Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The main hardware platform on Android is the ARM architecture.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

There is also support for x86 from the Android-x86 project, [5] and Google TV using a special x86 version of Android.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In 2013, Freescale announced involving Android in its artificial i.MX processors, namely the i.MX5x and i.MX6x series. [68]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In 2012, Intel processors also began to appear on the main Android platforms, for example, on mobile phones. [69]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Some hardware components are not required, but they are already standard in certain devices.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Some features were initially needed as requirements, but were later dispensed with.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

After Android became a smartphone OS, some hardware, such as microphones, gradually turned into optional devices.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In addition, the camera is designated as a mandatory device for Android phones. [70]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android devices incorporate a variety of optional hardware components, including video cameras, GPS, hardware orientation sensors, game controls, accelerometers, gyroscopes, barometers, magnetometers, proximity sensors, pressure sensors, thermometers, and touchscreens.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0, and 3.0.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Some applications explicitly require certain versions of OpenGL ES, so suitable GPU hardware is required for Android devices to run certain applications. [67]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android development was developed privately by Google until the latest changes and updates were ready for release, and information regarding the source code also began to be disclosed to the public. [71]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

This source code will only run without modification on certain devices, usually on the Nexus series. [72]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

There are separate binaries provided by the manufacturer for Android to operate. [73]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The green Android logo was originally designed for Google in 2007 by graphic designer Irina Blok. [74] [75] [76] The design team was tasked with a project to create an easily recognizable universal icon by including specific robot icons in the final design.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

After a number of design developments based on themes of science fiction and space films, the team finally drew inspiration from the human symbol contained on the toilet door, and modified its shape into a robotic shape.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Since Android is open-source software, it was agreed that the logo should also be open, and since its release, the green logo has been redesigned again in countless variations. [77]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Google's update schedule provides key updates for the Android version, with a timeframe every six to nine months.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Most devices are capable of receiving updates over the air (OTA). [78]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The latest major update is Android 6.0 Marshmallow. [79]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Compared to the mobile operating system of its main rival, iOS, Android updates are usually slower to receive by its users' devices.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

For devices other than the Nexus brand, usually new updates can be received within months of the release of the official version. [80]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

This is due to the large variety of Android hardware, so each update must be customized specifically, for example: Google's official source code runs only on Nexus devices.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Porting Android on certain hardware done by mobile phone manufacturers takes time and process, these manufacturers generally give priority to their latest devices to receive updates, and streamline older devices. [80]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Therefore, old smartphones are often not updated if the manufacturer decides that it is just time-consuming, although in fact the device is capable of receiving updates.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

This problem is compounded when manufacturers adapt Android to the interface and applications of their creation, which this must be reapplied for each recent release.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Other delays could also be caused by wireless carriers; after receiving updates from mobile phone manufacturers, carriers would adapt them to their needs, for example conducting extensive testing of the network before sending updates to users. [80]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The lack of post-sales support from mobile phone manufacturers and carriers has raised criticism from consumers and technology media. [81] [82] Some critics state that the industry has financial motives not to update their devices, such as the absence of updates for old devices and updating new devices with the aim of increasing sales, [83] an attitude they call “insulting”. [82]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The Guardian reported that the complicated update method occurred because it was the manufacturer of the phone and its operator who had designed it that way. [82]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In 2011, Google, working with a number of industrial companies, formed the “Android Update Alliance”, with the promise that they would provide updates in a timely manner for each device within 18 months after the release of the official version. [84]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Since its founding until 2013, the organization has never been touted again. [80]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Google then began updating its apps, including Google Maps and Google Play Music, as independent apps separate from Android, and also introduced system-level components that provide APIs for Google apps, which are auto-installed and updated directly by Google through Google Play, as well as supports almost all Android devices with versions above 2.2. [85]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Linux kernel Until November 2013, Android used a kernel based on Linux kernel version 3.x (version 2.6 on Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich and its predecessors).


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The middle appliances, software libraries, and APIs are written in C, and the application software runs on application frameworks, including the Java-compatible library based on Apache Harmony.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android uses Dalvik virtual machines with timely compilation to run Dalvik's' dex-code '(Dalvik Executable), usually translated from Java bytecode. [86]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The architecture of the Linux kernel on Android has been changed by Google, in contrast to the development cycle of the usual Linux kernel. [87]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

By default, Android does not have the original X Window System or the full set support of standard GNU libraries.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Therefore, it is difficult to port Linux libraries or applications on Android. [88]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Support for simple C and SDL applications can be done by injecting Java shim and using JNI, [89] for example on the Jagged Alliance 2 port for Android. [90]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

One feature that Google tried to contribute for the Linux kernel was a power management feature called “wakelocks”, but this feature was rejected by major kernel developers because they felt that Google had not shown its intention to develop its own code. [91] [92] [93] April 2010, Google announced that it would hire two employees to develop the Linux kernel community, [94] however, Greg Kroah-Hartman, maintainer of the stable version of Linux kernel, stated in December 2010; he was concerned that Google was no longer trying to change the main Linux code. [92]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Some Android developers at Google hint that “the Android team is already getting saturated with this process”, because they are just a small team and are forced to do urgent work for the sustainability of Android. [95]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In August 2011, Linus Torvalds stated: “eventually Android and Linux will return on the common kernel, but probably for the next four or five years”. [96]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In December 2011, Greg Kroah-Hartman announced the start of the Android Mainlining Project, which aims to restore some of Android's drives, patches, and features on the Linux kernel, beginning with Linux 3.3. [97]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

After previous attempts failed, Linux eventually included wakelocks and autosleep features on the 3.5 kernel.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The interface is still the same, but the new Linux implementation has two different suspend modes: suspension to storage (traditional suspension used by Android), and suspension to discs (hibernation, similar to features present on desktops). [98]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Inclusion of this new feature will be completed in Kernel 3.8, Google has opened a public code repository containing their experimental work to redesign Android with Kernel 3.8. [99]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Flash storage on Android devices is divided into partitions, such as “/system” for the operating system, and “/data” for installation of applications and user data. [100]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Unlike the Linux desktop distribution, Android device owners are not granted root access on the operating system, and sensitive partitions such as /system are read-only.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

However, root access can be obtained by exploiting security flaws on Android, this way is often used by open source communities to improve the performance of their devices, [101] but can also be utilized by irresponsible parties to spread viruses and destructive device. [102]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Related to the issue of whether Android can be classed into Linux distributions is still widely debated. [103]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The Linux Foundation and Chris DiBona, [104] Google's head of open sources, support this.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Whereas others, such as Google technician Patrick Brady, opposed it, he reasoned that Android was less supportive of most GNU tools, including glibc. [105]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The Android open source community has an active community of developers and enthusiasts who use Android source code to develop and distribute modified versions of their homemade Android. [106]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

These developer communities often provide updates and new features for devices faster when compared to manufacturers/operators, even though they do not undergo extensive testing or lack quality assurance. [24]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

They strive to continue providing support for older devices that no longer receive official updates, or modify Android devices to run using other operating systems, such as the HP TouchPad.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

