Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

A car is a land [vehicle] driven by engine power, four-wheeled or more (always even), usually using fuel oil (gasoline or diesel fuel) to start its engine.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Cars have standards, too.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Cars are short for automobiles derived from [Greek] 'autos' (themselves) and Latin 'movére' (moving).


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Cars also have standards such as 2-wheeled motors.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

History The first vehicle working with steam was probably first designed by Ferdinand Verbiest, around 1672.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

He designed a 65cm vehicle toy for the Chinese kingdom, which could not carry passengers. [1] [2] [3] It is not known whether the vehicle model made by Verbiest was ever produced or not. [2]


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

In 1752, Leonty Shamshurenkov, a Russian nationalist, made the construction of a human-powered vehicle.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

He also equipped his home-made vehicle with an odometer.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

The vehicle he made was similar to a snow train. [4]


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

The first steam power vehicles were made at the end of the 18th century.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot successfully demonstrated the three-wheeled vehicle in 1769.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

The first vehicle using steam engine power, perhaps the best known improvement of steam engines, was developed in Birmingham, England by the Lunar Society.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

And also in Birmingham petrol power cars were first made in Britain in 1896 by Frederick William Lanchester who also patented disc brakes.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

In the 1890s, ethanol was used as a power source in the United States.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

The popularity of Cugnot's Invention of its use was viewed lowly in his native France, and the invention passed to Britain, where Richard Trevithick ran a steam-cart in 1801.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

The vehicle was considered strange at first, but inventions in the decade after, such as the handbrake, multi-speed transmission, and increased speed and steering wheel, made it a success.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Now this, America has more cars than any other country.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Japan takes the lead in automobile manufacturing, but the Japanese population cannot afford all the needs of the car, such as limited parking spaces, expensive fuel prices, and the public choosing public transportation.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Innovation The first automobile patent in the United States was granted to Oliver Evans in 1789; in 1804 Evans demonstrated his first automobile, which was not only the first automobile in the U.S. but also the first amphibious vehicle, whose steam-powered vehicle was able to road on land using wheels and in water using padel wheels.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Generally the first cars of deep combustion engines to use gasoline were made almost simultaneously in 1886 by German inventors working separately.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Karl Benz on 3 July 1886 in Mannheim, and Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

On November 5, 1895, George B. Selden was granted a U.S. patent for a two-stroke automobile engine.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

This patent made a negative impact on the development of the automobile industry in the US.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

A spectacular breaching was performed by Berta Benz in 1888.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Steam, electric, and gasoline engines competed for decades, with deep-burning gasoline engines gaining dominance in the 1910s. Large-scale production of reasonably priced automobiles was carried out by Oldsmobile in 1902, and then massively developed by Henry Ford in the 1910s. In the period from 1900 to the mid-1920s the development of automotive technology was rapid, caused by the large number (hundreds) of small automakers all competing for the world's attention.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Major developments included electronic ignition and electronic self-starter (both by Charles Kettering, for the Cadillac automobile Company in 1910-1911), independent suspension, and four-tire brakes.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

By the 1930s, most technologies in capital had already been created, although they were often recreated at a later date and given credit to others.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

For example, wheel-front driving was reinvented by Andre Citroën in the launch of the Traction Avant in 1934, although this technology had already appeared several years earlier in cars made by Alvis and Cord, and in racing cars by Miller (and may have appeared as early as 1897).


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

After 1930, the number of automobile manufacturers was drastically reduced in runoff with the industry merged and matured.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Since 1960, the number of manufacturers has almost remained, and innovation is reduced.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

In many ways, new technology is only an improvement from previous technology.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Dengam was an exception in the invention of engine management, which entered the market in the 1960s, when electronic goods became cheap enough for mass production and powerful enough to handle the rough environment on cars.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Developed by Bosch, this electronic device can make car waste drastically reduced while increasing efficiency and power.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Car crash safety is almost as old as the car itself.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Joseph Cugnot crashed his power-steam car “Fardier” with a wall in 1770.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

The first recorded fatal car accidents were Bridget Driscoll on August 17, 1896 in London and Henry Bliss on September 13, 1899 in New York City.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Every year more than a million people are killed and about 50 million injured in traffic (according to WHO estimates).


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

The main causes of accidents are drunk drivers or in the influence of drugs, inattention, too tired, hazards on the road (such as snow, potholes, animals, and teledor drivers).


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Security facilities have been tailor-made in cars for years.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Cars have two basic safety concerns: They have drivers who often make mistakes and tires that lose friction when braking approaches half gravity.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Automatic controls have been proposed and made examples.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Initial research focused on improving brakes and reducing fuel system fire hazards.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Systematic research in collision safety began in 1958 at Ford Motor Company.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Since then, many studies have focused on outside energy absorption with easily destroyed panels and reduced human movement in passenger space.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

There are standardized tests of car safety, such as EuroNCAP and USNCAP.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

There are also tests helped by the insurance industry.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Despite the improvement in technology, mortality from car accidents remains high, in the US about 40,000 people die each year, a figure that remains growing according to the increase in population and travel, with the same trend in Europe.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

The mortality rate is expected to double worldwide by 2020.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

More numbers of deaths are injuries and disabilities.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells motor vehicles around the world.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

In 2008, more than 70 million motor vehicles, including automobiles and commercial vehicles were produced in the world. [5]


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

In 2007, overall there were 71.9 million new car units sold worldwide: 22.4 million units in Europe; 21.4 million units in Asia; 19.4 million units in the United States and Canada; 4.4 million units in the Latin American region; 2.4 million units in the Middle East, and 1.4 million units in Africa. [6]


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Markets in North America and Japan are already stagnant, while in South America and some Asian countries are growing rapidly.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

There are about 250 million cars in existence in the United States today.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Worldwide, there were estimated to be 806 million units of cars and light trucks in 2007; burning more than 260 billion U.S. gallons (1 gallon= 3.8 liters) of fuel annually.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

This number continues to rise rapidly, especially in China and India.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Some opinions say that urban transportation systems based on automobiles will consume excessive amounts of energy, increase the risk of disease, and reduce services even if investment is raised. [7] [8] [9] The sustainable transport movement focuses on resolves this problem.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

In 2008, with the rapid rise in oil prices, the automotive industry felt a combination of rising vehicle raw material prices and the changing nature of society in choosing vehicles.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

The automotive industry in some countries is also increasingly competing with public transportation as consumers increasingly consider the use of their vehicles. [10]


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

About half of the 51 light vehicle plants in the United States are expected to close permanently in the next few years, with about 200,000 jobs disappearing. [11]


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Whereas, the Chinese market is currently the largest producer and market of automobiles in the world.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

China's auto sales in 2009 totaled 13.6 million units, up dramatically from 1 million units in 2000. [12]


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Flexible fuel vehicle Flexible fuel vehicle or dual-fuel vehicle is an alternative fuel vehicle with its inner combustion engine designed to use more than 1 type of fuel, usually gasoline mixed with ethanol or methanol.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Modern flex-fuel engines can use fuel with any mixture within their combustion chamber because their injection and spark time are automatically regulated by electronic sensors.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Flexible fuel vehicles are different from bi-fuel vehicles, where both petrol is stored in both different tanks and the engine burns only one type of fuel at the time of work, for example CNG, Elpiji, or hydrogen.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Alternative fuel vehicles Alternative fuel vehicles are vehicles that can operate using fuels other than “traditional” fuel oils (gasoline or diesel); and also refer to all sorts of vehicle engine technologies that do not operate with gasoline, e.g. electric car, hybrid electric vehicle or solar energy vehicle.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Due to a combination of several factors, such as environmental concern, high oil prices, the development of more environmentally friendly alternative fuels, the development of alternative fuel vehicles has become a top priority for governments and automotive manufacturers in many countries in the world.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Hybrid electric vehicles such as the Toyota Prius are not actually alternative fuel vehicles, but because of the advanced technology on the electric battery, it can use fuel very efficiently.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Other alterantive energy research and development ventures focus on battery electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

