Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Radios were used to channel commands and communications between the Army and Navy on both sides in World War II; Germany used radio communications for diplomatic messages when its undersea cables were cut by Britain.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The United States delivered President Woodrow Wilson's 14-Point Program to the Germans by radio during the war.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Broadcasts began to be able to be carried in the 1920s, with the popularity of radio aircraft, especially in Europe and the United States.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

In addition to broadcasts, point-to-point broadcasts, including telephone and rebroadcasts of radio programs, became popular in the 1920s and 1930s The use of radio in prewar times was to expand the detection and localization of aircraft and ships with the use of radar.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Now, radio is many of its forms, including cordless networks, mobile communications of all kinds, and also radio broadcasting.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Before television was well known, commercial radio broadcasts included dramas, sitcoms, diverse shows, and many other entertainment; not just news and music alone.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

AM Radio AM radio (amplitude modulation) works on the principle of modulating radio waves and audio waves.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

These two waves equally have a constant amplitude.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

However this modulation process then changes the amplitude of the conducting wave (radio) according to the amplitude of the audio wave.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

In 1896 Italian scientist, Guglielmo Marconi got a patent on a wireless telegraph that used two circuits.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

At that time this signal could only be sent at close range.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

However, this is what started the development of radio technology.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

In 1897 Marconi again publicized the discovery that wireless signals could be transmitted at longer distances (12 miles).


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Subsequently, in 1899 Marconi managed to conduct wireless communications between France and England over the English Channel using Tesla oscillators.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

John Ambrose Fleming in 1904 discovered that audion tubes could be used as wireless receivers for this radio technology.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Two years later Dr. Lee DeForest discovered an electron tube composed of three elements (an audion triode).


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

This invention allows sound waves to be transmitted through wireless communication systems.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

But the captured signal is still very weak.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

It was only in 1912 that [[Edwin Howard Armstrong invented radio wave amplifiers also called radio amplifiers.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The tool works by capturing electromagnetic signals from radio transmissions and giving back signals from tubes.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

That way the signal strength will increase by as much as 20,000 times a second.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The captured sound is also much stronger so it can be heard live without the use of earphones.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

This invention later became very important in radio communication systems because it was much more efficient than earlier tools.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Nonetheless the patent rights to the amplifier fell into the hands of Dr. Lee deforest.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

To date radio amplifiers are still the core technology on radio aircraft.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Initially the use of AM radio was for wireless telegram purposes only.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The first person to do radio broadcasts in a human voice was Reginald Aubrey Fessenden.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

He did the first radio broadcast with the voice of History radio 2 man on December 23, 1900 at a distance of 50 miles (from Cobb Island to Arlington, Virginia) Nowadays AM radio is not overused for commercial radio broadcasts due to poor sound quality.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

FM Radio FM radio (frequency modulation) works on a similar principle to AM radio, that is, by modulating radio waves (conductors) with audio waves.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Only, on FM radio this modulation process causes changes in frequency.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

When AM radio was in common use, Armstrong found that the radio's other problem lay in the type of signal being transmitted.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

At that time audio waves are transmitted alongside radio waves by means of amplitude modulation (AM).


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

This modulation is particularly susceptible to weather disruption.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

In the late 1920s Armstrong began trying to use modulation whereby the amplitude of the conducting wave (radio) is made constant.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

In 1933 he finally invented a frequency modulation (FM) system that produced much clearer sound, as well as being undisturbed by bad weather.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Unfortunately this technology is not necessarily used in mass.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The economic depression of the 1930s caused the radio industry to be reluctant to adopt this new system because it required the replacement of transmitters and receivers which were cost-consuming.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

It was only in 1940 that Armstrong could establish the first FM radio station at his own expense.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Two years later the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) allocated some frequencies for Armstrong built FM radio stations.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

It takes a long time for frequency modulation to become a widely used system.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

In addition, the patent was also not obtained by Armstrong.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Frustrating at any difficulty in the fight for the FM system, Armstrong ended his life tragically by suicide.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Lucky his wife then successfully fought for Armstrong's rights to his invention.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

It was only in the late 1960s that FM became a truly established system.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Almost 2000 FM radio stations spread in America, FM became a proponent of microwaves (microwave), in the end FM was truly recognized as the flagship system in various fields of communication.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Internet radio The invention of the internet began to change the transmission of analog signals used by conventional radio.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Internet radio (also known as web radio, streaming radio and e-radio) works by transmitting sound waves over the internet.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The working principle is almost the same as that of conventional shortwave radio (short wave), that is, using a continuous stream medium in the form of a wave.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

This working system allows radio broadcasts to be heard to the rest of the world provided the listener has an internet device.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

That is why many expats use internet radio to promote their native country.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

In Indonesia, generally Internet radio is collaborated with analog radio systems by teresterial radio stations to expand its broadcast range.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Satellite radio Satellite radio transmits audio waves using digital signals.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

In contrast to analog signals that use continuous waves, sound waves are transmitted through digital signals consisting of binary codes 0 and 1.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

This signal is transmitted to a much wider range area as it uses satellites.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

It's just that radio broadcasts can only be received by special devices that can translate encrypted signals.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Satellite radio broadcasts can also only be received in the open where the antenna on the radio aircraft has a line of sight with the transmitting satellite.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Satellite radio can only work that doesn't have big obstructions like tunnels or buildings.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Satellite radio devices are therefore widely promoted for car radios.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

To get a good broadcast transmission, it is necessary to create a repeater station like in America for excellent service quality.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

History of radio 3. Expensive devices (because they use satellites) make this system commercial.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Listeners must subscribe to be able to listen to the radio broadcast.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Although the sound quality produced is very clear, there is no longer noise like conventional radio broadcasts.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

In addition most of the broadcast content is also ad-free and listeners have far more choice of broadcast channels (more than 120 channels).


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The world's radio satellite provider company is Worldspace serving satellite radio broadcasts in the Americas, Europe, Asia, Australia, and Africa.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Worldspace has three satellites serving different regions.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

In Indonesia, in 2002 Worldspace has cooperated with RRI, Radio Trijaya, Borneo Wave Channel (Masima Group), goindo.com and Kompas Cyber Media as a content filler for satellite radio services using Asian Star satellite. mbs fm saint manyar gresik high-definition Radio (HD Radio) This radio also known as digital radio works by combining analog and digital systems at once.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

That way it allows two digital and analog stations to share the same frequency.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

This efficiency makes a lot of content can be broadcast in the same position.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The sound quality produced by HD radio is as clear as satellite radio, but the service offered is free.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

However to be able to receive digital radio broadcasts listeners must have special devices that can capture digital signals. [4]


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Radio waves Radio waves are a single form of electromagnetic radiation, and are formed when the electrically charged object of the oscillator wave (carrier wave) is modulated with an audio wave (superimposed on its frequency) at the frequency contained in the frequency of the radio wave (RF;” radio frequency”)) on an electromagnetic spectrum, and its electromagnetic radiation moves by means of electric or magnetic oscillations.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Other electromagnetic waves that have frequencies above radio waves include gamma rays, X-rays, infrared, ultraviolet, and visible light.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

When radio waves are sent through the cable then emitted by the antenna, oscillations from the electric, and magnetic fields are expressed in the form of alternating current and voltage inside the cable.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

From the radios of these radio waves can then be converted by the radio receiver (radio aircraft) into audio or other signals that carry the broadcast, and information.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Law No. 32 Year 2002 on Broadcasting states that radio frequency is an electromagnetic wave intended for broadcasting, and propagates in air and space without artificial conductivity, is a public sphere, and natural resources are limited.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Like any other electromagnetic spectrum, radio waves propagate at a speed of 300,000 kilometers per second.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

It should be noted that radio waves are different from audio waves.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Radio waves propagate at frequencies of 100,000Hz to 100,000,000,000Hz, while audio waves propagate at frequencies of 20Hz to 20,000Hz.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

On radio broadcasts, audio waves are not transmitted directly but rather superimposed on radio waves that will propagate through space.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

There are two methods of transmitting audio waves, namely through amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM).


