Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In 1536 Katarabumi, ruler of Jailolo, supported by communion with Tidore and Bacan expelled the Portuguese from Moro and conquered the land of Moro.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The Tobaru warriors of the Mother river valley took an active part.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Portuguese sources reveal they (the Tobaru people) were greatly feared for the ability to move within the jungle without being seen and attack abruptly. “they are rumored to disappear (turn themselves invisible)”.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In the following year, Portuguese forces managed to recapture the land of Moro (except Sugala).


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

But by the following year, the Moro population of Tolo and Mamuya suffered mainly by Tobaru attacks, and the Moro population in Morotai by Jailolo attacks.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Around the decade of the 1540s, Jailolo had conquered the Moro settlements of Tolo, a settlement described by Rebelo as “the largest, the most populated, and the strongest of among the entire settlements in the Moro archipelago”.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In 1549 Sultan Hairun of Ternate refused to retake Moro with Portuguese help.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

While conducting a siege, the mountain near Tolo erupted.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Tolo was again recaptured and the occupying soldiers from Jailolo were chased into the mountains.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The leaders of Gamkonora (located on the western coast of the peninsula north of Halmahera) and the Sultan of Ternate continued to threaten the existence of the Moro land.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In 1570, Pune near Mamuya and other settlements were attacked and destroyed by Sultan Babullah of Ternate.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In later decades the population of Moro people was further reduced due to sustained attacks.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In 1606, when the Dutch had expelled the Portuguese from Tidore, a Spanish fleet approached Ternate which was greeted with gunfire from a Dutch ship.With the help of Tidore, the Spanish seized Ternate.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Soon after the Spanish leadership threw off the Sultan of Ternate to the Philippines, Tidore gained the opportunity to once again plunder the Moro country.The Moro inhabitants were still also attacked from the interior.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In Tolo, for example, residents of Samafo and Cawa evacuated to save themselves from the attacks of the Tobelo and Galela people who settled 8 miles inland.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

This forced the Spanish to put troops to protect “the friendly population from the attacks of the people of Tobelo and Galela”.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

They then pulled back to defend Tidore from attacks by Dutch and Ternate combined forces.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

A missionary named Simi persuaded the inhabitants of Tolo to evacuate to Morotai but they chose to leave for Bicoli.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

While camped on Bicoli beach, they were captured by Ternate forces.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Tolo was annihilated altogether.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The year 1617 it is rumored the place is covered with woodland and shows no signs of ever being inhabited.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Terrified of facing the same fate, the Moro inhabitants of the island of Morotai allied themselves with Ternate but none of its faeties.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

After the Spanish forces were withdrawn, under the leadership of Sultan Modafar of Ternate (ruling from 1610—1627), the inhabitants of Cawo, Sopi, Mira and Sakita were transferred to Dodinga and Jailolo.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Under Modafar's replacement, the remaining 800 Moro people were made slaves in Ternate.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Previously, part of the population transferred to Tidore “where the crown prince Tidore had carried out a massive attack... and obtained many captives, men, women and children, and made them slaves of Tidore.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Then there are no more historical records about Moro. [1]


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Legend of Telaga Biru Galela, North Halmahera in the hemisphere of North Halmahera, North Maluku, precisely in the area of Galela hamlet Liswa, amidst the tranquility of life and the number of residents still sparse (consisting of only a few houses or dadaru), the residents of Liswa were jolted by the discovery water that suddenly comes out from among the rocks as a result of freezing hot lava.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The stagnated water then formed an example. The water was clear bluish and under the lush of banyan trees.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

This incident confused the population.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

They wonder where the water came from?


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Is this a blessing or is it a sign that something bad is about to happen.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

What is the bluff that made this phenomenon happen?


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

News about the formation of the lake was spread quickly.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Especially in the area it is classified as difficult to water.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Various ways are done to uncover the curiosity of the population.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The traditional ceremony was held to uncover the mystery of the onset of the small lake.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Searching through traditional rituals in the form of summoning the spirits of the ancestors to the worship of Jou Giki Moi or Jou maduhutu (One God or God the Creator) was done.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The traditional ritual event resulted in the answer “Arising from Sininga irogi de itepi Sidago kongo dalulu de i uhi imadadi ake majobubu” (Arising from the result of heartbreak crumbling, shedding tears, flowing and flowing into a source of springs).


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Dolodolo (kentongan) was sounded as a gesture for all residents of the hamlet of Liswa to gather.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

They rushed to come and listen to the results of the findings to be delivered by the indigenous Elder.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The atmosphere also turned into silence.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Only the sound of the wind and the sigh of the resident's breath sounded.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The traditional elder authoritatively asked “Among you who is not present but also not at home”.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The residents began to look at each other.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Each is busy counting the number of his family members.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Of the not many numbers it is easy to know that there were two families who lost their members.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Reluctant to mention the names of the two children, they only greeted with a common call of Galela people namely Majojaru (nona) and Magohiduuru (nyong).


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

At first glance, they told a story about the two children.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Majojaru has been two days away from home and has not yet come home.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Relatives and friends have been contacted but there is no news yet.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

It can be said that Majojaru's departure is still a mystery.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The news from Magohiduuru's parents said that their son had gone six months away to land but there was no news yet when he would return.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Majojaru and Magohiduuru are a pair of lovers.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

When Magohiduuru said goodbye to go to rampant, the two had promised to stay as dead.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In fact, even though the seasons change, months and years pass but their relationship and love will be once for all.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Otherwise it is better to die than live to bear a lie.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Six months on from Magohiduuru's departure, Majojaru's faithful remains await.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

However, the storm apparently unleashed the ark of love that was anchored on the shoreless beach.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The news about Magohiduuru was finally heard in the hamlet of Liswa.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Like being struck by lightning in broad daylight Majojaru was blown away and fell down.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

He seemed to be incredulous when he heard that Magohiduuru was so balaeng deng miss laeng.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The promise to be lifelike as if it backfires death.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In a very unpassionate state Majojaru tried to find shelter while calming his heart.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

He also sat sheltering under the banyan tree while lamenting his love story.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Unstoppable tears are like embankments and dams that come off, the water continues to flow until it ripples, stagnates and submerges the sharp rocks that lie under the banyan tree.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Majojaru is eventually drowned out by his own tears.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

A small lake was formed.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The water was tear-clear and the color was as blue as the pupils of Miss Endo Lisawa's eyes.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The residents of the hamlet of Lisawa were mourning.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

