Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

This situation has allowed Soeharto to become President of the Republic of Indonesia for six periods, since during the New Order the president was elected by the members of the Assembly.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

In addition any accountability, draft laws, and other proposals from the government always get the approval of the Assembly and Parliament without record.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The Dual Role (Dwi Function) of ABRI During the New Order, ABRI became the most important institution in Indonesia.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

In addition to being an armed force, the ABRI also holds political functions, making it the largest political organization in the country.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The dual role of ABRI is then famous as Dwi Function ABRI.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The onset of the dual role of ABRI due to the thought that the military is a warrior and army fighter.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The position of the military and the police in the government is the same. in the Assembly and Parliament they got a seat allotment by way of appointment without going through elections.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Consideration of appointment of MPR/DPR members from ABRI is based on their function as a stabilitator and dynamisator.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The role of dynamisator has actually been played by ABRI since the days of the War of Independence.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

At that time General Soedirman had done so by continuing the struggle, although the leader of the government had been detained by the Dutch.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Likewise what Soeharto did when it saved the nation from schism after the 30 September Movement, which gave birth to the New Order.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The system provoked controversy in ABRI's own body. [16]


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Many officers, particularly those who are young, consider that this system reduces the professionality of ABRI. [16]


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The inclusion of social and political education within military academies resulted in reduced time studying military strategy. [16]


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

In strength, ABRI has also become weak compared to other Southeast Asian countries. [16]


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

At that time, there were only 533,000 ABRI soldiers, including Police who were still part of ABRI. [16]


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

This figure, which covers only 0.15 percent of the total population, is very small compared to Singapore (2.06%), Thailand (0.46%), and Malaysia (0.68%). [16]


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The funding obtained by ABRI is no less small, only about 1.96% of total GDP, while Singapore's armed forces get 5.48% and Thailand 3.26%. [16]


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

In addition, the equipment and supplies it has are also few; ABRI has only 100 large tanks and 160 light tanks. [16]


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Pancasila (P4) Guidelines on April 12, 1976 President Soeharto put forward the idea of guidelines for preserving and practicing Pancasila, famous as Ekaprasatya Pancakarsa or Pancasila Preservation and Practicing Pancasila (P4).


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

To support the implementation of Pancasila and the 1945 Basic Law purely and consequently, since 1978 the government has organized a thorough regulation of P4 in all walks of life.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The implementation of P4 aims to form a common understanding of Pancasila democracy, so that with the same understanding of Pancasila and the 1945 Basic Law is expected that national unity and unity will be established and maintained.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Through such affirmation the opinion of the people will lead to strong support of the New Order government.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

So since 1985 the government made Pancasila as the sole principle in organizational life.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

All forms of organization should not use the principle other than Pancasila.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Rejecting Pancasila as a single principle is a betrayal of the life of the nation and state.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Thus Penataran P4 is a form of ideological indoctrination, and Pancasila becomes part of the personality system, cultural system, and social system of Indonesian society.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Pancasila represents the highest achievement of the New Order, and hence all other achievements are attributed to the name Pancasila.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Starting from Pancasila economic system, Pancasila press, Pancasila industrial relations, Pancasila democracy, and so on.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Pancasila is considered to have a sanctity that should not be debated.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Structuring Foreign Politics During the New Order of Indonesia's free active foreign politics was restored again.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

MPR issued a number of decrees that became the cornerstone of Indonesian foreign politics.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The implementation of Indonesian foreign politics should be based on national interests, such as national development, prosperity of the people, truth, and justice.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Returned a member of the United Nations On 28 September 1966 Indonesia was again a member of the United Nations (UN).


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The decision to return to becoming a member of the United Nations was because the government was aware that many benefits were obtained by Indonesia during becoming a member in 1955-1964.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Indonesia's return to being a member of the United Nations was welcomed by other Asian countries even by the UN itself.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

This was demonstrated by the selection of Adam Malik as Speaker of the United Nations General Assembly for the term of the session in 1974.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

And Indonesia also restored relations with a number of countries such as India, Thailand, Australia, and other countries that had been stretched due to the political confrontation of the Old Order.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Normalization of Relations with Other Countries Restoration of Relations with Singapore With the Ambassador of Pakistan to Myanmar, Habibur Rachman, Indonesia's relations with Singapore were successfully restored.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

On 2 June 1966 the Indonesian government delivered a memorandum of recognition for the Republic of Singapore to Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Then the Singapore government delivered a memorandum of answer willingness to hold diplomatic relations with Indonesia.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Restoration of Relations with Malaysia Normalization of Indonesia's relations with Malaysia began with the holding of negotiations in Bangkok on 29 May - 1 June 1966 which resulted in the Bangkok Agreement.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The content of the agreement was: The people of Sabah were given the opportunity to reaffirm the decision they had taken regarding their standing within the Federation of Malaysia.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The governments of both sides agreed on the restoration of diplomatic relations.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Acts of hostility between the two sides will be stopped.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

And on 11 August 1966 the signatories to the restoration of Indonesia-Malaysia relations were signed in Jakarta by Adam Malik (Indonesia) and Tun Abdul Razak (Malaysia).


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Freezing Relations with the RRT On 1 October 1967 the Government of the Republic of Indonesia froze diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China (RRT).


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The decision was made because the RRT had interfered in Indonesian domestic affairs by providing assistance to the 30 September Movement for preparation, implementation, and after the uprising.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

In addition, the Indonesian government was disappointed by the acts of terror committed by the Chinese people against buildings, treasures, and members of the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Peking.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The RRT government has also provided protection to figures of the 30 September Movement abroad, as well as overtly supporting the re-rise of the Indonesian Communist Party.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Through its mass media the RRT has conducted a campaign attacking the New Order.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

On 30 October 1967, the Indonesian Government officially closed its Embassy in Peking.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Structuring Economic Life Stabilization and Economic Rehabilitation To overcome the chaotic state of the economy as a relic of the Old Order government, the New Order government undertook measures: Renew economic, financial, and development policies.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

This policy is based on MPRS Decree No. XXIII/MPRS/1966.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

MPRS issued a line of development programs, namely rescue programs as well as stabilization and rehabilitation programs.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Government programs are directed at national economic rescue efforts, especially economic stabilization and rehabilitation.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

What is meant by economic stabilization means controlling inflation so that the prices of goods do not jump steadily.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Economic rehabilitation is the physical improvement of economic facilities and infrastructure.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The essence of this policy is the development of a planning economic system that ensures the development of economic democracy in the direction of the realization of a fair and prosperous society based on Pancasila.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The steps taken by Ampera Cabinet referring to the MPRS decree are: Breaking down economic congestion and improving sectors that cause congestion.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

