Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

One example is the security cooperation between the United States and the former Soviet Union after the Cold War that succeeded in leaving the international community dumbfounded.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Arms control and disarmament treaties, including the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (see START I, START II, START III, and New START) and the establishment of the NATO Peace Partnership, Russia's NATO Council, the G8 Global Partnership Against the Deployment of Weapons and Mass Destroying Materials, pioneered a series of concrete arms control and denuclearization initiatives.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

U.S.-Russian cooperation was strengthened by anti-terrorism treaties passed post-9/11. [301]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

One of the most successful environmental cooperation ever was a chlorofluorocarbon reduction (CFC) agreement as per the Montreal Protocol to reduce ozone depletion.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The current debate around nuclear energy and coal-fired power plants has resulted in one more consensus on the actions each country needs to take.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In addition, major achievements at the International Court can be studied through development studies. [301]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Global citizenship Global citizenship exposes that citizenship can be understood on a global scale as a social contract between the global population in an era of interdependency and interaction.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The bearers of this concept define it as thinking that we have certain rights and responsibilities towards each other on the basis of our being human beings on Earth. [302]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

World population has several similar meanings, and sometimes refers to someone who disagrees with the traditional geopolitical divide that is based on the national population.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The emergence of this sentiment can be traced to the time of Socrates.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Plutarkhus quotes that Sokrates once blessed: “I am not a citizen of Athens, not a citizen of Greece, but a citizen of duni. “[303]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In an increasingly interdependent world, the world's citizens need a guide or compass to shape their mindset and create a shared awareness and sense of global responsibility for issues such as environmental issues and nuclear proliferation. [304]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Cosmopolitanism is the proposal that all tribes of a nation constitute one single community with equal morality.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

A person who adheres to the idea of cosmopolitanism in any form is called a cosmopolitan or a cosmopolit. [305]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Cosmopolitan societies could be embodied on the basis of inclusive morality, shared economic relations, or political structures spanning different countries.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Cosmopolitan societies are societies whose individual individunites come from different places (e.g. nation-states) and relate on the basis of mutual respect.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

For example, Kwame Anthony Appiah points out the possibility of a cosmopolitan society whose individs come from different backgrounds (physical, economic, etc.) and create relationships on the basis of mutual respect despite different beliefs (religious, political, etc.). [306]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Canadian philosopher Marshall McLuhan mobilized the term Global Village in 1962. [307]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

His view mentions that globalization will create a world when all countries are increasingly integrated and aware of common and humanitarian interests. [308]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Criticism of globalization usually originates from discussions around the impact of globalization processes on planet Earth and people.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Critics questioned traditional benchmarks such as GDP and turned to other benchmarks such as the Gini coefficient [309] or the Happy Planet Index, [310] as well as calling that “various interrelated fatal consequences—social disintegration, democratic failure, rapid environmental destruction and widespread, spread of new diseases, increasing poverty and exile "[311] are involuntary consequences of globalization.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Criticism came from church assemblies, national liberation groups, trade unions, intellectuals, artists, protectionists, anarchists, advocates of relocalization (e.g., consumption of local goods), and others.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

There are critics who are reformist (in favor of more moderate capitalism), and some are revolutionary (supporting the switch of power from private to public) or reactionary (public to private).


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

A number of critics argue that globalization undermines cultural diversity.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

When the culture of the dominating country is introduced to the recipient country through globalization, foreign culture can threaten the diversity of local cultures.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

There are also those who argue that globalization will lead to westernization or Americanization of culture, a phenomenon when the cultural concepts of Western countries that are more advanced in terms of economic and political terms spread and threaten local culture.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Some opponents see globalization as the primacy of the interests of corporatists. [312]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

They also claim that the increasing autonomy and power of corporate entities is shaping the country's pollitic policies. [313] [314] They support global institutions and policies that they think are able to solve the moral problems of the lower class and workers and environmental issues. [315 ]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Economic opinions expressed by fair trade theorists claim that unlimited free trade benefits parties who have higher financial advantages (i.e., the rich) and sacrifices the poor. [316]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Critics argue that globalization causes: Poor countries lose: Free trade does encourage globalization in all countries, but some countries try to protect their domestic suppliers.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The impoverished country's main export is usually agricultural products.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Large countries usually subsidize farmers (e.g. the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy) thus lowering the price of foreign farmers' produce on the market. [317]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Joseph Stiglitz argues that countries that self-manage their economies benefit much from globalization, whereas countries whose economies are managed by international institutions such as the IMF benefit less from globalization. [318]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Transfer to outsourcing: Globalization allows companies to move production and service jobs from high-wage areas, thereby creating economic opportunity with competing wages and benefits of workers. [120]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Unions are weak: A surplus of cheap labor plus a rise in the number of companies undergoing the transition weakens unions in high-wage areas.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Unions lost their effectiveness and workers lost their enthusiasm for joining as the number of union members continued to dwindle. [317]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Increased exploitation of child labor: States that poorly protect vulnerable children infiltrated veiled companies and criminal gangs that wanted to exploit them.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Examples of occupations forced upon children are mining, ship demolition, and plantations, but there are also smuggling, sex slaves, forced labor, prostitution, and pornography. [319]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Helena Norberg-Hodge, director and founder of ISEC, criticized globalization from different sides.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In her book, Ancient Futures, Norberg-Hodge claims that “the environmental balance and social alignment that persisted for umpteen centuries is threatened by the pressures of development and globalization.”


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

He also criticized the standardization and rationalization of globalization, as it does not always yield the expected growth outcomes.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

While globalization takes place at the same stages in almost all countries, experts like Hodge say that globalization is not effective for certain countries.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Globalization actually rewinds a number of countries and does not build at all. [320]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The anti-globalization movement, or counter-globalization, [321] consists of a number of criticisms of globalization, but is generally critical of the globalization of corporate capitalism. [322]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The movement is also more commonly referred to as the alter-globalization movement, the anti-globalist movement, the corporate anti-globalization movement, [323] or the movement against neoliberal globalization.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The anti-globalization movement can be called encompassing ideologies present in other “movements”, namely the rejection of capital market integration, social justice and disparities, anti-consumerism, global anti-governance, and rejection of environmentalists.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Any such ideology can be included in the anti-globalization movement, but in general this movement exerts all its efforts on these key principles.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The anti-globalization movement is considered a new and modern social movement, as the issues it fights match those of modern times.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

However, events that burned the spirit of this movement have existed since the days of resistance to European colonialism and the imperialism of the United States 500 years ago. [324]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

It refers to the African continent that was colonized and squeezed its natural resources by a European nation in the 19th century.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The anti-globalization movement was also strongly associated with the anti-Vietnam War mobilization between 1960 and 1970, as well as international protests against the adjustment of structures in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

British sociologist Paul Q. Hirst and political economist Grahame F. Thompson say that the term is still blurred; [325] the activity of the “anti-globalization movement” includes efforts to demonstrate sovereignty, practice local democratic decision-making, or restrict the movement of people, goods, and capitalist ideologies, especially free-market deregulation, internationally.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Canadian author and social activist Naomi Klein argues that this term could mean one social movement or several social movements such as nationalism and socialism. [326]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Bruce Podobnik, sociologist at Lewis and Clark College, states that, “the majority of groups participating in these kinds of protests gain international support, and they usually demand globalization that improves democratic representation, human rights, and egalitarianism. “[327]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Economists Joseph Stiglitz and Andrew Charlton write: Anti-globalization movements reject aspects of globalization that they perceive as negative.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The term 'anti-globalization' itself is a mistake, because groups that represent many interests and issues and people involved in the anti-globalization movement actually support closer ties between peoples and world cultures through, for example, aid, aid refugees, and global environmental issues. [328]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Generally, opponents of globalization in developed countries come from the middle class and well-educated.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

