Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

In addition, the learning process also plays a role in the formation of social prejudice and all of them will be integrated in a person's personality.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Allport, (in Zanden, 1984) explained that social prejudice is an attitude that hates other groups without any objective reason to hate the group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Subsequently Kossen, (1986) elaborates that social prejudice is a symptom of which interents who call for prelegal action, or make decisions based on insufficient evidence.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Thus when one seeks to understand others well then acts of social prejudice need not occur.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

According to Sears prejudiced individuals in general have little personal experience with prejudiced groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Prejudice tends not to be based on objective facts, but based on skimpy facts that are interpreted subjectively.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Thus, in this case prejudice involves a priori judgment because it treats the target object of prejudice (the target of prejudice) not based on the unique or special characteristics of the individual, but attaches the characteristics of his group to the salient characteristics of social prejudice According to Brigham (1991) can be seen from the tendency of individuals to create social categories (social categorization).


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Social categories are the tendency to divide the social world into two groups, namely “our group” (in group) and “their group” (out group).


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

An in group is a social group in which the individual feels he or she belongs or has (“our group”).


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

While out group is a group outside its own group (“their group”).


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The onset of social prejudice can be seen from the feelings of the group and out group strengthening.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The characteristics of social prejudice based on the strengthening of feelings in group and out group are: The process of generalization to the actions of other group members According to Ancok and Suroso (1995), if one individual from the outside group does negatively, it will be generalized to all members of the outgroup.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Whereas if there is one individual who does negatively from one's own group, then the negaitf will not be generalized to other members of one's own group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Social competition is a way used by group members to increase their self-esteem by comparing their groups with other groups and perceiving their own group as better than other groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Extreme assessment of members of other groups Individuals make an assessment of members of other groups either positive or negative assessments excessively.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Usually the assessment given is in the form of a negative assessment.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Influence of selective perception and past memory The influence of selective perception and past memory is usually associated with stereotypes.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Stereotypes are beliefs that connect a group of individuals with certain traits or presumptions about traits shared by members of an outgroup.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

So, stereotypes are preconceptions of ideas about groups, an image that is generally very simple, rigid, and clichéd and inaccurate that usually arises due to generalization processes.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

So if an individual has a stereotype that is relevant to the individual who perceives it, it will be directly perceived negatively.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

According to Brigham (1991), a frustrating feeling (scope goating) is a person's frustration that requires impingement as an object for his inability to face failure.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Disappointment resulting from competition between individual and group makes one look for a substitute to express his frustration to other objects.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Such other objects usually have a lower strength compared to themselves, thus making individuals easily prejudice. Aggression between groups. Aggression usually arises as a result of a racialist way of thinking, thus causing a person to tend to behave aggressively.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Dogmatism Dogmatism is a set of beliefs that one professes with regard to a particular issue, one of which is about another group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Forms of dogmatism can be ethnocentrism and favoritism.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Ethnocentrism is the understanding or belief that places one's own group at the center of everything.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Whereas, favoritism is an individual view or belief that places one's own group as the best, truest, and most moral.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Sources Causes of Social Prejudice The sources of causes of prejudice can generally be seen based on three views, namely: Social Prejudice The source of social prejudice, among others: Social Inequality This social inequality can be derived from status inequality and prejudice as well as religion and prejudice.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Inequality of status and prejudice are gaps or differences that relate towards negative prejudice.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

For example, an employer who viewed slaves as lazy, irresponsible, lacking ambition individuals, and so on, because in general those traits were established for slaves.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Religion is also still one source of prejudice.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

For example we consider the religion that others adhere to is not as good as the religion we profess.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Social Identity Social identity is part of answering “who am I?” which can be answered if we have membership in a group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

We megidentify ourselves with a certain group (in group), whereas when we are with another group we tend to praise the goodness of our own group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Conformity Conformity is also one source of social prejudice.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

According to research that conformity people have higher levels of prejudice compared to non-conformity Emotionally Prejudice Emotionally prejudice often arise provoked by social situations, in which case emotion factors can also trigger social prejudice.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Emotionally, prejudice can be triggered by frustrating and aggression, dynamic personalities, and authoritarian personalities.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Frustrating and Aggression Pain often evokes infighting One source of frustration is the existence of competition.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

When two groups compete for something, such as work, home, and social degrees, achieving one party's goal can be frustrating for the other party.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Status dynamic personality To be able to feel ourselves with status, we need a person who has a status below us.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

One of the advantages of psychology about prejudice is the existence of a status system, that is, superior feelings.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

An example is when we get the best grade in class, we feel victorious and are considered to have a better status.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Authoritarian Personality Emotions that contribute to prejudice are authoritarian self-personalities.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

For example, in an American study of adults, Theodor Adorno and comrades (1950) found that infighting against Jews often occurred side by side with infighting against minorities.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Cognitive Prejudice Understanding stereotypes and prejudices will help understand how the brain works.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

For the past ten years, social thinking regarding prejudice is a stereotyped belief and prejudiced attitudes arise not only because of social conditioning, so capable of causing infighting, but also the result of normal thought processes.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The source of cognitive prejudice can be seen from categorization and distinctive simulation.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Categorization is one way to make our environment available, by grouping objects based on their categories.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Usually individuals are categorized by gender and ethnicity.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

For example, Tom (45 years old), a person who has African-American blood.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

He represents a real estate agent in New Ireland.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

We have an image of him being a man who has black skin, rather than us describing him as a middle-aged man, a businessman, or a resident of the south.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Various studies expose categories of people spontaneously to prominent racial disparities.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

In addition to using categorization as a way to perceive and observe the world, we will also use stereotypes.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Often different, flashy, overly extreme people are taken into attention and get brash treatment.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Based on these perspectives, the main sources of the cause of prejudice are individual and social factors.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

According to Blumer, (in Zanden, 1984) one of the causes of occurrence of social prejudice is the presence of feelings different from other groups or others for example between majority groups and minority groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Relating to the aforementioned majority and minority groups Mar'at, (1988) elaborates that social prejudice is widely evoked by some of the following: Factual power seen in the relationship of majority and minority groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The facts will be the treatment of majority and minority groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Facts regarding the opportunity of effort between majority and minority groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Facts regarding geographic elements, where families of majority and minority groups occupy certain areas.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The position and role of the socioeconomic that is generally controlled by the majority group The potential energy of the existence of a minority group in sustaining its life Social prejudice against a particular group is not a response brought from birth but is something learned.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

According to Kossen (1986) one will learn from other people or certain groups that use mental shortcuts of prejudice.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