They promised to maintain and maintain the lake which they named Blue Telaga.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The blue lake at that time always seemed clean.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The water is crystal clear in bluish color.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Any foliage that falls on it will not sink because it seems sucked to be cleaned by the rocks that are on the edge of the lake.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Until now the myth of the origin of the Blue lake is still maintained in the community.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Younger couples from Galela and Tobelo have come to this lake to bind each other's promises.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

As a sign of bonding they would take water with Cingacinga leaves and then drink it together.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The remaining water will usually be used to wash your feet and face.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The meaning is that no more tears flow from every bond of promise and relationship.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The inhabitants of the early Lisawa hamlet are now gone and leave only the Blue lake.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Unfortunately the current condition of the Blue lake is increasingly languishing due to the cut down of trees around the lake.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

This was further aggravated by the loss of rocks around the lake which had been replaced with concrete embankments.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The surrounding communities also use this lake as a place for MCK so that many plastic waste is now very damaging the scenery.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Not to mention the tree trunks that were deliberately cut down were never removed but left to rot in the water of the lake.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Telaga Biru now again cries and asks if anyone can survive if in his eyes are possessed with grains of sand or exposed to the poignancy of soapy water.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

If it still exists then don't pass this affliction on to your grandson.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Remember and disclose that this country is a loan from our posterity!


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

CANGA - CANGA I Pirate Tobelo-Galela) In the 19th century, several important waters in Indonesia were haunted by the pirate-pumping that the pirates carried out.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The actions of these pirates greatly dizzyed the Dutch Colonial Government and its navy.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The waters that are subjected to pirate operations include the waters of Manado, Southeast Sulawesi Islands, the east coast of Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, the north coast of East Java, and Maluku.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Until the first half of the 19th century, pumping actors consisted mainly of Southern Filipinos, namely Balangigi, Mindanao and Sulu people. J.A. Muller19 reported that the commander of Willem I's ship, Wolterbeek Muller, experienced the wreck of his ship while in pursuit of the pirate “Moluccas.”


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

However, the pirates turned out to be Mindanao whose boats were equipped with firearms.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Mindanao pirates were notorious when it was Takala's Sharif-led horde.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The horde operates around the east coast of Borneo and North Sulawesi.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In 1835, Sharif Takala was caught in Batu Putih by the gunboat Heldin, and with him joined in the army, who had only finished operations on the Berau River.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

When arrested, Sharif Takala had just married the daughter of Sultan Paji Alam of the Panjang Sultanate.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Besides the Sharif Takala horde, there is another famous Filipino pirate horde led by Dato Kaiya, which the Dutch also successfully captured.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Both Sharif Takala and Dato Kaiya were dragged into court later convicted.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

After the capture of the two Filipino pirates, the pumping in the waters of Borneo subsided for a while.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

However, with strict naval patrols in the area, the pirates of the South Philippines moved their area of operations to the waters of Nusa Tenggara — Flores, Bima and beyond — as well as the Maluku Islands.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Around the middle of the 19th century, the pirate hordes of southern Philippines got a new rival: the Tobelo-Galela pirate horde.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In 1850, the Dutch navy reported that the Bawean Islands on the north coast of East Java were attacked by no fewer than 15 pirate boats.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The boats used by the pirates were quite large and carved by dozens of people — each boat loaded about 60 people — and equipped with cannons, firearms, and ammunition.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The pirate boats landed in the village when the men were sailing to trade.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The houses of the inhabitants were burned after their property was robbed.While women and children were captured to be made belian slaves.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Naval patrols sent to the scene reported that the pumping was done by domestic pirates, not Southern Philippine pirates.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In 1852, the navy also reported the occurrence of a series of pumping actions in the waters of Flores and Sumbawa.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Of the pirates who were captured, it is known that the pirates were from Tobelo, in addition to some of them coming from the southern Philippines.Reports later revealed that pirates were from Galela.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In fact, incidentally, it was also found that the Loloda, Patani and Gebe were involved in pumping actions.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Because the pumping actions carried out by the pirates from Tobelo and Galela were so troubling, the Dutch government approached the sultans of Maluku and asked them for help — especially the Sultans of Ternate and Bacan whose awuls included the Tobelo and Galela people — to tackle them.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

However, these efforts did not immediately show results.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In fact, the pirates, in addition to attacking areas such as Banggai, Buton, and Tombuku, operated before the eyes of the sultans themselves, such as in Bacan, Obi, Sanana and Seram.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The islands adjacent to Tidore and Ternate, such as Moti, Makian, and Mare, did not escape the target of the operations of the pirates of Tobelo and Galela.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

One of Tobelo's much-feared pirate leaders was Laba, who in 1855 was caught hiding in his village in Tobelo.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The resident of Ternate, Stierling, upon receiving information that Laba was in Gamhoku, Tobelo, immediately sent the warship Visivius and demanded the surrender of Laba which was in the protection of the Gamhoku population.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

However, the villagers refused these demands.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

As a result, Stierling ordered his warships shelling and burning Gamhoku's village.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

After the village was flush with land, its inhabitants were moved from Gamhoku (“the village that burned”) to Gamsungi (“new kampung”), which was then the capital of Tobelo Subdistrict until now.Laba himself was caught and dragged to court in Ternate, as well as sentenced to exile to Bengkulu and died in that place of exile.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

From Dutch naval reports based on interviews with the captured pirates as well as the captives of the released pirates, it is known that almost all the pirate hordes when it was led by Tobelo or Galela people.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

These hordes of pirates operate using boats that can transport dozens of rowers and hundreds of hijackers.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Besides, his boats were armed with cannons and firearms.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

When the Dutch patrol boats were bricked, they fought back and there were frequent gunfights with the Dutch ships.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In performing the action, the pirates of Tobelo-Galela were not discriminating.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In November 1874, Sultan Buton's boat was rompak and the sultan himself joined the battle to face the pirates of Galela.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The pirates of Tobelo reshuffled Sultan Banggai's boat on his journey to Ternate, when he was about to have an audience with the Sultan of Ternate.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

All the contents of the boat were drained out, including a number of tributes to be dedicated to the Sultan of Ternate.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In the same year, Tobelo pirates managed to drain a commercial ship in Seram.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

However, in pumping on the east coast of Sulawesi, for example, Ternate Sultanate officials stationed in Banggai are also involved.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The envoy of Ternate and the Royal Secretary of Banggai, both Ternate, are the protectors of the fruits of the rompakan.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

They also became the “sole agent” of the purchase of slaves of the Tobelo-Galela pirates.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Pleasant to these Tobelo-Galela pirates, A. B. Lapian among others noted: That the figures reported by the Dutch Government may still be well below the real numbers, both in the number of boats and those that were the culprits, as well as those victimized as slaves.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The naming of the villages Gamhoku and Gamsungi, thus, arose later, after the Dutch shooting and burning.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The name of Gamhoku village before the fire is not so clear. The pirates' area of operation is very wide.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