As for what causes the economic bottleneck is: Low state acceptance.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

High and inefficient state expenditure.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Too much and inefficient bank credit expansion.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Too much in arrears on foreign debt.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The use of foreign exchange for imports is often less oriented to infrastructure needs.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Debureaucracy to smooth economic activities Oriented to the interests of small producers To carry out these rescue measures, the New Order government went a way: Conducting tax operations Implementing a new tax voting system, good for individual income nor wealth by calculating one's own taxes and calculating people's taxes.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Save government expenditures (consumable and routine expenditures), as well as abolishing subsidies for State enterprises.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Restrict bank credit and abolish imported credit.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

This stabilization program is carried out by stemming the rate of inflation.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The New Order government managed to stem the rate of inflation at the end of 1967—1968, but the price of basic necessities rose soared.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

After the formation of the Development Cabinet in July 1968, the government shifted its economic policy to strict control of the price of goods, especially food, and foreign exchange rates.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Since then the national economy has been relatively stable, because the increase in prices of basic materials and foreign exchange since 1969 can be controlled by the government.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The rehabilitation program is carried out by seeking to restore the ability to produce.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

During the last ten years of the reign of the Old Order, Indonesia suffered paralysis and damage to social and economic infrastructure.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Village crediting institutions, cooperative movements, and banking are abused and used as tools of power by certain groups and interest groups.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The impact is that state institutions cannot carry out their functions as a constituent of improvement of people's life system.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Foreign Cooperation Tokyo Meeting In addition to bequeathing a very severe economic state, the Old Order administration also bequeathed a huge foreign debt, which reached 2.2 - 2.7 billion, so the New Order government asked creditor countries to be able to delay repayment Indonesia's debt.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

On 19—20 September 1966 the Indonesian government entered into negotiations with creditor countries in Tokyo.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The Indonesian government will undertake that foreign exchange exports obtained by Indonesia will be used to pay debts that will subsequently be used to import raw materials.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

This received a kind response from creditor countries.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The negotiations continued in Paris, France and the following agreement was reached: Payment of principal debt was carried out for 30 years, from 1970 to 1999.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Payments are executed in installments, with annual installments of equal magnitude.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

During the time the installment is not subject to interest.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Payment of debts is implemented on the basis of nondiscriminatory principles, both against the creditor country and against the nature or purpose of the credit.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Amsterdam Meeting on February 23-24, 1967, negotiations were held in Amsterdam, Netherlands aimed at talking about Indonesia's need for foreign aid as well as the possibility of providing assistance with paid conditions, which is then known as IGGI (Intergovernmental Group for Indonesia).


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The Indonesian government took such steps to meet its needs for the implementation of economic stabilization and rehabilitation programs as well as preparation for development.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

In addition to the efforts of foreign assistance, the government has also tried to hold a suspension and lighten the terms of rescheduling the debts of the Old Order relics.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Through the meeting the Indonesian government managed to strive foreign aid.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

National Development Trilogy Development After successfully restoring the political condition of the Indonesian nation, then the next step taken by the New Order government is to implement national development.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The national development pursued by the government of that time was realized through Short-Term Development and Long-Term Development.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Short Term Building is designed through Five Year Development (Pelita).


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Each Pelita has a development mission in order to achieve the level of welfare of the people of Indonesia.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

While Long-Term Development covers a period of 25-30 years.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

National development is a series of continuous development efforts covering all aspects of community life, nation, and State.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

National development is carried out in an effort to realize the national goals written in the opening of the 1945 Constitution, namely: Protecting all the nation and all spilled Indonesia Improving the general welfare of the nation Participates in implementing world order based on independence, eternal peace and social justice The implementation of National Development implemented by the New Order government is guided by the Development Trilogy and the Eight pathways of Equalization.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

At the heart of both guidelines is well-being for all walks of life in a stable political and economic atmosphere.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The content of the Development Trilogy is: Equalization of development and its results towards the creation of social justice for all people.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Pretty high economic growth.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Healthy and dynamic national stability.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

And the Eight Line of Equalization launched by the New Order government is: Equalization of the fulfillment of the basic needs of the people, especially food, clothing and housing.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Equalization of obtaining educational opportunities and health services Equalization of revenue sharing.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Equalization of job opportunities Equalization of opportunities seeks Equalization of opportunities to participate in development, especially for the younger generation and women.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The equalization of the spread of development throughout the territory of the Fatherland The equalization of the opportunity of obtaining justice.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Implementation of National Development As already mentioned in advance that National Development is realized through Short-Term Development and Long-Term Development.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

And Short-Term Development is designed through the Five Year Development program (Pelita).


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

During the New Order period, the government has implemented six Pelita namely: Pelita I Pelita I was implemented from April 1, 1969 to March 31, 1974, and became the initial basis for the construction of the New Order period.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Pelita I's goal is to improve the living standards of the people and at the same time lay the foundations for the next stage of development.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The goals are food, clothing, improvement of public housing infrastructure, employment expansion, and spiritual welfare.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The heavy point is the development of agriculture in accordance with the goal of pursuing economic backwardness through the process of renewal of agriculture, since the majority of the Indonesian population still lives from agricultural produce.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Pelita II Pelita II started running from April 1, 1974 to March 31, 1979.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The main goal of Pelita II is the availability of food, clothing, housing, infrastructure facilities, prospering the people, and expanding employment opportunities.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The implementation of Pelita II was seen as quite successful.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

At the beginning of the New Order government inflation reached 60% and by the end of Pelita I inflation was successfully suppressed to 47%.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

And in the fourth year of Pelita II inflation fell to 9.5%.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Pelita III Pelita III was held on April 1, 1979 to March 31, 1984.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The implementation of Pelita III is still guided by the Development Trilogy, with the heavy point of development is the equalization known as the Eight Paths of Equalization.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Pelita IV Pelita IV was held on April 1, 1984 to March 31, 1989.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The heavy point of Pelita IV is the agricultural sector to go towards food self-sufficiency, and increase industries that can produce their own industrial machinery.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

And in the midst of the development in Pelita IV, namely the beginning of 1980 there was a recession.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

To maintain the continuity of economic development, the government issues monetary and fiscal policies.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

And national development can take hold.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Pelita V Pelita V began April 1, 1989 to March 31, 1994.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

In this Pelita development is emphasized in agriculture and industry sectors.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

In those days Indonesia's economic condition was well positioned, with economic growth of around 6.8% per annum.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Foreign trade positions expose an encouraging picture.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The increase in exports is better than before.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Pelita VI Pelita VI began April 1, 1994 until March 31, 1999.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The development program in Pelita VI is emphasized on the economic sector related to industry and agriculture, as well as improving the quality of human resources as its support.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The economic sector is seen as a driver of development.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