These communities often release updates for pre-rooted devices, and contain modifications that are not suitable for non-technical users, for example the ability to overclock or over/undervolt the device's processor. [107]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

CyanogenMod is the community's most widely used firmware, and is the basis for a number of other firmware. [108]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Historically, device manufacturers and mobile operators have typically not supported firmware development by third parties.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Manufacturers are concerned that there will appear unsuitable functions if the device uses unofficial software, so it will lead to the appearance of additional costs. [109]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In addition, modified firmware such as CyanogenMod sometimes offer features that make operators have to incur premium costs, for example tethering.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

As a result, technical constraints such as lockdown (bootloader) and limited root access can generally be encountered on most Android devices.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

However, software made by the developer community grew in popularity, and after the United States Congress of Librarians allowed the “jailbreaking” of mobile devices, [110] mobile phone manufacturers and carriers began to soften their attitude towards third-party developers.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Several mobile phone manufacturers, including HTC, [109] Motorola, [111] Samsung [112] [113] and Sony, [114] began to provide support and encourage third-party software development.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

As a result, the hardware restriction constraints for installing unofficial hardy devices began to gradually diminish after an increasing number of devices that have the ability to unlock the bootloader, the same as the Nexus series of phones, although users had to lose the warranty of the device they if do. [109]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

However, even though mobile phone manufacturers have approved third-party software development, some mobile operators in the United States still require their users' phones to be “locked”. [115]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The ability to unlock and hack systems on smartphones and tablets continues to be a source of debate among developer communities and industry; the community reasoned that unofficial development was undertaken because the industry failed to provide timely updates for users, or to stay continue the latest version support for their older devices. [115]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Security and privacy Android apps run in a sandbox, an isolated area that has no access on the system, except for access permissions explicitly granted by the user when installing the app.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Before installing the application, the Play Store will display all the necessary permissions, for example: a game needs to activate vibration or save data on the SD Card, but it does not need permission to read SMS or access the phone book.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

After reviewing these permissions, users can choose to accept or reject them, and can install the app only if they receive them. [116]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Sandbox and permissions systems on Android can reduce the impact of bug vulnerabilities on apps, but developer ignorance and limited documentation have resulted in apps routinely requesting unnecessary permissions, reducing their effectiveness. [117]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Several software security companies such as Avast, Lookout Mobile Security, [118] AVG Technologies, [119] and McAfee, [120] have released their created antivirus software for Android devices.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The software actually does not work effectively because the sandbox also works on those applications, thus limiting its ability to scan the system in greater depth. [121]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The results of research by security firm Trend Micro show that premium service abuse is the most common type of malware that attacks Android; text messages will be sent from an infected phone to a premium phone number without consent or knowledge users. [122]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Other vandals will display unwanted ads on the device, or send personal information to unauthorized third parties. [122]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Security threats on Android are reported to be growing gradually, but technicians at Google state that malware and virus threats on Android are simply exaggerated by antivirus companies for commercial reasons, [123] [124] and accuse the antivirus industry of taking advantage of the situation to sell its products to users. [123]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Google confirms that the presence of malicious destructive devices on Android is actually very rare, [124] and a survey conducted by F-Secure shows that only 0.5% of Android destroyers come from Google Play. [125]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Google recently used its Google Bouncer destructive scanner to keep tabs on and scan apps on Google Play. [126]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

It aims to flag suspicious apps and warn users of potential problems with apps before they download them. [127]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android version 4.2 Jelly Bean was released in 2012 with enhanced security features, including a vandal scanner included in the system; this scanner not only checks for apps installed from Google Play, but can also scan apps downloaded from sites third party.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The system will provide alerts notifying users when apps try to send premium text messages, and block those messages, unless the user allows them. [128]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android smartphones have the ability to report the location of Wi-Fi access points, especially if the user is on the move, to create databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of such access points.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

This database forms an electronic map that can position the location of the smartphone.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

It allows users to run apps such as Foursquare, Google Latitude, Facebook Places, and to deliver location-based ads. [129]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Some third-party monitoring software can also detect when personal information is sent from an app to a remote server. [130] [131] Android's open-source nature allows security companies to customize devices with highly secure uses.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

For example, Samsung is working with General Dynamics through the “Knox” Open Kernel Labs project. [132] [133] In September 2013, it was revealed that the intelligence agencies of the United States and Britain; the NSA and the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), have access to user data on devices iPhone, Blackberry, and Android.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

They can read almost the entire information on the smartphone, including SMS, location, email, and notes. [134]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Source code license for Android is available under open source and free software licenses.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Google publishes most of the code (including network and telephone codes) under the Apache License version 2.0. [135] [136] [137] The rest, Linux kernel changes are under the GNU General Public License version 2.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Open Handset Alliance develops changes to the Linux kernel with open source code that is purified all the time.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

For the rest, Android is privately developed by Google, with the source code published to the public when the new version is launched.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Usually Google works with hardware manufacturers to develop a “flagship” device (e.g. the Google Nexus series) accompanied by a new version of Android, then publishes its source code after the device is released. [138]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In early 2011, Google chose to temporarily withhold the Android source code for tablets released with version 3.0 Honeycomb.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

According to Andy Rubin in an official Android blog post, the reason is because Honeycomb was released to run on Motorola Xoom products, [139] and Google did not want third parties to “worsen the user experience” by trying to operate a version of Android intended for tablets on phones smart. [140]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The source code was finally published in November 2011 with the release of Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich. [141]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

While it is open-ended, device manufacturers cannot use Google's Android trademark, unless Google certifies that it complies with their Compatibility Definition Document (CDD).


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Devices must also meet the licensing requirements of Google's closed-source applications, including Google Play. [142]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation have criticized the intricacy of the Android brand, and recommend alternative operating systems such as Replicant. [143] [144] They argue that hardware drives and hardy devices are necessary to operate Android is exclusive, and Google Play also offers paid software.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Reception JMPL|left|Eric Schmidt, Andy Rubin, and Hugo Barra at the Google Nexus 7 tablet launch press conference.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android was warmly welcomed when it was unveiled in 2007.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

While analysts are impressed by the renowned technology company partnering with Google to form the Open Handset Alliance, it is still doubtful whether mobile phone manufacturers will be willing to replace their operating systems with Android. [145]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The idea of an open source and Linux-based development platform has attracted the interest of technology experts, [146] but there have also arisen concerns regarding the intense competition Android will face with established players in the smartphone market such as Nokia and Microsoft. [147]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Nokia responded to it by stating: “we don't see this as a threat," [148] while one member of Microsoft's Windows Mobile team stated: “I don't understand, what impact they will produce. “[148]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android quickly grew to become the most widely used smartphone operating system, [23] and became “one of the fastest mobile operating systems ever. “[149]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Reviewers hailed Android's open-source nature as one of the defining strengths of its success, allowing companies such as Amazon (Kindle Fire), Barnes & Noble (Nook), Ouya, Baidu, and others, to flock to release software and hardware which can operate on the Android version.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

