Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

When air hits the top of the wing, causing the flow to pass away from the wings. Because the arch shape of the wings at the top causes a low pressure area to be created.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The difference in pressure of the upper and lower part will create a lifting force on the wings.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Jet engine To move forward across the air of an aircraft using the thrust that the engine generates.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Almost all commercial airliners use jet engines commonly called turbofans.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Turbofans are one of a family of engines called gas turbine engines.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Cold air is inserted on the front by means of large corners (usually more than 3 meters in diameter).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Air that is fed into the engine and presses outward by generating a thrust force.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The compressor presses the air and flows into the combustion chamber by increasing its pressure first.Inside the combustion chamber, air mixed with fuel and then burned causing a controlled burst. occurs in the combustion chamber leads to a very rapid thermal expansion and exit to the rear of the engine.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

On exiting the combustion chamber hot air across the turbine generates a thrust force.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The connected turbine will rotate so that the compressor can work to insert cold air on the front, so that the process can be done over and over again constantly.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Controller At the time of flying the pilot must change the shape of the wing for the aircraft to be controlled


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

To do this he wears a moveable part of the wing commonly called the control surface.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

This will change the movement of air passing on the wing surface and also change the direction of flight.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

To perform the movement down or up, the pilot lever moves the panel on the tail section commonly called the elevator.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

If the pilot lever is moved backwards then the panel on the front of the elevator will rise and cause the airflow to press the tail section up so that the aircraft will rise.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

If the pilot lever is driven forward then the panel on the front of the elevator will descend and cause the airflow to press the tail section down so that the aircraft will descend.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

To move the aircraft for the plane to tilt against the Earth's surface, the pilot moves panels on the tip part of the wing called the aileron.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

For the pilot lever to the left would move the left section aileron up would cause the left wing to descend.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

At the same time, the ailerons on the right wing moved downward causing the right wing to upward.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The combination of the two forces will cause the motion of the plane of the plane tilted against the Earth


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Similarly, for the case of a pilot lever driven to the right will move the plane tilted to the right against the surface of the earth.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

When turning left, the stabiliser moves to the left. This tail section is shaped like a wing located vertically against the plane of the plane, which can be moved to the right and left. plane defection to the right and to the left.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

When performing takeoff the flaps part makes the wing surface area large lebh and more curved, thus providing more lift power to the wing.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Aircraft stability The stability of an aircraft or model is the ability to return to a certain position in a flight (after an interruption or abnormal condition).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Aircraft or models can become stable under certain circumstances and not due to other conditions.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

For example an aircraft can be stable in a normal flying state, but become unstable in a state of reverse flying position, so vice versa.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Often there is a conflict between stability and balance or trim.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Balance and trim testing was carried out in order for the aircraft to achieve stable conditions closely related to safety factors.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Balance is the most important thing, and should be that checked first.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

For models that have been published or models that have been sold in kit form, usually this balance point is marked with CG (Centre of Gravity).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The most convenient and common way to test balance is to mark the bottom of both wingtips that are in line with heavy points also on the front and rear of the fuselage, then lift the aircraft at those points with fingertips.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

When the balance of the model is in the Horizontal position, it means that the balance point is correct.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

What if not, then should be added loads or popular ones with ballast on the front or tail of a model.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

It has good accuracy for various purposes, especially for models that have small charateristic differences in balance and are not critical and have manageable stability conditions.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

For models that have a larger size and high balance requirements, it cannot be applied.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

It is also worth remembering that balance testing must be carried out for models in complete state (all parts are installed) and ready-to-fly, although fuel is not among those counted in models using the engine.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

At the very least this state meets the requirements and gives a complete picture of the balance.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Generally models that have been made, the position of the wings and the horizontal of the stabilizer must be checked.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Currently most models use a view to determine whether the wing position and highlighter form an angled angle with the fuselage, it is recommended to use actual equipment that is precise in determining the position.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

For example can be used a bouncer needle and thread.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The needle is placed on the front and back.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Then pulled the thread from the front pin to the right and left ends of the highlighter.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

For the wings, the thread is drawn from the rear pins to the ends of the left and right wings.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Seeing from the rear fuselage is also one of the effective ways to test the whole process. To correct errors in the event that the position of the wings, body and tail section is incorrect, then the first time is done looking for the wrong one.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

In reality, if there is a small mistake on the wing against the body then the easiest thing is to adjust the position of the highlighter.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Flying and trim testing are carried out so that a model can fly seamlessly and safely.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Good adjustment of all aircraft components is used to achieve the best results from model aircraft performance, particularly models designed for high achievers.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

It requires special attention, good experience and know-how about the created model.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Aerodynamics In principle, when the aircraft is airborne, there are 4 main forces acting on the aircraft, namely thrust force (thrust T), drag D, lift (L), and aircraft weight (W weight).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

When the aircraft is cruising at constant speed and altitude, the four forces are in equilibrium: T=D {\ displaystyle T=D} and L=W. Whereas at the time the aircraft takes off and lands, there is acceleration and deceleration that can be explained using Newton's II law (total force is equal to mass multiplied by acceleration).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

At the time of take off, the aircraft experienced acceleration in both horizontal and vertical directions.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

At this time, L must be greater than W, so too T is greater than D. Thus a large engine power is required at the time of takeoff.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Failed takeoff could be due to lack of engine power (due to various things: mechanical damage, human error, external interference, and so on), or interference with the aircraft's control system.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The atmospheric layer of the atmosphere is the layer of gas that covers a planet, including the earth, from the surface of that planet to deep in space.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

On Earth, the atmosphere exists from an altitude of 0km above ground level, up to about 560km from above Earth's surface.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The atmosphere is composed of several layers, which are named after phenomena that occur in those layers.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The transition between the layers of one and the other takes place gradually.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The study of the early atmosphere was carried out to solve the problem of weather, the phenomenon of refraction of sunlight at rising and sinking, as well as the flipings of stars.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

With sensitive equipment installed on the space rides, we can gain a better understanding of the atmosphere following the phenomena that occur in it.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Earth's atmosphere is composed of nitrogen (78.17%) and oxygen (20.97%), with less argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (variable, but about 0.0357%), water vapor, and other gases.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The atmosphere protects life on earth by absorbing ultraviolet light radiation from the sun and reducing temperature extremes between day and night. 75% of the atmosphere exists within 10 to 11km of the planet's surface.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The atmosphere has no sudden boundaries, but it is thinned gradually by increasing altitude, there is no definite boundary between the atmosphere and outer space.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Aircraft style Of some things, the good performance of an aviator in a flight depends on the ability to plan and coordinate with the use of power and control of the aircraft to change the force from thrust, resistance force (drag), lift force and aircraft weight (weight).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

It is the balance of those styles that the aviator must control.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The better the understanding of the styles and how to control them, the better the skills of an aviator.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Here are the things that define those styles in a flight that is straight and flat, unaccelerated (stright and level, unaccelerated).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Thrust, is the thrust force, generated by the engine (powerplant) /propeller.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

This style is the opposite of the hold (drag) force.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

As a general rule, thrust acts parallel to the longitudinal axis.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

But in fact this is not always the case, as will be explained later.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Drag is a force backwards, pulling backwards, and is caused by airflow interference by the wings, fuselage, and other objects.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Drag is the opposite of 'thrust', and acts backwards parallel to the relative wind direction (relative wind).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Heavy force weight is a combination of the weight of the aircraft's own payload, aircraft crew, fuel, and cargo or baggage.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Weight pulls the plane down due to the force of gravity.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Weight counteracts the 'lift' (lift force) and acts vertically downward through the aircraft's center of gravity.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Lift (lift force) counteracts force from weight, and is generated by the dynamic effect of air acting on the wing, and acting perpendicular in the direction of flight through the center of the lift' from the wing.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