But in this period there was a monetary crisis that hit Southeast Asian countries including Indonesia.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Due to the monetary crisis and domestic political events disrupting the economy has caused the development process to be hampered, and also led to the collapse of the New Order government.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Chinese citizens Citizens of Chinese descent are also prohibited from expression.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Since 1967, hereditary citizens are considered foreign nationals in Indonesia and their standing is subordinated to indigenous citizens, which indirectly also removes their human rights.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Openly performing arts, the celebration of Chinese holidays, and the use of Chinese are prohibited, although later this is fought by the Indonesian Chinese community especially from the traditional Chinese medicine community because the banning of them will have an impact on the prescription of the medicine they create one that can only be written in Chinese.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

They went to the Supreme Court and finally the Attorney General of Indonesia at that time gave permission with a note that Indonesian Chinese promised no power to rebel and overthrow the Indonesian government.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The only Mandarin-language newspaper allowed to publish is Harian Indonesia whose articles are written in Indonesian.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The daily is managed and supervised by the Indonesian military in this case it is ABRI although some Chinese Indonesians work also there.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Traditional Chinese religion is forbidden.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

As a result the Conghucu religion lost government recognition.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The New Order government quibbled that Chinese citizens whose population when it reached approximately 5 million of the entire Indonesian people feared that it would spread the influence of communism in the country.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

In fact, the fact says that most of them work as merchants, which is of course contrary to what communism teaches, which proscribes trade to be carried out.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The Chinese are kept out of practical political life.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Some chose to avoid the political world out of fear for her safety.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Post-New Order Rifts Conflict During the New Order the government was very prioritizing the unity of the Indonesian nation.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Every day mass media such as radio and television chant the slogan “unity and unity of the nation”.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

One way done by the government is to increase transmigration from densely populated areas such as Java, Bali and Madura to outside Java, especially to Kalimantan, Sulawesi, East Timor, and Irian Jaya.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

But the negative impact that is not taken into account of the program is the marginalization of the local population and jealousy towards the population of arrivals who get much government assistance.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Allegations arose that the transmigration program was equal to the jawanization that was anti-Javanese sentiment in various regions, although not all transmigrants were Javanese.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

At the beginning of the Reform Era these latent conflicts burst into the open among others in the form of the Ambon conflict and the Madura-Dayak conflict in Borneo. [17]


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Meanwhile, the turmoil in Papua provoked by a sense of being treated unfairly in profit-sharing of natural resources management, was also amplified by dislike for transmigrants.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The advantages of the New Order Government System The development of GDP per capita Indonesia which in 1968 was only US$70 and in 1996 had reached more than US$1,565 Successful transmigration Successful KB Successful fight against illiteracy Successful food self-sufficiency Minimum unemployment Success REPELITA (Development Plan Five Years) Successful Mandatory Learning Movement Success National Movement of Foster Parents Successful domestic security Foreign investors want to instill capital in Indonesia Successfully cultivate a sense of nationalism and love of domestic products Shortages New Order Government System The vibrant corruption, collusion, Indonesia's uneven development nepotism and the development gap between the center and the region, partly due to regional wealth largely sucked to the center The emergence of discontent in a number of regions due to the development gap, especially in Aceh and Papua Jealousy between locals and transmigrants who obtained considerable government benefits in their first years Increased social disparity (uneven income disparity for the rich and the poor) Human rights violations to non-indigenous people (especially Chinese society) Criticism was silenced and opposition forbidden Freedom of the press was very limited, coloured by many bredeled newspapers and magazines The use of violence to create security, among others with the program “Mysterious Shooting” No succession plan (decline of power to next government/president) Declining quality of Indonesian bureaucracy that contracted the disease Origin Mr. Glad, this is the most fatal mistake of the New Order because without an effective bureaucracy the country would have been destroyed.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The decline in the quality of the army because the elite level is too busy in politics so pay less attention to the welfare of the men.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The dominant economic player is that more than 70% of the country's wealth assets are held by private Asian financial crisis In mid-1997, Indonesia was struck by the Asian financial and economic crisis (for more clarity see: Asian financial crisis), accompanied by the worst drought in the past 50 years and prices oil, gas and other export commodities are increasingly falling.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The rupiah fell, inflation rose sharply, and capital displacement accelerated.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

The protesters, initially led by students, called for Soeharto's resignation.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Amid the widespread turmoil of mass anger, Soeharto resigned on May 21, 1998, three months after the Assembly inducted him for his seventh term of service.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Soeharto then chose the Vice President, B. J. Habibie, to be Indonesia's third president.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Post-New Order Soeharto's retreat from office in 1998 can be said to be a sign of the eventual New Order, to be later superseded “Reform Era”.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Still the presence of important figures during the New Order in the ranks of government during the Reformation often leads some to say that the New Order is still not over.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Hence the Reform Era or Reform Order is often referred to as the “Post-New Order Era”.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

Although overwhelmed by ethnic unrest and the detachment of East Timor, the transformation from the New Order to the Reform Era went relatively smoothly compared to other countries such as the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

This is not separated from the role of Habibie who managed to lay a new foundation that proved to be sturdier and stronger facing the changing times.


Question: Who was the president of Indonesia at the time of the New Order?

New Order

See also Old Order Riots in May 1998 Trisakti Tragedy Tragedy New Order New Order Figures Cases of alleged corruption Soeharto Reference CS1 library list maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Category:History Indonesia


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Muara Takus Temple Site is a Buddhist temple site located in Muara Takus village, District XIII Koto, Kampar Regency, Riau, Indonesia.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The site is approximately 135 kilometers from Pekanbaru City.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The Muara Takus Temple site is surrounded by a wall measuring 74 x 74 meters, made of white stone with a wall height of ± 80cm, outside the area there is also an earthen wall measuring 1.5 x 1.5 kilometers, surrounding this complex to the edge of Kampar Kanan River.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

In this complex there are several temple buildings called the eldest temple, Bungsu Temple, Mahligai Stupa and Palangka.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The ancient experts have not been able to determine exactly when the temple site was established.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Some say 4th century, some say 7th century, 9th century even in 11th century.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

However, this temple is considered to have existed during the golden age of Sriwijaya, so some historians consider this area to be one of the governmental centers of the kingdom of Sriwijaya. [1] [2] In 2009 Muara Takus Temple was nominated to become one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Site description Muara Takus Temple is the oldest temple site in Sumatra, is the only historical relic site in Riau.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