At its peak, the territory reached by the pirates reached the Java Sea.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In fact, by working with the Southern Filipinos, their area of operations may be even wider.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

On the basis of these things, the pirates of Tobelo-Galela showed their ability to organize themselves in a formidable force facing the Dutch navy.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Management and logistics skills and excellent leadership and extensive navigation and shipping knowledge, thus, owned by the pirates of Tobelo — Galela.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

To tackle the pirates from Tobelo-Galela, in 1878 Said Muhammad, an Arab descendant who resided in Makian, organized an anti-pirate body of 125 people.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The group pursues and captures the pirates it finds.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In the first year after this body was established, Said Muhammad and his men managed to capture 140 Tobelo-Galela pirates, who were immediately herded to Ternate.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The success of Said Muhammad's group participated in reducing pumping actions, especially in Bacan Islands and Sanana-Taliabu.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In addition, the Sultan and Resident of Ternate issued a joint regulation that requires that all boats Galela and Tobelo have a proper way when they want to sail.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Boats that do not have road fitting are considered pirate boats.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

By the end of the 19th century, the pirate disturbances committed by the Tobelo-Galela people were drastically reduced, then ended.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

According to van Fraassen, the end of this pumping action is naturally due to the development of ocean ships' voyages.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Governor-General Hands Exterminating Piracy The governor-general of the Dutch East Indies, Pahud, visited Ternate in January of 1861.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Arriving in Ternate, he entered into negotiations with the Sultans of Ternate and Tidore.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The main agenda being negotiated is the preventive efforts that must be taken to prevent the two sultanates from pumping, and assistance to overcome them, especially for piracy cases in the Moluccas.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Meanwhile, after learning that the pirates consisted mostly of Tobelo and Galela people, the Dutch East Indies Government tried to approach the Sultan of Ternate to address them, as Tobelo and Galela were within the legal territory of the Sultanate of Ternate.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Sultan Muhammad Arsyad promised to overcome it, as already mentioned above.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Together with the Resident of Ternate, the Sultan then decided that all boats Tobelo and Galela people who want to sail must have a sailing license that dbuhi stamp Sultan and Resident.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The ones with no permit or road fitting will be treated as pirates and cracked down firmly.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The exit of the regulation was quite effective in lowering pumping numbers involving Tobelo-Galela people.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In 1862, for example, only one Tobelo boat was found doing pumping on the island of Buru, and the following few years there was no further heard of any piracy committed by the Tobelo and Galela people.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Only in February 1868, there was a hijacking that the Tobelo people carried out against Binongko's boat in Buano, West Seram.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In this incident, the contents of the ludes boat were robbed and the crew killed.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In 1861, the Dutch Government stationed a squad of soldiers, consisting of 6 indigenous servicemen and a Dutch corporal, in Dodinga to supervise traffic between Bobaneigo and Dodinga.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Traffic in the area was getting crowded as an overland trade route between Halmahera and Ternate.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The army detachment occupied Dodinga Fort, which is now no longer used because it was used to build roads.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Perhaps at the insistence of the Dutch, the Sultanate of Ternate this year made a dismissal of Sangaji Tobelo, Manis.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

He was dismissed in favor of the rampant acts of piracy at sea committed by the people of Tobelo and Galela.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Similarly, Sangaji Galela was fired on the same grounds.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

CANGA - CANGA II Sailing In Dangerous Waters Pirates and pumping in Southeast Asian waters has long historical roots and has not been torn away by time.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Until 1994, the memory of Tobelo pirates from the 19th century was still used by people in parts of Central Sulawesi to scare children into obedience.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The Tobelo people, described as merciless predators, active in the 19th century, are one of many groups where pumping is an important source for livelihood in the waters of eastern Indonesia.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

This article outlines how this group of pirates functioned as part of the political system in Eastern Indonesia and then ended with the maritime expansion of the colonial rulers in the nineteenth century.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Siliwerous armed groups were a regular sight in the eastern Indonesian archipelago in the 17th and 18th centuries.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

They were active not only in wartime but also in relatively peaceful times.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Pirates are a portion of a group that has high mobility and is linked to piracy, political activities, and trafficking.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

These PK groups were also associated with power centers in different regions and were particularly active in the outer limits of an empire and they also often established relations with local ruling elites and settled for long periods.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The two main centers of power in Eastern Indonesia are Ternate and Bone.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The spheres of influence of the two were based on alliances with the vassal (vassal rulers) respectively and with the merchants, nobles, marine peoples and pirates.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In contrast to the Dutch ideal system, which is a centralized system of structuring political relations where security and order and mediation are important functions, the vassal system (tributary system) consists of a sequence of negotiated peace treaties (non-agression pacts) separately between the centers of power with each vassal.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

A center of power could not control the movements and actions of a vassal kingdom but could undertake military actions to avenge challenges or omissions in the awarding of tribute, for which these military actions involved groups of pirates and other vassal empires.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

For a power center, it is important to organize in ways that guarantee that potential violence will not be directed at them.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

And so that the vassal kingdoms and the pirates do not ally themselves against them.For this reason, it is important to direct violence out of the border by allowing the vassal kingdom and the nobles with their armed vassals to carry out violent activities away from the center of power .


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The east coast of Sulawesi with its three maritime kingdoms namely Buton, Tobungku, and Banggai is located between the spheres of influence of Bone and Ternate.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

As a consequence, all three felt the effects of pirate groups from both centers of power and had to seek protection from both with — with volatile results.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In 1743, a treaty was negotiated by Ternate to resolve the conflict between two vassals namely Banggai and Tobungku, so that both could participate in a military expedition led by Ternate.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The final terms of this treaty, specified that the Sultan of Ternate was entitled to receive a share of the spoils of war.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

With the expansion of power by colonial powers in the early 19th century, pumping was considered a criminal act and had to be eradicated.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The Dutch had to deal not only with pumping but also with the economic and political system involving the pirates.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Perompakan was a way to increase tribute, increase wealth and finance wars that occurred on a large scale in the east of the archipelago during the Nuku War era against the VOC.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In the decades of the 1820s and 1830s several later unsuccessful attempts were made to convert semi-nomadic groups of pirates into settled fishing and peasant societies by avenues of negotiation and land granting.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The biggest business was in the era of Nuku's successor, king Jailolo II, Muhammad Asgar who was granted land on the northern coast of Seram.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Here thousands of followers of king Jailolo who lived venturing during the Nuku War are expected to settle permanently.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The less fertile land led to food shortages and also allegedly because persistent contact with the pirates caused this venture to end in failure.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Two attempts similar on a smaller scale were made by the Dutch government to settle and pacify the Tobelo pirates around Flores, who also consisted of Nuku's former followers.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The first was done by Daeng Magasing, a nobleman from Bonerate who had ties to the pirates.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