On stable flight, the sum of the mutually opposite forces is equal to zero. There would be no imbalance in steady, straight flight (Newton's third law).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

This is true on flights that are flat or climbing or downhill.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

It is not the same as saying the entire four styles are the same.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

In simple terms all opposing styles are equally large and cancel out the effect of each style.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Often the relationship between these four styles is incorrectly illuminated or described in such a way that it becomes less obvious.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The correct relationship between the styles in flight Consider the following image as an example.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

In the illustration at the top, the values of all style vectors look the same.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The usual caption would generally say (without stating that 'thrust' and drag are not equal in value to weight and lift) that thrust equals drag and lift equals weight.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

It should be understood that in a straight and flat flight (straight and level), it is true that the opposite style of lift/weight is the same, but the two styles are also larger than the opposite force thrust/drag which is also equal in value between them, not compared to the lift/ weight.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

For the truth, it must be said that in a steady state: The amount of upward force (not only lift) is equal to the sum of the downward force (not only weight) The amount of thrust force (not only thrust) is equal to the amount of force backwards (not only drag) The improvement from the old formula saying thrust is equal to drag and lift is equal to weight is also considering the fact that in climb/fly climbing, some of the thrust force is also directed upwards, acting like the lift force, and partly the weight force, because its backward direction also acts as drag.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

At drift down (glide) time a portion of the force weight vector is directed forward, acting like a thrust force.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

In other words, if at any time the direction of the plane is not horizontal then the lift, weight, thrust and drag will split into two components.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The Wing Lift Force On Aircraft Aircraft can be lifted into the air through the wing of the peswat, unlike rockets that are raised upwards due to the action between the gas that the rocketswith the rocket itself.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Rockets are spouting gas backwards and in reaction the gas propels the rocket forward.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

So, the rocket can still lift upward even if there is no air, but the aircraft cannot lift if there is no air.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The wing cross section of the aircraft has a sharper rear and a more curved upper side than its lower side.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

This shape of the wing is called aerofoil.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

This shape causes current-like lines.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The current line on the upper side is tighter than the lower side, which means the speed of the airflow on the upper side of the plane (v2) is greater than the lower side of the wing (v1).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

According to the Bernoulli principle, the pressure on the upper side (p2) is less than the lower side (p1) because of the large air speed.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Pressure difference p1 - p2 yields a lifting force equal to F1 - F2 = (p1 - p2) A With A is the total cross-sectional area of the wing If the value p1 - p2 of the equation p1 - p2 = 1/2 p (v2^2 - v1^2) we enter into the above equation to be F1 - F2 = 1/2 p (v2^2 - v1^2) A With air mass p Aircraft can be lifted into the bag if the lifting force is greater than the weight of the aircraft.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

So whether an aircraft can fly or not depends on the weight of the aircraft, the aircraft's speed, and the size of its wings.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The greater the speed of the aircraft, the greater the airspeed and this means that the V2^2 - V1^2 increases so that the lifting force of F1 - F2 is greater.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The bigger the wing size (A) the bigger the lifting style.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

In order for the aircraft to be lifted the lifting force must be greater than the weight of the aircraft (F1-F2) > mg).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

If the aircraft has been at a certain altitude and the pilot wants to maintain its altitude (hovering in the air) thenthe flight must be arranged so that the lifting force is equal to the weight of the aircraft (F1 - F2 = mg) There are basically 4 pieces of force acting on an aircraft who was spacing 1.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The weight of the plane caused by the gravitational force of the earth 2.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Lifting force caused by plane shape 3.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Forward force caused by air friction 4.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The resistance force caused by air friction.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

If the aircraft is about to go flat with an acceleration then the forward force must be greater than the resistance force and the lifting force must be equal to the weight of the aircraft.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

If the plane is about to add a fixed height, then the resultant force is flat and the vertical force must be equal to zero. This means that the forward force is equal to the drag force and the lift force is equal to the weight of the aircraft.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The force vector at the time the plane climbs Discussions of earlier concepts are often overlooked in texts, books or aeronautical manuals.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The reason is not that there is no consecration, but because it ignores this discussion that the main idea of aerodynamic styles working on an aircraft that flies can be delivered without having to delve into the engineering of an aerodynamicist.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

In reality considering only flying flat/level flight, and climbing normally and gliding steady/steady, it remains true that wing lift force is an important upward force, and weight/weight is a very important downward force.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Frequently, the difficulty encountered when describing the style that works on airplanes is a matter of language and meaning.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

For example, aviators have long believed that aircraft climb due to excess lift force (excess lift).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

This is not true if one only thinks about his relationship with wingnuts alone.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

But however this is true, if the lifting force is the total summation of all “upward forces”.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

But when referring to “lift force from thrust” the definitions that have previously been made for these styles no longer apply and make it harder.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The improper in this language has been a reason to use it as an argument, especially within the academic sector, instead of to make it easier as an explanation on the fundamental principles of aviation.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Although the styles that work on aircraft have been established, a more detailed discussion is still needed about how aviators use them to manufacture controlled flight.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Thrust Before the plane starts moving, thrust must be used.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The plane will remain in motion and increase its speed until the thrust and drag become equally large.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

To maintain a fixed speed then thrust and drag must remain the same, as the lift and weight must be the same to maintain a fixed height of the aircraft.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

If in a flat (level) flight, the thrust force is reduced, then the aircraft will slow down.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

As long as the thrust is smaller than drag, the aircraft will continue to slow down until the aircraft speed (airspeed) can no longer hold the aircraft in the air.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Conversely if engine power is augmented, thrust will become greater than drag, the aircraft continually adding to its speed.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

When drag equals thrust, the aircraft will fly at a fixed speed.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Flying straight and level (straight and flat) can be maintained ranging from flying at low speed to high speed.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Aviators must set the angle of attack and thrust within all speed range (speed regim) if the aircraft is to be held at a certain altitude (flight level).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Angle of attack in different speeds Roughly this range of speeds can be grouped in 3 regions (regim), low-speed (low-speed), cruising flight, and high-speed.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The Angle of attack should be high enough to increase the lifting force when the speed is low if the balance between the lifting force and the weight force is to be maintained.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Figure below.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

If the thrust is reduced and the speed is reduced then the lift force will be smaller than the weight/weight and the aircraft will begin to descend from its altitude.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

To maintain altitude the aviator can increase the angle of attack as much as necessary to produce a lift force equal to the weight/weight of the aircraft, and the time the aircraft starts flying slower the aircraft will maintain its altitude if the aviator delivers thrust and angle of appropriate attack.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

There are interesting circumstances in straight & level flight in low speed, -relative to equilibrium style-force-, with the higher state of the aircraft nose, there is a vertical component of the thrust that helps support the aircraft.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

For one thing, the load on the wings tends to be less than predicted.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Most aviators will know the aircraft will stall, -if the other state of force is the same-, at a time when the speed becomes lower even if with power on (engine power) compared to idle engine power off (airflow through the wings from the propeller also helps).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Anyway if our analysis is only limited to 4 styles on the general definition of “regular”, one could say that at straight & slow speed levels, thrust is equal to drag and lift equals weight.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

