Question: who founded the Fatahillah Museum?

Fatahillah Museum

Beautiful Garden in Taman with an area of 1000 meters more, and can be used for Gathering, wedding reception, Art Performance.


Question: who founded the Fatahillah Museum?

Fatahillah Museum

Reference Coordinates: Category:Dutch Buildings in Indonesia Fatahillah Category:Buildings and Structures in Jakarta Category:Historical buildings in Jakarta


Question: Is it prolonged from IAIN?

State Institute of Islamic Religion

The State Institute of Islamic Studies (IAIN) is a form of state Islamic university in Indonesia that conducts academic education in Islamic disciplines.


Question: Is it prolonged from IAIN?

State Institute of Islamic Religion

IAIN is one form of public Islamic university besides state Islamic university (UIN) and state Islamic religious high school (STAIN).


Question: Is it prolonged from IAIN?

State Institute of Islamic Religion

The History of the State Islamic Institute (IAIN) was formed by the government in 1960 in the city of Yogyakarta under the name of IAIN Al Jami'ah al-Islamiah al-Hukumiyah, which is a merger of the State Islamic State University (PTAIN) Yogyakarta and the Academy of Religious Sciences (ADIA) Jakarta.


Question: Is it prolonged from IAIN?

State Institute of Islamic Religion

Since 1963, there were established branches of IAIN separate from the centre.


Question: Is it prolonged from IAIN?

State Institute of Islamic Religion

In 1965, the name of IAIN in Yogyakarta was changed to IAIN Sunan Kalijaga.


Question: Is it prolonged from IAIN?

State Institute of Islamic Religion

In the 21st century, a number of IAIN changed their name to State Islamic universities (UIN), as it has faculties and departments outside Islamic studies.


Question: Is it prolonged from IAIN?

State Institute of Islamic Religion

IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah in Jakarta for example, changed its name to Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University.


Question: Is it prolonged from IAIN?

State Institute of Islamic Religion

If in 2000, there are still 14 IAIN in Indonesia, currently 11 of them have changed to UIN.


Question: Is it prolonged from IAIN?

State Institute of Islamic Religion

Here is a list of IAIN in Indonesia: IAIN Ambon, Ambon (Maluku) IAIN Batusangkar, Tanah Datar (West Sumatra) IAIN Bengkulu, Bengkulu (Bengkulu) IAIN Bone, Bone (South Sulawesi) IAIN Bukittinggi, Bukittinggi (West Sumatra) IAIN Curup, Rejang Lebong (Bengkulu) IAIN Datokarlu Palu, Palu (Sulawesi Central) IAIN Fattahul Muluk, Jayapura (Papua) IAIN Jember, Jember (East Java) IAIN Kediri, Kediri (East Java) IAIN Kerinci, Kerinci (Jambi) IAIN Kudus, Kudus (Central Java) IAIN Lhokseumawe, Lhokseumawe (Aceh) IAIN Madura, Pamekasan (East Java) Manado, Manado (North Sulawesi) IAIN Metro, Metro (Lampung) IAIN Padangsidempuan, South Tapanuli (North Sumatra) IAIN Palangka Raya, Palangka Raya (Central Kalimantan) IAIN Palopo, Palopo (South Sulawesi) IAIN Parepare, Parepare (South Sulawesi) IAIN Pekalongan, Pekalongan (Central Java) IAIN Ponoorgo, Ponogo Go (East Java) IAIN Pontianak, Pontianak (West Kalimantan) IAIN Purwokerto, Purwokerto (Central Java) IAIN Salatiga, Salatiga (Central Java) IAIN Samarinda, Samarinda (East Kalimantan) IAIN Sultan Amai, Gorontalo (Gorontalo) IAIN Sultan Qaimuddin, Kendari (Southeast Sulawesi) IAIN Surakarta Koharjo (Central Java) IAIN Syaikh Abdurrahman Siddik, Bangka (Bangka Belitung Islands) IAIN Sheikh Nurjati, Cirebon (West Java) IAIN Ternate, Ternate (North Maluku) IAIN Tulungagung, Tulungagung (East Java) IAIN Zawiyah Cot Kala Langsa, Langsa (Aceh) And here is a list of Ex-iain who are now becoming UIN as well as location and the year of the change in status from IAIN to UIN.


Question: Is it prolonged from IAIN?

State Institute of Islamic Religion

UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, South Tangerang (2002) UIN Sunan Kalijaga, Yogyakarta (2004) UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang (2004) UIN Sunan Gunung Djati, Bandung (2005) UIN Alauddin, Makassar (2005) UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim, Pekanbaru (2005) UIN Ar-Raniry, Bairy H (2013) UIN Sunan Ampel, Surabaya 2013) UIN Raden Fatah, Palembang (2014) UIN North Sumatra, Medan (2014) UIN Walisongo, Semarang (2014) UIN Antasari, Banjarmasin (2017) UIN Raden Intan, Bandar Lampung (2017) UIN Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin, Serang (2017) UIN Sultan Thaha Saifuddin, Jamaro (2017) UIN Mataram, Mataram (2017) UIN Imam Bonjol, Padang (2017) See also public Islamic universities in Indonesia List of public Islamic universities in Indonesia Outside Category:State Islamic universities in Indonesia


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Optical fiber is a transmission line or a kind of cable made of glass or plastic that is very fine and smaller than a strand of hair, and can be used to transmit light signals from somewhere to another.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The light source used is usually a laser or LED [1].


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

This cable is approximately 120 micrometers in diameter.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The light inside the optical fiber does not come out because the refractive index of the glass is greater than the refractive index of the air, because the laser has a very narrow spectrum.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The transmission speed of fiber optics is so high that it is very good to use as a communication channel.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The current development of fiber optic technology, has been able to produce attenuation (attenuation) of less than 20 decibels (dB) /km. With a large width of the path (bandwidth) so that the ability to transmit data becomes more and faster compared to the use of conventional cables.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Thus fiber optics are very suitable for use especially in telecommunication system applications [2].


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

In principle, optical fibers reflect and refract a certain amount of light that propagates therein.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The efficiency of the optical fiber is determined by the purity of the glass/glass constituent materials.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The purer the glass material, the less light is absorbed by the optical fiber.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

History The use of light as a carrier of information has actually been widely used since ancient times, it was only around the 1930s that German scientists began experiments to transmit light through a material called fiber optics.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

This experiment is also still classified as quite primitive because the results achieved cannot be directly utilized, but must go through further development and refinement.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The next development was when British scientists in 1958 proposed a hitherto used fibre optic prototype consisting of a core glass wrapped by another glass.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Around the beginning of the 1960s fantastic changes occurred in Asia which was when Japanese scientists managed to create a type of optical fiber capable of transmitting images.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

On the other hand scientists in addition to trying to guide light past the glass (fiber optic) but also trying to “tame” the light.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The hard work was successful when around 1959 the laser was invented.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The laser operates at an area of visible frequencies around 1014 Hertz-15 Hertz or hundreds of thousands of times the frequency of microwaves.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

At the beginning the laser beam producing equipment was still large and troublesome.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

In addition to being inefficient, it can newly function at very low temperatures.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Lasers have not radiated straight either.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

In very bright light conditions, the radiance is easy to pervert following the density of the atmosphere.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

That time, a laser beam within 1km, could arrive at the final destination at many points with intersections of distances up to a matter of metres.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Around the 60's were discovered optical fibers of very high purity, less than 1 part in a million.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