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Although the word 'radio' is used for matters related to sound wave receiving devices, but the wave transmission is used as the basis of waves on televisions, radios, radars, and mobile phones in general.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The discovery of Radio Waves The basic theory of the propagation of electromagnetic waves was first described in 1873 by James Clerk Maxwell in his paper at the Royal Society on the theory of electromagnetic field dynamics (English: A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field), based on the results his research work between 1861 and 1865.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

In 1878 David E. Hughes was the first to transmit, and received radio waves when he discovered that the balance of his induction was causing interference to his artificial telephone.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

He demonstrated his invention to the Royal Society in 1880 but only said it was an induction.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

It was Heinrich Rudolf Hertz who, between 1886 and 1888, first proved Maxwell's theory through experiments, demonstrating that radio radiation has the entire property of waves (now called Hertzian waves), and discovering that electromagnetic equations can be formulated to partial derivative equations are called wave equations.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Radio use Many of the earliest uses of radio were maritime, to transmit telegraph messages using Morse code between ships, and ashore.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

One early user included the Japanese Navy spying on the Russian fleet at the time of the Tsushima War in 1901.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

One of the most remembered uses was at the time of the 1912 sinking of the RMS Titanic, including communications between operators on the sinking ship, and nearby ships, and communications to land stations registering the salvaged.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Radios were used to channel commands, and communications between the Army, and Navy on both sides in World War II; Germany used radio communications for diplomatic messages when its undersea cables were cut by Britain.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The United States conveyed President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Principles to Germany by radio during the war.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Broadcasts began to be able to be carried in the 1920s, with the popularity of radio aircraft, especially in Europe, and the United States.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

In addition to broadcasts, point-to-point broadcasts, including telephone, and rebroadcasts of radio programs, became popular in the 1920s and 1930s. The use of radio in prewar times was for the development of aircraft/ship detection and localization with the use of radar.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Today, radio is many of its forms, including cordless networks, mobile communications of all kinds, and also radio broadcasting.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Read radio history for more information.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Before television was well known, commercial radio broadcasts included dramas, sitcoms, diverse shows, and many other entertainment; not just news, and music alone.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

See radio programming.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

See also List of radio stations in Indonesia Community radio List of community radio Amateur Radio (ORARI) Interpopulation Radio/Citizen Band (NEAT) Outside link reference (in Indonesian) (in English) (in Indonesian) Radio in Indonesia Radio at the beginning of independence The development of radio in Indonesia experienced a very long process, namely from the time of Dutch East Indies power, the period of Japanese occupation, and the next time of Independent Indonesia.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Advances in the field of technology greatly accelerate the spread of information.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

At this time the radio has also entered Indonesia., and the broadcast can be received all the way to villages [1].


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Both government radios such as RRI and non-government radios. In the days of Dutch East Indies power, radio began to develop in Indonesia.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The first radio appeared in Indonesia was Bataviasche Radio Vereeniging (BRV) in Jakarta (Batavia). 16 January 1925 Bataviasche Radio Vereeniging (BRV) conducted the first amateur radio broadcast in the Dutch East Indies.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Since BRV was established, there appeared other broadcast radios such as Nederlandsch Indishce Radio Omroep Mij (NIROM) in Jakarta, Bandung, and Medan.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

In Surakarta stands Solossche Radio Vereeniging (SRV) and in Yogyakarta stands radio Mataramse Vereeniging voor Omroep (MAVRO).


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

SRV can be seen as the pioneer of the emergence of broadcast radio that was attempted by the Indonesian nation.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

SRV was founded by Mangkunegara VII and Sarsito Mangunkusumo on 1 April 1933.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Then on March 29, 1937, upon the efforts of M. Sutarjo Kartohadikusumo and Sarsito Mangunkusumo established the United Association of Radio Kelumuran (PPRK) in Bandung.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The purpose of PPRK is to seek to advance national arts and culture for the spiritual and physical advancement of the Indonesian people.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

While during the time of the Japanese occupation, the development of radio regressed.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The Japanese occupation government strictly regulated the organization of broadcast radios.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The implementation of broadcast radio is regulated by a special secretary named Hoso Kanri Kyoku, and is a broadcast radio based in Jakarta.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The branches are named Hoso Kyoku, located in Bandung, Purwakarta, Yogyakarta, Semarang, Surabaya, and Malang.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

At that time all radio broadcasts were directed to the benefit of the Japanese military.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

However, during the Japanese occupation culture and arts experienced a very rapid progress.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

People get a lot of opportunities to develop culture and art.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

This opportunity also led to the emergence of artists creators of new Indonesian songs.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

During the time, Indonesia was independent, the development of radio experienced a very rapid progress.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

People who dabble in the field of radio consider it important to organize broadcast radio.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

On 10 September 1945 radio leaders from all over Java gathered in Jakarta to talk about the issue.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

On 11 September 1945, radio leaders agreed to establish a broadcast radio called Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI).


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

When established, RRI had 8 broadcast radio stations contained in eight cities in Java (former Hoso Kyoku).


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Post-New Order radio The wind of reform blowing in Jakarta's state Palace has brought down the power of New Order's authoritarian regime.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Soeharto stepped down on 21 May 1998 from the wind sii was gusty to the office of the minister of lighting, where the broadcasting media is controlled, In a tempo of no more than six months out of Decree mempen No. 134/1998 which removed all strict rules of radio broadcast materials.in 1999 lighting was liquidated by president Abdurrahman Wahid on the grounds lighting was a community affair.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

This liquidation motomatically revoked all the authority that the institution had in Law No. 24/1997 on broadcasting.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Since then began the times of freedom without regulation in the world of broadcasting until the law No. 32/2002 on broadcasting.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

In those days the number of radio stations especially commercial radio increased sharply, as sharply as the information material it presented.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Radio has a golden age as a “market-oriented media.” Radio reform means a fundamental change of ownership structure, vision, mission, orientation, and radio broadcast format in three cears: the release of socioeconomic and political control of radio from the full authority of the government to the parties The recognition and provision of more open access to the public as frequency owners to become listeners, interactive participants, to broadcast radio owners. medium of social empowerment through the establishment of alternative radios outside commercial radio and RRI, with broadcast programs that are more characterful, critical, and educational. These three have their own characteristics and equal legal power. since late 1998, radio broadcasts in Indonesia experienced” modernization” and the strengthening of socio-political role is very significant.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Like the internet, newspapers, magazines, and television, radio is a medium of mass communication that everyone can use for a specific purpose.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

In Indonesia there are three dominant goals of radio establishment: the service needs of the establishment listeners begins with audience research to know how the listener needs to radio media both broadcast content, broadcast time, and the packaging of the show actualization of the interests of the manager.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Everyone who takes part in the field of justice must have personal motivations for example: want to be popular, expand relations, or want to strengthen their existence in the political struggle scene.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

There is no mistaking that motivation, but if it is too dominant then what happens is the personification of the entire radio broadcast program. Earning economic revenue, this is the most popular destination, radio has become an object of seeking profit and employment that requires the owner locates its profits for employee salaries.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Radio is the center of interaction between advertisers and managers, advertisers are interested in having their commercial products stocked to audiences as well as seeking profit from the purchase of these products after broadcast on the radio. meanwhile radio managers need finance from advertising in order to able to continue to develop and improve the quality of the event as well as its human resources.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

All three goals can chime in a radio establishment, though the latter goal is generally more dominant.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The rise of noncommercial radio establishment rests on the first goal, yaiyu the needs of listeners medium actualization and social interaction between them.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The main purpose of radio establishment is actually the service of the needs of listeners.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Only, often what seems to stand out more is the commercial side.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The astute entrepreneur captured opportunities by strengthening his business base through radio establishments.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The negative impact of radio commercialization makes all broadcasts tend to always be positioned as a commodity, firstly, the entire broadcast event is managed according to the principle of profit-seeking with certain standards so as to reiterate programs that creatively serve the needs of the public, but in the short term has not provided an economic advantage. [2]


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Radio as an industry that is in capital puts itself in a position as an industry that competes for profit for its survival.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Listeners are commodities (commodified audience) offered to advertisers, rating a high show identic with economic advantages, although the show is not necessarily informative and educative.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The commercial face that appears dominant in the management of broadcast radio since the reform of 1998 until the next ten years will always place information and public broadcast events as a complementary instrument only of broadcast programs.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

According to R. Franklin Smith, there are five criteria for modern radio irradiation stations: 1. radio broadcasts transmitted with cordless technology 2. radio broadcast interaction takes place via telephone comonication 3. radio programs are intended for public 4. radio programs take place consistently and 5. Radio has permits issued by the government or indenpendent institutions on behalf of the public in the United States represented by the federal communication commission (PCC) and in Indonesia represented by the Indonesian broadcasting commission (KPI).