This Buddhist temple is evidence that Buddhism once flourished in the region.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The temple is made of sandstone, river stone and brick.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Unlike the existing temples in Java, which are made from andesite stones taken from the mountains.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The materials of Muara Takus Temple, particularly clay, were taken from a village called Pongkai, located approximately 6km downstream of the Muara Takus Temple site.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The name Pongkai is likely derived from Chinese, Pong berati pit and Kai means soil, so it can mean ground pit, which resulted from excavation in the making of the Muara Takus Temple.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The former excavation pit has now been sunk by the inundation of the Koto Panjang Hydropower reservoir.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

But in Siamese, the word Pongkai is similar to Pangkali which can mean river, and the temple site is indeed located on the banks of the river.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The main building in the complex is a large, tower-shaped stupa made mostly of brick and a small part of yellow sandstone.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Inside the Muara Takus Temple site there are temple buildings called Old Temple, Bungsu Temple, Stupa Mahligai and Palangka.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

In addition to the building in the temple complex was found also a mound that is thought to be a burning place of human bones.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

While outside this site there are also buildings (former) made of bricks, which cannot be ascertained the type of building.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Mahligai Temple Mahligai Temple or Stupa Mahligai, is the most intact temple building.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The building is divided into three parts, namely the legs, the body, and the roof.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The stupa has a rectangular berplan foundation and measures 9.44 m x 10.6 m, and has 28 sides surrounding the temple plinth with the entrance being to the South.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

On the plinth there is a double lotus ornament, and at the center stands a cylindric tower building with 36 petal-shaped sides at its base.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The upper part of the building is circular.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

According to Snitger, in the first four corners of the foundation there were 4 lion statues in a sitting position made of andesite stone.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

In addition, based on research conducted by Yzerman, in the past, there was a stone with oval leaf paintings and reliefs around it.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The building is thought to have undergone two stages of development.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The conjecture in is based on the fact that inside the foot of the building now lies the foot profile of the old building before the building was enlarged.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Old Temple Tua Temple or Sulung Temple is the largest building among other buildings within the Muara Takus Temple site.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The leg part is divided in half.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The size of the first leg is 2.37 m high while the second has a height of 1.98 m.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The entrance staircase is on the West side and the East side decorated with lion statues.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The width of each staircase is 3.08 m and 4 m.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Judging from the rest of the building the base has the shape of a circle with a center line ± 7 m and a height of 2.50 m.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The size of the foundation of this temple building is 31.65 m x 20.20 m.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The foundation of the temple has 36 sides surrounding part of the base.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The upper part of the building is a roundabout.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

There is no empty space at all in the interior of the Sulung Temple.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The building is made of brick arrangement with sandstone additions that are only used to create the corners of the building, pilasters, and the lower framing framing temples with the foot body and the foot body barrier with the upper framing of the foot.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Based on 1983 research it is known that the temple has at least undergone two stages of development.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Indications regarding this can be seen from the presence of a building profile enclosed by another wall whose profile shape is different.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Bungsu Temple Bungsu Temple in shape is not much different from Sulung Temple.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

It's just that on the top is rectangular.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

It stands to the west of Mahligai Temple with a size of 13.20 x 16.20 meters.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

On the east there are small stupas and there is a staircase made of white stone.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The foundation part of the building has 20 sides, with a plane above it.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

In the field there is a lotus.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The study, conducted by Yzerman, managed to find a hole in the periphery of the stupa padmasana in which there is soil and ash.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

In the ground are obtained three pieces of gold and one more piece is at the bottom of the pit, which is scraped with pictures of tricula and three Nagari letters.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Under the hole, a square piece of stone was found on its lower side turned out to be scratched with a picture of a tricula and nine pieces of letters.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The building is divided into two parts according to the type of material used.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Appropriately half of the buildings of the North section are made of sandstone, while the southern half of the buildings are made of brick.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The boundary between the two parts follows the shape of the building profile made of sandstone.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

This indicates that part of the building made of sandstone had been completed then added part of the building made of brick.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Palangka Temple The temple building is located on the east side of Stupa Mahligai with a temple body size of 5.10 m x 5.7 m with a height of about two meters.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The temple is made of brick, and has an entrance facing towards the north.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Palangka temple in the past was allegedly used as an altar.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The architecture of Muara Takus Temple is one of the sacred buildings of Buddhism in Riau.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Characteristic that indicates the sacred building is a Buddhist building is a stupa.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The stupa form itself dates back to early Indian art, almost an artificial hill boy that is semicircular enclosed with brick or hoard and given a meru peak.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Stupas are characteristic of sacred buildings of Buddhism and capricious form and function in its history in India and in the rest of the world of Buddhism.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Based on its function the stupa can be distinguished into three, namely: Stupa which is part of something building.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The stupas are standing alone or in groups but each as a complete building.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Stupa which is complementary to the group as the temple of the perwara.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Based on the above function it can be concluded that the buildings in the Muara Takus Temple complex occupy the function of the second, which is a stupa that stands alone or in groups but each as a complete building.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The architecture of Muara Takus Temple stupa building itself is unique because it is not found anywhere else in Indonesia.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The shape of this temple has similarities with Buddhist stupas in Myanmar, stupas in Vietnam, Sri Lanka or ancient stupas in India in the Ashoka period, which are stupas that have ornaments of a wheel and a lion's head, almost the same as the statues found in the temple complex of Muara Takus.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The lion statue itself is philosophically an element of temple decoration that symbolizes the good aspect that can defeat the evil aspect or the 'bright' aspect that can defeat the 'evil' aspect.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

In Buddhist teachings the motif of the lion decoration can be linked in meaning to the Buddha, this is evident from the epithet given to the Buddha as 'the lion of the Sakya family'.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

As well as the teachings conveyed by the Buddha is also called a 'voice' (simhanada) which is heard loudly throughout the eyes of the wind.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

In the Silpa Prakasa script it is written that there are four types of well-regarded lions, among others: Udyatā: a lion depicted on both hind legs, its body in a flipping position and looking back.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

This attitude is called simhavalokana.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Jāgrata: a lion depicted with a very savage face (mattarūpina).