As a result, tech site Ars Technica called Android a “standard operating system for launching new hardware” for companies without having to have its own mobile platform. [23]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The open and flexible nature of Android is also enjoyed by users: Android allows its users to customize its devices extensively, and apps are also freely available in non-Google app stores and on third-party websites.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

This factors into one of the advantages that Android phones have when compared to other phones. [23] [150] Although Android is very popular, with device activation rates three times higher than iOS, there are reports stating that Google has not been able to take advantage of their products to the maximum, and web services ultimately turn Android into a money-earner, as analysts had previously predicted. [151]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The Verge argues that Google has lost control of Android because of the breadth of customization that developers and users can do, also because of the high proliferation of non-Google apps and services—for example Amazon Kindle Fire directs users to visit Amazon apps store, which competes directly with Google Play.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Google's SVP, Andy Rubin, whose position as head of the Android division was replaced in March 2013, was blamed for failing in building healthy partnerships with mobile phone manufacturers.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The main leader of Android products in the global market is Samsung; one of its products, Galaxy, has been instrumental in the introduction of the Android brand since 2011. [152] [153] While other Android phone manufacturers such as LG, HTC, and Google-owned Motorola Mobility, have fought hard for marketing its products since 2011.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Ironically, at a time when Google didn't get anything from the proceeds from selling Android products directly, Microsoft and Apple instead managed to win a lawsuit over patent royalty payments from Android device manufacturers. [152]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android is also said to be very “fragmented”, [154] that is a condition when various Android devices, both in terms of hardware variations and differences in running software, are tasked with developing applications to run consistently, more complicated by comparison with iOS, whose applications vary less. [155]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

For example, according to OpenSignal data in July 2013, there are 11,868 models of Android devices with various screen sizes and Android versions, while most iOS users use iPhone devices with the latest version. [155] [156] Tablets Despite the success in smartphones, the adoption of Android for tablet computers initially runs slow. [157]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

One of the main causes is the presence of a situation known as “chicken or egg”, that is, the conditions when consumers are hesitant to buy an Android tablet due to the lack of high-quality tablet applications, while on the other hand, the developers are also hesitant to spend time and their resources to develop tablet applications until the availability of a significant market for those products. [158] [159] The content and “ecosystem” of applications proved to be more important when compared to hardware specifications after the commencement of tablet sales.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Due to the lack of applications for tablets in 2011, Android tablets were initially forced to install apps reserved for smartphones, so the screen size did not match the large screen of the tablet.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In addition, the sluggish growth of Android tablets is also due to the dominance of Apple's iPad which has many iOS apps compatible with tablets. [159] [160] The growth of Android tablet apps is slowly starting to increase, however, at the same time, a large number of tablets are using other operating systems such as the HP TouchPad and BlackBerry PlayBook were also released to the market to capitalize on the success of the iPad. [159]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

InfoWorld dubbed this business with the designation “Frankenphone business”; a short-term low-investment opportunity that imposes the use of an optimized Android smartphone OS (before Android 3.0 Honeycomb for tablets was released) on devices by ignoring the user interface.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

This approach failed to grab market traction with consumers and worsen the reputation of Android tablets. [161] [162] What's more, some Android tablets like the Motorola Xoom are priced at the same price, or more expensive than the iPad, which further worsens sales.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

An exception is in Amazon's Kindle Fire, which is sold at a cheaper price and the ability to access content and the “ecosystem” of Amazon apps. [159] [163] This began to change in 2012 with the release of the Nexus 7, and the encouragement from Google to developers to create Better tablet apps. [164]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android tablet market share finally succeeded in overtaking the iPad in mid-2012. [165]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Market share Research firm Canalys estimates that in the second quarter of 2009, Android had a 2.8% share of smartphone sales worldwide. [166]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In the fourth quarter of 2010, this number jumped to 33%, becoming the world's best-selling smartphone platform. [21]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Through the third quarter of 2011, Gartner estimates more than half (52.5%) of the global smartphone market is controlled by Android. [167]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

According to IDC, in the third quarter of 2012, Android controlled 75% of the global smartphone market share. [168]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In July 2011, Google revealed that there were 550,000 new Android devices activated each day, [169] increasing from 400,000 per day in May, [170] and in total, more than 100 million Android devices have been activated worldwide, [171] with a growth of 4.4% per week. [169]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

By September 2012, 500 million Android devices had been activated, with 1.3 million activations per day. [172] [173] In May 2013, at Google I/O, Sundar Pichai announced that the total of Android devices that had been activated amounted to 900 million. [174]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android's market share varies by location.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In July 2012, Android's market share in the United States was 52%, [175] and increased up to 90% in RRT. [176]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

During the third quarter of 2012, the worldwide share of the Android smartphone market was 75%, [168] with total enabled devices totaling 750 million and 1.5 million activations per day. [173]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In March 2013, Android's share in the global smartphone market was led by Samsung products, which was 64%.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Market research firm Kantar reports that Google's besutan platform accounted for more than 70% of all smartphone device sales in RRT during this period.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Still in the same period, the level of loyalty to the use of Samsung products in the UK (59%) was the second highest after Apple (79%). [25]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Until November 2013, Android's market share was rumored to have reached 80%.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Of the 261.1 million smartphones sold in August, September, and October 2013, about 211 million of them were Android devices. [177]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Platform usage The table below shows data on the percentage of the number of Android devices accessing Google Play recently, and running a specific version of the Android platform until September 9, 2014.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android 4.1/4.2/4.3 Jelly Bean is the most widely used version of Android, which is approximately 53.7% of all Android devices worldwide. [178]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

App hijacking There are some concerns regarding the ease of Android paid apps to be hijacked. [181]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In May 2012, Eurogamer, the developer of Football Manager, stated that the ratio of pirated players vs. original players was 9:1 on their home-made games. [182]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

However, not all developers take issue with this piracy rate; in July 2012, the developers of the game Wind-up Knight revealed that the piracy rate on their games is only 12%, and most of it comes from China, a country whose Android users cannot buy apps from Google Play. [183]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In 2010, Google released a tool that serves to validate official purchases for use in applications, but developers complain that it is not efficient enough.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Google countered that the tool was intended as a sample framework for developers to modify and develop it according to their needs, not as a solution to end piracy. [184]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In 2012, Google released a feature in Android 4.1 that encircled paid apps so that they could only run on the device from which they were purchased, but this feature was temporarily disabled due to technical issues. [185]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Legal issues Both Android and Android phone manufacturers have been involved in various patent law cases.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