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

These five criteria will continue to change as radio technology develops.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The period between 1930 to 1948 referred to the period of radio packaging as the medium of the primary source of news and entertainment in the United States until television present replaced it.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

In Indonesia the golden age had occurred between 1998-2000, but now broadcast radio is re-entering.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Competition between stations occurs in two scopes, namely internal, and external.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The internal scope includes production quality on air, record rotation system or music selection, commercial space, and promotion through on air.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

While the external scope includes new collections of music, actual coverage of events, and the labor market.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Bittner suggested that ideally a radio should always be local and serve each of its comonaries with special programs.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Radio is local media more mainstream yet radio is social media.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The period between 1998 to 2005 was a transitional period of broadcast radio guided by better regulation through broadcasting Law No. 32/ 2002, shifting from purity as a commercial institution to a commercial institution present at the same time as a social institution.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Being an HR on broadcast radio in a situation that is still transitional of this kind really requires a consistent and firm attitude in determining the orientation of engagement from the beginning.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Radio management in a “contemporary” form is still new in Indonesia.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Contemporary means that technologically adopt the network model (networking) and digital realm, free radio to use for community empowerment, without control and control of rulers.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The existence of contemporary radio began to be felt post-reform 1998.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The purpose of broadcasting programs on radio broadcasts is to provide information to the community (to inform), provide education (to educate), provide entertainment (to entertain), provide self change, and provide sensation (giving sensation).


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

According to Law No. 32/2002 on broadcasting, there are three forms of radio that can operate in Indonesia: 1.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Public broadcast radio, namely RRI 2.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Commercial Siran Radio 3.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Community broadcast radio differs among the three community radio is distinguished by public radio because community radio serves communities that geographically encompass the entire national, fund ownership and community radio management are done by themselves, while public radio gains support formal from the State in the form of a routine budget.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Community radio is distinguished by commercial radio because (1) all community radio broadcasts are not to seek commercial gain as commercial radio; (2) community rado emerges from the community due to local needs, whereas commercial radio can be established by capable individuals financially as a legitimate form of business.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

The concept of a new public radio is in Law No. 32/2002.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Previously public radio known as the concept of RRI government radio is the oldest public radio in Indonesia.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Commercial radio was present earlier in Indonesia than community radio.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

In Indonesia, for political purposes RRI became the pioneer of national networked radio.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Overtaken in the 1990s by Trijaya, Sonora, CPP Radionet, SMART, and Elshinta radios.


Question: What is the main function of the radio?

Radio

Category:Telecommunications


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of monarchs in Java

The following is a list of kings of kingdoms in Java, Indonesia: Kalingga Kartikeyasingha (648-674) Maharani Shima (674-732) Sudiwara Rakai Panangkaran (770 (?) — 792 (?))


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of monarchs in Java

Mataram Lawas Wangsa Syailendra Vishnuwarman (775-782) Dharanindra (782-812) Samaratungga (812-899) Pramodhawardhani (833-856), married to Rakai Pikatan (Sanjaya wangsa) Medang Mpu Sindok (929-947) Sri Isyanatunggawijaya (947-947) 9xx) Makutawangsawardhana (9xx-985) Dharmawangsa Teguh (985-1006) Kahuripan Airlangga (1019-1045), established the kingdom in the ruins of Medang (Airlangga later broke the Kingdom of Kahuripan into two: Janggala and Kadiri) Janggala (unknown genealogy of Janggala kings until 1116) Mapanji Garungan Alangga Alangga Achyes Samarotsaha Kadiri Samarawijaya (1042-. ...)


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of monarchs in Java

Linggajaya (1052) Sri Jayawarsa (1104) Bameswara (1117-1130) Jayabhaya (1135-1159) Sri Sarweswara (1159-1169) Aryeswara (1169-1171) Gandra (1171-1182) Kameswara (1185), reunited Kadiri and Panjalu Jaya (1195-1222) Singhasari Ken Arok (1222-1227) Anusapati (1227-1248) Tohjaya (1248) Ranggawuni (Vishnuwardhana) (1248-1254) Kertanagara (1254-1292) Majapahit Raden Wijaya (Kertarajasa Jayawardhana) (1293-1309) Jayanagara (1309-1328) Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi (1328-1350; First Queen) Hayam Waguruk (Rajasanak) (1350-1389) Wikramawardhana (1390—1428) Suhita (1429-1447) Dyah Kertawijaya (1447-1451) Rajasawardhana (1451-1453) Girishawardhana (1456-1466) Singhawikramawardhana (Suraprabhawa) (1466-1474) Girindrawardhana Dyah Wijayakarana (1468-1478) Singawardhana Dyah Wijayakusuma (according to Pararaton became King Majapahit for 4 months before abrupt death) (? - 1486) Girindrawardhana Dyah Ranawijaya alias Bhre Kertabumi (suspected to be strong as Brawijaya, according to the Book of Pararaton and Suma Oriental bouquet of Tome Pires in 1513) (1474-1519) Demak Raden Patah (1478 - 1518) Pati Unus (1518 - 1521) Trenggana (1521 - 1546) Swoto Prato (1546 - 1549) Kalinyamat Sultan Hadlirin (... -1549) Queen Kalinyamat (1546-1579} Prince Arya Jepara (1579-...)


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of monarchs in Java

Kingdom of Pajang Jaka Tingkir, held Hadiwijaya (1549 - 1582) Arya Pangiri, held Ngawantipuro (1583 - 1586) Prince of Benawa, held Prabuwijoyo (1586 - 1587) Islamic Mataram This list is a list of rulers of New Mataram or also referred to as Islamic Mataram.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of monarchs in Java

The kings of Islamic Mataram are descendants of Ki Ageng Pamanahan, the founder of Wangsa Mataram.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of monarchs in Java

Note: some of the ruler's names below are spelled according to the Javanese spelling.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of monarchs in Java

Ki Ageng Pamanahan, received Mataram land from Sultan Hadiwijaya Panembahan Senopati (Raden Sutawijaya) (1587 - 1601), making Mataram an independent kingdom.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of monarchs in Java

Panembahan Hanyakrawati (Raden Mas Jolang) (1601 - 1613) Duke of Martapura (1613 for one day) Sultan Agung (Raden Mas Rangsang/Prabu Hanyakrakusuma) (1613 - 1645) Amangkurat I (Sinuhun Tegal Arum) (1645 - 1677) Kasunanan Kartasura Amangkurat II (1680 — 1702), founder of Kartasura.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of monarchs in Java

Amangkurat III (1702 — 1705), banished VOC to Srilangka.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of monarchs in Java

Pakubuwana I (1705 — 1719), had fought two kings before; also known as Prince Puger.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of monarchs in Java

Amangkurat IV (1719 — 1726), ancestor of the kings of Surakarta and Yogyakarta.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of kings in Java

Pakubuwana II (1726 — 1742), stepped aside to Ponorogo as Kartasura was overrun by rebels; before finally establishing Surakarta.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of kings in Java

Amangkurat V (Raden Mas Garendi), the last ruler in Kasunanan Kartasura before it was finally recaptured by Pakubuwana II, but shortly afterwards Amangkurat V was eliminated.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of kings in Java

Pakubuwana II then moved to a new palace, namely Surakarta.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of kings in Java

Kasunanan Surakarta Pakubuwana or complete Sampeyan Dalem Ingkang Sinuhun Kanjeng Susuhunan Prabu Sri Pakubuwana Senapati Ing Ngalaga Ngabdurahman Sayiddin Panatama is the title for the Kasunanan king of Surakarta as the successor of the Islamic Mataram Kingdom in Surakarta.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of kings in Java