He used his local wisdom and status to get in touch with the pirates and settled them in the Land of Jampea.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

This small island in the South of Selayar is running out of residents due to sustained attacks.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Here the pirates will be settled and expected to become farmers and live peacefully in the protection of the Dutch government.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In 1830, the 15-man pirate leader Tobelo signed a peace treaty strengthened by oath with Daeng Magasing.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Three years later this attempt failed as it was proved that Daeng Magasing himself engaged in an act of piracy using supplies provided by the Dutch.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

A second attempt to 'tame' the Tobelo people was made by Dutch adventurer, Jan Nicholas Vosmaer, who built a trading post on the east coast of Sulawesi.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

He was supported by the Dutch government.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Vosmaer entered into negotiations with many of Tobelo's pirate leaders just as Daeng Magasing once did, but his death brought this effort to a standstill halfway.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Had he remained alive it was doubtful if he could have tamed the pirates because his own safety depended on a leader associated with pirates.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Initial attempts to convert and settle pirates failed as long as the Dutch had only limited control in eastern waters and lacked the power to prevent cooperation between the hijackers and local political elites.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Pirate eradication was one of the main justifications for the expansion of colonial rulers in Indonesia's eastern waters in the second half of the 19th century.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

An unexpected side effect of pirate eradication operations around Flores was increased pumping on the east coast of Sulawesi.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In 1846, three Tobelo pirate leaders and their followers arrived in Banggai where they were greeted as allies by the nobles of Ternate who were facing a rebellion by local rulers (this era Banggai was ruled by the King of Religion.Due to the involvement of the pirates of Tobelo, then the war to quell the rebellion is named the “Tobelo War”).


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The following year the war was won by Ternate and the pirates, and the Tobelo people then reshuffled along the coast of the region and shared the loot with the Ternate nobles who became their protectors of the Dutch.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The nobles of Ternate also became a helper for slaves to the catch of the pirates of Tobelo.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The Dutch then realized that suppressing the pirates required cooperation with their allies.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In 1853 the sultan of Ternate issued a decree calling for Tobelo people to return home to Ternate within a year or otherwise would be treated as pirates by the Dutch.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Many of the Tobelo men streamed into East Sulawesi to report to the deputy of Ternate but were intercepted by Dutch warships and immediately on transport and repatriated to Ternate.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

In the 1870s and 1880s, anti-pirate expeditions were no longer conducted with European ships but by using kora-kora boats that could enter shallow waters and were able to maneuver to pursue small ships.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The local rulers and the nobles were subject to heavy fines if known to be in relations with Tobelo pirates and other pirates.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The last Tobelo pirates transported from eastern Sulawesi in the 1880s. As a direct impact, there was resettlement on the coast of Sulawesi, a revival of local trade, and a boom in copra production.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The waters east of Sulawesi were eventually pacified for the colonial rulers.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Article in IIAS Newsletter edition of 36 March 2005 Based on Esther Velthoen's 2002 Phd dissertation at Murdoch University under the title “Contested Coastlines: Diaspora, Trade and Colonial Expansion in Eastern Sulawesi 1680-1905” CANGA - CANGA III Sailing In Dangerous Waters Pirates and Pumping in Southeast Asian waters has long historical roots and has not been torn away by time.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Until 1994, the memory of Tobelo pirates from the 19th century was still used by people in parts of Central Sulawesi to scare children into obedience.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The Tobelo people, described as merciless predators, active in the 19th century, are one of many groups where pumping is an important source for livelihood in the waters of eastern Indonesia.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

This article outlines how this group of pirates functioned as part of the political system in Eastern Indonesia and then ended with the maritime expansion of the colonial rulers in the nineteenth century.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Siliwerous armed groups were a regular sight in the eastern Indonesian archipelago in the 17th and 18th centuries.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

They were active not only in wartime but also in relatively peaceful times.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

Pirates are a portion of a group that has high mobility and is linked to piracy, political activities, and trafficking.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

These PK groups were also associated with power centers in different regions and were particularly active in the outer limits of an empire and they also often established relations with local ruling elites and settled for long periods.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East part?

Galela, North Halmahera

The two main centers of power in Eastern Indonesia are Ternate and Bone.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

The spheres of influence of the two were based on alliances with the vassal (vassal rulers) respectively and with the merchants, nobles, marine peoples and pirates.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

In contrast to the Dutch ideal system, which is a centralized system of structuring political relations where security and order and mediation are important functions, the vassal system (tributary system) consists of a sequence of negotiated peace treaties (non-agression pacts) separately between the centers of power with each vassal.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

A center of power could not control the movements and actions of a vassal kingdom but could undertake military actions to avenge challenges or omissions in the awarding of tribute, for which these military actions involved groups of pirates and other vassal empires.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

For a power center, it is important to organize in ways that guarantee that potential violence will not be directed at them.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

And so that the vassal kingdoms and the pirates do not ally themselves against them.For this reason, it is important to direct violence out of the border by allowing the vassal kingdom and the nobles with their armed vassals to carry out violent activities away from the center of power .


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

The east coast of Sulawesi with its three maritime kingdoms namely Buton, Tobungku, and Banggai is located between the spheres of influence of Bone and Ternate.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

As a consequence, all three felt the effects of pirate groups from both centers of power and had to seek protection from both with — with volatile results.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

In 1743, a treaty was negotiated by Ternate to resolve the conflict between two vassals namely Banggai and Tobungku, so that both could participate in a military expedition led by Ternate.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

The final terms of this treaty, specified that the Sultan of Ternate was entitled to receive a share of the spoils of war.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

With the expansion of power by colonial powers in the early 19th century, pumping was considered a criminal act and had to be eradicated.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

The Dutch had to deal not only with pumping but also with the economic and political system involving the pirates.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

Perompakan was a way to increase tribute, increase wealth and finance wars that occurred on a large scale in the east of the archipelago during the Nuku War era against the VOC.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

In the decades of the 1820s and 1830s several later unsuccessful attempts were made to convert semi-nomadic groups of pirates into settled fishing and peasant societies by avenues of negotiation and land granting.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

The biggest business was in the era of Nuku's successor, king Jailolo II, Muhammad Asgar who was granted land on the northern coast of Seram.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

Here thousands of followers of king Jailolo who lived venturing during the Nuku War are expected to settle permanently.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