JMPL|Model S chassis with powertrain and battery pack [13] An electric car is a car driven with an electric motor, using electrical energy stored in a battery or other energy storage.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Electric cars were popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but then their popularity dimmed due to increasingly advanced deep-combustion engine technology and the increasingly cheap price of gasoline-fueled vehicles.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

The energy crisis of the 1970s and 1980s once aroused little interest in electric cars, but it was only in the 2000s that new vehicle manufacturers took serious attention to electric electric vehicles.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

This is due to the soaring price of oil in the 2000s as well as many of the world's people are already aware of the poor impact of greenhouse gas emissions. [14] [15] Until Novemver 2011, electric models available and sold on the market in some countries were the Tesla Roadster, RevAI, Renault Fluence Z.E., Buddy, Mitsubishi i MiEV, Tazzari Zero, Nissan Leaf, Smart ED, Wheego Whip LiFe, Electric Mia, and BYD e6.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

The Nissan Leaf, with sales of over 20,000 units worldwide (until November 2011), [16] and Mitsubishi i-MiEV, with global sales of more than 17,000 units (until October 2011), are both the best-selling electric cars in the world. [17]


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Main parts Engine Carburetor or fuel injection Fuel pump Engine configuration: Wankel or piston engine (V, inline, flat).


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Electronic control unit Exhaust system Ignition system Self starter Device Emission control Turbocharger and supercharger Front engine Rear engine Middle engine Radiator Ancillary power - mechanical, electric, hydraulic, vacuum Drive Transmission (gear box) Manual transmission Semi-automatic transmission Automatic transmission Layout FF layout FR layout MR layout RR layout Drive Wheels 2 wheel drive 4 wheel drive Drivers/4 wheel drive Front wheel drive Rear wheel drive All wheel drive differential Limited slip differential axle /axle Live axle Brake Disc brake Drum brake Anti-lock/Anti-lock brake system braking system (ABS) Electronic brake-force distribution (EBD) Sensotronic brake control (SBC) Brake assist (BA) Hill descent control (HDC) Stand-by brake Stability control Wheels and tires Special wheels Steering wheel Rack and pinion Ackermann steering geometry Castor Angle Camber Kingpin Suspension MacPherson strut Wishbone Double wishbone Multi-link Torsion beam Semi-trailing arm axle Body Shape/Crumple zone Construction Monocoque (unibody) Suicide doors Spoiler Interior equipment Passive safety Safety belt or seat-belt Airbag Child safety lock Dashboard Takometer Speedometer Shifter for selecting gear ratios Additional equipment such as stereo, air conditioning, cruise control, car phone, positioning system, glass holder, etc.


Question: where was air suspension first invented?

Auto

Outdoor fixtures Power window Windshield See also Super car Itasha sports car - car decoration with fictitious figures from anime or manga Interactive Taxi Automotive - Popular car brands World Car History Presidency Itasha - car decoration with fictitious figures from anime or Manga Reference Category:Transportation


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Republic of Indonesia (RI) or the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI), or more commonly referred to as Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia that is crossed by the equator and is located between the mainland of the Asian continent and Australia, as well as between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia is the world's largest archipelago of 17,504 islands. [1]


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Alternative name commonly used is Nusantara. [2]


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

With a population of Almost 270,054,853 million in 2018, [3] Indonesia is the fourth largest populated country in the world and the largest Muslim-populated country in the world, with more than 230 million. [4]


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Indonesian state form is a unitary state and the Indonesian form of government is a republic, with the House of Representatives, the House of Regional Representatives and a directly elected President.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The capital of Indonesia is Jakarta.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia borders land with Malaysia on Borneo Island, with Papua New Guinea on Papua Island and with East Timor on Timor Island.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Other neighboring countries are Singapore, the Philippines, Australia, and the union territories of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia's history is much influenced by other peoples.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Indonesian archipelago became an important trading region since the 7th century, namely since the establishment of the Kingdom of Sriwijaya, a Hindu-Buddhist possessions centered in Palembang.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

This kingdom of Sriwijaya established religious and trade relations with China and India, also with the Arabs.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The kingdoms of Hinduism and/or Buddhism began to grow in the early 4th century to the 13th century AD, followed by traders and scholars from the Arab diploma who brought Islam around the 8th century to the 16th century, as well as the arrival of Europeans in the late 15th century who fought each other for monopolizing the Maluku spice trade during the era of ocean exploration.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

After being under Dutch colonization for almost 3 centuries, Indonesia which was then named Dutch East Indies declared its independence at the end of World War II, precisely on August 17, 1945.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Furthermore, Indonesia received various challenges and severe problems, ranging from frequent natural disasters, massive corruption practices, social conflicts, separatism movements, democratization processes, and periods of development, changes and socio-economic-political developments, as well as modernization rapidly.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

From Sabang at the tip of Aceh to Merauke in the land of Papua, Indonesia consists of various tribes, languages, and religions.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Based on a group of nations (races), Indonesia consists of indigenous peoples namely Mongoloid Southern/Austronesia and Melanesia where Austronesians are the largest number and more inhabit western Indonesia.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

More specifically, the Javanese tribe is the largest tribe with a population of 41.7% of the entire population of Indonesia. [5]


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia's national motto, “Bhinneka tunggal ika” (“Different but still one”), means socio-cultural diversity that forms a union/country.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In addition to having a densely populated population and large areas, Indonesia has natural areas that support the second largest level of biodiversity in the world.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia is a member of the United Nations and the only member to have quit the United Nations, namely on January 7, 1965, and rejoined on September 28, 1966 and Indonesia remained declared as the 60th member, the same membership since Indonesia's joining dated September 28, 1950.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In addition to the United Nations, Indonesia is also a member country of ASEAN, KAA, APEC, OIC, G-20 and will soon become a member of the OECD.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Etymology The word “Indonesia” comes from ancient Greek, Indus which refers to the Indus river in India and nesos meaning “island”. [6]


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

So, the word Indonesia means the territory of “Indian archipelago”, or archipelago located in the territory of the Indies, it refers to the similarity between the two peoples (India and Indonesia). [7]


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an ethnologist of British nationality, originally proposed the terms Indunesia and Malayunesia for the inhabitants of the “Indian Islands or Malay Archipelago”. [8]


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Earl's disciple, James Richardson Logan, used the word Indonesian as a synonym of Indian Islands. [9]


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

However, Dutch academic writing in the Dutch East Indies media does not use the word Indonesian, but the terms Malay Archipelago (Maleische Archipel); Dutch East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indië), or Indies (Indië); East (de Oost); and even Insulinde (the term was introduced 1860 in Max Havelaar's novel (1859), written by Multatuli, concerning criticism of Dutch colonialism). [2]


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Since 1900, Indonesian names became more common in academic environments outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalists used them for political expression. [2]


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Adolf Bastian of the University of Berlin published this name through the book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884—1894.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The first Indonesian student to use it was Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), which is when he established a news agency in the Netherlands called Indonesisch Pers Bureau in 1913. [7]


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

History History of Indonesia consists of many stages/periods.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In broad terms, the history of Indonesia consists of the prehistoric period, the ancient/classical period, the middle period, the period of colonialism, the early period of independence, and the modern period.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The prehistoric period of ancient human fossils such as Homo erectus, which anthropologists also nicknamed the “Javanese Man”, give rise to the conjecture that the Indonesian archipelago had begun to inhabit at between two million and 500,000 years ago.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

But the truth about this is widely disputed. [10]


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Until 75000 Before AD, the mainland of the western archipelago (roughly the western archipelago including present-day Sumatra, Java, and Borneo) was still fused with the main mainland of Asia.


