Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

After killing Gaumata, Patizeithes, and other Magi, Darius was crowned emperor the morning afterward. [2]


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Military campaigns of the Babylonian Revolt After Bardiya was assassinated, rebellions broke throughout the empire, especially in the eastern regions.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Darius strengthened his position as emperor through military force.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

He sent his soldiers throughout the empire, and quelled the rebellions one by one.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

One of the most important revolts was the Babylonian revolt led by Nebuchadnezzar III.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

This revolt erupted when Otanes had to take many soldiers from Babylonia to help Darius quell another revolt.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Darius felt the Babylonians took the opportunity and tricked him, so he sent a large number of soldiers to Babylonia.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

In Babylonia, the gates had been closed, and various attempts at defense were made to expel them. [11]


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Darius found taunts from the rebels, such as “Oh yea, thou shalt seize our city, when mules foal.”


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

For a year and a half, he and his army were unable to seize Babylonia, although various tactics and tricks had been strived—even to the point of imitating the tactics of Koresh the Great.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

However, the situation immediately sided with Darius, when one of Zopyrus' mules gave birth (in those days, people believed the birth was a great miracle, a divine grace).


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

So the plan was set out, when high-ranking soldiers pretended to leave the battle, went into the Babylonian camp, and were trusted by the Babylonians.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

This plan worked.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

The Persian army besieged the city and successfully conquered the rebels. [12]


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

During this revolt, the Scythians stole the opportunity and invaded southern Persia.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Darius first finished off the rebels in Elam, Assyria, and Babylonia first.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

After that he recently attacked Scythia.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Darius pursues the assailant, who takes him to the marshes.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

He encountered no enemies except the mysterious tribe of Scythia distinguished by their large pointed hats. [13]


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Ultimately Darius' military campaign against Scythia failed, but he would achieve success in warfare in Europe. [14]


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

The Persian invasion of Greece The European expedition of Darius was one of the main events in his time of power.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Darius conquered Scythia, Trakia, and many cities in the northern Aegean, while Macedonia surrendered voluntarily.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

The Greek territories of Asia and the Greek islands further surrendered in 510 BC.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

They were ruled by a tyrant who was responsible for Darius. [15]


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

There were pro-Persian Greeks, such as the Medizing Greeks, who were in Athens.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

As a result, Greco-Persian relations improved.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Darius opened the doors of the palace and treasury for Greeks willing to serve him.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Those Greeks worked as soldiers, artisans, statesmen, and sailors for Darius.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

However, Greek fear of Persia strengthened, and Greek intervention in Ionia and Lydia was a stepping stone to conflict between Persia and Greece. [15]


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

When Aristagoras organized the Ionians to revolt, Eretria and Athens supported him by sending ships to Ionia and burning Sardis.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

The Persian army managed to quell the rebellion.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Anti-Persian groups, however, had gained greater power in Athens, and pro-Persian aristocrats were banished from Athens to Sparta.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Darius retaliated by sending an army led by his son-in-law across the Hellespont.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

However, the Persian army was lost by storms and Trakia disturbances. [15]


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Darius then sent a second army of 20,000 under the leadership of Datis to punish Athens.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

They manage to seize Eretria and move towards Marathon.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

In 490, at the battle of Marathon, the Persians were defeated by an Athenian army led by Miltiades.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

The defeat at Marathon marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece. [15]


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Death After gaining information regarding the defeat at Marathon, Darius plans another expedition against Greece.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

This time, he will lead his army directly.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Darius had spent three years preparing soldiers and ships for warfare.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

However, uprisings erupted in Egypt.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

The uprising in Egypt worsened his health, and prevented the possibility of Darius leading another army directly.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Finally, Darius died.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

In October 486 BC, his remains were embalmed and buried in Naqsh-e Rustam.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Xerxes, the eldest son of Darius, succeeded him under the name Xerxes I. However, before Xerxes ascended the throne, he contested the throne with his elder half-brother Artobazan. [16]


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

The administration of the Darius Organization wanted to organize its empire.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

First of all, he established twenty provinces, each of which was ruled by a satrap (archon), and tribute was to be paid by each province.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Tributes are paid in gold or silver talents. [17]


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

The majority of satraps are Persian and are members of royal wangsa or six major noble families.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

To ensure that the satrap did not gain too much power, each satrap had a secretary who oversaw state affairs and communicated with Darius; a treasurer who looked after the provincial gains; and a garrison commander in charge of the armies.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

In addition, the royal inspector who was Darius' “eyes and ears” also examined each satrap. [18]


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

There were imperial government headquarters in Persepolis, Susa, and Babylonia, while Bactria, Ecbatana, Sardis, Dascyclium, and Memphis became branches of imperial government.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Darius chose Aramaic as the primary language.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Subsequently, the language spread throughout the empire.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

However, Darius gathered a group of experts to create a separate language system for Persis and Persian, called Aryan script, and used only in official inscriptions. [18]


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Economy Before 500 BC, Darius had introduced several new financial systems based on silver coins weighing about 8g and gold coins weighing about 5.40 g.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

The gold coins were called dārayaka (daric), and were likely named from Darius.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

The coins are used for trade.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

The purpose of making such coins was to provide coins and a uniform financial system of the empire, so that a foreign financial system was not needed.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

In an attempt to encourage trade, Darius built canals, underground waterways, and a powerful navy.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

He increased and expanded the network of roads throughout the empire. [19] [18] Religion “At the grace of Ahuramazda I am the king; Ahuramazda has given me kingdom.” —Darius, on Behistun's inscription Darius was an adherent of Zoroastrianism and believed that Ahura Mazda had appointed him to master Persia.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

He had a dualistic belief and believed that every rebellion in his kingdom was the act of Drug, the enemy of Asha.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Darius believed that because he lived appropriately, Ahura Mazda supported him. [20]


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

In many kuneiform inscriptions, he declares himself a devout believer and is even convinced that he has a divine right to rule the world. [21]


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

In the territories conquered by the Persians, Darius followed the tolerance that Koresh had shown.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

He espoused “foreign” beliefs and religions as long as they remained subservient and peaceful, even sometimes Darius gave them grants. [22]


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

He funded the restoration of Jewish temples that had previously been decided by the Great Koresh.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Darius had shown support for the Greek cult in his letters to the Gadatas, and supported the Elamite priests.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

He also observed Egyptian religious rites related to kingdoms, and built temples to the Egyptian god, Amun. [23]


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Development During Darius' Greek expedition, he had initiated development projects in Susa, Egypt, and Persepolis.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Darius connected the Red Sea with the Nile by building a canal from Zaqāzīq to Suez.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

To inaugurate the canal, he went to Egypt in 497 BC.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Darius also built a canal connecting the Red Sea with the Middle sea. [16] [24] On his visit to Egypt, he erected monuments and executed Aryandes on charges of treason.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

When Darius returned to Persis, he got word that the codification of Egyptian law had been completed. [15]


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

To the north of the city of Susa, Darius built a new palace complex.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

According to the inscription, the palace was destroyed during the reign of Artaxerxes I, but was rebuilt.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Now, only the pieces remain, and most of them are stored in the Louvre.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

In Pasargadae, Darius completed all the unfinished development projects from the time of Koresh the Great.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Palaces were also built in his time, with inscriptions in the name of Koresh the Great.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

It was previously believed that Koresh had built the palace, but because the script used was cuneiform script, the palace was believed to be built by Darius.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Meanwhile, in Egypt, Darius built many temples, and restored previously destroyed temples.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Despite adhering to Zoroastrianism, Darius built temples dedicated to Egyptian gods.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Several temples dedicated to Ptah and Nekhbet have been found.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

In addition to temples, Darius also built roads in Egypt.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

The monuments he built were often written in Ancient Persian, Elamite, Babylonian, and Egyptian hieroglyphs.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

To build the monuments, he hired many workers and artisans of diverse nationalities.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Some of those workers were evicted people.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Those people improve the economy and relations with neighboring countries where the dispossessed people come from. [18]


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

At the time of Darius' death, development projects were still ongoing.