At straight & flight level time when thrust is added and speed increases, then the angle of attack should be reduced.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Therefore, if the change is made with correct coordination, then the aircraft will remain at the same altitude, but with greater speed if the relationship between thrust and angle of attack is adjusted.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

If the angle of attack is not adjusted (reduced) by thrust accretion then the plane will climb (climb).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

But by reducing the angle of attack, the lift changes, making it equal to weight, and if done correctly the plane will remain in flight level (not changing altitude).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Flat flight (level flight) with a slightly negative angle of attack angle is possible at very high speeds.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

This is the proof, that level flight can be done with any angle of attack between the stall angle and the relatively negative angle at very high speeds.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Drag Drag or drag in flight is of two types: parasite drag and induced drag.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The first is called parasite drag because it has no function at all to help the aircraft to be able to fly, while the second is called induced because it is generated or made from the work of the wing making the lift force (lift).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Parasite drag itself consists of two component form drag, which occurs due to interference in the airflow through the fuselage, and skin friction, an obstacle from friction with the aircraft skin.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Of the two types of parasite drag, form drag is the easiest to reduce at times designing an aircraft.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

In general, the more streamline the shape of the plane will produce a shape that reduces parasite drag.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Skin friction is the most sullite type of drag parasite to reduce.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

There is no perfectly smooth surface.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Even machine-made surfaces at times inspected using tools/magnifying glass, have an uneven rough surface.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

This rough surface will deflect the streamline flow of air on the surface, resulting in an obstacle to a smooth flow.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

This skin friction can be reduced by wearing flat glossy paint/finish and reduce the rivet head popping out, rough and uneven surface.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

There is one more element to be added at the time discussing about parasite drag time designing aircraft.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Parasite drag combines the effects of form drag and skin friction.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

This joint is called interference drag.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

If two objects are placed next to each other, then the turbulence that occurs can be up to 50-200 percent greater than if the two objects are tested separately.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

These three elements, form drag, skin friction and interference drag are all calculated to determine parasite drag on an aircraft.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The shape of an object is an important factor in parasite drag.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Also, Indicated Airspeed (the speed indicated by the indicator) is equally important when we talk about parasite drag.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Drag on an object standing in a fixed position, relative to a given airflow, will increase squarely from its airspeed.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Adding speed twice will add drag four times, adding speed three times will add drag nine times.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

This relationship is valid only at subsonic speeds, below the speed of sound.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

At very high speeds, the ratio of drag profiles that usually increase in line with speed accretion, will increase even faster.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The second basic type of drag is induced drag.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

As we know in physics that no mechanical system can be 100 percent efficient.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

That is, whatever the form of a system, then an effort will require additional effort that will be absorbed or lost in the system.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The more efficient a system, the less it loses this effort.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The flat aerodynamic properties of the wings in flight result in the required lift force, but this can only be obtained with some penalty to be paid, namely induced drag.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Induced drag inevitably exists when the wing generates a lifting force and the fact is this type of drag is inseparable from the production of the lifting force.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Consecrated, this drag always appears at the moment when the lifting force is generated.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Aircraft wings generate lift force by using energy from free airflow.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

When generating lift force, the pressure on the lower surface of the wing is greater than on the upper surface.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

As a result, air will tend to flow from from the high pressure area of the wingtip (wingtip) to the middle to the low pressure area above the wing.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Around the wingtips there is a tendency for these pressures to become balanced, equally strong, resulting in lateral flow out from the bottom to the top of the wing.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

This lateral flow makes a velocity that rotates into the air at the wingtip and flows to the back of the wing.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Then the flow around the wingtip will take the form of two vortex flowing (trailing) behind at the time the wing moves forward.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

When the aircraft is viewed from its tail, this votex-vortex will circulate inverse clockwise around the right wing tip and clockwise at the tip of the left wing.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

It should be remembered the direction of these vortex-vortex turns that can be seen that they produce upward airflow after passing through the wingtip, and downward airflow behind the trailing edge of the wing.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

This downward air flow is simply not needed to generate lift force.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

This is the source of induced drag.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The greater the size and strength of this vortex-vortex and in turn the downward airflow component of the airflow passing through the wing, the greater the effect of induced drag.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The downward air flow above the wingtip has the same effect as deflecting the lifting force vector backwards; therefore the lifting force will turn somewhat backwards parallel to the direction of the air (relative wind) and produce a backward component of the lift.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Here's induced drag.


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It should also be remembered to make greater negative pressure over the wing, the front end of the wing can be raised to obtain a greater angle of attack.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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Also if an asymmetry wing has zero angle of attack, then there will be no pressure difference and no downward air flow, then there is no induced drag.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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In any case, if the angle of attack increases then induced drag will increase proportionally.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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Vortex at the wingtip (wingtip vortex) Another way to state this is, the smaller the speed of the aircraft the greater the angle of attack required to produce a lift force equal to the weight of the aircraft and the greater consecration induced this drag.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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The magnitude of this induced drag varies inversely proportional to the square of the plane's velocity.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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From this discussion, it can be known parasite drag increments proportional to speed squared, and induced drag varies inversely proportional to the square of the plane's velocity.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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It can also be seen that if the speed decreases close to the stall speed, the total drag will be very large because induced drag rises sharply.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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Just as well when the aircraft approaches its maximum speed, the total drag will be large as parasite drag rises sharply.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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As in the following figure, at some speed the total drag becomes maximum.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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This is very important to get maximum endurance and mileage of an airplane.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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At the time of drag at its minimum magnitude, the power required to resist drag is also minimum.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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To understand the effects of lift and drag in an airplane on a flight the two must be combined and the lift/drag ratio must be observed.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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With lift and drag data available at various speeds when the aircraft is flat and not accelerating, the proportion of CL (Coefficient of Lift) and CD (Coefficient of Drag) can be calculated at any given angle of attack.


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The plotting result for the lift/drag ratio (L/D) at a given angle of attack shows that the L/D increases to the maximum then decreases at a larger coefficient of lift and angle of attack as seen in the figure.


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Note that the maximum lift/drag ratio (L/D max) occurs at a certain angle of attack and coefficient.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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If the aircraft is operating on stable flight at L/D max, then total drag is minimum.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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Any angle of attack smaller or larger than the one at L/D max reduces the lift/drag ratio and its consecration adds to the total drag of the lifting force exerted on the aircraft.


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The location of the center of gravity (CG) is determined by the general design of each type of aircraft.


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The aircraft designer determines to what extent the center of pressure (CP) will move.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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Then they will determine the center of gravity in front of the center of pressure (CP) for the associated flight speed to make the moment sufficient to maintain the equilibrium of flight.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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The configuration of the aircraft also has a great effect on the lift/drag ratio.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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A high-performance flyover may have a very large lift/drag ratio.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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A supersonic fighter may have a small lift/drag on subsonic flight but what causes this is the aircraft configuration required at the time of supersonic flying (and a large L/D when flying with a high Mach number).


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Gravitational Weight is the force of attraction that draws all objects to the center of the Earth.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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Center of gravity (CG) could be said to be the point at which all the weight of the plane is centralized.


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The plane will be balanced in any circumstance/attitude if the aircraft is held right at the center point of gravity.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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Center of gravity is also something very important because its position is very influential on the stability of an aircraft.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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The position of the center of gravity is determined by the general draft of each aircraft.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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The aircraft designer determines how far the center of pressure (CP) will move.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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Then they will make the center point of gravity in front of the center of pressure for a certain speed of the plane to gain sufficient ability to restore the equilibrium state of flight.


