Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

According to the history of Ridwan Saidi because, some names of flora types have been used in the name of places or regions in Jakarta, such as Gambir, Krekot, Bintaro, Grogol and many more.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

“Like Makassar District, this name has nothing to do with the Makassar people, but is taken from the type of grass" [10] So that the word “Betawi” is not derived from the word “Batavia” (the old name of the city of Jakarta during the Dutch East Indies), because the name Batavia refers more to the region of origin of the grandmother ancestry of dutch people.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

“Batavia is the Latin name for the land of the Batavians during Roman times.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

This was roughly the area around the city of Nijmegen, Netherlands, within the Roman Empire.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The remainder of this land is nowadays known as Betuwe.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

During the Renaissance, Dutch historians tried to promote these Batavians to the status of “forefathers” of the Dutch people.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

They started to call themselves Batavians, later resulting in the Batavian Republic, and took the name “Batavia” to their colonies such as the Dutch East Indies, where they renamed the city of Jayakarta to become Batavia from 1619 until about 1942, when its name was changed to Djakarta (this is the short for the former name Jayakarta, later respelt Jakarta; see: History of Jakarta).


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The name was also used in Suriname, where they founded Batavia, Suriname, and in the United States where they founded the city and the town of Batavia, New York.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

This name spreads further west in the United States to such places as Batavia, Illinois, near Chicago, and Batavia, Ohio.”


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Then the use of the word Betawi as a tribe in the Dutch East Indies, began with the establishment of an organization called Pemoeda Kaoem Betawi which was born in 1923. [11]


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

History Here is an expounding of experts about the history of Betawi.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The period before AD Betawi history began in the time of the stone age which according to Historian Sagiman MD has existed since the time of neolithic.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Archaeologist Uka Tjandarasasmita in his monography “Jakarta Raya and Surroundings From Prehistoric Age to Kingdom of Pajajaran” (1977) has archaeologically provided strong and scientific evidence of the history of the inhabitants of Jakarta and its surroundings from the time before Tarumanagara in the 5th century.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

It is stated that at least since the time of neolithic or new rock (3500—3000 years ago) Jakarta and surrounding areas where there are large streams such as Ciliwung, Cisadane, Kali Bekasi, Citarum in certain places have been inhabited by human communities that spread almost in all areas of Jakarta.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

From the tools found on these sites, such as axes, pickaxes, chisels, pacul that have been finely mashed and wearing wooden handles, it was concluded that the human community was already familiar with agriculture (perhaps a kind of farming) and animal husbandry.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

It may even have been familiar with the organized organizational structure of society. [12]


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

While Yahya Andi Saputra (Alumni of the Faculty of History, University of Indonesia), argues that the native Betawi people are residents of Nusa Java.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

According to him, once upon a time the population in Nusa Java was a cultural unity.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Their language, art, and customs beliefs are the same.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

He mentions various causes that later made them a tribe of their own nation.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

First, the emergence of kingdoms in historical times.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Second, the arrival and influence of residents from outside Nusa Java.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Lastly, the development of economic progress of the respective regions.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The original inhabitants of Betawi speak Kawi (ancient Javanese).


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Among the population also know hanacaraka (Javanese and Sundanese alphabets).


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

So, Betawi natives have lived in Jakarta and its surroundings since ancient times. [13]


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Period after A.D. Early period of the 2nd century In the 2nd century, According to Yahya Andi Saputra Jakarta and its surroundings included the Salakanagara or Holoan Kingdom's dominion area located at the foot of Mount Salak, Bogor.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The original inhabitants of Betawi were the people of Salakanagara Kingdom.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

In those times trade with China has advanced.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

In fact, in 432 AD Salakanagara had sent a trade envoy to China.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

5th century At the end of the 5th century stood the Hindu kingdom of Tarumanagara on the banks of the river Citarum.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

According to Yahya, some consider Tarumanagara to be a continuation of the Salakanagara Kingdom.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

It's just that the royal capital was moved from the foot of Salak mountain to the banks of the river Citarum.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The Betawi natives became the people of the Tarumanagara kingdom.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Precisely located the capital of the kingdom on the banks of the river Candrabhaga, which Poerbatjaraka identified with the Bekasi river.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Candra means moon or sasih, so the full utterance is Bhagasasi or Bekasi, located in the east of the outskirts of Jakarta.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

This is where, according to Poerbatjaraka's estimation, lies the luminary Tarumanengara royal palace.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

This Hindu king turned out to be a watering expert.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The king established dams on the shores of Bekasi and Kalimati times.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

So since then the people of Tarumanagara know settled rice fields.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

In Tarumagara times artistry began to flourish.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Betawi farmers make scarecrows to repel birds.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

This scarecrow was given a shirt and a hat, which until now we can still watch in the fields before harvest.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The Betawi farmer sang the song while moving the scarecrow's hand.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

If the harvest arrives farmers are merry.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Rice fields are fertile, because it is believed that Goddess Sri loved them.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Goddess Sri, according to Hindu mythology, is the goddess of prosperity.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The residents arak barongan called ondel-ondel to state they have ka<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[14525,14536,2,2]}'>gumbira</i>an.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Ondel-ondel was paraded by sounding gamelan.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Fishermen also exulted in welcoming the sea harvest.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Fresh fish is the sustenance they get from the sea.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Therefore they held a nyadran ceremony.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Hundreds of fishing boats put to sea on the head of a buffalo that was flown into the sea.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

7th century In the 7th century the Kingdom of Tarumanagara was conquered by the Buddhist Kingdom of Sriwijaya.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

In the age of Sriwijaya power came Malay population from Sumatra.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

They established settlements on the coast of Jakarta.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Then Malay replaced the position of Kawi language as a promiscuity language.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

This was due to the occurrence of intermarriage between natives and Malay arrivals.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The first Malay language was only used in coastal areas then extended to the foothills of Mount Salak and Mount Gede.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

For the Betawi community the family has significance.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Family life is seen as sacred.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Family members are obliged to uphold the dignity of the family.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

In the Betawi family the father is called baba.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

But some call it babe, mba, abi or abah — the influence of the arrivals from Hadramaut, Yemen.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Mom is called mak.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

But there are no less people who call umi or enya' than the word mistress.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The first child is named bongsor son and the youngest child is named bontot child.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

10th century In about the 10th century.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

When there is a rivalry between the Malays, the Kingdom of Sriwijaya and the Javanese who are none other than the Kingdom of Kediri.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

This rivalry then became a war and led China to interfere as interferers because their business was disrupted.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Peace was achieved, control of the ocean was divided in two, the west starting from Cimanuk controlled Sriwijaya, east starting from Kediri controlled Kediri Kingdom.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

This means that the port of Kalapa includes the control of Sriwijaya.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Sriwijaya then asked his partner Syailendra in Central Java to help supervise the territorial waters of Sriwijaya in western Java.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

But it turned out that Syaildara abai then Sriwijaya brought Malay migrants in western Kalimantan to Kalapa.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