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

He behaved sitting with his paws raised upwards.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Often called khummana simha.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Udyatā: a lion depicted in a seated stance with hind legs and usually placed on top of somewhere high.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Famous for the designation jhmpa-simha.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Gajakrānta: the lion depicted sitting with its three legs on top of the elephant king.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

His one front leg was raised in front of his chest as if ready to pounce.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

This lion is called simha ujara.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

In the Muara Takus Temple complex itself there are two temples that have lion statues, namely Sulung Temple and Mahligai Temple.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

In the Sulung temple a lion statue is found in front of the temple or on the entrance steps of the temple.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

In Mahligai Temple lion statues are found in all four corners of its foundation.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The placement of this lion statue, based on a concept derived from Indian culture, is intended to safeguard the sacred building from evil influences because the lion is a symbol of the power of light or good.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Based on the research of R. D.M. Verbeck and E. Th. van Delden it is alleged that the Estuary Takus Temple building was formerly a Buddhist building consisting of a monastery and several temples.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The background of the establishment of the Temple is a sacred building that flourished during the Hindu-Buddhist period.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

This sacred building was made as a means of worship for the goddesses of Hinduism as well as Buddhism.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Hinduism and Buddhism originated in India so the concept used in the erection of a sacred building is the same as the concept developed and used in India, namely the concept of holy water.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Sacred buildings must be near water that is considered sacred.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The water was later used as a means in ritual ceremonies.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The role of water is not only used for ritual ceremonies only, but is technically also necessary in the construction as well as the maintenance and survival of the building itself.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The erection of a sacred building in a place is indeed the potential to be considered sacred, and not the building whose potential is considered sacred.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

So in the effort to erect a sacred building artists always pay attention to the potential sanctity of a place where the building will be erected.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

In order to maintain and maintain the sanctity of a place, it must be maintained the area around the central point of the building or Brahmasthana as well as the four points of the wind where the deity Lokapala (guardian of the wind eye) is located to protect and secure the area as Wastupurusamandala i.e. the fusion of the occult and the real realm.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Then there were various ceremonies to purify the land.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

In this case water plays a role during the ceremony, because water besides purifying also to fertilize the area.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

So in the effort to erect a sacred building, in addition to the potential sanctity of the land that needs to be considered is the presence or availability of water in the area.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

This is the same as the concept of Indian culture which states that the existence of the meru mountain as the abode of the gods is accompanied by the seven seas.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

So reasonably and generally it can be known that the erection of most sacred buildings in place is always near the water.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The geographical state of Sumatra which has a large river flow strongly supports the concept of Indian culture.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

With the presence of a large river flow water is easily obtained for the purposes of ritual ceremonies.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

In addition to water factors, economic factors can also be behind the establishment of a sacred building.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The river flow in Sumatra was in the past a transportation route for trade.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

At first the number of traders who came was few.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

But over time due to waiting for the right time to sail then they settled around the area.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

So there was a place of worship for religious people, and a sacred building was established.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Because it is impossible to establish a sacred building or temple without the support of the founding community for the survival of the sacred building.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

So in parallel with the growth and rapid trade somewhere in general will appear also sacred buildings or temples to be used as a place to perform ritual ceremonies by those economic actors who have known magical towards the temple building, play a role in the function of social/economic development and trade.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The power factor is also influential in the construction of a temple.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

A kingdom that successfully conquers a region, of course, there are dwellings that can describe the characteristics of a kingdom.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The remains can be inscriptions or temples.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Some aspects in the erection of the temple From a temple building we can see some aspects of life.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

In Muara Takus temple these aspects that we can see include: Aspects of technology: The material used is bricks.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The size of bricks used to build this temple varies, length between 23 to 26cm, width 14 to 15.5cm and thickness 3.5cm to 4.5cm.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Brick in the past has better quality than brick in the present.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

This is because the clay used is filtered until there are absolutely no other components than clay, for example, sand.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

In addition, there is a “stuffing” inside the brick, usually in the form of husks.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

The intent of this filling, so that the brick is strong.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Gluing between bricks using a kosod system.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Kosod system is a brick gluing system by rubbing brick with another brick where the rubbing plane is given water.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

This system can also be found on sites in East Java and can still be found in the Bali area.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Gluing bricks using kosod systems cause gluing between bricks to increase tightly from year to year.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Social aspect: The construction of this temple is done in cooperation and carried out by crowded people.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Likewise at the time of the worship ceremony there is a difference in status, namely the leader of the ceremony and his followers.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Religious aspect: seen from the shape of Muara Takus temple in the form of a stupa, which shows this temple as a place of worship of Buddhists, especially the Mahayana stream. (in English) Medan Archaeological Center. 1998.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Archaeological periodical SANGKHAK (in English) Department of Education and Culture. 1996.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Results of Restoration and Finding of Cultural Heritage Objects PSP I. Development Project of Historical Relics and Purbakalaan Center.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Jakarta (in Indonesian) Haryono, Aris. 1986.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Lion Relief and Statue in the temples of the Central Java Period: Research on Function and Understanding.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Research Report.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Yogyakarta Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Kempers, A. J. Bernet. 1959.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Ancient English Art.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (in English) Siagian, Renville. 2002.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

CANDI as the art and cultural heritage of Indonesia.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Yogyakarta: Yayasan Cempaka Kencana (in Indonesian) Soekmono, R. 1974.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Temple, Function and Understanding.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Dissertation.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Jakarta (in English) Asylum PSP Prov. Sumbar and Riau. 1995.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

AMOGHAPASA Archaeological Bulletin.


Question: Are there any Hindu heritage temples in Riau?

Muara Takus Temple

Batusangkar Reference See also Muara Takus Muara Takus Temple Category:Riau


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566— 27 March 1625) was a King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I of the crown-crown union of Scotland and England on 24 March 1603 until his death in the year 1625.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and statutes, although both were ruled by James in a personal union.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and great-great-great-great Henry VII, King of England and Lord of Ireland, positioning him to eventually accede to all three thrones.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

James ascended the throne of Scotland at the age of thirteen months, after his mother was forced to abdicate her demi.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Four different trustees of the ruler ruled during his childhood, which ended officially in 1578, although he did not gain full control of his rule until 1583.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

In 1603, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, who died without descendants.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

He continued to rule in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known after him as the Yakobian era, until his death in 1625 at the age of 58.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England (the largest of the three kingdoms) from 1603, only returning to Scotland in 1617, and endearing himself “King of Great Britain and Ireland”.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

He was a leading proponent of a single parliament for England and Scotland.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

It was during his reign that the Plantation of Ulster and the British Colonization of the Americas began.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

At 57 years and 246 days, James's reign in Scotland was longer than that of his predecessors.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

He achieved most of his goals in Scotland but faced great difficulties in England, including the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 and repeated conflicts with the English Parliament.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Under James, the “Golden Age” of Elizabethan literature and drama continued, with writers such as William Shakespeare, John Donne, Ben Jonson, and Sir Francis Bacon contributing to a thriving literary culture. [1]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

James himself was a gifted scholar, author of works such as Daemonologie (1597), The True Law of Free Monarchies (1598), and Basilikon Doron (1599).