It differs considerably from opponents of globalization in developing countries.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Anti-globalization movements in the developing world were more successful in attracting the attention of millions of workers and farmers. [329]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Advocates of this movement are aware of the inequality of power and appreciative attitudes in international trade between developed and less developed countries. [330]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Activists who support the anti-globalization movement oppose a manifold issue.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

There are several dimensions of globalization, namely economic, political, cultural, environmental, and ideology.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Its numerous subgroups include trade union members, environmentalists, anarchists, land rights and indigenous rights activists, human rights and sustainable development organizations, opponents of privatanization, and anti-factory squeeze activists (sweatshops). [324]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Movement tactics D.A. Snow et al. say that the anti-globalization movement is an example of a new social movement.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This type of movement employs unique tactics and utilizes resources never used by other social movements. [331]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The culprits participate in things like disruptive (disruptive) tactics, for example flash mobs to draw attention around and spread information about the effects of globalization.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

There is also the dissemination of information about social movements through social media, and getok tular about NGOs, organizations, and movements that work to reduce the effects of globalization.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Websites such as Twitter and Facebook become useful tools for the public to be aware of events in the world, ongoing rallies or tactics, as well as the activities of NGOs helping poor countries.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

One of the movement's most famous tactics was the 1999 Battle of Seattle, a rally against the 3rd World Trade Organization Ministerial Meeting. [324]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This protest or demonstration can be called a gathering of grassroots people who have goals in the anti-globalization movement fighting against corporate power in the WTO.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Around the world, new social movements staged protests outside the WTO meeting hall, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, and the Group of Eight (G8). [324]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

At the rally in Seattle, its participants used creative and violent tactics to rally awareness on the problems of globalization.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The Battle of Seattle is still one of the most important social movement protests of the past 20 years.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Rejection of capital market integration Capital markets has a link to the collection and investment of money in various business entities.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The rapid integration of interstate financial markets creates a global capital market or single world market.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In the long run, the movement of capital interstate will benefit the owners of capital; in the short term, owners and workers in certain sectors of the capital-exporting country are burdened by having to adjust to more and more capital movements. [332]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

It is quite natural if these conditions lead to political divisions when talking about the push or increase of integration of international capital markets.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Opponents of capital market integration on human rights grounds are disturbed by the various abuses perceived by global and international institutions that he says promote neoliberalism without complying with ethical standards.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This could be called “corporate capitalism”, that is, money-oriented organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, and popular and competitive multinationals such as Nike and others.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The most prevalent targets for protesters are the World Bank (WB), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), and free trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI), and General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Since there is an economic gap between rich and poor countries, proponents of this movement claim “free trade” without regulations protecting the less-capitalized country will only strengthen the power of developed countries (often called “North”, as opposed to “South” to call the developing world) .


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Some powerful Northern companies have implemented policies such as the privatanisation of public industries and tariff reductions.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This action has given rise to many squeeze factories (sweatshops) in developing countries whose wages are small and unfair and conditions are not safe for the health and psychology of workers.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Northern countries get their benefits by buying goods that cost less.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Unfortunately, the production of these cheap goods is detrimental to poor people and his community or country as a whole.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Currently, fair trade has been put in place to rebuild the economies of third world countries by paying employees of export goods producers appropriately according to their performance. [333]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Global justice and disparities The global justice movement is a gathering of individuals and groups—commonly called “movement movements"—that demand fair trade rules and see today's global economic integration body as a problem. [334]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The movement is often branded as an anti-globalization movement by the mainstream media.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Members of this movement often argue that they are anti-globalization and assert that they support the globalization of communication and people and only oppose the global expansion of corporate power. [335]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The movement is based on the idea of social justice that desires the formation of societies or institutions based on the principles of equality and solidarity, the value of human rights, and the dignity of every human being. [336] [337] [338] Social gaps within and between countries, including the global digital divide, is the main focus of the movement.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Many self-help institutions were set up to combat the disparities occurring in Latin America, Africa, and Asia.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Some notable self-help institutions are War Child, Red Cross, Free The Children, and CARE International.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

They usually work together to improve people's lives in the third world by building schools, improving infrastructure, supplying clean water, purchasing supplies and supplies for hospitals, and other aid. jmpl|250px|Open meeting of the Occupy movement in Washington Square Park, New York City, October 8, 2011 Rapid gap of international trade with high entry bans, corporate consolidation, tax haven and other means of tax avoidance, and political corruption has increased the income gap and wealth centering: distribution of assets (wealth) an increasingly uneven economy and income among the world's population, countries, and individuals.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Economic gaps vary between societies, historical periods, economic structures or systems (e.g. capitalism or socialism), ongoing or completed warfare, gender, and an individual's ability to generate wealth. [339]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

There are various numerical indices to measure economic disparities.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The most famous index is the Gini coefficient, but in addition to this there are also several other methods.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Economic gaps affect equity, equality of spending, and equality of opportunity.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Although old thinking considers economic disparities to be necessary and bring benefits, [340] economic disparities in recent times are more often regarded as social problems. [341]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Early research showing that greater equality inhibits economic growth is demonstrably wrong because it does not consider the time it takes for disparities to impede growth. [342]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In fact, one of the most obvious and important determinants of economic growth remains the level of income gap. [298]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

International gaps are gaps that occur interstate.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The economic gap between rich and poor countries is huge.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

According to the 2004 United Nations Human Development Report, the GDP per capita in a country whose human development is high, moderate, and low (classification according to the UN Human Development Index) is 24,806, 4,269, and 1,184 PPP$, respectively (the balance of ability to shop in dollars United States). [343]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Gender gap in the global workforce Women often engage in hard work, including export-oriented jobs.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

A series of evidence shows that while globalization expands access to employment for women, the long-term goal of globalization in the form of changing the gender gap is still unattainable and does not seem to be achieved without capital arrangements and reorientation and expansion of the role of the state in fund community interests and provide a social safety net. [344]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Anti-consumerism Anti-consumerism is a social-political movement that opposes the equalization of personal happiness with the consumption and purchase of proprietary goods.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The term “consumerism” was first used in 1915 to call “support for the rights and interests of consumers”, but the term “consumerism” here refers to the meaning that was introduced in 1960, namely “acquisition of consumer goods”.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Concerns over consumer treatment spawned hefty activism as well as the inclusion of consumer education into school curriculums.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Anti-consumerist activism aligns with environmental activism, anti-globalization, and animal rights activism that equally condemn modern corporations or organizations that pursue economic interests only.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

One of the variations of this topic is activism carried out by posconsumers.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Posconsumers put more emphasis on addictive post-consumerism life.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In recent times there are more books and films introducing anti-corporate ideology to society, such as Naomi Klein's No Logo book and the film The Corporation & Surplus.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Rejection of economic materialism comes from two main sources, religion and social activism.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Some religions teach that materialism interferes with the relationship between man and God and materialism is an immoral lifestyle.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Social activists believe that materialism has something to do with global retail goods and the convergence of suppliers, war, avarice, anomi, crime, environmental destruction, as well as general social malaise and discontent.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Global anti-governance Since the 1930s, there was a rejection of the idea of world government as carried by a number of organizations such as the World Federalist Movement (WFM). [345]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Opponents of global governance are usually opinionated on the basis that the idea is poorly suited, oppressive, and unnecessary. [346]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Generally, opponents are alarmed by the centering of power or wealth that such a government holds.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Religious reasons were also raised; global governance was seen as the Antichrist or its embodiment (see New World Order (conspiracy theory)).