It was during this period that there was a spread of the Malay language in the Kalapa Kingdom which in turn — because the wave of immigration was greater than the early settlers — the Malay language they brought defeated the Sundanese Kawi language as the lingua franca in the Kalapa Kingdom.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Historian Ridwan Saidi exemplifies, “pulo” people, that is, people who dwell in the Thousand Islands, call the season in which the wind blows very strong and endangers fishermen by “seasonal barat” (Malay language), rather than “kulon season” (Sundanese), people in the suburban village of Jakarta say” milir”, “ke hilir” and “orang hilir” (western Borneo Malay language) to say “ke kota” and “orang kota”.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The 16th century European colonialization period The treaty between Surawisesa (the king of the Kingdom of Pajajaran) and the Portuguese in 1512 which allowed the Portuguese to establish a community in Sunda Kalapa resulted in mixed marriages between the local population and the Portuguese. lower Portuguese mixed blood.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

From this community was born keroncong music otherwise known as Keroncong Tugu.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

After the VOC made Batavia the center of its commercial activities, the Netherlands needed a lot of manpower to open farmland and build the economic wheel of the city.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

At that time, the VOC bought many slaves from Balinese rulers, because at that time in Bali was still going on the practice of slavery. [14]


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

That is the cause of the remaining Balinese vocabulary and grammar in Betawi language today.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The progress of Batavian trade attracted various tribes of the nation from the archipelago to Chinese, Arabs and Indians to work in the city.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The influence of the tribe of foreign arrivals is evident in Betawi bridal fashion which is influenced by Arab and Chinese elements.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Various place names in Jakarta also leave historical clues about the arrival of various tribes to Batavia, Kampung Melayu, Kampung Bali, Kampung Ambon, Kampung Java, Kampung Makassar and Kampung Bugis.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Bugis house in the northern part of Jalan Mangga Dua in the Bugis village area which began in 1690.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

In April 1967 in the Indonesian magazine published by Cornell University, America, Australian history, Lance Castles announced his research concerning the origin of the Betawi people.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The results of a study entitled “The Ethnic Profile of Jakarta” mentioned that the Betawi people formed around the middle of the 19th century as a result of the melting process of various ethnic groups who became slaves in Batavia.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Briefly a sketch of the history of the occurrence of the Betawi people according to Castles can be traced from: Daghregister, that is, a diary of 1673 made by the Dutch who dwelled inside the fortress city of Batavia.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Thomas Stanford Raffles notes in the History of Java in 1815.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Population records on the Encyclopaedia van Nederlandsch Indie of 1893 Population census made by the Dutch East Indies government in 1930.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Because the population classification in all four records is relatively the same, the three can be compared, to give an idea of the changing ethnic composition in Jakarta from the early 19th century to the early 20th century.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

As a result of the reconstruction, the figures may not reflect the actual situation, but according to Castles only that is the historical data available that is relatively convincing although the results of the study conducted by Castles get a lot of criticism because it only focuses on skesta newly written history of 1673.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Following the study of Castles, University of Indonesia anthropologist Dr. Yasmine Zaki Shahab, M.A. estimated that the Betawi ethnicity was only formed about a century ago, between 1815-1893.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

In Dutch colonial times, the government always conducted a census, which was made by nation or ethnic group.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

In Jakarta population census data in 1615 and 1815, there are residents of various ethnic groups, but there is no record of Betawi ethnic group.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The results of the 1893 census showed the loss of a number of ethnic groups that had previously existed.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

For example, Arabs and Moors, Malays, Balinese, Javanese, Sundanese, South Sulawesi people, Sumbawa people, Ambonese and Banda people.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

It is likely that all tribes of the archipelago and Moorish Arabs were categorized into the unity of the indigenous population (Dutch: inlander) in Batavia which was later absorbed into the Betawi ethnic group.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The 20th century In the Dutch colonial period of 1930, the category of Betawi people that had not previously existed actually appeared as a new category in the census data of the year.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The number of Betawi people as many as 778,953 people and became the majority of the population of Batavia at that time.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

But according to Uka Tjandarasasmita the native people of Jakarta have existed since 3500-3000 years before AD.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Another University of Indonesia anthropologist, Prof. Dr. Parsudi Suparlan stated that awareness as a Betawi people at the beginning of the formation of ethnic groups was also not entrenched.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

In everyday promiscuity, they more often call themselves based on their locality of residence, such as Kemayoran people, Senen people, or Rawabelong people.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The recognition of the existence of the Betawi people as an ethnic group and as a social and political unit in a wider scope, namely the Dutch East Indies, emerged only in 1923, when Husni Thamrin, a leader of Betawi community founded Pemoeda Kaoem Betawi.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Only at that time did all Betawi people realize they are a group, namely the Betawi people.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Dr.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Yasmine Zaki Shahab, M.A. argues that until some time ago the native people of Jakarta identified themselves as Malays or according to their location of residence, such as Kwitang people; Kemayoran people; Tanah Abang people and so on.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

After the 1970s which was a turning point for the revival of freedom in Jakarta there has been a shift of lebel from Malay to Betawi.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

People who used to refer to his group as Malays have referred to themselves as Betawi people.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

There are also those who argue that the Betawi people not only included mixed peoples within the Batavian fortress built by the Dutch but also included the inhabitants outside those fortifications called the Betawi proto-peoples.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Locals outside the Batavian fortress already used Malay which was commonly spoken in Sumatra, Borneo, Malacca Peninsula, Brunei and South Thailand which later became Indonesian.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

After independence Since the end of the last century and especially after independence (1945), Jakarta was flooded with immigrants from all over Indonesia, so the Betawi people — in any sense also — stayed as a minority.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

In 1961, the Betawi 'tribe' covered approximately 22.9 percent of among Jakarta's 2.9 million population at that time.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

They are increasingly pushed to the periphery, even crowded evicted and displaced outside Jakarta.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The assimilation process of various tribes in Indonesia until now continues to take place and through a long process it is one of the ways Betawi 'tribes' are present.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Art and culture The original art and culture of Jakarta or Betawi people can be seen from archaeological findings, such as giwang-giwang found in excavations in Babelan, Bekasi Regency dating back to the 11th century AD.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Betawi culture also occurs from a process of cultural mix between indigenous tribes with from diverse ethnic arrivals or commonly known as Mestizo.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Since ancient times, the territory of the former Salakanagara kingdom or later known as “Kalapa” (now Jakarta) is a region that attracts arrivals from inside and outside the archipelago, Cultural combining also came during the Leadership of King Pajajaran, Pabu Surawisesa where Pabu Surawisesa entered into a treaty with Portugal and from the result of this cultural mix between the natives and Portugal was born Keroncong Tugu.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The tribes inhabiting present-day Jakarta include, Javanese, Sundanese, Malay, Minang, Batak, and Bugis.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Apart from the population of the archipelago, Betawi culture also absorbs a lot from outside cultures, such as Arab, Chinese, Indian, and Portuguese cultures.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The Betawi tribe as a native of Jakarta was somewhat eliminated by the population of arrivals.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