So, a person has a prejudice against others due to the occurrence of the learning process.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Factors Affecting Social Prejudice The process of formation of social prejudice according to Mar'at (1981) is influenced by several factors namely: Influence of Personality In the development of a person's personality will be seen also the formation of social prejudice.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Authoritarian personality leads a person to form a concept of social prejudice, because there is a tendency for the person to always feel suspicious, think dogmatically and pattern on oneself.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Education and Status The higher a person's education and the higher the status he has will affect his way of thinking and will dim social prejudices.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Influence of Child Education by Parents In this case parents have traditional values that can be said to play a role as a family ideology that will affect social prejudice.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Group Group Influence has its own norms and values and will influence the formation of social prejudice in that group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Hence the norm of groups that have autonomous functions and will provide much information realistically or emotionally affecting the attitudinal system of the individual.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The influence of Politics and Political Economy and economics often dominates the formation of social prejudice.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Political and economic influence has triggered a lot of social prejudice against other groups such as minority groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The influence of Communication Communication also plays an important role in providing good information and attitude components will be much influenced by mass media such as radio, television, all of which will affect the formation of social prejudice in a person.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Effect of Social Relations Social relations is a medium in reducing or enhancing the formation of social prejudice.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

In connection with the learning process as a cause that causes the occurrence of social prejudice in others, then in this case parents are considered as primary teachers because their influence is most on the modeling stage at the age of children while also instilling social prejudice behavior to other groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Modelling as a process of mimicking the behavior of others at the age of children, then parents are considered to play a considerable role.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

This corresponds to research conducted by Ashmore and DelBoka, (in Sears et all, 1985) which showed that parents have an important role in the formation of social prejudice in the child.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Thus, there is a correlation between the ethnic and racial attitudes of parents and ethnic and racial attitudes to the child.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

From the brief description above it can be concluded that social prejudice occurs due to different feelings from other people or other groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

In addition, social prejudice is caused by the learning process, it also arises due to the feeling of hate between individuals or groups for example between majority groups and minority groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Rose (in Gerungan, 1991) elaborates that factors that affect social prejudice are factors of interest of certain individuals or groups, who will benefit or sustenance if they foster social prejudice.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Such social prejudice is used to exploit other groups for the advancement of individuals or their own group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Social prejudice in one's self according to Kossen (1986) is influenced by ignorance and nothingness about the object or subject he prejudices.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

A person often punishes or gives an incorrect assessment of a particular object or subject before examining the truth, so that the person gives a judgment without clearly knowing the problem, or in other words the judgment is not based on the facts that is enough.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Furthermore, Gerungan, (1991) elaborated that social prejudice is affected by the lack of knowledge and understanding of the true facts of life of the groups of people who are prejudiced.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Social prejudice theories Prejudice is the result of social interaction, hence prejudice is largely due to social factors.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Here are several theories of psychology that can explain how the social factors described above can lead to the emergence of prejudice and why prejudice arises in social interaction, namely: realistic conflict theory, social learning theory, cognitive theory, psychodynamic theory, Social categorization theory, social comparison theory, theoribiology and relative deprivation Realistic Conflict Theory The theory views that the occurrence of competition (usually competition obtains scarce sources, such as economics and power) and conflict between groups can increase tendency to prejudge and discriminate against out group members.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Competition that occurs between two groups that threaten each other will cause hostility and create negative judgments that are timbale.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

So, prejudice is a consequence of real conflict that cannot be avoided.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Judd and Park (1988) stated that when a group exists in a competition situation it will give rise to the homogeneity effect of out group, that is, the tendency to m esee all members of the out group are equal or homogeneous intensified.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

LeVine and Campbel (1972) called the competition that occurred a realistic group conflict.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

It usually happens because both groups compete to fight over the same rare source.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

An example of a realistic conflict theory is anti-Negro prejudice in the South (United States) which holds that the cause is realistic group conflict.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

At the time, in the South it was relatively poor, and heavily dependent on kapuk and tobacco plantations, as well as relatively small industries.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Work fields were few and far away, so the working class based on skin type experienced competition.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Negro individuals constituted unskilled and poorly educated workers trying to fight over those scarce fields of labor with white individuals who were essentially skilled and educated workers.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

By theory, the conflict that occurred between the two groups fostered racialism and supported the onset of employment discrimination against Negro individuals, as white individuals had greater economic and political power.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Social Learning Theory According to social learning theory, prejudice is something that is learned just as an individual learns the social values of another.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Prejudice is usually acquired by children through the process of socialization.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Children many internalize norms regarding stereotypes and behaviors between groups established by parents and peers.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Apart from parents and peers, mass media is also a source for children to study stereotypes and prejudices.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

An example of social learning theory is in America, many white children who may see their parents being discriminatory towards black individuals, hearing their parents' remarks disparaging blacks, and forbidding their children to play with black children.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

In later developments, they will hear their peers talk saying that black individuals are ugly and they will be ostracized if they appear to be playing with blacks.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Their parents also emphasized stories that said black individuals were lawbreakers.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

So that from these events the child is taught to be prejudiced against black individuals.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Children have models of parents and peers yanag prejudiced and also punish if he plays with black individuals, thus the child learns to hate blacks.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Cognitive Theory Cognitive theory explains how individuals think about prejudices (objects that are subjected to prejudice) and how individuals process information and understand subjectively about the world and other individuals.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

In observing other individuals, one seeks to develop a structured impression regarding another individual by means of conducting a process of categorization.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Categorization is often based on very clear and prominent cues, such as skin color, body shape, and language logat.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Based on cognitive theory, prejudice arises due to the presence of attributions and differences between in group and out group Attribution Theory Attribution is the process of how we try to interpret and explain the behavior of other individuals, namely to see the causes of their actions.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

According to attribution theory, prejudice is caused by individuals as observers perform attributions that are “biased” towards the target of prejudice.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Thomas Pettigrew (1979), Emmot, Pettigrew, and Johnson (1983) posited that prejudiced individuals tend to commit “ultimate attribution error”, which is an expansion of “fundamental attribution error”.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Pettigrew also mentioned the inconsistency of attribution of prejudiced individuals occurs because the target of prejudice exhibits positive behavior, namely: Exceptional case — Prejudiced individuals will view positive actions of the individual shown by the target prejudice as a case of exception.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

For example, white individuals who see black individuals as having good behavior will mention that those black individuals are different from other black individuals.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Good luck or privileged luck (luck or special advantage) — Individuals who are prejudiced to see the target of prejudice acting positively, then they will perceive it not as a potential or a good component of the target of prejudice, but rather the target of prejudice is experiencing good luck or get good luck.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Situational context — Individuals who are prejudiced to see the target of prejudice acting positively, so they will perceive it to be more influenced by the coercive factor of the situation (conformity), not caused by the dispositionpersonality factor.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