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This kind of reasoning has been around since the founding days of the League of Nations and the United Nations.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Environmentalism's rejection of environmentalism is a wide-ranging thought, ideology and social movement [347] [348] [349] that pays attention to environmental preservation and environmental health improvement issues, especially when it comes to non-human living beings.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Environmentalism demands the protection, return, and improvement of the natural environment so that the relationship between humans and their natural environment is balanced.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This balance remains controversial and there are many ways to resolve environmental problems.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Environmentalism and environmental concerns are often represented or described by green, [350] but these color links are utilized by the marketing industry as a major tactic in greenwashing (greenwashing).


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Environmental issues that concern globalization include global warming, climate change, world water and water supply crises, inequality in energy consumption and energy conservation, transnational air pollution and pollution of the world's oceans, overpopulation, sustainability of world habitats, deforestation, biodiversity, and species extinction.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Another problem is “environmental apartheid" [351] which claims that people's resources and wealth are enjoyed by a small minority of highly protected races or classes.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The majority of the population has no chance to access the resources needed to survive.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

In pre-Rio times, it was the Northern countries that contributed a lot to environmental destruction.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Globalization reorganized the structure of control over resources to the point that the natural resources owned by the poor were taken over by the rich and the pollution generated by the rich countries was lavished upon the poor. [352]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

For example, 90 percent of carbon dioxide emissions from the past come from developed countries.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Developed countries produce 90 percent of the world's hazardous waste each year.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Global free trade has globalized environmental destruction with asymmetric patterns.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Some argue that the economy is controlled by Northern companies and they continue to dredge up the resources of the poor country for the purposes of its global activias, whereas it is the Southern countries that receive the environmental burden of this global economy.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Globalization then triggered environmental apartheid. [353]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

A related problem is the pollution paradise hypothesis which states that when large developed countries want to set up factories or offices abroad, they will look for the cheapest resource and labor options that have access to land and materials needed (see race to the bottom). [354]


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

This activity usually ignores environmentally friendly practices.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Developing countries whose resources and labor are cheap tend to have lax environmental regulations.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

On the contrary, countries whose strict environmental regulations are considered increasingly unsuitable for companies because it costs a lot to meet these environmental standards.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Because of this, companies that decide to invest physically abroad will move to a country whose environmental standards are low or that its law enforcement is lax.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Main journals major academic journals studying globalization: Antipode Development and Change Economic Geography Globalization and Health Journal of World-Systems Research World Development See also Library resources about Main Page Reference Advanced reading of Carpenter, John.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

“Puritan Missions as Globalization,” Fides et Historia. 31:2, 1999 pp.103—123.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) Jones, Andrew (2010) Globalization.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Key Thinkers.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Cambridge: Polity Press, John Wiley & Sons.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

ISBN 0-7456-4322-1 Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) With contributions by Samir Amin, Christopher Chase-Dunn, Andre Gunder Frank, Immanuel Wallerstein Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Panitch, Leo and Sam Gindin (2012).


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

The Making of Global Capitalism: the Political Economy of the American Empire.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

London: Verso.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

ISBN 978-1-84467-742-9 CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) Sparks, C. (2007).


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Globalization, development and the mass media.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Los Angeles: SAGE.


Question: what kind of globalization?

Globalization

Outside links Library resources about globalisation, from the Ecology and Society Journal Analysis of the idea and its history. , from The Canadian Encyclopedia Globalization Program by Deutsche Welle-TV Category:Historical Theory Category:Socio-cultural Evolution Category:Economic Geography Category:Cultural Geography Category:International Trade Category:Capitalism


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Coordinates: Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ:) is a United States multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, United States that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a diverse range of computer-related products and services.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The company was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4, 1975.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft is the world's largest software maker by revenue. [3]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft is also one of the most valued companies in the world. [4]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft was founded to develop and sell BASIC translators for the Altair 8800.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The company managed to dominate the personal computer operating system market with its MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows operating system line.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft's 1986 initial public offering, and the sharp rise in its stock price, created three billionaires and 12,000 millionaires among Microsoft employees.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Since the 1990s, the company has increasingly diversified from the operating systems market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

In May 2011, Microsoft purchased Skype Technologies for $8.5 billion and became the most expensive acquisition in Microsoft's history. [5]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

In 2012, Microsoft is the dominator of the PC operating system market and the office software market (alongside Microsoft Office).


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The company also produces a suite of software for desktops and servers, and is active in a number of areas such as Internet search (Bing), the video game industry (Xbox and Xbox 360 consoles), the digital services market (MSN), and mobile phones (Windows Phone OS).


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

In June 2012, Microsoft announced that it would enter the PC vendor market for the first time through the launch of the Microsoft Surface tablet computer.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

In the 1990s, critics began to allege that Microsoft ran monopolistic business practices and anti-competition strategies, including denial of consent and binding, making unreasonable restrictions in Mas rady's use of its software, and conducting marketing tactics that is not representative; both the U.S. Department of Justice and the European Commission declared this company in violation of antitrust law.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

History Early history Paul Allen and Bill Gates, fellow childhood friends who loved computer programming, sought to make a successful business by exploiting their abilities.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics magazine featured an Altair 8800 microcomputer made by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS).


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Allen learned that they could program a BASIC interpreter for the tool; after getting a phone call from Gates claiming they had an interpreter, MITS immediately asked to be demonstrated.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Since at that time they did not have an interpreter, Allen created a simulator for Altair, while Gates developed the translator.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Although they developed the translator on a simulator, not the original tool, it operated very seamlessly when it was demonstrated to MITS in Albuquerque, New Mexico in March 1975; MITS agreed to distribute and market it under the name Altair BASIC. [6] :108, 112—114 They officially founded Microsoft April 4, 1975 and appointed Gates as CEO. [8]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Allen decried the name “Micro-Soft”, as said in.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

In August 1977, the company made an agreement with ASCII Magazine in Japan and led to the establishment of its first international office, “ASCII Microsoft”. [9]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The company moved to its new office in Bellevue, Washington in January 1979. [8]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft entered the SO (operating system) business in 1980 with its own version of Unix named Xenix. [10]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

However, it was precisely MS-DOS that strengthened the company's dominance.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

After negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM agreed to a contract with Microsoft in November 1980 to provide a version of CP/M OS, to be worn in the upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) lineup. [11]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

For this approval, Microsoft purchased a clone of CP/M named 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, renaming it MS-DOS, which was replaced again by IBM to PC-DOS.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