They came out of Jakarta and moved to existing areas in West Java province and Banten province.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Betawi culture was eliminated by other cultures both from Indonesia and western culture.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

To preserve Betawi culture, a cultural reserve in Situ Babakan was established.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

JMPL|left|300px|Map of the spread of languages spoken in Java, Madura, and Bali.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The Betawi language spoken in and around modern Jakarta (bur) is traditionally listed as Malay.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The mixed nature of the Betawi or Malay Dialect of Jakarta or Batavian Malay is a reflection of Betawi culture in general, which is the result of cultural assimilation, both originating from other regions of the archipelago and foreign cultures. [15]


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

There are also those who argue that the tribes of the nation that inhabited the area around “Kalapa” (present-day Jakarta) were also grouped as early Betawi (proto-Betawi) tribes.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

According to history, the Tarumanagara Kingdom, centered in Sundapura, was once invaded and conquered by the Sriwijaya kingdom of Sumatra.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Therefore, it is not surprised that the native Betawi people who originally spoke Kawi and inhabited the area around the port of Sunda Kalapa (long before the Youth Pledge) already used Malay, there are even those who say other tribes such as Sundanese tribes who inhabit this region also join the Malay language commonly spoken in Sumatra and West Kalimantan, the use of this language is due to the growing number of arrivals from other Malay regions such as West Kalimantan because it is considered the immortality of Syailendra when asked by Sriwijaya to maintain the territory sea waters west of the Cimanuk River as a result of the Chinese-mediated Sriwijaya-Kediri Peace Agreement which later became a national language.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Due to differences in the language spoken between the Betawi tribe and the Sundanese tribes in the other region then in the early 20th century, the Dutch considered people living around Batavia as a different ethnicity to the Sundanese ethnicity and referred to it as ethnicity Betawi.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

However, there are still many regional names and river names that still remain preserved in Sundanese such as Ancol, Pancoran, Cilandak, Ciliwung, Cideng (which originated from Cihideung and later changed to Cideung and tearkhir into Cideng), and others that still correspond to naming depicted in the ancient manuscript Bujangga Manik [16] which is currently kept in the Bodleian library, Oxford, England.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Although the formal language spoken in Jakarta is Bahasa Indonesia, informal language or everyday conversational language is Bahasa Indonesia dialect Betawi.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The Betawi dialect itself is divided into two types, the central Betawi dialect and the Betawi pinggir dialect.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The central Betawi dialect generally reads “é” while the Betawi dialect of pinggir is “a”.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The central or central Betawi dialect is often considered as a true Betawi dialect, because it originated in Jakarta, namely the Betawi villages around Jakarta Kota, Sawah Besar, Tugu, Cilincing, Kemayoran, Senen, Kramat, to the southernmost extent in Meester (Jatinegara).


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The suburb Betawi dialects ranging from Jatinegara to the south, Condet, Jagakarsa, Depok, Rawa Belong, Ciputat to the southern edge to West Java.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Examples of speakers of the central Betawi dialect are Benyamin Sueb, Ida Royani and Aminah Cendrakasih, as they indeed come from the Kemayoran and Kramat Sentiong areas.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

While examples of speakers of the fringe Betawi dialect are Mandra and Pak Tile.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The clearest example is when they say the kenape/why” (why).


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The middle Betawi dialect clearly mentions “é”, whereas Betawi pinggir pitched “a” hard die like “ain” dead in the way read teaching the Quran.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Music In the field of art, for example, the Betawi people have Gambang Kromong art derived from Chinese music art, but also there are Rebana rooted in Arabic music tradition, Samrah orkes are from Malay, Keroncong Tugu with Portuguese-Arabic background, and Tanjidor who Backwards-to-Dutchmen. Today the Betawi Tribe is famous for the art of Lenong, Gambang Kromong, Rebana Tanjidor and Keroncong.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Betawi also has traditional songs like “Kicir-kicir”.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Dance and drama Dance art in Jakarta is a blend of cultural elements of the community in it.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

For example, Betawi Mask dance, [17] Yapong influenced by Sundanese Jaipong dance, [18] Cokek, silat dance and others.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

In the beginning, dance arts in Jakarta had Sundanese and Chinese influences, such as Yapong dance with dancer costumes typical of Beijing Opera performers.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

But Jakarta can be named the most dynamic area.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

In addition to the old dance art also emerged dance art with dynamic style and choreography.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Traditional Betawi dramas include lenong and tonil.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Staging this traditional play usually depicts the daily life of Betawi people, interspersed with songs, pantun, lawak, and witty jokes.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Occasionally the lenong cast may interact directly with the audience. [19]


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Folklore folklore that developed in Jakarta in addition to familiar folk tales such as Si Pandung, also known other folklore such as Jagoan Tulen series or Si Jampang which tells Betawi jawara both in struggle and life known “hard”. [20]


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

In addition to telling the martial artist or warrior of the world, it is also known Nyai Dasima story that depicts the life of colonial times.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Other stories are Mirah from Marunda, Murtado Macan Kemayoran, Juragan Boing and others.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Traditional weapons The typical weapon of Jakarta is a bendo or cleaver sheathed from wood.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Traditional houses Traditional/traditional houses of Betawi are kebaya houses.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The beliefs of Most Betawi people adhere to Islam, but those that adhere to Christianity; Protestantism and Catholicism also exist but only a few.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Among Betawi tribes who are Christian, there are those who state that they are mixed descendants of the local population with the Portuguese.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

This is natural because in the early 16th century, Surawisesa, king of Pajajaran entered into a treaty with the Portuguese that allowed the Portuguese to build fortifications and warehouses in the port of Sunda Kalapa so that the Portuguese community formed in Sunda Kalapa.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

This Portuguese community now still exists and settled in Kampung Tugu area, North Jakarta. [21]


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The behavior and nature of most people's assumptions about Betawi society are rarely successful, both in terms of economics, education, and technology.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Though not a few Betawi people succeed.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Some of them are Muhammad Husni Thamrin, Benyamin Sueb, and Fauzi Bowo, Governor of Jakarta period 2007-2012.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

There are some positive things of Betawi, among others, their social psyche is very high, although sometimes in some ways too excess and tendency to be tendentious.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Betawi people also strongly maintain religious values that are reflected by the teachings of parents (especially those with Islam), to their children.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The Betawi people highly value pluralism.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

This is seen by the good relationship between the Betawi people and arrivals from outside Jakarta.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The Betawi people have great respect for the culture they inherited.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Evidenced from the behavior of most citizens who play plays plays or culture that is passed on from time to time such as lenong, ondel-ondel, xylophone kromong, and others.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

It is impossible that the existence of most Betawi peoples today is somewhat marginalized by modernization in its own birthland.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

But there remains optimism from the Betawi people of future generations that will actually support the modernization.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Profession In Jakarta, Betawi people now as a result of assimilation among tribes of the nation, before the era of New Order development, divided into several professions according to the scope of their respective regions (kampongs).