Question: How much is the breadth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In this century there was also an eruption of Mount Toba, which is touted as one of the largest volcanic eruptions in history that caused climate change that is said to have almost wiped out the modern human population at that time.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Humanity itself actually has not reached Sumatra, the wave of migration from Africa has stalled temporarily due to this eruption.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Mount Toba later sank and its calendar formed a large lake of the same name.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Around 25000 century BC, the first migratory waves of modern humans reached the plains of the archipelago.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Early civilization and early culture began to form when the Holocene era (10000 years before AD) marked the end of the ice age and this plain began to separate from the main mainland of Asia and split to form the archipelago archipelago as it is today.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Since then, the Melanesians who were the first modern human peoples in the archipelago formed early cultures.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The arrival of Austronesians from mainland Taiwan who began arriving in the archipelago around 2000 years BC caused the Melanesians who had existed there first to be pushed into the far eastern regions of the archipelago, although some were assimilated/acculturated with these arrivals . [11]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

With fertile volcanic soil conditions, the abundance of biodiversity, coupled with the cultivation ability that humans had at that time caused agricultural and settlement activities to begin to form and grow rapidly. [12]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Advanced civilizations such as Proto-Malay and Deutro-Malay began to develop in this century.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The classical period of small kingdoms began to emerge from the beginning of the century AD.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The oldest known kingdom based on recent discoveries is the Kandis kingdom, not the Kutai kingdom as most people presumed during this time.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Based on existing discoveries, the Kandis kingdom was located on the island of Sumatra, approximately in the area of present-day Riau.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

But unfortunately, only little is known of this kingdom due to the minimal evidence and records.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Other important kingdoms in Sumatra were the Ancient Malay kingdom or the Ancient Jambi kingdom (standing around the 2nd century AD).


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

On the island of Java, stands the kingdom of Salakanegara, the first Hindu kingdom in the archipelago located in the area around Cianjur, West Java.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Salakanegara kingdom began its standing in 130 AD, then developed into the kingdom of Tarumanegara in 358 AD.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Kutai Kingdom itself began to establish in East Kalimantan in 350 AD, followed by the establishment of two other kingdoms in South Kalimantan, namely the kingdom of Tanjungpuri and the kingdom of Nan Sarunai in 525 A.D. Middle in 900 AD.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Other early kingdoms were Siang kingdom in South Sulawesi and Suwawa kingdom in Gorontalo area.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In the 7th century AD, there stood the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom of Sriwijaya in South Sumatra which later developed into the greatest omnipresence with the longest-standing period in Southeast Asia until the early 11th century.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The kingdom controlled most of Sumatra, the Malaya Peninsula, Java, to the western and southwestern coasts of Borneo. [13]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The kingdom also controlled shipping and trade activity in the Strait of Malacca which was the main maritime trade route between India and China.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Strait of Malacca is one of the most important shipping lines in the world.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Since then, Indonesia's history was also heavily influenced by other nations until later times.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Middle Period During the Sriwijaya kingdom, the Hindu-Buddhist Sanjaya Dynasty and Syailendra of the Sriwijaya kingdom also established pioneering kingdoms in central Java island.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

These kingdoms later evolved into large kingdoms, consisting of the kingdom of Panjalu/Daha/Kediri (1045—1222), the kingdom of Tumapel/Singosari (1222—1292), to the kingdom of Majapahit (1293—1527).


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Majapahit Kingdom further developed into the largest omniscience in the archipelago with a large area of power covering central and southern Sumatra, Malaya peninsula, coastal and lowland Borneo, southern and eastern tip of Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, to western end Papua.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

After Majapahit collapsed, Islamic kingdoms began to grow rapidly in Indonesia. [14]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Islam had actually entered Indonesia in the 7th century AD, but its spread has not been as significant as it was only in the 15th to 16th centuries.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The religion of Islam entered Indonesia first through Arab traders and scholars, and subsequently through Persian and Indian (Gujarat) traders.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Traders and sailors from China who were Muslim under the leadership of Admiral Cheng Ho also participated in spreading Islam in Indonesia. [15]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The first known Islamic kingdom (or called sultanate) was the Jeumpa sultanate which stood in Aceh in 777 AD.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The sultanate was located in the northern coast area to the east of present-day Banda Aceh.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Other sultanates that also began to stand in Aceh are Perlak sultanate (840—1292) and Lamuri sultanate (851—1514).


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Since then, Islam began to influence the culture of Aceh and other regions of the archipelago in later times. [16]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

On the Malayan Peninsula stood the Malacca sultanate in 1405 AD.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Sultanate then expanded its territory to the coast of Riau.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Other sultanates in Sumatra also began to stand and develop such as the Samudera Pasai sultanate (1267—1521), Pagaruyung Sultanate (1347—1825), Aceh sultanate (1507—1903), Jambi sultanate (1615—1903), and Siak sultanate (1723—1945).


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Sultanate of Aceh is the strongest sultanate in Sumatra.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Sultanate stood for 4 centuries and briefly controlled all of northern and central Sumatra (except the Batak lands) and the Malayan peninsula.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Even the Dutch colonists until overwhelmed faced this sultanate.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The first sultanate on the island of Java was the sultanate of Demak which was established in 1475 AD.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

However whether it is true that the Demak sultanate was the first sultanate in Java until recently is still debated.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Some mention that the first sultanate in Java was the kingdom of Lumajang, which stood in the area of Lumajang, East Java in 1295 AD.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

It is also said that the Lumajang kingdom at that time had adopted Islam.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Demak Kingdom itself in his time encompassed the entire area of Java (except southern Banten which is the center of the Pajajaran kingdom which is Hindu), Madura, Sumatra (Jambi, Bengkulu, Palembang, and Bangka-Belitung), and the coast of Borneo (except the northern coast controlled by the Sultanate of Brunei).


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

After the Demak sultanate, several sultanates that stood on the island of Java were the sultanate of Banten (1526—1813), the sultanate of Pajang (1549—1588), and the Mataram sultanate (1588—1755).


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In Kalimantan, there are two major sultanates that began to be established in the 14th century and 16th century, namely the Banjar sultanate on the south coast and the Sultanate of Brunei on the north coast.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Banjar Sultanate itself was formerly subordinate to the Demak sultanate, and as long as it was subordinate to Demak anyway, the sultanate expanded its area of government to cover the entire coast of Borneo, except the northern coast which was under Brunei's rule.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Around 1569 to 1800s, the Banjar sultanate was split into several independent sultanates.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The sultanates include Sambas sultanate (1671—1950), Kutai Kartanegara sultanate (1300 — present), Landak sultanate (1472 — present), and Bulungan sultanate (1731—1964).