After the August 1981 launch of IBM PC, Microsoft gained ownership of MS-DOS.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Since IBM registered the IBM PC BIOS copyrights, other companies have had to do backwards engineering in order for non-IBM hardware to operate as IBM PC compatible computers.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Due to various factors, such as the choice of available MS-DOS software, Microsoft instantly became the leading PC operating system vendor of its time. [7] [12] :210 The company expanded itself into new markets through the 1983 launch of Microsoft Mouse, as well as a publishing division named Microsoft Press. [6] :232 Paul Allen resigned from Microsoft in February after being declared stricken with Hodgkin's disease. [6] :231 1984—1994: Windows and Office While developing IBM's 1984 new SO, OS/2, Microsoft launched Microsoft Windows, a graphical extension for MS-DOS , dated November 20. [6] :242—243, 246 Microsoft moved its headquarters to Redmond on February 26, 1986, and on March 13, Microsoft became a general company; [13] a sharp rise in stock price succeeded in creating four billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from among Microsoft employees own. [14]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Due to its partnership with IBM, in 1990, the Federal Trade Commission oversaw Microsoft due to possible collusion; it signified the beginning of a decade of lawsuits from the United States Government. [15]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft announced the release of its OS/2 version to original equipment makers (OEMs) dated April 2, 1987; [6] :243—244 meanwhile, the company was working on a 32-bit SO, Microsoft Windows NT, using ideas from OS/2; this new SO was launched July 21, 1993 with a moduler kernel Win32's new application programming interface (API), making porting from 16-bit Windows (MS-DOS-based) easier.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

After Microsoft notified IBM about NT, the OS/2 partnership ended. [16]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft introduced its office software, Microsoft Office, in 1990.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The software consists of several office productivity applications, such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel. [6] :301 On May 22, Microsoft launched Windows 3.0 with new user interface graphics and state-of-the-art protected mode capabilities for Intel 386 processors. [17]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Both Office and Windows became dominating products in their respective fields. [18] [19] Novell, a competitor to Word in 1984—1986, filed lawsuits a few years later claiming that Microsoft left some of its APIs undocumented to gain a competing edge. [20 ]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Dated July 27, 1994, the U.S. Department of Justice, Antitrust Division issued a Competition Impact Statement stating that: “Starting in 1988, through July 15, 1994, Microsoft forced many OEMs to execute “per processor” licenses that were anti-competition.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Under a per-processor license, an OEM pays Microsoft a royalty for each computer it sells that contains a particular microprocessor, whether that OEM sells a computer with a Microsoft operating system or a non-Microsoft operating system.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

As a result, royalty payments to Microsoft when no Microsoft products are used play a penalty, or tax, against discharging rival PC operating systems by those OEMs.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Since 1988, the usage of licenses per processor by Microsoft has continued to increase. “[21] 1995—2005: The Internet and the 32-bit era After Bill Gates' internal “Internet Tidal Wave memo” of May 26, 1995, Microsoft began redesigning its offerings and expanding its product lineup to computer networks and the World Wide Web. [22]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The company released Windows 95 on August 24, 1995, with double duty turns, a new user interface with a 'start' button, and 32-bit compatibility; just like NT, this SO provides the Win32 API. [23] [24] :20 Windows 95 comes out complete with MSN online services, and a web browser Internet Explorer for OEM.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Internet Explorer is not included with the Windows 95 retail box because the box was printed before the team completed development of that web browser, and was only included in the Windows 95 Plus! package. [25]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

With the expansion into new markets in 1996, Microsoft and NBC Universal established a new 24/7 cable news station named MSNBC. [26]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft designed Windows CE 1.0, a new SO designed for low-memory appliances and other limitations, such as personal digital assistants. [27]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

In October 1997, the Department of Justice issued a motion in Federal District Court, stating that Microsoft violated a 1994 signed agreement and asking the court to stop the packaging of Internet Explorer with Windows. [6] :323—324 Dated January 13, 2000, Bill Gates handed over the post of CEO to Steve Ballmer, Gates' longtime friend in college and employee since 1980, and created a new post for himself as Chief Software Architect. [6] :111, 228 [8] Various companies, including Microsoft, formed Trusted Computing Platform Alliance in October 1999 to improve security and protect intellectual property through identification of hardware and software changes.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Critics state the alliance is a way to impose indiscriminate limits on how consumers wear software and how computers react, a form of digital rights management; for example, a computer is not only secured for users, but also secured against the user. [28] [29] Dated April 3, 2000, a verdict was handed down in the case of United States v.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft, [30] called this company an “abusive monopoly”; [31] it settled the case with the U.S. Department of Justice in 2004. [13]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

On October 25, 2001, Microsoft released Windows XP, sehinnga uniting the mainstream and NT ranks under the NT codebase. [32]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The company launched the Xbox in late 2000, signaling Microsoft's entry into the game console market that had been dominated by Sony and Nintendo. [33]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

In March 2004, the European Union issued antitrust lawsuits against this company, calling Microsoft abusing its dominance with Windows OS, thus culminating in a judge's ruling to pay damages of €497million ($613million) and produce a new version of Windows XP without Windows Media Player, Windows XP Home Edition N and Windows XP Professional N. [34] [35] 2006—2010: Windows Vista, mobile phones, SaaS, Yammer Released in January 2007, the next version of Windows, Windows Vista, focuses on features, security, and a new user interface dubbed Aero. [ 37] [38] Microsoft Office 2007, released at the same time, featured the “Ribbon” user interface which became the biggest change from the previous version.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Relatively strong sales of both products helped create 2007's record profit. [39]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The European Union dropped another €899million ($1.4billion) fine for Microsoft's non-compliance with a March 2004 ruling on February 27, 2008, stating that it fined its rivals an unreasonable value for key information regarding the working group's servers and its administration.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft stated that they were compliant and “the fine relates to long-standing issues already resolved”. [40]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Bill Gates resigned from his position as Chief Software Architect on June 27, 2008 and held other positions at Microsoft in addition to being the company's advisor on key projects. [41]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Azure Services Platform, a sign of Microsoft's entry into the cloud computing market for Windows, launched October 27, 2008. [42]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

On February 12, 2009, Microsoft announced its desire to open a Microsoft-branded retail store network, and on October 22, 2009, the first Microsoft Store opened in Scottsdale, Arizona; the same day as the official launch of Windows 7.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The focus of Windows 7 is on improving Vista with easy-to-use features and performance updates, instead of a total overhaul of Windows. [43] [44] [45] As the smartphone industry boom began in 2007, Microsoft sought to level with its rivals, Apple and Google, in system provisioning modern smart phone operation.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

As a result, in 2010, Microsoft overhauled its aging mobile phone operating system, Windows Mobile, and replaced it with the new Windows Phone OS; alongside new strategies in the smartphone industry, Microsoft continues to work closely with mobile phone manufactures such as Nokia and provides a consistent user experience across all smartphones using Windows Phone OS.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

This SO uses the new user interface design language, “Metro”, which features simple shapes, typography, and iconography.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft was a founding member of the Open Networking Foundation on March 23, 2011.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Its founding companies include Google, HP Networking, Yahoo, Verizon, Deutsche Telekom, and 17 other companies.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

This nonprofit organization focuses on providing support for a new cloud computing initiative named Software-Defined Networking. [46]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The initiative aims to accelerate innovation through simple software changes to telecommunications networks, wireless networks, data centers, and other network regions. [47] 2011-present: Mobile Phones and Metro After the launch of Windows Phone 7, Microsoft is slowly undertaking re-imaging its entire product lineup between 2011 and 2012.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Logos, products, services, and websites are updated with beautiful features of Metro's design language.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