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Weight has a fixed relationship with elevator, and thrust with drag.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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The relationship is simple, but it is important to understand the aerodynamics of flight.


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Lift is an upward force on the wing that acts perpendicularly in the direction of the relative wind (relative wind).


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Lift is required to negate the weight of the aircraft (weight, which is caused by the pulling force of the earth acting on the mass of the plane).


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This heavy force (weight) acts downward through the center of gravity of the aircraft.


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On a flat and stable flight, when the lifting force is equal to weight, then the plane is in equilibrium and does not gain or lose altitude.


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If the lift is reduced compared to weight then the aircraft will lose altitude.


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When the lift is greater than weight, the height of the aircraft will increase.


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Elevator Aviators can control the elevator.


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If the aviator moves the steering wheel forward or back, then the angle of attack will change.


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If the angle of attack increases then the lift will increase (if other factors remain constant).


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When the aircraft reaches its maximum angle of attack, the lift will disappear quickly.


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This is called the stalling angle of attack or burble point.


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Before going further with the lift and how the lift could be controlled, we had to tuck about the speed.


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The shape of the wing could not be effective unless the wing continuously “attacked” the new air.


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If the plane had to remain hovering, then it had to keep it moving.


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The elevator is proportional to the square of the plane's speed.


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For example, if an aircraft is moving at a speed of 200 knots it has quadruple lift if the aircraft is flying at a speed of 100 knots, provided that the angle of attack and other factors remain constant.


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In actual circumstances, the aircraft cannot continuously move flat at an altitude and keep the same angle of attack if the speed is increased.


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The lift will increase and the aircraft will go uphill as a result of the accretion of the lift force.


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To keep the lift and weight equal, and keep the plane in a straight and flat state (straight and level) in an equilibrium state, the lift must be reduced when the speed is added.


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Normally this is done by reducing the angle of attack, that is, lowering the nose of the aircraft.


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Conversely, at the time the aircraft is slowed, the reduced speed requires an accretion of angle of attack to maintain sufficient lift to hold the aircraft.


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There are as many restrictions as to what angle of attack can be added to avoid stall.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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In conclusion, that for each angle of attack there is a certain speed/indicated airspeed to maintain altitude in steady/steady flight, not accelerating at a time when all factors are in a constant state.


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(Remember that this is only true when flying by maintaining “level flight” altitude) Since an airfoil will always stall at the same angle of attack, if weight is added then the lift must be augmented and the only method to do so is to raise the speed if angle of attack is held at a certain value just below the “critical” /stalling angle of attack.


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Lift and drag are also capricious according to air density (density).


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Air density is affected by several factors: pressure, temperature, and humidity.


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Remember, at an altitude of 18000 feet, the density of air is just half of the density of air at sea level.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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So to keep the lift at a higher altitude an aircraft has to fly at a true speed (true airspeed) higher at any angle of attack value.


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Furthermore, warmer air will be less density than cold air, and moist air will be less density than dry air.


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So during hot and humid (humid) air times an aircraft must fly with a true airspeed greater with a given angle of attack compared to flying at cold and dry air times.


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If the density factor is reduced and the total lift should be equal to the total weight on that flight, then one factor should be added.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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A factor usually added is the speed or angle of attack, as these two things can be controlled directly by the aviator.


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It should also be realized that the lift changes directly towards the wing area/wingspan, the origin of which there is no change in the shape of the wingbread/planform.


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If the wing has the same proportions and airfoil section, a wing with an area of 200 square feet makes lift twice at the same angle of attack compared to a wing that has an area of 100 square feet.


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As can be seen the two main factors of the aviator's way of view that can be controlled directly and accurately are lift and speed.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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Naturally aviators can also regulate air density by changing flying altitude and can control wing area if the aircraft has flaps with a type that can expand the wing.


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But in the general situation, aviators only control the elevator and speed to move the plane.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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Cntonya on straight & level flights, exploring at a fixed altitude, the altitude is maintained by adjusting the lift to match it with the speed of the aircraft or cruising speed, while maintaining the equilibrium state while the lift is equal to the weight.


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At the time of approach to landing and the aviator wants to get as slow as possible speed, it is necessary to add lift to the maximum to keep the lift equal to the weight of the aircraft.


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Airfoil Airfoil or aerofoil is a form of geometry that when placed in a fluid flow will produce a lift force greater than the resistance force (drag).


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On the airfoil there are the following parts: Leading Edge is the frontmost part of an airfoil.


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The Trailing Edge is the rearmost part of an airfoil.


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Chamber line is a line that divides equally large between the upper surface and lower surface of the airfoil mean chamber line.


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A chord line is a straight line that connects the leading edge with the trailing edge.


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Chord (c) is the distance between leading edge and trailling edge.


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Maximum chamber is the maximum distance between the mean chamber line and chord line.


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The maximum position of the chamber is measured from the leading edge in the form of chord percentage.


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Maximum thickness is the maximum distance between the top surface and the lower surface of the airfoil which is also measured perpendicular to the chord line.


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There are several airfoil types: Under ChamberFor slower aircraft (slow flyer), or those with low Reynolds Number, high lift at low speeds and also high drag.


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Flat-bottomtypically for early trainers, have high coefficient lift, slow aircraft and limited maneuverability.


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Semi-symmetrical for advanced trainers, the aircraft is faster, and the starting aircraft can perform basic maneuvers.


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Fully symmetrisThis type of foil is commonly used on acrobatic planes.


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History of Airfoils Serious research into developing airfoils began to be carried out since the late 19th century.


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Although at that time it had been known that even flat plates could evoke lifting forces at certain angles of attack, there was a tendency of thought that curved airfoil shapes resembling the shape of a bird's wings could produce more effective lifting forces.


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The first airfoil shape patent was recorded in the name of Horatio F. Phillips in 1884.


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Phillips was a British nationality who first took wind tunnel testing of airfoils seriously.


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At about the same time, Otto Lilienthal had the same idea.


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After making meticulous measurements of the shape of the bird's wings, he tested the shape of the airfoil with curvature on a player machine with a diameter of 7 meters.


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Lilienthal believed that the key to success to making the flight was to use a curved airfoil.


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He also tested it with different nose radius.


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In 1902 the Wright brothers conducted testing of their airfoils in a wind tunnel, to develop an efficient shape which later sparked their success on the first flight of 17 December 1903.


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The airfoil the Wright brothers used was very similar to the design from Otto Lilienthal, that is, it is thin and curved.


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This was possible because airfoil testing in early times was done on very low Reynold numbers.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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The incorrect thinking that effective airfoils should have a thin shape and high curvature was the reason airplanes were the first to use double wings.


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The thin, high-curvature airfoil shape was then progressively abandoned and shrunk in number gradually over the span of a decade that followed.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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Airfoils with extensive coverage were then developed, which was generally on a trial and error basis.


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Some moderately successful forms were the Clark Y and Gottingen 398 which were used as bases for airfoil shapes tested by NACA in the early 1920s. The NACA airfoil (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) NACA airfoil is a form of airplane wing airfoil developed by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA).


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Until about World War II, the widely used airfoils were the result of Gottingen's research.


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During this period a lot of arifoil testing was conducted in various countries, but the results of NACA research are the most reputable.