The less fertile land led to food shortages and also allegedly because persistent contact with the pirates caused this venture to end in failure.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

Two attempts similar on a smaller scale were made by the Dutch government to settle and pacify the Tobelo pirates around Flores, who also consisted of Nuku's former followers.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

The first was done by Daeng Magasing, a nobleman from Bonerate who had ties to the pirates.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

He used his local wisdom and status to get in touch with the pirates and settled them in the Land of Jampea.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

This small island in the South of Selayar is running out of residents due to sustained attacks.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

Here the pirates will be settled and expected to become farmers and live peacefully in the protection of the Dutch government.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

In 1830, the 15-man pirate leader Tobelo signed a peace treaty strengthened by oath with Daeng Magasing.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

Three years later this attempt failed as it was proved that Daeng Magasing himself engaged in an act of piracy using supplies provided by the Dutch.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

A second attempt to 'tame' the Tobelo people was made by Dutch adventurer, Jan Nicholas Vosmaer, who built a trading post on the east coast of Sulawesi.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

He was supported by the Dutch government.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

Vosmaer entered into negotiations with many of Tobelo's pirate leaders just as Daeng Magasing once did, but his death brought this effort to a standstill halfway.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

Had he remained alive it was doubtful if he could have tamed the pirates because his own safety depended on a leader associated with pirates.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

Initial attempts to convert and settle pirates failed as long as the Dutch had only limited control in eastern waters and lacked the power to prevent cooperation between the hijackers and local political elites.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

Pirate eradication was one of the main justifications for the expansion of colonial rulers in Indonesia's eastern waters in the second half of the 19th century.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

An unexpected side effect of pirate eradication operations around Flores was increased pumping on the east coast of Sulawesi.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

In 1846, three Tobelo pirate leaders and their followers arrived in Banggai where they were greeted as allies by the nobles of Ternate who were facing a rebellion by local rulers (this era Banggai was ruled by the King of Religion.Due to the involvement of the pirates of Tobelo, then the war to quell the rebellion is named the “Tobelo War”).


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

The following year the war was won by Ternate and the pirates, and the Tobelo people then reshuffled along the coast of the region and shared the loot with the Ternate nobles who became their protectors of the Dutch.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

The nobles of Ternate also became a helper for slaves to the catch of the pirates of Tobelo.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

The Dutch then realized that suppressing the pirates required cooperation with their allies.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

In 1853 the sultan of Ternate issued a decree calling for Tobelo people to return home to Ternate within a year or otherwise would be treated as pirates by the Dutch.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

Many of the Tobelo men streamed into East Sulawesi to report to the deputy of Ternate but were intercepted by Dutch warships and immediately on transport and repatriated to Ternate.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

In the 1870s and 1880s, anti-pirate expeditions were no longer conducted with European ships but by using kora-kora boats that could enter shallow waters and were able to maneuver to pursue small ships.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

The local rulers and the nobles were subject to heavy fines if known to be in relations with Tobelo pirates and other pirates.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

The last Tobelo pirates transported from eastern Sulawesi in the 1880s. As a direct impact, there was resettlement on the coast of Sulawesi, a revival of local trade, and a boom in copra production.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

The waters east of Sulawesi were eventually pacified for the colonial rulers.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

Article in IIAS Newsletter issue 36 March 2005 Based on Esther Velthoen's 2002 Phd dissertation at Murdoch University under the title “Contested Coastlines: Diaspora, Trade and Colonial Expansion in Eastern Sulawesi 1680-1905” Edward Djawa Geographical Translation The area of Galela is 720 KM which oversees 23 villages, which are divided into two parts, 11 villages are on the coast and 12 villages are in the interior.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

In 2006 on the demands of the community, Galela was divided into 4 sub-districts, namely 2 sub-districts located on the coast, namely Galela District and North Galela Subdistrict, while 2 more districts are in the interior namely South Galela sub-district and West Galela District and with the sub-district followed by the expansion of desadesa whose population was above 1000-5000 inhabitants, such as Soasio was bloomed into 3 villages (Galela), and Togawa was bloomed into 2 villages (South Galela), Bale was bloomed into 2 villages (South Galela), Soatobaru was bloomed into 2 Villages, Dokulamo Bloomed Into 2 Villages (West Galela) and Saluta was bloomed into 2 Villages (North Galela).


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

Then the village jumalah in 4 sub-districts are 39 villages with details are: - District Galela in charge 7 Villages - West Galela Subdistrict oversees 9 Villages - North Galela Subdistrict oversees 12 Villages - South Galela District oversees 7 Villages Even if Galela has been in bloom into four sub-district, but the people of Galela as a whole still feel that the Galela tribe still remains one and forever will remain an integral part in order to foster the true cordon of brotherhood.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

Gamarmalamo Airport facilities, Soasio land Terminal, Sea Port, and have good access.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

Tourism: Galela Lake, Somola Beach, Hela Beach, Ake Sahu Mamuya, Mount Dokuno, Mount Tarakani, Cannon Pune relics 2nd PD, Mamua eggs.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

The Natural State of Galela is a tropical region, so the state of nature largely determines the potential for the livelihood of farmers, because agriculture is a source of livelihood of local people.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

And what is very interesting about the region is that there is a large lake, where the lake is surrounded by villages located inland namely in the district Galela South and West Galela District, so that it further adds the beauty of the natural panorama around the diamana now by the North Halmahera Regency government has designated Galela lake as a tourist spot of Lake so that now the people of North Halmahera in every holiday always visit this place, tourist attractions this lake is right in the district of West Galela.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

While In District Galela Selatan There is a floating restaurant on the lake with fresh grilled Mujair fish facilities.


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

The Demographic State of the Galela Society is a heterogeneous society, that is, in addition to the indigenous population of Galela, there are also yaang people domiciled in this region, namely there are Bugis, Toraja, Buton, Minang, Batak, Java, Sanger and Kalimantan (dayak) with the number of fariated .


Question: What is the boundary of Galela District in the East?

Galela, North Halmahera

Based on statistical data in 2007, the number of population in 4 areas of this sub-district is 31106 inhabitants with details in the four districts are as follows: Mosque image with a typical pattern Galela (around 1930) A civil servant during the Dutch East Indies in Galela (around 1930) A civil servant during the Dutch East Indies in Galela ( circa 1920) Reference Outside link Safrudin Bincay Manyila Changa Tuzere Account Related To Galela Halmahera North Galela Community


Question: What is the area of the Eufrat River?

Euphrates River

The Euphrates River [1] or Furat River or Eufrat River (English: Euphrates, Arabic: نهر الفرات al-Furāt, Hebrew: פרת: Prat, Turkish: Fırat, Kurdish: Firat) is a large river that together with the Tigris river became a characteristic feature of Mesopotamia.