On August 12, 2010, Oracle sued Google over allegations of copyright and patent infringement dealing with the Java programming language. [186]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Oracle initially demanded $6.1 billion in damages, [187] but this lawsuit was rejected by a United States federal court, which asked Oracle to revise its lawsuit. [188]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In response, Google filed several defenses, claiming that Android did not infringe Oracle's patents or copyrights, that Oracle's patents were invalid, and several other defenses.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Oracle states that Android is based on Apache Harmony, a clean room implementation of Java class libraries, and independently developed a virtual machine called Dalvik. [189]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In May 2012, the jury in the case found that Google had not infringed Oracle's patents, and the judge ruled that the Java API structure used by Google was not copyrighted. [190] [191] In addition to charges directly against Google, various “proxy wars” were also waged against Android indirectly by targeting Android device manufacturers, with the aim of minimizing the chances of such manufacturers adopting the Android platform and increasing the cost of launching Android products to the market. [192]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Apple and Microsoft sued several Android device manufacturers over patent infringement issues; Apple's prolonged lawsuit against Samsung became a highly publicized case.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In October 2011, Microsoft revealed that it had entered into patent licensing agreements with ten mobile phone manufacturers whose products controlled 55% of the global market of Android devices, [193] including Samsung and HTC. [194]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The patent infringement case between Samsung and Microsoft ended with an agreement that Samsung would allocate more resources to develop and market phones with Microsoft's Windows Phone operating system. [192]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Google has publicly expressed its frustration in facing a patent infringement lawsuit in the United States, alleging that Apple, Oracle, and Microsoft are working to undermine Android's digitality through patent litigation, instead of innovating and competing with how to create products and better service. [195]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In 2011-2012, Google bought Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The effort is seen as a move in Google's defense to protect Android, as Motorola Mobility holds more than 17,000 patents. [196]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

As of December 2011, Google also purchased more than a thousand patents from IBM. [197]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In 2013, Fairsearch, an organization supported by Microsoft, Oracle, and others, filed a complaint against Android with the European Commission, stating that the free distribution of Android devices was a form of anti-competitive price competition.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The Free Software Foundation Europe, which Google donates, denied Fairsearch's allegations. [198]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Use on other devices JMPL|150px|ka|Sony SmartWatch: an example of an Android companion device.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The open and customizable nature of Android causes the operating system to also be used on other electronic devices, including laptops and netbooks, smartbooks, [199] Smart TVs (Google TV), and cameras (Nikon Coolpix S800c and Galaxy Camera). [200] [201] In addition, the Android operating system is also developed its applications on smart glasses (Google Glass), watches, [202] ear burgers, [203] car CDs and DVD players, [204] mirrors, [205] portable media players, [206] fixed networks, [207] and VoIP phones. [208]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Ouya, a video game console using the Android operating system, became one of Kickstarter's most successful products, funded by $8.5 million for its development, which was followed by other Android-based video game consoles such as Project Shield by Nvidia. [ 209] [210] In 2011, Google introduced “Android @Home “, a new automated technology that utilizes Android to control several household tools such as light contacts, power sockets, and thermostats. [211]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Controlling the lights is said to be controllable from an Android phone or tablet.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android principal Andy Rubin asserted that “turning the lights on and off is nothing new, Google is thinking more ambitiously and the goal is to use its position as a cloud service provider to bring Google products into customers' homes. “[212]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In August 2011, Parrot launched a car stereo system with the Android platform, known as Asteroid and equipped with voice commands. [213] [214] In September 2013, Clarion released a car stereo system with the more advanced Android platform, known as AX1 and Mirage, uses Android 2.3.7 and 2.2 (Gingerbread) and comes with GPS-based navigation, a 6.5-inch display, and various options for wireless data access. [215] [216] Various other devices, although not using Android, are also designed with an interface that serves as a companion or complementary to Android devices, such as Sony's SmartWatch or Samsung's Galaxy Gear. [210]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

See also Android version history Android Rooting Android software development List of Bada Android OS-related articles Reference Notes Outlink Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

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Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. on YouTube Category:Acquisition Google Category:Cloud Client Category:Linux Category:Google Software Category:Software of the Year 2008 Category:ARM Operating System Category:Mobile Phone


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the arrangement, structure, properties, and changes of matter. [1] [2] Chemical science encompasses topics such as the properties of atoms, the way atoms form chemical bonds to produce chemical compounds, the interaction of substances through intermolecular forces that generates the general properties of matter, and interactions between substances through chemical reactions to form different substances.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Chemistry is sometimes referred to as central science because it bridges the natural sciences, including physics, geology, and biology. [3] [4] [5] Experts differ in opinion regarding the etymology of the word chemistry.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The history of chemistry can be traced back to alchemy, which has been practiced for several millenia in different parts of the world.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Etymology The word chemistry comes from alchemy, a designation for a set of practices in earlier times that included elements of chemical science, metallurgy, philosophy, astrology, mystic science, and medicinal science.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Alchemy is often considered to be related to the effort to convert lead or other common raw materials into gold, [6] but in the Ancient Times this science examined many of the main problems of modern chemistry.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Alchemy was defined by the early 4th-century AD Greco-Egyptian alchemist, Zosimos, as the science that studied the composition of water, movement, growth, manifesting, disappearing, removing spirits from the body, and binding spirits in the body. [7]


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The word alchemy comes from the Arabic word al-kīmīā (الکیمیان).


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The word al-kīmīā is derived from the Greek word χημία (kemia) or χημεία (kemeia). [8] [9] al-Kīmīā may be derived from Ancient Egypt because the word al-kīmīā may be derived from the Greek word χημία (kemia), which is also derived from the word Kemi or Kimi, which is the ancient name of the Egyptian land in the language. [8]


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Possibly, the word al-kīmīā is derived from the word χημεία (kemeia), meaning “poured together” (into a mold). [10]


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Introduction to Chemistry is often referred to as the “central science” because it connects various other sciences, such as physics, materials science, nanotechnology, biology, pharmaceuticals, medicine, bioinformatics, and geology [11].


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

These connections arise through various subdisciplines that utilize concepts from different disciplines.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

For example, physical chemistry involves the application of principles of physics to matter at the atomic and molecular levels.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Chemistry deals with interactions of matter that can involve two substances or between matter and energy, especially in conjunction with the first law of thermodynamics.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Traditional chemistry involves interactions between chemical substances in chemical reactions, which convert one or more substances into one or more other substances.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Sometimes this reaction is driven by enthalpy considerations, such as when two high-enthalpy substances such as hydrogen and elemental oxygen react to form water, a substance with a lower enthalpy.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Chemical reactions can be facilitated by a catalyst, which is generally another chemical substance involved in the reaction medium but not consumed (examples are sulfuric acid catalyzing water electrolysis) or immaterial phenomena (such as electromagnetic radiation in photochemical reactions).