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

He sponsored a translation of the bible into English that would later be named as it was named: the King James Version of the Bible. [2]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Sir Anthony Weldon stated that James had been termed “the dumbest man in the Christian world”, a nickname attributed to his character ever since. [3]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Since the second half of the 20th century, historians have tended to revise James's reputation and treat him as a serious and thoughtful king. [4]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

He was deeply committed to a policy of peace, and tried to avoid involvement in religious wars, especially the Thirty Years' War (1618—1648) which devastated much of Central Europe.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

He tried but failed to prevent the emergence of hawkish elements in the English Parliament that wanted war with Spain. [5]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Childhood Nativity James was the only son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and her second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Both Mary and Darnley were great-grandchildren of Henry VII of England through Margaret Tudor, Henry VIII's elder sister.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Mary's dominion over Scotland insecure, she and her husband as Roman Catholics, faced a rebellion by Protestant nobles.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

During Mary and Darnley's difficult marriage, [6] Darnley secretly allied himself with the rebels and conspired in the assassination of the Queen's personal secretary, David Rizzio, just three months before James's birth. [7]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

James was born on 19 June 1566 at Castle Edinburgh, and as the eldest son and permanent heir automatically became Duke of Rothesay and Prince and Grand Undertaker of Scotland.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

He was baptised “Charles James” or “James Charles” on 17 December 1566 in a Catholic ceremony held at Stirling Palace.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

His godparents were Charles IX of France (represented by John, Comte Brienne), Elizabeth I of England (represented by Earl Bedford), and Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Savoia (represented by ambassador Philibert du Croc). [lower-alpha 1] Mary refused to let the Archbishop of St Andrews, whom she referred to as a “pockmarked priest”, spit in the boy's mouth, as was his custom. [9]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

The next entertainment, made by French man Bastian Pagez, featured men dressed as satirists and swaying tails, at which the British guests took offense, thinking satyrs were “doing against them”. [10]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

James' father, Darnley, was murdered on 10 February 1567 at Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh, probably in retaliation for Rizzio's murder.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

James inherited his father's titles of Duke of Albany and Earl Ross.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Mary was already unpopular, and her marriage on 15 May 1567 to James Hepburn, fourth Earl of Bothwell, who was widely suspected of murdering Darnley, increased ill-feeling towards her. [lower-alpha 2] In June 1567, Protestant rebels captured Mary and imprisoned her in Castle Loch Leven; she never saw her son again.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

He was forced to abdicate on 24 July 1567 in favour of James the boy and to appoint his illegitimate half-brother, James Stewart, Earl Moray, as the lord's guardian. [13]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

The trustees of the lord of Care James were entrusted to the Earl and Comtesse Mar, “to be preserved, cared for, and enforced" [14] in the security of Stirling Palace. [15]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

James was King of Scots anointed at the age of thirteen months at Holy Rude Church, Stirling, by Adam Bothwell, Bishop of Orkney, on 29 July 1567. [16]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

The coronation was preached by John Knox.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

In keeping with the religious beliefs of most of Scotland's ruling class, James was raised as a member of the Church of Scotland, the Kirk.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

The Board of Advisors selected George Buchanan, Peter Young, Adam Erskine (lay Abbas Cambuskenneth), and David Erskine (lay Abbas Dryburgh) as James' supervisors or teachers. [17]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

As the young king's senior teacher, Buchanan made James a regular slam but also instilled a lifelong passion for literature and learning. [18]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Buchanan attempted to turn James into a God-fearing Protestant king, who accepted the limitations of the monarchy, as outlined in his treatise De Jure Regni apud Scotos. [19]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

In 1568, Mary escaped from her incarceration at Loch Leven Castle, leading to several years of sporadic violence.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Earl Moray defeated Mary's forces at the Battle of Langside, forcing her to flee to England, where she was later kept in confinement by Elizabeth.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

On 23 January 1570, Moray was murdered by James Hamilton. [20]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

The lord's next guardian was James' paternal grandfather, Matthew Stewart, fourth Earl of Lennox, who was taken with severe wounds to Stirling Castle a year later after an attack by Mary's supporters. [21]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

His successor, the Earl of Mar, “took a harsh illness” and died on 28 October 1572 at Stirling.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Mar's illness, writes James Melville, followed a banquet at Dalkeith Palace given by James Douglas, fourth earl of Morton. [22]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Morton was elected to the office of Mar and proved in many ways the most effective of the trustees of James's rulers, [23] but he made enemies with his courage. [24]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

He became disliked when the man of French nationality, Esmé Stewart, Sieur d'Aubigny, first cousin of James's father, Lord Darnley and the future Earl Lennox, arrived in Scotland and quickly proved himself to be the first of James's strong favourites. [25]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Morton was executed on 2 June 1581, too late for involvement in Darnley's murder. [26]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

On 8 August, James made Lennox the only duke in Scotland. [27]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

King, who was then fifteen years old, remained under Lennox's influence for about another year. [28]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Reigning in Scotland Lennox was a Protestant adherent, but he was not trusted by Scottish Calvinists who noticed the physical display of affection between him and the king and charged that Lennox “went to draw the King to worldly passions”. [24]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

In August 1582, in what became known as the Ruthven Offensive, the Protestant earl Gowrie and Angus lured James to Ruthven Castle, imprisoned him, [lower-alpha 3] and forced Lennox to leave Scotland.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

During James' imprisonment (19 September 1582), John Craig, whom the king personally had appointed Royal Chaplain in 1579, harangued him so sharply from the pulpit for having issued a statement so offensive to the spiritualists “that the king wept”. [30]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

After James was released in June 1583, he took over control of his kingdom.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

He pushed through the Black Action to assert royal authority over the Kirk, and denounces the writings of his former tutor, Buchanan. [31]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Between 1584 and 1603, he established an effective royal government and relative peace among the nobles, with ability assisted by John Maitland of Thirlestane who led the government until 1592. [32]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

An eight-man commission known as Octavian took control of James's devastating financial situation in 1596, but it drew opposition from vested interests.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

It was disbanded within a year of the riots in Edinburgh, which were sparked by anti-Catholicism and led the palace to retreat to Linlithgow temporarily. [33]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

One last Scottish attempt against the king occurred in August 1600, when James was apparently attacked by Alexander Ruthven, the younger brother of Earl Gowrie, at Wangsa Gowrie, the standing of Ruthven. [34]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Ruthven was run by the men of James John Ramsay, the first Earl of Holderness and Earl Gowrie was killed in the ensuing commotion; there are few surviving witnesses.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Given James's history with Ruthven and the fact that he owed them a great deal of money, his report of the circumstances was not universally believed. [35]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