Question: What is the area of the Eufrat River?

Euphrates River

The Euphrates River springs in Anatolia, Turkey, and empties into the Persian Gulf.


Question: What is the area of the Eufrat River?

Euphrates River

The river is approximately 2,781 kilometers (1,730 mi) long.


Question: What is the area of the Eufrat River?

Euphrates River

Furat River in Islam Than Abu Hurayrah r.a., the Messenger of Allah said: “The Day of Resurrection will not happen until (when) the Euphrates River becomes receding water so that a mountain of gold appears.


Question: What is the area of the Eufrat River?

Euphrates River

Many people (who were there) went to war to mention it.


Question: What is the area of the Eufrat River?

Euphrates River

Then ninety-nine of the hundred fighting men killed.


Question: What is the area of the Eufrat River?

Euphrates River

And each of those involved (in those wars) said, “Hopefully I am the survivor”.”


Question: What is the area of the Eufrat River?

Euphrates River

In the Muslim account of Bukhari, the Messenger of Allah said: “It is near a time where the river Euphrates will recede, then there will be a gold treasury from it, so whoever is present there shall not take anything from it.”


Question: What is the area of the Eufrat River?

Euphrates River

Furat River in the history of the Furat River gave life that brought to the emergence of Sumerian civilization, more or less the 4th alaf BC.


Question: What is the area of the Eufrat River?

Euphrates River

Most important ancient towns are located on the cliffs of this river including Mari, Sippar, Nippur, Shuruppak, Uruk and Eridu.


Question: What is the area of the Eufrat River?

Euphrates River

This river valley also formed the center of the Babylon and Assyrian imperium.


Question: What is the area of the Eufrat River?

Euphrates River

The Battle of Karbala also prevailed on the banks of the Furat river where Imam Hussain, his family and companions were killed.


Question: What is the area of the Eufrat River?

Euphrates River

Euphrates Euphrates Euphrates Reference Category:Places in the Bible


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Nan SarunaiStanding 242-226 BCpreceded by unknownReplaceable by the Kingdom of the State Dipaibu city1.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Raden Municipality [1] 2.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Banua LawasThe language of Janyawaiagamakaharingangovernment-the first king of the last monarch—history-established—the glory epoch—succession crisis13091309-13891389 Nan Sarunai Kingdom is an ancient government that emerged and developed in the region now included in the administrative area South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, precisely between Hulu Sungai Utara Regency and Tabalong Regency. [2]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The kingdom of Nan Sarunai is an early part of the long history of the Sultanate of Banjar, one of the largest royal reigns ever in South Kalimantan. [2]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Nan Sarunai Kingdom is closely related to the life of the Dayak Maanyan people, one of the oldest sub Dayak Tribes in Bornean lands. [2]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The history of the Banjar tribe is one of the largest tribes inhabiting the region of South Kalimantan.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

However, the identity of the indigenous people of South Kalimantan is still a debate, because this area is occupied by a variety of people from various tribes.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The identity of Urang Banjar (Banjar people) who are native Malay or Urang Dayak (Dayak people) became the theme of community debate regarding the origin of Banjar people (Yusuf Hidayat, in the Journal of Sociology of Airlangga University, 2006).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The term Urang Banjar is meant to refer to the majority of the population inhabiting most areas in South Kalimantan Province, although not all South Kalimantan residents are of indigenous Banjar ethnicity.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

In Urang Banjar's book in History, trying to give a middle way to the insufficiency that occurred between the Malays and the Dayaks. [3]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The people referred to as Urang Banjar consist at least of ethnic Malays as the dominant ethnicity and plus elements of the Dayak people, including the Maanyan Dayak tribe. [3] [4] [5] Maanyan Dayak tribe, the founder of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom of Banjar tribe once had a government called Sultanate Banjar which was established since 1526 AD.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The Sultanate has a long historical journey because it started from a long time before the influx of Islamic influence marked by the establishment of Laras Temple and the Great Temple during the Hindu-Buddhist period.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The Sultanate of Banjar is the final chapter of the history of a number of kingdoms in South Kalimantan in earlier times.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The government that first became the forerunner of the Sultanate of Banjar was the Kingdom of Nan Sarunai.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

This ancient kingdom administered by the Dayak Maanyan people is mentioned by different names.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Besides Nan Sarunai, other names that are also believed to be the name of this kingdom are Kuripan Kingdom, Tanjungpuri Kingdom, and Tabalong Kingdom.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The name Tabalong Kingdom was included because this kingdom was located on the banks of the Tabalong River.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Tabalong River is a tributary of Bahan, while Bahan River is a tributary of the Barito River which empties into the Java Sea. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

In addition, there was a different opinion stating that the Kingdom of Tanjungpuri was different from the Nan Sarunai Kingdom. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

This opinion believes that the Tanjungpuri Kingdom was not a government administered by the Dayak Maanyan tribe, but by the Malays of Palembang who were runaways from the Kingdom of Sriwijaya. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

This version also mentions that the Kingdom of Nan Serunai and the Kingdom of Tanjung puri are in the same scope of time and space. [7]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Nan Serunai Kingdom is centered in Amuntai, while the Kingdom of Tanjung puri is capitalized in Tanjung. [7]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Based on the division of the administrative area of South Kalimantan Province in the present day, the two places are not in the same district although the locations of Amuntai and Tanjung are adjacent and equally located on the banks of the Tabalong River. [7]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Amuntai belongs to North Hulu Regency, while Tanjung is in Tabalong Regency. [7]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Sarunai's name itself is interpreted with the meaning “very luminary”. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

This name may refer to the fame of the Maanyan Dayak tribe in the past, where they were famous as tough sailors, even able to sail all the way to Madagascar in Africa. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

In addition, there is another opinion that says that the name Sarunai comes from the word “serunai” which is a kind of flute musical instrument that has seven holes. [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

This instrument is often played by Dayak Maanyan people to accompany dances and chants. [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

That said, the King and the people of Nan Sarunai Kingdom are very fond of dancing and singing. [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Actually, the full term is Nan Sarunai. [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The word “nan” is thought to have originated from the Malay language which later in the tongue of the Maanyan people was pronounced only by Sarunai utterance alone. [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Thus, the name “Nan Sarunai” means a kingdom where the king and his people are fond of playing music. [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The period of governance that emerged and developed in Southeast Asia generally occurred in three phases, namely tribal state, early state, and royal state (vida Pervaya Rusianti Kusmartono, 2002:1).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Nan Sarunai Kingdom played an important role in the tribal state phase in the historical context of Banjar. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