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Traditional chemistry also handles the analysis of chemical substances, both inside and outside of a reaction, such as in spectroscopy.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

All normal matter consists of atoms or the components of the subatome that make up the atoms; protons, electrons, and neutrons.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Atoms can be combined to produce more complex forms of matter such as ions, molecules, or crystals.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The structure of the world we live in everyday and the properties of matter that interact with us are determined by the properties of chemical substances and the interactions between them.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Steel is harder than iron because its atoms are bonded in a more rigid crystal structure.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Wood burns or undergoes rapid oxidation because it can react spontaneously with oxygen at a chemical reaction if it is above a certain temperature.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Substances tend to be classified by their energy, phase, or chemical composition.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Matter can be classed in 4 phases, the order from which has the lowest energy being solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Of these four types of phases, the plasma phase can only be encountered in stellar space, due to its extremely large energy requirements.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Solid substances have a fixed structure at room temperature that can counteract gravity or other weak forces trying to change them.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Liquid substances have finite bonds, are structurless, and will flow alongside gravity.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The gas has no bonds and acts as a free particle.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Meanwhile, the plasma consists only of freely moving ions; an excess supply of energy prevents these ions from coalescing into elemental particles.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

One way to distinguish the first three phases is by volume and shape: rough, solid substance maintains a fixed volume and shape, liquid substances have a fixed volume but no fixed shape, while gases do not have either volume or fixed shape.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Water (H2O) takes the form of a liquid in room temperature because its molecules are bound by an intermolecular force called a Hydrogen bond.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

On the other hand, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is gaseous at room temperature and standard pressure, since its molecules are bound to weaker dwipole (dipole) interactions.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Hydrogen bonds in water have enough energy to maintain water molecules not to separate from each other, but not to flow, which makes it a liquid tangible in temperatures between 0 °C to 100°C at sea level.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Lowering temperature or energy further permits tighter organization of forms, producing a solid substance, and releasing energy.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Increased energy will melt the ice although the temperature will not change until all the ice is liquid.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

An increase in water temperature will in turn cause it to boil (see heat of evaporation) as there is enough energy to overcome the intermolecular attraction force and further allow the molecules to move away from each other.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Scientists who study chemistry are often called chemists.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Most chemists do specialize in one or more subdisciplines.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Chemistry taught in secondary schools is often called “general chemistry” and is intended as an introduction to many basic concepts and to give the learner the tools to move on to his advanced subject.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Many of the concepts presented at this level are often considered incomplete and technically inaccurate.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

However, it is a wonderful tool.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Chemists regularly used these simple and elegant tools and explanations in their works, as they proved capable of accurately making highly varied models of chemical reactivity.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Chemical science is historically a new development, but it is rooted in alchemy that has been practised for centuries around the world.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

History The roots of chemical science can be traced to the phenomenon of combustion.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Fire is a mystic force that transforms a substance into another and is therefore the main concern of mankind.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

It is fire that leads man to the invention of iron and glass.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

After gold was discovered and became a valuable metal, many interested people found methods that could convert other substances into gold.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

This created a protoscience called Alchemy.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Alchemy was practised by many cultures throughout history and often contained a mixture of philosophy, mysticism, and protoscience.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Alchemists invented many chemical processes that led to the development of modern chemistry.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

As history progressed, prominent alchemists (notably Abu Musa Jabir bin Hayyan and Paracelsus) developed an alchemy away from philosophy and mysticism and developed a more systematic and scientific approach.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The first alchemist considered to apply the scientific method to alchemy and distinguish chemistry and alchemy was Robert Boyle (1627—1691).


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Nevertheless, chemistry as we know it now was created by Antoine Lavoisier with his law of mass immutability in 1783.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The discovery of chemical elements has a long history that reached its peak with the creation of the periodic table of chemical elements by Dmitri Mendeleyev in 1869.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry created in 1901 provides a great overview of chemical discoveries over the past 100 years.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

In the early part of the 20th century, the subatomic properties of atoms were expressed and the science of quantum mechanics began to explain the physical properties of chemical bonds.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

By the mid-20th century, chemistry had evolved until it could understand and predict aspects of biology widening into the field of biochemistry.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The chemical industry represents an important economic activity.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

In 2004, the global top 50 chemicals manufacturers had sales reaching 587 bilyun US dollars with a profit margin of 8.1% and research and development expenditures of 2.1% of total sales [12].


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Chemical science branch JMPL|Chemical laboratory pipettes are generally divided into several main areas.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

There are also several inter-field branches and more specialized in chemistry. [13]


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Five Main Branches [14]: Analytical chemistry is a study involving how we analyze chemical components in a sample.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

How much is actually caffeina in a cup of coffee?


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Are there any drugs found in the urine samples of athletes?


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

What's my pool's pH level?


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Examples of fields that use analytic chemistry include forensic science, environmental science, and drug testing.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Analytical chemistry is divided into two sub branches: qualitative and quantitative analysis.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

A qualitative analysis uses the/marketing method to help determine the components of the substance (answer the question: what?).


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Quantitative analysis on the other hand, helps to identify how much each component is present in a substance (answer the question: how much?).


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Biochemistry studies chemical compounds, chemical reactions, and chemical interactions that occur in living organisms.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Biochemistry and organic chemistry are very closely related, as in medical chemistry or neurochemistry.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Biochemistry also deals with molecular biology, physiology, and genetics.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Under the main umbrella of biochemistry many new sub-branches have emerged and many modern chemists may specialise in them.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Some of these disciplines include: Enzymology (study of enzymes) Endocrinology (study of hormones) Clinical biochemistry (study of diseases) Molecular biochemistry (study of biomolecules and their functions) Inorganic chemistry examines the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The difference between organic and inorganic fields is not absolute and there is a lot of overlap, especially in the field of organophytallic chemistry.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Chemists in this field focus on other elements and compounds other than carbon or hydrocarbons.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Simply put, inorganic chemistry encompasses all materials that are not organic and are referred to as lively substances - compounds that do not contain carbon-hydrogen (CH) bonds.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Compounds studied by inorganic chemists include crystal structures, minerals, metals, catalysts, and most elements on the periodic table.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Examples are power beams of power used to carry a certain weight or investigate how gold forms on earth.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Branches of inorganic chemistry include: Bioinorganic chemistry (study of the role of metals in biology) Coordination chemistry (study of coordination compounds and ligand interactions) Geochemistry (study of chemical composition of earth, rocks, minerals & atmosphere) Inorganic technology (synthesis of new inorganic compounds) Nuclear chemistry (study of materials radioactive) Organometallic chemistry (study of chemicals containing bonds between metals and carbons — override with organic chemistry) Chemistry of solids/material chemistry (study of formation, structure, and characteristics of solid phase materials) Synthesis inorganic chemistry (chemical synthesis study) Inorganic chemistry industrial (study of materials used in industry.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Examples: fertilizers) Organic chemistry is the science that studies carbon compounds such as fuels, plastics, food additives, and pharmaceuticals.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Opposite inorganic chemistry which focuses on the problem of tak-life and non-carbon based substances, organic chemistry deals with the study of carbon and chemicals in living organisms.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

An example is the process of photosynthesis in the leaves because there is a change in the chemical composition of a living plant.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The branches of organic chemistry involve many different disciplines including the study of ketones, aldehydes, hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkanes, alkunas) and alcohols.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Stereochemistry (study of 3-dimensional molecular structure) Medisinal chemistry (dealing with the design, development and synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs) Organophytallic chemistry (study of chemicals containing antra bonds of carbon and metals) Physical organic chemistry (study of structure and reactivity in organic molecules) Polymer chemistry (the study of the composition and formation of polymer molecules) Physical chemistry is the study of the physical properties of molecules, and their relation to how to unite molecules and atoms.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Physical chemistry deals with the principles and methodologies of both chemistry and physics as well as is the study of how chemical structures affect the physical properties of a substance.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

