildings and bridges, as well as most vehicles, equipment, tools, pipes, non-illumination marks and rail lines. Two of the most commonly used structural metals, iron and aluminum, are also the most abundant metals in the Earth's crust. [13]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Generally, metals are beneficial to humans, due to their use in industry, agriculture, and medicine. [14]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

For example, mercury used in the process of chloralkali. [14]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Chloralkali process is an electrolysis process that plays an important role in the chemical manufacturing and purification industry. [14]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Some of the chemical substances that can be obtained by the chloralkali process are sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, copper, zinc, silver, hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, sodium hydroxide, potassium dichromate, and potassium permanganate. [14]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Electrolysis of NaCl solution yields sodium hydroxide at the cathode (positive pole) and chlorine gas at the anode (negative pole). [14]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

In the space industry and the medical profession, strong, rust-resistant, nonirritin materials such as titanium alloys are needed. [14]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Some types of metals are important elements because they are needed in a variety of biochemical functions. [14]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

In ancient times, certain metals, such as copper, iron, and tin were used to make tools, machine supplies, and weapons. [14]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Metal is a good conductor, making it valuable in electrical appliances and for carrying electric current at a distance with little energy lost.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The power grid relies on metal wires to distribute electricity.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The electrical system of the house is mostly connected with copper wires taking advantage of its good intermediate properties.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The thermal conductivity of the metal is useful for containers for heating materials over a fire.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Metal is also used for heat wasters (English: heat sinks) to protect sensitive equipment from passing (English: overheating.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The high reflectivity of several metals is important in mirror construction, including precision astronomical instruments.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

This latter trait can also make metallic jewelry aesthetically appealing.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Some metals have special uses; radioactive metals such as uranium and plutonium are used in nuclear power plants to generate energy through nuclear fission.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Mercury is a liquid at room temperature and is used in the switch to complete the circuit as it flows over the contacts of the switch.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Memory form alloy metals are used for applications such as pipes, fasteners and vascular stents.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Metals can be doped with foreign molecules—organic, inorganic, biological and polymeric.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

This doping contains metals with novel properties caused by the presence of guest molecules.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Applications in catalysis, medicine, electrochemical cells, corrosion and others have been developed. [15]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

JMPL|Ka|World imports of ores and metals in 2005 The World Bank reported that China was the top importer of ores and metals in 2005, followed by the United States and Japan. [16]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

History. The nature of metal has fascinated man for centuries, because these materials gave people an unparalleled tool both in war and in its preparation and processing.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Gold and pure silver are known to man since the Stone Age.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Lead and silver were smelted from their ore at the beginning of the fourth millenniumSM. [17]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Authors of ancient Latin and Greek such as Theophrastus, Pliny the Elder in Natural History, or Pedanius Dioscorides, did not attempt to classify metals.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The ancient Europeans never achieved the concept of “metal” as a distinct elementary substance with fixed chemical and physical properties.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

After Empedocles, all substances within the sublunar environment are assumed to have variations in their constituent classical elements namely earth, water, air and fire.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

After Pythagoras, Plato assumed that these elements could be reduced further to the plane of geometric shapes (triangular and square) of the limiting space and that corresponded to regular polyhedra on earth:cube, water:icosahedron, air:octahedron, fire:tetrahedron.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

However, this philosophical extension did not become as popular as the four simple elements, after being rejected by Aristotle.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Aristotle also rejected Democritus' atomic theory, as he classified the implied existence of a vacuum necessary for motion as a contradiction (vacuum implies none, therefore cannot exist).