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The tests conducted by NACA are more systematic by dividing the effect of curvature and thickness distribution and the test is performed on higher Reynold numbers than others.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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The NACA airfoil is one of the simple aerodynamic body forms that is useful to be able to provide a certain lifting force against another body and with the help of mathematical completion it is possible to predict how much lift force is produced by an airfoil body.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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The geometry of the airfoil has a great influence on aerodynamic characteristics with an important parameter in the form of CL, and then it will be related to the lift (resulting lift force) (Mulyadi, 2010).


Question: What was the first big plane?

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Until about World War II, widely used airfoils were the result of Gottingen's research.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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During this period many airfoil filings were conducted in various countries, but the results of NACA research were the most reputable.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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This is often summarized by several parameters such as: maximum thickness, maximum curved shape, max position of thickness, max position of curved shape, and nose radius.


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The airfoil consists of (Mulyadi, 2010): The upper surface (Upper Surface) The lower surface (Lowerer Surface) The mean camber line is where the notch of the points between the upper and lower surfaces of the airfoil are measured perpendicular to the mean camber line itself.


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Leading edge is the frontmost point on the mean camber line, usually circular with radii approaching 0.02 c.Trailing edge is the rearmost point on the mean camber line Camber is the maximum distance between the mean camber line and the chord line measured perpendicular to the line chords.


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Thickness (thickness) is the distance between the upper surface and the lower surface measured perpendicular to the chord line.


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Airfoil Characteristics In a wind tunnel or on a flight, an airfoil is simply a streamline object inserted on a moving airstream.


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If the airfoil is in the form of a water droplet then the change in speed and pressure from the airflow passing through the top and bottom will be the same on both sides.


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But if the shape of the water droplet is cut in the middle equally, the result is a simple form of airfoil (wing).


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If the airfoil is raised, then the airflow will hit at a certain angle (angle of attack), air molecules moving through the upper surface will be forced to move at a higher speed than the air molecules moving under the airfoil, this is because the above molecules must undergo longer distances due to the curvature from the surface that is above.


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This speed accretion reduces the pressure above the airfoil (Mulyadi, 2010).


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Momentum is the resistance of an object moving when the direction and magnitude of its movement are changed.


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When each object is forced to move in a circular motion, it will provide a resistance reaction with an exit direction opposite to the center of spin.


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This is called centrifugal force.


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As in figure 2 seen when airborne particles move in a curved direction AB, centrifugal force tends to throw them in the direction of the arrow between A and B, thus causing the air to urge more than normal pressure in its leading edge airfoil.


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But once the airborne particles pass through point B (the point reversed direction from the arch/curve direction) the centrifugal force tends to dump the particles at the direction of the arrow between B and C (causing reduced pressure in the airfoil).


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This effect holds until the air particles reach point C, the second point reverses direction from the curvature of the air flow.


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Back again, the centrifugal force is reversed and the airborne particles tend to exert slightly more pressure than normal on the trailing edge of those airfoils (Suseno, 2010).


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The air pressure from the upper surface of the airfoil is propagated so that the pressure is greater at the leading edge than the surrounding atmospheric pressure, causing strong resistance at forward motion, but less air pressure than the surrounding atmospheric pressure over most of the upper surface (B to C).


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As seen in the use of Bernoulli's theory on a venturi vessel, the accretion of airvelocity on the upper part of the airfoil causes a drop in pressure.


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This descending pressure is one component of the total lifting power.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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But it is a mistake to assume that the pressure difference between the upper surface and the bottom is the only total result of lifting power production (Suseno, 2010).


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A positive pressure is generated due to the nature of the air flowing under the wing, especially at a high angle of attack.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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But there are other aspects of this airflow to be studied.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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At a point near the leading edge, the air flow at its nature actually stops (stagnation point) and gradually the speed will increase.


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At the same point on the trailing edge, back again the airflow it reaches a speed equal to the velocity of the air flow on its upper surface.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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In accordance with Bernoulli's principle, when the air flow gets softer under the wing, an upward positive pressure occurs pressing on the wing, if the fluid velocity decreases, the pressure should increase (Suseno, 2010).


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Essentially, this is simply “amplifying positive pressure” as this event adds to the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the airfoil, thus adding to the total lift power compared to if there is no increase in pressure at the bottom of the surface.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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Both Bernoulli's principle and Newton's law work if the lifting power is produced by an airfoil.


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From experiments conducted on models in actual wind tunnels, it has been found that at times air flows along the surface of a wing with varying angles of attack, it is found parts along the surface where the pressure is negative or less than atmospheric pressure and also parts with positive pressure or greater than atmospheric pressure (Suseno, 2010).


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The negative pressure on the upper surface of the wing makes for a greater force than the positive pressure hitting the lower surface of the wing.


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Figure 3 shows the spread of pressure along the airfoil at 3 different angles of attack.


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Generally, at a large angle of attack, the center of pressure (Center of Pressure) moves forward while at a small angle of attack the pressure center moves to the back.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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In the design of the wing structure, this shift in the center of pressure is very important, as it affects the position of the air load borne by the wing at a state of small angle of attack and large angle of attack (Suseno, 2010).


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Aerodynamic balance and controllability are governed by the difference from the center of pressure.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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The pressure center is determined by calculations and experiments in the wind tunnel by providing different angles of attack on the airfoil along the normal working range.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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When the angle of attack is changed, the pressure spread characteristics also change (Suseno, 2010).


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Positive (+) and negative (—) pressure forces are summed at each angle of attack value and the result is obtained.


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The total resultant of pressure is shown by the force resultant vector.


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The construction of the currently commonly used NACA Airfoil Geometry Airfoil was greatly influenced by the results of this study conducted by NACA.


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And the following is the classification of NACA airfoil types: NACA Series 4 Digit Around 1932, NACA conducted testing of several forms of airfoils known as NACA 4-digit series as in figure 5.


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The distribution of curvature and thickness of this four-series NACA is given based on an equation.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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This distribution was not chosen by theory, but was formulated based on the effective wing shape approach used at the time, as known was the Clark Y. On the four-series NACA airfoil, the first digit expressed the maximum percent of camber against the chord.


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The second digit states tenths of the maximum position of the camber on the chord of the leading edge.


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Whereas the last two digits state percent of airfoil thickness against chord.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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Example: the NACA 2412 airfoil has a camber maximum of 0.02 located at 0.4c from the leading edge and has a maximum thickness of 12% chord or 0.12c.


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Airfoils that lack curvature, with camber line and himpit chord are called symmetric airfoils.


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An example is the NACA 0012 which is a symmetric airfoil with a maximum thickness of 0.12c (Mulyadi, 2010).


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NACA Series 5 Digit Development of the NACA 5-digit airfoil was carried out around 1935 using the same thickness distribution as the four-digit series.


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The average curvature line (mean camber line) of this series differs from the four-digit series.


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This change was made in order to shift the maximum camber forward so as to increase the maximum CL.


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When compared to thickness and camber, this series has a maximum CL value of 0.1 to 0.2 higher than the four-digit series.


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This five-digit series numbering system differs from four-digit series.


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In this series, the first digit multiplied 3/2 then divided by ten giving the design value of the elevator coefficient.


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Half of the next two digits constitute percent of the maximum position of the camber against the chord.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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The last two digits constitute the percent of thickness against the chord.


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For example, the 23012 airfoil has a design CL of 0.3, a maximum position of camber at 15% chord of the leading edge and a thickness of 12% chord (Mulyadi, 2010).


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The NACA Series-1 (Series 16) Airfoil NACA series 1 developed around 1939 was the first series developed based on theoretical calculations.