The current enthroned is Susuhunan Pakubuwana XIII.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of kings in Java

List of sunan Kasunanan Surakarta Hadiningrat.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of kings in Java

Pakubuwana II (1745 - 1749); founder of the city of Surakarta, moved the palace of Kartasura to Surakarta in 1745 Pakubuwana III (1749 - 1788); recognized the sovereignty of Hamengkubuwana I as the ruler of half the territory of his kingdom Pakubuwana IV (1788 - 1820) Pakubuwana V (1820 - 1823) (1823 - 1830); appointed national hero of Indonesia Pakubuwana VII (1830 - 1858) Pakubuwana VIII (1858 - 1861) Pakubuwana IX (1861 - 1893) Pakubuwana X (1893 - 1939); appointed national hero of Indonesia Pakubuwana XI (1939 - 1945) Pakubuwana XII (1945 - 2004) (2004 - now) Mahapatihtejowulan (2012 - present) Casultanate YogyakartaHaMengkubuwana or Hamengkubuwono or Hamengku Buwono or complete Ngarso Dalem Sampeyan Dalem Ingkang Sinuhun Kangjeng Sultan Hamengku Buwono Senopati Ing-Ngalogo Ngabdurahman Sayiddin Khaligotogomo Ullah is a title for king of Yogyakarta Sultanate as the successor of the Islamic Mataram Kingdom in Yogyakarta.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of kings in Java

Wangsa Hamengkubuwana is recorded as a persistent predator fighting for independence during each time, among others Hamengkubuwana I or his young name Prince Mangkubumi, then his successor one of them is the father of the National Hero Prince Diponegoro, namely Hamengkubuwana III.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of kings in Java

Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX had served as the second vice president of Indonesia.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king in the kingdom of Yogyakarta?

List of kings in Java

The current enthroned is Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X.List of sultans of Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Kasultanate. 1.Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono I13 February 175524 March 17922.Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono II2 April 1792late 1810the first period3.Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IIIlate 1810late 1811First period Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IIlate 181120 June 1812Second Period Sultan Hamengkubuwono III29 June 18123 November 1814Second Period 4.Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IV9 November 18146 December 18235.Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono V19 December 182317 August 1826period FirstRi Sultan Hamengkubuwono II17 August 18262 January 1828ThirdPeriod Sultan Hamengkubuwono V17 January 18285 June 1855Second Period6.Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono VI5 July 185520 July 18777.Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono VII22 December 187729 January 19218.Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono VIII8 February 192122 October 19399.Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX18 March 19401 October 198810.Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X (on 30 April 2015 changed to Sri Sultan Hamengku Bawono Kasepuluh on 3 July 2015 back to Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X) 7 March 1989Now Praja Mangkunagaran in Surakarta Mangkunagara I (Raden Mas Said) (1757 - 1795) Mangkunagara II (1796 - 1835) Mangkunagara III (1835 - 1853) Mangkunagara IV (1853 - 1881) Mangkunagara V (1881 - 1896) Mangkunagara VI (1896 - 1916) Mangkunagara VII (1916) Angkunagara VIII (1944 - 1987) Mangkunagara IX (1987 - present) Duchy of Paku Alaman in Yogyakarta Paku Alam I (1813 - 1829) Paku Alam II (1829 - 1858) Paku Alam III (1858 - 1864) Paku Alam IV (1864 - 1878) Paku Alam V (1878 - 1900) Paku Alam VI (1901 - 1902) Paku Alam VII (1903 - 1938) Paku Alam VIII (1938 - 1998) Paku Alam IX (1998 - 2015) Paku Alam IX (1998 - 2015) Paku Alam VII (1938 - 1998) Paku Alam IX (1998 Alam X (2016 - present) See also History of Mataram Baru Pangeran Diponegoro Raad van Beheer/Pakualaman Guardianship Council Category:Historical Archipelago Category:Historical Indonesia Category:List of Indonesian politicians Javanese Category:List of Javanese stubs


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Contents of the United States diplomatic wire leak (Asia and Oceania)

The contents of the United States diplomatic wire leaks shed light on Asia and Oceania and their related subjects extensively.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

The leak, which began on November 28, 2010, came after the WikiLeaks website — an international non-profit new media organization that publishes submissions of classified documents from various news sources and anonymous news leaks — began publishing classified documents with correspondence that detailed — diplomatic wire — between the United States Department of State and its diplomatic representatives around the world.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

WikiLeaks leaked this document every day from the first date of its release.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Afghan Ahmad Zia Massoud According to a wire from the United States embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan's Vice President, Ahmad Zia Massoud, was known to be carrying $52 million in cash that was “allowed to be kept without disclosing the origin and purpose of the money.”


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

The discovery was made in the United Arab Emirates by local authorities in cooperation with the Drug Enforcement Administration. [1]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Ahmed Wali Karzai A wire recounting meetings between Amerka United States officials and Ahmed Wali Karzai in September 2009 and February 2010 contains the following cautionary sentence: “Note: Even if we must recognize AWK as the head of the Provincial Council, he is widely regarded as a corrupt figure and narcotics smuggler”.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Knowing some of Karzai's statements were falsified, the wire explains that, “He apparently did not yet know our knowledge of his activities.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

We need to keep an eye on his activities at close range, and then send transparent messages over and over again to him. “[1]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Hamid Karzai Hamid Karzai, Afghan President, called experiencing “paranoid” in a wire. [2]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

The U.S. Military's enduring German funds took fifteen percent of the €50 million given the German government as perpetual funds to build the Afghan National Army. [3]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Bacha bazi Employees of US government contractor DynCorp fund the services of a “dancer boy” that appears to refer to Bacha bazi, acts considered sex slavery and child prostitution. [4]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Australia's Bangladesh Rapid Action Battalion Great Britain has helped train Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), an elite anti-criminal and anti-terrorism unit of Bangladesh Police called Human Rights Watch as “government death forces”.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

The RAB is responsible for more than 100 extrajudicial killings.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Britain-facilitated training includes “investigative interview techniques” and “battle rules” and is conducted by members of the British police who are still serving under the supervision of the National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA).


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

However, the U.S. was already aware of this training session, but the government was hamstrung by “alleged human rights abuses [by RAB], so the organization did not deserve training or assistance [from the United States]”. [5]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

2008 Bangladeshi general election U.S. officials wanted that the two chairmen of the largest political parties in Bangladesh participate in the 2008 Bangladeshi general election.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

The wire referring to the U.S. embassy study says that the majority of the Bangladeshi population wants the vote to take place as soon as possible and any attempt to derail the election will not end well. [6]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Madrasah Department for International Development (DFID), United Kingdom, has been working with the Bangladeshi government to replace the madrasah curriculum as part of its counter-terrorism strategy in the region. [7]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Peacekeepers in Africa U.S. officials want to keep tabs on Bangladesh's peacekeeping forces because there are allegations that Bangladesh is trying to instill its influence in Africa through U.N. peacekeeping duties.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

The allegation is that Bangladesh's interest in maintaining peace in Africa is skewed more towards the cultivation of influence in Africa than the execution of duties for the United Nations. [8]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

U.S. concerns U.S. officials seem to be uneasy about the growing number of Muslims, including Bangladeshis in the United Kingdom and are collecting data on this increase. [9]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

DGFI's support for Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Directorate General of Forces Intelligence (DGFI), Bangladesh's military intelligence agency, supported Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami — an Islamic fundamentalist terrorist/militant organization — in order to form a new political party.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

According to a wire sent by the United States Embassy in Dhaka, DGFI attempted to defeat the Bangladesh Islamic Democracy Party just before the 2008 Bangladesh elections. [10]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Myanmar North Korea's military involvement Myanmar is likely to be building missile and nuclear sites with North Korean help.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

A Burmese official claimed to see North Korean technicians helping with the construction of an underground facility in the foothills more than 480km northwest of Rangoon. [11] [12] [13] People's Republic of China India Indonesia Kazakhstan Corruption In 2009, Ambassador Richard E. Hoagland cited a number of people who are skeptical of the anti-corruption campaign in Kazakhstan. [14]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