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Aristotle did, however, introduce the underlying antagonistic qualities (or forces) of dry vs. wet and cold vs. hot into the composition of each of the four elements.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The word “metal” originally meant “mine” and only later gained the general meaning of products from materials obtained in mines.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

In the first century AD, the relationship between existing planets and metals was assumed to be Golden:Sun, Silver:Moon, Electrum:Jupiter, Iron:Mars, Copper:Venus, Tin:Mercury, Lead:Saturn.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

After the electrum was revealed to be a combination of silver and gold, the linkages of tin:Jupiter and mercury were replaced to the previous order. [18]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Arab and medieval alchemists believed that all metals, and in fact, all sublunar matter, were composed of the sulfur principle carrying flammability, and the mercury principle, the mother of all metals, which carried the properties of liquidity or fusibility, and volatility.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

These principles are not always the common substances sulfur and mercury found in most laboratories.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

This theory reinforces the belief that all metals are destined to become gold in the bowels of the earth through a combination of heat, digestion, time, and the precise removal of contaminants, all of which can be developed and accelerated through alchemical knowledge and methods.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Paracelsus added the third principle of salt, the carrier of nonvolatile and refractory properties, in his prima tria doctrine.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

These theories retain the four classical elements underlying the composition of sulfur, mercury and salt.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The first systematic text on the art of mining and metallurgy was De la Pirotechnia by Vannoccio Biringuccio, which treated examination, incorporation, and metalsmithing.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Sixteen years later, Georgius Agricola published De Re Metallica in 1555, a clear and exhaustive account of the professions of mining, metallurgy, art and science, as well as qualifying as the greatest treatise of the chemical industry throughout the sixteenth century.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

He gave the following description of the metal in De Natura Fossilium (1546).


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Metals are mineral bodies, whose properties are liquid or rather hard.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

The hard metal can be melted by the heat of the fire, but when it has cooled again and lost all heat, it will become hard again and resume its last form.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

In this respect, it differs from the stone that melts in the fire, because although the stone regains its hardness, it loses its pure shape and properties.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Traditionally there are six types of metals, namely gold, silver, copper, iron, tin and lead.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

There is absolutely another, quicksilver is a metal, although alchemists disagree with us on this issue, as well as bismuth.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Ancient Greek writers seem to have been foolhardy to bismuth, therefore Ammonius rightly states that there are many species of metals, animals and plants that we are not familiar with.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Stibium when melted inside a container and distilled has the right to be considered a metal as given to lead by the authors.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Each metal has its own shape that is preserved when separated from the metal it is mixed with.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Therefore neither electrum nor Stannum [not that the tin we know today] is itself not a genuine metal, but rather an alloy of two metals.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Elektrum is an alloy of gold and silver, while Stannum is an alloy of lead and silver.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

However if silver is separated from electrum, then what is left behind is gold and not electrum; if silver is taken from Stannum, then what is left behind is lead and not Stannum.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

In any case, whether brass was found to be real metal or not, cannot be ascertained with certainty.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

We only know artificial brass, which consists of copper stained with the color of the mineral calamine.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

However if anything had to be dug out, it would be the right metal.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Black and white copper seem to be different from the red kind.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

Metals, therefore, are essentially solid, as I have stated, or liquid, as in the unique case of quicksilver.


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

But enough now about the simple kind. [19]


Question: What is soft metal?

Metallic

See also Reference Outside links The dictionary definition of metals at Wiktionary Media related to metals at Wikimedia Commons Category:Chemical elements Category:Periodic Table Category:Metal elements


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The presence of the first railway in Indonesia began to be present since Planting Forced until now.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The nationalized company, Djawatan Kereta Api (DKA) was established after the independence of Indonesia, precisely on September 28, 1945 or about a month after the proclamation.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Below is the history of railways in Indonesia in the span of 1875-1925 and in sketch. [1]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Pre-independence The picture of the state of railways in Indonesia during the doeloe period needs to be preserved, so that future generations can live and how important railway development is.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Indeed in those days the name of the railway was appropriate, as trains were run by fire from burning coal or wood.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

While now it is used diesel or electric, so it is more appropriate if it is called a rail train, meaning a train that runs on the tracks with diesel or electricity.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Such information is extremely scarce.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

After Forced Planting was enacted by van den Bosch in 1825-1830, the idea of an Indonesian railway was put forward with the aim of transporting produce from the Forced Planting System.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

