Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Roman sailing ships waded across the Middle Sea and major rivers throughout the Empire, including the Guadalquivir, Ebro, Thames, Rhône, Rhine, Tiber and Nile. [232]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Water transport is preferred because transporting merchandise by land is more difficult. [233]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The existence of means of transport such as horse-drawn carriages, wheels, and sailing ships indicates the presence of a large number of skilled carpenters. [234]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Land transport made use of the advanced Roman road system.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Taxes paid by the community, among others, are used for the provision of personnel, animals, or vehicles for the cursus publicus, state-owned transportation and postal services established by Emperor Augustus. [190]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Relay stations were established along the road every seven to twelve miles, and later developed into villages or trading posts. [235]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Mansio (plural: mansiones) is a franchise of privately owned service stations set up by the imperial bureaucracy to assist with the tasks of the cursus publicus.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Support staff employed at the mansio include mule owners, secretaries, blacksmiths, wagon makers, veterinarians, and a small number of military police and couriers.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The distance between mansiones is determined by how far a cart can travel in a day. [235]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Mules are the animals most often used to pull carts, capable of traveling up to 4 miles per hour. [236]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

As an example of the rapid communication process, a message conveyer takes at least nine days to travel to Rome from Mainz in the province of Germania Superior, even for urgent matters. [237]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In addition to mansiones, some taverns also offer lodging services as well as food and beverages; one of the records at the inn indicates a fee for ordering wine, bread, mule feed, and prostitute services. [238]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Trade and commodities In addition to inter-provinces, trade in the Roman Empire also extended beyond the borders to regions such as China and India. [239]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The main commodity traded is wheat. [240]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Trade with China was generally done by land along the Silk Road; trade with India was also conducted by sea from Egyptian ports on the Red Sea.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Other goods traded were olive oil, various foodstuffs, garum (fish sauce), slaves, ores and processed metal objects, fibers and textiles, wood, pottery, glassware, ceramics, papyrus, spices and materia medica, ivory, pearls, and gemstones. [241]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Although most provinces are able to produce wine, regional varietal is preferred and wine is the main item traded.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Shortages of vin ordinaire supplies are rare. [242]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The main wine suppliers for the city of Rome are the west coast of Italy, the southern Gauls, the Tarrakonensis region of Spain, and Crete.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Aleksandria, the second largest city, imports wine from Laodikea in Syria and the Aegean. [243]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

At the retail level, drinking houses or specialty wine shops (vinaria) sell wine in jugs that can be drunk directly on the premises, at prices according to quality. [244]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Labor and work Inscriptions-inscriptions record 268 different occupations in the city of Rome, and 85 in Pompeii. [245]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Professional associations or trade unions (collegia) were formed for diverse professions and occupations, including fishermen (piscatores), salt merchants (salinatores), olive oil retailers (olivarii), entertainers (scaenici), cattle sellers (pecuarii), goldsmiths (aurifices), transporter labourers (asinarii or muliones), and stone cutters (lapidarii). [246]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Some collegium exists that are specially formed for certain occupations, for example one collegium in Rome is restricted only to craftsmen of ivory and citrun wood. [247]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The work that slaves performed was divided into five general categories, namely domestic work, there were at least 55 different household occupations recorded by epitaphs; public or imperial servants; servants and craftsmen in urban; agriculture; and mining. [248]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Inmates were utilized as laborers in mining or quarrying, with notoriously brutal employment conditions. [249]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In practice, there was little occupational separation between slaves and former slaves, [250] and most workers were illiterate or lacked special skills. [251]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

A large number of laborers work in the agricultural sector; in the Italian agricultural industry system (latifundia), most of the workers are slaves, but in other regions of the Empire, the peasantry that comes from among slaves is not so important when compared with skilled labor that is technically not enslaved. [250]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Textile and clothing production is one of the main sources of employment.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Textiles and finished clothing were traded among the people throughout the Empire.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Textile products are often named after specific entrepreneurs or cities, unlike fashion “labels”. [252]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Ready-made clothes of better quality are exported by businessmen (negotiatores or mercatores) who are generally townspeople in production centers. [253]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Finished clothing is channeled by sales agents to potential customers, or by vestiarii, clothing dealers who are mostly former slaves; or may also be peddled by itinerant traders. [253]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In Egypt, textile manufacturers could open small businesses by hiring apprentices, free wage-paying workers, and slaves. [254]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Labourers who dye (coloratores) and clean clothes (fullones) have their own union. [255]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Centonarii is a trade union specifically reserved for the production of textiles and recycling old clothes into patchwork. [256]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