A tribal state or ethnic state supposes that the people in the government consist of only one ethnicity and its order is governed by traditions transformed from ancestors to the next generation. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The placement of Nan Sarunai Kingdom into the tribal state phase is considered appropriate because this kingdom is an ancient government managed by people with character that still encompasses tribalism, namely the Dayak Maanyan tribe. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

In addition, the existence of Nan Sarunai Kingdom can be said to be the initial foundation in supporting the establishment of several governments in the next period, namely the Kingdom of Dipa State, the Kingdom of Daha, to the Sultanate of Banjar. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

In other words, Nan Sarunai Kingdom is a mukadimah that started the chain of Banjar's historical journey in South Kalimantan. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The Dayak tribe of Maanyan, the founder of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom, is one of the oldest Dayak sub Tribes in Borneo. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The Dayak tribe of Maanyan belongs to the family of Ot Danum which is also known as Dayak Ngaju. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

At first, the Dayak Maanyan people settled on the banks of the eastern Barito River (now East Barito Regency, Central Kalimantan). [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Therefore, the Dayak Maanyan people got the name of the Eastern Barito Group. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The Dayak Maanyan people are formidable sailors. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

In around 600 AD, the Dayak Maanyan people were thought to have sailed all the way to Madagascar, an island on the east coast of Africa. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The remarkable achievement that the Dayak Maanyan tribe has made, that there is a similarity between the languages of Madagascar and the language of the Maanyan people. [7]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The sea toughness of the Maanyan Dayak people over time began to decrease due to siltation processes in the maritime environment in which they lived. [9]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Coastal areas that have been their daily environment are experiencing sorting and slowly turning into land so that the Dayak Maanyan people lose the maritime culture they used to have. [9]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

In ancient times, the region of central Kalimantan was still a large bay. [9]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

This siltation phenomenon became one of the factors that led to the migration carried out by the Dayak Maanyan people. [9]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The destination of the immigrants of the Dayak Maanyan tribe is in a place in Hikayat Banjar called Hujung Tanah Island. [9]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

While Negerakertagama by Majapahit pujangga, Mpu Prapanca, written in 1365 AD, calls the place as Tanjung Negara. [9]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

There are two locations in the present that are thought to be the former territory of Hujung Tanah Island, namely Amuntai and Tanjung, both of which are located not far from the Meratus Mountains which is narrated to stretch east of Hujung Tanah Island, the place where the Nan Sarunai Kingdom stands. [9]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The Evidence of the Existence of the Kingdom of Nan Sarunai So far there are not many references that are scientific and proportionally explain the history of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom given the age of this kingdom which is very old.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The sources used during this time are telling stories contained in Hikayat Banjar.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The history of Indonesia in general in explaining a traditional country rests heavily on traditional historiography, such as babad, hikayat, or folklore.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Traditional historiography has prominent and interrelated characteristics, namely ethnocentrism, rajasentrism, and anthropocentrism (Sartono Kartodirdjo, 1993:7).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The information obtained from Hikayat Banjar is characterized by mystical, legendary traits, and there is no element of time in its story sequence. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Hikayat Banjar is written along 4,787 lines or 120 pages. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

However, most of the content of this saga tells more about the kingdoms after the era of Nan Sarunai Kingdom, namely the Kingdom of Dipa State, the Kingdom of Daha, and the [[Sultanate of Banjar. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Nan Sarunai's history is very little alluded to, especially in the run-up to its collapse. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The story of Nan Sarunai Kingdom in Hikayat Banjar more resembles oral tradition, namely the singing of the Dayak Maanyan tribe (wadian) which was later transformed by hereditary. [10]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The oral tradition of the Dayak Maanyan people tells that they already have a tribal country called Nan Sarunai. [10]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Wadian chants tell the tragic event of the collapse of Nan Sarunai Kingdom due to attacks from Majapahit Kingdom around the 13th century. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Hikayat Banjar is divided into two versions, the first version being an amended version and composed during the time of the Banjar Sultanate which has definitively embraced Islam, while the second version is considered to be the version derived from the Dipa State which embraced Hinduism.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

From the analysis of Ras can be concluded that the explanation of the history of Nan Sarunai Kingdom in Hikayat Banjar indeed only got a small portion because, Dipa State, which was discussed in the second version of Hikayat Banjar, only emerged after the era of Nan Sarunai Kingdom ended. [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The kingdom of Nan Sarunai is an ancient government that is thought to have existed since the days before AD.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

One piece of evidence is the discovery of allegedly powerful archaeological relics dating back to an age in which the Kingdom of Nan Sarunai still exists.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Archaeological traces of Nan Sarunai in that antiquity are a temple found in Amuntai.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Amuntai is one place that is very likely to be the home of the Dayak Maanyan people who later established the Nan Sarunai Kingdom civilization.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

In 1996, testing of the temple was conducted.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The results of the investigation were quite surprising because the results of testing the temple charcoal samples found in Amuntai resulted in a number of years between 242 to 226 before AD.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

If this study is true, then the age of Nan Sarunai Kingdom is much older than the Kutai Martapura Kingdom in East Kalimantan (established in the 5th century AD) which has been believed to be the oldest kingdom in the archipelago. [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Based on the results of research on the test of temple charcoal samples found in Amuntai yielding figures range from 242-226 BC, it can be concluded that the age of Nan Sarunai Kingdom is very long because the kingdom collapsed in 1362 A.D. [8] However, it is necessary to examine again. that although the Kingdom of Nan Sarunai is thought to have existed since before AD, but the kingdom at that time was most likely still very simple. [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The center of government of the Nan Serunai Kingdom is thought to be several times displacement around Hulu Sungai Regency and Tabalong Regency today, but still at the turnaround of the Tabalong River. [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

In addition to Hujung Tanah Island, Maanyan ethnic ancestors are said to have settled in a place that bemama Margoni, a place that is always covered with clouds. [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The place in question may be symbolization of the imaginary land or at least the land on the mountain). [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

With a figurative meaning it can also be seen the possibility that the ancestors of the Dayak Maanyan tribe are gods who live in a place that is always covered with clouds aka delusion. [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The Dayak Manyaan people had settled in a place called Pupur Purumatung. [11]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

All members of the Maanyan ethnic group live and become one in this place. [11]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The government center of Nan Sarunai Pemah Kingdom is located in an area called Lili Kumeah. [11]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

That said, Lili Kumeah was founded by Datu Sialing and Damung Gamiluk Langit who led members of the Maanyan ethnic community or citizens of Nan Sarunai Kingdom. [11]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The results of the investigation were quite surprising because the test results of the temple charcoal samples found in Amuntai resulted in a number of years between 242 to 226 Before AD (Kusmartono & Widianto, 1998:19-20).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