One supportive reason is that it is not optimal anymore use of highways in those days.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Finally, in 1840, Colonel J. H. R. Van der Wijck submitted a proposal for the construction of a railway line in the Dutch East Indies. [2]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The first railway in Indonesia was built in 1867 in Semarang on the Samarang - Liability route which is 26km by NISM, N.V. (Nederlands-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij) with a track width of 1,435mm (SS - Staatsspoorwegen track width is 1,067mm or now used), upon request King Willem I for military purposes in Semarang and produce to Gudang Semarang.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Then in serving the need for shipping produce from Indonesia, the Dutch Colonial Government since 1876 has built various railway networks, with estuaries at the port of Tanjung Priok Jakarta and Tanjung Perak Surabaya.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Semarang though strategic, but there is no port for goods, so goods are shipped to Batavia or Soerabaja.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The first construction [3] The presence of the railway in Indonesia began with the first summation of the construction of a railway road in the village of Kemijen, Friday, June 17, 1864, by the Governor General of the Dutch East Indies, Mr. L.A.J Baron Sloet van den Beele.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Development was initiated by the “Nederlands-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij” (NIS) led by Ir. J.P de Bordes from Kemijen towards the village of Bersusi (26 Km) with a width of 1435mm.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

This section of road was opened for public transport on Saturday, 10 August 1867.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

A private success, NIS built a KA road between Samarang-Kesusi Station, which later on February 10, 1870 could connect the city of Semarang - Surakarta (110 Km), eventually prompting investor interest to build KA roads in other areas.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

It is not surprising, that the growth in length of rail roads between 1864 - 1900 grew by leaps and bounds.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

If 1867 was only 25km, 1870 became 110km, 1880 reached 405km, 1890 became 1,427km and in 1900 it became 3,338km.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Developments outside Java [3] In addition to Java, the construction of train rail was also carried out in Aceh (1874), North Sumatra (1886), West Sumatra (1891), South Sumatra (1914), even in 1922 in Sulawesi also built a 47 km long KA road between Makasar-Takalar, whose operation was carried out on July 1, 1923, the rest of Ujungpandang-Maros has not had time to be completed.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

While in Kalimantan, although it has not had time to be built, the study of Pontianak - Sambas (220 Km) road has been completed.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Likewise in the islands of Bali and Lombok, there has also been a study of the construction of road KA.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Occupation of Japan [3] Until 1939, the length of the KA road in Indonesia reached 6,811km.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

However, in 1950 the length was reduced to 5,910km, approximately 901km raib, which was estimated because it was dismantled during the Japanese occupation and transported to Burma for the construction of the KA road there.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The type of rail road in Indonesia is distinguished by a width of 1,067mm; 750mm (in Aceh) and 600mm in some cross branches and city tram.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The rail road that was demolished during the Japanese occupation (1942 - 1943) was 473km long, while the KA road built during the Japanese occupation was 83km between Bayah - Cikara and 220km between Muaro - Pekanbaru.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Ironically, with the potent technology, the road KA Muaro - Pekanbaru programmed to complete construction for 15 months which work 27,500 people, 25,000 of whom are Romusha.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The road that crosses the swamps, hills, as well as the heavy river, swallows many victims whose tombs scattered along Muaro - Pekanbaru.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Rail network Development of the railway network 1875 - 1925 in 4 stages, namely: 1875 - 1888, 1889 - 1899, 1900 - 1913 1914 - 1925.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Network after 1875 to 1888 Construction Phase I occurred years 1876-1888.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The beginning of rail construction was 1876, in the form of the first network in the Dutch East Indies, between Bersusi and Warehouse in Semarang in 1876, 26km long.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

