Question: who coined the term Proletariat?

The Proletariat

There are several influential figures in the PKI, including Tan Malaka and Semaoen in the early PKI era, Muso during the Indonesian Revolution, and D.N. Aidit in the post-war era of independence.


Question: who coined the term Proletariat?

The Proletariat

Of these figures, Tan Malaka had a different view of communism in Indonesia about how proletarians moved.


Question: who coined the term Proletariat?

The Proletariat

Tan Malacca saw the need to participate in priyayi who had the same streotype as the bourgeoisie, while the zealots of the USSR agreed that the proletarians should move themselves because priyayi or bourgeoisie would support the government (in this case Dutch Colonial).


Question: who coined the term Proletariat?

The Proletariat

But about how they describe the proletarians is the same.


Question: who coined the term Proletariat?

The Proletariat

Reference Hal Draper, Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution, Vol. 2; The Politics of Social Classes.


Question: who coined the term Proletariat?

The Proletariat

Monthly Review Press.


Question: who coined the term Proletariat?

The Proletariat

Outlinks - informal communist discussion Category:Marxism Category:Social Class


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

A threatened species is a population of living beings (evolutionary integral species or subspecies) that are at risk of extinction because they are few, nor endangered due to changing natural conditions or predatory animals.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

Various countries in the world have preferential protection laws for threatened habitats or species, which contain the prohibition of hunting, restrictions on land development, or designation of nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

The number of threatened species is actually more than the number of species that are listed and receive legal protection.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

In the outdoors there are many more species that either went extinct before they had time to be recorded, or could potentially become wiped out without ever successfully gaining human attention.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

The rate of species extinction throughout the recent 150 years is of great concern.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

Species evolved and became extinct naturally since hundreds of millions of years ago, but the rate of extinction in recent times is much higher than the average extinction rate on the scale of planet Earth's evolution. [1]


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

The current rate of extinction is 10 to 100 times the natural rate of extinction.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

If the rate of extinction continues or continues to increase, the number of species that become extinct in the following decades may number in the millions. [2].


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

Most people just think only large-sized mammal species and birds are threatened with extinction, but actually the stability of the entire ecosystem becomes disrupted with the extinction of key species on one of the food chains.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

Human extinction should care about extinction because extinction means: loss of a species as a biological entity disruption of the stability of an ecosystem threatened by other species losing irreplaceable genetic and biochemical material.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

The loss of one species from the face of the earth means reduced natural wealth, as well as a moral issue for those who argue for humans as responsible for environmental sustainability, as well as those who support the right to life for all animal species.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

The extinction of a species that is prey or predator in an ecosystem has an impact on increasing or decreasing population numbers of other species.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

So on, until all species are wiped out and ecosystems become damaged and cannot return to the way they were.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

In addition, each species has unique genetic material stored in DNA, and produces unique chemicals according to the genetic instructions it has.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

Chemicals from plants, for example, are very potentially for use as pharmaceutical compounds in the pharmaceutical industry.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

Controversy Endangered species legislation often invites controversy.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

Certain parties often question the criteria for entering a species on the threatened species list, and the criteria of striking out a species from the threatened species list once the population of that species has recovered.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

In addition, landowners often question the fate of their land once it is found to be a threatened species protected by the law.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

Species put on the threatened species list are often increasingly sought after collectors and dark hunters. [3]


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

Impacts like this could be mitigated by undertaking captivity of threatened species.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

As in the People's Republic of China, turtle captivity successfully reduces dark hunting of threatened species. [4]


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

Conservation Status The conservation status of a threatened species is an indicator of the possibility that this species could continue to survive.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

The determination of conservation status is not only based on the number of remaining populations, but also the increase or decrease in the number of populations in a given period, the successful pace of captivity, known threats, and so on.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

Its most recognizable conservation status worldwide is the IUCN Red List.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

The Biodiversity Action Plan is an international program to protect razed species and habitats ratified by 188 countries.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

In Indonesia, this program is called the Indonesian Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (IBSAP) which was first created in 1993 under the name of Biodiversity Action Plan for Indonesia or Biodiversity Action Plan Indonesia (BAPI). [5]


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

The IUCN Red List Category Threatened to Extinction in the IUCN Red List ranks among the categories Highly Threatened to Extinction and Vulnerable.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

Some IUCN categories: Extinct (Extinct, EX): the last individual of a species is dead, or already dead based on unquestionable assumptions, for example: Baiji, Bear Atlas, Dinosaur, Dodo, Haast Eagle, Bali Tiger, Java Tiger, Caspian Tiger, Tasmanian Tiger, Pigeon Passenger, Moa, Carolina Parakeet, Steller sea cow, Japanese sea lion.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

Extinct in the wild (Extinct in the wild, EW): populations in the outdoors no longer exist, and can only be encountered in captivity, for example: Alagoas Curassow bird, Northern White Rhinoceros, Wyoming Frog, Barbary lion.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

Critical (Critical, CR): species face a high risk of extinction in the near future, for example: Siberian Tiger, Sumatran Tiger, Javan Rhino, Sumatran Rhino, Bali Starling, Asian Arowana, Bawean Deer, Javan Leopard, Sumatran Orang Utan. [6].


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

Genting (Endangered, EN): species that face a very high risk of extinction in the future, for example: Borneo Orang utan, Bull, Anoa, Snow Leopard.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

Vulnerable (Vulnerable, VU): species face a high risk of extinction in the future, for example: Cheetah, Seladang, Babirusa.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

The vulnerable Indonesian animals are, Kassowary, Green Peacock, and Old Brother Maluku [7].


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

Low Risk (Least Concern, LC): a direct threat to the survival of the species is absent, for example: Partridge, Leopard.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

List of small portions of threatened species The following list contains only a small fraction of threatened species of overall known and unknown threatened species.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

The number of species that go extinct each year is precisely several times greater than the number of species that could be put on the threatened species list.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

The following list is not exhaustive, help us complete it.