He referred to a political analyst who “sees the suspects popping up as a sign of intra-elite warfare rather than evidence of an effort against corruption” and a “civil society activist” who “describes suspect officials as 'weak liaisons' in the chain [ corruption] 'and believed that his 'true forwards' continued to operate freely. “[15]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Hoagland commented, “Corruption is very endemic among officials of the government of Kazakhstan and the entire CIS.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

With large tax revenues, the salaries of Kazakhstan's government officials are higher than those of its neighboring countries.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

For example, Prime minister Masimov's salary is more than $50,000 per year.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

But more senior officials live a lifestyle that requires greater income.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Sometimes they receive money from businesses registered in the name of their husband/wife or relatives.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

In addition, they steal directly from the public budget.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

The officials arrested through the anti-corruption campaign are not yet what. “[15]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Korea Korea Reunification According to a number of Chinese officials, North Korea is acting like a “spoiled child”.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

China is ready to accept Korean reunification under the leadership of South Korea.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

They estimated that it could accommodate 300,000 North Korean refugees in case of instability on the Korean peninsula. [16]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

According to the U.S. ambassador to Seoul, U.S. and North Korean officials have talked about reunification of the two Koreas if North Korea sometime disperses itself.. [17]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Kyrgyzstan Corruption Corruption in Kyrgyzstan was talked about during a meeting at a hotel in Bishkek between US ambassador Tatiana Gfoeller, a British and Canadian businessman, and the Duke of York of the United Kingdom. [14]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Gfoeller stated, “Despite claims that all of them never participated and never bribed, a representative of a medium-sized company confessed that 'This is sometimes a bad temptation/' In such a candid lunch meeting at a hotel, all the business people were said that no work would be completed in Kyrgyzstan if President Bakiyev's son, Maxim, didn't get his 'share. '"[18] On behalf of Maxim Bakiyev, London solicitors firm Carter-Ruck told The Guardian that, “Mr.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Bakiyev fully denied these allegations. “[14]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Manas Air Base In February 2009, the United States Ambassador to Kyrgyzstan spoke with the Chinese ambassador, Zhang Yannian, after being told that China was offering $3 billion to Kyrgyzstan in return for the closure of Manas Air Base, an important U.S. military base in Bishkek who handles flights to and from Afghanistan.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

He said that during the meeting, “Zhang seemed nervous and lost his Russian language skills and began to pitch in Chinese”.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Zhang responded to it by sending a proposal to the U.S. about negotiating the opening of the base with the Kyrgyzstan government.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

His aide immediately implored: “Or you just give them $5 billion and take us and the Russian side out [of the matter]”.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Malaysia Najib Tun Razak According to revelations from Singapore diplomats about Malaysia's political scene, Najib Tun Razak, Malaysian Prime Minister is believed to be seadng in a difficult position after facing allegations of his involvement in the murder of Mongolian woman Altantuya Shaaribuu. [19] [20] U.S. officials have expressed their objections regarding Najib's emergence as a voice of renewal while citing the cow head incident in Shah Alam, the wearing of the word “Allah” in Malay-language gospels and the punishment of Kartika flogging. [21]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Missing F-5 jet engines New Wikileaks information shows that the United States is disappointed that Malaysia did not tell them about the F-5 engines missing from their inventory.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

There are concerns in the US that these jet engines are being sold to Iran and violating the arms embargo.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

This event occurred when Najib Tun Razak was still Malaysia's Defence Minister. [22] [23] Human smuggling U.S. government officials were concerned if Malaysian immigration officials on the Malaysian-Thai border were involved in smuggling Myanmar nationals. [24]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Racist speech by Hishammuddin Hussein, Malaysia's Home Minister told US embassy officials in 2007 that Barisan Nasional's component party, the Malaysian Chinese Association, was blamed for being too slow to deal with the reaction of non-Malay citizens to racist speech at the UMNO general assembly ago. [25]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Anwar sodomy trial US diplomats warned par apetinggi UMNO in 2008 that the continuing attacks being waged against the People's Pakatan, particularly around sodomy allegations to Anwar Ibrahim, would bring problems for the survival of Barisan Nasional and said this was not a conspiracy politics. [26]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Malaysian and Iranian companies U.S. officials were told that a number of Malaysian corporate officials went to Iran while carrying suitcases of money to buy oil and gas concessions from the Iranian government.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

The companies in question are national oil companies Petronas and SK Ventures led by Malaysian billionaire Syed Mokhtar Al-Buhkary.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Chinese Nepalese and Chinese Tibetan refugees pay the Nepalese Police to arrest Tibetans displaced to India. [27]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka Tajikistan U.S. Interests According to the diplomatic wire, U.S. interests in Tajikistan include: “the stability of Afghanistan's northern border, assistance to military operations in Afghanistan, and Tajikistan being a counterbalancing force and contributor to economic development in the region.”


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

In addition, “Tajikistan granted unlimited flying rights and immediately agreed on an NDN (Northern Distribution Network) ground transit line” and “they were interested in having the U.S. establish an air base in Tajikistan.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

They view U.S. involvement in the region as a bulwark against Afghan instability and a source of funds they can expect. “[28]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Future development According to the diplomatic wire, “Tajikistan must resolve political and economic problems that hinder its own development: poverty, poor relations with Uzbekistan, widespread corruption, Soviet-era economic structure and planning, undemocratic political system, chronic food safety, and dependence of migrant workers in Russia.”. [28]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Thailand Viktor Bout In Thailand, some colleagues of accused arms dealer Viktor Bout of Russia tried to block his extradition from Thailand to the United States by bribing a key witness in the case.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

U.S. diplomats were warned via secret diplomatic wire. [29]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Abhisit Vejjajiva, Thailand's Prime Minister, reiterated that his government would not comply with Washington's request to extradite Bout. [29]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Vajiralongkorn Officials at Singapore's Foreign Ministry called Heir Prince Vajiralongkorn “very labile” and confirmed that his gambling loan had already been paid by Thailand's now alienated former Prime Minister, Thaksin Shinawatra. [30]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Turkmenistan Corruption and nepotism A wire dated December 2007 states: “Corruption and nepotism are still a problem in Turkmenistan, and Turkish firms and Bouygues are already successful in this high-value construction industry because they master the business environment there. “[31]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

According to a 2008 wire, rumors of a gift from the Russian company Itera to President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow in the form of a €60 million yacht 'are a sign that the company's intention to win this business should not be underestimated'. [32]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Uzbekistan Corruption, human rights, and organized crime Uzbekistan is described as a world full of “acute corruption”, organized crime, forced labor in cotton fields, and torture. [33]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

After Hillary Clinton gave the Women of Courage award to Uzbek human rights activist newly released from prison, Mutabar Tadjibayeva, in Washington, D.C., Uzbekistan President Islam Karimov was disappointed.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

He “threatened implicitly to stop the transit of cargo for U.S. forces in Afghanistan through the Northern Distribution Network”.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Richard Norland, the United States Ambassador to Uzbekistan, claimed to have appeased Karimov, but warned Washington that, “pressuring Karimov (in particular publicly) would make us lose those transit lines. “[33]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Gulnara Karimova, the first daughter of the president of Uzbekistan, reportedly owns diverse businesses in Uzbekistan resulting from fraudulent acquisitions and is believed to be “the most hated figure in the country”. [34] [35] Lola Karimova-Tillyaeva, the youngest daughter of the president of Uzbekistan, reportedly visited frequently Barkhan nightclub in the early hours of the morning, and this leaked diplomatic wire mentions: “Barkhan's ownership is so tidy and this club is the only place selling foreign-made hard alcohol, an act that violates the laws of Uzbekistan. “[36]


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

A diplomatic wire states, “[t] ender and government office is easy to get by paying a sum of money to the right person" [37] Reference Outside links by WikiLeaks by The Guardian by The New York Times by Der Spiegel by WikiLeaks Full text search of released cables.


Question: What is the Content of the diplomatic wire leak?