An example is the making of brownies, as there is mixing ingredients as well as using heat and energy to obtain the final product.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Sub-branches of physical chemistry include: Electrochemistry (study of the interaction of atoms, molecules, ions and electric currents) Photochemistry (study of chemical effects of light; photochemical reactions) Surface chemistry (study of chemical reactions on surfaces) Chemical kinetics (study of chemical reaction rates) Thermodynamics/thermochemistry (study of heat relations with chemical change) Quantum mechanics/quantum chemistry (study of quantum mechanics and its relation to chemical phenomena) Spectroscopy (study of the spectrum of light or radiation) Branch - a branch of Chemical Science which is the overlap of one or more five main branches: Chemistry of materials concerns how to prepare, characterize, and understand the workings of a material with practical uses.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Theory chemistry is the study of chemistry through the elaboration of basic theories (usually in mathematics or physics).


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Specifically, the application of quantum mechanics in chemistry is called quantum chemistry.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Since the end of World War II, the development of computers has facilitated the development of computational chemistry systematics, which is the art of developing and applying computer programs to solve chemical problems.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Theory chemistry has a lot of overlap (in theory and experimentation) with condence-object physics and molecular physics.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Nuclear chemistry examines how subatomic particles merge and form nuclei.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Modern transmutation is the largest part of nuclear chemistry and the nuclide table is both a result as well as a device for this field.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Natural Materials Organic Chemistry studies organic compounds that are naturally synthesized by nature, specifically living things.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Other fields include astrochemistry, molecular biology, electrochemistry, pharmacology, phytochemistry, photochemistry, molecular genetics, geochemistry, materials science, flow chemistry, atmospheric chemistry, solid object chemistry, green chemistry, core chemistry, medical chemistry, computational chemistry, environmental chemistry, organometallic chemistry, surface chemistry, polymer chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, nanotechnology, petrochemistry, chemical history, sonochemistry, chemical engineering, as well as thermochemistry.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The basic concept of Tatanama Tatanama chemistry refers to the naming system of chemical compounds.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

It has been created a well-defined chemical species naming system.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Organic compounds are named after the organic tatanama system.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Inorganic compounds are named after the inorganic tatanama system.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Atomic atoms are a collection of matter consisting of positively charged nuclei, which usually contain protons and neutrons, and several surrounding electrons that offset the positive charge of the nucleus.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Atoms are also the smallest decipherable unit of an element and still retain their properties, formed from tight, positively charged nuclei surrounded by a system of electrons.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

In neutral atoms, negatively charged electrons offset the positive charge on the proton.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The nucleus of an atom is very dense; the mass of the nucleon is 1.836 times that of an electron, but the radius of the atom is about 10,000 times that of the core. [15] [16] The atom is also the smallest entity that can be considered to maintain the chemical properties of the element, such as electronegativity, ionization energy, oxidation states, and the types of bonds that are preferred to be formed (e.g., metallic, ionic, covalent).


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

An Element is a group of atoms that have the same number of protons at their core.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

This number is referred to as the atomic number of the element.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

For example, all atoms that have 6 protons at their core are atoms of the chemical element carbon, and all atoms that have 92 protons at their core are atoms of elemental uranium. [16]


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Standard presentations of the chemical elements are in the periodic table, which sorts elements by atomic number.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The periodic table is arranged in groups, or columns, and periods, or rows.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The periodic table is useful in identifying periodic trends. [17]


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Ions or charged species, or an atom or molecule that loses or gains one or more electrons.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Positively charged cations (e.g. Na+ sodium cations) and negatively charged anions (e.g. chloride Cl−) can form neutral salts (e.g. sodium chloride, NaCl).


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Examples of polyatomic ions that do not split during acid-base reactions are hydroxide (OH−) and phosphate (PO43−).


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Compound Compound is a substance formed by two or more elements with a fixed ratio that determines its arrangement. For example, water is a compound containing hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of two to one.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Compounds are formed and deciphered by chemical reactions. [18]


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Naming standards of compounds are regulated by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Organic compounds are named after the organic name-system. [19]


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Inorganic compounds are named after the inorganic name-system. [20]


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

In addition, the Chemical Abstracts Service has invented a method for indexing chemical substances.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

In this scheme each chemical is identified by a number known as the CAS Registration Number.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Molecular molecules are the smallest and unsplit part of a pure chemical compound that still retains unique chemical and physical properties.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

A molecule consists of two or more atoms bonded to each other. elements of “inert” gases or noble gases (helium, neon, argon, kripton, xenon and radon) consist of a single atom as its smallest discrete unit, but other isolated chemical elements consist of either molecules or atomic networks are bound to each other in several ways.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Easily identifiable molecules compose a variety of known substances such as water, air, and many organic compounds such as alcohol, sugar, gasoline, and various pharmaceuticals.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

However, not all substances or chemical compounds are composed of discrete molecules, and indeed most of the solids that make up the Earth's crust, mantle, and core are chemical compounds without molecules.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Other types of such substances, such as ionic compounds and tissues of solids, are arranged in such a way due to the lack of presence of identifiable molecules per se. Examples of substances with this type such as mineral salts (such as kitchen salts), solids such as carbon and diamond, metals, and silica as well as silicate minerals such as quartz and granite.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

One of the main characteristics of a molecule is its geometry known as structure.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

While the molecular structure of diatomic, triatomic or tetra atomic may not be very significant, (linear, angular pyramidal, etc.) polyatomic molecular structures, which constitute more than six atoms (of some elements) can be very important for chemistry in nature.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Chemical substance A 'chemical' may be an element, compound, or a mixture of compounds, elements, or compounds and elements.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Most of the material that we find in everyday life is a mixed form, for example, water, aloy, biomass, etc.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Chemical substances are types of matter with definite composition and properties. [21]


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The collection of substances is called a mixture.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Some examples of mixtures are air and aloy. [22]


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Mole and the amount of substance Mol is a unit of measurement that indicates the amount of substance (also referred to as the amount of chemical).


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Mole is defined as the number of atoms found to be exactly 0.012 kilograms (or 12grams) in carbon-12, where the carbon-12 atom is unbound, stationary and is at its base state. [23]


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The number of entities per mole is known as the Avogadro number, as well as empirically determined to reach approximately 6.022×1023 mol−1. [24]


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The molar concentration is the amount of a given substance per volume of solution, and is commonly reported in moldm−3. [25]


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The form of a Phase substance is a collection of states of a macroscopic physical system that is relatively versatile both its chemical composition and its physical properties (e.g. type period, crystal structure, refractive index, and so on).