High effort and motivation — Prejudiced individuals see the target of prejudice acting positively (e.g. achievement), then they will perceive it not as an effort and motivation for the target of prejudice to achieve success, not because of their ability.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

In group and out group — Generally speaking, in group can be interpreted as a group where someone has a feeling of belonging and “common identity”.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

While out group is a group that is perceived as clearly different from “in group”.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The existence of an “in group” feeling often gives rise to “ingroup bias”, that is, a tendency to perceive both its own group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

According to Henry Tajfel (1974) and Michael Billig (1982) In group bias is a reflection of feelings of dislike in out groups and feelings of like in ingroup.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

This is likely due to loyalty to the group he owns which in general accompanied by the devaluation of other groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Based on Social Identity Theory, Henry Tajfel and John Tunner (1982) posited that prejudice usually occurs to be caused by “in groupfavoritism”, that is, a tendency to discriminate in better or favorable treatment in groups over out groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Based on this theory, each of us will try to increase our self-esteem, namely: personal identity (personal identity) and social identity derived from the group we have.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

So, we can firm up our self-esteem with the achievements we personally have and how we compare with other individuals.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Social identity represents the whole aspect of a person's self-concept that comes from their social group or emotionally shared membership category and results in meaningful evaluation.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

That is, a person has an emotional attachment to his social group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The attachment itself arises after realizing its existence as a member of a particular group.People use their social identity as a source of self-pride and self-esteem.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The more positive the group is assessed, the stronger the identitygroup owned and will strengthen self-esteem.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

On the contrary, if the group owned is considered to have low prestige then it also gives rise to a low identification of the group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

And if something threatens self-esteem, the attachment to the group will increase and the feeling of dislike towards the other group also increases.As a result, prejudice is strengthened.As an effort to increase self-esteem, one will always try to acquire positive social identity.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Efforts to increase positive social identity include by exaggerating the quality of their own group while other groups are considered inferior groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Naturally, it always happens in group bias, namely the tendency to assume other groups have more negative traits or less good than their own group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Not every person has the same degree of identification to the group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Some are strong identifications and some are less powerful.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

People with strong social identification to groups tend to be more prejudiced than people whose identification to groups is low.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

In general, the degree of identification of a person to a group is distinguished into two, namely, high identifiers and low identifiers.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

High identifiers identify themselves as strong, proud, and willing to sacrifice for the sake of the group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

This is for example demonstrated by protecting and defending a group while getting bad imej.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

In group-threatening situations, people with high identifiers will devise a collective strategy to deal with the threat.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Instead low identifiers less strongly identify into groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

People with low identification of this group will allow the group to fragment and break away from the group when under threat.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

They also feel that the members of the group are less homogeneous.Social identity theory has two predictions, namely: (1) the threat to one's self-esteem will increase the need for in-group favoritism and (2) expression in group in turn increase one's self-esteem.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

According to Worchel and comrades (2000), usually loyalty and in group favoritism will appear more and more intense in minority groups than majority groups.Basically, the onset of in-group bias in addition to relying on one's tendencies to interact primarily with members their groupsthemselves, also depend on existing patterns of interaction between groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

If the interaction of the group is far away, then the gap between groups will be wide and can increase the likelihood of the onset of in group bias.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Theory of Psychodynamics According to the theory of psychodynamics, prejudice is diverted aggression.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The transfer of aggression occurs when the source of frustration cannot be attacked because of the taste and the source of frustration is completely absent.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Prejudice can also lead to disruption of psychological functions in the individual. Based on the theory of psychodynamics, prejudice arises due to the presence of rasafrustation and authoritarian personality: Frustrating Theory.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

According to the frustrating theory, prejudice is a manifestation of “displaced aggression” as a result of frustrating.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The basic assumption of this theory is that if a person's goal is hindered or blocked, then the individual will experience frustrating.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The frustration experienced will lead the individual to feelinghostile towards the source of the cause of the frustrating.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

That is what causes ofindividuals to often scapegoat other individuals who lack power.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Authoritarian Personality.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Adorno, Frenkel, Brunswick, Levinson and Sanfok (1950) in his book entitled The Authoritarian Personality mentioned that prejudice is the result of certain personality characteristics called authoritarian personality.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

This personality type is characterized by a tightand rigid super ego, a strong id, and a weak ego structure.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Authoritarian personalitydevelops due to a hostile feeling that is latent to the old oarng who is rigid (rigid) and not too much demanding.For example, a child who has a parent with an authoritarian parenting pattern will have the notion that the parent is always right because it has the power of himself at home.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

It can lead to a child's basic hostility towards his parents.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

But since the child does not dare to direct his hostility directly to his parents, he will direct hostility to his friend who is weak or has no power.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The Theory of World Social Categorization is an infinite complexity.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Through categorization we make it simple and we can understand.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Through categorization we distinguish ourselves with others, our family with other families, our group with other groups, our ethnicity with other ethnicities.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Distinction of these categories can be based on similarities or differences.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

For example equations of place of residence, lineage, skin color, occupation, relatively equal wealth and so on would be categorized in the same group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

While the differences in skin color, age, sex, place of residence, occupation, education level and others are categorized in different groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Those who have something in common with ourselves will be judged one group with us or in group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Whereas those who are different to us will be categorized as out groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Someone at the same time bias is categorized in group or out group at once.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

For example, Sandi is our neighbor, so equally as a member of RT's neighbourhood group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

At the same time he is our opponent because he works on our rival companies.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

So, Sandi belongs to one group with us (ingroup) at once instead of a group with us (out group).


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Categorization has two fundamental effects namely exaggerating differences between groups and increasing the similarity of the groups themselves.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Differences between existing groups tend to be exaggerated and those that are often exposed while existing similarities tend to be ignored.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

In addition, the similarities shared by the group tend to be greatly exaggerated and that is also always expressed.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Meanwhile existing differences tend to be overlooked.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

For example, the difference between Javanese ethnicity and batak ethnicity will tend to be exaggerated, for example in words where Javanese ethnicity is soft and ethnic Batak rough.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Then, people of the same ethnicity tend to feel very identical to each other when in fact between them are relatively quite different.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Group size is an important factor in assessing whether its members are relatively equal or plural.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The minority group rated itself more similar in the group, while the majority group rated itself less similar.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Members of minority groups also identify more strongly into groups than members of larger groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

A minority group also considers itself more under threat than larger groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

This circumstance causes minority groups to not trust easily, be very cautious and more easily prejudiced against the majority group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Excessive anxiety was not conducive in the harmonization of social relations.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Because as Islam and Hewstone (1993) a relationship that tends to increase anxiety will reduce good attitudes towards other groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The categorization tends to contrast between two different parties.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

If one is judged good then the other group is likely to be judged poorly.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Own group will usually be judged good, superior, and worthy of pride rightto increase self-esteem.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Meanwhile at the same time, other groups tend to be perceived as bad, inferior, and embarrassing.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

This state of bias gives rise to conflict because each group feels best.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

This conflict is either open or does not give birth to prejudice.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Oakes, Haslam & Turner (1994) state that social categorization will also give birth to discrimination between groups if it satisfies the following conditions: Degrees a subject identifies with his/her group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The higher the degree of identification to the group the higher the likelihood of discriminating.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Prominent or absence of other relevant groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

When the relevant group is prominent enough then the tendency to occur discrimination is also great.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The degree to which groups are compared on those dimensions (similarity, closeness, ambiguous differences).