In everyday language, it means that the fiber that is very clear and does not deliver electricity in such a pure way, so that said, if the sea water was as pure as fiber optics, with enough normal lighting eyes would be able to watch past the inhabitants of the bottom of the Pacific Ocean.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

As with lasers, optical fibers must also go through early development stages.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Like the medium of light transmission, it is highly inefficient.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Until 1968 or two years after optical fiber was first foreseen to be a light guide, its attenuation (loss) rate was still 20dB/km. Through development in material technology, optical fiber is subjected to purification, dehydrant and others.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Slowly but surely its attenuation reaches levels below 1dB/km. The 1917 Chronology of Optical Fiber Developments Albert Einstein introduced the theory of stimulated radiance where if there are atoms in high energy tiers 1954 Charles Townes, James Gordon, and Herbert Zeiger of Columbia University USA, developed a microwave amplifier with radiance stimulated, whereby molecules from gasammonia amplify and produce electromagnetic waves.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

This work spent three years since Townes's idea in 1951 to benefit from molecular high-frequency oscillations to evoke waves of short wavelength on radio wave.1958 Charles Townes and physicist Arthur Schawlow publish His research showed that masers could be made to be operated on infra-red regions and visible spectra, and explained the concept of lasers. 1960 Bell Research Laboratory and Ali Javan and colleagues William Bennett, Jr., and Donald Herriott invented an operation in The continuity of helium-fluorescent lasers. 1960 Theodore Maiman, a physicist and electrical engineer from Hughes Research Laboratories, invented a laser source using a synthesis ruby crystal as a medium. 1961 Industrial researchers Elias Snitzer and Will Hicks demonize laser beam directed through a thin glass fiber (optical fiber).


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The core of the glass fiber is small enough that makes the light can only pass through one part but many scientists state that the fiber is not suitable for communication because of the light losses that occur due to passing through a great distance. 1961 The use of lasers produced from Rubies for medical purposes at Charles Campbell of the Institute of Ophthalmology at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center and Charles Koester of the American Optical Corporation used a prototype ruby laser photocoagulator to destroy tumors on the patient's retina. 1962 Three well-known research groups namely General Electric, IBM, and MIT's Lincoln Laboratory simultaneously developed gallium arsenide lasers that convert listrk energy directly into infra-red light and later developments were used for the development of CD and DVD players as well as the use of laser printers. 1963 Physicist Herbert Kroemer put forward an idea namely heterostructures, combinations of more than one semiconductor in a layer-layer to reduce the energy requirement for lasers and help to be able to work more efficiently.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

These heterostructures would later be used on mobile telephones and other electronic equipment.1966 Charles Kao and George Hockham who conducted research at Standard Telecommunications Laboratories UK published their research on the capabilities of fiber optics in transmitting laser beams very little harm by using very pure glass fibers.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

From this discovery, then researchers focused more on how to purify the glass fiber material. 1970 Corning Glass Works scientists, Donald Keck, Peter Schultz, and Robert Maurer reported the discovery of optical fibers that met the standards prescribed by Kao and Hockham.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The purest glass made consists of combined silica in the steam stage and is able to reduce light losses by less than 20 decibels per kilometer, which further in 1972, the team found a glass with a light loss of only 4 decibels per kilometer.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

And also in 1970, Morton Panish and Izuo Hayashi of Bell Laboratories with the Ioffe Physical Institute team from Leningrad, demontrated semiconductor lasers that can be operated at space temperature.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Both discoveries were breakthroughs in the commercialization of the use of fiber optics. 1973 John MacChesney and Paul O. Connor at Bell Laboratories developed the process of chemical vapor deposition into ultratransparent glass, which then produced optical fibers that have very disadvantages small and mass-produced. 1975 Engineers at Laser Diode Labs developed Laser Semiconductor, the first commercial laser that can be operated at room temperature. 1977 Telephone companies started the use of fiber optics that carry telephone traffic.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

GTE opened a line between Long Beach and Artesia, California, that uses LED transmission.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Bell Labs set up the same connection on the telephone system in Chicago with a distance of 1.5 miles underground connecting 2 switching stations. 1980 The fiber optic industry is really already fluttering, fiber optic connection has been in place in a major American city city, AT&T announced it will install fiber optic network connecting the city of cities between Boston and Washington D.C., then two years later MCI announced to do the same.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Electronic giants like ITT or STL began to play a role in steeping fibre optic research. 1987 David Payne of Southampton University introduced optical amplifiers that were littered (dopped) by erbium elements, capable of raising light signals without having to convert first into electrical energy. 1988 Translantic cable was the first to use highly transparent glass fiber, and only required repeaters for every 40 miles. 1991 Emmanuel Desurvire of Bell Laboratories as well as David Payne and P. J. Mears of Southampton University demontrate optical amplifiers integrated with those fiber optic cables.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

With its advantage is that it can carry information 100 times faster than wires with electronic amplifiers (electronic amplifiers). 1996 TPC-5 is the first type of fiber optic cable to use optical amplifiers.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

This cable passes through the pacific ocean ranging from San Luis Obispo, California, to Guam, Hawaii, and Miyazaki, Japan, and back to the Oregon coast and is capable to handle 320,000 phone calls. 1997 Fiber optics connect the rest of the world, Link Around the Globe (FLAG) becomes a cable network longest worldwide that provides the infrastructure for the latest generation of internet.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Fiber Optic Communication System (SKSO) Based on its use, SKSO is divided over several generations, namely: First generation (from 1975) The system is still simple and becomes the basis for the next generation system, consisting of: encoding tools: converting inputs (e.g. sound) into electrical signals transmitter: converts an electrical signal into a wave signal, in the form of an LED with a wavelength of 0.87mm. Silica fiber: as a repeater wave signal conductor: as a weakened wave amplifier in the course of the receiver: converts the wave signal into an electrical signal, in the form of a photodetector decoding tool: converts electrical signal into output (e.g. sound) The repeater works through several stages, at first it converts the already weakened wave signal into an electrical signal, then amplified and converted back into a wave signal.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

This first generation in 1978 could reach a transmission capacity of 10 Gb.km/s.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Second generation (starting 1981) To reduce the dispersion effect, the size of the fiber porch was reduced to become a single-mode type.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The refractive index of the skin is made close to the refractive index of the terrace.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

By itself the transmitter is also replaced with a laser diode, the wavelength of which it emits is 1.3mm.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

With this modification the second generation was able to achieve a transmission capacity of 100 Gb.km/s, 10 times greater than the first generation.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Third generation (from 1982) There was a refinement of silica fiber manufacturing and manufacturing of 1.55mm wavelength laser diode chips.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The purity of the silica material is enhanced so that its transparency can be made for wavelengths of about 1.2mm to 1.6mm.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

This refinement increased the transmission capacity to several hundred Gb.km/s.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The fourth generation (started 1984) The start of research and development of coherent systems, the modulation used is not intensity modulation but frequency modulation, so that signals that are already weak intensity can still be detected.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Then the distance that can be traveled, as well as the transmission capacity, is enlarged.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

By 1984 the capacity was already able to equal the capacity of the direct detection system.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Unfortunately, this generation is hampered by its development because source device technology and frequency modulation detection are still far behind.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

But there is no denying that this coherent system has the potential to advance rapidly in the days to come.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The fifth generation (from 1989) In this generation was developed an optical amplifier that replaced the repeater function of the previous generations.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