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

Xerxes completed the projects, and multiplied his father's project by erecting new buildings. [25]


Question: where was Cyaxares II born?

Darius I of Persia

See also Book of Daniel Kitab Hagai Reference Library Category:Birth 6th century BC Category:Death 480s BC Category:Rulers of the Persian Monarchy Category:Pharaohs Category:Ezra—Nehemiah


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, [lower-alpha 1] better known by the nickname Lenin [lower-alpha 2] (22 April [O.S. 10 April] 1870— 21 January 1924), was a communist revolutionary figure, politician, and political theorist of Russian nationality.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin's name is actually a pseudonym taken from the name of the Lena River in Siberia.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He served as head of government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian RSFS) from 1917 until his death and also as head of government of the Soviet Union from 1922 to the end of his life.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin obstructed Marxist politics and has co-contributed his political ideas in Marxist thought referred to as Leninism.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

His idea when merged with Marx's economic theory is known as Marxism—Leninism.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin was born the son of a middle-class family in Simbirsk, Russian Empire.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

His interest in left-wing revolutionary politics began from a death sentence handed down to an elder brother of his in 1887.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He briefly received education at Kazan State University, but was excluded for engaging in anti-Tsarist protests, so in the following years he joined into the radical political movement as a follower of Marxism.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In 1893, he moved to Sankt Peterburg, becoming a senior figure in the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Labour Class.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin was later arrested for being accused of having incited crowds and exiled for three years to Siberia, and there he was married to Nadezhda Krupskaya.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Afterwards, he exiled himself in Germany, Great Britain, and Switzerland.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He only returned home to Russia post-the February Revolution of 1917 which led to the decline of the Tsar and the power of the provisional government.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

As leader of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, he held a leading role in waging the October Revolution of 1917 which succeeded in overthrowing the Russian Provisional Government and establishing the Russian RSFS.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Soon after, Lenin implemented socialist reforms which included the transfer of property rights over land and buildings to the soviets (labor councils).


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The threat from the German Empire led Lenin to sign a peace treaty that marked Russia's exit from World War I. In 1921, he initiated the New Economic Policy, a system of state capitalism that began the process of industrialization and restoration of post-War circumstances Russian civilian.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

A year later, the Russian RSFS merged with other territories that used to also include the Russian Empire's territory of power to form the Soviet Union with Lenin as its head of government.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Post-his death, Marxism—Leninism developed into several new branches of thought such as Stalinism, Trotskyism, and Maoism.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin until now is still a controversial world figure.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

His detractors pinned the dictator's stamp on him because he was considered to have violated many human rights during his time in power, whereas his supporters countered that opinion by assuming that Lenin's power was at that time limited and gave him the title of defender of the laborers.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin played a major role in the international communist movement and became one of the most influential figures in the world in the 20th century.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Early life Childhood: 1870—87 Lenin's father named Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov came from a family of peasant servants; his ethnic background remains unclear, and it is possible that he was Russian, Chuvash, Mordvin, or Kalmuk. [2]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Despite being from the lower class, Ilya managed to climb into the middle class, studied physics and mathematics at Kazan State University, and then taught at the Penza Institute for Nobility. [3]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Ilya married Maria Alexandrovna Blank in the middle of 1863. [4]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Mary was a well-educated person and came from a fairly prosperous family, and she was also the daughter of a German-Swedish mother and the father of a Russian Jewish physician who converted to Christianity. [5]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

It is possible that Lenin did not know that his mother had half-Jewish blood, and this fact was only known by his sister, Anna, after Lenin's death. [6]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

After marriage, Ilya got a job in Nizhny Novgorod, and then rose in rank to become Director of Primary School in Simbirsk district six years later.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Five years after that, he was appointed Director of State Schools for the province, and during this post he oversaw the erection of more than 450 schools as part of a modernization plan by the government.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Thanks to his devotion, Ilya earned the Star of Saint Vladimir award, which granted him the status of nobility that could be passed down to his descendants. [7]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was born in Simbirsk on April 22, 1870 and baptized a few days later; as a child, he earned the nickname “Volodya”, which is a diminutive form of the name Vladimir. [8]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He was one of eight children.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He had two older brothers, Anna (born 1864) and Aleksandr (born 1868), as well as three younger siblings, Olga (born 1871), Dmitry (born 1874), and Maria (born 1878).


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Two other siblings died in infancy. [9]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Ilya was a devout member of the Russian Orthodox Church and baptized her children in the church, although Mary (who was raised with a Lutheran background) did not care much about religion, and this view later influenced her children. [10]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Both parents were monarchists and liberal conservatives, and they supported the 1861 emancipation reforms enacted by Tsar Aleksandr II; they avoided radical groups and there is no evidence that the police ever watched them as a result of subversive thinking. [11]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Every summer, they vacation in a mansion in Kokushkino. [12]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Among his siblings, Lenin was closest to his sister Olga, whom he often told to; Lenin had a very competitive nature and could also be desktructive, but he usually admitted his mistakes. [13]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He was fond of exercising and spent most of his free time outdoors or playing chess, and he was also a student who excelled at his school, the conservative and disciplined Classical Gimnazia Simbirsk. [14]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In January 1886, when Lenin was still 15 years old, his father died from cerebral hemorrhagia (cerebral hemorrhagia). [15]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Since then, Lenin's behavior turned erratic and confrontational, and he also ceased to believe in God. [16]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In those days, Lenin's older brother Aleksandr was in demand of science at the Sankt University of Peterburg.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Aleksandr was involved in political activities against the absolute monarchical system, and he studied the writings of the left that were blocked and staged anti-government rallies.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He joined a revolutionary group plotting the assassination of Tsar Aleksandr III and he was also chosen to make a bomb.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Before the attack could be launched, Aleksandr and his plotters were arrested and put on trial, and in May, Aleksandr was sentenced to hang. [17]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Despite being emotionally traumatized by the death of his father and older brother, Lenin continued his education, graduating with a gold medal thanks to his academic achievements, and then decided to major in law at Kazan University. [18]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

University and political radicalization: 1887—93 Lenin entered Kazan University in August 1887. [19]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

There, he joined zemlyachestvo, that is, a kind of university association representing men from a particular region. [20]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The group elected Lenin as a representative member on the university's zemlyachestvo council, and in December, he participated in a rally against government policies banning student societies.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The police arrested Lenin and charged him with being the leader of the rally; he was removed from the university and the Ministry of Internal Affairs exiled him to his family's mansion in Kokushkino. [21]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

There, he read an awful lot of books and was very fond of Nikolay Chernyshevsky's pro-revolutionary novel from 1863 entitled What Will Be Done?. [22]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin's mother was concerned about the radicalization of her son, and she was instrumental in convincing the Interior Ministry to allow Lenin to return to the city of Kazan, even though Lenin was not allowed to return to university. [23]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

On his return in the city, he joined the revolutionary circumference of Nikolai Fedoseev, and there he encountered Karl Marx's book Das Kapital.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

This book made him very interested in Marxism, which is a socio-political theory that states that there are several stages of development of society, that these developments result from class struggle, and that capitalist societies will eventually be replaced by socialist societies and then by communist society. [24]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In the hope that her son's attention was turned on agriculture, Lenin's mother bought Lenin a property in the village of Alakaevka, Samara Oblast.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

However, Lenin was not interested in farming, and later his mother sold this property and retained her house to serve as a summer home. [25]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In September 1889, the Ulyanov family moved to the city of Samara, and in the city Lenin joined the circumference of socialist discussion Alexei Sklyarenko. [26]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin eventually became a Marxist and he translated a political pamphlet by Marx and Friedrich Engels from 1848 entitled the Communist Manifesto into Russian. [27]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He also began reading the works of one of the Russian Marxist figures named Georgi Plekhanov, and he agreed with Plekhanov's argument that Russia was moving from feudalism towards capitalism and that socialism would eventually be enforced by the proletariat, or the working class of the city, rather than by the peasants. [28]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