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The more the same, the closer, and the more ambiguous that is compared then the likelihood of discrimination will decrease.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

It is important and relevant to compare the dimensions with the identity of the group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The more important and relevant the dimensions compared to group identity, the likelihood of discrimination is also the greater. The relative status in group and the character of the difference in status between groups are perceived.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The greater the difference is perceived, the discrimination is also the more likely that Social Comparative Theory We always compare ourselves with others and our groups with other groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Things are compared to almost everything we have, ranging from social status, economic status, beauty, personality character and so on.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The consequence of benchmarking is the presence of a judgment of somethingbetter or worse than another.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Through social comparisons we are also aware of our position in the eyes of others and society.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Awareness of this position will not give birth to prejudice when we judge others relatively have the same position as us.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Prejudice is born when people judge presencea stark difference.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

It means a state of unbalanced status that breeds prejudice (Myers, 1999).


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

In a society whose disparity in wealth of its members is so sharp the prejudices tend to be very strong.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

On the contrary, if socioeconomic status is relatively equal to existing prejudices are less strong.Sociologists mention that prejudice and discrimination are the result of social stratification based on the distribution of power, status, and wealth, which is not balanced among groups that Contrary (Manger,1991).


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

In societies structured in strict stratification, dominant groups may use their power to impose ideologywhich justifies the practice of discrimination in order to maintain their advantageous position within the social group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

This makes the dominant group prejudiced against parties judged to be able to sway their hegemony.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Meanwhile, dominated groups are prejudiced against the dominant group because anxiety will be exploited Biological Theory According to this approach prejudice has a biological basis.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The hypothesis is that the tendency to dislike other groups and other things that do not belong to us is a legacy that has been mapped out in our genus.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

This biological approach comes from sociobiology.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Rushton in Baron DanByrne (1991) terms this approach as genetic similarity theory.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The assumption of this theory is that genes will ensure their preservation by encouraging the reproduction of the most improved genes that have something in common.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The evidence of this is that our ancestors can be traced through DNA because we and our ancestors have similarities in genes. Thus, according to this theory people who have a resemblance to each other or who exhibit similar trait patterns are very likely to have more similar genes compared to those with no resemblance to each other.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

For example people who are of the same ethnicity have relatively more similar genes than with people of different ethnicities.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

According to gene similarity theory, gene similarity factors in one ethnicity are possible as factors that cause an individual to behave more generously towards members of his or her ethnicity than to different ethnicities.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Rushton also mentioned that fear and lack of belief in strangers have been patterned in the genes, because even if strangers do no harm at all, the tendency to suspect and distrust remains.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

This contributes markedly to the rise of prejudice.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Many scientists reject sociobiological theories.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

This theory is judged to be unbiased accountable.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Those who reject argue that prejudice is solely the product of the existence of social interactions and certain personality tendencies.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Relative Deprivation Relative deprivacy is a psychological state in which a person feels dissatisfaction over the subjective gaps or flaws he feels at the time when the state of self and his group is compared to another person or group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

A state of deprivation can lead to a perception of an injustice.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Whereas the feeling of experiencing injustice that arises due to deprivation will encourage the existence of prejudice (Brown, 1995).


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

For example, in a region, a group of ethnic A has a livelihood as rice paddy farmers.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Each ethnic family works 2 ha of rice fields.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The average yield obtained each harvest (1 time a year) is 8 tons of rice.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

They are very satisfied with those results and feel lucky.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Then came a group of ethnic B who also worked the rice fields in the region with an area of 2 ha per family.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Apparently, the harvesting yield of ethnic group B is much more (14 tons once harvested).


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Since then there has arisen ethnic A's dissatisfaction with his crop knowing that ethnic B can harvest more.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The discontent experienced by ethnic A was a relative deprivation.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

At the beginning of the arrival of ethnic B, they were welcomed by ethnic A. Akan but after ethnic B managed to harvest rice in his new rice fields, began to arise ethnic A's dislike towards ethnic B. Ethnic A accused ethnic B of colluding with irrigation officers so as to get better irrigation hence the harvest is better.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Ethnic A began to feel an unfair treatment from the irrigation officers towards them, although there was actually no distinction of treatment from the officers.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Not only that, in various ways ethnic A became prejudiced against ethnicity B, and began to not accept the presence of ethnic B. The example above illustrates the onset of prejudice due to relative deprivation.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

This is often the case especially in areas where there is a sizable native population and incomer population.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The most excellent example is the transmigratory area where the natives lived not far from there.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

As long as the economic conditions of the natives are still better than the transmigrants, the acceptance of natives towards transmigrants will go well.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

However, once the economic conditions of the incomers became better than the natives then began to arise relative deprivation from the natives, which began to cause prejudice and various other turmoil.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

How to Reduce Social Prejudice There are several ways that can be done to reduce and prevent the onset of prejudice, namely: Using direct contact Teaches children not to hate Optimizing the role of parents, teachers, adult individuals who are considered important by children and the media mass to form a liking or liking attitude through examples of demonstrated behaviors (reinforcement positives).