GDP and income distribution Economic historians give diverse calculations of Roman gross domestic product (GDP) in the time of Principatus. [257]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Using samples of years 14, 100, and 150 AD, estimates of the Roman Empire's GDP per capita range from 166 to 380 HS.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The GDP per capita of Italy is estimated to be 40 [258] to 66 percent [259] higher than the GDP of other regions in the Empire due to tax transfers from the provinces and the size of income of elite citizens in the capital.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Based on the Scheidel—Friesen economic model, the total annual revenue collected by the Empire reached 20 billion HS, with about 5 percent generated by central and local governments.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Elite households, which amount to 1.5 percent of the entire population, contribute about 20 percent of state income. The remaining 20 percent is generated by 10 percent of the population classified as a non-elite middle-class group.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Of the remainder, the “vast majority” of the population contributes more than half the total income of the state, although it is subsistence. [260]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Architecture and engineering JMPL|Ka|350px|Amphitheatre of the Roman Empire.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Romanesque's main contributions in the field of architecture were the arch gates, aisles, and domes.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Even after 2,000 years had passed, some Roman structures still stood staunchly due to sophisticated methods of making cement and concrete. [261] [262] The Roman road was considered the most advanced type of road up to the 19th century.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The road system helps facilitate military policing, communications, and commerce.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The streets are resistant to flooding and other environmental disturbances.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Even after the collapse of the central government, some roads were still in use for over a thousand years.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Roman bridge was one of the first bridges built with a large and durable structure, which was made of stone with an arch gate as the basic structure.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Most bridges also use concrete.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The largest Roman bridge was the Trajanus Bridge on the Danube river, which was built by Apollodorus of Damascus and became the longest bridge ever built for more than a millennium. [263]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Romans built many dams and reservoirs to contain water, for example the Subiako Dam, which became the source of water for the Anio Novus, one of Rome's largest aqueducts. [264]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Romans built 72 dams on the Iberian Peninsula, and many more throughout the Empire, some of which are still in use today.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Several notable embankment dams were built in Roman Britain, including at Longovisium (Lanchester).


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Romans built a number of aqueducts (aqueducts).


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In the treatise written by Frontinus, a curator aquarum (water commissioner) during the reign of Nerva, it is mentioned regarding the importance of administration in maintaining the water supply.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Stone pipes drain water from distant springs and reservoirs by simply utilizing gravity.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

After passing through the aqueduct, water is accommodated in tanks and flowed through pipes to public fountains, baths, toilets, or industrial places. [265]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The main aqueducts in the city of Rome are Aqua Claudia and Aqua Marcia. [266]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The complex system built to supply water to Constantinpel has a 336km long aqueduct. [267]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Roman aqueduct was built with excellent tolerances, and with technological standards unmatched up to modern times. [268]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Romans also used the Aqueur in mining operations throughout the empire, for example at Las Medulas and Dolaucothi in South Wales. [269]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Glass insulators (or “double glazing”) are used in the construction of public baths.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Houses of elite residents in cold weather times are equipped with a hypocaust, a type of central heating.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Roman society was the first society to assemble all the essential components of the steam engine, which had begun since Hero built the aeolipile. [270]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Everyday life City and country In the ancient world, a city was seen as a place where civilizations were “properly designed, composed and decorated”. [271]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Augustus initiated a massive building program in Rome, building exhibitions of artworks showcasing imperial ideology, and reorganizing the city into neighborhoods (vici) staffed at a local level by police and fire officers. [272]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The focus of monumental architecture in the time of Augustus was Campus Martius, an open space outside the city centre originally reserved for equestrian sports and physical training for young people.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The altar of Augustusan Peace (Ara Pacis Augustae) is located there, as well as an obelisk brought in from Egypt that serves as a directional pointer (gnomon) of the horologium.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