On May 31, 2012, Microsoft released a preview version of its next-generation Windows 8 software.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The software is designed for a wide range of appliances ranging from tablets to desk computers. [48]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

On June 25, 2012, Microsoft announced that it purchased the Yammer social network for $1.2 billion. [49]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

On August 23, 2012, Microsoft introduced the new corporate logo at the opening of the 23rd Microsoft store in Boston, signaling the move of the company's focus from the classic style to the Metro checkered interface worn on the Windows Phone platform, Xbox 360, and the Windows 8 product lineup and Next Office Suite. [50]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Product division In fiscal 2010, Microsoft had five product divisions: Windows & Windows Live Division, Server and Tools, Online Services Division, Microsoft Business Division, and Entertainment and Devices Division.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Windows & Windows Live Division, Server and Tools, Online Services Division Client Division produces lines of Windows operating systems such as Windows 7; the division also produces the Windows Live family of products and services.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Server and Tools produces versions of Windows servers, such as Windows Server 2008 R2 as well as a set of development tools called Microsoft Visual Studio, Microsoft Silverlight, a web application workframe, and System Center Configuration Manager, a collection of tools that provide capabilities remote control, patch management, software distribution and hardware/software inventory.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Other server products include: Microsoft SQL Server, a relational database management system, Microsoft Exchange Server, for business-specific email and scheduling features, Small Business Server, for small business-specific messaging and other features; and Microsoft BizTalk Server, for business process management.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft provides IT consulting services (“Microsoft Consulting Services”) and creates a series of certification programs handled by the Server and Tools division designed to acknowledge people with little ability in certain roles; this includes developers (“Microsoft Certified Solution Developer”), system/network analysts (“Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer”), trainers (“Microsoft Certified Trainers”) and administrators (“Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator” and “Microsoft Certified Database Administrator”).


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft Press, which publishes books, is also managed by this division.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The Online Services Business division handles MSN online services and the Bing search engine.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

As of December 2009, it held an 18% stake of cable news channel MSNBC without any editorial control; however, the division developed its website, msnbc.com, in a joint venture with the channel's co-owner, NBC Universal. [51]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft Business Division Microsoft Business Division produces Microsoft Office, including Microsoft Office 2010, Microsoft's office software line.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Its software products include Word (word processor), Access (relational database program), Excel (spreadsheet program), Outlook (collaborative software, often used with Exchange Server), PowerPoint (presentation program), Publisher (desktop publishing software) and Sharepoint.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Several other products were added later through the launch of Office 2003, namely Visio, Project, MapPoint, InfoPath and OneNote.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The division also develops enterprise resource planning (ERP) software for companies under the Microsoft Dynamics brand.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The software is Microsoft Dynamics AX, Microsoft Dynamics NAV, Microsoft Dynamics GP, and Microsoft Dynamics SL.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

All of them are targeted at different types of companies and countries, and are limited to organizations under 7,500 employees. [52]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

In addition, under the Dynamics brand there is a customer relationship management software named Microsoft Dynamics CRM, part of the Azure Services Platform.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Entertainment and Devices Division's Entertainment and Devices Division produces Windows CE operating systems for embedded systems and Windows Phone for smartphones. [53]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft initially entered the mobile phone market through Windows CE for handheld equipment, which was later developed into Windows Mobile OS and now, Windows Phone.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Windows CE is designed for appliances whose operating system is not directly visible to the end user, in particular household appliances and cars.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The division also produces computer games operating on Windows PCs and other systems, some of which are Age of Empires, Halo, and the Microsoft Flight Simulator series, and manages the Macintosh Business Unit, which produces Mac OS software, including Microsoft Office 2011 for Mac.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft Entertainment and Devices Division designs, markets, and makes consumer electronics such as the Xbox 360 game console, Zune handheld media player, and MSN TV television-based Internet devices.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft also markets personal computer hardware such as mice, keyboards, and various game controllers such as joysticks and gamepads.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Culture Technical references for developers and articles for various Microsoft magazines such as Microsoft Systems Journal (or MSJ) are available through the Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN).


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

MSDN also offers subscription plans for companies and individuals, and more expensive subscription plans typically include access to beta versions of Microsoft software prior to launch. [54] [55] In April 2004, Microsoft launched a community site for developers and users named Channel9, which provides wiki services and Internet forums. [56]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Another community site that has daily and other videocast services, On10.net, was launched on March 3, 2006. [57]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Free technical assistance is usually provided through Usenet online news groups, and formerly CompuServe, which is supervised by Microsoft employees; there are also several news groups for one product only.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Solutionists are selected on a peer basis or by Microsoft employees to earn Microsoft Most Valuable Professional (MVP) status, which grants them privileged social status, rewards, and other benefits. [58]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Famous for its internal lexicon, the term “eating our own dog food” is used to describe the policy of using pre-release and beta versions of Microsoft products to test them in “real-world” situations. [59]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The term is usually shortened to “dog food” only and is used as a noun, verb, and adjective.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Another jargon, namely FYIFV or FYIV (“Fuck You, I'm [Fully] Vested”), is used by an employee to indicate that they have reached a level of financial freedom and can refuse to work anytime they want. [60]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The company is also well known for its prospective employee selection process which is imitated by other companies and dubbed the “Microsoft interview”, which is notable for its quirky, out-of-context questions of the company such as “Why sewage drain covers are circular ?”. [61]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft is a vehement opponent of H1B visa limits, which allow companies in the United States to hire certain foreign workers.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Bill Gates claimed limits on H1B visas made it difficult to hire employees for Microsoft, stating “I'm going to get rid of the H1B limit” in 2005. [62]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Critics of H1B visas state that easing limits will result in rising unemployment among United States citizens because H1B workers work in low-paid positions. [63]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The Human Rights Campaign Corporate Equality Index, a report on as positive as whether a company's policies toward LGBT employees (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual), gave Microsoft a rating of 87% since 2002 to 2004 and 100% since 2005 to 2010 after they allowed openness of the sexes. [64]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Criticism of Microsoft has existed since the company was established due to various aspects of its products and business practices.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The ease of use, stability, and security of enterprise software has always been a padded target of critics.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

For example, the Trojan horse and other loopholes have spread to many users due to security errors Microsoft Windows and other programs.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft has also been accused of blocking vendors from selling their products alone, as well as not complying with and following its own software standards. [65]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Comparison of the total cost of ownership of Linux and Mac OS X with Windows is a topic of debate that is still hotly discussed.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The company was once the target of numerous lawsuits by a number of state administrations and other corporations over unauthorized monopolistic practices.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

In 2004, the European Union declared Microsoft guilty in a highly notorious anti-trust case.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

In addition, Microsoft's EULAs for some of its programs are often denounced for being too restrictive and rejecting open source software.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft was criticized (along with Yahoo, AOL, and other companies) for engaging in censorship in the People's Republic of China. [66]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft was also denounced for shifting employment to China and India. [67] [68] [69] There have been a number of reports of poor working conditions at a company in southern China that makes Microsoft products. [70]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Criticism of Microsoft led to the company's “demon kingdom” nickname by a number of parties. [71]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