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Recognizing individuals to learn to make a difference about other individuals, that is, learning to know and understand other individuals based on their unique characteristics, not just based on that individual's membership in a particular group.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

According to Worchel and comrades (2000), the effort will be more effective if it is accompanied by government policy through the application of laws that uphold the existence of equal rights and sanctioning acts of discrimination based on race, tribe, religion, gender, age, and factors- other factors.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The reasons underlying the law can reduce prejudice are: The law makes discrimination an illegal act, so it will reduce actions that are angled on the lives of minority members.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Law helps to establish or establish norms in society, that is, law plays a role in defining the types of acceptable or unacceptable behavior in society.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The law encourages conformity to behaviors that are non discriminatory, which will probably eventually result in internalization of unprejudiced attitudes through processes of self-perception or reduction of dissonance The impact of Social Prejudice according to Rose, (in Bluff, 1981) can to the detriment of society in and general and organizations in particular.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

This happens because social prejudice can hinder the maximum development of individual potential.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Further Steplan (1978) elaborates that social prejudice not only affects the behavior of adults but also children so as to limit their chance of developing into a person who has tolerance towards target groups for example minority groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Rosenbreg and Simmons, (1971) also elaborate that socialization prejudice makes certain groups of individuals with other groups of individuals different positions and makes them unwilling to join or socialize.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

If this happens in an organization or company it will undermine cooperation.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

It further elaborated that social prejudice can persist over long periods of time because social prejudice is a less pleasant experience for such prejudiced groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

The conclusion that can be drawn from the description of the impact of social prejudiceabove is that in the presence of social prejudice will affect the attitudeand behavior of a person in various situations.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Social prejudice can make a certain person or group unwilling to join or socialize with other groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

If these conditions are present in the organization, it will interfere with good cooperation so that the efforts of achieving the objectives of the organization can be poorly realized.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Conclusion Conclusion Social prejudice is an assessment of a group or an individualthat is primarily based on membership of that group, meaning prejudice is aimed at people or groups of people who are different from it orgroup.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Social prejudice has qualities of likes and dislikes in the objects it prejudices, and this condition will affect the actions or behaviorof such a prejudiced person.The traits of social prejudice according to Brigham (1991) can be seen fromthe tendency of individuals to create categories social (social categorization).


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Social categories are the tendency to divide the social world into twogroups, namely “our group” (in group) and “their group” (out group).


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

In group is a social group where the individual feels he is owned or has (“our group”), while Out group is a group outside its own group (“their group”) .The source of the cause of prejudice can generally be seen based on three views, namely: 1.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Social Prejudice 2.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Emotional Prejudice 3.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Cognitive Prejudice The process of formation of social prejudice according to Mar'at (1981) is influenced byseveral factors namely; 1.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Personality Influence 2.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Education and Status 3.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Influence of Children's Education by Parents 4.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Influence of Group 5.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Political and Economic Influence 6.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Communication Influence 7.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Effect of Social Relationship Prejudice is a result of social interaction, hence prejudice is mostly caused by social factors.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Here are several theories of psychology that can explain how the social factors described above can cause the emergence of prejudice and why prejudice arises in social interaction, namely: realistic conflict theory, social learning theory, cognitive theory, psychodynamic theory, social categorization theory, social comparison theory, theoribiology and relative devrization.In the presence of social prejudice will affect attitudes and behaviorsa person in various situations.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Social prejudice can make someone or a certain group unwilling to join or socialize with other groups.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

If these conditions are present in the organization will interfere with good cooperation so that the efforts of achieving the goals of the organization are less dapatterealize well.


Question: based on what are judgments prejudicial?

Prejudice

Note Category:Sociology


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

The National Standardization Agency is a non-ministerial government institution of Indonesia with the main task of developing and fostering standardization activities in the country of Indonesia.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

This body replaced the functions of the National Standardization Council (DSN).


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

In carrying out its duties National Standardization Agency is guided by Government Regulation No. 102 Year 2000 on National Standardization.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

The agency establishes Indonesian National Standards (SNI) which are used as technical standards in Indonesia.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

The National Standardization Agency was formed by Presidential Decree No. 13 of 1997 which was enhanced by Presidential Decree No. 166 of 2000 on the Position, Duties, Functions, Authority, Organizational Composition and Working Procedure of Non-Departmental Government Institutions as several times amended and most recently by Presidential Decree No. 103 of 2001, is a Non-Ministrial Government Institution (LPNK) with the main task of developing and fostering standardization activities in Indonesia [1].


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

The implementation of the duties and functions of the National Standardization Board in the field of accreditation is carried out by the National Accreditation Committee (KAN)


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

KAN has the task of establishing accreditation and giving consideration and advice to BSN in establishing accreditation and certification systems.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

While the implementation of the duties and functions of BSN in the field of National Standards for Units of Measures is carried out by the National Standards Committee for Units of Measure (KSN


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

KSNSU has the task of providing consideration and advice to BSN regarding national standards for units of size.In accordance with the main objective of standardization is to protect producers, consumers, labor and the public from aspects of security, safety, health and preservation of environmental functions, This national standardization arrangement is carried out in order to build a national system capable of encouraging and improving, ensuring the quality of goods and/or services and able to facilitate the receipt of national products in global market transactions.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

From these systems and conditions are expected to improve the competitiveness of Indonesian goods and/or services products in the global market.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

The function of BSN assessment and preparation of national policy in the field of national standardization; coordination of functional activities in the implementation of BSN tasks; facilitation and development of the activities of government agencies in the field of national standardization; the organization of domestic cooperation activities and international in the field of standardization; the implementation of coaching and general administrative services in the field of general planning, government, organization and management, staffing, finance, archival, law, sandage, equipment and household.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

BSN Authority In conducting such functions, BSN has the authority: Preparation of a national plan macro in its field; Formulation of policies in its field to support macro development; Determination of information systems in its field; Other authorities in accordance with the provisions applicable legislation, namely: formulation and implementation of certain policies in the field of national standardization; formulation and determination of the accreditation system of certification bodies, inspection agencies and laboratories; the establishment of Indonesian National Standards (SNI); implementation of the Indonesian National Standards (SNI); implementation of research and development in their field; the organization of education and training in their field.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

Organizational Organization of National Standardization Body is established from the Head, Main Secretariat, Inspectorate, Deputy for Research and Standardization Cooperation, Deputy for Implementation of Standards and Accreditation and Deputy for Standardization [2].


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

Head of BSN Head of BSN is under and directly responsible to the President of the Republic of Indonesia with the task:1.to lead the BSN in accordance with the provisions of applicable laws and regulations. 2.prepare national policy and general policy in accordance with the duties of BSN. technical implementation of the BSN tasks for which he is responsible. 4.Pemmbina and carry out cooperation with other agencies and organizations.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

The Principal Secretary to the Principal Secretary has the task of coordinating planning, coaching, administrative control, and resources in the BSN environment.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

The Principal Secretary oversees 2 bureaus, namely the Bureau of Planning, Finance and Administration and the Bureau of Law, Organization and Public Relations Bureau of Planning, Finance and Administration has the task of implementing policy formulation, coaching, program coordination and plan preparation, financial management, administrative affairs and household affairs as well as the management of goods/wealth of the state Bureau of Law, Organization and Public Relations have the task of carrying out the study and study of law, formulation and preparation of laws, provision of assistance and legal counseling, analysis and structuring institutional, supervision and evaluation of internal quality management, staffing affairs, public relations and inter-agency relations as well as the preparation of reports.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