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

For example, in the village of Kemanggisan and around Rawabelong many development farmers (orchids, Japanese Cambodians, etc.) and in general many become teachers, teachers, and educators.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The profession of merchant, pembatik is also widely conducted by betawi people.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Farmers and planters are also common by Kemanggisan residents.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The village now better known as Kuningan is the place of dairy farmers.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Kampung Kemandoran where the soil is not as hazy as Kemanggisan.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Foreman, defender, martial arts hotshot are found there such as Ji'ih friends in arms of Si Pitung from Rawabelong.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

In the village of Paseban many residents are office workers since Dutch times, although their martial arts skills are also not in doubt.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Teachers, teachers, ustaz, and retail merchant professions are also often carried out.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

The original Tebet residents were Betawi people Gueviction Senayan, because at that time the Ganefo program initiated by Bung Karno caused Betawi residents to exodus to Tebet and surrounding areas to “forced” smooth the creation of Gelora Bung Karno sports complex known today.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Because one of the origins of the development of the Betawi tribe is from assimilation (archipelago people, Chinese, Indians, Arabs, Dutch, Portuguese, etc.), the profession of each people is adapted to their ethnic perspective and basic ethnic mix.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Alika figure - singer, member of female vocal group Princess Alya Rohali - artist, Puteri Indonesia 1996 Benyamin Sueb - artist Bokir - lenong artist Deddy Mizwar - actor, director, film character Fauzi Bowo - Governor of Jakarta (2007-2012) Firman Muntaco - literature Hassan Wirajuda - former Foreign Minister Ismail Marzuki - national hero, artist Dewi Rezer - artist Mandra - artist Mastur - artist Mat Solar - artist Dewi Sandra - artist, singer Muhammad Husni Thamrin - national hero Nasir - lenong artist Nawi Ismail - director, film figure Noer Alie - national hero, ulama Omaswati - artist Ridwan Saidi - culturalist, politician SM Ardan - literature Asmirandah - actress, singer Surya Saputra - actor, singer Suryadharma Ali - Minister of Religion Tuty Alawiyah - mubalighat, figure educator, former minister Ussy Sulistyowati - artist Zainuddin MZ - Culinary cleric Typical Betawi cuisines include cork pucung, laksa betawi. vegetable babanci, vegetable godog, soto Betawi, chicken sampyok, egg crust, Betawi pickled, soto tangkar and uduk rice. [22]


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Soto Betawi egg crust Nasi uduk stews jengkol Ketoprak Asinan Betawi Cakes typical Betawi pastries for example cucur cake, rangi cake, talam cake, kelen cake, rocking flower cake, egg crust, sengkulun, putu mayang, andepite, ape cake, sweet cente cake, pepe cake, dongkal cake, geplak cake, geplaque cake, geplaque cake, geplaque cake, geplaque cake, geplaque cake, geplae cake, geplae cake dodol betawi, and crocodile bread.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Betawi beverages for example are mayang shawl ice, shake ice, and pletok beer.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Reference Further reading Castles, Lance The Ethnic Profile of Jakarta, Indonesia vol.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

I, Ithaca: Cornell University April 1967 Guinness, Patrick The attitudes and values of Betawi Fringe Dwellers in Djakarta, Anthropological News 8 (September), 1972, p. 78—159 Knoerr, Jacqueline Im Spannungsfeld von Traditionalität und Modernität: Die People Betawi und Betawi-ness in Jakarta, Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 128 (2), 2002, p. 203—221 Knoerr, Jacqueline Kreolität und postkoloniale Gesellschaft.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Integration und Differenzierung in Jakarta, Frankfurt & New York: Campus Verlag, 2007 Saidi, Ridwan.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Profile of Betawi People: Origin, Culture, and Customs Shahab, Yasmine (ed.), Betawi in Contemporary Perspective: Development, Potential, and Challenges, Jakarta: LKB, 1997 Wijaya, Hussein (ed.), Betawi Cultural Arts.


Question: Where is the origin of the Betawi tribe?

Betawi tribe

Pralokarya Excavation And Development, Jakarta: PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya, 1976 Outside Links Betawi


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Hypertension (HTN) or high blood pressure, sometimes also referred to as arterial hypertension, is a chronic medical condition with increased blood pressure in the arteries.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

This increase causes the heart to have to work harder than normal to circulate blood through the veins.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Blood pressure involves two measurements, systolic and diastolic, depending on whether the heart muscle contracts (systole) or relaxes between beats (diastole).


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Normal blood pressure at rest is in the systolic (upper reading) range of 100—140mmHg and diastolic (bottom reading) 60—90mmHg.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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High blood pressure occurs when it is constantly at 140/90mmHg or more.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Hypertension is divided into primary (essential) hypertension or secondary hypertension.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Approximately 90— 95% of cases are classified as “primary hypertension”, meaning high blood pressure with no apparent medical cause. [1]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Other conditions affecting the kidneys, arteries, heart, or endocrine system cause another 5-10% of cases (secondary hypertension).


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction (heart attack), heart failure, arterial aneurysm (e.g. aortic aneurysm), peripheral artery disease, and the cause of chronic kidney disease.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Even moderate increases in arterial blood pressure are linked to shorter life expectancy.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Diet and lifestyle changes can improve blood pressure control and reduce the associated risk of health complications.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Despite this, medication is often necessary in some people when lifestyle changes alone prove ineffective or insufficient and usually medication should be taken for life until doctors decide there is no need to take medication anymore.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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A person who has experienced high blood pressure, in normal conditions can have blood pressure back and this is what to look out for, many cases of stroke occur when someone is off medication.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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And many people do not expect that someone who usually experiences low blood pressure one time can also experience high blood pressure.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Therefore, routine control of blood pressure is carried out absolutely.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Adult Classification In people 18 years of age and older, hypertension is defined as a measurement of systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure that constantly exceeds acceptable normal values (currently systolic 139mmHg, diastolic 89mmHg: see table — Classification (JNC7)).