An optical amplifier consists of an InGaASP laser diode (1.48mm wavelength) and a number of optical fibers with erbium doping (Er) on its porch.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

When this fiber irradiates its laser diode, the erbium atoms in it will be excited and create a population* inversion, so that when there is a weak signal entering the amplifier and passing inside the fiber, the atoms will simultaneously hold a deexcitation called stimulated emission (stimulated emission) Einstein.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

As a result the already weakened signal will be reinforced by these emissions and passed out the booster.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The advantage of this optical amplifier against the repeater is that there is no interference with the passage of the wave signal, the wave signal does not need to be changed so electricity first and so on as happens in the repeater.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

With the presence of this optical amplifier the transmission capacity jumped terribly.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

At the beginning of its development it reached only 400 Gb.km/s, but a year later the transmission capacity had already broken through the price of 50 thousand Gb.km/s.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Sixth generation In 1988 Linn F. Mollenauer pioneered the soliton communication system.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

A soliton is a wave pulse composed of many wavelength components.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Its components have different wavelengths only slightly, and also vary in intensity.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The length of the soliton is only 10-12 seconds and can be divided into several components that are close together, so the signals in the form of solitons are information consisting of several channels at once (wavelength division multiplexing).


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Experiments showed that a soliton can at least carry 5 channels each carrying information at a rate of 5 Gb/s.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The number of channels can be doubled more if polarization multiplexing is used, since each channel has two different polarizations.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The tested transmission capacity reaches 35 thousand Gb.km/s.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The way this soliton system works is the Kerr effect, that is, rays whose same wavelength will propagate at different rates inside a material if their intensity exceeds a limit price.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

This effect is then used to neutralize the dispersion effect, so that the soliton will not expand at the time it reaches the receiver.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

This is very advantageous because the error rate it causes is very small and even negligible.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

It appears that combining the characteristics of several generations of fiber optic technology will be able to produce a communication system that is close to the ideal, namely one that has a large transmission capacity with the smallest possible error rate, the next 21st century communication world will no longer be rewarded by fiber optic technology.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Advantages of Optical Fiber In the use of fiber optics, there are several advantages including [3]: Large path width and ability to carry a lot of data, it can load very large information capacity with transmission speed reaching gigabit-per second and transmit distance information away without repetition.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Low installation and operation costs and higher level of safety.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Small size and light weight, thus saving space usage.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Immune, immunity to electromagnetic interference and radio wave interference.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Non-conveying, no electric power and sparks.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Not rusty.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Fiber Optic Cable Outline fiber optic cable consists of 2 main parts, namely cladding and core [4].


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Cladding is the sheathing of the core (core).


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Cladding has a lower bias index than the core will reflect back light leading out of the core back into the core again.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

In its application, fiber optics are usually covered by a layer of resin called jacket, usually made of plastic.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

This layer can add strength to fiber optic cables, although it does not provide an increase to the wave properties of the optical waveguide in those cables.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

But this resin layer can absorb light and prevent the possibility of light leakage coming out of the core sheath.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

As well as this can also reduce cross talk (cross talk) that may occur [2].


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The division of fiber optics can be seen from 2 kinds of differences: 1.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Based on the engaged mode [5]: Single mode: optical fiber with a very small core (usually about 8.3 microns), the diameter of the core is very narrowly close to the wavelength so that the light entering it is not reflected to the wall of the sleeve (cladding).


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The single-mode fiber optic core part is made of silica glass material (SiO2) with a small amount of Germania glass (Geo2) to increase its bias index.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

To get good performance on this cable, usually for the sleeve size is about 15 times that of the core size (about 125 microns).


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Cables for this type are the most expensive, but have attenuation (less than 0.35dB per kilometer), thus allowing very high speeds over very long distances.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The latest standards for this cable are ITU-T G.652D, and G.657 [6].


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Multi mode: optical fiber with a rather large diameter core that makes the laser inside will be reflected on the wall cladding which can lead to reduced bandwidth of this type of optical fiber.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Based on the refractive index of cores [3]: Step index: in optical fiber step index, cores have a homogeneous refractive index.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Graded index: the refractive index of the cores the closer in the direction of the cladding the smaller.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

So in graded index, the core center has the greatest refractive index value.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Index-graded fibers make it possible to carry greater bandwidth, since the pulse widening that occurs can be minimized.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The attenuation Attenuation (Attenuation) of light is of great importance known especially in designing fiber optic telecommunication systems themselves.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Light attenuation in optical fibers is the presence of an average decrease in optical power in fiber optic cables, usually expressed in decibel (dB) without a negative sign.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Here are some things that contribute to light attenuation in optical fibers [7]: Absorption of light loss caused by impurities in optical fibers.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Spread (Scattering) Radiative losses Reliability of optical fibers can be determined by a unit of BER (bit error rate).


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

One end of the optical fiber is given a certain data input and the other end processes that data.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

With low laser intensity and with fiber length reaching several km, it will produce an error.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The number of such time union errors is named BER.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

With the knowledge of BER then, The number of errors in the same optical fiber of different lengths can be estimated at magnitude.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Color code on fiber optic cable Outer sheath In standardization the color code of the outer sheath (jacket) type fiber optic cable Patch Cord is as follows: Connector On fiber optic cable, terminal end connection or also called connector, usually have standard type such as following: FC (Fiber Connector): used for single mode cables with very high accuracy in connecting cables with transmitters and receivers.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

This connector uses a threaded thread system with adjustable position, so that when paired to another device, the accuracy will not change easily.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

SC (Subsciber Connector): used for single-mode cables, with the system ripped out.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

This connector is not very expensive, simple, and can be set manually and the accuracy is good when paired to another device.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

ST (Straight Tip): it looks like a locked bayonet almost similar to a BNC connector.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Very commonly used for both multi-mode and single mode cables.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

It is very easy to use both installed and unplugged.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Biconic: One of the connectors that first appeared in fiber optic communication.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Nowadays it is very rarely used.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

D4: This connector is almost similar to FC only different in size.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The difference is about 2mm in its ferrule part.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

SMA: this connector is the predecessor of ST connector which equally uses cover and protector.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

But along with the development of ST connector, then this connector has no longer developed its use.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

E200 Further types of small type connectors: LC SMU SC-DC In addition to these connectors usually use certain colors with the following intentions: Optical Fiber in Indonesia The development of fiber optics in indonesia is not separated from the historical development of fiber optics in the world, which in originally the first time it was discovered in germany in 1930 an. At that time fiber optics were not yet usable.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Furthermore, at about the same time in 1950, British and Japanese scientists managed to create a type of optical fiber capable of transmitting images.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

At that time the optical fiber is in the form of glass fiber wrapped again with another fiber.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Research continued until the following years found optical fibers that have the ability to move light with high purity.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Nevertheless the moment still cannot be said to be ideal.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The next research is by experimenting the use of materials so that in finding optical fibers that have very good capabilities.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

And in the 1980s where fiber optics were already able to transmit light waves efficiently then the fiber optic indunstry race began. [8]


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The development of fiber optic networks in indonesia is inseparable from the development of telecommunications industry.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Several telecom operators and multimedia service providers have held this fiber optic network, namely PT Telkom Indonesia, PT Indosat, PT Excel Komindo, and Indonesia Comnet Plus.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