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

Mammal Acerodon jubatus Ajak (Cuon alpinus) Hawaiian seals (Monachus schauinslandi) African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) Aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) Sumatran rhinoceros (Divorhinus sumatsis) Red wedge (Sciurus vulgaris) Bull (Bos javanicus) Bekantan (Nasalis larvatus) Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Bradypus torquatus Deer (Cervus sp) Kancil (Tragulus sp) Water weasel (Cynogale benetti) Sumatran Rabbit (Nesolagus netscheri) [8] Burramys Cervus albirostris Asian cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) Elaphurus davidianus Equus hemionus Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) African elephant (Loxodonta africana) Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei) Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) Tiger (Pana Indri (Indri indri) Grey bat (Myotis grisescens) Kouprey (Bos sauveli) Lasiorhinus krefftii Leontopithecus rosalia Gulf of California dolphin (Phocoena sinus) Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) West Indies Manatee (Trichechus manatus) Mustela nigrirmecopes Myrmecous fasciatus Person Borneo utan (Pongo pygmaeus) Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) Finned whale (Balaenoptera physalus) Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) Bubble whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) Pope Sei (Balaenoptera boretera) Petaurus gracilis) Pteronura brasiliensis Red Wolf (Canis rufus) Sifaka diadema (Propithecus diadema) Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Asiatic lion (Panthera Leo Persica) Steller's sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) Urocyon littoralis Bird Aceros waldeni Alauda razae Anas laysanensis Hawaiian Goose (Branta sandvicensis) Anodorhynchus glaucus Anodorhynchus leari Bintayung Christmas (Fregata andrewsi) Brachyramphus brevirostris Buteo ridgwayi Corvus hawaiiensis Cozumel Thrasher (Toxostoma guttatum) Crypturellus saltuarius Cyanopsitta spixii Sea Crested Dara (Sterna) Dendrocygna arborea Diomedea amsterdamensis Foudia rubra Gallicolumba platenae Gallirallus owstoni Geopsittacus occidentalis Geronticus eremita Grus americana Grus leucogeranus Hawk Javanese Gyps bengalensis Gyps indicus Ibis Karau (Pseudibis davisoni) Bali Starling (Leucopsar rothschildi) Kakapo (Hagbroops) Cockatua Filipino (Cacatua haematuropygia) Puerto Rican cockatoo (Amazona vittata) Cockato-small Jambul-yellow (Cacatua sulphurea) Kiwi (Apteryx australis, A. hastii, A. owenii) California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) Kuau-dwarf Borneo (Polyplectron schleiermacheri Maleo) Kawor (Macrocephalon maleo ) Mergus octosetaceus Mimodes graysoni Neophema chrysogaster Neospiza concolor Nipponia nippon Numenius borealis Numenius tenuirostris Oceanites maorianus Oxyura leucocephala Woodpecker Maharaja (Campephilus imperialis) Ivory-beaked woodpecker (Campephilus principaloides) Borealis Pithecophaga Jefferyi Pitta gurneyi Podiceps taczanowskii Po'o-uli (Melamprosops phaeosoma) Psittacula eques Pterodroma hasitata Pterodroma madeira Pterodroma magentae Rhinoptilus bitorquatus Rhynochetos jubatus Sapheopipo noguchii Tachybaptus rufolavatus Ahē (Porphyrio hochstetteri) Thalassarche eremita Thaumatibis gigantea Tokhtor Sumatra (Carpococcyx viridis) Tympanuchus cupido attwateri Vanellus gregarius Reptilia Alligator China (Alligator sinensis) Alsophis antiguae Ameiva polops Bradypodion taeniabronchum Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) Komodo silus (Varanus komodoensis) Kura- Burmese star land turtle (Geochelone platynota) Central American river turtle (Dermatemys mawii) Lepidochelys kempii Oligosoma grande Oligosoma otagense Grey turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) Starfruit turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) Turtle imbing (Ermochelys coriacea) bricata) Turtle crock (Caretta caretta) Sphaerodactylus micropithecus Uma inornata Xantusia riversiana Amphibia Ambystoma californiense Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi Bufo baxteri Bufo californicus Bufo houstonensis Eurycea rathbuni Eurycea sosorum Hyalinobrachirachium Ischmanni Litoria olongburensis Litoria Spenceri Nyctimystes dayi Philoria frosti Plethodon shenandoah Rana muscosa Asian Arowana Fish (Scleropages formosus) Bonytail (Crazy elegans) Coelacanth (Coelacanthiformes) Cui-ui (Chasmistes cujus) Gambusia eurystoma Gila Rhina cypha Whale shark (Rhincodontidae The Nassau Grouper (Epinephelus) striatus) Moapa coriacea Psephurus gladius Ptychocheilus lucius Arthropoda Astacopsis gouldi Austropotamobius pallipes Palaemonias alabamae Palaemonias ganteri Mollusc Kanab Ambersnail (Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis) Plant Abies beshanzuensis Ceroxylon quanthindiuense Puniceus cupressus dupreziana Metasequoia glyptostroboides Chilean wine palm (Jubaea chilensis) Flytrap Venus (Dionaea muscipula) Pinus Wollemi (Wollemia nobilis) Sandal Orchid See also Biodiversity Footnotes Outside links Organizations (in English) (in English) (in English) (in English) (in English) (in English) (in English) 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Endangered species

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.


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Endangered species


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Endangered species

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Endangered species

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Endangered species

New Scientist magazine website.


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Endangered species


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Endangered species

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Endangered species

(Nov 17, 2004).


Question: what is the big carolina parakeet ever found?

Endangered species

BBC News.


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Endangered species


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Endangered species

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Endangered species

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Endangered species

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Endangered species

FAO Online Books Category:Conservation


Question: Where is Sibuhuan located?

Sibuhuan (town)

Sibuhuan or often called Sibuhuan Market is the capital as well as the center of government of Padang Lawas Regency in North Sumatra province, Indonesia.


Question: Where is Sibuhuan located?

Sibuhuan (town)

Administratively the government center of Padang Lawas Regency is located in the district Barumun.


Question: Where is Sibuhuan located?

Sibuhuan (town)

The ethnic Padang Lawas tribe is an expansion area, and previously merged into the South Tapanuli region.


Question: Where is Sibuhuan located?

Sibuhuan (town)

Quantitatively, the population data based on the nation tribe that can be shown is percentage, and this is based on information obtained from the results of an interview with the local BPS Chairman.


Question: Where is Sibuhuan located?

Sibuhuan (town)

Ranking, the ethnic composition in this area is: Batak Angkola/Mandailing, Batak Toba, Javanese Tribe; Nias Nation Tribe; Minangkabau Nation Tribe; Malay, Karo and Aceh.


Question: Where is Sibuhuan located?

Sibuhuan (town)

Religious Most of the people of Sibuhuan City embrace Islam (94.98%), and a small part embraces Christianity (4.78%), Catholicism (0.17%), and others (0.07%).


Question: Where is Sibuhuan located?

Sibuhuan (town)

Online Media Print Media There are several print media located in Sibuhuan City, among others: Andalas Rakyat Tapanuli Batak Post Pulpit Public Alert Metro Tabagsel Warta Nauli Number of Places of Worship Number of houses of worship Muslims, is the most according to the majority of population Jews.


Question: Where is Sibuhuan located?

Sibuhuan (town)

Similarly, the highest growth of houses of worship is the Mosque, which increased by 79 units from 2010 to 2011.


Question: Where is Sibuhuan located?

Sibuhuan (town)

Category:Regency capitals in North Sumatra Category:Padang Lawas Regency


Question: What is Malaysia's currency?

Ringgit

The ringgit or also known as Malaysian ringgit is the currency unit of Malaysia with the currency code MYR.


Question: What is Malaysia's currency?

Ringgit

The ringgit can be broken into 100 cents and has fractions of banknotes worth RM50, RM20, RM10, RM5, and RM2; as well as RM1, 50 cent, 20 cent, 10 cent, and 1 cent coins. The name “Ringgit” comes from the toothed side of Spanish silver money used extensively in ancient times.


Question: What is Malaysia's currency?

Ringgit

The Brunei dollar is also known as the ringgit by local people.


Question: What is Malaysia's currency?

Ringgit

History In 1837, the Indian Rupee currency was used as the official currency in the Straits Placements (i.e. Straits Settlements) but in 1867, the Silver dollar was again used.


Question: What is Malaysia's currency?

Ringgit

In 1903, the Straits dollar was set to be worth 2 shillings and four pence (the currency of the United Kingdom at that time) after its introduction by the Currency Regulatory Board (Board of Commissioners of Currency).


Question: What is Malaysia's currency?

Ringgit

Private banks are prohibited from issuing banknotes.


Question: What is Malaysia's currency?

Ringgit

However the use of this currency stalled as a result of the Japanese conquest in 1942 to 1975 and when it was redesignated based on the Pound Sterling in 1967, the value of the Straits money had fallen by as much as 15% of its original value.


Question: What is Malaysia's currency?

Ringgit

Starting in August 1975, the name “Ringgit” was accepted officially as the name of the currency of Malaysia.


Question: What is Malaysia's currency?

Ringgit

Previously, pennies were known as dollars in English and ringgit in Malay.


Question: What is Malaysia's currency?

Ringgit

But the use of the $ symbol remained in use until it was finally replaced to RM in the 1990s. Since the Asian economic crisis in 1997, the ringgit currency is pegged to the United States dollar at a fixed value of RM 3.80 for one US dollar.