Category:United States diplomatic wire leaks Category:International relations within 2010 Category:Secret documents Category:Historical documents United States Category:Diplomatic incidents Category:United States—Asia Relations Category:United States Relations


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

The definition and application of secularism, particularly religious issues in society, differs greatly between countries and muslims and countries in Europe and the United States. [1]


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

The term secularism is often used to explain the separation between community life and everything related to government from religious matters, or simply secularism is the separation between religion and politics.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

Secularism in Islam is often compared to Islamism, and secularists tend to take the opposite stance to Islam in terms of politics and social value.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

Among western scholars and muslim intellectuals, there are some debates regarding secularism including in it regarding understanding in political life and and religious interference in legitimate government.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

The concept of secularism has a different sense among muslim secularists.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

The reaction of muslim intellectuals to secularization was also different.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

On the other hand, secularism is considered an ugliness by Muslim intellectuals who feel that religion cannot be eliminated in community life. [2]


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

On the other hand, secularism is considered compatible with the teachings of Islam.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

For example, the investigation into secularism has inspired some Muslim scholars who argue that a secular form of government is the best path to running Islamic sharia.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

Plus, Some scholars argue that secular forms of government have existed in the Islamic world since medieval times.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

However, some countries with a majority of Muslim population declare their countries as secular countries, and some have dualism government system where Muslims can do community activities under Sharia laws.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

The shape can vary in each country, but usually covers the issue of marriage, divorce, inheritance and child guardianship.. [3]


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

Definition Some scholars have posited that no term in Arabic refers to the word secular and secularism.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

Secularism translates into Arabic as “'alamaniyah”, which is derived from the word “'nature (world or universal)”, or “'ilmaniyah”, which is drawn from the word “'ilm (science or science)”.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

The terminology “'alamaniyah” first appeared in the late nineteenth century in the dictionary of Muhit al-Muhit [4] written by a Lebanese Christian scholar named scholar Butrus al-Bustani.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

Some sources say that secularism is taken from the word “la diniyah (not religious)”, which is expressed as something outside religion. [5] [6] In addition, some refer to the word “'almaniyyah” which is drawn from the word “'nature”, and some refer to the word “dunyawiyyah”, which is drawn from the word “dunya (temporary)”, opposite of the word “dini (religion)”.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

Review The concept of secularism was imported along with modern enlightenment understanding from Europe into the Islamic world, namely in the Middle East and North Africa.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

Among muslim intellectuals, early debates against secularism centered on the relationship between religion and government, and how this relationship correlated to European success in the fields of science, technology and government. [5]


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

In the debate on the relationship between religion and state, (in) separability of religious and political authorities in the Islamic world, or status of the Caliph, was one of the biggest issues. [7]


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

Secular State with Majority Population of African Muslims Burkina Faso [8] Chad [9] Gambia [10] Guinea [9] Mali [11] Senegal [12] Asian Kyrgyzstan [13] Kazakhstan [14] [15] Tajikistan [16] Turkmenistan [17] Turkey [18] Uzbekistan Palestine - West Bank of Syria [19] Lebanon [20] European Azerbaijan [21]] Bosnia and Herzegovina Kosovo The movement of Turkish Secularism Secularism in Turkey occurred dramatically and filled the post-fall void of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. As the country headed for a fall, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk led a political movement and cultural revolution.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

“Modern Turkey takes shape from the mixing of the Ottoman Islamic system of government and its adoption from western modern rule. “[22] ligious minorities to freely profess and practice their religions and develop their cultures.}}


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

Opposition and critique Secularism and Dictatorship There is a direct link between secularism and oppression in the Middle East.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

The spread of Islamism and the Islamic Awakening Movement made secular leaders more authoritarian and oppressive acts to protect secularism from becoming extinct.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

At the same time, the greater oppression from the government makes people more conflicted with secularity and makes the Islamism movement more heartened in the Middle East. [23]


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

The dictatorship has made mosques the only place to hit back at the government and wage political resistance.. [24]


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

A scholar such as Vali Nasr argues that secular elites in the muslim world were formed by colonial powers to maintain their hegemony. [25]


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

Secularism is also usually associated as a military regime, as is the case in Turkey and Algeria.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) successfully won elections in December 1991 in Algeria [26] and the Prosperous Party successfully won the 1995 elections in Turkey. [27]


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

These two parties are examples of Islamic political parties based on democracy.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

However, both parties were brought down by military coups to save secularism. [28]


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

The Prosperous Party in Turkey was forced to step down from government by the Turkish military in February 1997in an operation called “post modern coup”, [29] FIS in Algeria was brought down by the military coup that brought the country into the 1992 civil war. [28]


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

Military force in some countries can be used as a way away from the concept of democracy for the purpose of protecting secularism.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

In some countries, fear of Islamism makes the state do its way as if done domocratically by suppressing the Islamic Party. [30]”


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

The Syrian regime was frightened by the forces of Islamism and then suppressed the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood. “[31]


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

When United States diplomats asked Hosni Mubarak to give rights to the press and stop arresting intellectuals, Mubarak rejected him and said, “If Saaya does what you ask, the “fundamentalists” will take over the government like in Egypt.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

You want that to happen?”


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

Or when president Bill Clinton asked Yasser Arafat to uphold democracy in Palestine in 2001, Yasser Arafat also answered the same thing.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

“He said that in an Islamic democratic system, Hamas would control the government in Palestine”. [23]


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

Some secular autocracies in the Middle East take risks fighting Islamism to justify autocracy of their rule in the international arena.


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

See also Sharia Law Secularism in each country Democracy in the Middle East Secularization of Secular Education Talal Asad Sadik Al-Azm Progressive British Muslim Muslims Wake Up!


Question: Which countries apply Reductionism?

Islam and secularism

Tolu-e-Islam M. A. Muqtedar Khan Irshad Manji Khaleel Mohammed Liberal Islamic Network Al-Mawrid List of Muslim reformers Islamism: Islamism Islamic State Khilafah Hizb ut-Tahrir Muslim Brotherhood Reference Further Reading Secularism Category:Secularism


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

Part of a series OnIslam Beliefs Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices Profession of Faith Prayer Fasting Alms-Giving Pilgrimage Texts and sciences Quran Tafsir Sunnah (Hadith, Sirah) Qisas Al-Anbiya Sharia (law) Fiqh (jurisprudence) Theology History Timeline Muhammad Ahl al-Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam Succession to Muhammad Culture and society Academics Animals Art Calendar Children Demographics Denominations Economics Education Exorcism Feminism Festivals Finance LGBT Madrasa Moral teachings Mosque Mysticism Philosophy Poetry Politics Proselytizing Science Slavery Social welfare Women Related topics Abrogation in Islam Criticism of Islam Muhammad Quran Islam and other religions Islamism Islam and violence Islamophobia Glossary Islamportalvt Zalim (Arabic: لم, Dzholim) in Islamic teachings is Put something/ things not in place.


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

The wrongdoer is called a zalimin and the opponent of the word of the unjust is just.


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

The etymology of The word zalim comes from Arabic, with the letter “dzho lam mim” (ل م) intending dark.


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

In the Qur'an uses the word zhulm besides it is also used the word baghy, which means it is also the same as unjum, which is to violate the rights of others.


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

But the sense of wrongdoing is broader in meaning than baghyu, depending on the sentence it is leaning.


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

It has various forms among which it is shirk.


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

The sentence of wrongdoing can also be used to symbolize the nature of cruel, violent, unhumanized, like to see people in suffering and misery, doing evil, persecution, destruction of property, unjust and many more notions that can be taken from the nature of wrongdoing that, which is essentially a vile and despicable nature, and is very contrary to the morals and fitrahs of men, who should use reason to do good.


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

Threat to the unjust and not According to Islamic shari'ah, people who do not commit wrongdoers can be subjected to torture, this belief is based on in one of the verses.


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

He said: “... and keep yourselves from the torment that is not special to the wrongdoers of you, and know that Allah is harshly tormented.”


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

(Al-Anfaal 8:25)” The verse contains a warning to beware of the punishment that not only befalls the unjust, but overrides in general both the unjust and the unjust.


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

Therefore, it is obligatory for those who see evilness and possess the ability, to eliminate it.