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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When measurements are obtained from 24-hour ambulatory monitoring or home monitoring, lower restrictions (systolic 135mmHg or diastolic 85mmHg) are used. [3]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Some recent international guidelines on hypertension have also created a category below the range of hypertension to indicate a sustained risk at blood pressure higher than the normal range.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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JNC7 (2003) [2] uses the term pre-hypertension for blood pressure in the systolic range of 120—139mmHg and/or diastolic 80—89mmHg, while the ESH-ESC Guidelines (2007) [4] and BHS IV (2004) [5] use optimal, normal, and normal high categories to divide systolic pressure below 140mmHg and diastolic below 90mmHg.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Hypertension is also classed again as follows: JNC7 distinguishes hypertension of degree I, hypertension of degree II, and isolated systolic hypertension.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Isolated systolic hypertension refers to an increase in systolic pressure with normal diastolic pressure and commonly occurs in the elderly age group. [2]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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The ESH-ESC (2007) [4] and BHS IV (2004) guidelines, [5] define third degree hypertension (III degree) for people with systolic blood pressure above 179mmHg or diastolic pressure above 109mmHg.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Hypertension is classified as “resistant” when certain blood pressure lowering drugs do not reduce blood pressure (become normal) and it is necessary to try other drugs. [2]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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In addition to the above classification, there are also: Gestational hypertension or high blood pressure that occurs at the time of pregnancy over 20 weeks and protein in urine is negative and should be performed twice blood pressure measurement with an interval of more than 6 hours and both showed blood pressure greater than 140/90.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Orthostatic hypertension or postural hypertension is the occurrence of sudden increase in blood pressure when standing up, if systolic pressure rises more than 20mmHg named systolic orthostatic hypertension and if diastolic pressure increases to 98 mm Hg or more called Diastolic orthostatic hypertension.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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This happens more, when we suddenly wake up from a heartbeat sleep, therefore blood pressure measurement should be done 15 to 30 minutes after we wake up, but have not done any activities, except for example urinating and drinking water only.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Neonates and infants Hypertension in neonates is rare, and occurs only in about 0.2 to 3% of neonates.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Blood pressure is not routinely measured in healthy newborns. [6]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Hypertension is more common among high-risk newborns.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Various factors, such as gestational age, postconception age, and birth weight need to be considered when deciding whether blood pressure is normal in neonates. [6]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Childhood and adolescents Hypertension is quite common in children and adolescents (2— 9% depending on age, sex, and ethnicity) [7] and is associated with long-term risk of poor health. [8]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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The current recommendation is for children over the age of three to have their blood pressure checked whenever they have regular visits or check-ups.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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High blood pressure is only confirmed after repeated visits before declaring a child has hypertension. [8]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Blood pressure increases with age in childhood, and in children, hypertension is defined as the average systolic and diastolic blood pressure that at three or more different times, equal to or higher than the 95th percentile appropriate for gender, age, and height the body of the child.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Prehypertension in children is defined as an average systolic and diastolic blood pressure greater or equal to the 90th percentile, but smaller than the 95th percentile. [8]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

In adolescents, it is proposed that hypertension and prehypertension are diagnosed and classed using adult criteria. [8]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Symptoms of Hypertension are rarely symptomatic, and their introduction is usually through screening, or when seeking medical treatment for unrelated health problems.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Some people with high blood pressure report headaches (especially in the back of the head and in the morning hours), as well as dizziness, vertigo, tinnitus (hum or hiss inside the ear), visual impairment or fainting. [9]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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On physical examination, hypertension is also suspected when hypertensive retinopathy is detected on examination of the optic fundus behind the eye using an ophthalmoscope. [10]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Usually the severity of changes in hypertensive retinopathy is divided over the I-IV level, although milder types may be difficult to distinguish between one and another. [10]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Ophthalmoscopy results may also give clues to how long a person has been in hypertension. [9]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Secondary hypertension Some additional signs and symptoms may indicate secondary hypertension, that is, hypertension due to obvious causes such as kidney disease or endocrine disease.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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For example, obesity of the chest and abdomen, glucose intolerance, moonlike round face (moon facies), “buffalo hump” (buffalo hump), and purple striae signify Cushing's Syndrome. [11]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Thyroid disease and acromegaly can also cause hypertension and have characteristic symptoms and signs. [11]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Abdominal noisy may indicate renal artery stenosis (narrowing of the arteries that circulate blood to the kidneys).


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Reduced blood pressure in the legs or slow or loss of pulsation of the femoral artery may signal coarctation of the aorta (narrowing of the aorta shortly after leaving the heart).


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Highly varied hypertension with headaches, palpitations, pallor, and sweating should immediately arouse suspicion in the direction of feokromocytoma. [11]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Hypertensive crisis An increase in very high blood pressure (systolic more or equal to 180 or diastolic more or equal to 110, sometimes called malignant or accelerated hypertension) is often referred to as “hypertensive crisis.”


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Blood pressure above this level has a high risk of occurrence of complications.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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People with blood pressure in this range may have no symptoms, but are more likely to report headaches (22% of cases) [12] and dizziness compared to the general population. [9]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Other symptoms of hypertensive crisis include reduced vision or shortness of breath due to heart failure or lethargy due to kidney failure. [11]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Most people with hypertensive crises are known to have high blood pressure, but additional triggers might cause a sudden increase. [13]”


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Hypertension emergence”, formerly referred to as “malignant hypertension”, occurs when there is evidence of direct damage to one or more organs as a result of increased blood pressure.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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This damage can include hypertensive encephalopathy, caused by swelling and impaired brain function, and characterized by headaches and impaired consciousness (confusion or drowsiness).


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Papyledema of the retina and fundus hemorrhage as well as exudate are other signs of damage to target organs.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Chest pain can be a sign of damage to the heart muscle (which can go on to become a heart attack) or sometimes aortic dissection, tearing of the inner wall of the aorta.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Shortness of breath, coughing, and expectoration of blood-stained sputum are characteristic of pulmonary edema.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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This condition is inflammation of the pulmonary tissue due to left ventricular failure, the inability of the left ventricle of the heart to pump enough blood from the lungs to the arterial system. [13]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Rapid deterioration of kidney function (acute kidney injury/acute kidney injury) and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (destruction of blood cells) are also possible. [13]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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In this situation, a rapid decrease in blood pressure should be done to stop the organ damage that is occurring. [13]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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In contrast, there is no evidence that blood pressure needs to be rapidly lowered in a hypertensive state of emergence when there is no evidence of damage to the target organ.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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An overly aggressive drop in blood pressure does not mean there is no risk. [11]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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The use of oral medications to gradually lower blood pressure for 24 to 48 hours is recommended in hypertensive emergencies. [13]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Pregnancy Hypertension or high blood pressure occurs in about 8-10% of pregnancies. [11]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Most pregnant women who develop hypertension have a pre-existing condition of primary hypertension.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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High blood pressure in pregnancy can be an early sign of pre-eclampsia, a serious condition that arises after passing the middle of gestation, and within a few weeks of childbirth. [11]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Diagnosis of pre-eclampsia includes increased blood pressure and the presence of protein in the urine. [11]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Preeclampsia appears in about 5% of pregnancies and is responsible for about 16% of all maternal deaths globally. [11]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Preeclampsia also causes the risk of infant death to increase by up to twice. [11]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Usually pre-eclampsia is asymptomatic and this state is detected on routine examinations.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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When pre-eclampsia occurs, the most common symptoms are headache, visual impairment (often in the form of “flashes of light”), vomiting, epigastric pain, and edema (swelling).