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The most commonly used series 1 airfoils had a minimum pressure location at 0.6 chord, and were later known as the series-16 airfoils.


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This camber line airfoil is designed to produce a uniform difference in pressure along the chord.


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The naming of this series 1 airfoil uses five numbers.


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For example NACA 16-212.


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The first digit indicates series 1.


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The second digit indicates tenths of the minimum pressure position against the chord.


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The number behind the hyphen: the first number represents the tenth of the CL design and the last two numbers indicate the maximum percent of thickness against the chord.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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So NACA 16-212 means a series 1 airfoil with a minimum pressure location at 0.6 chord from the leading edge, with a design of CL 0.2 and a maximum thickness of 0.12 (Mulyadi, 2010).


Question: What was the first big plane?

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The NACA Series 6 Airfoils NACA Series 6 are designed to achieve the maximum possible combination of drag, compressibility and CL performance.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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Some of these requirements are mutually contradictory one and another, so the main purpose of this airfoil design is to get as small a drag as possible.


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The geometry of series 6 is derived by using theoretical methods that have been developed using advanced mathematics to obtain geometry shapes that can produce pressure distributions as desired.


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The purpose of this design approach is to obtain a combination of thickness and camber that can maximize the laminer flow area.


Question: What was the first big plane?

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Thus then drag on low CL regions can be reduced.


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The rules of naming series 6 are quite confusing compared to other series, among them because of the many different variations that exist.


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Examples of which 10 are commonly used for example NACA 641-212, a = 0.6.


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The number 6 in the first digit indicates the 6 series and states this family is designed for greater laminer flow than the 4-digit or 5-digit series.


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The figure 4 indicates the location of the minimum pressure in tenths against the chord (0.4c).


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Aircraft

Subscript 1 indicates that the minimum drag range is achieved at 0.1 above and below the design CL i.e. 2 views number 2 after the hyphen.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The last two numbers are percent thickness against the chord, which is 12% or 0.12.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Whereas a = 0.6 indicates airfoil chord percent with uniform pressure distribution, in this example it is 60% chord (Mulyadi, 2010).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

NACA Series 7 Series 7 is a further effort to maximize the laminer flow area above an airfoil with a minimum pressure location difference required up and down.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

An example is the NACA 747A315.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The number 7 denotes the series.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The number 4 indicates the location of the minimum pressure on the upper surface in tenths (i.e. 0.4c) and the number 7 in the third digit indicates the location of the minimum pressure on the lower surface of the airfoil in tenths (0.7c).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

A, a letter on the fourth digit indicates a standard thickness and mean line distribution format from the initial NACA series.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The number 3 on the fifth digit indicates the design CL in tenths (i.e. 0.3) and the last two numbers indicate the percent of maximum thickness to the chord, which is 15% or 0.15 (Mulyadi, 2010).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

NACA Series 8 Airfoils NACA 8 series are designed for supercritical speed flight.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

As with the previous series, this series is designed with the aim of maximizing the laminer flow area on the upper surface of the lower surface independently.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The naming system is the same as the 7 series, only that its first digit is 8 denoting the series.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

An example is the NACA 835A216 is a NACA series 8 airfoil with the minimum pressure location on the upper surface is at 0.3c, the minimum pressure location on the lower surface is at 0.5c, has a design CL of 2 and a maximum thickness or thickness of 0.16c (Mulyadi, 2010).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The performance quality of these airfoil blades is usually expressed in the price of drag force coefficient (CD) and elevator force (CL).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Elevator style is a force whose direction is perpendicular to a stream that hits an airfoil shape.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The drag force is the force parallel to the flow of fluid hitting an airfoil shape.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

In the airfoil there are several parts that are changed to get the maximum lifting force coefficient, including camber.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The larger the camber of an airfoil, the greater the lifting force that will be generated by an airfoil, because the change in wind direction at the trailing edge causes the greater the lifting force.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

It is also caused because the basic principle of the airfoil is to accelerate the wind speed at the top by extending the airfoil trajectory area and shortening the trajectory of the bottom of the airfoil so that the difference in pressure of the upper and lower surfaces is greater then the lifting force generated getting bigger anyway (Benson, 2010).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Attack Angle (Angle of Attack) The angle of attack is the angle formed by the bowstring of an airfoil and the direction of airflow passing through it (relative wind).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

It is usually marked α (alpha).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

For symmetrical airfoils, the size of the resulting lift will be zero when the angle of attack is zero, medium on the airfoil is not symmetrical even if the attack angle is zero but the lift force has arisen.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The lifting force becomes zero when the foil water is not symmetically forming a negative angle to the airflow.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The angle of attack where the lifting force is zero is called zero angle lift.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Finite Element Method Finite Element Method is one of those numerical methods that utilize matrix operations to solve physical problems.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

This method was built as a numerical method for voltage analysis, but now its use has become a common method for many complex engineering problems and physical sciences.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Containing calculations, its growth is closely related to the development of computer technology.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The Finite Element method is used by dividing an object into parts and the parts are called mesh.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Some mesh is formed from an object and consists of several points (nodes).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The value and number of points (nodes) are determined by the number of mesh.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Thus, in the above equation it is obtained that the number of points (nodes) on the division of an element is equal to the number of mesh plus one.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

These basic principles are widely used as the basis of computer programs for simulation—simulation, both voltage, flow and other simulations.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Therefore the finite element method cannot be separated from computer programs based on Computional Fluid Dinamic (CFD).


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Computional Fluid Dinamic (CFD) The development of all-round computerized technology has given many conveniences, one of them in terms of obtaining information from analyzers that have a high level of complexity when done manually.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a computer-aided science that produces quantitative predictions of fluid flow phenomena based on conservation laws (conservation of time, momentum, and energy) that govern fluid movement.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

CFD combines various basic science of technology including mathematics, computer science, engineering and physics.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

All of the science of such disciplines is used for modeling or simulating fluid flow.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

These predictions usually occur under conditions determined by the flow geometry, fluid properties, as well as the boundaries and initial conditions of the fluid flow.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Predictions generally provide values of flow variables, including speed, pressure, or temperature at a particular location.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

CFD principle is a calculation method that is devoted to the fluid, where a control of dimensions, area and volume by utilizing computer computing can be made calculations on each element.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The most basic thing why the concept of CFD is widely used in the industrial world is that with CFDs can be analyzed on a system by reducing the cost of experiments and of course a long time in conducting such experiments or in the process of design engineering stage that should be done to be shorter.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Another thing that underlies the use of CFD concept is a deeper understanding of fluid flow characteristics by looking at the results in the form of graphics, vectors, contours and even animations.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Software — software on Computional Fluid Dinamic Computional Fluid Dinamic has many software—software helps to solve problems in fluid dynamics, including Solidwork, Exceed, GAMBIT and CAD/CAE programs, such as; AutoCAD, CATIA, NASTRAN, ProEngineering, and others.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

In this analysis, Solidwork software is used.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Solidwork was chosen because it has advantages compared to other software—such as: Graphic User Interface/more attractive appearance and features, as well as easier handling.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Relatively lighter when run on a computer, in the sense that it does not require too large computer memory.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

More models can be made in Solidwork.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Stages of work on CFDs Before the analysis in CFDs is carried out, first a preliminary design of the objects to be simulated.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Here the object that will be simulated is the NACA 2412 airfoil used on the wing of a model glider type aircraft and will be simulated with solidwork software to make it easier and fasterin the manufacture.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