Question: What is Malaysia's currency?

Ringgit

On 21 July 2005, Bank Negara Malaysia decided to deploy the ringgit against several major currencies.


Question: What is Malaysia's currency?

Ringgit

This was done on the same day as China's yuan revaluation.


Question: What is Malaysia's currency?

Ringgit

Ringgit in Indonesia Monetary unit ringgit was also used in Indonesia.


Question: What is Malaysia's currency?

Ringgit

Until the 1970s it was known for 1 ringgit fractional coins worth IDR 2,50.


Question: What is Malaysia's currency?

Ringgit

Outlinks (in Malay) (in Indonesian) Category:Currency Category:Economy Malaysia


Question: who founded Illumination Entertainment?

Illumination Entertainment

Illumination Entertainment is a United States animated film production company founded by Chris Meledandri in 2007.


Question: who founded Illumination Entertainment?

Illumination Entertainment

The owners are Meledandri and Universal Studios, [3] [4] [5] a division of NBCUniversal, with Universal as the charger and owner of all films entirely. [4]


Question: who founded Illumination Entertainment?

Illumination Entertainment

The company is best known as the makers of the Despicable Me franchise, the splinter/prequel Minions, as well as the films The Secret Life of Pets and Sing.


Question: who founded Illumination Entertainment?

Illumination Entertainment

Minions who are characters from the movie Despicable Me are the official mascots of this studio.


Question: who founded Illumination Entertainment?

Illumination Entertainment

His films were co-produced and/or distributed by Universal Pictures.


Question: who founded Illumination Entertainment?

Illumination Entertainment

As of July 2017, all of his story films have grossed up to $5.19 billion in gross revenue worldwide, with an average per-film boost of $648.2 million. [6]


Question: who founded Illumination Entertainment?

Illumination Entertainment

The highest-grossing films from the studio are Minions (2015), which has grossed $1.159 billion worldwide; Despicable Me 2 (2013), which has grossed $970.8 million worldwide; and The Secret Life of Pets (2016), which grossed $875.5 million worldwide.


Question: who founded Illumination Entertainment?

Illumination Entertainment

History Meledandri left his post as President of 20th Century Fox Animation in early 2007.


Question: who founded Illumination Entertainment?

Illumination Entertainment

He has been involved in the production of several films as supervisor or executive producer, including the film Ice Age (2002), its sequel Ice Age: The Meltdown (2006), Robots (2005), and Horton Hears a Who! (2008).


Question: who founded Illumination Entertainment?

Illumination Entertainment

After quitting his post, he founded Illumination Entertainment.


Question: who founded Illumination Entertainment?

Illumination Entertainment

In 2008, a deal was approved by Illumination and made the company an NBCUniversal owned family entertainment branch that would produce one to two films per year starting in 2010.


Question: who founded Illumination Entertainment?

Illumination Entertainment

As an independent production company, Illumination maintains its creative oversight and Universal exclusively distributes its films. [7]


Question: who founded Illumination Entertainment?

Illumination Entertainment

During the summer of 2011, Illumination had acquired French animation and visual effects studio Mac Guff, which animated Despicable Me (2010) and The Lorax (2012), and formed Illumination Mac Guff. [8] [9] [10] On April 28, 2016, NBCUniversal announced that it would purchase DreamWorks Animation studio is priced at $3.8 billion.


Question: who founded Illumination Entertainment?

Illumination Entertainment

Meledandri will oversee both studios following the completion of the merger. [11] [12] On August 22, 2016, the acquisition has been finalized. [13]


Question: who founded Illumination Entertainment?

Illumination Entertainment

Story films Upcoming films Short films Reference Outside links on IMDb at the Big Cartoon Database Category:Animation studios United States Category:Companies based in Santa Monica, California Category:Companies founded in 2007 Category:Universal Studios Category:NBCUniversal Category:Film Production Company United States


Question: Who is the mayor of makassar in 2010?

List of mayors of Makassar

Below is a list of mayors of Makassar from 1918. [1]


Question: Who is the mayor of makassar in 2010?

List of mayors of Makassar

Reference See also List of Vice Mayor Makassar List of Regional Heads and Deputy Regional Heads in South Sulawesi Category:Makassar City Makassar


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

Surah Fussilat (Arabic: فصح لت, “The Explained”) is the 41st surah in the Qur'an. This surah consists of 54 verses and belongs to the Makkiyah surah-surah group.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

The surah revealed after Surah al-Mu'min is named Fussilat (Explained) from the word Fushshilat found at the beginning of this surah.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

Translation by the name of Allah the Merciful, the Merciful.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

Ha Mim; Sent from the Most Merciful, Most Merciful, a Book of which the verses describe, an Arabic reading for the people who know, as a good tidings and a warning, though ignored by most of them, so that they do not hear, They say, “We are blocked by what you call to us about it, and in our ears there is a blockage that between us and you there is a limit, so make it, indeed we do.”


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

(Verse:1-5) Say: “I am no other than a human like you, who has revealed to me that your worship is the only one; so please Him and beg His forgiveness that woe to the group who associate, those who do not give zakaah. Those who dispute the existence of the Hereafter, indeed the believers and do virtues, they receive endless rewards.”


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

(Verse:6-8) Say, “Do you disbelieve against the one who created the earth for two Days, while you make counterpoints against Him? Indeed He is the Lord of the universe,” that He is the one who placed on the earth, the rugged mountains there, He endowed that, and He is the One Who determines the food there for four Days for all that is in need.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

(Verse:9-10) Then He went towards the heavens when it was still smoke, and He said unto it and to the earth, “Come both of you, either voluntarily or forced.”


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

both replied, “We came voluntarily.”


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

So that He created seven heavens in two Days, and He blew in every heaven about his affairs, and We adorned the heavens near the brightest lamps, with protectors; Thus is the Almighty, All-Knowing.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

(Verse:11-12) If those people turn away, say, “I have warned you of lightning, as the lightning hit 'Aad and Thamud.”


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

When the Messengers came to them from before them, 'Do not worship except Allah, 'they said, “If our Lord had willed He would have sent his angels, then we would have denied the revelation which was delivered unto you.” Self on earth without righteousness and saying, “Who is more powerful than us?”


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

Do they not notice that Allah who created them is the most powerful than theirs? But they were against Our revelations, therefore We sent them a cyclone in a few bad days, so that We would inflict upon them, a painful punishment in the life of the world, indeed the punishment of the Hereafter was more humiliating that they were not saved. To Thamud, We guided them, but they preferred blind than guidance, so they were struck by lightning. A painful punishment for what they had done, and We disallowed the believers and the taqvah.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

(Verse:13-18) And on a Day when the enemies of Allah were herded into Hell that they might be brought together, when they were there, hearing, vision and their skin bore witness against themselves of the things they had done; and they said to their skin, “Why are you a witness against us?”


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

He said, “Allah, who wants all things to speak, has made us able to speak, and it is He who created yourselves in the first time and only to Him you return home,”; “You will not be able to hide against hearing testimony. Your vision or skin against yourselves even though you have suspected that Allah knows not many of what you have done; and this is your prejudice which you have contempted against your Lord, thus destroying yourselves. You are of the wretched. “If they are patient, then hell is a dwelling place for them while if they put forth various pretexts, they are not among the caring.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

And We have provided for them; comrades who make them look good about those before them and behind them, and keep to them the decision of the former peoples before them in the genie and men. the wretched.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

(Verse:19-25) And the disbelievers say, 'Do not pay attention to this Qur'an, and make a frenzy against it so that you may overcome them. 'We will surely inflict a painful punishment against the disbelievers, that We will reward them with retribution which is harsh as a result of the things they have done; that Hell is a reward for the enemies of God; and they are there forever in retaliation for their opposition to Our verses.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

And the disbelievers will say, “O our Lord show us, two of those who have led us astray: some jinn and mankind, so that we may put them under the soles of our feet so that they may be a despicable group.”