The Bureau of Law, Organization, and Public Relations Bureau of Law, Organization, and Public Relations has the task of carrying out the study and study of law, formulation and preparation of laws, provision of legal assistance and counseling, analysis and institutional arrangement, supervision and regulation, and evaluation of internal quality management, staffing affairs, public relations and inter-agency relations as well as the preparation of reports.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

The Bureau of Planning, Finance, and Administration Bureau of Planning, Finance, and Administrative Affairs has the task of implementing policy formulation, coaching, coordination of programs and planning, financial management, administrative affairs and household affairs as well as goods/wealth State-owned Inspectorate Inspectorate has the task of carrying out functional supervision of the implementation of tasks in the BSN environment.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

Deputy for Standard Application and Accreditation Deputy for Standard Application and Accreditation has the task of implementing policy formulation in the field of application of standards and accreditation.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

Deputy Deputy for Implementation of Standards and Accreditation oversees 3 Centers namely Standard Application System Center, Laboratory Accreditation Center and Inspection Institute, and Accreditation Center for Certification Institutions.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

The Central Standard Implementation System Center for Standard Implementation System has the task of implementing policy formulation, coaching, program coordination and plan preparation in the field of standard enforcement system and complaint handling and infrastructure coaching of the implementation of standards and assurance systems quality Accreditation Center for Certification Institutions Certification Center Accreditation Center has the task of implementing policy formulation, coaching, coordination of programs and preparation of plans in the field of accreditation and certification in the field of management systems, products, training institutions and personnel, and similar and cooperation with institutions related to accreditation and certification activities both bilaterally, regionally and internationally Laboratory Accreditation Center and Laboratory Accreditation Center Inspection Institute and Inspection Institute have the task of implementing the formulation policy, coaching, coordination of testing laboratory accreditation program, accreditation of calibration laboratory and accreditation of inspection agency Deputy for Research and Cooperation Standardization Deputy for Research and Cooperation Standardization has the task of implementing policy formulation in field of standard formulation, research and development as well as cooperation in the field of standardization.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

Deputy for Research and Standardization Cooperation oversees 3 Centers namely Center for Formulation of Standardization, Center for Research and Development Standardization, and Center for Standardization Cooperation.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

The Standard Formulation Center has the task of implementing policy formulation, coaching, coordination of programs and planning in the field of development of formulation systems, formulation and evaluation of Indonesian National Standards, as well as compiling guidelines in the field of engineering Metrology, standards and evaluation Test and Quality (MSUK), and the provision of responses to standard concepts both bilaterally, regionally and internationally.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

The Center for Research and Development of Standardization has the task of implementing policy formulation, program coordination development and preparation of plans in the field of research and development of standardization in aspects of standard formulation, application of standards, accreditation, information and correctional standardization as well as standardization cooperation, and other related activities.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

The Standardization Cooperation Center has the task of implementing policy formulation, coaching, coordination, program and plan preparation in the field of notification and technical cooperation of trade, institutional standardization domestic and abroad and other activities in accordance with the scope of its authority.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

Standardization Research and Development Center for Research and Development Standardization has the task of implementing policy formulation, coaching, coordination of programs and preparation of plans in the field of research and development of standardization in aspects of [formulation of standards, application of standards, accreditation, information and correctional standardization as well as standardization cooperation, and other related activities.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

Standardization Cooperation Center for Standardization Cooperation Center has the task of implementing policy formulation, coaching, coordination of programs and preparation of plans in the field of notification and technical cooperation of trade, institutional standardization in the country and abroad and activities other according to the scope of his authority.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

The Center for Standard Formulation Center has the task of implementing policy formulation, coaching, program coordination and plan development in the field of development system formulation, formulation and evaluation of Indonesian National Standards, as well as composing guidelines in the field of engineering Metrology , Test and Quality Standards and evaluations (MSUK) and the provision of responses to standard concepts both bilaterally, regionally and internationally.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

Deputy for Information and Correctional Standardization Deputy for Information and Correctional Standardization has the task of carrying out policy formulation in the field of information and documentation as well as education and correctional standardization.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

The Deputy for Information and Correctional Standardization oversees 2 Centers namely Standardization Education and Correctional Center and Standardization Information and Documentation Center.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

The Center for Information and Documentation Standardization has the task of implementing policy formulation, coaching, program coordination and planning in the field of information and documentation standardization.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

The Standardization Education and Correctional Center has the task of implementing policy formulation, coaching, coordination of programs and preparation of plans in the field of education and training as well as correctional in the field of standardization and quality assurance.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

The Center for Information and Documentation Standardization Information Center and Documentation Standardization has the task of implementing policy formulation, coaching, program coordination and preparation of plans in the field of information and documentation standardization.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

Center for Education and Correctional Standardization Standardization Center for Education and Correctional Standardization has the task of implementing policy formulation, coaching, coordination of programs and preparation of plans in the field of education and training and correctional in the field of standardization and quality assurance.


Question: Who is the chairman of the National Standardization Board?

National Standardization Board

Address of Building BPPT I 9th Floor s/d 14 Jl. M.H. Thamrin No. 8, Kebon Sirih, Central Jakarta 10340 Tel: 021-3927422 Fax: 021-3927527 Outdoor links Facebook Twitter @bsn sni Youtube SNI BSN Reference Category:Standards Organization


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

North Kalimantan (abbreviated as Kaltara) is a province in Indonesia located in the northern part of Borneo Island.


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

The province is directly adjacent to neighboring countries, namely the States of Sabah and Serawak.


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

Currently, North Kalimantan is the youngest province of Indonesia, officially passed into a province in the plenary meeting of Parliament on October 25, 2012 based on Law No. 20 of 2012. [1]


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

The Interior Ministry designated 11 new autonomous regions comprising one province and 10 districts, including Kaltara on Monday, April 22, 2013.


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

Together with the determination, Interior Minister Gamawan Fauzi inaugurated the heads of their respective regions, including the official Governor of Kaltara, Irianto Lambrie.


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

North Kalimantan's government infrastructure is still in the process of preparation that is planned to last the longest in 1 year. [2]


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

On 22 April 2015, Interior Minister Tjahjo Kumolo inducted Triyono Budi Sasongko as Governor Officer of Kaltara replacing Irianto Lambrie who had served for 2 periods of Pj.


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

Governor of Kaltara.


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

Historical History Before Formation In the history of the northern regions of Borneo island, which includes Sarawak, Sabah, Brunei. [3]


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

From the time of Hinduism until before the formation of Bulungan Sultanate, the area that is now the territory of North Kalimantan province to Kinabatangan area in Eastern Sabah is a mandala area of Berau state called Nagri Marancang. [4]


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

But later the northern part of Nagri Marancang (aka Eastern Sabah) was detached from Berau because it was claimed as Brunei's mandala area, then by Brunei was gifted to the Sultanate of Sulu and the Suluk tribe began to settle in parts of the region. [5]


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

Then colonial British controlled the north of Nagri Marancang and the Dutch controlled the south of Nagri Marancang (now Kaltara province). [6] [7] The territory that became the province of North Kalimantan was the former territory of Bulungan Sultanate.