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Sometimes pre-eclampsia can develop into a life-threatening condition called eclampsia.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Eclampsia is an emergence hypertension and causes some severe complications, such as loss of vision, brain swelling, tonic-clonic seizures or convulsions, renal failure, pulmonary edema, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (blood clotting disorder). [11] [14] Infants and children Failure to grow, convulsions, irritability, lack of energy, and difficulty breathing [15] can be associated with hypertension in newborns and infants of young age.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

In older infants and children, hypertension can cause headaches, irritability with no apparent cause, lethargy, failure to grow, blurred outlook, nosebleeds, and facial paralysis. [6] [15] Complications of Hypertension are preventable risk factors most importantly for premature death in the rest of the world. [16]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Hypertension increases the risk of ischemic heart disease [17] strokes, [11] peripheral vascular disease, [18] and other cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, aortic aneurysm, diffuse atherosclerosis, and pulmonary embolism. [11]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Hypertension is also a risk factor for cognitive impairment, dementia, and chronic kidney disease. [11]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Other complications include: Hypertensive retinopathy Hypertensive nephropathy [19] Causes Primary hypertension Primary hypertension (essential) is the most common type of hypertension, covering as many as 90— 95% of all cases of hypertension. [1]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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In almost all contemporary societies, blood pressure rises with aging and the risk for becoming hypertensive later in life is quite high. [20]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Hypertension results from a complex interaction of genes and environmental factors.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Various genes that are often found to have little effect on blood pressure, have been identified [21], as well as some rare genes that have a great effect on blood pressure [22] but the genetic basis of hypertension is still not fully understood.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Several environmental factors affect blood pressure.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Lifestyle factors that lower blood pressure include reducing salt intake in the diet, [23] increasing consumption of fruits and low-fat products (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH diet)).


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Exercise, [24] weight loss [25] and lowering alcohol intake also help lower blood pressure. [26]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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The possible role of other factors such as stress, [24] caffeine consumption, [27] and Vitamin D deficiency [28] is less clear.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Insulin resistance, which is commonly found in obesity and is a component of X syndrome (or metabolic syndrome), is also thought to participate in resulting hypertension. [29]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Recent studies have also included early life events (e.g., low birth weight, maternal smoking, and lack of breast milk) as risk factors for adult essential hypertension. [30]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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However, the mechanisms linking this exposure to adult hypertension remain unclear. [30]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Secondary hypertension Secondary hypertension occurs as a result of a known cause.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Kidney disease is a common type of secondary cause stemming from hypertension. [11]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Hypertension can also be caused by endocrine conditions, such as Cushing's syndrome, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, acromegaly, Conn syndrome or hyperaldosteronism, hyperparathyroidism, and feocromocytoma. [11] [31] Other causes of secondary hypertension include obesity, breathyroidism during sleep, pregnancy, coarctation of the aorta, excessive consumption of liquorice (licorice), as well as prescription drugs, herbal remedies, and drugs. [11] [32] Pathophysiology For most people with essential (primary) hypertension, increased resistance to blood flow (total peripheral resistance) is responsible Responsible for that high pressure while cardiac output remains normal. [33]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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There is evidence that some young people suffering from prehypertension or “border hypertension” have high cardiac output, increased heart rate, and normal peripheral resistance.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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This condition is referred to as hyperkinetic border hypertension. [34]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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These sufferers develop features characteristic of fixed essential hypertension later in life as cardiac output decreases and peripheral resistance increases with age. [34]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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It is still debated whether this pattern is commonly experienced by all people who ultimately develop hypertension. [35]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Increased peripheral resistance in fixed hypertension is mainly due to narrowing of arterial structures and small arterioles. [36]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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A decrease in the number or density of capillary vessels can also play a role in peripheral resistance. [37]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Hypertension is also associated with decreased peripheral venous flexibility, [38] which can increase venous return (the volume of blood returning to the heart), increase cardiac preload, and ultimately lead to diastolic dysfunction.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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It remains unclear whether increased active constriction of blood vessels plays a role in essential hypertension. [39]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Pulse pressure (the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure) often increases in elderly people with hypertension.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

In this state can occur very high systolic pressure above normal, but diastolic pressure may be normal or low.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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This condition is called isolated systolic hypertension. [40]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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High pulse pressure in elderly people with hypertension or isolated systolic hypertension is due to increased arterial stiffness, which usually accompanies aging and can be aggravated by high blood pressure. [41]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Many mechanisms are already proposed as causes of increased resistance found in the arterial system in hypertension.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

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Most evidence points to the involvement of one or both of the following causes: Disorders in the treatment of salt and water in the kidneys, in particular disorders of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system [42] Abnormality of the sympathetic nervous system [43] Such mechanisms do not stand alone and appear to be both participates to some extent in most cases of essential hypertension.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

It is also suspected that endothelial dysfunction (impaired vascular wall function) and vascular inflammation also participate in increasing peripheral resistance and vascular damage in hypertension. [44] [45] Diagnosis of hypertension is established when the patient suffers from high blood pressure on a persistent basis.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Normally, [3] to establish a diagnosis it is necessary to establish three different sfigmomanometer measurements at intervals of one month. [52]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Initial examination of a patient with hypertension includes an anamnesis and a complete physical examination.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

With the availability of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and blood pressure measuring devices at home, in order to avoid misdiagnosis in patients with white coat hypertension (a type of hypertension caused by stress when meeting a doctor or being in a medical setting) has been generated a protocol change.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

In the UK, the best practice recommended today is to perform a one-time follow-up of the results of high blood pressure measurements in the clinic with ambulatory measurements.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Follow-up can also be done, although less than ideal, by monitoring blood pressure at home over a period of seven days. [3]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Once a diagnosis has been established, doctors attempt to indentify the cause based on risk factors and other symptoms, when present.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Secondary hypertension is more commonly found in prepubertal childhood and the majority of cases are caused by kidney disease.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Primary or essential hypertension is more common in adults and has a variety of risk factors, among them obesity and a family history of hypertension. [53]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Laboratory examinations can also be performed to identify possible causes of secondary hypertension, and to determine whether hypertension causes damage to the heart, eyes, and kidneys.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Additional tests for diabetes and high cholesterol levels are performed because these conditions are risk factors for heart disease and may require treatment. [1]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Blood creatinine levels are measured to assess the presence of kidney impairment, which may be the cause or result of hypertension.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Blood creatinine levels alone can give too high a guess for the glomerular filtration rate.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Current guidance recommends the use of predictive formulas such as the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula to estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). [2] eGFR can also provide early/baseline values of kidney function that can be used to monitor the side effects of antihypertensive drugs certain impairment of renal function.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Protein examination in urine samples is used also as a secondary indicator of kidney disease.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Electrocardiogram examination (ECG/ECG) is performed to check for signs of excessive load on the heart due to high blood pressure.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

This examination may also show a thickening of the heart wall (left ventricular hypertrophy) or a sign that the heart has experienced minor disorders such as an asymptomatic heart attack (silent heart attack).


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

A photo examination of Röntgen's chest or echocardiogram can also be performed to see signs of enlargement or damage to the heart. [11]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Prevention Quite a number of people who develop hypertension but do not realize it. [54]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Measures covering the entire population are required to reduce the consequences of high blood pressure and minimize the need for therapy with antihypertensive drugs.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Recommended lifestyle changes to lower blood pressure, before starting drug therapy.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

The British Hypertension Society's 2004 guidelines [54] put forward lifestyle changes consistent with guidelines from the US National High BP Education Program of 2002 [55] for primary prevention for hypertension as follows: Maintaining a normal weight (e.g., a body mass index of 20—25kg/m2).