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

(Verse:26-29) Know that those who say, “Our Lord is Allah” and then they establish the establishment, and angels will be present to them: “Do not agitate nor grieve; so rejoice about the Paradise which Allah has promised you. Your protector in the life of this world and the Hereafter; there you will get what you want and get what you ask for; as a gift from Allah the Forgiving, the Most Merciful.”


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

(Verse:30-32) Who is better to say than the one who invites Allah, and who does various virtues also who says, “I am of the one who surrenders.”


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

(Verse:33) And it is not equal, good than evil. Repay this with a better action, so between you and the hostile as if a faithful comrade, it is not bestowed but to the patient that is not It is bestowed but to those who have a magnificent commendable disposition.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

(Verse:34-35) And when anyone interferes with a disturbance that comes from the Satanic group, then ask Allah for protection.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

Verily He is the Hearing, the Knowing.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

(Verse:36) And among His Evidence is night and day, sun and moon. Do not prostrate against the sun or the moon, but bow down to Allah Who Created all of it, if He whom you wish to worship, when they boast, know that all things Who is with your Lord glorifies Him all night and day, and such things do not feel conspicuous.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

(Verse:37-38) And some of His proof that you saw the earth dry barren, then when We sent down the water there, it would have thrived; surely the Lord Who Turns on the dead, indeed He is the Almighty of all things.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

That those who disbelieve Our signs, they are not hidden to Us, so are those who are cast into Hell a better party or are those who come in safety on the Day of Resurrection? Do what you want. He is the All-comprehending of all things you do.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

(Verse:39-40) When those who disbelieve the Exhortation when such a thing is conveyed to them, know that such is a glorious Book, which does not come to such, a fallacy either from the front or from behind it, the thing sent from the Almighty Wise, Most Commendable.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

(Verse:41-42) Nothing has been said to you but has been said to the Apostles before you; that your Lord truly has Forgiveness and a painful Punishment; and if We had made the Koran a recitation in a foreign language, they would have said:” Why aren't the verses explained?”


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

Is it foreign-speaking while the Apostle is an Arab?


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

Say, “This is a guidance and a determination for the believers, while the unbelievers; in their ears there is a blockage, and so blinds them, they are like a party called from a distant place.”


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

(Verse:43-44) And indeed We submitted to Moses, the Book; and it was argued about this, if before there had been no decree from your Lord, would have been the disbelievers had been removed, and indeed they were in severe anxiety. who makes various virtues, which is true to oneself whereas whoever does evil, which is true against oneself; surely your Lord does not apply wrongdoing against his servants.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

(Verse:45-46) To Him was handed the knowledge of Kemestian; that no fruits came out of his petals, and that neither a woman contained nor gave birth except in His knowledge; on the day when the Lord called them, “Where are my allies?” They said, “We reveal to you that no one of us bears witness.”


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

So that they have disappeared from them about the things they used to worship, and they are sure that there is no way to quibble.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

(Verse:47-48) Man does not ask for good, whereas if he is afflicted with a calamity, he becomes distraught, restless; when We give to this man a Love from Us, after he has been afflicted, he will say, “This is my right, and I am not sure that the Day of Resurrection will be It comes that if I am returned to my Lord, of course, I will have good from his side.”


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

We will explain to the disbelievers about the things they have done, and We will feel unto those people a harsh chastisement.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

(Verse:49-50) And when We give a gift to mankind, he turns away, while when the chastisement befalls him, he continues to cry out.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

(Verse:51) Say: “What do you think if this is from Allah, then you who disbelieve it, who is more misguided than one who is a clear deviation?”


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

We will show them Our proofs in all things and themselves, until it is clear to them that this is the Truth, is it not enough that your Lord is Witness to all things? Know, they are in doubt about the meeting with their Lord; so know that He is the All-Encompassing all things.


Question: what does Fussilat mean?

Surah Fussilat

(Verse:52-54) Reference Mukaddimah Translation of Qur'an version of Depag RI External link


Question: Was the tool that society used before the existence of sirens?

Tsunami early warning system

A tsunami early warning system is a system designed to detect tsunamis then provide warnings to prevent falling casualties.


Question: Was the tool that society used before the existence of sirens?

Tsunami early warning system

This system generally consists of two important parts, namely sensor network to detect tsunamis and communication network infrastructure to provide early warning of tsunami hazards to areas threatened with danger so that the evacuation process can be carried out as quickly as possible.


Question: Was the tool that society used before the existence of sirens?

Tsunami early warning system

There are two types of tsunami early warning systems namely international tsunami early warning systems and regional tsunami early warning systems.


Question: Was the tool that society used before the existence of sirens?

Tsunami early warning system

Tsunami waves have velocities between 500 to 1,000km/j (about 0.14 to 0.28 kilometers per second) in open water, whereas earthquakes can be detected immediately due to earthquake tremors that have a velocity of about 4 kilometers per second (14,400km/j).


Question: Was the tool that society used before the existence of sirens?

Tsunami early warning system

Quake tremors that are faster to detect than tsunami waves allow tsunami forecasting so that early warnings can be announced immediately to areas threatened with danger.


Question: Was the tool that society used before the existence of sirens?

Tsunami early warning system

But until a model that can precisely calculate the likelihood of tsunamis due to earthquakes is found, early warnings given based on earthquake wave calculations can only be considered as just plain warnings.


Question: Was the tool that society used before the existence of sirens?

Tsunami early warning system

To be more precise, tsunami waves should be monitored directly in open water as far away from the coastline as possible, using seabed sensors in real time.


Question: Was the tool that society used before the existence of sirens?

Tsunami early warning system

Tsunami early warning systems were first created in Hawaii in the 1920s. International tsunami early warning system Pacific Ocean The tsunami early warning system for the Pacific ocean is handled by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, United States operated by NOAA.


Question: Was the tool that society used before the existence of sirens?

Tsunami early warning system

The facility is located in Ewa Beach, Hawaii and began operations in 1949 following an earthquake and tsunami that struck Aleutian Island that took a toll of 165 people in Hawaii and Alaska.


Question: Was the tool that society used before the existence of sirens?

Tsunami early warning system

International-level coordination was achieved through, which was built by the Intergovernmental Commission for Oceanography of UNESCO.


Question: Was the tool that society used before the existence of sirens?

Tsunami early warning system

Indian Ocean In response to the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami that took a toll of around 200,000 people, a United Nations conference was convened in January 2005 in Kobe, Japan and decided to establish an Indian Ocean Tsunami Early Warning System.


Question: Was the tool that society used before the existence of sirens?

Tsunami early warning system

Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea and surrounding areas The first meeting of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for Tsunami Early Warning and Mitigation Systems for the Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea and beyond was held by UNESCO's Intergovernmental Commission for Oceanography on his 23rd meeting in June 2005 in Rome on 21—22 November 2005.


Question: Was the tool that society used before the existence of sirens?

Tsunami early warning system

This meeting resulted in resolution XXIII.14.


Question: Was the tool that society used before the existence of sirens?

Tsunami early warning system

The meeting organized by the Italian government (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Environment and Region Protection of Italy) was attended by about 150 participants from 24 countries, 13 organizations and a number of observers.


Question: Was the tool that society used before the existence of sirens?