In science fiction allusion, Microsoft nicknamed “The Borg” after the alien race in Star Trek.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The nickname reflects the view that Microsoft often takes technology from other companies instead of developing it itself, [72] as well as Microsoft's ability to adapt to and defeat the strategies of its competitors. [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] The company is run by the board directors consisting of people outside the company, as those companies are publicly traded.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The members of Microsoft's board of directors in June 2010 were: Steve Ballmer, Dina Dublon, Bill Gates (chairman), Raymond Gilmartin, Reed Hastings, Maria Klawe, David Marquardt, Charles Noski, and Helmut Panke. [79]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Board members are elected annually in an annual general meeting of shareholders by a majority vote system.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

There are five committees within the council responsible for more specific affairs.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Those committees are the Audit Committee, which takes care of accounting, including audits and reporting; Compensation Committee, which approves compensation for CEOs and other employees of companies; Finance Committee, which handles financial affairs such as proposed mergers and acquisitions; Governance and Nominating Committee, which handles various corporate affairs, including the nomination of board members; and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which seeks to prevent companies from violating antitrust laws. [80] frame|ka|250px|five-year stock history chart (NASDAQ:MSFT) on September 29, 2009. [81]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

When Microsoft opened itself to the public and made its initial public offering in 1986, its opening stock price was $21; after the trading day, the price closed at $27.75.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

In July 2010, with nine stock splits of the company, the shares of any IPO will be dialed 288; if one buys today's IPO after dividing and other factors, the price becomes 9cents. [6] :235—236 [82] [83] Microsoft's share price peaked in 1999 at $119 ($60,928 if adjusted by division). [84]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The company began offering dividends on January 16, 2003, starting at 8 cents per sheet for the fiscal year, followed by a dividend of 16 cents per sheet in the following year, changing from dividends per year to per quarter in 2005 with 8 cents per sheet per quarter and payments once a special of 3 dollars per sheet for the second quarter of the fiscal year. [84] [85] Despite the increase in dividend payments, Microsoft's stock price has remained stable for years. [85] [86] One of Microsoft's business tactics, namely “follow, expand, and stop,” initially followed a competing standard or product, then expanding it into its own version that is then incompatible with existing standards, which ultimately stops competition that is not in line with Microsoft's new version. [87]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Various companies and governments sued Microsoft for this tactic, giving rise to multibillion-dollar lawsuits against this company. [88] [30] [35] Microsoft claimed its initial strategy was not anti-competition, but merely in the form of implementing their policies to implement features that users believe want. [89]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Financial Standard and Poor's and Moody's have given AAA valuations to Microsoft whose assets are worth $41bn with $8.5bn in the form of unsecured debt.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

In response to this valuation, in February 2011, Microsoft released $2.25bn of corporate bonds with relatively low borrowed value when compared to government bonds. [90]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

For the first time in 20 years, Apple Inc. beat Microsoft in terms of profit and revenue per quarter in Q1 2011 due to weakening PC sales and the massive loss of Microsoft Online Services Division (which takes care of the Bing search engine).


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft's profit was $5.2 billion, while Apple's $6 billion, with $14.5 billion in revenue and $24.7 billion consecutively. [91]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft Online Services Division has been losing constantly since 2006 and in Q1 2011, the division made a loss of $726 million.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

This loss follows a $2.5 billion loss in 2010. [92]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

On July 20, 2012, Microsot suffered its first quarter loss, despite setting record revenues for that quarter and fiscal year.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft reported a net loss of $492 million; its acquisition of advertising company aQuantive in 2007 for a value of $6.2 billion and issues associated with it were touted as the cause of this loss. [93]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft environmentalists ranked 17th in the Guide to Greener Electronics (16th edition) Greenpeace's output which made a list of 18 electronics companies according to their policies against toxic chemicals, reproduction, and climate change. [94]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft's target to stop the use of BFRs and phthalates in all its products is 2012, but the commitment to stop using PVC remains unclear.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Until January 2011, Microsoft did not have a product completely free of PVC and BFR. [95]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft's main campus in the United States earned silver certification from its Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program in 2008, and the company installed more than 2,000 solar panels on the roofs of its buildings in Silicon Valley.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Those solar panels produced about 15 percent of the total energy Microsoft needed in April 2005. [96]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft is leveraging alternative transportation.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The company created the world's largest private bus system, the “Connector”, to transport people from outside the company; for transportation in office environments, the “Shuttle Connect” operated with a fleet of hybrid cars to save fuel.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The company also serves regional public transportation as its incentive. [96] [97] In February 2010, Microsoft opposed adding additional public transportation lines and multi-passenger vehicle lanes on a bridge linking Redmond with Seattle; the company also serves as its incentive. do not want to procrastinate any more of its construction. [98]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft ranked 1st on the World's Best Multinational Workplaces list by the Great Place to Work Institute in 2011. [99]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Marketing In 2004, Microsoft hired several research firms to conduct independent studies comparing the total cost of ownership (TCO) of Windows Server 2003 with Linux; those firms concluded that many companies considered Windows easier to use than Linux, so those who use Windows can work faster and lead to lower corporate spending. [100]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

This gave rise to many related studies; a study by Yankee Group concluded that updating versions of Windows Server to other versions cost less than the cost of switching from Windows Server to Linux, although the companies surveyed noted improved security and reliability of Linux servers and issues about forced use of Microsoft products. [101]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Another study released by Open Source Development Labs claimed that Microsoft's study was “out of date and sided” and their survey concluded that Linux TCO was lower because Linux users took care of more servers than Windows users and other factors. [102]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

As part of the “Get the Facts” campaign, Microsoft emphasized the .NET trading platform they had developed in collaboration with Accenture for the London Stock Exchange, claiming that Microsoft had “five nines” reliability.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

After experiencing server outages and being deemed unreliable [103] [104] The LSE announced in 2009 that it planned to stop using Microsoft products and move to Linux in 2010. [105] [106] The Microsoft logo adopted the “Pac-Man Logo”, designed by Scott Baker, in the year 1987.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Baker said that, “This new logo, with its italic Helvetica font, has a gap between the o's and s to emphasize its “soft” side and give allusion to movement and speed. “[107]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Dave Norris had time to make an internal joke to save his old green, uppercase logo with the unique letter O, nicknamed it blibbet, but it was soon removed. [108]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Microsoft logo with the slogan “Your potential.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Our passion.”


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

under the company name is designed based on the slogan used by Microsoft in 2008.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

In 2002, the company began wearing the aforementioned logo in the United States and began television commercials with the slogan, changing from its previous slogan, which was “Where do you want to go today?”. [109] [110] [111] At the 2010 MGX (Microsoft Global Exchange) conference, Microsoft unveiled the company's new slogan, “Be What's Next.”. [112]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

On August 23, 2012, Microsoft unveiled a new corporate logo at the opening of the 23rd Microsoft Store in Boston.


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The replacement of this logo signifies a shift of the company's focus from the classic style to the modern, all-box interface to be worn on the Windows Phone, Xbox 360, and Windows 8 and Office Suites platforms. [113]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

The new logo consists of a rectangle with the colors of the Windows logo. [50]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Even so, this logo is not new at all, since it once appeared in Windows 95 ads in the mid-1990s. [114] [115] Each of the colors represents a large Microsoft product: blue for Windows (and Windows 8), green for Xbox, red for Office, and yellow are still unknown. [116]


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Logo gallery “Pac-Man” Microsoft Logo (1987-2012) Microsoft Logo (2012-present) Microsoft Symbol (2012-present) Microsoft Windows Logo Windows 8 Logo Windows Phone Logo Microsoft Office Microsoft Indonesia Microsoft Indonesia, since February 15, 2012, led by Andreas Diantoro as President Director of Microsoft Indonesia [117].