After that it began to be built cross Semarang - Gudang.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In 1880 was built cross Batavia (Jakarta) - Buitenzorg (Bogor) along 59km, then continued to Cicalengka via Cicurug - Sukabumi - Cibeber - Cianjur - Bandung.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In 1877 it was built cross Kediri - Blitar, and combined with cross Surabaya - Cilacap through Kertosono - Madiun - Solo, and also cross Jogya - Magelang.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Until 1888 the rail network was built were: Batavia - Buittenzorg - Sukabumi - Bandung - Cicalengka Batavia - Tanjung Priok and Batavia - Bekasi Cilacap - Kutoarjo - Yogya - Solo - Madiun - Sidoarjo - Surabaya Kertosono - Kediri - Blitar Sidoarjo - Malang and Bangil - Pasuruan - Probolinggo Solo - Purwodadi - Semarang and Semarang - Rembang Tegal - Balapulang Network after 1889 to 1899 until 1899 the rail network was built was: Djogdja - Tjilatjap Soerabaja - Pasoeroean - Malang Madioen - Solo Sidoardjo - Modjokerto Modjokerto - Kertosono Kertosono - Blitar Kertosono - Madioen - Solo Buitenzorg (Bogor) - Tjitjalengka Batavia - Rangkasbitung Bekasi - Krawang Cicalengka - Cibatu (Garut) - Tasikmalaya - Maos - Banjarnegara Cirebon - Semarang and Semarang - Blora Yogya - Magelang Blitar - Malang and Krian - Partly Madsurabaya Ura Network after year 1899 to 1913 until 1913 rail network was built is: Rangkasbitung - Labuan and Rangkasbitung - Anyer Krawang - Cirebon and Cikampek - Bandung Pasuruan - Banyuwangi The entire network Madura Blora - Bojonegoro - Surabaya Network after 1913 to 1925 Until 1925 In 1925 the rail network was built are: Rest of Java Island Electrification Jatinegara - Tanjung Priok Electrification Batavia - Bogor: South Sumatra: Panjang - Palembang and West Sumatra: around Sawahlunto and Padang North Sumatra: Tanjung Balai - Medan - Pematangsiantar; and Medan - Belawan - Pangkalanmilk.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Sulawesi: Makassar - Takalar and Makassar plan - Maros - Sinkang North Sulawesi: Manado plan - Amurang Kalimantan: Banjarmasin - Amuntai plan; and Pontianak plan - Sambas.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

For Borneo and Sulawesi it was not carried out because it was just about to start building in 1941 and World War II erupted.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Station Construction Period The following list of major stations: Karanganyar Station - 1875 Jakarta Kota Station - inaugurated 1929 Tanjung Priok Station - 1914 Gambir Station (formerly Weltevreden) - 1914 Jatinegara Station (formerly Meester Cornelis) Manggarai Station - 1969 Pasar Senen Station - 1916 Cikampek - 1894 Bogor Station - 1881 Depok Station - 1881 Bandung Station - 1887 Yogyakarta Station - 1887 Solo Balapan Station - 1876 Semarang Tawang Station - 1873 Cirebon Station - 1920 Madiun Station - 1897 Purwokerto Station - 1922 Malang Station - 1941 Surabaya City Station - 1878 and renovation 1911 Surabaya Gubeng Station - 1913 Pasar Turi Station - 1938 Kertosono Station Electric railway network Batavia - Buitenzorg 1918 Bogor Station (Buitenzorg) was built in 1880 at the time of making cross Buitenzorg - Soekaboemi - Tjiandjoer - Tjitjalengka.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

But the electric train network only existed in Batavia (Jakarta) to Buitenzorg (Bogor) built in 1918, then in 1925 the power grid was also made to Meester Cornelis (Jatinegara) to Tandjoeng Priok.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Fleet Various steam locomotives in Indonesia In Indonesia there have been steam locomotives of various types, including: Type B Type BB Type C Type CC Type D Type DD Type F Some of the steam locomotives that have existed in Indonesia above (series B, C, BB, CC, DD, D and F) have been displayed at the Museum Ambarawa Railway and Taman Mini Indonesia Indah Transportation Museum.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Some of them are no longer known whereabouts because of the remaining photos alone. [4]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Train type 1876-1925 Passenger trains are a means of transporting passengers, while for transporting goods are called carriages while for transporting liquid goods are called kettles. [5] [6] Since ancient times, trains were made locally, with chassis and steel frame while the body was made of wood.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

At that time there was no air conditioning yet, so the train classes differentiated seat type and number of seats per train.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Class 1 has 3 seating per row, class 2 has 4 seating per row and class 3 has 5 seating per row.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

So each 3rd class train has 60-72 seats, while each 2nd class train has 24-32 seats and 1st class has 12 seats.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Usually class 1 and class 2 become one, while class 3 itself.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

However Grade 1, Grade 2, and Grade 3 are assembled in a single series.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Electric train and locomotive type 1925 In Jabodetabek, KRL began to be pioneered in 1925.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Initially, the train was pulled by electric locomotives, one of which is like ESS 3201 which is now still well maintained because it is preserved by the KAI Heritage Unit now. [7]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Post-independence period DKARI Power struggle After Indonesian independence was proclaimed on August 17, 1945, companies formerly owned by the Dutch did not necessarily fall into Indonesian hands.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Even news broke that the Dutch wanted that the company later called Djawatan Railways (DKA) became the first target that the Allies wanted to capture and then returned to Staatsspoorwegen (SS).