Tsunami early warning system

Category:Tsunami


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The period of Japanese occupation of Indonesia began in 1942 and ended on 17 August 1945 along with the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence by Soekarno and M. Hatta on behalf of the Indonesian nation.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In May 1940, the beginning of World War II, the Netherlands was occupied by Nazi Germany.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Dutch East Indies declared a state of alert and by July switched exports for Japan to the United States and the United Kingdom.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Negotiations with Japan aimed at securing aircraft fuel supplies failed in June 1941, and Japan began its conquest of Southeast Asia in December of that year.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In the same month, a faction from Sumatra received Japanese assistance to hold a revolution against Dutch rule.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Dutch forces were last defeated by the Japanese in March 1942.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The experience of Japanese mastery in Indonesia varies widely, depending on where a person lives and the social status of the person.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

For those living in areas considered important in warfare, they were subjected to torture, involved sex slavery, arbitrary incarceration and capital punishment, and other war crimes.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Dutch and mixed Indonesian-Dutch are target targets in Japanese control.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

During the occupation period, Japan also formed a preparation for independence namely BPUPKI (Indonesian Independence Preparatory Business Investigation Agency) or


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This body was tasked with forming pre-independence preparations and making the basis of the state and was replaced by PPKI or (


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Background in October 1941, General Hideki Tojo replaced Konoe Fumimaro as Prime Minister of Japan.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In fact, until the end of 1940, the military leadership of Tambelang did not want to fight several countries at once, but since the middle of 1941 they saw that the United States, Britain and the Netherlands had to face at once, if they wanted to control the natural resources of Asia Southeast.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Especially after the Americans launched a petroleum embargo, which they desperately needed, both for industry in Japan, and for war purposes.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese Navy, developed a very bold war strategy, which was to deploy the entire force of his fleet for two major operations.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The entire potential of the Japanese Navy includes 6 aircraft carriers (fighter aircraft carriers), 10 battleships, 18 heavy cruisers, 20 light cruisers, 4 gear carriers, 112 destroyers, 65 submarines as well as 2,274 fighter aircraft.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The first force, which was 6 aircraft carriers, 2 battleships, 11 destroyers as well as more than 1,400 fighter aircraft, dated December 7, 1941, would attack abruptly the United States Pacific Fleet base at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian islands.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Whereas the second force, the remainder of the Navy force at their disposal, supported the Army in Operation South, namely the assault on the Philippines and Malaya/Singapore, which would proceed to Java.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The force deployed to Southeast Asia was 11 Infantry Division supported by 7 tank regiments as well as 795 fighter aircraft.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The entire operation is planned to be completed in 150 days.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Admiral Chuichi Nagumo led the fleet assigned to attack Pearl Harbor.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Sunday morning of 7 December 1941, 360 aircraft consisting of torpedo-carrying bombers as well as a number of fighter aircraft were dispatched in two waves.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This bombing of Pearl Harbor succeeded in sinking two large battleships as well as damaging another 6 battleships.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In addition, the Japanese bombing also destroyed 180 American warplanes.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

More than 2,330 American soldiers were killed and more than 1,140 others injured.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

However three American aircraft carriers survived, having at the time not been at Pearl Harbor.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

On December 8, 1941, the United States Congress declared war on Japan.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This Pacific War had a great effect on the independence movements of countries in East Asia, including Indonesia.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan's goal of invading and occupying the Dutch East Indies was to take control of natural sources, especially petroleum, in order to support Japan's war potential as well as support its industry.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Java was designed as a provisioning hub for all military operations in Southeast Asia, and Sumatra as a major oil source.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Organization Founded in the Japanese Age of Defenders of the Fatherland (PETA) Gakukottai (student students) Heiho (soldier reserve ranks) Seinendan (youth ranks) Fujinkai (women's ranks) Putera (People's Power Center) Javanese Hokokai (Java devotional Association) Keibodan (police auxiliary ranks) Jibakutai ( Kempettai (secret police ranks) Social Cultural Social Stratification System in the Japanese period The social stratification system in the Japanese period placed the bumiputera group above the European and Eastern foreign groups, except Japan.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This was due to the Japanese wanting who took the heart of the Indonesian people to help them in the Greater East Asia war.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

People's resistance against Japan The events of Cot Plieng, Aceh 10 November 1942 Uprising led a young cleric Tengku Abdul Jalil, teacher of teaching at Cot Plieng, Lhokseumawe.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japanese attempts to persuade the cleric were unsuccessful, so the Japanese made a sudden attack in the blind morning while the people were performing the Fajar prayer.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

With simple armament/roughing the people tried to withstand the attack and successfully repulsed the Japanese forces to return to Lhokseumawe.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

So it was with the second attack, successfully thwarted by the people.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Only on the last (third) attack did the Japanese manage to burn down the mosque while the leader of the rebellion (Teuku Abdul Jalil) managed to escape from b enemy, but ended up getting shot while he was praying.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This physical resistance Singaparna event occurred in the boarding school Sukamanah Singaparna Tasikmalaya, West Java under the leadership of KH.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Zainal Mustafa, in 1943.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

He rejected firmly the teachings that smelled of Japan, in particular the obligation to perform Seikerei every morning, which was to pay homage to the Emperor of Japan by bending the body towards the rising sun.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This obligation of Seikerei clearly offends Indonesian Muslims because it includes acts of shirk/condemning God.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In addition, he could not bear to see the suffering of the people due to forced planting.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

When the Japanese envoy is about to capture, KH.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Zainal Mustafa had prepared his santras who had been equipped with marticians to besiege and ganged up on the Japanese army, eventually retreating to Tasikmalaya.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan decided to use violence as an attempt to end its defiance of the cleric.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

On 25 February 1944, there was a fierce battle between the people and the Japanese forces after Friday prayers.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Although various resistance attempts have been made, but KH.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Zainal Mustafa was successfully also arrested and taken to Tasikmalaya then taken to Jakarta to receive the death penalty and was buried in Ancol.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Indramayu event, April 1944 Indramayu event occurred in April 1944 due to coercion obligation to deposit some of the rice proceeds and the implementation of rodi/forced work/Romusha which has resulted in prolonged suffering of the people.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The rebellion was led by Haji Madriyan and comrades in Karang Ampel village, Sindang, Indramayu Regency.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japanese troops deliberately acted cruelly against the people in both regions (Lohbener and Sindang) so that other regions would not rebel after obtaining the atrocities committed in each rebellion.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Rebellion Teuku Hamid Teuku Hamid was a Giyugun officer, along with one platoon his troops fled into the forest to make a resistance.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This was in November 1944.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Faced with these conditions, the Japanese government carried out threats to kill the rebel families if it did not want to surrender.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The conditions forced some of the rebel forces to surrender, so that it could eventually be overlain.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In other areas of Aceh there were also people's resistance efforts such as in Berenaih Regency led by the head of the village and assisted by a squad of Giyugun (volunteer army officers), but all ended with the same condition that was successfully overlain by the Japanese military force very cruel.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The PETA Resistance Map Rebellion in Blitar (29 February 1945) The resistance was led by Syodanco Supriyadi, Syodanco Muradi, and Dr. Ismail.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This resistance is due to the issue of rice collection, Romusha and Heiho carried out by force and beyond the limits of humanization.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

As the sons of the people the fighters do not bear to see the suffering of the people.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In addition, the attitude of Japanese military trainers were imperious and condescending to Indonesian soldiers.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

PETA's resistance in Blitar was the largest resistance in Java.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

But with the Japanese ruse through Colonel Katagiri (Commander of the Japanese forces), PETA troops were deceived by pretending to be invited to confer.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Four PETA officers were sentenced to death and three others were tortured to death.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

While Syodanco Supriyadi successfully escaped.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The PETA resistance in Meureudu-Pidie, Aceh (November 1944) The resistance was led by Gyugun Officer Teuku Hamid.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The background of this resistance was due to Japan's cavalier and ruthless attitude towards the people in general and Indonesian warriors in particular.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

PETA resistance in Gumilir, Cilacap (April 1945) The resistance was led by a squad leader (Bundanco), Kusaeri along with his comrades.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The planned resistance beginning on 21 April 1945 became known to the Japanese so Kusaeri was arrested on 25 April 1945.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Kusaeri was sentenced to death but was not executed because Japan was sidelined by the Allies.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Pang Suma resistance The people's resistance led by Pang Suma flared up in West Kalimantan.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Pang Suma was a leader of the Dayak tribe whose great influence among the tribes in the Tayan and Meliau areas.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This resistance was guerrilla in order to disrupt Japanese activity in Borneo.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The momentum of Pang Suma's resistance began with the beating of a Dayak worker by Japanese supervisors, one among about 130 workers at a Japanese timber company.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This incident then started a series of resistance that reached a peak in a Dayak counterattack known as the Village Majang War, from April to August 1944 in the Tayan-Meliau-Batang Tarang area (Kab.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Disputers).