Question: What was the company's first product Windows??

Microsoft

Footnotes Outside links Business data for Microsoft Corporation: Category:Establishment in 1975 in United States Category:Cloud computing providers Category:Companies centered in Redmond, Washington Category:Companies founded in 1975 Category:Software companies United States Category:Companies based in Washington (state) Category:Dow Jones Industrial Average Category:Multinational companies headquartered in United States Category:United States generally traded companies


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The European wars of religion were a series of religious wars that raged in Europe from 1524 to 1648, following the advent of the Protestant Reformation in the central, western, and northern regions of continental Europe.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The European wars ended with the Westphalian Peace Treaty which recognized the existence of three Christian madhabs in the territory of the Holy Roman Empire, namely Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The European wars of religion were greatly influenced by changes in the religious sphere at that time as well as the infighting and rivalries that caused them.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Nonetheless, the parties involved are not entirely classed according to religion, nor are they opposite each other solely because of different religions.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Wars of European wars of religion include: Wars directly related to the Reformation of 1520s to 1540s: War of the German Commoners (1524—1525) of the Kappel War in the Old Swiss Confederation (1529—1531) Schmalkaldis War (1546—1547) in the Holy Roman Empire of the Eighty Years' War (1568— 1648) in the Lowland Countries of the French Wars of Religion (1562—1598) the Thirty Years' War (1618—1648), involving the Holy Roman Empire which included Austria Habsburg and Bohemia, France, Denmark, and Sweden the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639—1651), involving England, Scotland, and Ireland The Reformation and the Scottish Civil War and the English Civil War The Irish Confederate War and Cromwell's Conquest of Ireland Although some later wars such as the Nine Years' War (1688—1697) also fought religious matters in some battles, The wars were basically arising for political reasons, and the coalitions formed were cross-religious.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Purely political motivations and cross-religious alliances are also present in many previous wars.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The Holy Roman Empire of the Holy Roman Empire, which encompassed the territory of the present-day German state and its surrounding territories, was the region most affected by religious wars.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

This empire was a set of semimerdeka praja headed by an elected Holy Roman Emperor; after the 14th century, the post of Emperor was usually held by a Habsburg nobleman.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Austria's Habsburg Wangsa is a huge independent force in Europe, overseeing about eight million families in today's Germany, Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

In addition, the Holy Roman Empire also oversaw regional powers, such as Bayern, the Electorate of Sachsen, the Markgrafiat of Brandenburg, the Electorate of Pfalz, the Landgrafiat of Hesse, the Archdiocese of Trier, and Württemberg.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

A large number of independent small duchies, swapraja imperial cities, monasteries of abasan, dioceses, and small carpentry of sovereign wangsa-wangsa are within the scope of the territory of this Empire.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The Lutheran Mazhab, since its funeral in Wittenberg in 1519, was welcomed in Germany, as well as in Bohemia which was the former territory of the spread of the Husit madhab.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The preaching of Martin Luther and his many followers heightened tensions across Europe.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

In North Germany, Luther was prepared to seek the support of local praja magnifiers for his efforts to take over and reset the Church in order to be sebow with the Lutheran madhab.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Elector Sachsen, Landgraf Hesse, and other praja magnifiers in Northern Germany not only protected Luther from the threat of harm due to the information of lifting legal protection issued by the Holy Roman Emperor Karl V, but also used the power of praja to support the implementation of the ordinance the worship of the Lutheran madhab in their territory.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Church objects were confiscated, and Catholic worship was prohibited in most areas adopting the Lutheran Reformation.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The sparks of political conflict that increasingly penetrated within the territory of the Empire were undoubtedly inflamed wars.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Radicals The first large-scale violence was ignited by Luther's more radical followers.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

These radicals aspired to expand the work of thorough reform over the Church into a work of thorough reform over the general public.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

It was these ideals that did not receive the approval of Luther's supporters.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The German Commoners War of 1524/1525 was a people's revolt instigated by the teachings of radical reform advocates.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

This war consists of a triad of economic and religious uprisings carried out by commoners, townspeople, and nobles.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Most of the conflicts took place in the southern, western, and central regions of the modern German state, but also involved neighboring areas of present-day Switzerland and Austria.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

At its peak, in the spring and summer of 1525, this war involved some 300,000 rebels from among the commoners.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

According to estimates at the time, the death toll reached 100,000 people.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

This war was the largest people's revolt and the most widespread of its spread in Europe before the French Revolution in 1789.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Because of his revolutionary political ideas, radical reform advocates such as Thomas Müntzer were expelled from Lutheran towns in Northern Germany at the onset of the 1520s. They moved aside to rural areas of Bohemia, Southern Germany, and Switzerland to continue the preaching of his revolutionary religious and political teachings.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Starting as a resistance movement against feudal oppression, the revolt of commoners flared into a war against all forms of authority, and into a forced attempt to establish an ideal Christian commonwealth that ensures absolute equality and togetherness in the right of ownership possessions.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The rebel side suffered a crushing defeat at Frankenhausen on 15 May 1525, followed by the death execution of Müntzer and thousands of rebels from among the commoners.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Martin Luther refused the rebels' demands and upheld the right of German praja-praja magnifiers to eradicate rebellion.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

This attitude resulted in Luther's teachings being rejected by many people from among German commoners, especially in the south.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

After the Commoners War, there came a second, more persistent attempt to establish a theocracy in Münster, Westfalen (1532—1535).


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

A group of prominent townspeople, including the Lutheran clergy Bernd Rothmann, Jan Matthijs, and Jan Beukelszoon (Jan van Leiden) without having to be painstakingly managed to seize control of the city of Münster on 5 January 1534.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Matthijs believed that Münster was “the new Jerusalem”, and made preparations not only to defend the already successfully captured, but also to conquer the world by rejecting Münster.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

By admitting me as David's heir, Jan van Leiden was crowned king.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

He legalized polygamy and married sixteen women, one of whom he was sentenced to decapitation in the market.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Shared property rights over property were also applied.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

After insisting on defending the siege, the city of Münster was finally overrun by the attacking side on 24 June 1535, and Leiden and some of his loyal followers were executed dead in the marketplace.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The Schmalkaldical War After the Augsburg General Session in 1530, the Emperor advised that all religious innovations not authorized by the General Assembly should be stopped from April 15, 1531.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Parties who do not obey this commandment will be faced with the Imperial Court.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

In response, the Lutheran magnifiers, who had implemented Protestant worship ordinances in their praja churches, gathered in the town of Schmalkalden in December 1530.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

In this city they agreed to unite to form the League of Schmalkaldis (German: Schmalkaldischer Bund), an alliance designed to protect its members from the noose of Imperial law.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The members of the league ultimately wanted the League of Schmalkaldis to replace the Holy Roman Empire, and therefore each member of the league was obliged to deploy 10,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry for mutual security.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

In 1532, the Emperor, distressed by foreign problems, decided to relent and offered the “Nuremberg Peace Treaty”, which suspended all legal action over Protestant praja until there was a decision from the General Council of the Church.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

This moratorium managed to maintain peace in German prajas for more than a decade, but during that time the Protestant madhab became more firmly rooted and more widely spread.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The peace ended with the War of Schmalkaldis (German: Schmalkaldischer Krieg), a brief conflict from 1546 to 1547 between the soldiers of Emperor Karl V and the army of the magnifiers of the members of the League of Schmalkaldis.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

This conflict ended in victory on the part of the Catholics, so that the Emperor could impose the enactment of the Augsburg Interim, a compromise that permitted a slightly modified ordinance.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The Augsburg Interim was expected to continue to be enforced until the General Council of the Church issued its decree, but various Protestant elements rejected this interim, and the second Schmalkaldis war erupted in 1552.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The Peace Treaty of Augsburg (1555), signed by Karl V, Holy Roman Emperor, cemented the decision of the Speyer General Session of 1526 and ended violence between Lutherans and Catholics in Germany.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

This covenant contains a statement that: German praja magnifiers may determine the religion (Lutheran or Catholic) professed in its authority according to their respective conscience.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The kawula of each praja must follow the religion of the magnifying praja (principle cuius regio, eius religio).