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Examples of phase states we are familiar with are solids, liquids, and gases.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Other phase states that are e.g. plasma, Bose-Einstein condensation, and Fermion condensation.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The phase states of a magnetic material are paramagnetic, ferromagnetic and diamagnetic.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Physical properties, such as density as well as refractive index tend to be within the phase characteristic values.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The matter stage is defined with the transition phase, which when energy put into or out of the system goes into rearranging the structure of the system, instead of changing bulk conditions.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Sometimes the difference between phases can take place continuously rather than having discrete boundaries, in which case this material is considered to be in a supercritical state.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

When three states converge based on conditions, this is known as the triple point as well as since this is an invariant, it is an easy way to define a set of conditions.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Chemical bonding Chemical bonds are the forces that resist the gathering of atoms in molecules or crystals.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

In many simple compounds, valence bond theory and the concept of oxidation numbers can be used to surmise molecular structure and their stacking.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Similar to this, theories from classical physics can be used to surmise many from ionic structures.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

In more complex/complicated compounds, such as metal complexes, valence bond theory cannot be used because it requires a deeper understanding with the basis of quantum mechanics.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

A chemical bond can be a covalent bond, an ionic bond, a hydrogen bond or simply due to the Van der Waals force.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Each of these types of bonds is thought to derive a potential


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

This potential creates interactions that hold atoms together in molecules or crystals.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

In many simple compounds, valence bond theory, the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion model (VSEPR theory), and the concept of oxidation numbers can be used to explain the structure and composition of molecules.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Ion bonds form when the metal loses one or more electrons, becoming positively charged cations, as well as electrons are then withdrawn by non-metallic atoms, becoming negatively charged anions.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The two oppositely charged ions attract each other, and the ion bond is the tensile electrostatic force between them.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

For example, sodium (Na), a metal, loses one electron to become a Na+ cation while chlorine (Cl), a non-metal, accepts these electrons to become Cl-.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The ions will be bonded into one due to electrostatic attraction, as well as sodium chloride (NaCl) compounds, or common kitchen salts, are formed.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Chemical reactions Chemical reactions are transformations/changes in the structure of a molecule.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

This reaction can result in the merger of molecules forming larger molecules, the cleavage of the molecule into two or more smaller molecules, or the augmentation of the atoms in the molecule.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Chemical reactions always involve the forming or breaking of chemical bonds.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Oxidation, reduction, dissociation, acid-base neutralization as well as molecular rearrangement reactions are some of the commonly used types of chemical reactions.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Chemical reactions can be symbolically described through chemical equations.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

While in non-core chemical reactions the number as well as types of atoms on both sides of the equation are the same, for core reactions this applies only to core particles i.e. protons and neutrons. [26]


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

A sequence of stages that rearrange chemical bonds can occur in the course of a chemical reaction referred to as its mechanism.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Chemical reactions can conceivably occur in a number of stages, each of which can have different velocities.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Many intermediate reactions with varying stability can thus be depicted during the reaction.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Reaction mechanisms are put forward to explain the kinetics as well as the mixture of relative products of a reaction


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Quantum chemistry Quantum chemistry mathematically explains the basic behavior of matter at the molecular level.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

In principle, it is possible to explain all chemical systems using this theory.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

In practice, only the simplest chemical systems can realistically be investigated with pure quantum mechanics and must be performed virtually for most practical purposes (e.g., Hartree—Fock, post-Hartree-Fock, or density function theory, see computational chemistry for the details).


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Hence, a deep understanding of quantum mechanics is not necessary for most fields of chemistry because the important implications of theories (especially orbital vacancy) can be understood and applied more simply.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

In quantum mechanics (some applications in computational chemistry and quantum chemistry), the Hamiltonan, or physical state, of a particle can be expressed as a summation of two operators, one relating to kinetic energy and the other with potential energy.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The hamiltonan in the Schrödinger wave equation used in quantum chemistry has no terminology for the spin of electrons.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Completion of the Schrödinger equation for hydrogen atoms gives the shape of the wave equation for the atomic orbital, and the relative energies of the 1s, 2s, 2p, and 3p orbitals.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Orbital blanks can be used to understand other atoms such as helium, lithium, and carbon.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The laws of chemistry The laws of chemistry are actually the laws of physics applied in chemical systems.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The most fundamental concept in chemistry is the Law of mass immutability which states that there is no measurable change in the amount of substance at the time of an ordinary chemical reaction.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Modern physics shows that it is actually energy that is eternal, and that energy and mass are interrelated.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

This energy immutability leads to the importance of the concepts of equilibrium, thermodynamics, and kinetics.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Chemical reactions are governed by certain laws, which have become a basic concept in chemistry.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Some of those laws are: Avogadro's Law of Boyle's Law (1662, linking pressure and volume) Charles's Law (1787, linking volume and temperature) Gay-Lussac's Law (1809, linking pressure and temperature) Le Chatelier's Principle of Henry Hess's Law Law of energy eternity Law The law of comparison remains The law of double comparison Raoult's Law of Chemical Industry Chemical industry is one of the important economic activities.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

The world's top 50 chemical producers in 2004 had sales of USD $587 billion with a profit margin of 8.1% and engineering (research and development) expenditures of 2.1% of total chemical sales. [12]


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Professional association of American Chemical Society American Society for Neurochemistry Indonesian Chemical Association International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Royal Society of Chemistry Society of Chemical Industry World Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists See also List chemical compounds List of chemists International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Periodic table Chemical Engineering Indonesian Chemical Association Reference Library Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help) Outside links (in Indonesian) - Indonesia Chemistry Website (in Indonesian) (in English) Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

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Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

General chemistry textbooks in Wikibooks Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead., see especially the section “Gold Book” which contains the definition of chemical terms Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

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Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

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Question: What is pure chemistry?

Chemistry

- Indonesia Chemical Site


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Muara Takus Temple Site is a Buddhist temple site located in Muara Takus village, District XIII Koto, Kampar Regency, Riau, Indonesia.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The site is approximately 135 kilometers from Pekanbaru City.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The Muara Takus Temple site is surrounded by a wall measuring 74 x 74 meters, made of white stone with a wall height of ± 80cm, outside the area there is also an earthen wall measuring 1.5 x 1.5 kilometers, surrounding this complex to the edge of Kampar Kanan River.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

In this complex there are several temple buildings called the eldest temple, Bungsu Temple, Mahligai Stupa and Palangka.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The ancient experts have not been able to determine exactly when the temple site was established.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Some say 4th century, some say 7th century, 9th century even in 11th century.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

However, this temple is considered to have existed during the golden age of Sriwijaya, so some historians consider this area to be one of the governmental centers of the kingdom of Sriwijaya. [1] [2] In 2009 Muara Takus Temple was nominated to become one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Site description Muara Takus Temple is the oldest temple site in Sumatra, is the only historical relic site in Riau.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

This Buddhist temple is evidence that Buddhism once flourished in the region.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The temple is made of sandstone, river stone and brick.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Unlike the existing temples in Java, which are made from andesite stones taken from the mountains.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The materials of Muara Takus Temple, particularly clay, were taken from a village called Pongkai, located approximately 6km downstream of the Muara Takus Temple site.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The name Pongkai is likely derived from Chinese, Pong berati pit and Kai means soil, so it can mean ground pit, which resulted from excavation in the making of the Muara Takus Temple.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The former excavation pit has now been sunk by the inundation of the Koto Panjang Hydropower reservoir.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