These networks have covered several main islands in Indonesia namely Java, Bali Sumatra, Kalimantan and Sulawesi.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Until now, telkom is still a telecom operator that has the longest fiber optic network in Indonesia, reaching 13,600.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

And the history of the development of fiber optics in indonesia is not separated from the emergence of fiber optic companies such as STT and STL that have a big role with the next development of fiber optics Indonesia.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

It is unclear exactly when the history of the development of fiber optics in Indonesia. but the next development leads more to the integration of fiber optics itself.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The use of fiber optics in Indonesia is experiencing rapid development because it is with fiber optics, then the data transmitted is faster and accurate.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Currently the use of fiber optics in indonesia is for internet networks, data delivery, telecommunications, reconnaissance devices, etc.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Indonesian fiber optic network providers currently there are many, among them are fiber optic Telkom, MNCTV, Biznet network and first media.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

The advantages of internet using fiber optics over wireless is that the connection is more stable and data delivery is much faster.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Indonesian fiber optic amphilation as a data delivery tool is usually used in factories, industries or buildings, so the data flow is much smoother.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Telkom revealed until now, peresentase copper cable and fiber optic balance.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

“Now the position is fifty percent copper cable and fifty percent fiber optic cable” said Dian Rahmawan, Director of Telkom Consumer Service when met at the fiber to the home conference.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Telkom claims its fiber optic network reaches 7 million homes in Indonesia. dian believes fiber optic cable will become a pedestal for telecommunication services in the future. “2020 will use fiber (fiber optic) all. [9]


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

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Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

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Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

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Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is the lack of Fiber optics

Fiber optics

Category:Optics Category:Telecommunications Category:Cable Signal Category:Sensors


Question: What are the largest cities in Central Java?

List of districts and cities in Central Java

The province of Central Java, Indonesia consists of 29 districts and 6 cities.


Question: What are the largest cities in Central Java?

Its capital city is Semarang.


Question: What are the largest cities in Central Java?

Below is a list of districts and cities in Central Java, along with their district capitals.


Question: What are the largest cities in Central Java?

Note See also List of sub-districts and sub-districts in Central Java Reference Outside links {{{1}}}


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

Chinese listen (Traditional: 北方, Simplified: 北方, Hanyu Pinyin: Běifānghuà, harafiah: “Northern conversational language” or 北方方Hanyu Pinyin: Běifāng Fāngyán, literal: “Northern dialect”) is a dialect of Chinese spoken along the north and southwest of the People's Republic of China.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

The word “Mandarin”, in English (and possibly also Indonesian), is used to translate several different Chinese terms that refer to the categories of spoken Chinese.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

In a narrow sense, Mandarin means Putonghua


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

Putonghua is the official language of China and Guoyu is the official language of Taiwan.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

Putonghua - which is usually instead called Huayu - also is one of Singapore's four official languages.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

In a broad sense, Mandarin means Beifanghua (literally meaning “Northern conversational language”), which is a broad category that includes the diverse types of conversational dialects spoken as local languages in much of northern and southwestern China, and become base for Putonghua and Guoyu.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

Beifanghua has more speakers than any other language and consists of many types including completely unintelligible versions.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

Like many other Chinese languages, there are many people who argue that Chinese is a kind of dialect, not a language.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

* In Indonesian read: Peifanghua The origin of the Chinese word “mandarin” in Indonesian itself is absorbed from English which describes Chinese also as Chinese.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

But in fact, this word “Mandarin” is absorbed in English from mandarim, which comes from [ˈməntəri] minister. [1] [2].


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

Other sources mention Mandarin as literally derived from the appellation of foreigners to the Qing Dynasty exaggerators of the ancient times.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

The Qing dynasty was a dynasty founded by the Manchu tribe, so the imperial exaggerators were usually referred to as Mandaren (Hanzi: 大人) meaning “Manchu Magnifier”.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

From this, the language spoken by the Manchu officials of the time was also referred to as “Mandaren”.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

His writing evolved into “Mandarin” later in life.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

The other names Guoyu - (Hanzi:) is another designation for the Northern dialects of the Han language that we know as Mandarin.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

Guoyu means literally “national language”, according to the fact Mandarin is designated as the official language of government and national in some countries such as the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China in Taiwan.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

Huayu (Hanzi: 華) is another name of the Northern dialect of the Han language that we know as Mandarin today.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

Huayu means literally “Hua language”, a language commonly used by Chinese in this case pointing to the widely spoken Chinese language.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

Learning Chinese in Indonesia Chinese language in Indonesia is studied as a study program in several universities and academies, both public and private, among others at: University of Indonesia (S-1, S-2, and S-3) (D-3) (S-1) Darma Persada University (S-1 and D-3) Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta (D-3) Bina Nusantara University (S-1) Bunda Mulia University (S-1) Maranatha Christian University (S-1) Petra Christian University (S-1) (S-1), in Malang, East Java Mandarin Language Education (S-1) Malang State University (S-1) International Foreign Language Academy (D-3) Higher School Foreign Language International Friendship Asia (S-1) Jakarta State University (S-1) Semarang State University (S-1) In addition, since the beginning of the Reform era, some schools have also started to insert Chinese as one of the language subjects in addition to Indonesian and English.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

Learning Chinese outside Indonesia People's Republic of China and Taiwan has long held language education for international students.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

Language centers are usually part of the language faculty of a university and host many training classes within a certain period of time.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

For training like this, the Language Center will provide official diploma certificates but without a degree.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

To receive a degree, students must complete a Mandarin S-1 which is generally 4 years.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

Notable bodies of academics organizing this language learning program such as: Beijing University of Culture and Language (北京 大学校），in Beijing, Guangxi Normal University RRT (西大学），in Guilin, RRT.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

Tuition programs for Chinese are usually official education with diplomas of S-1, S-2 and S-3 levels.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

Now it is common for almost all universities in China to hold Mandarin language education at different levels.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

See also Chinese Hokkien Cantonist Hakka language Tiochiu Wikipedia:IPA for Chinese Reference Outside link Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

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Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

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Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

Learn Chinese.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

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Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

Chinese.


Question: What is the function of Chinese?

Chinese

Category:Chinese


Question: who is the third president of Indonesia?

List of Presidents of Indonesia

The President of the Republic of Indonesia is the holder of the highest governing power in Indonesia, besides also as the head of state.


Question: who is the third president of Indonesia?

List of Presidents of Indonesia

The Indonesian Presidential Institute was formed in 1945 by the Indonesian Independence Preparatory Business Investigation Board (BPUPKI).


Question: who is the third president of Indonesia?

List of Presidents of Indonesia

On 18 August 1945, the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI), elected Soekarno as the first president of Indonesia.


Question: who is the third president of Indonesia?

List of Presidents of Indonesia

Prior to amends to the 1945 Basic Law, the president was elected by the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR).


Question: who is the third president of Indonesia?

List of Presidents of Indonesia

After that started in the elections in 2004, the president was elected directly by the people held by the Election Commission.


Question: who is the third president of Indonesia?

List of Presidents of Indonesia

List of Presidents of the Non-partisan Legend of Indonesian National Party (PNI) Golkar (Golkar)/Golkar Party of National Awakening Party (PKB) Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) United Development Party (PPP) Democratic Party Former surviving presidents As of January 2018, only there are 3 former Presidents of Indonesia.


Question: who is the third president of Indonesia?