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Reduce the intake of diets containing sodium to <100mmol/ day (<6 g sodium chloride or <2.4 g sodium per day).


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Many do not realize that snacks as well as instant noodles contain a lot of salt, as well as vetsin which is actually monosodium glutamate, since sodium is actually another name of sodium.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Do regular aerobic physical activity, for example, brisk walking (≥30 minutes per day, on most days of the week).


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Limit alcohol consumption to no more than 3 units/day in males and no more than 2 units/day in females.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Eating foods rich in fruits and vegetables (for example, at least five servings per day).


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Effective lifestyle changes can lower blood pressure on par with each antihypertensive drug.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

The combination of two or more lifestyle changes can give better results. [54]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Management of hypertension The management of hypertension is distinguished in half.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

In mild hypertension without risk factors or organ damage, the management is with lifestyle changes and monitoring the patient for 6-12 months.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

In severe hypertension accompanied by risk factors and organ damage, its management uses pharmacological (drug) therapy. [56]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Lifestyle changes Treatment of the first type for hypertension is identical to advocating preventive lifestyle changes [57] and includes diet changes [58], exercise, and weight loss.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

All of these changes have been shown to significantly lower blood pressure in people with hypertension. [59]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

If hypertension is high enough and requires immediate administration of the drug, lifestyle changes are still recommended.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Various programs are advertised to reduce hypertension and are designed to reduce psychological distress e.g. biofeedback, relaxation, or meditation.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

However, in general there have been no studies that scientifically support the effectiveness of this program, as existing studies are still of low quality. [60] [61] [62] Changes in dietary intake such as low-sodium diets are very beneficial.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

A long-term low-sodium diet (more than 4 weeks) in Caucasians effectively lowers blood pressure, both in people with hypertension and in people with normal blood pressure. [63]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

In addition, the DASH diet, a diet rich in nuts, seeds, fish, poultry, fruit, and vegetables, promoted by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, lowers blood pressure.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

The main specialty of the program is to limit sodium intake, but nevertheless this diet is rich in potassium, magnesium, calcium, and protein. [64]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Treatment Currently available several groups of drugs that are as a whole called antihypertensive drugs, for the treatment of hypertension.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Cardiovascular risk (including the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke) and the results of blood pressure examinations take into consideration when prescribing medication. [65]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

If treatment is initiated, the Seventh Joint National Committee on High Blood Pressure (JNC-7) of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute [2] recommends that doctors monitor patients' response to treatment as well as assess whether side effects occur as a result of the drug being used.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

A 5mmHg reduction in blood pressure can reduce the risk of stroke by 34% and the risk of ischemic heart disease by 21%.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

A decrease in blood pressure can also reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality caused by cardiovascular disease. [66]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Treatment should be aimed at reducing blood pressure to less than 140/90mmHg for the majority of people, and lower still for those with diabetes or kidney disease.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

A number of medical practitioners advise that blood pressure be kept at levels below 120/80mmHg. [65] [67] If the expected blood pressure is not reached, further treatment is required. [68]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Guidelines regarding drug choice and how best to determine treatment for various sub-groups have changed over time and vary in different countries.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Experts differ in opinion on the best treatment for hypertension. [69]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Cochrane, World Health Organization and United States Collaboration Guidelines support low-dose thiazide class diuretics as the first-line therapy of choice. [69] [70] UK guidelines emphasize calcium canal blockers (CCB) for people over 55 years or that bleed African or Caribbean.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

These guidelines suggest angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) which are the recommended drugs of choice for first-line treatment of young patients. [71]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

In Japan, treatment is considered reasonable when started with one of 6 drug groups including: CCB, ACEI/ARB, thiazide diuretics, beta receptor blockers, and alpha receptor blockers.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

In Canada all of these drugs, with the exception of alpha receptor blockers, are recommended as usable first-line. [69]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Drug combinations Many people need more than one drug to control their hypertension.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Guidelines JNC7 [2] and ESH-ESC [4] suggest starting treatment with two kinds of medications when blood pressure is more than 20mmHg above target systolic blood pressure or more than 10mmHg above diastolic target.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

More selected combinations are renin system—angiotensin inhibitors with calcium antagonists, or renin system—angiotensin inhibitors with diuretics. [72]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Combinations that can be used are as follows: Calcium canal blockers with diuretics Beta blockers with diuretics Calcium canal blockers dihydropyridine with beta receptor blockers Dihydropyridine calcium canal blockers with verapamil or diltiazem Combinations that should not be allowed used are as follows: Non-dihydropyridine calcium canal blockers (such as verapamil or diltiazem) with beta receptor blockers Two types of renin system inhibitors—angiotensin (for example, angiotensin conversion enzyme inhibitors + angiotensin receptor blockers) Renin system inhibitors— angiotensin and beta receptor blockers Beta receptor blockers and anti-adrenergic drugs. [72]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Avoid combinations of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor antagonists, diuretics, and OAINS (including selective COX-2 inhibitors and no-prescription over-the-counter medications such as ibuprofen) if not urgent, due to the high risk of acute renal failure.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

The layman term of this combination is “triple whammy” in Australian health literature. [57]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Available tablets containing a fixed combination of the two groups of drugs.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Although comfortable to take, such drugs should not be given to patients who are used to undergo therapy with a single drug component. [73]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Elderly patients Treatment of hypertension in moderate to severe hypertension decreases mortality and cardiovascular adverse events in patients age 60 years and older. [74]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

In patients older than 80 years the treatment did not appear to significantly reduce death rates but did reduce the risk of heart disease. [74]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

The recommended blood pressure target is less than 140/90mm Hg with thiazide diuretics as the drug of choice in the United States. [75]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

In the revised version of the UK guidelines, calcium canal blockers are the drug of choice with clinically targeted examination results of less than 150/90mmHg, or less than 145/85mmHg on monitoring with ambulatory blood pressure or at home. [71]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Resistant hypertension Resistant hypertension is hypertension that continues to be above blood pressure targets, although it has been used three antihypertensive drugs at once from different classes of antihypertensive drugs.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Guidelines for the treatment of resistant hypertension have been published in the UK [76] and the US. [77]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

The likelihood of developing this disease As of 2000, almost one billion people or roughly 26% of the world's adult population had hypertension. [78]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

This is common in both developed countries (333 million) and developing countries (639 million). [78]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

However, this figure varies greatly in some regions with the lowest figures of 3.4% (male) and 6.8% (female) in the interior of India and the highest 68.9% (male) and 72.5% (female) in Poland. [79]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

In 1995 an estimated 43 million people in the United States had hypertension or underwent antihypertensive therapy.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

This figure represents nearly 24% of the adult population in the U.S. [80]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

The number of hypertensions in the United States increased and reached 29% in 2004. [81] [82] As of 2006 hypertension affected 76million adults in the United States (34% of the population) and the most cases occurred in African-American adults at 44%. [83]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

The disease is more widely experienced by Native Americans and fewer experienced by Mexican-American white and racial groups.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

This number increases with age, and is more widely found in the southeastern United States.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Hypertension is more widely found in males than females (although the gap tends to decrease in menopausal women) and in groups with low socioeconomic status. [1]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Children The number of high blood pressure in children is increasing. [84]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Most hypertension in children, especially in pre-adolescent age, is hypertension secondary to the underlying disease.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

In addition to obesity, kidney disease is the most frequent cause of hypertension (60— 70%) in children.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Adolescents usually develop primary or essential hypertension (unknown cause), which is up to 85— 95% of all cases. [85]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

History Modern Thought on the cardiovascular system begins with the work of physician William Harvey (1578—1657).