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In fact, the then Minister of Transportation, Abikoesno Tjokrosoejoso, actually agreed if DKA was returned to Dutch hands. [8]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

On 2 September 1945, the Indonesian Pemoeda Force (API) organized a meeting with a revolutionary group of DKA workers.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The meeting was held at Menteng Building 31, Jakarta.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

API, an Indonesian revolutionary organization, was led by Wikana, while the train workers present were led by Legiman Harjono.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The deal is to seize DKA.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

To carry out this, revolutionary personnel from the API were appointed in DKA to prepare a seizure action.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

At 23.00, a follow-up meeting was conducted at the office house of the head of Manggarai Station and presented employees of DKA.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The deal was to seize the DKA station from Japanese hands. [8]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The next day, on 3 September 1945 at 09.30 to 12.00 DKA workers carried out the seizure action.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The seizure was carried out at stations in Jakarta.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In the end, Jatinegara and Manggarai stations were successfully captured by the workers, following later Gambir, Tanjung Priok, Pasar Senen, Jakarta Kota, and others.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

DKA offices, workshops, and locomotive dipo were successfully captured.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

At Jakarta Kota Station, there was a clashing action with Japanese soldiers.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Once finished the action, the labourers formed a “Labour Council” in the company and formed the “Railway Trade Union (SBKA)”. [8]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Meanwhile, KA employees who were members of the “Force Moeda Railways” (AMKA) also took over the power of the railway from the Japanese side.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

On October 14 to October 19, fighting broke out in the city of Semarang.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

This war actually erupted on October 15, but by October 14 the situation was already heating up.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

One of his objectives was to seize the Hoofdkantoor van de Nederlands-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (Lawang Sewu).


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Many AMKA figures fall in this battle.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The success of the labourers and youth was soon followed by other enterprises.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The laborers also formed several trade unions. [8]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The historic event that occurred on September 28, 1945, reading the statement of attitude by Ismangil and a number of other AMKA members, confirmed that from September 28, 1945 the railway power was in the hands of the Indonesian nation.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The Japanese are no longer allowed to intervene with the affairs of the railways in Indonesia.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

This is the foundation of the establishment of 28 September 1945 as Railway Day in Indonesia, as well as the formation of “Djawatan Kereta Api Republik Indonesia” (DKARI). [3]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Except DKARI there are also other separate operators, Kereta Soematra Oetara Negara Repoeblik Indonesia and Kereta Api Negara Repoeblik Indonesia, all of which operate in Sumatra.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In addition, there is also Verenigde Spoorwegbedrijf (VS) which was a combined twelve private railway operators during the Dutch East Indies. [9]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In the end, DKARI and Staatsspoorwegen en Verenigde Spoorwegbedrijf (SS/VS) were merged into one as Djawatan Kereta Api (DKA) [10] KLB 3 January 1946 When Jakarta fell into the hands of Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA), the Indonesian capital moved to Yogyakarta.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

On January 3, 1946 at 18:00pm, the President of Indonesia, Soekarno and his family and a group of officials departed from the residence house on Jalan Pegangsaan Timur No. 56, bound for Manggarai station.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The passenger train series consists of eight carriages pulled locomotive C2849 EX-Staatsspoorwegen. [11] [12] The atmosphere during the journey was very tense.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

At Manggarai station, maneuvering is carried out on freight carriages.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In order not to be suspicious, the entire lamp of the carriage was left pitch black.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In the end, on January 4, 1946 arrived in Yogyakarta City and in memory of him, the term Extraordinary Train (KLB) was introduced.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