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In Sulawesi and Maluku, there are three major sultanates, namely the Gowa sultanate in South Sulawesi, as well as the sultanates of Ternate and Tidore in North Maluku.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The territory of the Gowa sultanate covers southern and central Sulawesi, while northern and eastern Sulawesi at that time under the Ternate sultanate.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Sultanate of Gowa also encompasses the islands of Lombok and Sumbawa in West Nusa Tenggara.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Sultanate of Ternate had a large area covering the islands of South Maluku, North Maluku, and East Nusa Tenggara.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

However, South Moluccas and East Nusa Tenggara fell into the hands of Spanish and Portuguese arrivals in the early 17th century.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

While the Sultanate of Tidore covers the eastern North Moluccas to the western and northern coast of Papua.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

From the 15th century until the 19th century, the remaining kingdoms and sultanates in the archipelago began to be controlled by the Uni-Iberian alliance (Spanish-Portuguese), then the VOC, the British, and subsequently controlled by the Dutch East Indies for about three centuries. [16]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesian colonialism is also a country that is colonized by many European and Asian countries, because since ancient times Indonesia is a country rich in abundant natural produce, to make European countries stunned to colonize and intend to control natural resources For income for its country, Countries that once colonized Indonesia include: Portuguese in 1509, only Moluccas, then successfully expelled in 1595.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Spain in 1521, only North Sulawesi, but was successfully expelled in 1692.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Netherlands in 1602, most of Indonesia's territory.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

French (1795—1811).


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

France conquered the Dutch Republic in 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars, and France established the Batavian Republic (1795—1806) and the Kingdom of Hollandia (1806—1810) in status as a vassal state of France.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Thus, indirectly France was the supreme ruler of the Dutch East Indies.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In 1810 the Kingdom of Hollandia was melted into the French First Empire, so the Dutch East Indies region became a French colony directly.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Nonetheless government and defence remained held by Dutch citizens (including Herman Willem Daendels who was in power 1908—1811 and was known to be pro-French) French power ended in 1811 when Britain defeated the Dutch-French power on the island of Java.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

United Kingdom in 1811, since the signing of the Capitulation of Tuntang, one of which contains the surrender of Java Island from the Netherlands to the United Kingdom, in 1814 the London Convention was held in which the Dutch government ruled again over the colonies of Britain in Indonesia.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Then only in 1816, British rule in Indonesia officially ended.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Japan in 1942 and ended in 1945, due to the defeat of Japan to the Allied forces.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

When the Europeans came in the early 16th century, they found several kingdoms that they could easily master for the sake of dominating the spice trade.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Portuguese first landed in two ports of the Sunda Kingdom namely Banten and Sunda Kelapa, but were able to be expelled and move eastward and take control of the Moluccas.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In the 17th century, the Netherlands emerged as the strongest among other European nations, defeating Great Britain and Portugal (except for their colony, Portuguese Timor).


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

It was during this time that Christianity entered Indonesia as one of the old missions of imperialism known as 3G, namely Gold, Glory, and Gospel. [17]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Dutch controlled Indonesia as a colony until World War II, initially through the VOC, and then directly by the Dutch government from the early 19th century.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Under the Cultuurstelsel (Planting System) system in the 19th century, large plantations and forced plantings were implemented in Java, eventually resulting in profits for the Dutch that the VOC could not generate.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In the freer period of colonial rule after 1870, this system was phased out.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

After 1901 the Dutch side introduced the Policy of Beretics, [18] which included limited political reforms and greater investment in the Dutch East Indies.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

During World War II, as the Netherlands was colonized by Germany, Japan took control of Indonesia.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

After gaining Indonesia in 1942, Japan saw that Indonesian fighters were co-operative trading associates and were willing to deploy servicemen when necessary.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Soekarno, Mohammad Hatta, KH.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Mas Mansur, and Ki Hajar Dewantara were given the award by the Emperor of Japan in 1943.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesian Independence In March 1945 Japan formed a committee for the independence of Indonesia.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

After the Pacific War ended in 1945, under the pressure of youth organizations, Soekarno-Hatta proclaimed Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945 which at the time was Ramadan.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

After independence, the nation's three founders namely Soekarno, Mohammad Hatta, and Sutan Sjahrir served as president, vice president, and prime minister respectively.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In an attempt to retake control of Indonesia, the Dutch dispatched their troops.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

These bloody attempts to dampen the movement for independence came to be known by the Dutch as 'police actie' (politionele actie), otherwise known by Indonesians as Military Aggression. [19]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Netherlands finally accepted Indonesia's right to independence on 27 December 1949 as a federal state called the Republic of Indonesia United after coming under intense pressure from international circles, especially the United States.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Natsir's Integral Motion on 17 August 1950, called for the return of the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia and dissolve the United Republic of Indonesia.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Soekarno again became president with Mohammad Hatta as vice-president and Mohammad Natsir as prime minister.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In the 1950s and 1960s, the Soekarno administration began to follow as well as pioneering non-aligned movements at first, later becoming closer to socialist blocs, for example the People's Republic of China and Yugoslavia.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The 1960s bore witness to the onset of military confrontation against the neighbouring country, Malaysia (“Konfrontation”), [20] and dissatisfaction with the growing economic hardship.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Subsequently in 1965 erupted the G30S incident which led to the death of 6 generals and a number of other middle-ranking officers.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

A new force called itself the New Order immediately accused the Communist Party of Indonesia as the brain behind this incident and intends to overthrow the legitimate government and change the national ideology to be based on socialist-communist understanding.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

These allegations were also used as an excuse to replace the old government under President Soekarno.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

General Soeharto became a Presidential Officer in 1967 on the grounds for securing the country from the threat of communism.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Meanwhile, Soekarno's own physical condition is weakening.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

After Soeharto came to power, hundreds of thousands of Indonesian citizens suspected of communist involvement were murdered, while many more Indonesians were overseas, did not dare to return to their homeland, and eventually had their citizenship revoked.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Thirty-two years of Soeharto's reign was called the New Order, while Soekarno's reign was called the Old Order.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Soeharto implemented neoliberal economics and managed to bring in large foreign investments to enter Indonesia and generate large, albeit uneven, economic growth.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

At the beginning of the New Order regime Indonesian echomic policy was drawn up by a group of economists from the University of California, Berkeley, who were called the “Berkeley Mafia”. [21]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

However, Soeharto added to his wealth and that of his family through widespread practices of corruption, collusion, and nepotism and he was eventually forced to step down from office after massive demonstrations and the country's deteriorating economic condition in 1998.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Transitional Period of the Reform Order or Reform Era lasted from 1998 to 2001, when there were three presidential terms: Bacharuddin Jusuf (BJ) Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Sukarnoputri.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In 2004, there was held the largest one-day General Election in the world [22] which was won by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, as president directly elected by the people, who served for two periods (2004—2009 and 2009—2014).


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia is now experiencing economic, political problems and religious infighting in the country, and some regions are trying to break away from the auspices of the NKRI, especially Papua.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

East Timor officially seceded in 1999 after 24 years of unification with Indonesia and 3 years under UN administration became the country of East Timor.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In December 2004 and March 2005, Aceh and Nias were hit by two major earthquakes that in total killed hundreds of thousands of people.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

(See 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and March 2005 Sumatra Earthquake.)