List of Presidents of Indonesia

The last death of the president was Abdurrahman Wahid who died on 30 December 2009 (age 69).


Question: who is the third president of Indonesia?

List of Presidents of Indonesia

B.


Question: who is the third president of Indonesia?

List of Presidents of Indonesia

J.


Question: who is the third president of Indonesia?

List of Presidents of Indonesia

Habibie (1998—1999) (1936-06-25) June 25, 1936 Megawati S. (2001—2004) (1947-01-23) January 23, 1947 S. B. Yudhoyono (2004—2014) (1949-09-09) September 9, 1949 Presidential Stamp Gallery Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono See also Indonesian History Indonesian Politics List of Indonesian figures List of Vice Presidents of Indonesia List of Prime Ministers of Indonesia List of Deputy Prime Minister of Indonesia List of Indonesian cabinet History of Indonesian Presidential Institutions List of mothers and fathers of the country of Indonesia Reference Advanced reading of Constitution 1945 Amendment I Constitution 1945 Amendment II Amendment III 1945 Amendment IV Constitution 1945 UUDS 1950 Regulation of MPRS and MPR Act of the Republic of Indonesia Number 7 Year 1949 Act of the Republic of Indonesia United States Number 7 Year 1950 Setneg (1997) 30 Years of Independent Indonesia.


Question: who is the third president of Indonesia?

List of Presidents of Indonesia

Issue 3.


Question: who is the third president of Indonesia?

List of Presidents of Indonesia

Jakarta: Setneg Setneg (1997) 40 Years of Free Indonesia.


Question: who is the third president of Indonesia?

List of Presidents of Indonesia

2nd edition.


Question: who is the third president of Indonesia?

List of Presidents of Indonesia

Jakarta: Setneg Setneg (1997) 50 Years of Free Indonesia.


Question: who is the third president of Indonesia?

List of Presidents of Indonesia

Jakarta: Setneg Outside links (in English) Category:History of Indonesia


Question: What is software?

Software

Software or software (English: software) is a specific term for data that is formatted, and stored digitally, including computer programs, their documentation, and various information that can be read, and written by a computer.


Question: What is software?

Software

In other words, the intangible part of the computer system.


Question: What is software?

Software

The term accentuates differences with computer hardware. [1] [2] [3] The creation of software itself requires a “programming language” written by a programmer to be further compiled with the compiler application so that it becomes code that the hardware machine can recognize.


Question: What is software?

Software

Software such as Windows or Linux can be referred to as the life of the computer, where without being installed such operating system then the computer cannot be run.


Question: What is software?

Software

Operating system software is usually stored in partition C so that when the computer experiences problems, the affected C partition impacts.


Question: What is software?

Software

Other software is also stored on the C partition where the component is no longer running, it can be uninstalled and reinstalled.


Question: What is software?

Software

Other data is better stored in partition D so that when the software is exposed to a virus or does not run normally again it can be reinstalled and important data can be saved.


Question: What is software?

Software

Below there are some examples of various kinds of software, namely: Application software (application software) such as word processing, count table sheet, media player, and office application packages such as OpenOffice.org. Operating systems (operating systems) for example Linux and Windows.


Question: What is software?

Software

Software development tools (software development tools) such as Compilers for high-level programming languages such as Pascal and low-level programming languages that are assembly languages.


Question: What is software?

Software

Hardware controller (device driver) is a link between auxiliary hardware, and computer is a software that is widely used in self-service, as well as schools, namely the use of barcode scanners in other database applications. [4]


Question: What is software?

Software

Settled software/Hardcore software (firmware) as installed in digital watches, and remote controllers.


Question: What is software?

Software

Free software (free 'libre' software) and open source software (open source software) Free software (freeware) Trial software (shareware) Malware (malware) See also Hardware Reference Category:Computers


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

The emperors of the Han dynasty were the supreme heads of government in the second Chinese imperial dynasty; the Han dynasty (202 BC — 220 AD) overtook the Qin dynasty (221—206 BC) and preceded the Three Kingdoms (220—265 AD).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

That era is conventionally divided between the Western Han (202 BC — 9 AD) and Eastern Han (25—220 AD) periods.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

The Han dynasty was founded by a peasant rebel leader (Liu Bang), posthumously known as Emperor Gao (reigned 202 —195 BC) or Gaodi.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

The longest-serving emperor of the dynasty was Emperor Wu (reigned 141—87 BC), or Wudi, who reigned for 54 years.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

The dynasty was briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty of the former kingholder Wang Mang, but he was dethroned in 23 AD and the Han dynasty was re-established by Liu Xiu, posthumously known as Emperor Guangwu (reigned 25—57 AD), or Guangwu Di. [2]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

The last Han emperor, Emperor Xian (reigned 189—220 AD), was a puppet ruler of Chancellor Cao Cao (155—220 AD), who dominated the palace and became King of Wei. [3]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

In AD 220, Cao's son, Pi, deprived him of his throne as Emperor Wen of Wei (reigned AD 220—226) and ended the Han dynasty.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

The emperor is the supreme head of government. [4]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

He inducted all the highest-ranking officials in the central, provincial, commanding, and district governments. [5]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

He also functioned as lawgiver, high court judge, chief commander of the armed forces, and high chaplain of state-supported religious worship. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

JMPL Emperor naming convention|A bronze handle (with red pigment) in the shape of a dragon's head, made in Eastern Han times; depending on the circumstances, the dragon may become a symbol of good tau bad circumstances for the Han emperors. [7]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

In ancient China, the rulers of the Shang (s. 1600 — s. 1050 BC) and Zhou (s. 1050 — 256 BC) dynasties were referred to as kings (王wang). [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

During the Zhou dynasty, they were also referred to as Heavenly Sons (天子 Tianzi). [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

In 221 BC, the King of Qin, Ying Zheng, seized and unified the entire Warring States in ancient China.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

In order to elevate himself jaaid the king of Shang and Zhou, he received the title of new emperor () and became known as the First Emperor of Qin (Qin Shi Huang).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

The new title of emperor was created by combining the titles of the Three Kings (Sanhuang) and Five Emperors (Wudi) from Chinese mythology. [9]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

The title was worn by every successor ruler of China until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911. [10]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Posthumous names, temples and eras From the Shang dynasty to the Sui dynasty (581—618 BC).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Chinese rulers (both kings and emperors) are referred to by their posthumous names in various records and historical texts. [10]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

The names of the temples, which were originally used during the reign of Emperor Jing of Han (reigned 157—141 BC), are specifically used in records and historical texts of the later times when referring to the emperors who reigned during the Tang dynasty (618—907 AD), Song (960— 1279 AD), and Yuan (1271—1368 AD). [10]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

During the Ming (1368—1644 AD) and Qing (1644—1911 AD) dynasties, a single era name was used for each emperor's reign and became a way to mention the Ming and Qing emperors in historical texts. [11]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

The official use of era names was adopted during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han (reigned 141—87 BC), so that its origin can be further reviewed.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

The oldest method of the years of recording—which has existed since the time of Shang—makes the first year of a ruler's reign as year one. [12]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

When an emperor dies, the first year of a new reign will begin. [13]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

This system was changed in the 4th century BC when the first year of the new reign did not begin until the first day of the Chinese New Year after a ruler died. [14]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

As Duke Huiwen of Qin held the title of king in 324 BC, he changed the count of years from his reign back to the first year. [14]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