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

About 600 freedom fighters were killed by the Japanese, including Pang Suma.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Koreri Resistance in West Biakdi Irian in 1943 The resistance was led by L. Rumkorem, the leader of the Koreri Movement centered in Biak.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This resistance was backwarded by the suffering of the people who were treated as belian slaves, beaten, and persecuted.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In such resistance the people fell victim to many, but the people resisted tenaciously.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Eventually the Japanese abandoned Biak Island.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Resistance on South Yapen Island This resistance was led by Nimrod.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

When the Allies were approaching it gave arms aid to fighters so that the resistance was more exciting.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Nimrod was punished by the Japanese to scare the people.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

But the people were not afraid and appeared a guerrilla leader, S. Papare.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Resistance in the Great Land of Papua The resistance was led by Simson.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In the resistance of the people in Papua, there was a cooperation relationship between the guerrillas and the Allied infiltrators so that the people got their arms capital from the Allies.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Underground movement Actually the form of resistance against the Japanese government carried out by the Indonesian people is not only limited to physical resistance but you can also see betnuk other resistance/underground movements as done by: Sutan Syahrir group in the area Jakarta and West Java by masquerading as pineapple traders in Sindanglaya.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Group Sukarni, Adam Malik and Pandu Wiguna.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

They managed to infiltrate as employees of the Japanese propaganda headquarters Sendenbu (now Antara news agency).


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Sharif Thayeb, Eri Sudewo and Chairul Saleh group.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

They are student and student groups.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Mr. Achmad Subardjo, Sudiro and Wikana group.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

They are a group of the Japanese Kaigun (AL) movement.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Those who belong to the underground group, trying to find information and opportunities to see the weaknesses of the Japanese military forces and their efforts will be able to see the results. When Japan has lost to the Allies, the youth group is faster to get that information. and they are the ones who finally urge the old group to quickly proclamate.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Such is the description of the activities of the National movement carried out by organizations and social movements during the Japanese occupation government, of course you can understand the causes of failure and why the leaders of the movement prefer a cooperative attitude to face the government Japan's very ferocious/ruthless military.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The 1941 timeline of 6 January, the Dutch arrested Thamrin, Douwes Dekker and several other nationalist figures.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Thamrin died in custody five days later.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Douwes Dekker is exiled to Suriname. January 11 - A new and more aggressive Japanese negotiating team under Yoshizawa arrives in Batavia.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

February - Japan's growing pressure on the Dutch East Indies government to “join the Greater East Asia Joint Prosperity Area” is rejected by Van Mook. May 14 - Japan sends an ultimatum to the Dutch East Indies government, demanding that Japanese influence and presence be allowed in the region. June 6 - Negotiations between the Netherlands and Japan fail.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Dutch East Indies government replied that no concessions would be granted to Japan, and that all strategic products (including oil and rubber) had been contracted for shipment to Britain and the United States. July 11 - Volksraad formed an Indonesian militia. July 25 - Japan announces the establishment of a “protectorate” over Indochina. July 26 - All Japanese assets in the Dutch East Indies are frozen. July 30 - The Dutch government at its disposal promises to hold a conference on Indonesia after the war. November 30 - The Dutch Navy in the East Indies begins to be mobilized December 5 - The Dutch East Indies Government sends a request to Australia to dispatch its troops to Ambon and Timor.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Australian Air Force aircraft and their personnel arrived on 7 December. 8 December - Japan attacked Malaya, landing at the southern tip of Thailand and north of Malaya.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan began invading the Philippines.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Netherlands, among other nations, war on Japan. December 10 - British warships, Prince of Wales and Repulse were scuttled within a few hours' difference from each other off the coast of Malaya. 16 December - The anti-Dutch Acehnese people held relations with Japanese forces in Malaya. 17 December — Forces led by Australians landed in Portuguese Timor.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Portugal's dictator Salazar protests.December 17 - Japan carries out air strikes over Ternate.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan lands in Sarawak. December 22 — The main Japanese invasion force lands in the Philippines.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Hatta wrote a newspaper article calling for the Indonesians to fight Japan. December 24 - Japan attacked British forces in Kuching, Sarawak. January 1942 January 2 - Japan captured the city of Manila. January 3 - Japan captured Sabah. January 6 - Japan captured Brunei. January — First Japanese air attack over Ambon. January 10 - Japan begins invading Indonesia in Borneo (Tarakan) and Sulawesi (Manado). January 11 - Japan seizes Tarakan. January 12 - Van Mook makes emergency trip to the United States, requesting additional troops, and for the Indies The Dutch are not forgotten in the Allied defenses. January 13 - Japan seizes Manado. January 15 - Jen.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Wavell of Britain took command of ABDACOM, the first Allied joint command (Australia, Britain, Netherlands, America) in the war. January 16 — Acehnese agents returned from Malaya with promises of Japanese support in fighting the Dutch. 23 January — Japan captured Balikpapan though There was a retaliatory attack from the Netherlands and the U.S. January 25 - Japan seized Kendari in Sulawesi. January 30 - Japan attacked Ambon.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The KNIL and Australian forces destroyed supplies so as not to fall into Japanese hands.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Ambon city was captured within 24 hours.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Fighting continued until 2 February.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

A number of 90 per cent of Australia's defence forces were casualties, many of whom were massacred in February after being taken captive.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

British forces evacuated Malaya and ran to Singapore.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

February 1 - Japan seizes Pontianak. February 3 - Japan bombs Surabaya, begins air attacks against targets in Java. February 4 — Battle of Makassar Strait (naval battle between Borneo and Sulawesi): Japanese Air and Sea Forces force Allies to retreat up to to Cilacap.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan advances to Sulawesi. February 6 - Japan begins bombing Palembang. February 8 - Japan begins main attack over Singapore. February 9 - Japan bombs Batavia, Surabaya and Malang. February 10 - Japan seizes Makassar. February 13 - Japan lands parachute troops on Palembang, seizing the city and its valuable oil industry. February 15 - Singapore falls; 130,000 troops under British command are taken captive as prisoners of war. February 18 - Van Mook, in Australia, pleads for Allied forces to go on the offensive.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japanese-occupied Bali. 19 February — Battle of Badung Strait (naval battle between Bali and Lombok): a small unit of Japanese troops repulsed Dutch and Australian forces.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Japanese landed in Bali.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan's first air attack over Darwin, Australia. 20 February - Japan landed in Timor and on 24 February the Japanese army had taken control of Timor. 23 February — Revolution against the Dutch began in Aceh and North Sumatra, with Japanese support.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Dutch moved Soekarno to Padang city; Soekarno escaped in chaos while the Dutch evacuated.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Dutch evacuated Sjahrir and Hatta from Banda by air minutes before the Japanese began bombing the island.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan claims Timor; Australian forces continue to wage guerrilla warfare. 27 February Battle of the Java Sea: In a battle in the Java Sea near Surabaya that lasted for seven hours, the Allied Navy was destroyed, American destroyers escaped to Australia.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Allies lost five of its battleships, whereas Japan suffered only damage to its one destroyer (Destroyer).