In addition, the software is also accompanied by supporting facilities to analyze and simulate movements, including: Cosmoswork is used to analyze speed, pressure, voltage, frequency, pressure, temperature and so on.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Cosmotion is used to make movements from objects, create simulations as well as animate them.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

In addition, Cosmotion can also analyze the load for the case of structure analysis.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Cosmosflowork is used to analyze fluid flow both inside and outside, pressure, velocity and so on.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Aircraft category and classification Heavier than air Heavier-than-air airplanes are called aerodins, which fall into this category are autogiros, helicopters, gyrocopters and fixed-wing aircraft/aircraft.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Fixed-winged aircraft generally use deep combustion engines which are either piston engines (with propellers) or turbine engines (jet or turboprop) to generate thrust that drives the aircraft, then the movement of air in the wings generates upward thrust force, which makes these aircraft can fly.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

As an exception, fixed-winged aircraft also exist that do not use engines, for example gliders, which use only gravitational forces and hot air currents.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Helicopters and autogiros use engines and rotating wings to generate upward thrust force, and helicopters also use engines to generate forward thrust.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Lighter than air. Lighter-than-air airplanes are called aerostats, which fall into this category are balloons and airships.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Aerostats use a buoyancy force to fly in the air, just as ocean liners use to float on water.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

These airplanes generally use gases such as helium, hydrogen, or hot air to generate such buoyancy force.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

The difference in blimps with air ships is that blimps follow more wind currents, whereas airships have a propulsion system for forward thrust and a control system.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Aircraft Animation Album IAI Heron Unmanned Aircraft Album on display at the Paris Air Show 2009 Controlling the UAV for experimental purposes at the Fallon Naval Air Station Aerosonde “Laima” in display at Museum of Flight, Seattle, WA.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

MQ-1 Predator, with inert Hellfire missiles, on display at the 2006 Edwards Open House UAV Operators at Balad Camp Anaconda, Iraq, April 20, 2005 A maintenance crew prepares a Global Hawk for a test at Beale Air Force Base Album Spacecraft Unmanned robotic satellite X-37 X-37 X-37B prelaunch .


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

X-34 on ground.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Boeing X40A.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

X-38 Ship -2 in Free Flight X-38 Lakebed Touchdow X-38 Prototype Lands on Rogers Dry Lakebed Supersonic Aircraft Album Tu-144 Concorde Sr-71 Album Vertical Plane Take-off and Landing VTOL Bae-McDonell-Douglas AV8B Mirage III V A Yakovlev Yak-41 at the Russian Air Museum in Monino Vertical landing F35A F-35B X-35 video with transition to VTOL configuration, hover, take off in STOVL configuration, in-flight re-fuelling, vertical hover and landing.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

Yak-38 Forger Yak-38 Lift Engines Aircraft type Based on design Air balloon Airship Fixed-wing aircraft Single-winged aircraft Delta winged aircraft Folding winged aircraft Two-winged aircraft Three-winged aircraft Rotating wing aircraft Helicopter Autogiro Based propulsion Piston-engined aircraft Turbojet-engined aircraft Turbo propeller engined aircraft Turbojet-engined aircraft Turbofan-engined aircraft Ramjet-engined aircraft Based on use Experimental aircraft Civil passenger aircraft Transport aircraft Military aircraft Airbus A380 gallery Singapore Airlines Douglas DC-3 Seulawah, Garuda Indonesia's maiden aircraft at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Aceh people donation Garuda Indonesia Boeing 747-400 at Ngurah Rai Airport NASA experimental aircraft.


Question: What was the first big plane?

Aircraft

B-29 Superfortress during World War 2 Acrobatic aircraft F-35B Lightning F-117 Nighthawk Bomber aircraft AEG R1 Brewster 239 Flugzeug Messerschmitt Me 110 Cockpit Su-25 cockpit U.S. Air Force Fairchild C-119 F-14A F-16 Fighting Falcons Mi-2 belonging to Polish air force Mi-24 Reliant Mk.1 Aircraft Reset Alik Discovery in Washington DC Balloon Landing balloon in Mashgh square, Iran circa 1850 Igor Sikorsky and the first mass helicopter Sikorsky R-4 SR-71 Blackbird a supersonic aircraft Gyroplane Xenon 2 Do X a Tupolev Tu-160 Mil V-12 Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion flying boat LZ 129 Hindenburg Comparison of largest aircraft See also Aircraft conductor Successful aircraft type Passenger plane crash List Aerospace Exhibition Aircraft final storage Airplane cooling systems on aircraft Boeing Airbus Fokker Airport Aerodynamics Reference Links Outside History — Online collection with a particular focus on history of aircraft and spacecraft slideshow by Life magazine Information Free aviation terms, phrases and jargons Video and Category:Aerospace


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Prambanan Temple or Roro Jonggrang Temple (Hanacaraka:, Candhi Prambanan) is the largest Hindu temple complex in Indonesia built in the 9th century AD.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

The temple is dedicated to Trimurti, the three main gods of Hinduism namely Brahma as creator god, Wishnu as preserving god, and Shiva as deity of destruction.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Based on the Siwagrha inscription the original name of this temple complex is Siwagrha (Sanskrit meaning 'House of Shiwa'), and indeed in the garbagriha (main room) of this temple contains a three-meter high Shiva Mahadewa statue which indicates that in this temple god Shiva is preferred.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

The temple complex is located in Prambanan sub-district, Sleman, IN Yogyakarta and Prambanan, Klaten, Central Java [1] approximately 17 kilometers northeast of Yogyakarta, 50 kilometers southwest of Surakarta and 120 kilometers south of Semarang, exactly on the border between Central Java province and Region Special Yogyakarta. [2]


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

It is very unique, Prambanan Temple is located in the administrative area of Bokoharjo village, Prambanan, Sleman, while the entrance to the Prambanan Temple complex is located in the area of the village adminstration of Tlogo, Prambanan, Klaten.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

This temple is among the UNESCO World Heritage Site, the largest Hindu temple in Indonesia, as well as one of the most beautiful temples in Southeast Asia.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

The architecture of this building is tall and slender in accordance with Hindu architecture in general with Shiva temple as the main temple has a height of 47 meters towering in the middle of a complex of smaller temples. [3]


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

As one of the grandest temples in Southeast Asia, Prambanan temple is a tourist attraction from all over the world. [4]


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

According to the Siwagrha inscription, the temple began to be built in around 850 AD by Rakai Pikatan, and continued to be developed and expanded by Balitung Maha Sambu, during the time of the Medang kingdom of Mataram.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

The etymology of the name Prambanan, derived from the name of the village where this temple stands, is thought to be a change in the name of the Javanese dialect from the Hindu theological term Para Brahman meaning “Great Brahman” that is Brahman or the highest and supreme immortal reality that cannot be described, which often equated with the concept of God in Hinduism.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Other opinions think the Brahmans may refer to the time of the temple which used to be filled by brahmins.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Another opinion proposes the notion that the name “Prambanan” comes from the root of the word mban in Javanese language which means to bear or bear the task, referring to the Hindu gods who carry out the task of arranging and executing the alignment of the universe.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

The original name of this Hindu temple complex is a Sanskrit name; Siwagrha (House of Shiva) or Siwalaya (Realm of Shiva), based on the Siwagrha Inscription which is mentioned 778 Saka (856 AD).