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

This incident was followed by the earthquake in Yogyakarta and tsunami that hit Pangandaran Beach and surrounding areas, as well as mud floods in Sidoarjo in 2006 that were not solved.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Political and governmental JMPL|left|MPR-DPR JMPL|Ka|Istana Negara, one of the Presidential Palaces in Indonesia.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia runs a democratic multiparty presidential republican government.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

As also in other democratic countries, the political system in Indonesia is based on Trias Politika which is legislative, executive and judicial powers.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Legislative power is vested in an agency called the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR).


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The MPR was once the highest institution of the unicameral state, but after the 4th amendment the MPR was not the highest institution anymore, and the composition of its membership also changed.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

MPR after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution, namely since 2004 transformed into a bicameral institution consisting of 560 members of the House of Representatives (DPR) who are representatives of the people through Political Parties, plus 132 members of the House of Regional Representatives (DPD) who are provincial representatives of the line independent. [23]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Members of Parliament and DPD are elected by election and are sworn in for a five-year term.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Previously, members of the MPR were all members of Parliament plus group envoys and TNI/police.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The MPR is currently chaired by Zulkifli Hasan.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

DPR is currently chaired by Bambang Soesatyo, while DPD is currently chaired by Oesman Sapta Odang.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Executive agencies are centered on the president, vice president, and cabinet.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Cabinet in Indonesia is the Presidential Cabinet so the ministers are accountable to the president and do not represent the existing political parties in parliament.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Nonetheless, the current president, Joko Widodo, who is carried by the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle also appointed a number of political party leaders to sit in his cabinet.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The goal is to maintain the stability of government given the strong position of legislative institutions in Indonesia.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

However important and strategic posts are generally filled by ministers without party portfolio (coming from someone considered an expert in their field).


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Judicial Institute since the reform period and the amendment of the 1945 Constitution is run by the Supreme Court, the Judicial Commission, and the Constitutional Court, including the administrative arrangements of the judges.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Nonetheless the existence of the Minister of Law and Human Rights remains preserved.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Foreign and military relations Contrary to Sukarno's anti-Imperialism, antipathy towards western powers, and strained with Malaysia, foreign relations since Suharto's “new Order” have been based on economics and political cooperation with western countries. [25]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia maintains good relations with its Asian neighbors, and Indonesia is the founder of the ASEAN and East Asia Summit.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia reestablished relations with the People's Republic of China in 1990, whereas it had previously froze relations in connection with anti-communist turmoil early in Suharto's reign.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia became a member of the United Nations since 1950, [26] and founder of the Non-Bloc Movement and Organisation of Islamic Groups which has now become the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia has signed ASEAN Free Trade Area, Cairns Group, and World Trade Organization agreements, and was once an OPEC member, although Indonesia withdrew in 2008 as Indonesia was no longer a net exporter of crude oil.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia has received humanitarian and development aid since 1966, mainly from the United States, Western European countries, Australia and Japan.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Indonesian government has been working with the international world in connection with bombings carried out by Islamic militants and Al-Qaeda. [27]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Major bombings inflicted a toll of 202 dead (including 164 foreign tourists) in Kuta, Bali in 2012. [28]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

These attacks and travel warnings issued by other countries, have a heavy impact on the travel/tourist services industry and the outlook for foreign investment. [29]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

But it is fortunate that Indonesia's overall economy is not too influenced by the above, because Indonesia is a country whose domestic economy is quite strong and dominant.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Indonesian National Army consists of TNI—AD, TNI-AL (including Marines) and TNI-AU. [30]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

With a strength of 400,000 active soldiers, it had a budget of 4% of its GDP in 2006, but there is controversy that there are sources of funds from commercial interests and foundations protected by the military. [31]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

One good thing about the reform in line with the retreat of Suharto is the retreat of the military from parliament after the dispersal of the ABRI Function, although the military influence in the country still remains strong. [32]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Separatist movements in parts of Aceh and Papua have caused armed conflict, and human rights violations and brutality committed by all two parties. [33] [34] After 30 years of sporadic feud between the Free Aceh Movement and the Indonesian military, the agreement of cease weapons occurred in 2005. [35]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In Papua, there has been a striking progress, although there are still shortcomings, with the implementation of autonomy, resulting in reduced human rights violations. [36]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The administrative division of Indonesia currently de facto consists of 34 provinces, five of which have different status (Aceh, Special Region of Yogyakarta, West Papua, Papua, and DKI Jakarta).


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The province is divided into 416 districts and 98 towns or 7,024 sub-district level areas [37] or 81,626 village-level areas. [38]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

There are various local terms for a region in Indonesia such as: sub-district, village, gampong, kampung, nagari, pekon, or other terms accommodated by the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 32 Year 2004 concerning Local Government.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Each province has a provincial parliament and a governor; while the district has a regency and regent; then the city has a municipal council and a mayor; all of them are elected directly by the people through elections and elections.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

After all in Jakarta there is no DPR Regency or City, because the Administrative Regency and the Administrative City in Jakarta are not autonomous regions.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Aceh Province, Yogyakarta Special Region, West Papua Province, and Papua have greater legislature privileges and a higher degree of autonomy than other provinces.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

For example, Aceh has the right to establish its own legal system; in 2003, Aceh began to establish Sharia law. [39]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Yogyakarta was awarded the status of Special Region in recognition of Yogyakarta's important role in supporting Indonesia during the Revolution. [40]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Papua province, formerly called Irian Jaya, was granted special autonomy status in 2001. [41]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

DKI Jakarta, is a special region of the capital of the country.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Portuguese Timor was incorporated into Indonesian territory and became a province of East Timor in 1976—1999, which later seceded via referendum becoming the State of East Timor. [42]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Provinces in Indonesia and its capital Geography See also: Map of Asia and Number of islands in Indonesia 150px|JMPL|Ka|Madakaripura waterfall in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, Lumbang, Probolinggo, East Java.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia is an archipelago country in Southeast Asia [44] which has 17,504 large and small islands, [1] about 6,000 of which are uninhabited [45], which spread around the equator, providing tropical weather.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia's position is located at coordinates 6°LU — 11°08'LS and from 95°'BT — 141°45'BT and is located between two continents namely the Asian continent and the Australia/Oceania continent.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia stretches 3,977 miles between the Indian and Pacific Oceans.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia's mainland area is 1,922,570km² and its water area is 3,257,483km².


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The most populous island is the island of Java, where half the population of Indonesia resides.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia consists of 5 large islands, namely: Java with an area of 132.107km², Sumatra with an area of 473,606km², Borneo with an area of 539,460km², Sulawesi with an area of 189.216km², and Papua with an area of 421.981km².