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Rear Admiral Karel Willem Frederik Marie Doorman, Commander of the Dutch East Indies Navy, who only two days earlier, dated 25 February 1942 was appointed Tactical Commander of the Allied army fleet ABDACOM, sinking with his flag ship De Ruyter. 28 February Date 28 February 1942, Soldiers of the 16th Army under the lead of Lieutenant General Hitoshi Imamura landed in three places in Java.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

First were troops of the 2nd Division landing at Merak, Banten, second was the 230th Regiment at Eretan Wetan, near Indramayu and the third was the 48th Division along with the 56th Regiment at Kragan.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The three soon hounded the defense of the Dutch army.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

After seizing Kalijati Air Base (now Lanud Suryadarma), Lieutenant General Imamura made his base there.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Imamura gave an ultimatum to the Dutch, that if it did not surrender, then the Japanese army would destroy the Dutch army.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

March 1942, the Allied forces in Java were notified by spies that a Japanese force of 250,000 was approaching Bandung, while the truth was only one tenth that number.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

That erroneous information may have been part of the reason why the Allies surrendered in Java.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Dutch actually transferred Communists held in prison camps in the Dutch East Indies, some of them since 1926, to prisons in Australia when the Japanese arrived. 1 March - Battle of Sunda Strait: Japanese invasion force lands in Banten.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Japanese invasion force landed west of Surabaya.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japanese air attack over Medan. March 5 - Japanese air attack on Cilacap.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan goes into Batavia. March 7 - Japan seizes Cilacap. March 7 - Rangoon falls into Japanese hands. March 8 - Japan seizes Surabaya. March 9 - The Dutch surrender unconditionally to the Japanese On March 9, 1942, Governor General Jonkheer Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer with Lieutenant General Hein ter Poorten, Commander-in-Chief of the Indian-Dutch Army came to Kalijati and started negotiations between the Dutch East Indies Government and the Japanese Army led directly by Lieutenant General Imamura.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Imamura stated, that the Dutch should sign a statement of unconditional surrender.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Lieutenant General ter Poorten, representing the Governor General marked a statement of unconditional surrender.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Thus de facto and de jure, the entire territory of the former Dutch East Indies has since come under Japanese rule and administration.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

That day, on March 9, General Hein ter Poorten ordered the entire army of the Dutch East Indies to also surrender to the army of the Empire of Japan.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The other rulers, soon fled. Dr. Hubertus Johannes van Mook, Lieutenant Governor General for the eastern Dutch East Indies, Dr. Charles Olke van der Plas, Governor of East Java, fled to Australia.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

General Ludolf Hendrik van Oyen, Royal Dutch Air Force officer escaped and left his wife in Bandung.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The KNIL army of about 20,000 in Java who did not have time to flee to Australia was captured and imprisoned by the Japanese army.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

While other Europeans and also citizens of the United States, interned.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Many were also those civilians who were repatriated back to Europe.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Officially Japan had controlled Indonesia since March 8, 1942, when the Commander-in-Chief Government of the Dutch East Indies surrendered unconditionally at Kalijati, Subang.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan without much met resistance which meant successfully occupying Indonesia.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In fact, the Indonesian people welcomed the arrival of the Japanese army with a feeling of delight, joyful and welcome because it would free the Indonesian people from the shackles of Dutch colonization. March 11 - The Acehnese Resistance engaged in a battle with the Dutch who were withdrawing Self. March 12 - Japan lands in Sabang.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Operations in Aceh were completed around March 15. March 12 - Japan arrived in Medan. March 18 - Japan captured Padang. March 28 - The last Dutch troops in Sumatra surrendered at Kutatjane, in the south of Aceh.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan bans all political activities and all existing organizations.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Volksraad was abolished.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Red-and-white flags are prohibited.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Japanese 16th Army controlled Java; the 25th Army in Sumatra (headquarters at Bukittinggi); the Navy controlled eastern Indonesia (headquarters in Makassar).


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

April In April 1942, about 200 Allied soldiers who had fled to the hills in East Java and continued fighting, were captured by the Japanese under Imamura's orders.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

They were collected and put into bamboo cattle cages, brought on open trains to Surabaya, then taken to the sea and thrown into the sharks, while still in the bamboo cages.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Imamura was found guilty of this atrocity by an Australian military judiciary after the war. April 7 — Three Dutch East Indies Radio employees were sentenced to death for playing the Dutch national anthem on March 18, after the surrender of the Netherlands. April 7 - Japan seized Ternate.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan tried to form the Three A movement; started a propaganda campaign.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

ABDACOM was disbanded.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The British and Americans divided the responsibilities of the war: the British would try to retake Malaya and Sumatra as well as Burma.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Remaining in the Pacific and Indonesia is the responsibility of the US (which is cooperating with Australia). April 19 - Japan seizes Hollandia (now Jayapura).


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

May 9 - Japan occupies Lombok. May 13 - Japan occupies Sumbawa. May 16 - Japan occupies Sumba.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

June 17 — The Dutch government in the refuge in London forms a consultative council for the affairs of the Dutch East Indies.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Juli The only option Soekarno and Hatta have is to pretend to cooperate with Japan.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The end goal, of course, is not to support Japan, but to gain independence for Indonesia.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Later, the returning Dutch would try to accuse Soekarno of being a Japanese collaborator in order to gain British support in the face of the newly formed Indonesian republic.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Sjahrir led the movement underground from his elder sister's home in Cipanas, near Bogor.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Information was often and secretly shared by Soekarno, who obtained it from the Japanese inner circle, and Sjahrir.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Units of remnants of the KNIL army were sent to Kai, Aru and Kepualuan Tanimbar.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan gathered Soekarno, Hatta, and Sjahrir in Jakarta.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Soekarno, Hatta, Sjahrir met in secret: Soekarno to gather mass for independence, Hatta to handle diplomatic relations, Sjahrir to coordinate underground activities.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Soekarno accepted Japan's offer to become the leader of the Indonesian government, but was responsible to the Japanese military. July 30 - Japan occupied Kep.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Kai and Aru, after a certain amount of resistance in Kai. July 31 - Japan seizes Kep.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Tanimbar a number of resistance by the KNIL and Australian detachments at Saumlaki.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

August, September, October 29 August - Japan begins moving a number of troops from Sumatra and Java to Kep.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Solomons.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

September, Indonesian Muslims refused to salute the Emperor of Japan in Tokyo.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The events in Sukamanah, Singaparna Tasikmalaya-West Java real evidence of the rejection.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Haji Zaenal Mustafa took up arms to the Japanese although he was later superimposed and he was put to death in Ancol.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

As a tribute, the name Haji Zaenal Mustafa became the most important street name in Tasikmalaya.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

October, Japanese military advances in the Pacific stalled; Japanese commanders were told to develop pro-Japanese sentiments in the occupied territories. 16 October — The Japanese 16th Army dispatched guard forces to Lombok, Sumba and Timor.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

At first, Japanese propaganda sounded like an improvement compared to the Dutch government.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

After that, Japanese troops began to steal food and arrest people to be forced workers, as the views of the Indonesian people began to turn.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Japanese military made three major mistakes against the Indonesians: forced labor: many Indonesian men were taken from the middle of their families and sent all the way to Burma to do development work and many other heavy jobs in very poor conditions.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Thousands dead or missing. Forced retrieval: Japanese soldiers forcefully took food, clothing and various other supplies from Indonesian families, without providing compensation.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This led to hunger and suffering during the war. Forced slavery of women: many Indonesian women were made “comfort women” for Japanese soldiers.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