This Marxist view conflicted with the views of the Narodnik agrarian-socialist movement, which felt that the peasants could establish socialism in Russia by forming peasant communes, making it unnecessary to go through the stage of capitalism.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

This Narodnik view developed in the 1860s in the form of the People's Freedom Party and in those days was the dominant stream within the Russian revolutionary movement. [29]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Although Lenin rejected the arguments of agrarian-socialist groups, he was influenced by agrarian-socialist figures such as Pëtr Tkachëvi and Sergei Nechaev, and befriended several Narodnik members. [30]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

As the widow of an aristocrat, Lenin's mother still had influence in society, and in May 1890 she managed to convince government authorities to allow Lenin to take the exam externally at the Sankt University of Peterburg.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin successfully passed the exam and obtained a law degree, but the graduation celebration became hollow after his sister, Olga, died from typhoid. [31]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin settled in Samara for several years, working at first as a legal assistant in a regional court and later becoming a local lawyer. [32]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He devoted his time to radical politics by remaining active in Skylarenko's group and formulating ideas on the application of Marxism in Russia.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Inspired by Plekhanov's work, Lenin collected data on Russian society and used it to reinforce the Marxist interpretation of the development of society and refute Narodnik claims. [33]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He also wrote an article on peasant economics, but the article was rejected by the liberal journal Russian Thought. [34]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Revolutionary activities The beginning of activism and incarceration: 1893—1900 At the end of 1893, Lenin moved to Sankt Peterburg. [35]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

There, he worked as an assistant barister, and at the same time he also obtained a senior post within a Marxist revolutionary group calling themselves “Social Democrats” (name taken from the German Social Democratic Party which was also Marxist). [36]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He openly championed Marxism within the socialist movement, and he supported the establishment of revolutionary groups in Russian industrial centers. [37]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

By the end of 1894, he led a ring of Marxist laborers, and he also sought to hide the steps because he was aware that police spies were trying to infiltrate the movement. [38]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In the same year, he began a romantic relationship with Nadezhda “Nadya” Krupskaya, a schoolteacher who was also a Marxist prowler. [39]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin also wrote a political treatise entitled What Are “People's Friends” and How They Fight Social Democrats; in the treatise, he criticized the Narodnik agrarian-socialist movement, and much of its content was based on his experiences in Samara.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

About 200 copies of this treatise were illegally printed in 1894. [40]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin wanted to strengthen ties between the Social Democrats and Labour Emancipation, a Swiss-based group of Russian Marxist migrants; he visited the country to meet members of the group, namely Plekhanov and Pavel Axelrod. [41]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He then went to Paris to meet Marx's nephew, Paul Lafargue, and to research the history of the 1871 Paris Commune, which he considered the foretold of the rule of the proletariat. [42]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Financed by his mother, Lenin stopped by a hot spring in Switzerland and then visited Berlin, and in the city he studied for six weeks at the Staatsbibliothek and also met a Marxist activist named Wilhelm Liebknecht. [43]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He returned to Russia with a number of forbidden revolutionary publications, and he visited various cities to disseminate writings to labourers on strike. [44]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

While involved in the process of creating the Rabochee delo (“Labour Interests”) news sheet, he became one of 40 activists arrested in Sankt Peterburg and charged with sedition. [45]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin refused legal representation nor bail payment, and he denied all the charges laid against him, so he went to prison for a year before obtaining a verdict. [46]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He served his time in prison by theorizing and writing.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In his work written at this time, he stated that the development of industrial capitalism in Russia had caused a large number of peasants to move to the city, and there they formed the group of the proletariat.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin argued that this Russian proletariat would develop a class consciousness, which would encourage them to bring down the Tsarism, the aristocracy, and the bourgeoisie, and then establish a proletariat state that would move towards socialism. [47]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In February 1897, without going through court proceedings, he was sentenced to exile for three years in Eastern Siberia, despite being given time for several days in Sankt Peterburg to prepare his belongings.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He used the time to meet members of the Social Democratic group, who had changed their name to the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Labour Class. [48]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

His journey to Eastern Siberia took eleven weeks, and during the journey he was accompanied by his mother and his sisters.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He was not considered a great threat by the government, so he was exiled in a peasant hut in Shushenskoye, Minusinsky District, and there he was under police surveillance; even so, he was still able to establish letters with other fighters of the revolution, and many of those who visited it; Lenin himself was also allowed to go swimming in the Yenisei River and hunt ducks and snipe birds. [49]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In May 1898, Nadya joined Lenin in exile after Nadya was arrested in August 1896 for having organized a raid.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Although initially sent to Ufa, he asked the apparatus to be transferred to Shushenskoye, and claimed that he and Lenin were already engaged; they later married in a church on July 10, 1898. [50]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Nadya began family life together with her mother, Elizaveta Vasilyevna, in Shushenskoye, and she together with Lenin translated English-language socialist literature into Russian. [51]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin wanted to stay abreast of the latest news of the development of Marxism in Germany— especially considering that there had been a split in ideology, as revisionist groups such as Eduard Bernstein advocated for the realization of socialism through elections and peaceful ways— but Lenin still intended waged a revolution using violence, and he attacked revisionist arguments in his work entitled A Protest of a Russian Social Democrat. [52]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He also completed the book Developments of Capitalism in Russia (1899), which was the longest book he ever wrote in those days, which criticized agrarian-socialist groups and promoted Marxist analysis of the economic development of Russia.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The book was published under the pseudonym “Vladimir Ilin”, but after its publication it received poor reviews. [53]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Munich, London, and Geneva: 1900—05 After his exile, Lenin settled in Pskov at the beginning of 1900. [54]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

There, he began fundraising for a newspaper, Iskra (“Sparks”), which was the new organ of the Russian Marxist Party; for the record, in those days this party had been renamed the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (PBDSR). [55]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

By July 1900, Lenin left Russia and moved to Western Europe.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In Switzerland, he met with other Russian Marxist figures, and at a conference in Corsier, they agreed to publish the newspaper in Munich, and Lenin himself moved to the city in September. [56]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Iskra newspapers containing the writings of important European Marxist figures began to be smuggled into Russia, [57] and later became the most successful underground publication in the country. [58]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He originally used the pseudonym “Lenin” in December 1901, which is believed to have originated from the Lena River; [59] he often used a fuller pseudonym, “N. Lenin”, and although “N.” had no meaning whatsoever, there arose the misconception that the letter stands for the word “Nikolai”. [60]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Under the pseudonym, he published the political pamphlet What Will Do? in 1902; this pamphlet was the most influential publication he had written up to that time and contained Lenin's thoughts on the need for the vanguard party to lead the proletariat to revolution. [61]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Nadya joined Lenin in Munich and became his personal secretary. [62]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

They continued their political struggle, and Lenin himself continued to write for the newspaper Iskra, drafting the PBDSR program, as well as attacking ideology opponents and critics from outside (especially the Socialist Revolutionary Party, [63] a Narodnik group founded in 1901). [64 ]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Despite still being a Marxist, he accepted the Narodnik view of the revolutionary power of the Russian peasants, and later poured this idea into a pamphlet in 1903 entitled To the Village Poor. [65]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

To avoid the Bayern police, Lenin moved to London together with the newspaper Iskra in April 1902, [66] and there he befriended another Russian Marxist figure, Leon Trotsky. [67]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In London, Lenin was stricken with erysipelas disease and was unable to head Iskra's editorial agency, so the newspaper moved its base of operations to Geneva. [68]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The second PBDSR Congress was held in London in July 1903. [69]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