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Harvey explained about blood circulation in his book entitled De otu ordis (“The Movement of the Heart and Blood”).


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

An English clergyman Stephen Hales made the first publication on blood pressure measurement in 1733. [86] [87] The description of hypertension as a disease came from, among them, Thomas Young in 1808 and Richard Bright in 1836. [86]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

The first report of elevated blood pressure in a person without evidence of kidney disease was made by Frederick Akbar Mahomed (1849—1884). [88]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

However, hypertension as a new clinical entity appeared in 1896 with the discovery of the sfigmomanometer using the cuff by Scipione Riva-Rocci in 1896. [89]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

With this discovery, blood pressure measurements can be carried out in the clinic.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

In 1905, Nikolai Korotkoff developed the technique by describing Korotkoff sounds that sound when the artery is auscultated with a stethoscope when the sfigmomanometer cuff is deflated. [87]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

According to history, treatment for the so-called “hard pulse disease” consists in decreasing blood counts through blood discharge or the use of leeches. [86]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Yellow Emperor of China, Cornelius Celsus, Galen, and Hippocrates suggested blood dispensing. [86]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

In the 19th and 20th centuries, before the existence of effective pharmacological therapy for hypertension, three treatment modalities were used, all with various side effects.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

These modalities include strict restriction of sodium consumption (e.g., rice diet [86]), sympathectomy (surgical ablation of the part of the sympathetic nervous system), and pyrogen therapy (injecting substances that cause fever, indirectly lowering blood pressure). [86] [90] The first chemical substance for hypertension, sodium thiocyanate, used in 1900 but had many side effects and was less preferred. [86]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Several other types of medicine were developed after the Second World War.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

The most preferred and quite effective are tetramethylamonium chloride and its derivatives hexamethonium, hydralazine, and reserpine (a derivative of the medicinal plant Rauwolfia serpentina).


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

A major breakthrough was achieved with the discovery of the first well-tolerated oral drug.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

The first chlorothiazide, the first thiazide diuretic, developed from sulfanilamide antibiotics and became available in 1958. [86] [91] This drug promotes the excretion of salts and prevents fluid accumulation.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

A controlled randomized clinic trial sponsored by the Veterans Administration compared hydrochlorothiazide plus reserpine plus hydralazine versus placebo.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

The study was stopped early because in the high blood pressure group that did not get treatment there were more complications than patients treated, and it was felt to be unethical not to provide treatment to them.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

The study continued in a group of patients with lower blood pressure and showed that even in patients with mild hypertension, treatment could reduce almost more than half the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease. [92]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

In 1975, the Lasker Special Public Health Award was given to a team that had developed chlorothiazide. [90]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

The results of this study prompted a public health campaign to raise awareness of hypertension and promote the measurement and treatment of high blood pressure.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

These measurements appear to have held part of a role in the 50% reduction in stroke and ischemic heart disease rates between 1972 and 1994. [90]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

The World Health Organization's Awareness society and culture has identified hypertension, or high blood pressure, as the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

The World Hypertension League (WHL), an organization that houses 85 community organizations and national hypertension leagues, states that more than 50% of people affected by hypertension worldwide are unaware of their condition. [93]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

To address this problem, WHL pioneered a worldwide hypertension campaign in 2005 and designated May 17 as World Hypertension Day (WHD).


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Over the past three years, more and more community organizations from different countries have become involved in WHD and have begun to undertake innovative activities to get their message across to the community.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

As of 2007, it was recorded that there were 47 participating WHL member states.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

During WHD week, all of these countries partner with local authorities, profession organizations, non-governmental organizations, and private industry to promote awareness regarding such hypertension through multiple media and community campaigns.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Using mass media such as the Internet and television, the message reached more than 250 million people.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

With this momentum increasing year after year, WHL is confident that almost all of the approximately 1.5 billion people affected by high blood pressure are reachable. [94]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

In terms of economics High blood pressure is the most common chronic medical problem that leads people to primary health care in the United States.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

The American Heart Association estimated the direct and indirect health costs of high blood pressure at $76.6 billion in 2010. [83]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

In the United States, 80% of people who develop hypertension are aware of their condition and 71% take antihypertensive drugs.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

However, only 48% of people know that they have hypertension, performing adequate control of hypertension. [83]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Insufficient diagnosis, treatment, or control of high blood pressure may interfere with hypertension management. [95]


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Healthcare providers face many obstacles in achieving blood pressure control, including a rejection of the use of some medications to achieve expected blood pressure targets.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Patients also have difficulty complying with a schedule of taking medications and changing lifestyles.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Nonetheless, blood pressure targets are very likely to be achievable.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

Lowering blood pressure means reducing costs for further medical care. [96] [97] World Health Organization awareness has identified hypertension, or high blood pressure, as the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality.


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure


Question: is drinking alcohol one of the causes of Prahpertension?

High blood pressure

See also Low blood pressure Reference Category:Diseases


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Women's property rights are the legal rights for women to obtain, own, sell, transfer property, collect and keep rents, possess income, make contracts, and carry legal devices, [1] which is under English common law (English common law).


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

During the early modern period, property rights for the woman were not granted. [2]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

In the Victorian Era (the reign of Queen Victoria) there were many shortcomings in the exercise of rights for women.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Women are seen (by men) as being emotional and unstable because of their reproductive system, thus incapable of making rational decisions.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

When women marry, among them are treated little better than slaves. [3]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Philosopher John Stuart Mill described the legal position of married women in the 19th century as little better than that of slaves in his book entitled The Subjection of Women (oppression of women), published in 1869.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The influence of laws and practices related to the ownership and distribution of property by and for women in the British Islands is also very impartial to the interests of men. [1]


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Existing laws are made based on the idea that women can perform marriages and their husbands who will care for and take responsibility for themselves.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

When a woman performs a marriage, the wealth they had before the wedding will be left to their husbands.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

If a woman works after she is married, then their income also belongs to their husband.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The accepted and executed idea in those days was that upper and middle-class women should remain dependent on men: first as children and then as wives.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

Once a woman gets married it will be very difficult for them to have a divorce.


Question: who was the initiator of Women's property rights?

Women's property rights

The Matrimonial Causes Act of 1857 (the Marriage Causes Act 1857) gave to men, the right to divorce wives on the grounds of adultery.