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

Bulungan Sultanate became an area of expansion of influence of the Sultanate of Sulu. [8]


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

However the Kingdom of Berau (which is the parent of Bulungan Sultanate) according to Hikayat Banjar belongs to one of the vazals or states within the state mandala of the Sultanate of Banjar since time immemorial, when the Sultanate of Banjar was still named Kingdom Negara Dipa (Hindu period). [9]


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

Until 1850, Bulungan country was still claimed as a vassal country in the state mandala of the Sultanate of Sulu. [10]


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

But in 1853, Bulungan country was included in the Dutch East Indies or again part of Berau. [11]


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

Although later the country of Bulungan was under the rule of Prince of Brunei, the country still remained included in the state mandala of Berau.


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

Under the treaty between the Banjar Sultanate state with the Dutch VOC made on 13 August 1787 and 4 May 1826, then legally the Banjar Sultanate state became the protectorate area of the Dutch VOC and some areas and states claimed as former vazal of Banjar handed over as Dutch VOC property including Berau and its destiny area, then the Dutch Commissioner made the boundaries of its territory obtained from Banjar based on the treaty, namely the westernmost area is Sintang state, Lawai area and Barai Watershed (one of the Kotawaringin Kepageranan area within the Banjar sultanate state) while the easternmost region is the state of Berau. [12]


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

The state of Berau includes Gunung Tabur sultanate, Tanjung/Sambaliung sultanate, Bulungan sultanate & Tidung district which was abolished in 1916. [13]


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

Based on the Dutch East Indies map of 1878 at that time, it shows the position of the border far north than the Kaltara-Sabah border today, as it covers all the Tidung tribal villages in the Tawau region. [14]


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

History of Kaltara Formation The process of expanding North Kalimantan into a separate province from East Kalimantan has begun in the 2000s. [15] [16] After going through a long process, the establishment of North Kalimantan province was finally approved in the plenary meeting of Parliament on October 25 2012. [17] [18] The nation's tribe Almost 40% of the population of North Kalimantan is Javanese through transmigration program which is the largest group, followed by people from South Sulawesi.


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

The rest are native to Borneo, namely Dayak Tribe (Lun Bawang/Lun Dayeh, Kenyah, Murut), Banjar Tribe, Bulungan Tribe, Tidung Tribe and Kutai Tribe. [19]


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

Government At the time of its establishment, the North Kalimantan area with 408 civil servants was divided into 5 administrative areas, consisting of 1 city and 4 districts as follows: The final list is based on the data of the region in the Ministry of Home Affairs. [21]


Question: What is the area of North Kalimantan province?

North Kalimantan

List of Governors List of Governors of North Kalimantan Administrative Division List of districts and cities in North Kalimantan House of Representatives Council of Regional People's Representative Council of North Kalimantan Province Education List of private colleges in North Kalimantan List of colleges in Kalimantan North See also North Borneo Reference Outlinks (in Indonesian) Coordinates: Category:Provinces in Indonesia


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android (/ˈæn.drɔɪd/; an-droyd) is a Linux-based operating system designed for touchscreen moving devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. [11]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android was originally developed by Android, Inc., with financial support from Google, which later purchased it in 2005. [12]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The operating system was officially released in 2007, along with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of hardware, software, and telecommunications companies aimed at advancing the open standards of mobile devices. [13]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The first Android phones went on sale in October 2008. [14]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android user interfaces are generally direct manipulations, using touch gestures similar to real actions, such as sliding, tapping, and pinching to manipulate on-screen objects, as well as virtual keyboards for writing text.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In addition to touchscreen devices, Google has also developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars, and Android Wear for watches, each of which has a different user interface.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android variants are also used on portable computers, game consoles, digital cameras, and other electronic equipment. [15]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android is an open-source operating system, and Google releases its code under the Apache License. [11]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Open source code and licensing licenses on Android allow the software to be freely modified and distributed by device makers, wireless carriers, and application developers.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In addition, Android has a large number of application developer communities (apps) that extend the functionality of the device, generally written in a customization version of the Java programming language. [16]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In October 2013, there were more than one million apps available for Android, and about 50 billion apps had been downloaded from Google Play, the main Android app store. [17] [18] A survey in April—May 2013 found that Android was the most popular platform for people developers, used by 71% of mobile app developers. [19]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

At Google I/O 2014, Google reported there were more than one billion monthly active users of Android, an increase from 583 million in June 2013. [20]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The above factors have contributed to the development of Android, making it the most widely used smartphone operating system in the world, [21] beating Symbian in 2010. [22]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android is also an option for tech companies who want a low-cost, customizable, lightweight operating system for high-tech devices without having to develop it from scratch. [23]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The open nature of Android has also prompted the emergence of a large number of app developer communities to use open source code as the basis for app creation projects, by adding new features for advanced users or operating Android on devices that was officially released using another operating system. [24]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

As of November 2013, Android controlled the share of the global smartphone market, led by Samsung products, with a percentage of 64% in March 2013. [25]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

As of July 2013, there are 11,868 different Android devices with various versions. [26]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The success of this operating system has also made it the target of patent ligitation “smartphone wars” among technology companies. [27] [28] Through May 2013, a total of 900 million Android devices have been activated worldwide, and 48 billion applications have been installed from Google Play. [ 29] [30] Android History, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, in October 2003 by Andy Rubin (founder of Danger), [31] Rich Miner (founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.), [32] Nick Sears [33] (former VP of T-Mobile), and Chris White (head of WebTV interface design and development) [12] for developing “smart mobile devices that are more aware of their user's location and preferences”. [12]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The original goal of Android development was to develop an advanced operating system intended for digital cameras, but later it was realized that the market for such devices was not large enough, and Android development was shifted for the smartphone market to rival Symbian and Windows Mobile (Apple's iPhone had not been released at the time). [34]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Although Android developers are experienced technology experts, Android Inc. is secretly operated, it is only revealed that the developers are creating a software intended for mobile phones. [12]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Still that same year, Rubin ran out of money.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Steve Perlman, a close friend of Rubin, loaned him $10,000 in cash and rejected an offer of stock in the company. [35]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Google acquired Android Inc. on August 17, 2005, making it a wholly owned subsidiary of Google.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android Inc. founders such as Rubin, Miner and White remained employed at the company after it was acquired by Google. [12]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