In 1586, James signed the Berwick Tractate with England.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

That and the execution of his mother in 1587, which he denounced as “an absurd and grotesque procedure”, helped clear the way for his succession on the southern frontier. [lower-alpha 4] Queen Elizabeth was unmarried and had no descendants, and James was likely her greatest successor.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Securing British succession became the cornerstone of his policy. [37]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

During the crisis of the Spanish Armada in 1588, he assured Elizabeth of her support as “your native son and comrade”. [38]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Marriage Throughout his youth, James was praised for his chastity, as he showed little interest in women.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

After the loss of Lennox, he continued to choose the company of men. [39]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

However, a suitable marriage was necessary to strengthen the monarchy, and the choice fell on Anna of Denmark, the younger daughter of Frederik II who was Protestant.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Shortly after her proxy wedding in Copenhagen in August 1589, Anne sailed to Scotland but was forced by a storm to the Norwegian coast.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Hearing that the crossing had been abandoned, James set sail from Leith with a 300-strong retinue to pick up Anna personally in what historicist David Harris Willson referred to as “the one romantic episode of his life”. [40] [lower-alpha 5] The couple married on a basis officiated in Oslo Bispeborg on 23 November and returned to Scotland on 1 May 1590, after stays in Helsingør and Copenhagen and a meeting with Tycho Brahe.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Overall, James was initially infatuated with Anna and, in the early years of their marriage, always seemed to show her patience and affection. [42]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

The royal couple produced three children who survived into adulthood: Henry Frederick, who died of typhoid fever in 1612, at the age of 18; Elizabeth, later queen of Bohemia; and Charles, his heir.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Anna died before her husband in March 1619.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Witch hunts James' visit to Denmark, a country familiar with witch hunts, sparked an interest in the study of witchcraft, [43] which he regarded as a branch of theology. [44]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

He attended the North Berwick witch trials, the first major persecution in Scotland under the Scottish Witchcraft Act 1563.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Several people were convicted of using magic to send a storm against James' ship, most notably Agnes Sampson.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

James became obsessed with the threat posed by witches and wrote the Daemonologie in 1597, a tractate inspired by his personal involvement opposing the practice of witchcraft and which provided background material for the Tragedy of Macbeth, Shakespeare. [45]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

James personally oversaw the torture of women accused of being witches. [46]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

After 1599, his views became more skeptical. [47]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

In letters later written in England to his son Henry, James congratulated the prince on “the discovery of a false little yon.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

I pray that your Lord be my heir in such discoveries... most miracles now prove it but illusions, and you can see in this way how a vigilant judge should believe the accusation “. [48]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Highlands and islands The forced Dissolution of the Lordship of the Isles by James IV in 1493 had led to a difficult period for the west coast.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

He had conquered the organised military power of the Hebrides, but he and his successors lacked the will or ability to provide an alternative form of government.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

As a result, the 16th century became known as linn nan creach, during raids. [49]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Furthermore, the effects of reform were slow to influence Gàidhealtachd, moving religious rhythms between this area and the centers of political control in the Central Belt. [50]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

In 1540, James V made a tour of the Hebrides, forcing the chieftains to accompany him.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Thereafter there was a period of peace, but the clans were soon at loggerheads with each other again. [51]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

During the reign of James VI, the citizens of the Hebrides were described as law-abiding barbarians rather than being the birthplace of Christianity and Scottish nationality.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Official documents describe the people of the Highlands as “vacuous of knowledge and God-fearing” prone to “all the best barbaric cruelty and cruelty”. [52] Gaelic, spoken fluently by James IV and possibly by James V, was known in the time of James VI as “Erse” or Ireland, implying that it is alien in nature.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

The Scottish Parliament decided that Gaelic had been the primary cause of the shortage of Highlanders and sought to remove it. [51] [52] It was against this background that James VI authorised the “Gentleman Adventurers of Fife” to cultivate “the Barbarian Island of the Barbarians” on year 1598.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

James wrote that the colonists should act “not by agreement” with the local population, but “by the extermination of the thame”.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Their landing at Stornoway began well, but the colonists were driven out by local forces commanded by Murdoch and Neil MacLeod.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

The colonists tried again in 1605 with similar results, although a third attempt in 1607 was more successful. [52] [53] The Statutes of Iona were enacted in 1609, which required chieftains to: send their heirs to the Scottish Lowlands to be educated in schools English-speaking Protestants; providing support for Protestant pastors to Highland parishes; outlawed criminals; and regularly reported to Edinburgh to answer for their actions. [54]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

So began a process “specifically aimed at the annihilation of the Gaelic language, the destruction of its traditional culture and the oppression of its bearers. “[55]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

In the Northern Isles, James's cousin Patrick Stewart, Earl of Orkney, rejected the Statutes of Iona and was consequently imprisoned. [56]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

His biological son, Robert, led a failed rebellion against James, and the earl and his son were hanged. [57]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Their territories were eliminated, the Orkney and Shetland islands were annexed to the Crown. [57]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Theory of monarchy In 1597—98, James wrote The True Law of Free Monarchies and Basilikon Doron (Royal Gifts), in which he argued a theological base for monarchy.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

In the True Law, he establishes the divine Right of kings, explaining that kings are higher beings than other humans for biblical reasons, although “the highest stool is the most cunning to sit upon”. [58]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

This document proposes a theory of absolutist monarchy, in which a king may apply new laws by royal privilege but must also pay attention to tradition and to God, who will “raise such a whip pleases him, to punish the wicked king”. [59]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

The Basilikon of Doron was written as an instruction book for four-year-old Prince Henry and provided a more practical guide to becoming king. [60]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

The work is considered well written and perhaps the best example of James's prose. [61]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

James's counsel of parliament, which he understood to be the king's “head of court”, pointed out his difficulties with England: “Have no Parliament,” he told Henry, “but for a new Legal Crackling, which will but rarely”. [62]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

In True Law, James maintained that the king owned his territory as feudal landlords owned his lands, for kings appeared “before any estates or ranks of men, before any parliament was kept secret, or law made, and by them was land distributed, which in the beginning was theirs entirely.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

And therefore the necessity of kings were writers and lawmakers, and not the laws of kings "[63] Literary patronage In the 1580s and 1590s, James promoted the lectures of his native country.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

He published his treatise Some Statutes and Prohibitions to Observe and Avoid in Scottish Affairs of 1584 at the age of 18.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

It was a poetic manual and a description of the poetic tradition in the language of his mother from Scotland, applying the principles of the Renaissance. [64]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