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Trimurti is venerated in this temple complex with its three main temples venerating Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

But Shiva Mahadewa who occupies the main space in Shiva temple is the most venerated deity in this temple complex. J. Gronemen (1887) argues that the name Prambanan comes from the word ramban: collecting foliage (for domestic or medicinal use), [pre-ramban-an] is still a place, customary in the forest, where the foliage is deposited.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Such an explanation as to the puning-puning name of the ruins, which was undoubtedly found on one occasion in such a forest, is also contained in the dictionary that Roorda compiled; [an explanation] so simple and natural that we do not need to seek another explanation.”


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

(Groneman 1887:1427 in Jordaan, 1996) [5] History of Development of Prambanan is the largest and grandest Hindu temple ever built in ancient Java, the construction of this royal Hindu temple was started by Rakai Pikatan as a counterpoint to Borobudur Buddhist temple and also Sewu temple located not far away of Prambanan.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Some historians have long suspected that the construction of this Hindu temple is to mark the re-authority of the Sanjaya family over Java, this is related to the theory of twin wangsa different competing beliefs; namely Sanjaya wangsa adherents of Hindus and Sailendra Buddhists.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Certainly, with the building of this temple marks that Hinduism of the Saiwa stream regained the support of the royal family, after earlier Sailendra people tended to support Mahayana Buddhists.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

This marked that the Medang kingdom switched the focus of its religious support, from Mahayana Buddhism to veneration of Shiva.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

The building was first constructed around 850 AD by Rakai Pikatan and was sustainably refined and expanded by King Lokapala and Balitung king Maha Sambu.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Based on the Siwagrha inscription numbered from 856 AD, this sacred building was built to venerate the god Shiva, and the original name of this building in Sanskrit is Siwagrha (Sanskrit:Shiva-grha meaning: 'House of Shiwa') or Siwalaya (Sanskrit:Shiva-laya meaning: 'Shiva-grha meaning: 'Shiva-grha meaning: 'Shiva's House') or 'Nature Shiwa'). [6]


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

In this inscription it is mentioned that while the construction of the middle Siwagrha temple took place, it was also carried out the public works of changing water system to move the river flow near this temple.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

The river in question is the Opakk river which flows from north to south along the western side of the Prambanan temple complex.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Historians suspect that the original flow of this river turned curved towards the east, and was considered too close to the temple so that river erosion could harm the temple's construction.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

This water system project was carried out by creating a new river sodetan cutting the river arch with a north-south shaft along the western wall outside the temple complex.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

The former original river flow was then stockpiled to provide a larger area for the construction of a row of perwara temples (squire temples or companion temples).


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Some archaeologists argue that the statue of Shiva in the garbhagriha (main room) in Shiva temple as the main temple is the embodiment of the king of Balitung, as the posthumous pedharmaan statue of him. [7] This building complex was periodically refined by subsequent Medang Mataram kings, such as kings of Daksa and Tulodong, and expanded by building hundreds of additional temples around the main temple.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Due to the grandeur of this temple, Prambanan temple serves as the grand temple of Mataram Kingdom, where there are various royal important ceremonies.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

At the height of its heyday, historians suspect that hundreds of brahmin priests and their disciples gathered and inhabited the outer courtyard of this temple to study the book of Vedas and perform various Hindu rituals and ceremonies.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

While the royal center or royal palace of Mataram is thought to be located somewhere near Prambanan in the Kewu Plain.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Abandoned Around the 930s, the capital of the kingdom moved to East Java by Mpu Sindok, who founded Wangsa Isyana.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

The cause of the removals of this power center is not known for certain.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

However, it is likely to be caused by the violent eruption of Mount Merapi which towered about 20 kilometers north of Prambanan temple.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Other possible causes are warfare and power struggles.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

After the transfer of the capital, Prambanan temple began to be naked and unmaintained, so slowly this temple began to break down and collapse.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

The temple building is thought to have completely collapsed as a result of a great earthquake in the 16th century.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Although no longer a religious center and worship of Hindus, the temple is still recognized and known for its existence by the Javanese who inhabit the surrounding villages.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

The temples and statues of Durga in the main building of this temple inspired the Javanese folk fairy tale, the legend of Rara Jonggrang.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

After the split of the Mataram Sultanate in 1755, the ruins of the temple and the nearby Opak river became a sign of the boundary between the Yogyakarta Sultanate and the Kasunanan of Surakarta (Solo).


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Rediscovery The local people of Java around the temple already know the existence of this temple.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

But they do not know the real historical background, who is the king and what kingdom has built this monument.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

As a result of imagination, local folk created local fairy tales to explain the origin of the existence of these temples; colored with fantastic tales of giant kings, thousands of temples built by fine genies and dedemites in just one night, as well as beautiful princesses. cursed to be statues.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

The legend regarding Prambanan temple is known as the story of Rara Jonggrang.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

In 1733, the temple was discovered by CA.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Lons a Dutch nationality.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

This temple attracted world attention when during the British occupation of Java.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

It was then Colin Mackenzie, a subordinate surveyor of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, discovered this temple.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Although Sir Thomas later ordered further investigation, the ruins of this temple remained bare for decades.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Unserious excavations were carried out throughout the 1880s which unfortunately instead fertilized the practice of plundering carving and stone temples.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Later in 1855 Jan Willem IJzerman started clearing and removing some stones and soil from the temple booths.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Much later Isaäc Groneman carried out a massive demolition and the stones of the temple were piled haphazardly along the Opak River.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

The statues and reliefs of the temple were taken by Dutch citizens and used as garden decoration, while the aborigines used temple stones for building materials and foundations of houses.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Refurbishment began in 1918, but real serious efforts began in the 1930s. In 1902-1903, Theodoor van Erp maintained sections prone to collapse.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

In 1918-1926, it was continued by Jawatan Purbakala (Oudheidkundige Dienst) under P. J. Perquin in a more systematic manner according to the rules of archaeology.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

As the predecessors made the removal and demolition of thousands of stones indiscriminately without thinking about any refurbishment efforts.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

In 1926 continued De Haan until the end of his life in 1930.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

In 1931 it was replaced by Ir. V.R. van Romondt until 1942 and then handed over leadership of the renovation to the son of Indonesia and it continued until 1993 [8].


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Continuous restoration efforts are carried out even today.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

The restoration of Shiva temple is the main temple of the complex was completed in 1953 and inaugurated by the first President of the Republic of Indonesia Sukarno. there are parts of the temple restored, using new stones, because many of the original stones are stolen or reused elsewhere.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

A temple will only be restored if at least 75% of the original stone is still there.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Therefore, many small temples are not rebuilt and only seem to be the foundation.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Now, the temple is included in a World Heritage Site protected by UNESCO, this status was granted UNESCO in 1991.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Now, some parts of the central Prambanan temple were restored to repair the damage caused by the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

This earthquake has damaged a number of buildings and statues.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

Contemporary events In the early 1990s the government moved wild markets and villages around the temple, displacing the village and rice fields around the temple, and refreshing it into an ancient garden.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

This ancient park covers a large area on the edge of the Yogyakarta-Solo highway on its southern side, covering the entire Prambanan temple complex, including Lumbung Temple, Bubrah Temple, and Sewu Temple to the north.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

In 1992 the Government of Indonesia State-owned company, Persero PT Taman Wisata Candi Borobudur, Prambanan, and Ratu Boko.


Question: What is the largest Hindu relic in Indonesia?

Prambanan Temple

This business entity is in charge of managing ancient tourist parks in Borobudur, Prambanan, Ratu Boko, as well as surrounding areas.