During the conference, there was a split between supporters of Lenin and supporters of Julius Martov.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Martov argued that party members should be allowed to be free of expression, but Lenin disagreed because he thought there was still needed a strong leadership that controlled the party thoroughly. [70]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin's supporters constituted the majority group, and Lenin dubbed them “majoritarians” (bol'sheviki in Russian, later known as Bolsheviks); in reply, Martov named his followers “minoritarians” (men'sheviki in Russian, later known as Mensheviks). [71 ]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Disputes between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks continued after the conference; the Bolsheviks accused their opponents of opportunists and insufficiently disciplined reformers, while the Mensheviks branded Lenin a despot and autocrat. [72]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin was made wrath by the Mensheviks, so he resigned from the editorial body of Iskra and in May 1904 published an anti-Menshevik treatise entitled One Step Forward, Two Steps Back. [73]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The stress made Lenin ill, so he decided on a climbing holiday in the Swiss countryside. [74]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Bolshevik faction itself gained strength; in the spring, all members of the Central Committee of the PBDSR were part of the Bolshevik group, [75] and in December they founded the newspaper Vperëd (Forward Forward). [76]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The 1905 Revolution and its aftermath: 1905—14 In January 1905, the Bloody Sunday massacre of protesters in Sankt Peterburg triggered a people's revolt known as the 1905 Revolution. [77]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin ordered the Bolsheviks to take a major role in the uprising. [78]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He then adopted the slogan of the Socialist Revolutionary group associated with “armed rebellion”, “mass terror”, and “seizure of noble lands”, so the Menshevik group accused Lenin of having deviated from pure Marxism. [79]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

On the other hand, Lenin decided that the Bolsheviks secede completely from the Mensheviks; many Bolsheviks refused and both groups attended the Third PBDSR Congress, held in London in April 1905. [80]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin later presented his ideas in the pamphlet Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution, published in August 1905.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In the pamphlet, he predicted that the liberal bourgeoisie of Russia would be satisfied by the transition to a constitutional monarchy, so that they were deemed to betray the revolution; he instead argued that the proletariat should ally with the peasants to scuttle the regime Tsar and established a “temporary revolutionary democratic dictatorship over the proletariat and peasants”. [81]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The uprising has begun.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Strength opposing force.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Battles raged in the streets, barricades were erected, rifles were fired, cannons blasted.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Rivers of blood flowed, a civil war to acquire freedom flared.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Moscow and the Southern region, the Caucasus, and Poland are ready to join the proletariat of Sankt Peterburg.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The slogan of the laborers became: Dead or Free!


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin regarding the 1905 Revolution [82] In response to the 1905 revolution, Tsar Nikolai II approved a number of liberal reforms in his October Manifesto, and afterwards Lenin felt safe to return to Sankt Peterburg. [83]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He joined the editorial body of Novaya Zhizn (“New Life”), namely a radical legal newspaper run by Maria Andreyeva, and he utilized this newspaper to discuss the problems facing the PBDSR. [84]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He encouraged the party to seek members in wider circles and advocated a continuous increase in armed confrontation, because Lenin felt that both things were necessary to succeed the revolution. [85]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He was aware that membership fees and donations from some wealthy sympathizers were not enough to finance Bolshevik activities, so he supported the idea of robbery of post offices, train stations, trains, and banks.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Under the leadership of Leonid Krasin, Bolshevik groups began carrying out acts of such crimes, and the best known occurred in June 1907, when a group of Bolsheviks under the leadership of Josef Stalin committed an armed robbery against a State Bank in Tiflis, Georgia. [86]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Although he briefly supported the idea of reconciliation between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, [87] Lenin was condemned by the Mensheviks during the Fourth Party Congress (held in Stockholm in April 1906) because he supported the use of violence and robbery. [88]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin was involved in the establishment of the Bolshevik Center in Kuokkala, the Finnish Keharyapatihan (which at that time was a semi-autonomous region in the Russian Empire), before the Bolsheviks finally dominated the PBDSR at its fifth Congress, held in London in May 1907. [89]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

However, the Tsarist administration attempted to eradicate the resistance movement by disbanding the legislative assembly of the Second Duma and ordering the Okhrana secret police force to arrest the revolutionary activists, so Lenin fled Finland for Switzerland. [90]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

There, he tried to exchange money stolen in Tiflis that had an identifiable serial number on his sheet. [91]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Aleksandr Bogdanov and other important Bolshevik figures decided to move the Bolshevik Center to Paris; although Lenin disagreed, he moved to the city in December 1908. [92]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin disliked Paris, nicknamed it a “rotten pit”, and while he was there he demanded a car driver who knocked him off his bike. [93]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In this time, Lenin also became highly critical of Bogdanov's views stating that the Russian proletariat had to develop a socialist culture in order to be a successful vehicle of revolution.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Instead, Lenin supported the forerunner idea of socialist literates who would lead the working class during the revolution.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In addition, Bogdanov— who was influenced by Ernst Mach— believed that all concepts in the world were relative, while Lenin adhered to a Marxist view stating that there was an objective reality separate from human observation. [94]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Although Bogdanov and Lenin vacationed together at Maxim Gorky's villa in Capri in April 1908, [95] upon his return in Paris, Lenin fostered a split within the body of the Bolshevik group between his followers against Bogdanov's supporters, and he accused Bogdanov of having deviated from Marxism. [96] JMPL|ka|upright=1.2|Lenin did research at the British Museum, London In May 1908, Lenin had a stop in London, and there he used the Reading Room of the British Museum to write Materialism and Empirio-critisism, which was an attempt to attack what he referred to as” bourgeois reactionary falsehood” in Bogdanov's point of view of relativism. [97]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

However, Lenin's actions that encouraged the rise of factionalism have distanced a growing number of Bolshevik members, including his former close supporters Alexei Rykov and Lev Kamenev. [98]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Okhrana tried to take advantage of this factionalism by sending a spy, Roman Malinovsky, to act as a loud-voiced supporter of Lenin.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Various other members of the Bolsheviks began reporting their suspicions to Lenin, although it is not known exactly whether Lenin knew that Malinovsky was a spy; it is possible that Lenin instead outsmarted Malinovsky and used him to transmit information false to the Okhrana. [99]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In August 1910, Lenin attended the Eighth Congress of the Second International (an international socialist gathering) in Copenhagen as a representative of the PBDSR, after vacationing in Stockholm with his mother. [100]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He then moved to France with his wife and sisters, first settling in Bombon and later in Paris. [101]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

There, he became a close friend of a French Bolshevik named Inessa Armand; some biographers suspect that they were in an extramarital relationship from 1910 to 1912. [102]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Meanwhile, at a meeting in Paris in June 1911, the Central Committee of the PBDSR decided to shift the focus of their operations back to Russia, and they ordered the closure of the Bolshevik Center and its newspaper, the Proletari. [103]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In order to reassert his influence in the party, Lenin held a party conference in Prague in January 1912; although 16 of his 18 attendees were from the Bolsheviks, Lenin was criticized all-out as a result of his factionalist tendencies, so that he did not succeed in increasing his status in the party. [104]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He then moved to Kraków in the Kingdom of Galisia and Lodomeria, which is a region of Austria-Hungary whose majority population is Polish.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He utilized the library of Jagellonian University to conduct research. [105]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In those days, he kept close relations with the PBDSR (which operated in the Russian Empire), and he tried to convince Bolshevik members to stop allying with the Mensheviks in Duma assemblies. [106]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In January 1913, Stalin— whom Lenin referred to as “the awesome Georgian"— came to visit him, and they discussed the future of non-Russian ethnic groups on the territory of the Russian Empire. [107]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

As a result of the deterioration of the health of Lenin and his wife, they moved to the rural town of Biały Dunajec, [108] and then they went to Bern to treat the goiter disease that Nadya had. [109]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

First World War: 1914—17 The [First World] War was devolved to divvy up colonies and rob foreign territories; thieves have falling—and the mention of the defeat of one of the thieves at a time with the intention of identifying the interests of all thieves with the interests of nation or homeland is a low-favor bourgeois lie.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin's interpretation of the First World War [110] Lenin was in Galisia when the First World War broke out. [111]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