He also made legal provisions to reform and promote the teaching of music, seeing the two as in touch.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

One act of his government urged the Scottish burgh to reform and support the teaching of music in the Sang Sculis. [65]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

As a continuation of this goal, he was patron and head of a loose circle of Scottish Yakobean court poets and musicians known as the Castalian Band, which included William Fowler and Alexander Montgomerie among others, Montgomerie being a favourite of the king. [66]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

James himself was a poet, and was happy to be seen as a practicing member of that group. [67]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

By the end of the 1590s, he championed the Scottish indigenous tradition reduced to some extent by the possibility of increased succession to the English throne. [68]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

William Alexander and other court poets began anglizing their written language, and followed the king to London after 1603. [69]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

James's role as an active literary participant and patron made him a defining figure in many ways for the poetry and drama of the English Renaissance, which reached the pinnacle of achievement in his reign, [70] but his support for a high style in the Scottish tradition, which included His ancestor James I of Scotland, became very sidelined. [71]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

The accession in England of Elizabeth I was the last descendant of Henry VIII, and James was seen as the most likely heir through his great-grandmother Margaret Tudor, who was Henry VIII's eldest sister. [lower-alpha 6] From 1601, in the last years of Elizabeth's life, certain English politicians—notably her chief minister Sir Robert Cecil [lower-alpha 7] —maintained secret correspondence with James to prepare in advance for a smooth succession. [74]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

With the Queen clearly dying, Cecil sent James a draft statement of accession to the English throne in March 1603.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Elizabeth died early on 24 March, and James was proclaimed king in London the same day. [75]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

On 5 April, James left Edinburgh for London, pledging to return every three years (a promise he did not keep), and slowly progressed towards the south.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Local gentlemen received him with lavish hospitality along the route and James was amazed by the wealth of the land and his new subject, declaring that he “traded a cobbled sofa for a thick feather bed”.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

At Cecil's home, Theobalds in Hertfordshire, James was so amazed that he bought it there and then, arrived in the capital on 7 May, nine days after Elizabeth's funeral. [76]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

His new subjects flocked to see him, relieved that the succession had provoked both riots and invasions. [77]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Upon arrival in London, he was mobbed by a crowded audience. [78]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

His English coronation took place on 25 July, with elaborate allegories provided by dramatic poets such as Thomas Dekker and Ben Jonson.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

The outbreak of an outbreak of disease restricted, [79] but “the streets seemed paved with people,” Dekker wrote.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

“The stalls, instead of luxury items, were laid out with children, opening their windows filled with women. “[80]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

The kingdom to which James succeeded, however, had its problems.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Monopolies and taxation had engendered a widespread sense of grievance, and the cost of the war in Ireland had become a heavy burden on the government, [81] which had debts of £400,000.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

James's early reign in England survived two conspiracies in the first year of his reign, despite the smooth succession and warmth of his remarks: the Goodbye Plot and the Main Plot, which led to the arrest of Lord Cobham and Sir Walter Raleigh, among others. [82]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Those hoping for a change in government from James were initially disappointed when he kept Elizabeth's advisory Council in office, as planned in secret with Cecil, [82] but James soon added long-time supporter Henry Howard and his nephew Thomas Howard to The Board of Advisors, as well as five Scottish nobles. [82] [lower-alpha 8] In the early years of James's reign, day-to-day administration was strictly managed by the shrewd Cecil, later Earl of Salisbury, with ability assisted by the experienced Thomas Egerton, whom James made Baron Ellesmere and Lord Chancellor, and by Thomas Sackville, soon Earl of Dorset, who continued as Lord High Treasurer. [82]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

In the aftermath, James was free to concentrate on larger issues, such as schemes for closer union between England and Scotland and foreign policy matters, as well as to indulge in his leisure activities, particularly hunting. [82]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

James was ambitious to establish a personal union of the Crowns of Scotland and England to establish one state under one king, one parliament, and one law, a plan that met opposition in both kingdoms. [86]”


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

He did not make us all on one island,” James told the British Parliament, “conniving with one sea and himself by an inseparable kingdom?”


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

However, in April 1604, the Commons rejected his request to be given the title “King of the Exchequer” on legal grounds. [lower-alpha 9] In October 1604, he took over the title of “King of Great Britain” by statement rather than by statute, although Sir Francis Bacon informed him that he could not use the style in “all legal proceedings, instruments or guarantees” and the title was not used on English legislation. [88]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

James urged the Scottish Parliament to use it, and it was used on proclamations, coins, letters and treaties in both kingdoms. [89]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

James achieved more success in foreign policy.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Never at war with Spain, he devoted his efforts to ending the old Anglo—Spanish War, and a peace treaty was signed between the two countries in August 1604, thanks to skillful diplomacy on the part of Robert Cecil and Henry.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Howard, now Earl of Northampton, whom James celebrated by hosting a great party. [90]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Freedom of worship for Catholics in England, however, continued to be a central goal of Spanish policy, causing a constant dilemma for James, distrusted abroad for his oppression of Catholics while at home encouraged by the Advisory Board to show even less tolerance for them. [91]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Gunpowder Plot A Catholic dissident, Guy Fawkes, was discovered in the basement of the parliament building on the night of 4—5 November 1605, the night of the state opening of the second session of James's first English Parliament.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

He kept a pile of wood not far from the 36 barrels of gunpowder with which Fawkes was intending to blow up the Houses of Parliament the next day and cause the destruction, as James said, “not only... of my person, or from my wife and grandchildren as well, but of the whole body of the State at large “. [92]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

The sensational discovery of the Gunpowder Plot, as it quickly became known, aroused an atmosphere of national relief at the dispatch of the king and his sons.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Salisbury exploited this to obtain a higher subsidy from the next Parliament than was given to Elizabeth. [93]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Fawkes and others involved in the failed conspiracy were executed.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

King and Parliament The cooperation between monarch and Parliament following the Gunpowder Plot was atypical.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

Instead, it was the earlier session from 1604 that shaped the attitudes of both sides during the remainder of the reign, although the initial difficulties owed more to mutual incomprehension than to conscious hostility. [94]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

On 7 July 1604, James angrily had filed for Parliament after failing to win his support for either full union or financial subsidy.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

“I will not thank you where I feel no thanks”, he said in his closing speech.


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

I am not such a stock to praise a fool...


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

You see how many things you don't do well...


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

I hope you will use your freedom with more simplicity in the future”. [95]


Question: has François Coty ever married?

James Charles Stuart

As James's reign expanded, his government faced ever-increasing financial pressures, partly due to creeping inflation but also to the extravagance and financial incompetence of the James court.