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

In the Qur'an and Hadiths of the Qur'an in the Qur'an Zalim has several meanings, among them in several surahs as follows: Al Baqarah 165 and Huud 101, those who worship other than Allah.


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

Al Maa-idah 47, for obeying lust and harming others.


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

Al Kahfi 35, wrong-doing this verse is a nature of hubris and his act of disbelief.


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

Al-Anbiyaa' 13, The wrongdoer at the time felt the torment of Allah fleeing, and the believers told them scornfully to keep them in their place, enjoying the delights of life as usual to answer the questions that would confronted them.


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

Al 'Ankabuut 46, What is meant by the wrongdoers in this verse are those who, after being given to him the best explanations and explanations, they still refute and disbelieve and still express hostility.


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

Hadith In the hadith of saheeh narrated by Ibn Sirin, the Prophet Muhammad said that, “Among the forms of wrongdoing of a person against his brother is when he mentions the evil that he knows from his brother and hides his goodness. “[1]


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

From the story of Abu Dzar Al-Ghifari of the Messenger of Allah as he received a revelation from Allah that Allah said: “O my servant! I have forbidden wrongdoing upon Me, and I have decreed the illicit among you. “[2]


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

In another hadith the Prophet Muhammad said, “Fear you of evil because evil is darkness on the Day of Resurrection. “[3]


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

The category of wrongdoers is divided into 2 categories, judging oneself (sin and sinfulness) and others (squandering or not performing the rights of others that are required to be given).


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

There are three misdeeds of which Allah does not forgive, which Allah does not forgive.


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

The wrongness that God can forgive, the deeds of a servant towards himself in his relationship to God.


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

The wrongdoing not let by God, the deeds of His servants among their fellows, is surely demanded on the Last Day by those who are wronged.


Question: what is islam's response to soudzon?

Zalim

Reference Outside Category:Islam Category:Islamic Terms


Question: What is meant by the term “week”?

Week

A week, week, or (one) week (a week) is a unit of time consisting of seven days or 7 x 24 hours = 168 hours.


Question: What is meant by the term “week”?

Week

Number of days In Javanese and Balinese culture one week does not necessarily consist of seven days, but ranges from two days to ten days: Sunday consisting of one day: ekawara Sunday consisting of two days: dwawara Sunday which consists of three days: triwara Sunday consisting of four day: caturwara Sunday consisting of five days: pancawara, market or Sunday market consisting of six days: sadwara Sunday consisting of seven days: saptawara, one week or one week literally Sunday consisting of eight days: astawara Sunday consisting of nine Day: Nawawara Sunday consisting of ten days: dasawara While a week consisting of seven days consists of the following days: Sunday - Monday - Tuesday - Wednesday - Thursday - Friday - Saturday Or using words from Sanskrit/Old Javanese Raditya/Redite/Dite - Soma - Anggara - Buda - Wrehaspati/Respati - Sukra - Tumpek/Saniscara Other meanings of Pekan can also mean market.


Question: What is meant by the term “week”?

Week

The phrase weekday known in some regions means “the day when the market is held”, which is usually held in an interval of 7 days (a week).


Question: What is meant by the term “week”?

Week

Interesting to see also the market in addition to the place of vending belian merchandise, can also mean a week consisting of 5 days.


Question: What is meant by the term “week”?

Week

In Malaysia, “pekan” is a designation for residential areas larger than a kampung but smaller than a city.


Question: What is meant by the term “week”?

Week

See also Javanese Culture Pawukon Wuku Category:Time unit


Question: what is the number of districts in south Sumatra?

ALIH List of districts and cities in South Sumatra


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Tempeh is a food prepared from fermentation against soybean seeds or some other ingredient that uses several types of Rhizopus molds, such as Rhizopus oligosporus, Rh. oryzae, Rh. stolonifer (bread mold), or Rh. arrhizus.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

These fermented preparations are commonly known as “tempeh yeast”.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Molds grown on soybeans hydrolyze complex compounds into simple compounds easily digested by humans.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Tempeh is rich in dietary fiber, calcium, B vitamins and iron.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

The various contents in tempeh have medicinal value, such as antibiotics to cure infections and antioxidants preventing degenerative diseases.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

In general, tempeh is white due to the growth of mold mycelia that glue the soybean seeds so that a solidified texture is formed.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Degradation of soybean components in fermentation makes tempeh have a distinctive taste and aroma.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Unlike the tofu, tempeh tastes a bit sour.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Tempe is widely consumed in Indonesia, but now it has gone worldwide.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Vegetarians around the world have used tempeh as a substitute for meat.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

As a result now tempeh is produced in many places in the world, not only in Indonesia.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Various studies in a number of countries, such as Germany, Japan, and the United States.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Indonesia is also now trying to develop superior strains of Rhizopus to produce tempeh that is faster, quality, or improve the nutritional content of tempeh.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Some parties worry that this activity could threaten the existence of tempeh as a common property foodstuff because superior tempeh yeast strains can be registered patents so that their use is protected by law (requiring a license from the patent holder).


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

There are various methods of making tempeh. [1] [2] However, the technique of making tempeh in Indonesia generally consists of the stages of boiling, stripping, soaking and acidification, washing, inoculation with yeast, wrapping, and fermentation. [3]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

At the initial stage of tempeh making, soybean seeds are boiled.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

This boiling stage serves as a hydration process, that is, so that soybean seeds absorb as much water as possible.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Boiling is also intended to soften soybean seeds so that they can later absorb acid in the soaking stage.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Soybean seed skin is peeled off at the stripping stage so that the mycelium fungi can penetrate the soybean seeds during the fermentation process.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Stripping can be done by hand, trampled by foot, or with a seed skin peeler.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

After peeling, soy seeds are soaked.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

The purpose of the immersion stage is to hydrate soybean seeds and allow natural lactic acid fermentation to obtain the acidity needed for fungi growth.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Lactic acid fermentation occurs characterized by the appearance of an acidic odor and froth in the bath water due to the growth of Lactobacillus bacteria.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

When the growth of lactic acid bacteria is not optimum (for example, in subtropical countries [4], acid needs to be added to the marinade water.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

This fermentation of lactic acid and acidification is also useful to increase nutritional value and eliminate toxic bacteria.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

The final washing process is done to remove impurities that may be formed by lactic acid bacteria and so that soybean seeds are not too acidic.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Bacteria and their feces can inhibit the growth of fungi.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Inoculation is carried out with the addition of inoculum, that is, yeast tempeh or laru.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Inoculum can be molds grown and dried on waru leaves or teak leaves (called usar; traditionally used), tempeh mould spores in flour medium (wheat, rice, or tapioca; widely sold on the market), or pure R. oligosporus culture (commonly used by tempeh makers [5] [6] Inoculation can be done in two ways, namely (1) the inoculum widening on the surface of soy beans that have been cooled and dried, then mixed evenly before wrapping; or (2) the inoculum can be mixed directly at the time of soaking, left for some time, then dried.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

After inoculation, the soybean seeds are wrapped or placed in a container for fermentation.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Various wrapping materials or containers can be used (e.g. banana leaves, waru leaves, teak leaves, plastic, glass, wood, and steel), provided that they allow air ingress because tempeh molds require oxygen to grow.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

The wrapping material from leaves or plastic is usually given holes by piercing.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

The wrapped soybean seeds are left to undergo the fermentation process.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

In this process the mold grows on the surface and penetrates the soybean seeds, uniting them into tempeh.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Fermentation can be carried out at 20°C—37°C for 18—36 hours.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Shorter fermentation times are usually for tempehs that use many inoculums and higher temperatures, while the traditional process of using laru from leaves typically takes fermentation time up to 36 hours.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

History and development The origin of Ka|JMPL|250px|Tempeh is whitish due to mold hyphae that attach soybean seeds.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Unlike other traditional soy foods that usually come from China or Japan, tempeh originated in Indonesia. [7]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

It is unclear when tempeh manufacture began.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

However, this tradisonal food has been known since centuries ago, especially in the Javanese community eating cultural order, especially in Yogyakarta and Surakarta.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