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Lutherans living in ecclesiastical precincts (territories controlled by a bishop) may continue to exercise their religion.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Lutherans may remain in control of the territory that has been seized from the Catholic Church since the Passau Peace Treaty in 1552.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The trustees of the Catholic Church (bishops) who had converted to the Lutheran madhab were obliged to remove their territory of power.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Interfaith tensions still remained high throughout the second half of the 16th century.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The Peace Treaty of Augsburg began to be violated when some bishops who had converted to the Protestant madhab refused to relinquish the territory of his diocese.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The Köln War that lasted from 1582 to 1583 occurred because the prince-archbishop of the city was not willing to abdicate even though he had been a vassal of the Kalvinist madhab.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Interfaith tensions also erupted into violence in the swapraja town of Donauwörth in Germany in 1606, when the majority of Lutherans blocked religious expressions organized by Catholics to ignite riots.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

These events forced Duke Maximilian of Bayern to intervene defending the Catholics.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

By the end of the 16th century, most of the praja along the Rhein and in southern Germany remained Catholic, while the Lutherans dominated the north, and the Calvinists dominated the western regions of Central Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Praja-praja Kalvinists formed the League of Evangelical Unions in 1608.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The Thirty Years' War JMPL|300px|Miserable War by Jacques Callot, 1632 In 1617, Germany was completely torn apart, and it was obvious to everyone that Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia, was going to die without heirs.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

His territories were therefore passed to his closest male relative, namely his cousin Ferdinand of Steiermark.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Ferdinand, who was educated the Jesuits, was a devout Catholic adherent.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The rejection of Ferdinand's appointment as Crown Prince, especially by the Bohemian pilgrimage Husit, triggered the occurrence of the Thirty Years' War in 1618 when Ferdinand's deputies were defenestrated in Prague.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The Thirty Years' War flared between 1618 to 1648, especially in areas that now included the German state, and involved most of the major powers in Europe.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Starting as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, this war slowly expanded into a general war involving most of Europe, with reasons not only related to religion.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

This war marked the continuity of the French-Habsburg rivalry in fighting for the position of the strongest ruler in Europe, and later became the cause of the war between France and Spain.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Military interventions carried out by outside powers such as Denmark and Sweden who sided with the Protestants made the war even more protracted and increasingly blue-ridden.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

In the final stages of the war, Catholic France also intervened militarily by siding with the Protestants as a result of its concern for the increase in Habsburg power.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The great impact of the Thirty Years' War, which heavily utilized mercenary army forces, was the destruction in the entire area that was plundered by those earner soldiers.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

A number of famine disasters and disease outbreaks hit the German praja-praja population, and to a lesser extent also hit the Lowland Countries and Italy, as well as bankrolling many of the countries involved.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

This war ended with the Münster Tract, part of the entire content of the Westfalen Peace Treaty.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Throughout the war, the German population shrunk by 30% on average.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

In the Brandenburg region, the population shrinks to 50%, while in some areas two-thirds of the entire population perished as a result of the war.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The population of the Czech territories was reduced by a third.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The Swedish Army alone destroyed 2,000 castles, 18,000 villages, and 1,500 towns in Germany, a third of all German cities.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Severe damage also hit monasteries, churches, and other religious institutions.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

This war proved to be a catastrophe for the “Holy Roman Empire” of the German nation.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Germany lost population and territory, and has since been fragmented into hundreds of weak semiindependent praja.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The imperial Pamor also receded to Austria and the territories of the Habsburg warriors.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The Netherlands and Switzerland declared their independence.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The Westfalen Peace Treaty instituted Catholic, Lutheran, as well as Calvinist schisms in Germany.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The German people also had to switch faith or move to territories led by the rulers of the faith.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Lowland Countries - Lowland Countries have a special history of religious conflicts based on the Calvinist reform movement in the 1530s. These conflicts would later become known as the Dutch Revolt or the Eighty Years' War.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Based on the laws of European wangsa-wangsa inheritance, the entire country of the Netherlands (covering the Netherlands and present-day Belgium) constituted the territory of the Spanish monarchs.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

As a result of being incited by aggressive Kalvinist daqwah in and around prosperous commercial cities in the southern Netherlands, anti-Catholic planned protests appeared more and more often and with increasing violence.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

In 1566, a league of about 400 high nobles who harbored dissatisfaction with Spanish rule, petitioned the Spanish Governor Margarita of Parma, to suspend the action of judgment on the Calvinists.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

In early August 1566, a riot broke out in the building of Hondschoote Church in Flandria (present-day Northern France). [1]


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The story of this relatively minor incident spread north and gave rise to Beeldenstorm, the iconoclastic movement of the Calvinists, who stormed Church buildings and other religious buildings for menistas and vandalized statues and images of Catholic saints across the country Netherlands.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

For the Calvinists, these statues were elements of idolatry.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The number of image-vandals seems relatively small.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Limm (1989) notes that “there were only a handful of cases involving 200 people in each event” even in the northern provinces, where iconoclastic events were attended by large crowds of the public.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Meanwhile in the southern provinces, according to him there is a relatively small but organized group moving to explore the region.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Spaans (1999) argues that icoclasm was actually engineered by local elites in the interest of politics [2] In general the local rulers did not intervene in dampening the vandalism.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The actions of iconoclasm made the nobility split into two camps, namely Willem van Oranje with the high nobles in the supporting stronghold, and other nobles, especially Hendrik van Brederode, in the stronghold of the opponents of iconoclastic action.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

In 1568, Willem went home to attempt to remove the Duke of Alba whom the people hated so much from Brussels.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

A coordinated effort was made by the Protestants to take control of the Netherlands from all four parts of the country, with army soldiers led by the Willem brothers storming from Germany and French Huguenot soldiers storming from south.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

The Battle of Dalheim near Roermond broke out on 23 April 1568 and was won by the Spanish stronghold, but the Battle of Heiligerlee which broke out on 23 May 1568 ended in victory on the part of the rebel army reinforcements.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

Nonetheless, this war of rebellion ended in failure as Willem ran out of funds to pay the wages of the soldiers and his allies were crushed by the Duke of Alba.


Question: has John Hus ever married?

European wars of religion

In its efforts to maintain Catholic power over the Lowland Countries, Spain was in trouble for temporarily fighting against the Osmanli Imperium in the Mediterranean region.