During the war, the Russian Empire fought against Austria-Hungary, so Lenin was arrested and detained as a result of his Russian citizenship until he could finally explain his anti-Tsarist views. [112]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin and his wife returned to Bern, [113] before moving to Zürich in February 1916. [114]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin was wrath upon hearing news that the German Social Democratic Party supported the German war effort — as opposed to the Stuttgart Resolution issued by the Second International stating that socialist parties would oppose the conflict — so Lenin felt that The Second International is dead. [115]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He attended the Zimmerwald Conference in September 1915 and the Kienthal Conference in April 1916, [116] and called on the socialists to turn the “imperialist war” into a continent-wide “civil war” between the proletariat against the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy. [117]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In July 1916, Lenin's mother died, but he was unable to attend her funeral. [118]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

His death greatly impacted him, and he became depressed and fearful that he would pick up the death before being able to witness the revolution of the proletariat with his own eyes. [119]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In September 1917, Lenin published the book Imperialism, The Highest Stage of Capitalism, which stated that imperialism was a product of monopoly capitalism, as capitalists tried to increase their profits by encroaching into new territories with lower wages and materials cheaper raw.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He believed that competition and conflict would escalate and wars between imperialist powers would continue until they were brought down by the revolution of the proletariat. [120]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

At the same time, he went through the period reading the works of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Ludwig Feuerbach, and Aristotle, and these philosophers greatly influenced Marx's thinking. [121]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

By reading these works, Lenin's interpretation of Marxism changed; he had previously believed that policies could be structured based on pre-determined scientific principles, but he then concluded that the only way to know if a policy was It's true is to look at the practice. [122]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Although still considering himself to be someone who practiced Marx's original thoughts, he began to deviate from some of Marx's predictions about the development of society; Marx believed that a “bourgeois-democrat revolution” of the middle class should occur before the start of the “socialist revolution” “which was brought up by the proletariat, but Lenin believed that in Russia, the proletariat would tear down the Tsarist regime without requiring an intermediary revolution. [123]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

February Revolution and July Days: 1917 In February 1917, the February Revolution erupted in Sankt Peterburg (which had been renamed Petrograd at the onset of the First World War) after industrial laborers demoted due to food shortages and worsening factory conditions.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Unrest broke into other Russian territories, and Tsar Nikolas II eventually withdrew because he feared being put down by the use of force.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Duma institutions took power and established a Provisional Government and transformed the Empire into a Russian Republic. [124]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Upon hearing news of the event, Lenin rejoiced. [125]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He decided to return to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks, but he faced difficulties as many streets were closed as a result of the war.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Together with other dissidents, he planned to plead to be allowed to pass through the territory of Germany, which was then at war against Russia.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Germans were aware that the dissidents would cause trouble in Russia, so they allowed 32 Russian citizens to board a “closed” train carriage, including those of Lenin and his wife. [126]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The group took a train from Zürich to Sassnitz, and then took a ferry to Trelleborg, Sweden, and from there they headed to Helsinki before finally boarding the last train to Petrograd. [127]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Upon his arrival at Finland Station in the city of Petrograd, Lenin delivered a speech before Bolshevik supporters, and in the speech he condemned the Provisional Government and again called for a revolution of the proletariat throughout the European continent. [128]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In the following days, he became a speaker at Bolshevik meetings, railed against those who wanted to refer to the Mensheviks, and also issued his April Thesis, which was an outline of his plans for the Bolsheviks that he wrote during his trip from Switzerland. [129]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He publicly condemned the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries (who dominated the Petrograd Soviet) because they had supported the Provisional Government, and he denounced them as traitors to socialism.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He felt that the provisional government was as imperialist as the Tsarist regime.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin called for peace with Germany and Austria-Hungary, power by soviet councils, nationalization of industries and banks, and land confiscation by the state, all with a view to establishing a government of the proletariat, and the taking of steps to realize a socialist society.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

On the other hand, the Mensheviks believed that Russia was not advanced enough to transition to socialism, and they accused Lenin of trying to foment a civil war in Russia. [130]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Over the following months, Lenin sought to forestall his policy proposals, attending meetings of the Bolshevik Central Committee, writing for the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda, and delivering speeches in Petrograd to gain support from laborers, soldiers, sailors, and farmer. [131]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

After Lenin felt that Bolshevik supporters were beginning to get frustrated, he proposed an armed demonstration in Petrograd to see the government's response. [132]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

However, as a result of his deteriorating health, he left the city to recuperate in the Finnish village of Neivola. [133]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The armed demonstrations waged by the Bolsheviks, known as the “Days of July”, began when Lenin had already left, but Lenin eventually returned to Petrograd and ordered them to calm down after hearing news that they were clashing with the government apparatus. [134]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In response to violent acts, the government ordered the arrest of Lenin and other influential Bolshevik figures, stormed their offices, and publicly accused Lenin of being a German agent provocateur. [135]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In order to avoid capture, Lenin hid in various secret places in Petrograd. [136]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin felt worried that he would be assassinated, so he decided to flee Petrograd and move to Razliv along with another senior Bolshevik figure, Grigory Zinoviev. [137]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

There, Lenin began writing a book that would later be published under the title State and Revolution, which explained how the socialist state would develop after the revolution of the proletariat, and how then the country would gradually disappear to leave only a communist society pure. [138]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He began to put forward the idea of waging a Bolshevik-led rebellion to topple the government, but the idea was rejected rawly during secret meetings of the party's central committee. [139]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin then went to Finland on a train and on foot, and he arrived in Helsinki on August 10; there he hid in a secret place belonging to Bolshevik sympathizers. [140]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

October Revolution: 1917 In August 1917, while Lenin was in Finland, General Lavr Kornilov, Supreme Commander of the Russian Army, sent troops to Petrograd and tried to coup the Provisional Government.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Prime Minister Aleksandr Kerensky appealed to the Petrograd Soviet for help, including its Bolsheviks, and he also allowed the fighters of the revolution to deploy laborers as part of the Red Guard to defend the city.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The coup died down before it could reach the city of Petrograd, but the event allowed the Bolsheviks to return to the politicised stage openly. [141]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries who dominated the Petrograd Soviet were concerned that right-wing forces would inflame anti-socialism counter-revolution measures, so they had pressured the government to normalise relations with the Bolsheviks. [142]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries themselves had lost much support as a result of their association with the Provisional Government and the policy of forwarding a completely unpopular war.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Bolsheviks took advantage of it and then a pro-Bolshevik Marxist named Trotsky was elected leader of the Petrograd Soviet. [143]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In September, the Bolsheviks became the majority group in the labor section of the Soviet Moscow and Petrograd. [144]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

After realizing that the situation in Russia was already safer, Lenin returned to Petrograd. [145]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

There, he attended a meeting of the Bolshevik Central Committee on 10 October, and during the meeting he again invited them to launch an armed rebellion to overthrow the Provisional Government.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

This time Lenin's argument succeeded in convincing his cameras, with ten votes in favor and two against. [146]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

People who criticized the plan, namely Zinoviev and Kamenev, argued that Russian laborers would not support a coup and nor was there any evidence that strengthened Lenin's assertion that all of Europe was on the verge of a proletariat revolution. [147]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

After this decision-making, the party began planning attacks, and they held their final meeting at the Smolny Institute on 24 October. [148]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The venue was the base of the Military Revolutionary Committee (KRM), that is, an armed militia whose members were mostly loyal to the Bolsheviks, and this militia itself was founded by the Petrograd Soviet during the coup d'état waged by Kornilov. [149]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In October, KRM was ordered to take over the most important means of transportation, communications, printing, and utilities in Petrograd, and they managed to make it happen without bloodshed. [150]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Bolsheviks besieged the government at the Winter Palace, and eventually succeeded in capturing its ministers after the Aurora jailer, controlled by Bolshevik sailors, opened fire on the building. [151]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