In addition, the Japanese held many Dutch civilians in detention camps in very poor conditions, and treated military prisoners of war in Indonesia in poor circumstances as well.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

However, war crimes in a very serious place are in fact not as bad as what was committed in China or Korea at the same time.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

A number of commanders, like for example Jen.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Imamura in Java, was openly criticized in Japanese newspapers for being too lenient.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

There were even a number of Japanese officers who sympathized with the idea of Indonesian independence, and who even gave their support to Indonesian political figures and organizations, up to Soekarno himself.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

November, December November, the Uprising in Aceh was muted by the Japanese.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

General Imamura replaced by General Harada. December 7 - Queen Wilhelmina of the Dutch kingdom, in exile made a speech promising improvement of relations again with colonies after the war was over. December 27 - Japan opened the first internment camp for Dutch women in Ambarawa. 1943 January, the Japanese arrested Amir Sjarifuddin to break his resistance movement.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Sjarifuddin was sentenced to death, but Soekarno intervened and defended him on personal behalf. February 9 - Japan sent additional troops to Tanimbar, Kai Islands and West Irian. February 10 - Australian guerrillas were withdrawn from Portuguese Timor after a year of fighting in the jungle.9 March - Japan forms Putera (People's Power Center), a wing of political organization.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Soekarno became its chairman, Hatta and Ki Hadjar Dewantara one of its members.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Japanese formed a local military wing, called Heiho to be a regular Japanese unit.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Heiho Army of Indonesia is a combination of volunteers and militiamen.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Japanese army distinguished the treatment of Heiho and the Japanese army.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

July, Japan captured about 1000 fighters in South Kalimantan July 7 - Japanese Prime Minister Tojo promised the rule of limited autonomy for Indonesia in his speech in Gambir. August 13 - The Americans launched a bomb attack from Australi against Balikpapan.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan began to take over sugar plantations to master sugar production.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The European managers were sent internment camps.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Around this time, many Protestant Christian Churches were founded by Indonesians after Dutch pastors and missionaries were sent to Japanese internment camps.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

September, the rebellion against the Japanese was successfully overlain in South and West Borneo. September 8 - Order from the Japanese Military Headquarters in Saigon to form “Giyugun” (local armed forces) along Southeast Asia.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

By the end of the war, about two million Indonesians had been recruited to become Giyugun or become Heiho.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan felt the need to recruit local men for defense, as the Japanese army continued to be withdrawn for war with the Allies in the Pacific. October 3 - Japan forms Giyugun in Sumatra and Java.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The forces in Java are called PETA (Defenders of the Fatherland).


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Many figures are incorporated in PETA, including Soedirman and Soeharto.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Independence activists considered military training not so much in favor of Japanese power than preparations for possible independence.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

By mid-1945, there were 120,000 fighters incorporated in PETA.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This group would later form the core of the Indonesian Armed Forces. 24 October, the umbrella organization MIAI was renamed Masyumi (Indonesian Muslimin Syurah Assembly).


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan began waging forced labor against the villagers (romusha), thousands dead and missing.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Japanese began looting rice.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The Dutch Navy Brigade in exile began training at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, with the ultimate goal of recapturing the Dutch East Indies. November 3 - Hatta made a speech urging Indonesians to join PETA. November 10 - Soekarno, Hatta, and Kyai Bagus Hadikusumo departed to Tokyo to meet with the Emperor of Japan.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This was the first time Soekarno traveled abroad.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

December, Barisan Hezbollah was formed by Japan, a Muslim youth war force associated with Masyumi. 1944 January, Putera was replaced by Javanese Hokokai.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Soekarno became the leader. April 19 - Allies dropped bombs on Sabang, Aceh. April 22 - Allies took control of Hollandia (now Jayapura). May 9 - Japanese commander decided to leave West Irian. May 17 - Allied air strikes on Surabaya. May 21 - American soldiers landed in Biak. June 4 - The Japanese launched a counterattack into Biak.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

August, Barisan Pioneer formed by the Javanese youth wing of Hokokai (after independence renamed Barisan Benteng). August 11 - Allied air strikes on Palembang. August 28 - Ambon was retreated due to Allied air strikes. September 7 - General Koiso promised Indonesia would independence in no time. September 8 - the American army managed to drive the Japanese out of Biak. September 15 - the Allies landed in Morotai.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japanese authorities began organizing regional councils (with powers as advisors only).


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

October, Australian soldiers began launching bomb attacks on Balikpapan.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Japan organized a Central Advisory Council, similar to the Volksraad, but without legislative powers.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

November, Kumashaki Military Governor Harada was replaced by Shigeichi Yamamoto.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Pakubuwono XII became Susuhunan Surakarta. 1945 January-April 14 - Peta army in Blitar attacked Japan's arsenal. March 1 - Indonesian Independence Preparatory Business Investigation Board (BPUPKI), a committee to prepare for Indonesian Independence, announced its formation by Japan.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Its members include Soekarno, Hatta, Wahid Hashim, and others.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Its leader is Dr. Radjiman Wedyodiningrat.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

April, Admiral Maeda, the Navy's intelligence leader in Indonesia, supports Soekarno and Hatta's traveling oratory trip to Makassar. April 30 - Australian and Dutch soldiers land at Tarakan.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

May 3 May - Acehnese guerrillas attack Japanese outpost in Pandrah, successfully killing the entire Japanese army. May 29 - Held the first trial of BPUPKI which lasts until June 1.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Soepomo made speeches about national integration and against individual individualism.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Muhammad Yamin proposed that the new state also simultaneously lay claim to Sarawak, Sabah, Malaya, Portuguese Timor, and the entire territory of the Dutch East Indies before the war.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Yamin also suggested that the new Indonesia should ignore international law and declare all oceanic areas between the islands as territorial waters.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Controversy persists among participants of the BPUPKI trial on Islamic rules within the new Indonesia.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

June Maeda supports Soekarno and Hatta's trip to Bali and Banjarmasin for speeches. June 1 - Soekarno explains about the doctrine of “Pancasila” in front of BPUPKI. June 10 - Australian soldiers land in Brunei, Dutch soldiers land in North Sumatra. June 22 - A special commission is headed Soekarno was formed to solve disputes over the role of Islam in the new Republic, and agreed by rewarding the language of compromise, which came to be known as the Jakarta Charter.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

This compromise language mentions that only Jews are required to follow Islamic Law. June 24 - Allied soldiers land in Halmahera.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

July The Japanese Military held a meeting in Singapore.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Planning the transfer of Indonesian power to the leadership of Indonesian freedom fighters. July 1 - Australian soldiers take control of Balikpapan, American planes drop bombs on Watampone. July 8 - Islamic High School established in Jakarta (now the Islamic University of Indonesia (UII)) based in Yogyakarta as the Indonesian capital moved to Yogyakarta during Dutch Military Aggression II) July 10 - July 17 - The second session of BPUPKI was held to discuss the draft basic law for Indonesia.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Hatta made a critique of Yamin's statement, and suggested West Irian should not be incorporated into Indonesia.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Soekarno supported Yamin.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

Haji Agus Salim suggested that people under the former British and Portuguese dominions could choose whether or not to join Indonesia.


Question: when did Japan first invade Indonesia?

History of the Archipelago (1942—1945)

The majority of members voted that Indonesia should include Malaya, Sarawak, Sabah and Portuguese Timor, the entire territory of the Dutch East Indies before the war. July 11 - America launches air strikes on Sabang.