In chapter 3 and chapter 12 of the manuscript Serat Centhini with 16th-century Javanese seting (Serat Centhini itself written in the early 19th century) has been found the word “tempe”, for example with the mention of the name of the dish jae santen tempe (a type of tempeh cuisine with coconut milk) and cadhele tempe srundan.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

This and other available historical records indicate that perhaps at first tempeh was produced from black soybeans, originating from traditional rural communities of Java—probably developed in the Mataram area of Central Java, and developed before the 16th century. [6]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

The word “tempe” is thought to have originated in Old Javanese.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

In ancient Java there was a white food made from sago flour called tumpi.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Fresh tempeh that is also white is seen to have similarities with the sauté food. [8]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

In addition, there is a reference to tempeh from 1875 in a Javan-Dutch dictionary. [9]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Other sources say that the manufacture of tempeh began during the era of Forced Planting in Java. [10]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

At that time, Javanese people were forced to use yard produce, such as cassava, yam and soybeans, as food sources.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

In addition, there are also opinions that say that tempeh was probably introduced by Chinese people who produce similar foods, namely soybean koji1 fermented using Aspergillus mold. [11]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Furthermore, tempeh-making techniques spread throughout Indonesia, in line with the spread of Javanese people migrating to all parts of the country. [6]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Tempe in Indonesia JMPL|240px|Tempe fried JMPL|240px|Tempe bacem Indonesia is the largest tempeh producer country in the world and is the largest soybean market in Asia.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

As much as 50% of Indonesian soybean consumption is done in tempeh, 40% tofu, and 10% in the form of other products (such as tauco, soy sauce, and others).


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

The average tempeh consumption per person per year in Indonesia is currently thought to be around 6.45kg. [12]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

During the time of the Japanese occupation of Indonesia, tempeh-fed prisoners of war were spared dysentery and hungry busung. [12]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Numerous studies published in the 1940s to the 1960s also concluded that many World War II prisoners managed to survive because of tempeh. [13]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

According to Onghokham, the protein-rich tempeh has saved the health of Indonesia's dense and relatively low-income population. [10]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

However, the name 'tempeh' was once used in urban areas of Java, especially central Java, to refer to something of low grade.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Terms such as 'mental tempe' or 'tempe class' are used to be pejorative with the sense that the thing talked about is low-grade because it is cheap like tempeh. [14]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Soekarno, the first Indonesian President, often warned the Indonesian people by saying, “Don't become a tempeh nation. “[13]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

It was only in the mid-1960s that views regarding this tempeh began to change.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

In the late 1960s and early 1970s there were a number of changes in the manufacture of tempeh in Indonesia. [15]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Plastic (polyethylene) began to replace banana leaves for wrapping tempeh, flour-based yeast (produced from 1976 by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences and widely used by the Indonesian Tempe Tofu Producers Cooperative, Kopti [6]) began to replace traditional laru, and imported soybeans began to replace traditional laru, and imported soybeans began to replace traditional laru replace local soy.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Tempeh production increased and its industry began to be modernized in the 1980s, thanks in part to Kopti's role which was established on 11 March 1979 in Jakarta and by 1983 had comprised more than 28,000 tempeh and tofu producers.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

The technical standard for tempeh has been established in the Indonesian National Standard and applicable since October 9, 2009 is SNI 3144:2009.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

In the standard, soybean tempeh is defined as “a product obtained from fermentation of soybean seeds using mold Rhizopus sp., in the form of a compact solid, slightly grayish white in color and smelling characteristic of tempeh”. [16]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Tempe outside Indonesia Tempe is known by Europeans through the Dutch people. [11]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

In 1895, Prinsen Geerlings (a chemist and microbiologist from the Netherlands) made the first attempt to identify tempeh molds. [9]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

The first tempeh companies in Europe were started in the Netherlands by immigrants from Indonesia.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Through the Netherlands, tempeh has been popular in Europe since 1946.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Meanwhile, tempeh was popular in the United States after being first made there in 1958 by Yap Bwee Hwa, an Indonesian who first conducted scientific research on tempeh. [13]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

In Japan, tempeh was researched since 1926 but only began to be produced commercially around 1983. [17]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

In 1984 already recorded 18 tempeh companies in Europe, 53 in America, and 8 in Japan.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

In some other countries, such as the People's Republic of China, India, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, Canada, Australia, Latin America, and Africa, tempeh has become known in limited circles. [18]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

The efficacy and nutritional content of Tempe has the potential to be used against free radicals, so it can inhibit the aging process and prevent the occurrence of degenerative diseases (atherosclerosis, coronary heart, diabetes mellitus, cancer, etc.).


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

In addition, tempeh also contains antibacterial substances causing diarrhea, lowering blood cholesterol, heart disease prevention, hypertension, and others. [12]


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

The nutritional composition of tempeh both protein, fat, and carbohydrate levels have not changed much compared to soy.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

However, due to the digestive enzymes produced by tempeh molds, proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in tempeh become easier to digest in the body than those found in soybeans.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Therefore, tempeh is very good to give to any age group (from infants to the elderly), so it can be called an all-age food.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Compared to soybeans, there are some favorable things in tempeh.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Chemically this can be seen from the increased levels of dissolved solids, dissolved nitrogen, free amino acids, free fatty acids, digestibility values, protein efficiency values, as well as protein scores.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Some studies show that tempeh nutrients are easier to digest, absorb, and utilize the body compared to those in soy.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

It has been proven in infants and toddlers with malnutrition and chronic diarrhea.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

With the administration of tempeh, the weight growth of malnutrition sufferers will increase and diarrhea becomes cured in a short time.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Processing soy into tempeh will decrease the level of raffinosa and stakiosa, which is a compound that causes flatulence symptoms (flatulence).


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

The high nutritional quality of tempeh allows adding tempeh to improve the quality of cereals and tubers.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Daily food dishes consisting of rice, corn, or tiwul will increase nutritional quality when added tempeh.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

A piece of fried tempeh (50 grams) is enough to improve the nutritional quality of 200 g of rice.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Mixed foodstuffs rice-tempeh, corn-tempeh, gaplek-tempeh, in a ratio of 7:3, are good enough to give to toddlers.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Fatty acids During the fermentation process of tempeh, there is a tendency of an increased degree of unsaturation of fats.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Thus, compound unsaturated fatty acids (polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs) increase in number.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

In that process palmitic acid and linoleic acid decrease slightly, while the increase occurs in oleic and linolenic acids (linolenic acid is not present in soybeans).


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Unsaturated fatty acids have a decreased effect on serum cholesterol content, so they can neutralize the negative effects of sterols in the body.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Vitamins Two groups of vitamins are present in tempeh, namely water-soluble (vitamin B complex) and fat-soluble (vitamins A, D, E, and K).


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Tempeh is a very potential source of B vitamins.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Types of vitamins contained in tempeh include vitamins B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid (niacin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), and B12 (cyanocobalamin).


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Vitamin B12 is generally found in animal products and is not found in plant foods (vegetables, fruits, and whole grains), but tempeh contains vitamin B12 so tempeh is the only potential source of vitamins from plant foods.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

The increase in vitamin B12 levels is most noticeable in the manufacture of tempeh; vitamin B12 its activity increases to 33 times during fermentation from soy, riboflavin rises about 8-47 times, pyridoxine 4-14 times, niacin 2-5 times, biotin 2-3 times, folic acid 4-5 times, and pantothenic acid 2 times.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

This vitamin is not produced by tempeh molds, but by contaminant bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter freundii.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Vitamin B12 levels in tempeh range from 1.5 to 6.3 micrograms per 100 grams of dried tempeh.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

This amount has been able to suffice a person's vitamin B12 needs per day.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

With vitamin B12 in tempeh, vegetarians don't have to worry about vitamin B12 deficiency, insofar as they involve tempeh in their daily menu.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Tempe minerals contain sufficient quantities of macro- and microelements.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Successive amounts of iron, copper, and zink minerals were 9.39; 2.87; and 8.05mg every 100g of tempeh.


Question: does chicken meat contain Antioxidants?

Tempeh

Tempeh molds can produce phytases enzymes that will decompose phytic acid (which binds to some minerals) into phosphorus and inositol.