At that time, the state capital moved to Yogyakarta. [12]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Dieselisation In 1953, there was the transfer of the era of steam locomotives to diesel locomotives in the Indonesian railway environment, known as dieselisation.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

At that time, CC200 locomotives were brought from Alco-GE (United States) to Indonesia.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The locomotive has two machinist's cab and a Co'2'Co' axle (three bogies of which both front and rear bogie have three drive axles, while one middle bogie has two idle axles) due to low axle load. [13]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In 1955, CC200 became the mainstay for the Asian African Conference troupe carrier train in Bandung City.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

This KLB departs from Jakarta to Bandung. [14]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Later, followed by several diesel electric and hydraulic locomotives, such as, BB200, BB300, and D300. [15]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

State company The name of DKA was changed to Perusahaan Negara Railways (PNKA) in 1963.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

PNKA later included other operators, such as Deli Spoorweg Maatschappij which was still independent so that the railways in Indonesia had only one operator. [16]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In this time, diesel-hydraulic locomotives became prevalent in these times.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Such as Bima Kunting, Kebo Yellow, C300, D301, BB301, and BB302.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Diesel electric locomotives include BB201, BB202 produced 1967.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

KA Bima On June 1, 1967 PNKA operated the Gambir-Surabaya Gubeng pp route Bima train. [17] This train used a series of blue carriages and was the first train with freon AC system in Indonesia.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

At the beginning of its operation, KA Bima followed the Bintang Sendja route.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

However, a few weeks later the route was changed past Purwokerto and Yogyakarta, until now.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

On September 15, 1971, the name of PNKA changed to Railway Jawatan Company (PJKA, Perjanka) during the 1970s to early 1990s decade. [16] PJKA was led by the Head of PJKA (Kaperjanka).


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

At this time, Indonesia's railways suffered setbacks.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

PJKA considers that a number of cross-branch railway lines actually do not bring profit economically.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In addition to the number of stowaways, damage to locomotives, and damage to railway infrastructure; competition with private cars and public transport has resulted in heavy losses for PJKA, so PJKA lost and forced to close the train lines following stations and all service. [18]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In 1981, PJKA was involved in the production of a film titled Last Railway produced by the State Film Production Center, and was the featured film of the time. [19]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The era of railway flagship locomotives In 1977-1978 and 1983, first and second generation CC201 and BB203 locomotives began to be imported from GE Transportation.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

CC201 was a highly reliable locomotive in those days because it experienced attracting all kinds of trains ranging from executives, business, and economy.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The PJKA performs the CC201 and BB203 grouping.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

CC201 is for heavy rail lines only, while BB203 is used for light rail.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The shape of the two locomotives was the same, but only the arrangement of the double was different.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In the Regional Division III of South Sumatra and Lampung, the first generation CC202 was imported in 1986.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

With the backdrop of the increasing need for coal transportation, this locomotive is quite pulling the Babaranjang train.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In addition, in Java imported locomotives BB302, BB303, BB304, BB305, and BB306.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In those days, diesel hydraulic locomotives in Java stoned local train services.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

On 6 October 1976 sometime after the closure of the Secang-Kedungjati railway line, the Ambarawa Railway Museum was established, occupying the former Willem I station in Ambarawa.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

This is where the historical end of a number of steam locomotives that ceased operation pulled the local railways.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Because, in the 1980s all steam locomotives were declared inoperative for commercial freight due to age factors.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In that time, PJKA continued to suffer losses due to losing competition with private cars, public transportation, and airplanes.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Therefore, the government issues annual subsidies.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

This subsidy is formatted for employee spending and reducing the burden of PJKA losses. [20]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The occurrence of the Bintaro Tragedy on 19 October 1987 was a tragic event that aggravated the poor image of PJKA as the only railway operator in Indonesia.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In this tragedy, hundreds of people were killed while the rest were injured.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Since that tragedy, the convenience of the railway is still in question.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Became a perum On January 2, 1991, PJKA transformed into a Railway General Company (Perumka).