After that, not much is known about the development of Android Inc., but many presumptions state that Google plans to enter the mobile phone market with this action. [12]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

At Google, a team led by Rubin began developing a mobile device platform using the Linux kernel.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Google markets the platform to mobile device manufacturers and wireless carriers, with the promise that they provide flexible, updatable systems.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Google has selected several software and hardware company partners, and signaled to mobile operators that this cooperation is open to anyone wishing to participate. [36] [37] [38] Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continues to grow until December 2006. [39]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The BBC and Wall Street Journal report that Google is working hard to include its apps and search engine on mobile devices.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Various print media and online media indicate that Google is developing mobile devices under the Google brand.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Some of them speculate that Google has determined its technical specifications, including mobile phone manufacturers and network operators.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In December 2007, InformationWeek reported that Google had filed several patent applications in the field of mobile telephony. [40] [41] On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance (OHA) was established.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

OHA is a consortium of tech companies such as Google, mobile device manufacturers such as HTC, Sony and Samsung, wireless carriers such as Sprint Nextel and T-Mobile, as well as chipset manufacturers such as Qualcomm and Texas Instruments.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

OHA itself aims to develop open standards for mobile devices. [13]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

At that time, Android was unveiled as its first product; a mobile device platform using the Linux kernel version 2.6. [13]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The first commercial mobile phone to use the Android operating system was the HTC Dream, which was launched on October 22, 2008. [42]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In 2010, Google released the Nexus series; smart phone and tablet devices with the Android operating system produced by mobile phone manufacturer partners such as HTC, LG, and Samsung.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

HTC is working with Google in releasing the first Nexus smartphone product, the Nexus One. [43]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

This series has been updated with newer devices, for example, the Nexus 4 smartphone and the Nexus 10 tablet produced by LG and Samsung. [44]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

On October 15, 2014, Google announced the Nexus 6 and Nexus 9 produced by Motorola and HTC. [45]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

On March 13, 2013, Larry Page announced in his blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to work on new projects at Google. [46]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

He was replaced by Sundar Pichai, who previously served as head of the Google Chrome division, which developed Chrome OS. [44]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Since 2008, Android has gradually made a number of updates to improve the performance of the operating system, add new features, and fix bugs contained in previous versions.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Each major version released was named alphabetically based on the names of desserts or sugared snacks; for example, version 1.5 was named Cupcake, which was later followed by version 1.6 Donut.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The latest version is 5.0 Lollipop, which was released on October 15, 2014. [47]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Features Interface User interface on Android is based on direct manipulation, [48] using touch input similar to actions in the real world, such as swiping (swiping), tapping, and pinching, to manipulate objects on the screen. [48]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

User input is responded quickly and there is also a touch interface like a water surface, often using the vibration capabilities of the device to provide haptic feedback to the user.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Internal hardware such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to user actions, for example to adjust screen position from portrait to landscape, depending on how the device is positioned, or allow the user to steer the vehicle while playing races by rotating the device as a steering wheel control simulation. [49]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

When turned on, the Android device will load on the front screen (homescreen), namely the main navigation and information center on the device, similar to the desktop on a personal computer.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android's front screen usually consists of app icons and widgets; app icons serve to run related apps, while widgets display live and auto-update content, such as weather forecasts, user email inboxes, or show news tikers directly from the front screen. [50]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

The front screen can consist of several pages, users can swipe back and forth between one page to another, allowing Android users to set the appearance of the device according to their tastes.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Some third-party apps available on Google Play and in other app stores are extensively capable of reorganizing Android's front-screen theme, and can even mimic the look of other operating systems, for example Windows Phone. [51]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Most mobile phone manufacturers and wireless carriers customize the appearance of their homemade Android devices to differentiate them from their competitors. [52]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

At the top of the screen is a status bar, which displays information about the device and its connectivity.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

This status bar can be “pulled” down to open a notification screen showing important information or app updates, such as emails received or incoming SMS, by not interfering with user activities on the device. [53]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In early versions of Android, this notification screen could be used to open relevant apps, but once updated, this function is further enhanced, for example, the ability to call back phone numbers from missed call notifications without having to open the main app. [54]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

This notification will remain until the user sees it, or it is deleted and disabled by the user.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android apps allow users to install third-party apps, either obtained from app stores such as Google Play, Amazon Appstore, or by downloading and installing APK files from third-party sites. [55]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

On Google Play, users can browse, download, and update apps published by Google and third-party developers, in accordance with Google compatibility requirements. [56]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Google Play will filter the list of available apps based on their compatibility with users' devices, and developers can limit their created apps to specific carriers or countries for business reasons. [57]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

App purchases that do not match the user's liking can be returned within 15 minutes of download. [58]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Some mobile operators also offer direct billing for app purchases on Google Play by adding app purchase prices to users' monthly bills. [59]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In September 2012, there were more than 675,000 apps available for Android, and the estimated number of apps downloaded from the Play Store was 25 billion. [60]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android applications are developed in the Java programming language using the Android software development kit (SDK).


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

This SDK consists of a set of development tools, [61] including a debugger, a software library, a handset emulator based on QEMU, documentation, sample code, and tutorials.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Officially supported by the Eclipse integrated development environment (IDE), which uses the Android Development Tools (ADT) plugin.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Other development tools available include the Native Development Kit for applications or extensions in C or C++, Google App Inventor, visual environments for novice programmers, and various cross-platform mobile web application frameworks.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

In order to deal with Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China, Android devices sold on RRT are generally adapted to country-approved services. [62]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Memory management Because Android devices are generally battery-powered, Android is designed to manage memory (RAM) to maintain minimal power consumption, in contrast to desktop operating systems that can connect to unlimited power sources.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

When an Android app is no longer in use, the system will automatically suspend it (suspend) in memory—technically it is still “open”, but by being suspended, it will not consume resources (e.g. battery power or processing power), and will” silent” in the background until the app is reused.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

This method has the dual benefit of not only improving the response of Android devices because apps don't need to be closed and reopened from scratch at any time, but also ensuring that apps running in the background don't spend power in vain. [63]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Android manages apps stored in memory automatically: when memory is weak, the system will disable inactive applications and processes for a while, applications will be disabled in reverse order, starting from the last one used.


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

This process is invisible to the user, so the user does not need to manually manage memory or disable the application. [64]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

However, user confusion over memory management on Android has led to the emergence of several popular third-party task killer apps on Google Play. [65]


Question: When was Yahoo waged into a search engine?

Android (operating system)

Hardware requirements Until November 2013, the latest version of Android required at least 512MB of RAM, [66] 32-bit ARMv7 processors, MIPS architecture, or x86, [5] as well as OpenGL ES 2.0 compatible graphics processing units (GPUs). [67]