For the calendar newly adopted in 163 BC, Emperor Wen of Han (reigned 180—157 BC) also devised a tally of years from his reign back to the beginning. [15]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Since the number six was considered a lucky number, the Emperors of Han, Jing and Wu changed the tally of years of their reign back to the beginning every six years. [15]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Since each six-year period was cycsessively marked as yuannian (元年), eryuan (二元), sanyuan (三元), and so on, the system was considered too rancu when the period reached the fifth period of wuyuan sannian (五元三年) in 114 BC. [16]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

In that year, the government suggested that the Han government retrospectively replace each “beginning” with new characters, a reform that Emperor Wu accepted in 110BC. [17]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Since Emperor Wu displayed the religious worship of feng () on Mount Taishan, he named the new era yuanfeng (元).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

The event is considered to be the establishment of official era names in Chinese history. [18]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Emperor Wu changed the era name more than once as he established the 'Great Beginnings' calendar (太Taichu) in 104 BC. [19]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

From this point until the end of Western Han, the administration established a new era name every four years of the emperor's reign.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

In Eastern Han times, there was no set interval for the establishment of new era names, which were often introduced for political reasons and celebrated prominent events. [19]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Guardian king and widow consort JMPL|straight|Jin Midi story.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

The temples of Wu Liang, Jiaxiang, Shandong province, China, 2nd century AD; an ink pinned to a rock-carved relief from Eastern Han Many times, specifically when the infant emperor occupied the throne, a guardian of the king, often the empress's widow or one of his male relatives, would held the duties of the emperor until the aforementioned emperor reached the age of his majority.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Occasionally, the widow faction of the permaisuri—the clan of the permaisuri—was enfeoffed in a coup.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

For example, Empress Lü Zhi (w. 180 BC) became the de facto ruler of the administration during the tenure of the little emperors Qianshao (reigned 188—184 BC) and Houshao (reigned 184—180 BC). [20]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

His faction was scuttled during the Disruption of the Lü Clan in 180 BC and Liu Heng was elevated to emperor (posthumously known as Emperor Wen). [21]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Before Emperor Wu's death in 87 BC, he had distributed governing power as the king's guardian over his successor Emperor Zhao of Han (reigned 87—74 BC) to Huo Guang (w. 68 BC), Jin Midi (w. 86 BC), and Shangguan Jie (上) (w. 80 BC).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Huo Guang and Shangguan Jie were both the grandfathers of Empress Shangguan (w. 37 BC), the wife of Emperor Zhao, while the Xiongnu ethnic Jin Midi was a former slave who had worked in imperial stability.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

After Jin died and Shangguan was executed on charges of treason, Huo Guang became the sole reigning king's guardian.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

After his death, the Huo family faction was dethroned by Emperor Xuan of Han (reigned 74—49 BC), who did so because Huo Guang poisoned his wife Empress Xu Pingjun (w. 71 BC) in order for him to marry Huo's daughter Empress Huo Chengjun (w. 54 BC). [22]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Since the king's guardian and the empress's widow are unofficially counted as emperors of the Han dynasty, they are excluded from the list of emperors below.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Emperors Below is a complete list of emperors from the Han dynasty, covering personal names, posthumous names, and their era names.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

This list does not include de facto rulers such as the king's guardian and the empress's widow.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Footnotes Reference Beck, Mansvelt. (1986).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

“The Fall of Han,” in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

— A.D. 220, 317-376.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

EDITED by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Bielenstein, Hans. (1980).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

The Bureaucracy of Han Times.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Bo Yang (1977).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Timeline of Chinese History (中年


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Taipei: Sing-Kuang Book Company Ltd. Ch'ü, T'ung-tsu. (1972).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Han Dynasty China: Volume 1: Han Social Structure.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

EDITED by Jack L. Dull. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

ISBN0-295-95068-4. de Crespigny, Rafe. (2007).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23—220 AD).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Leiden: Koninklijke Brill.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Hansen, Valerie. (2000).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

The Open Empire: A History of China to 1600.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

New York & London: W. W. Norton & Company.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Huang, Ray. (1988).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

China: A Macro History.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Armonk & London: M. E. Sharpe Inc., an East Gate Book.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Hucker, Charles O. (1975).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Stanford: Stanford University Press.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Loewe, Michael. (1986).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

“The Former Han Dynasty,” in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

— A.D. 220, 103—222.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Loewe, Michael. (2000).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han, and Xin Periods (221 BC — AD 24).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Koninklijke Brill NV.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Paludan, Ann. (1998).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: the Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN0-500-05090-2.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Satō, Masayuki.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

“Comparative Ideas of Chronology” History and Theory, Vol. 30, No. 3 (Oct., 1991), pp.275—301.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Torday, Laszlo. (1997).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Mounted Archers: The Beginnings of Central Asian History.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Durham: The Durham Academic Press.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Twitchett, Denis and Michael Loewe. (1986).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

“Han Emperors” in Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

— A.D. 220, xxxix-xli.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

EDITED by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


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List of emperors of the

ISBN0-521-24327-0. de Visser, M.W. (2003).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Dragon in China and Japan.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

ISBN0-7661-5839-X. Wang, Yu-ch'uan.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

“An Outline of the Central Government of the Former Han Dynasty,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1/2 (Jun., 1949): pp.134—187.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Wilkinson, Endymion. (1998).


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List of emperors of the

Chinese History: A Manual.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Cambridge and London: Harvard University Asia Center of the Harvard University Press.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the


Question: Who is the longest-serving king/emperor of the Han Dynasty?

List of emperors of the

Outlinks Media related to Han Dynasty at Wikimedia Commons H Category:List of Chinese figures


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Neil Alden Armstrong () is a United States astronaut, test pilot, flight technician, university professor, and Marine Aviator.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

He was the first person to walk on the Moon.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Prior to becoming an astronaut, Armstrong was a United States Navy officer and had served in the Korean War.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Postwar, he became a test pilot at the High-Speed Flight Station of the National Aviation Advisory Committee, now the Dryden Aviation Research Center, where he logged nearly 900 flights.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

He graduated from Purdue University and completed his undergraduate studies at the University of Southern California.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

As a participant in the United States Air Force's Man In Space Soonest and X-20 Dyna-Soar human space flight programs, Armstrong joined NASA's 1962 Astronaut Corps.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

His first space flight was NASA's 1966 Gemini 8 mission, for which he was his command pilot and became the first U.S. citizen in space. [1]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

On this mission, he performed the first two manned spacewalks alongside pilot David Scott.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong's second and final space flight was as commander of the July 1969 Apollo 11 moon landing mission.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

On this mission, Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin descended to the lunar surface and spent 2½ hours exploring the Moon, while Michael Collins remained in orbit inside the Command Module.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Richard Nixon with Collins and Aldrin, the Congressional Space Medal of Honor by President Jimmy Carter in 1978, and the Congressional Gold Medal in 2009.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

On August 25, 2012, Armstrong passed away in Cincinnati, Ohio, [2] at the age of 82 from complications from coronary artery blockage.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

First years Neil Armstrong was born on August 5, 1930 [3] in Wapakoneta, Ohio, to the couple Stephen Koenig Armstrong and Viola Louise Engel. [4] [5] He was of Scottish and German descent, and had two younger brothers, June and Dean.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Stephen Armstrong worked as an auditor [6] for the Ohio state government, and his family moved to 20 cities in Ohio in the first 15 years after Armstrong's birth.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