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

At this time, losses such as those experienced by PJKA in a few years ago can be suppressed.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

All employees are still in the status of civil servants who are regulated individually and are allowed to seek profit.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

All changes on his fleet Zaman Perumka is commonly called the “blue red age” because all the commercially operated locomotive paint was changed to red and blue with the white Perumka logo in front and back, as well as under the machinist's cab glass just above his license plate.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In addition, the livery paint of all train classes was also changed, namely for executives painted pink-blue, business painted dark green-blue, economy painted dark red-blue, as well as luggage painted plain dark blue.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

All trains have a white stripe with a red Perumka logo.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

At this time, diesel-electric locomotives rejuvenated Indonesian railways since diesel hydraulic power is no longer enough to pull long trains.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In 1995 was born argo executive railway made by PT Inka Madiun, which was named Argo Bromo and Argo Gede.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

All executive trains are painted white grey with dark blue-blue stripes with the logo of PT KAI on the left and the Department of Transportation on the right.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In addition, it also imported CC203 from its factory, GE Transportation directly.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

These locomotives had a design that was aerodynamic.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Due to the presence of this argo train, business trains and part of Rheostatic KRL were also painted like the Argo train scheme at that time.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Business trains are painted yellow-white.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

While the Rheostatic KRL is painted white-dark green.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In 1997 appeared the Argo Bromo Orchid railway painted pink-white colour.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Meanwhile, the CC201 and economy train remain “comfortable” with its red-blue paint.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Finally, on June 1, 1999 Perumka officially changed to PT Kereta Api (Persero (PT KA).


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In the early 1990s and 2000s, PT KA retained red-blue paint on its locomotives, except for CC203.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In 2006 and above, CC201 and most other locomotives later changed paint such as CC203, which is white striped pink-blue dark blue.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Meanwhile, there was a change in the entire range of passenger trains ranging from executive, business, and economy, to what can be seen today.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

For heritage locomotives use PJKA livery.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

At this time, PT KA introduced PSO (public service obligation) system, especially for economic railways. [20]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

These PSOs replaced the subsidy system previously implemented.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In 2007 was passed by Law No. 23 of 2007 which removed the monopoly carried out by PT KA.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Transformation and digitization The era of digitization of Indonesian railways has emerged since the 1980s. Digitization began to be pioneered during the launch of BB204 locomotive in the 1980s in West Sumatra.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Subsequently the CC204 was modified from the CC201 by adding a BrightStar Sirius computer so it could mitigate the damage 45 minutes before that malfunction occurred.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In addition, in 2006 to 2011, locomotives were made by basing the CC203 design by adding BrightStar Sirius computers at PT Inka resulting in the creation of CC204 batch II.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In the 2010s there have been many transformations in PT KA, more so when led by Ignasius Jonan.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In 2010 the name of PT KA changed to PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) (PT KAI).


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Community complaints with the absence of air conditioning on economy trains, then in 2010 appeared the non-PSO AC economy railway with the presence of the Bogowonto railway as its intimidation.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

On September 28, 2011, PT KAI's logo was changed.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Another transformation that lies in the ticking system.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Tickets that were originally only booked at departure stations, are now booked at convenience stores and ticket agencies.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Even more remarkably, there emerged a boarding pass system that required passengers to carry proof of self-identity.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In addition, the management of the station is now very good.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

All medium and long distance railways have been air-conditioned.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Locomotive digitization in Indonesia continues to progress since CC205 and CC206 were imported to strengthen PT KAI's current fleet.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Development and Maintenance As one of the models of mass transportation used by millions of people, the development of railways in Indonesia is not separated from the highlights and weaknesses.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

Factors that are often of concern today are the still relatively high accident rate of both plummeting carriages, collisions between trains and trains, collisions between trains and other vehicles, the presence of flood/landslides and other problems often faced by Train users Fire.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

The main cause of these problematics can be seen in the uneven means and maintenance of the rails resulting in various problems.


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

In 2009, 255 people were victims of train accidents either injured or killed. [21]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

About 60% of train accidents occur at railway crossings, which generally do not have door bars even unguarded. [22]


Question: When did the locomotive industry start in Indonesia?

History of railways in Indonesia

A total of 2,923 railway crossing gates spread across the island of Java, recorded around 1,192 unattended officers. [23]