During the onset of the uprising, Lenin delivered a speech before the Petrograd Soviet announcing that the Provisional Government had been dethroned. [152]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Bolsheviks contemplated the formation of a new government called the People's Commissar Council or “Sovnarkom”.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin initially refused the post of chairman and suggested that the post be bestowed upon Trotsky, but the rest of the Bolsheviks insisted and Lenin was finally willing. [153]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin and the other Bolsheviks then attended the Second Congress of Soviets on 26 and 27 October, and announced the founding of a new government.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Ladies of the Menshevik group condemned the illegitimate takeover of power and feared the risk of civil war. [154]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In the first days of the new regime, Lenin avoided using Marxist and socialist terms so as not to distance the Russian people, and instead he spoke of a country controlled by laborers. [155]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

At the same time, Lenin and many other Bolsheviks felt that the revolution of the proletariat would soon flare up in Europe within days or months. [156]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin administration Governed Soviet rule: 1917—18 The Provisional Government had previously planned for the election of members of the Constituent Assembly in November 1917; although opposed by Lenin, Sovnarkom agreed that the elections be held according to the established schedule. [157]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In this election, the Bolsheviks gained about a quarter of the vote and were defeated by the Socialist Revolutionary Party. [158]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin considered the election to not reflect the will of the people fairly; in addition, he also felt that the electors were not given enough time to understand the Bolshevik political program, and his list of candidates was created before the Left-Wing Socialist Revolutionary group split from the Party Socialist Revolutionary. [159]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Nevertheless, the newly elected Constituent Assembly of Russia began to be convened in Petrograd in January 1918. [160]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Sovnarkom argued that the assembly was counter-revolutionary because they tried to revoke the authority of the soviet councils, but the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks denied it. [161]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Bolsheviks put a proposal before the assembly that would have revoked most of the assembly's legal authority; after the assembly rejected the proposal, Sovnarkom took it as proof that the assembly was indeed a counter-revolution, and they dissolved this assembly by force. [162]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin rejected calls to establish a coalition government with other socialist parties (including calls from some Bolshevik members). [163]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Although the Sovnarkom refused to enter into coalition with the Mensheviks or Socialist Revolutionaries, in December 1917 they gave five cabinet posts to the Left-Wing Socialist Revolutionary group.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The coalition only survived for four months until March 1918; the Left-Wing Socialist Revolutionary group dropped out of government because they disagreed with the Bolshevik approach as to how Russia should best stop being involved in the First World War. [164]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

At the 7th Congress in March 1918, the Bolsheviks changed their official name from the “Russian Social Democratic Labour Party” to the “Russian Communist Party”, as Lenin wanted to distance the group from the Socialist Democratic Party of Germany which was becoming increasingly reformist and also to assert its main goals , that is, a communist society. [165]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Although governing power was officially held by the Sovnarkom and its Executive Committee (VTSIK) elected by the All Russian Congress of Soviets (KSSR), the Communist Party de facto controlled Russia, and this was also recognized by its members at that time. [166]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In 1918, Sovnarkom began to act unilaterally and increasingly sidelined the KSSR and VTSIK, [167] so that the soviet councils no longer had a role in ruling Russia. [168]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In 1918 and 1919, the government expelled the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries from the Soviet councils, [169] so that Russia became a one-party state. [170]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Within the structure of the Communist Party was established a Political Bureau (“Politbiro”) and an Organizational Bureau (“Orgburo”) to accompany the Central Committee; decisions issued by those party bodies were to be established by Sovnarkom and the Council of Labour and Defence. [171]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin was the most important figure within this government structure; in addition to being Chairman of Sovnarkom and one of the members of the Labour and Defence Council, he also took part in the Central Committee and Politbiro of the Communist Party. [172]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The only person who may have an influence that can approach Lenin's influence is his right-hand man, Yakov Sverdlov, who died in March 1919 from flu pandemics. [173]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

By November 1917, Lenin and his wife were living in a two-room apartment at the Smolny Institute, although in the following month they briefly went on vacation in Halia, Finland. [174]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In January 1918, he survived an assassination attempt in Petrograd; Fritz Platten, who along with Lenin at that time, protected him and suffered a wound from a bullet. [175]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

As a result of the appearance of fears that the German Army could threaten the city of Petrograd, in March 1918 Sovnarkom was moved to Moscow, initially only for a while. [176]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In the city, Lenin, Trotsky, and other Bolshevik leaders settled in the Kremlin, and there Lenin lived together with his wife and sister Maria in an apartment on the first floor adjacent to the Sovnarkom meeting room. [177]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin disliked Moscow, [178] but he rarely left the city in the later days of his life. [179]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In the city in August 1918, he survived a second assassination attempt; he was shot after delivering a public speech and suffered severe injuries. [180]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

A Socialist Revolutionary, Fanny Kaplan, was arrested and sentenced to death. [181]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The attack was heavily highlighted by the Russian press which made the people sympathetic to Lenin and boosted his popularity. [182]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In September 1918, in order for him to recuperate, Lenin was taken to a dacha in Gorki just outside the city limits of Moscow, which had just been nationalized by the government and then given to him. [183]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Social, legal, and economic reforms: 1917—18 To all laborers, warriors and peasants.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Soviet government would immediately propose a democratic peace to all nations and a ceasefire on all fronts.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He would guarantee the surrender without compensation of all land — [belonging to] landlords, empires, and monasteries — to peasant committees; he would defend the rights of warriors, democratizing intact against the army; he would enforce laborers' control over industry; he would ensure that The Constituent Assembly shall be assembled on a set date; he will supply the cities with bread and the villages with the staples; and he shall safeguard the right of self-determination for all peoples living in Russia...


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Long live the revolution!


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin's political program, October 1917 [184] After grabbing power, the Lenin regime issued a number of decrees.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The first was the Land Dekret, which declared that aristocratic lands and the Orthodox Church would be nationalized and redistributed to the peasants by the local authorities.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

This was not in line with Lenin's desire to launch agricultural collectivization, but this decree officially recognized the land confiscation that had been carried out by farmers. [185]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In November 1917, the government issued a Press Edict which closed many media offices it considered counter-revolution.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The government claimed that the decree was temporary; this decree itself reaped a lot of criticism, including from Bolshevik groups, because it was considered to have hurt press freedom. [186] In November 1917, Lenin issued the Declaration of the Rights of the Russian People, stating that non-Russian ethnic groups living on the territory of the republic have the right to establish their own state. [187]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

As a result, several countries gained independence: Finland and Lithuania in December 1917, Latvia and Ukraine in January 1918, Estonia in February 1918, Transcaucasia in April 1918, and Poland in November 1918. [188]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Shortly afterward, the Bolsheviks actively supported communist parties in those countries. [189]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Meanwhile, during the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets held in July 1918, a constitution stated that the Russian Republic would be reformed into the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. [190]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In order to modernize the country, the government also officially stopped the use of the Julius calendar and began to enact the Gregorius calendar. [191]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In the same month as the issuance of the Declaration of the Rights of the Russian People, Sovnarkom also decreed a decree that dissolved the Russian legal system and called for the use of “revolutionary conscience” to replace the law. [192]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The courts were replaced by a two-tier system: the Revolutionary Tribunal to crack down on counter-revolution crimes [193] as well as the People's Court to prosecute other crimes.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

They were instructed to ignore pre-existing laws and base their rulings on Sovnarkom decrees and “a sense of socialist-style justice”. [194]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The armed forces were also overhauled this month; Sovnarkom launched egalitarian actions, negating the ranks, titles, and medals of previous times, and calling on the soldiers to establish committees to elect their commanders. [195]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In October 1917, Lenin issued a decree limiting working hours to eight hours per day. [196]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He also issued a People's Education Edict stating that the government would guarantee free and secular education for all children in Russia, [196] and a decree establishing a system of state orphanages. [197]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