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The boundary of Indonesia's territory is measured from the islands using the territorial sea: 12 nautical miles and exclusive economic zone: 200 nautical miles, [46] in the direction of the wind, namely: Natural resources of Indonesia's natural resources in the form of petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, wood, bauxite, fertile soil, stone coal, gold, and silver with land division consists of agricultural land at 10%, plantations at 7%, pastures at 7%, forests and forested areas at 62%, and others of 14% with 45,970km of irrigated land. [47]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Education in accordance with the prevailing constitution, which is based on the 1945 Constitution Article 31 paragraph 4 and Law number 20 of 2003 on the national education system, that the government of Indonesia both central and regional must allocate budget for education equal to 20% of the state budget and the APBD in outside the educator's salary and the cost of officialness.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

But in 2007, the allocation provided was only about 17.2%, much lower compared to the countries of Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines which had allocated budgets for education of more than 28%. [48]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The economy of the Indonesian economic system was initially supported by the launch of Oeang Repoeblik Indonesia (ORI) on 30 October 1946 which became the first currency of the Republic of Indonesia, which was subsequently renamed the Rupiah.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

During the reign of the Old Order, Indonesia did not fully adapt the capitalist economic system, but also blended it with economic nationalism.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The inexperienced government, still meddling into some influential production activities for many people.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

This, plus political behavior, resulted in instability in the country's economy. [49]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

New Order officials immediately implemented economic disciplines aimed at suppressing inflation, stabilizing the currency, rescheduling foreign debt, and seeking to attract foreign aid and investment. [49]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In the 1970s era rising petroleum prices led to soaring export values, and triggered a high average economic growth rate of 7% between 1968 to 1981. [49]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Further economic reforms towards the end of the 1980s, including the deregulation of the financial sector and the restrained weakening of the rupiah, [49] further flowing foreign investment to Indonesia, especially in export-oriented industries between 1989 to 1997 [50] Indonesia's economy suffered a setback in the late 1990s due to the economic crisis that hit much of Asia at the time, [51] which was also accompanied by the end of the New Order period with the resignation of President Soeharto on 21 May 1998.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Today Indonesia's economy has been quite stable.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia's GDP growth in 2004 and 2005 exceeded 5% and is expected to continue. [52]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

However, the impact of growth has not been large enough to affect the unemployment rate, which is 9.75%. [53] [54] A 2006 estimate, 17.8% of people live below the poverty line, and there are 49.0% of people living on less than US$ 2 per day. [55]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia has large natural resources outside of Java, including crude oil, natural gas, tin, copper, and gold.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia is the fifth largest natural gas exporter [56] in the world, although lately it has begun to become a net importer of crude oil.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The main agricultural produce includes rice, tea, coffee, spices, and rubber. [57]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The service sector is the biggest contributor to GDP, which stands at 45.3% to 2005 GDP.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

While the industrial sector accounted for 40.7%, and the agricultural sector accounted for 14.0%. [58]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Despite this, the agricultural sector employs more people than other sectors, which is 44.3% of the 95 million person workforce.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The service sector employs 36.9%, and the rest of the industrial sector is 18.8%. [59]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia's biggest trading partners are Japan, the United States, and its co-countries are Malaysia, Singapore and Australia.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Although rich in natural and human resources, Indonesia still faces major problems in the area of poverty largely caused by rampant corruption in government.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Institute for Transparency International placed Indonesia as 143rd out of 180 countries in its Corruption Perception Index, issued in 2007. [60]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

International ranking of Population Demographics of JMPL|250px|Population density of Indonesia according to Census 2010 According to the 2000 population census, Indonesia has a population of about 206 million, [68] and was estimated in 2006 to have a population of 222 million. [69] 130 million (more than 50%) live on the island of Java which is the most populated island as well as the island where the capital Jakarta is located. [70]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Most (95%) of Indonesia's population is Austronesian, and there are also Melanesian, Polynesian, and Micronesian tribal groups, especially in Eastern Indonesia.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Many Indonesians declare themselves to be part of more specific tribal groups, which are divided according to language and regional origin, for example Javanese, Sundanese, Madura, Batak, and Minangkabau.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In addition there is also a population of arrivals whose numbers are minorities among which are ethnic Chinese, Indians, and Arabs.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

They had long come to the archipelago through trade since the 8th century AD and settled into part of the Archipelago.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In Indonesia there is about 4 million ethnic Chinese population. [71]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

This figure varies because only in 1930 and 2000 the government conducted a census by classifying Indonesians into tribes and their descendants.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Islam is the majority religion embraced by about 85.2% of Indonesians, which makes Indonesia the country with the most Muslim population in the world. [57]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The rest were Protestant (8.9%), Catholic (3%), Hindu (1.8%), Buddhist (0.8%), and others (0.3%).


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In addition to these religions, the Indonesian government also officially recognizes Konghucu. [72]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The majority of Indonesian people speak in the language of the region as their mother tongue and colloquial language, but the country's official language, namely Bahasa Indonesia, is taught in all schools in the country and is mastered by almost the entire population of Indonesia.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

JMPL|Ka|Wayang Kulit Javanese cultural heritage.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia has about 300 ethnic groups, each ethnicity has a cultural heritage that developed over centuries, influenced by Indian, Arab, Chinese, European culture, and including its own Malay culture.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Examples of traditional Javanese and Balinese dances have aspects of Hindu culture and mythology, such as Wayang Kulit featuring stories of Hindu mythological happenings Ramayana and Baratayuda.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

There are also many dance arts that contain Islamic values.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Some of them can be found in areas of Sumatra such as Ratéb Meuseukat dance and Seudati dance from Aceh.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Art pantun, gurindam, and so on from various areas such as Malay pantun, and other pantuns are often used in certain events, namely events, art performances, and others.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Fashion In the field of fashion a famous cultural heritage around the world is the craft of Batik.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Some areas famous for Batik industry include Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Cirebon, Pandeglang, Garut, Tasikmalaya and also Pekalongan.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

This Batik craft is also claimed by other countries with its Batik industry. [73]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Original Indonesian fashion from Sabang to Merauke other can be recognized from its characteristics worn in each region including dress Kurung with Songket from West Sumatra (Minangkabau), Ulos fabric from North Sumatra (Batak), Kebaya fashion, Dayak fashion in Kalimantan, Bodo clothes from North Sumatra (Batak), fashion Kebaya, Dayak clothing in Kalimantan, Bodo clothes from South Sulawesi, Koteka fashion from Papua and so on.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The Architectural Architecture of Indonesia reflects the cultural, historical, and geographical diversity that makes up Indonesia completely.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Attackers, invaders, religious spreaders, merchants, and merchants brought cultural change by making an impact on building styles and techniques.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Traditionally, the most powerful foreign architectural influence is from India.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

However, Chinese, Arab, and since the 19th century European influences have become quite dominant.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Characteristics of ancient Indonesian architecture can still be seen through the traditional houses and/or royal palaces of each province.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, one of the tourist attractions in Jakarta that became miniature Indonesia, showcases the diversity of Indonesian architecture.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Some typical Indonesian buildings such as Gadang House, National Monument, and Building Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning at Bandung Institute of Technology.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The most popular sports sports in Indonesia are football and badminton.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Gojek Traveloka Liga 1 is the premier football club league in Indonesia.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Traditional Indonesian sports include sepak takraw and karapan sapi.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In regions with a history of intertribal warfare, fight contests were held, such as caci in Flores, and pasola in Sumba.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Pencak silat is a unique martial art originating from the Indonesian region.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

This martial art is sometimes featured at events which are usually followed by traditional Indonesian music in the form of Gamelan and other traditional music arts according to their native region.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Sports in Indonesia are usually oriented towards men and spectatorial sports are often associated with gambling that is illegal in Indonesia. [74]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In the multi-branch competition event, the achievements of Indonesian athletes are not very impressive.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

At the Olympics, Indonesia's best achievement was achieved during the 1992 Olympics, where Indonesia ranked 24th by winning 2 gold 2 silver and 1 bronze, all five medals were achieved through badminton branch.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In the era of 1960 to 2000, Indonesia rejuvenated badminton.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesian athletes such as Rudi Hartono, Liem Swie King, Icuk Sugiarto, Alan Budikusuma, Ricky Subagja, and Rexy Mainaky won the world championships.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Rudi Hartono who is considered the world badminton maestro, became the most popular All England champion in the history of Indonesian badminton.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