His love for flying grew in those days, beginning when his father took 2-year-old Neil to the Cleveland Air Races.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

On July 20, 1936, when he was 6 years old, Armstrong had his first taste of flying in a Ford Trimotor aircraft nicknamed “Tin Goose” with his father in Warren, Ohio. [7]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

His father's last move was to Wapakoneta (Auglaize County) of 1944, where Neil studied at Blume High School.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong began taking flying tutoring at the local county airport, and got his flying certificate at the age of 15, before getting a driver's license.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong was active in Guiding and was given the rank of Eagle Scout.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

As an adult, he was given the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award and the Silver Buffalo Award by the Boy Scouts of America. [8]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

On July 18, 1969, while flying towards the Moon inside Columbia, he greeted his friends in the Guiding movement: “I want to convey greetings to all my friends in the Guiding movement at Farragut State Park in Idaho who are following this week's National Jamboree; and Apollo11 hope the best for them.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Houston: “Thank you, Apollo11.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

I'm sure even though they don't hear it, they'll hear it through the news.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

They would really appreciate it. “[9]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

In 1947, Armstrong began studying aviation engineering at Purdue University, where he was a member of Phi Delta Theta [10] and Kappa Kappa Psi. [11]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

He was the second person in his family to attend college, and was admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), but the only engineer he knew (who also attended MIT) told him not to go to college by telling Armstrong that there was no need to go all the way to Cambridge, Massachusetts to receive a proper education. [12]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

His educational expenses were aided by the Holloway Plan — a successful registrant went on to study for two years, followed by three years of beekrja in the U.S. AL, then completed the remaining two years in college.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

At Purdue, he got an average grade on each lesson, with a GPA that went up and down for eight semesters.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

He was given a Bachelor of Science degree in aviation engineering from Purdue University in 1955, and a Master of Science in aviation engineering from the University of Southern California in 1970. [13]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong earned honorary doctorates from several universities. [14]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

The Navy Call for Armstrong from the Navy arrived January 26, 1949, which requested him report to Naval Air Station Pensacola for flight training.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

This training lasted for 18 months; by then he was considered capable of making landings on the aircraft carriers USS Cabot and USS Wright.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

On August 16, 1950, two weeks after his 20th birthday, Armstrong was sent a letter that he was declared fit to be a Marine Aviator. [15]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

His first assignment was in Fleet Aircraft Service Squadron7 at NAS San Diego (now NAS North Island).


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Two months later, he transferred to the jet squadrons of Fighter Squadron 51 (VF-51) and made his first flight using F9F-2B Panther jet aircraft on 5 January 1951.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

In June, he made his first jet landing on the USS Essex and rose in rank the same week from Midshipman to Ensign.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

By the end of the month, Essex had already sailed with VF-51 aircraft to Korea, where they served as ground attack aircraft. [16]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong performed his first mission of the Korean War on August 29, 1951 as a spy plane escort aboard Songjin. [17]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Dated September 3, 1951, Armstrong flew an armed spy plane over a major transport and storage facility south of the village of Majon-ni, west of Wonsan; as he carried out a low bombing spree at 350mph (560km/h), Armstrong's F9F Panther was fired upon by guns antiaircraft.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

While trying to take control of the aircraft, Armstrong crashed into a pylon at an altitude of 20 feet (6.1m), which tore off the Panther's right wing three feet long. [18]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong was able to bring the aircraft home, but because his ailerons were destroyed, self-catapulting was the only option to survive.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

He planned to catapult himself over the waters and wait for an AL rescue helicopter, and was flown to an airfield near Pohang, too bad his jump seat was blown ashore. [19]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

His roommate from flight school picked up Armstrong using a jeep; no longer known the fate of the carcass of No. 125122 F9F-2. [20]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong flew 78 missions over Korea over 121 hours, mostly in January 1952.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

He was awarded the Air Medal for 20 battle missions, the Gold Star for the next 20, and the Korean Service Medal and Engagement Star. [21]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong left the AL at the age of 22 on August 23, 1952 and became a Lieutenant, Junior Grade in the United States Naval Reserve Forces.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

He resigned from the AL Reserve Forces on 21 October 1960. [22]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

As a test pilot, Armstrong became a project pilot for the F-100 Super Sabre A and C variants, F-101 Voodoo, and Lockheed F-104A Starfighter.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

He also flew the Bell X-1B, Bell X-5, North American X-15, F-105 Thunderchief, F-106 Delta Dart, B-47 Stratojet, KC-135 Stratotanker, and was one of eight elite pilots involved in the paraglider research vehicle (Paresev) program.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

College days After serving for the Navy, Armstrong returned to Purdue and managed the best marks in the next four semesters.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

The eventual GPA was 4.8 short of the highest score of 6.0. [23]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

He entered Phi Delta Theta fraternity after returning home and wrote and directed his musicals as part of student showmanship; he was also a member of the Kappa Kappa Psi National Honorary Band Fraternity and a baritone player in the Purdue All-American Marching Band.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong graduated in 1955 with a Bachelor's degree in aviation engineering. [22]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

While attending college at Purdue, he met Janet Elizabeth Shearon, who was studying in home economics.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

According to both, they were not actually dating, and neither of them recalled any details of their engagement, except that the engagement occurred when Armstrong was working at NACA's Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

They married January 28, 1956 at Congregational Church in Wilmette, Illinois.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

When she moved to Edwards Air Force Base, she lived in the undergraduate quarter of the base, while Janet lived in the Westwood district of Los Angeles.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

After one semester, they moved to a new home in Antelope Valley.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Janet never graduated from college, something she regretted in her life. [24]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

The couple is endowed with three children: Eric, Karen, and Mark. [25]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

In June 1961, Karen was diagnosed with a malignant tumor in the central part of her brain; X-ray treatment slowed her growth, but her health deteriorated to the point when she could no longer afford to walk or talk.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Karen died from pneumonia, related to her weakened health, on January 28, 1962. [26]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong then completed his Master of Science lectureship in aviation engineering at the University of Southern California. [3]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Test pilot After graduating from Purdue, Armstrong decided to become an experimental research test pilot.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

He applied to the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics High-Speed Flight Station at Edwards Air Force Base; although they did not open vacancies, they forwarded his registration to Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory in Cleveland, Ohio, where Armstrong worked at Lewis Field in March 1955. [27]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong's career in Cleveland was only a few months away, and by July 1955, he returned to Edwards AFB for his new job. [28]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

On his first day at Edwards, Armstrong got his first assignment, which was to fly a hunter aircraft during the launch of a test aircraft that was a modification of the bomber aircraft.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

He also flew modifications of the bomber aircraft, and on one of these missions, he had his first flying incident at Edwards.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrongg was in the right seat of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress on March 22, 1956, [29] whose job was to discharge the Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket in mid-air.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong became the pilot in the right seat, while commander Stan Butchart, in the left seat, flew the B-29. [30]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

When it climbed to an altitude of 30,000 feet (9.1km), engine number four stopped and its propeller began to rotate freely following the airflow.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Despite already pressing a button that would stop the rotation of the propeller, Butchart saw the propeller slow down and start spinning again, this time faster than the other engines; if it spun too fast, the propeller would come loose.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Their plane requires an airspeed of 210mph (338km/h) to launch its Skyrocket payload, and the B-29 cannot land with the Skyrocket attached to its belly.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong and Butchart brought the plane down vertically to add speed, and then launched the Skyrocket.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Shortly after launch, the propeller of the number four engine came loose.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

The splinter damaged engine number three and hit engine number two.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Butchart and Armstrong were forced to shut down engine number three because it was broken, and engine number two because of the torque it created.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

They descended turning slowly from a height of 30,000ft (9,000m) utilizing engine number two alone, and landed safely. [31]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong's first flight by rocket aircraft was on 15 August 1957 using a Bell X-1B towards an altitude of 11.4 miles (18.3km).