But in Siamese, the word Pongkai is similar to Pangkali which can mean river, and the temple site is indeed located on the banks of the river.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The main building in the complex is a large, tower-shaped stupa made mostly of brick and a small part of yellow sandstone.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Inside the Muara Takus Temple site there are temple buildings called Old Temple, Bungsu Temple, Stupa Mahligai and Palangka.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

In addition to the building in the temple complex was found also a mound that is thought to be a burning place of human bones.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

While outside this site there are also buildings (former) made of bricks, which cannot be ascertained the type of building.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Mahligai Temple Mahligai Temple or Stupa Mahligai, is the most intact temple building.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The building is divided into three parts, namely the legs, the body, and the roof.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The stupa has a rectangular berplan foundation and measures 9.44 m x 10.6 m, and has 28 sides surrounding the temple plinth with the entrance being to the South.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

On the plinth there is a double lotus ornament, and at the center stands a cylindric tower building with 36 petal-shaped sides at its base.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The upper part of the building is circular.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

According to Snitger, in the first four corners of the foundation there were 4 lion statues in a sitting position made of andesite stone.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

In addition, based on research conducted by Yzerman, in the past, there was a stone with oval leaf paintings and reliefs around it.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The building is thought to have undergone two stages of development.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The conjecture in is based on the fact that inside the foot of the building now lies the foot profile of the old building before the building was enlarged.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Old Temple Tua Temple or Sulung Temple is the largest building among other buildings within the Muara Takus Temple site.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The leg part is divided in half.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The size of the first leg is 2.37 m high while the second has a height of 1.98 m.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The entrance staircase is on the West side and the East side decorated with lion statues.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The width of each staircase is 3.08 m and 4 m.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Judging from the rest of the building the base has the shape of a circle with a center line ± 7 m and a height of 2.50 m.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The size of the foundation of this temple building is 31.65 m x 20.20 m.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The foundation of the temple has 36 sides surrounding the base section.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The upper part of the building is a roundabout.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

There is no empty space at all in the interior of the Sulung Temple.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The building is made of brick arrangement with sandstone additions that are only used to create the corners of the building, pilasters, and the lower framing framing temples with the foot body and the foot body barrier with the upper framing of the foot.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Based on 1983 research it is known that the temple has at least undergone two stages of development.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Indications regarding this can be seen from the presence of a building profile enclosed by another wall whose profile shape is different.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Bungsu Temple Bungsu Temple in shape is not much different from Sulung Temple.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

It's just that on the top is rectangular.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

It stands to the west of Mahligai Temple with a size of 13.20 x 16.20 meters.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

On the east there are small stupas and there is a staircase made of white stone.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The foundation part of the building has 20 sides, with a plane above it.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

In the field there is a lotus.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The study, conducted by Yzerman, managed to find a hole in the periphery of the stupa padmasana in which there is soil and ash.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

In the ground are obtained three pieces of gold and one more piece is at the bottom of the pit, which is scraped with pictures of tricula and three Nagari letters.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Under the hole, a square piece of stone was found on its lower side turned out to be scratched with a picture of a tricula and nine pieces of letters.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The building is divided into two parts according to the type of material used.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Approximately half of the buildings of the North section are made of sandstone, while the southern half of the buildings are made of brick.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The boundary between the two parts follows the shape of the building profile made of sandstone.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

This indicates that part of the building made of sandstone had been completed then added part of the building made of brick.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Palangka Temple The temple building is located on the east side of Stupa Mahligai with a temple body size of 5.10 m x 5.7 m with a height of about two meters.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The temple is made of brick, and has an entrance facing towards the north.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Palangka temple in the past was allegedly used as an altar.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The architecture of Muara Takus Temple is one of the sacred buildings of Buddhism in Riau.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Characteristic that indicates the sacred building is a Buddhist building is a stupa.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The stupa form itself dates back to early Indian art, almost an artificial hill boy that is semicircular enclosed with brick or hoard and given a meru peak.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Stupas are characteristic of sacred buildings of Buddhism and capricious form and function in its history in India and in the rest of the world of Buddhism.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Based on its function the stupa can be distinguished into three, namely: Stupa which is part of something building.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The stupas are standing alone or in groups but each as a complete building.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Stupa which is complementary to the group as the temple of the perwara.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Based on the above function it can be concluded that the buildings in the Muara Takus Temple complex occupy the function of the second, which is a stupa that stands alone or in groups but each as a complete building.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The architecture of Muara Takus Temple stupa building itself is unique because it is not found anywhere else in Indonesia.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The shape of this temple has similarities with Buddhist stupas in Myanmar, stupas in Vietnam, Sri Lanka or ancient stupas in India in the Ashoka period, which are stupas that have ornaments of a wheel and a lion's head, almost the same as the statues found in the temple complex of Muara Takus.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The lion statue itself is philosophically an element of temple decoration that symbolizes the good aspect that can defeat the evil aspect or the 'bright' aspect that can defeat the 'evil' aspect.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

In Buddhist teachings the motif of the lion decoration can be linked in meaning to the Buddha, this is evident from the epithet given to the Buddha as 'the lion of the Sakya family'.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

As well as the teachings conveyed by the Buddha is also called a 'voice' (simhanada) which is heard loudly throughout the eyes of the wind.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

In the Silpa Prakasa script it is written that there are four types of well-regarded lions, among others: Udyatā: a lion depicted on both hind legs, its body in a flipping position and looking back.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

This attitude is called simhavalokana.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Jāgrata: a lion depicted with a very savage face (mattarūpina).


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

He behaved sitting with his paws raised upwards.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Often called khummana simha.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Udyatā: a lion depicted in a seated stance with hind legs and usually placed on top of somewhere high.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Famous for the designation jhmpa-simha.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Gajakrānta: the lion depicted sitting with its three legs on top of the elephant king.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

His one front leg was raised in front of his chest as if ready to pounce.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

This lion is called simha ujara.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

In the Muara Takus Temple complex itself there are two temples that have lion statues, namely Sulung Temple and Mahligai Temple.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

In the Sulung temple a lion statue is found in front of the temple or on the entrance steps of the temple.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

In Mahligai Temple lion statues are found in all four corners of its foundation.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The placement of this lion statue, based on a concept derived from Indian culture, is intended to safeguard the sacred building from evil influences because the lion is a symbol of the power of light or good.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

Based on the research of R. D.M. Verbeck and E. Th. van Delden it is alleged that the Estuary Takus Temple building was formerly a Buddhist building consisting of a monastery and several temples.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

The background of the establishment of the Temple is a sacred building that flourished during the Hindu-Buddhist period.


Question: Who built the Muara Takus Temple?

Muara Takus Temple

This sacred building was made as a means of worship for the goddesses of Hinduism as well as Buddhism.