He won 8 titles, with 7 titles achieved consecutively.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In addition to badminton, Indonesian boxing athletes were also able to win world titles, such as Elyas Pical, Nico Thomas [75], and Chris John. [76] in the international football event, the Indonesian national team (Dutch East Indies) was the first Asian team to participate in the World Cup in 1938 France.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Music Art in Indonesia, both traditional and modern is very much stretched from Sabang to Merauke.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Every province in Indonesia has traditional music with its own characteristics.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Traditional music includes Keroncong originating from Portuguese descent in Tugu area, Jakarta, [77] which is known by all Indonesian people even to foreign countries.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

There is also merakyat music in Indonesia known as dangdut which is modern Malay music influenced by Indian music so this dangdut music is very different from actual Malay traditional music, such as Malay Deli music, Malay Riau, and so on.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Traditional musical instruments that are typical Indonesian musical instruments have many varieties from various regions in Indonesia, but many Indonesian traditional musical instruments claimed by other countries [78] for the benefit of adding their own music culture and art by patenting the copyright of art and Indonesian cultural heritage to the UNESCO International agency.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Traditional Indonesian musical instruments include: Angklung Bende Calung Dermenan Gamelan Gandang Tabuik Gendang Bali Gendang Karo Gondang Batak Gondang (Sundanese music) Gong Kemada Gong Lambus Jidor Flute Harte Batak Kendang Java Kenong Kulintang Rebab Rebab Rebana Saluang Saron Sasando Serunai Seurune Kale Suling Lembang Suling Batak Suling Sunda Talempong Tanggetong Tifa, and so on As a diverse country, Indonesia also has regional songs contained in each province.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesian cuisine varies depending on the region. [79]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Rice is a staple and served with meat and vegetable side dishes.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Seasonings (especially chili peppers), coconut milk, fish, and chicken are important ingredients. [80]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Throughout history, Indonesia has been a trading place between two continents.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

This led to the carrying of many condiments, foodstuffs and cooking techniques from the Malays themselves, Indians, Middle Easterners, Chinese, and Europeans.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

All this mixes with the distinctive features of traditional Indonesian food, resulting in a great deal of diversity not found in other regions.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Even the Spanish and Portuguese, have preceded the Dutch by bringing many products from the new world to Indonesia.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Sambal, satay, meatballs, soto, and fried rice are some examples of foods commonly eaten by Indonesian people every day. [81]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In addition to being served in stalls or restaurants, there are also various Indonesian specialties that are sold by traveling traders using carts or pickulants.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

This merchant serves chicken porridge, chicken noodles, meatball noodles, fried noodles, fried rice, various kinds of soto, siomay, satay, uduk rice, and others.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Padang restaurant serving Padang rice, namely rice served with various dishes of Padang cuisine, is easy to find in various cities in Indonesia.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In addition Warung Tegal which serves Tegal typical Javanese cuisine at affordable prices is also widespread.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Rice rames or nasi mixes containing rice along with selected side dishes or vegetables are sold at rice stalls in public places, such as train stations, markets, and bus terminals.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In the Special Region of Yogyakarta and surrounding areas known cat rice as rice rames which are small in size at low prices, cat rice is often sold on angkringan, a type of five foot stalls.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Small confectioners such as pastries are widely sold in traditional markets.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The pastries are usually made from rice, glutinous rice, yam, sweet potato, wheat, or sago.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The first film film produced for the first time in the archipelago was a 1926 silent film titled Loetoeng Kasaroeng and made by Dutch directors G. Kruger and L. Heuveldorp in the days of HindiaDutch.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The film was made with local actors by the Jawa Film Company NV in Bandung and appeared the first time on 31 December, 1926 at the Elite and Majestic theatres, Bandung.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

After that, more than 2,200 films were produced.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In the early days of independence, Indonesian syneas have not sprung up much.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Among the existing syneas, Usmar Ismail was one of the most prolific directors, with his first film Treasure Karun (1949).


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

But then the first film officially recognized as Indonesia's first film as a country of nationality was the film Darah dan Doa (1950) directed by Usmar Ismail.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Decade 1970 to 2000s, Arizal emerged as the most prolific film director.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

No less than 52 films and 8 soap opera titles with 1,196 episodes have been produced.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The popularity of the Indonesian film industry peaked in the 1980s and dominated cinema in Indonesia, [82] although its popularity waned by the beginning of the 1990s. Between 2000 to 2005, the number of Indonesian films released annually increased. [82]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The film Laskar Pelangi (2008) which was lifted from a novel by Andrea Hirata became the highest-earning film in the history of Indonesian cinema today.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Literature The oldest evidence of writing in Indonesia is various Sanskrit inscriptions in the 5th century AD.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Notable figures in modern Indonesian literature include: Dutch author Multatuli who criticized the Dutch treatment of Indonesia during the Dutch colonial era; Muhammad Yamin and Hamka who were pre-independence writers and politicians; [83] and Pramoedya Ananta Toer, a novel maker Indonesia's most famous. [84]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In addition to novels, Indonesian written literature is also in the form of poetry, pantun, and rhyme.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Chairil Anwar is Indonesia's most celebrated poetry writer.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Many Indonesians have strong oral traditions, which help define and maintain their cultural identity. [85]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Freedom of the Press and Public Media Freedom of the press in Indonesia increased after the end of President Soeharto's power.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Television stations include 14 national private television stations, and regional networks that compete with the state television station TVRI.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Private radio stations broadcast their news and foreign broadcasting programs.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

There were reported to be 20 million Internet users in the country in 2007. [86]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

As of 2014, the number of netizens (Internet users) grew rapidly to 83.7 million people or the sixth most in the world. [87]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

JMPL|Building Pusat Bahasa, an institution that is the center of language treasury in Indonesia.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia has only one national language or country language, namely Bahasa Indonesia. [88]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

State interference with national languages is organized through the Language Development and Development Agency under the Ministry of Education and Culture. [89]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia has more than 721 regional languages [90].


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Among the hundreds of languages of the region, the most spread is in Papua and Borneo, while the least is on the island of Java.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

According to the number of speakers, the most widely spoken regional languages in Indonesia successively are: (80 million speakers), Malay-Indonesian,,,,,,,,,,.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

English as an international language has been introduced by the Indonesian government to students from primary education. [91]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

However, for various reasons there is an effort to remove English lessons at the primary school level. [92] [93] For adherents of Islam who are the majority in Indonesia, [94] Arabic is a foreign language that has a special position, because it must be practiced in certain daily worship, for example 'prayer' [95].