To eradicate illiteracy, it is estimated that there were about 5 million people given short courses from 1920 to 1926. [198]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In order to realize gender equality, laws were enacted that helped to emancipate women by granting them economic freedom from their husbands and abolishing restrictions on divorce. [199]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Bolshevik women's organization, Zhenotdel, was also founded to help realize these aspirations. [200]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Meanwhile, Lenin was a militant atheist, so he and the Communist Party wanted to nullify organized religion, [201] and in January 1918, the government issued a decree to separate the church from the state and ban religious lessons in schools. [202]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In November 1917, Lenin issued the Edict of Control by Labor, which called on laborers of any undertaking to set up a committee to monitor the management of their businesses. [203]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In that month, an order was issued to take over the country's gold. [204]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The banks were also nationalized, and this move was considered by Lenin to be a major step towards socialism. [205]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In December, Sovnarkom established the Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh), which has authority over industry, banking, agriculture, and commerce. [206]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Factory committees were subservient to trade unions under the VSNKh; consequently, a centralized economic plan by the state was prioritized more than the economic interests of local laborers. [207]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

At the beginning of 1918, Sovnarkom canceled all foreign debts and refused to pay its interest. [208]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

By April 1918, they nationalized foreign trade and enforced the state monopoly on imports and exports. [209]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

By June 1918, they nationalized public utilities as well as the railway, engineering, textile, metalworking, and mining industries, although often the status of “state-owned” existed on paper only. [210]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

A new full-scale nationalization was carried out in November 1920, when small industrial businesses began to be controlled by the state. [211]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

One faction of the Bolsheviks known as “Left Communists” criticized the economic policies of the Sovnarkom for being considered too moderate; they wanted to nationalize all industry, agriculture, commerce, finance, transportation, and communications. [212]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin felt that this action was not possible at the time, and he thought the government should only nationalize large-scale capitalist businesses in Russia, such as banks, railways, large lands, and large factories and mining, in order to make these efforts small can operate until the business becomes large and can be nationalized properly. [212]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin was also at loggerheads with Left Communist groups related to economic organization; by June 1918, he argued that centralized economic control over the industrial sphere was needed, while the Communist Left wanted every factory to be controlled by its laborers, and according to Lenin such approaches are syndicalist and would undermine efforts to realize socialism. [213]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

By adhering to a left-wing libertarian viewpoint, the Communist Left and other factions within the Communist Party body criticized the deterioration of democratic institutions in Russia. [214]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In the international world, many socialist activists condemned Lenin's regime and refused to acknowledge what Lenin did as an attempt to establish socialism; they particularly highlighted the absence of broad political participation, consultation to the people, and industrial democracy. [215]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In the autumn of 1918, the Czech-Austrian Marxist figure Karl Kautsky wrote an anti-Leninist pamphlet that branded Russia with anti-democratic accusations, and Lenin himself responded loudly to this pamphlet. [216]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

German Marxist figure Rosa Luxemburg voiced similar views, [217] while Russian anarchist figure Peter Kropotkin considered the takeover of power by the Bolsheviks a “burial of the Russian Revolution”. [218]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: 1917—18 [By prolonging the war] we have strengthened German imperialism in an unusual way, and peace must be established in the end, but then its peace will become worse because it will be set by others rather than by us on their own.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

There is no doubt that the peace we are forced to accept today is an indecent peace, but if the war begins our government will disperse and peace will be established by another government.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin regarding peace with the Central Bloc [219] After taking power, Lenin felt confident that his government should withdraw from the First World War by establishing an armistice with the Central Bloc countries, namely Germany and Austria-Hungary. [220]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He believed that the war still going on would upset the Russian soldiers who had already been beaten by the war (and Lenin himself had promised them peace), and he knew very well that these soldiers and the German forces could bring down his government at any time and agitating efforts to enforce international socialism. [221]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

On the other hand, other members of the Bolsheviks (especially Bukharin and the Communist Left) believed that peace with the Central Bloc was an act of treachery against international socialism, and in their opinion Russia actually needed to inflame the “revolutionary war of defense” that it believed would trigger a proletariat uprising in Germany. [222]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin proposed a three-month armistice in his Peace Decree of November 1917, which was approved by the Second Congress of Soviets and handed over to the governments of Germany and Austria-Hungary. [223]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Germans responded well, because for them this was an opportunity to focus on the Western Front and avoid defeat. [224]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In November, the armistice negotiations began in Brest-Litovsk, the headquarters of the German high command on the Eastern Front; during these negotiations, the Russian delegation was led by Trotsky and Adolph Joffe. [225]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Meanwhile, a proposed ceasefire until January has been agreed. [226]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

During the negotiations, the Germans asserted that they wanted to defend the territories they had conquered (which included Poland, Lithuania, and Kurzeme), while Russia responded that such actions violated the right of self-determination for those nations. [227]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Some members of the Bolsheviks wanted the negotiations as much as possible to be prolonged until proletariat revolutions erupted across Europe. [228]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

On January 7, 1918, Trotsky returned from Brest-Litovsk to Sankt Peterburg with an ultimatum from the Central Bloc: Russia had to accept a request for territory from Germany, or the war would continue. [229]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In January and again in February, Lenin pleaded with the Bolsheviks to accept the German request.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He argued that it was okay to lose territory provided Bolshevik rule remained defensible.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Most of the Bolsheviks rejected it, because they wanted to extend the armistice. [230]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

On February 18, the German Army launched Operation Faustschlag, so their forces continued to push into Russian territory and conquer Dvinsk within a day. [231]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

At that time, Lenin finally managed to convince a slim majority in the Bolshevik Central Committee to accept the Central Bloc's offer. [232]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

However, on February 23, the Central Bloc issued a new ultimatum: in addition to Poland and the Baltic states, Russia must also recognize German power over Ukraine, and otherwise they will face a massive attack. [233]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

On March 3, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed. [234]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

As a result, Russia lost an awful lot of territory: Russia lost 26% of the population, 37% of agricultural harvest territory, 28% of industry, 26% of railway lines, and three-fourths of its coal and iron content. [235]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In addition, this treaty was disliked by many people from various group backgrounds, [236] and some members of the Bolshevik and Revolutionary Socialist Left withdrew from Sovnarkom as a form of protest. [237]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

After the signing of this treaty, Sovnarkom tried to foment a proletariat revolution in Germany by issuing anti-war and anti-government publications in the country; the German government responded by expelling Russian diplomats. [238]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Despite this, this treaty failed to save the Axis Bloc countries; in November 1918, German Emperor Wilhelm II resigned and the country's new administration signed an armistice with the Allies.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

As a result, Sovnarkom declared the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk void. [239]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Anti-Kulak, Cheka, and Red Terror Campaign: 1918—22 [The Bourgeoisie] practiced terror against laborers, soldiers, and peasants for the benefit of a small group of landlords and bankers, while the Soviet regime took major steps in cracking down on landlords, usurpers, and accomplices they are for the benefit of laborers, soldiers, and peasants.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin regarding the Red Terror [240] At the beginning of 1918, many cities in Western Russia were experiencing catastrophic famine due to food shortages. [241]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin blamed the kulaks, or wealthy peasants, and he accused them of having hoarded the crops they produced to increase their prices.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In May 1918, he established an armed detachment that would confiscate grain from the kulaks to be distributed in the cities, and in June called for the formation of a Poor Farmers' Committee to assist in its implementation. [242]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

This policy resulted in chaos and violence, as armed detachments often clashed with peasant groups, which became one of the factors triggering the civil war. [243]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

One example of Lenin's views on this subject is a telegram he sent in August 1918 to Bolsheviks in Penza Oblast, which invites them to quell a peasant revolt by hanging at least 100 men known as “kulaks, rich men, [and] bloodsuckers” in public advance. [244]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Foreclosure practices have removed the incentive for farmers to produce more grain than they can consume, resulting in production slumping. [245]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Black markets sprang up and replaced the official economy, [246] so Lenin called for speculators, black marketeers, and looters to be shot. [247]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Socialist revolutionaries and Left Socialist Revolutionaries condemned the practice of grain confiscation during the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets in July 1918. [248]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