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

The aircraft's nose landing wheel broke during landing, which had already happened on 12 previous Bell X-1B flights as a result of the aircraft's draft. [32]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

He then flew the North American X-15; Armstrong was able to fly it seven times before September 1962, and on his prefinal X-15 flight, he reached an altitude of 207,500 feet (63.2km). [32]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong was involved in a number of incidents summarized in the bird tidings at Edwards and/or recorded in the recollections of his colleagues.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

The first incident was the X-15 flight of April 20, 1962, when Armstrong tested his own adjustment control system.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

It flew to an altitude of 207,000 feet (63km), its highest before flying with Gemini 8, but the nose of the aircraft was too long raised as it descended, and the X-15 was catapulted back into the atmosphere to an altitude of 140,000ft (43km).


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

At such altitudes, the atmosphere is so thin that its aerodynamic surface gives nothing of effect.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

He flew across the landing pad at Mach3 speed (2,000mph, or 3,200km/h), at an altitude of 100,000 feet (30km), and landed 40miles (64km) south of Edwards (supposedly he said he flew until the Rose Bowl stadium).


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

After descending to a sufficient height, he twisted back into the landing area, and managed to land without hitting Joshua trees at the southern end.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

That's the longest X-15 flight both in terms of time and distance on the ground. [33]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Four days later, Armstrong was involved in a second incident, when he flew for just once with Chuck Yeager.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Their task, with the Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star, was to evaluate Smith Ranch Dry Lake for wear as an X-15 emergency landing site.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

In his autobiography, Yeager wrote that he knew the riverbed was not suitable for landing after recent rains, but Armstrong forced the flight.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

As they tried to touch-and-fly, the wheels were embedded and they had to wait to be rescued.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong gave another version of the story, which is that Yeager never tried to tell him and they managed to land on the east side of the lake.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Then Yeager told him to try again, this time rather slowly.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

On the second landing, they were trapped and according to Armstrong, Yeager laughed out loud. [34]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Many test pilots at Edwards praised Armstrong's engineering abilities.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Milt Thompson said that Armstrong was “the technically most capable man of all the early X-15 pilots.”


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Bill Dana said Armstrong “had a mind that absorbed everything like a sponge”.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Those who've flown for AU tend to have different opinions, specifically Chuck Yeager and Pete Knight who don't have engineering degrees.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Knight said that the technicians flew in a way that was “more mechanical than real flying,” and called this a reason why a number of pilot-technicians were exposed to a problem: their flying ability did not come naturally. [35]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Dated May 21, 1962, Armstrong was implicated in the “Nellis Scandal”.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

He was sent to inspect Delamar Dry Lake using a Lockheed F-104 Starfighter for an emergency landing.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

He mistook the altitude, and was unaware that his landing wheel had not been fully ejected.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

As he landed, the wheels began to re-enter.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong used full power to not so land, but the ventral fin and landing wheel door hit the ground, thereby damaging the radio and removing hydraulic fluid.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Without radio communication, Armstrong flew to Nellis Air Force Base, passed a watchtower, and wiggled his wings as a landing signal without a radio.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Loss of hydraulic fluid resulted in the tail of the aircraft coming loose, and upon landing, it held a holding cable connected to the main chain, and stretched it along the runway. [36]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

It will take thirty minutes to empty the grounding and install the anchoring cable.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong contacted Edwards and asked that someone pick him up.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Milt Thompson was delivered with the F-104B aircraft, his existing two-seat one-on-one aircraft, but had never flown Thompson.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

With great difficulty, Thompson managed to reach Nellis, but a strong cross wind resulted in a hard landing that it blew up the left main wheel.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

The runway was reclosed to be vacated, and Bill Dana was sent to Nellis on a T-33 Shooting Star aircraft, and he nearly landed long — and the Nellis base operations office decided that to prevent subsequent problems, it was better to repatriate the ground crew of the three NASA pilots to Edwards. [36]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong flew seven times with the X-15.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

He once reached an altitude of 207,500 feet (63.2km) with an X-15-3, [37] and a speed of Mach5.74 (4,000mph or 6,615km/h) with an X-15-1; he left the Dryden Flight Research Center with a total of 2,400 flying hours. [38]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Throughout his career, he has flown more than 200 aircraft models. [13]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Astronaut career It is unclear as to the defining moments in Armstrong's decision to become an astronaut


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

In 1958, he was selected to join the Man In Space Soonest program by the U.S. Air Force.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

In November 1960, Armstrong was selected as part of a pilot consulting group for the Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar, a military spacecraft; and on 15 March 1962, he was declared one of six pilot-technicians who would fly the aircraft once it was completed. [39]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

In the months following the announcement that forms had been sent for a second group of NASA astronauts, Armstrong grew increasingly intrigued by the prospects of the Apollo program and the investigation of new flight environments.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong's astronaut form came a week after the June 1, 1962 deadline, but Dick Day, Armstrong's close friend while working at Edwards, who worked at the Manned Spacecraft Center, learned of the late arrival of the form and slipped it into the application stack without being caught. [40]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

At Brooks City-Base in late June, Armstrong underwent medical tests that other registrants said were painful and seemed pointless. [41]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Deke Slayton called Armstrong of September 13, 1962 and asked if he was interested in joining the NASA Astronaut Corps as part of the “New Nine”; without hesitation, Armstrong said yes.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

The selection was still kept secret until three days later, although newspaper reports had appeared earlier that he would be selected as the “first civilian astronaut”. [42]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong was one of two civilian pilots selected for the second group, another being Elliot See, who was also a Marine Aviator like Armstrong. [1]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Armstrong did not become the first civilian to fly in space, as Russia had launched the Vostok 6 of June 16, 1963 transporting Valentina Tereshkova, a textile worker and amateur parachutist. [43]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Gemini program Gemini 8 The division of Gemini8 crew duties was announced September 20, 1965, with Armstrong as Command Pilot and David Scott as Pilot.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Scott was the first member of the third group of astronauts to receive the highest crew assignment.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

The mission was launched March 16, 1966; the mission was the most complicated, with reencounters and recaptions with the unmanned Agena target vehicle, the second American vehicle outward activity by Scott.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

In total, the mission is planned to last for 75 hours and 55 orbits.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

After the Agena lifted off at 10am EST, the Titan II transporting Armstrong and Scott glided at 11:41:02 EST, putting them in the right orbit to pursue Agena. [44]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

The first re-encounter and recapitulation between the two spacecraft were successfully completed after 6.5 hours in orbit. [45]


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

Contact with the crew was interrupted due to the sheer number of tracking stations covering their entire orbit.


Question: Who designed the world's first astronaut suit?

Neil Armstrong

As a result of losing contact with the ground crew, the docked plane began to roll, and Armstrong was willing to correct it with the Orbital Attitude and Maneuvering System (OAMS) on the Gemini aircraft.