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Nonetheless, Arabic has not been a common language since the earliest period of its existence in Indonesia. [96]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The environment of Indonesia has a high diversity of living creatures so by some parties the ecological region of Indonesia is called “Mega biodiversity” or “high diversity of living creatures" [97] [98] commonly known as Indomalaya or Malesia based on research that 10 percent of plants, 12 percent of mammals, 16 percent of reptiles, 17 percent of birds, 25 percent of fish in the world live in Indonesia, whereas Indonesia's area is only 1.3 percent of the area of the Earth.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Indonesia's wealth of living creatures ranked third after Brazil and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. [99]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Nonetheless, Guinness World Records in 2008 once set Indonesia's record as the most powerful country in the world.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Every year Indonesia loses 1.8 million hectares of forest.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Damage caused in upstream areas (forests) also damaged areas downstream (coastal). [100]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

According to Down The Earth notes, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) project in Indonesia's marine sector has triggered a massive overfunction of mangrove forest into a commercial area.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Whereas mangroves, in addition to serving to protect the coast from abrasion, is a good habitat for various types of fish.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The destruction of the mangroves resulted in fishermen having to search for fish with further distances and increased their operational costs in searching for fish.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In addition, the destruction of mangrove forests also leads to more susceptibility of coastal areas of Indonesia to the destruction of sea tides and floods, especially in the rainy season. [101]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Human Development Index According to UNDP, Indonesia's Human Development Index (IPM) reached 0.683 [102] in the 2016 Human Development Report for IPM forecast in 2015 and still occupies moderate status, while according to the Central Agency of Statistics (BPS), IPM Indonesia has reached the number 69.55 (0.695) [103] and still occupy moderate status in the same year anyway.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The difference in the IPM coated by UNDP through Human Development Report (HDR) with BPS lies in the magnitude of the IPM numbers and details.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

So far, indeed, the difference in IPM numbers has been considered prevalent.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

But since about 2011, the difference in UNDP and BPS IPM figures has increased significantly.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

In terms of details, because UNDP reports in international level, IPM Indonesia reports are not reported to a lesser extent.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Conversely, since BPS only reports at the national level, BPS details even up to IPM at the city/county level in a few years report (IPM reports to city/county level are rare), but what is always reported below the national level is certainly IPM reports at the level province/region.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

IPM in 2016 was reported first by BPS in the first half of 2017, while until now, Human Development Report has not been launched.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

The following is a list of Indonesian provinces according to IPM in 2016 according to BPS. [103]


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

See also Nusantara Indonesia Raya (politics) Mafilindo List of Indonesian provinces by IPM Advanced reading Reference Outlinks Wikimedia Atlas of Indonesia Geographic data related to at OpenStreetMap (in English) (in English) (in English) (in English) (in English) (in English) Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

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Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

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Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

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Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

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Indonesia


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Indonesia

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Question: How much is the breADth of Washington, D.C.?

Indonesia

Category:Country in Southeast Asia Category:ASEAN Member States Category:G20 Countries Category:G15 Countries Category:Islands countries


Question: When was the Mughal kingdom established?

Mughal Sultanate

The Mughal Empire (Persian: شاهان مغول Shāhān-e Moṣul; self-designation: ن وركانى - Gūrkānī) was a country that in its heyday ruled Afghanistan, Balochistan, and most of the Indian subcontinent between 1526 and 1857.


Question: When was the Mughal kingdom established?

Mughal Sultanate

The empire was founded by the Mongol leader, Barbur, in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the last Sultan of Delhi in the Battle of Panipat I. The word mughal is the Indo-Aryan version of the Mongols.


Question: When was the Mughal kingdom established?

Mughal Sultanate

The religion of the Mughals is Islam.


Question: When was the Mughal kingdom established?

Mughal Sultanate

The empire was largely conquered by Sher Shah during the time of Humayun, but under Akbar, it grew rapidly, and continued to expand until the end of Aurangzeb's reign.


Question: When was the Mughal kingdom established?

Mughal Sultanate

Jahangir, son of Akbar, ruled this kingdom between 1605-1627.


Question: When was the Mughal kingdom established?

Mughal Sultanate

In October 1627 Shah Jahan, son of Jahangir bequeathed him the throne and vast and rich kingdom in India.


Question: When was the Mughal kingdom established?

Mughal Sultanate

In those centuries, this may have been the largest empire in the world.


Question: When was the Mughal kingdom established?

Mughal Sultanate

The Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, ordered the construction of the Taj Mahal between 1630-1653 in Agra, India.


Question: When was the Mughal kingdom established?

Mughal Sultanate

After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the empire began to decline, although it remained in power for the following 150 years.


Question: When was the Mughal kingdom established?

Mughal Sultanate

In 1739 he was defeated by troops from Persia led by Nadir Shah.


Question: When was the Mughal kingdom established?

Mughal Sultanate

In 1756 Ahmad Shah's forces ransacked Delhi again.


Question: When was the Mughal kingdom established?

Mughal Sultanate

The Kingdom of Great Britain finally dissolved it in 1857.


Question: When was the Mughal kingdom established?

Mughal Sultanate

Reference Outlink Timurids-Mongolian dynasty of Turkish origin Category:Former Countries in Asia Category:Historical India Category:Historical Pakistan Category:Historical Bangladesh Category:Historical Afghanistan


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

Main Page Stand Up Comedy Indonesia (SUKUS) is a single competition competition or stand up comedy followed by talented singular comedians through selection results from all regions in Indonesia organized by Kompas TV.


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

The show is different from the Stand Up Comedy Show aired by Metro TV which is an entertainment show format.


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

With the tagline “Let's Make Laugh!” , the competition show was the first stand up comedy competition in Indonesia to be broadcast by a television station.


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

Therefore, this event is also considered as a benchmark of the highest career achievement for the majority of single jokers, especially single jokers throughout Indonesia if they can appear as contestants/finalists in this competition and as a reference for events on other TV stations with format similar. [1]


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

Background The idea of this event came along with the popularity of stand up comedy in Indonesia in 2010.


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

Pandji Pragiwaksono and Raditya Dika, a pesohor who is a pioneer in the introduction of stand up comedy in Indonesia agreed to create a stand up comedy competition program on one of the private TV stations.


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

This is because there are not many TVs airing stand up comedy live.


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

Therefore, Pandji, Raditya Dika, Indro Warkop and Indra Yudhistira, one of the producers and directors of comedy programs in Kompas TV together made the first stand up comedy themed competition in Indonesia.


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

Where at first Pandji and Raditya Dika acted as emcees, while Indro accompanied by Butet Kertaradservice and Astrid Tiar became the jury of the competition.


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

In the next implementation, Raditya Dika became a jury with Indro Warkop while Pandji as the host of the event successively accompanied by the champion of the previous season competition.


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

The event started in 2011 and aired every Saturday at 20:00pm. [2]


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

Then in the 2nd season it becomes every Sunday in the same hour.


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

Since the 4th season in 2014 it aired every Thursday at 22:00 WIB with a rerun time every Sunday at 15.00 WIB, although it moved the air hours at 20.00 WIB in the 6th season.


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

In its 7th season in 2017, it aired every Friday at 22:00pm as well as a rerun every Sunday at 15.00 pm.


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

The show has entered its 8th season in 2018 and aired every Saturday at 19.00 pm. [3]


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

The competition format was originally 13 komika who had been selected through auditions in 4 major cities, Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Bandung, and Jakarta (Medan held auditions in the first season, so there were 5 cities).


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

In the 3rd season the number of participants increased to 18 komika.


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

Then in the 4th season in addition to the 4 cities that have been mentioned, also open auditions in Medan, Padang, and Denpasar which will be 20 selected komika will fight in the Pre Show round to find the finalist komika which will become 16 komika.


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

And the 5th season of auditions were also open in Pontianak, Pekanbaru and Makassar (in the 5th season the auditions were not held in Medan).


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

Just like before, also held the Pre Show round of 24 selected komika so that later again there are 16 komika entitled to perform in the final round.


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

In the 6th season, the auditions were again only conducted in 5 major cities, namely Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Semarang (first time to hold a SUKUS audition), Medan (again held a SACI audition), and Jakarta.


Question: What number of permanent jurors of the Stand Up Community League?

Stand Up Comedy Indonesia Kompas TV

In the 7th season, the audition was conducted through “digital audition” via Youtube and general audition.