If this study is true, then the age of Nan Sarunai Kingdom is much older than the Kutai Martadipura Kingdom in East Kalimantan (established in the 5th century AD) which has been believed to be the oldest kingdom in the archipelago. [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The place in question may be a symbolization of the imaginary land or at least the land on the mountain. [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

With a figurative meaning it can also be seen the possibility that the ancestors of the Dayak Maanyan tribe are gods who live in a place that is always covered with clouds aka fantasies [8] Genealogy of Kings History of Nan Sarunai Kingdom which is very long temyata not balanced with reference valid data, including information regarding the genealogy of its kings.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Of the various sources found, only a few alludes to the names of people who are thought to have once been the head of the government of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Of the many monarchs who led Nan Sarunai Kingdom found only two kings, namely Datu Sialing and Datu Gamiluk Langit. [11]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

These two men are thought to have played as leaders of the Manyaan Dayak Tribe as well as the king of Nan Sarunai Kingdom. [11]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

However, it is not yet known whether they both ruled jointly or alternately.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The clearest information is that Datu Sialing and Datu Gamiluk Langit were the two men who led a group of ethnic Maanyan community members to seek new, more promising places of settlement as livelihood. [11]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Finally, they established the government center of Nan Sarunai Kingdom in a place that bemama Lili Kumeah. [11]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Meanwhile, in 1309 AD, there was a king who led the Nan Sarunai Kingdom, named Raden Japutra Layar who ruled during 1309-1329 A.D. [8] The title of raden that the king was from Majapahit Kingdom, because Japutra Layar before becoming King Nan Sarunai was a merchant who often got along with the nobles of Majapahit. [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Raden Japutra Layar was the first king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom. [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Based on the pattern, system, and governance structure of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom that has become much better than in previous times. [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

As is known, the Nan Sarunai Kingdom was a government administered by the Dayak Maanyan people and is thought to have existed in the time range between 242 to 226 before AD so it is estimated that its system of government, including in terms of leadership, had not been well organized. [ 8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Raden Japutra Layar's successors as leader of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom were Raden Neno (1329-1349) and later Raden Anyan (1349-1355). [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Raden Anyan, held Datu Tatuyan Wulau Miharaja Papangkat Amas, was the last king of Nan Sarunai Kingdom before this royal history was completed due to attacks from Majapahit Kingdom. [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The system of Government The system of government of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom in antiquity is not yet known for sure. [12]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

However, before this kingdom was established, first there were several communities of the Dayak Maanyan tribe that had their respective centers of power. [12]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Once upon a time, the centers of power were united in a wider center of power. [12]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

When organizational arrangement in the combined Maanyan Dayak community was successfully operationalized, even with a very simple form, then there was a tribal state known as the Kingdom or Nan Sarunai State. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

In addition, the reign of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom is categorized as a still primitive civilization. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

A “primitive” state or kingdom is not tyrannical to those it commands (Georges Balandier, 1986:192).


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Therefore, as a “primitive” state, the administrative staff is not found in the governing structure of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The Maanyan people of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom were a homogeneous society. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

They organized their community life in harmony according to customary rules containing traditional laws, including prohibitions in customary law. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Fundamental relationships within the Nan Sarunai Kingdom are created based on a genealogical called ipulaksanai which means 'joint intestine'. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

In the context of kinship systems in the Nan Sarunai Kingdom, ipulaksanai can be interpreted as brothers or relatives. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Thus, the Nan Sarunai Kingdom is more likely to play a role as a medium for the benefit of its people. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Inter-personal relationships within the Nan Sarunai Kingdom are bound by a family intertwining based on one descendant. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The king retains supreme power as a chieftain as well as head of government. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The prevailing traditional authority in the neighbourhood of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom is patricalism whose oversight is in the hands of a particular individual with inheritance authority. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The Nan Sarunai Kingdom leader controls the government from a stilt house-type longhouse known as Betang House or Lamin House. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

This Betang house is nothing but a palace for King Nan Sarunai. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Betang House has special characteristics to distinguish it from ordinary houses, namely Betang House is in the form of a plus sign. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The life of the Dayak Manyaan people in the Nan Serunai Kingdom lasted for centuries. [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

During that period of thousands of years, the prevailing system of government in the Nan Sarunai Kingdom was still run simply.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Only in 1309 A.D., the Kingdom of Nan Sarunai was considered to have a better system of government when it was led by a king named Raden Japutra Layar. [8]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

At this time, the system of government, including the awarding of honorary titles, in the Nan Sarunai Kingdom was already affected by the traditions of the Majapahit Kingdom. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The title of raden is given specifically only to a king, while other nobles wear the titles of patih, uria, damong, pating'i, datu, and so on. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The area of Power The regions that became the dominions of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom are encompassing most of the places now included in the administrative areas of North Hulu Regency and Tabalong Regency, South Kalimantan Province. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

It is estimated that the territory of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom extends wide from Tabalong to Paser area. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

The Dayak Maanyan people, when they had established the Nan Sarunai Kingdom, often moved around the Tabalong River and close to the Meratus Mountains. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Some places that once became the settlement of Dayak Maanyan people as well as the power area of Nan Sarunai Kingdom include: Hujung Tanah Island, Kuripan, Lili Kumeah, Margoni, Sinobala, Lalung Kawung, Lalung Nyawung, Sidamatung, Etuh Bariungan, and Pupur Purumatung. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

In addition, there are still a number of other places that chronologically have been used as places of residence by Dayak Maanyan people, including Gunung Rumung, Katuping Balah, Wamman Sabuku, Patukangan, Labuhan Amas, Bakumpai Lawas, Abun Alas, Muara Binsu, Lake Salak Dangka Nangki, Kupang Sunung, Danaukien, Tuntang Alu, and Baras Ruku. [6]


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Balandier Footnote Reference, Georges, 1986.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Political anthropology.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Jakarta: Rajawali.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Bani Noor Muchamad, et.a/., 2006.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

“Tracking the architecture of Banjar Palace”, in Architectural Engineering Dimensions, No. 34, No. 2, December 2006.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Dwi Putro Sulaksono, 2008.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Determinism and cultural change: Dayak anthropological study of Borneo forest villages.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Banjarbaru: Scripta Cendikia.


Question: Who is the longest-serving king of the Nan Sarunai Kingdom?

Kingdom of Nan Sarunai

Harry Widianto & Handini, “Eskavasi of Pig Cave Site Phase V of Tabalong Regency of South Kalimantan Province”, in Banjarmasin archaeological research report, 1999/2000.