After realizing that the Poor Farmers' Committee also oppressed peasants who were not kulaks and stirred anti-government sentiment among peasants, in December 1918, Lenin disbanded it. [249]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin repeatedly asserted why terror and violence were necessary to scuttle the old order and ensure the success of the revolution. [250]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

While speaking before the Central Executive Committee of the All Russian Soviet in November 1917, he conjectured that “the state is an institution set up to use violence.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Previously, such violence was used by a number of rich people against all people; now we want to... use violence in the interests of the people. “[251]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

He also strongly opposed the proposal to negate the death penalty. [252]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

At the same time, Lenin felt concerned that anti-Bolshevik forces would devolve his government, so in December 1917 he ordered the establishment of an Emergency Commission to Eradicate Counter-Revolution and Sabotage, or so-called Cheka, that is, the political police led by Felix Dzerzhinsky. [253]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In September 1918, Sovnarkom issued a decree initiating the Red Terror, which is a term referring to the oppression committed by the Cheka. [254]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Although sometimes described as an attempt to abolish the bourgeoisie as a whole, [255] Lenin did not want to exterminate all former members of the class, but simply wanted to get rid of those who had a passion to return to power. [256]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Most victims of the Red Terror are citizens who are or former members of the Tsarist government, [257] but there are also victims of non-bourgeois who are anti-Bolshevik and groups that do not want their existence, such as prostitutes. [258]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Cheka claimed that they had the right to drop the verdict and sentence to death anyone deemed an enemy of the government without going through the Revolutionary Tribunal. [259]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

As a result, the Cheka carried out assassinations in various regions of Russia, and many victims fell. [260]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

For example, the Cheka sentenced 512 people to death within a few days in the city of Petrograd. [261]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

There are no historical records that accurately estimate the number of victims of the Red Terror, [262] but historians estimate the number ranges from 10,000 to 15,000, [263] and even estimates could reach 50,000 to 140,000 victims. [264]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin never witnessed violence or was directly involved, [265] and in public he kept his distance from such acts. [266]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The speeches and articles he published rarely called for the death penalty, although he often did so in the form of telegrams and secret notes. [267]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Many Bolshevik members disagreed with the Cheka's actions and were frightened by how the organization had absolutely no accountability. [268]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Communist Party tried to limit its actions in February 1919 and revoked the authority as a tribunal and the authority to sentence death in territories not included into the scope of military emergency areas, but the Cheka still kept doing the same things in different regions. [269]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

By 1920, the Cheka had become the most powerful institution in Russia. [270]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In April 1919, a decree was issued that led to the establishment of concentration camps entrusted to the Cheka, [271] but later these camps were administered by a new governing body called the Gulag. [272]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

By the end of 1920, 84 camps had been established in Russia, which housed about 50,000 prisoners; by October 1923, the number had increased to 315 camps and about 70,000 prisoners. [273]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The people who were included in the camps were made forced laborers. [274]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Since July 1922, intelligentsia accused of opposing Bolshevik rule were exiled to remote regions or deported from Russia; Lenin personally checked the list of people to be exiled or deported. [275]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In May 1922, Lenin issued a decree calling for the condemnation of the anti-Bolshevik clergy, resulting in the deaths of between 14,000 and 20,000 people. [276]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

This action greatly impacted the Russian Orthodox Church, but Catholic and Protestant churches, Jewish synagogues, and Islamic mosques were also victimized. [277]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Civil War and Polish—Soviet War: 1918—20 The existence of Soviet Republics in conjunction with imperialist states in the long term is completely unimaginable.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In the end, either one or the other will win.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

And before that happened, a number of the most terrible conflicts between Soviet Republics against bourgeois governments were already inevitable.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

It means that the proletariat as a ruling party, if they only want to be in power and will indeed remain in power, must demonstrate it with its military organization.


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin regarding the war [278] Lenin had predicted that Russian aristocrats and bourgeoisie parties would oppose his rule, but he believed the superiority of small groups coupled with the Bolsheviks' ability to deploy them would guarantee Bolshevik victory in any conflict. [279]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Related to this, he failed to anticipate the strong resistance of opposition to Bolshevik rule in Russia. [279]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Russian Civil War not only involved pro-Bolshevik forces against the anti-Bolshevik White Army, but also accompanied by ethnic conflicts on the Russian border and conflicts between the Red and White Armies and local peasant groups called the Green Army in various former imperial territory. [280]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In addition, historians consider the civil war to reflect two distinct conflicts, one between supporters of the revolution against the counter-revolution, and the other between revolutionary factions fighting against each other. [281]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The White Army was founded by ex-Tsarist military officers, [282] and also includes the Volunteer Army led by Anton Denikin in Southern Russia, [283] Aleksandr Kolchak's forces in Siberia, [284] and Nikolai Yudenich's forces in the newly independent Baltic states. [285]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The White Army gained ground after 35,000 members of the Czech Legion (prisoners of war during the conflict against the Central Bloc) turned against the Sovnarkom and allied themselves with the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch), an anti-Bolshevik government established in Samara. [286]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The White Army was also supported by Western governments who regarded the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as treason and also who were frightened by the calls for world revolution put forward by the Bolsheviks. [287]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In 1918, Great Britain, France, the United States, Canada, Italy, and Serbia landed 10,000 troops in Murmansk and captured Kandalaksha; a year later, British, American and Japanese forces also landed in Vladivostok. [288]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Western forces did not long afterwards withdraw from the civil war, and instead only supported the White Army by providing officers, technicians and weaponry, although the Japanese still held out because they regarded this conflict as an opportunity to expand territory. [289]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin commissioned Trotsky to establish the Red Army of Labor and Peasants; in addition, with the support of Lenin, Trotsky formed the Revolutionary Military Council in September 1918, and Trotsky became its chairman until 1925. [290]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Lenin recognized the military experience of former officers from the Tsarist armed forces, so he allowed them to serve the Red Army, although Trotsky still established military councils to monitor their activities. [291]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The Red Army controls Russia's two largest cities, Moscow and Petrograd, as well as most of Greater Russia, while the White Army controls the periphery territories. [292]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The White Army faced difficulties because their territory was scattered, [293] and they were also not supported by minority groups because they had ethnic Russian supremacist views. [294]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The anti-Bolshevik army itself waged the White Terror, that is, a campaign of violence against Bolshevik supporters, and these actions were generally much more spontaneous than the Red Terror supported by the state. [295]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

The White and Red Armies were both responsible for attacks on the Jewish community, which led Lenin to issue a condemnation of anti-Semitism, and he blamed capitalism's propaganda as a trigger for bad prejudice against Jews. [296]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In July 1918, Sverdlov reported to Sovnarkom in the Ural Regional Soviet that the Tsar and his family members had been put to death in Yekaterinburg so that they could not be saved by the White Army. [297]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Although unsupported by evidence, biographers and historians such as Richard Pipes and Dmitri Volkogonov issued the opinion that the massacre might have been supported by Lenin; [298] meanwhile, historian James Ryan stated that “there is no reason” to believe the the. [299]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

Nevertheless, Lenin still regarded the Tsarist family's death sentence as necessary as King Louis XVI who was put to death during the French Revolution. [300]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

After the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Left Socialist Revolutionary group dropped out of the coalition and increasingly regarded the Bolsheviks as attackers of revolution. [301]


Question: Where was Pyotr I born?

Vladimir Lenin

In July 1918, a Left Socialist Revolutionary named Yakov Grigorevich Blumkin assassinated the German ambassador to Russia, Wilhelm von Mirbach, hoping to trigger a diplomatic incident that would culminate in a revolutionary war against Germany. [302]