With an open garden, Campus is one of the most attractive places to visit in Rome. [273]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Urban planning and urban lifestyle were influenced by Greece from the earliest period, [274] and in the Eastern Empire, Roman power increased and shaped regional development in cities that had had a strong Hellenistic character.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Cities such as Athens, Aphrodisias, Ephesus and Gerasa changed some architectural aspects of urban planning to fit imperial ideas.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In addition, the cities also demonstrate the identity and prominence of their respective regions. [275]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In areas of the Western Empire inhabited by Keltic-speaking inhabitants, Romans promoted the construction of urban centers by building stone temples, forums, monumental fountains, and amphitheaters, generally built within or near walled settlements named oppida that had existed previous. [276]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Urbanization in Roman Africa extended to cities along the Greek and Punic coasts. [235]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The network of cities throughout the Empire (coloniae, municipia, civitates, or in Greek called poleis) was a major cohesive force in the time of Pax Romana. [277]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, imperial propaganda forced the Romans to “instill customs in times of peace”. [278]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Classical history expert Clifford Ando states: Most notable cultural paraphernalia has to do with imperial culture—public adoration and civic games and banquets, competitions for artists, speakers, and athletes, as well as the funding of most public buildings and art exhibition venues— is financed by private individuals, whose funding aims to help justify their economic and legal power. “[279]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Christian apologerat Tertulianus states that the world in the 2nd century was more orderly and well preserved than previous times: “Everywhere there are houses, everywhere there are people, everywhere there are res publica, commonwealth, everywhere there is life”. [280]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The decline of cities and community life in the 4th century, which was when upper-class citizens were unable or refused to fund public works, was one of the factors that contributed to the collapse of the Empire. [281] JMPL|Public toilets (latrinae) of Ostia Antica.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In the city of Rome, most residents live in multi-storey apartment buildings (insulae) that are generally rundown and flammable.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Public facilities—such as baths (thermae), toilets equipped with running water (latrinae), fountains (nymphea) derived from fresh water, [282] and large entertainment venues such as chariot racing and gladiatorial combatants—were built especially once for the general people living in insulae. [ 283]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Similar facilities were also built in cities throughout the Empire, and some of Roman's finest structures still stand staunchly in Spain, southern France, and northern Africa.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Public baths have hygienic, social, and cultural functions. [284]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Bathing was the main form of socialization in the daily life of Roman citizens conducted in the afternoon before dinner. [285]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Roman baths are characterized by a series of three-temperature rooms equipped with a variety of amenities, including exercise and weight lifting rooms, saunas, exfoliating spas, ball courts, or outdoor swimming pools. [286]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The bathhouse has a hypokaus heater: the floor is hung over a hot air duct that provides warmth. [287]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Nude and mixed bathing between men and women was commonplace in the early days of the Empire, although some baths had provided separate amenities or bathing hours for men and women.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Public baths were part of urban culture throughout the province, but by the end of the 4th century, private bathrooms began to replace public baths. [288]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Christian teachings advocate going to the baths for health and hygiene, rather than for the sake of purely pleasure, [289] Christians also forbid various matches (ludi), which are part of religious festivals they consider “pagan”.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Tertullianus said that Christians not only withdrew from bathing activities together, but also withdrew from community and trade activities. [290] JMPL|left|reconstruction of the house garden based on the House of the Vettii.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Wealthy families from Rome usually owned two or more houses, a resting place (domus, plural: domūs) and at least one mansions (villa) outside the city.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Domus is a privately owned family home, and usually comes with a private bathroom (balneum), [291] but is not a place to exile yourself from public life. [292]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Although some neighborhoods in Rome have many mansions, wealthy residents do not live in separate complexes.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The homes of wealthy citizens were meant to be viewable and easily accessible.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The atrium serves as a reception room where paterfamilias (heads of households) meet their guests every morning, ranging from rich families to poor families receiving charity assistance. [293]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The private house also serves as a place of family worship, having a shrine decorated with paintings of family ancestors. [294]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Houses located along busy public roads and overlooking the highway are often rented out as shops (tabernae). [295] [296] In contrast, villas are places to escape the bustle of the city, and in literature are described as a balancing lifestyle intellectual civilization and artistic interest (otium) with an appreciation of nature and the agricultural cycle. [298]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Ideally, a villa is located in locations with great views, framed by luxurious architectural design. [299]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Villas are generally located in workers' housing complexes, or in beach-side “resort towns” such as Pompeii and Herculaneum.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The urban renewal program during the reign of Augustus, and the growth of Rome's population to reach one million inhabitants, has been expressed in many works of art.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Many poems extolled the ideal life of peasants and pastoralists.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Home interiors are often decorated with paintings of gardens, fountains, scenery, ornaments of plants, [299] and animals, especially birds and sea animals, which are painted quite accurately. [300]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The poet Augustusan Horace wrote satirical works on the dichotomy of rural and urban values through his fabel The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse, often retold as a children's fairy tale. [301]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

On a more practical level, the central government plays an active role in supporting agriculture. [302]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Producing food is a top priority in land utilization. [303]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Large-scale agriculture (latifundia) achieves economies of scale capable of sustaining urban life and absorbing labor. [302]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Small farmers raked in profits from the development of local markets and trading centers.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Agricultural techniques such as crop rotation and selective breeding were disseminated throughout the Empire, and new crops were introduced from province to province, for example peas and cabbage introduced to Britain. [304]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Maintaining the food supply for the city of Rome had become a major political issue in the late days of the Republic, when the state began giving alms of grain (annona) to citizens registered to receive it. [302]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

About 200,000—250,000 adult men in Rome receive alms of grain, or about 33kg per month and a total of 100,000 tons per year, mainly in Sicily, North Africa, and Egypt. [305]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

This grain alms cost at least 15 percent of the total state receipts, [302] but it was able to improve the living conditions of lower-class families, [306] and subsidize wealthy citizens by allowing workers to spend more of their income to buy wine and olive oil produced on plantations belonging to landlords. [302]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The alms of grain also had symbolic value, affirming regarding the emperor's position as a universal benefactor and the right for all citizens to acquire “fruits of the fruits of conquest”. [302]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Annona, public facilities, and spectacular entertainment worsened the living conditions of Roman lower class society and sparked social unrest.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The satirical writer Juvenal views the term “bread and circus” (panem et circenses) as symbolic of the loss of political freedom in the time of the Republic: [307] The society has long since discarded its sense of concern: people who were once given orders, consuls, legionaries and all others, now no longer interfere and crave only two things: bread and circuses (food and entertainment). [308]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Food and drink Most apartments in Rome do not have kitchens, although some have charcoal stoves that can be used for cooking. [309]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Ready meals are sold in pubs and bars, inns, and food stalls (tabernae, cauponae, popinae, thermopolia). [310]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Restaurant food is available to the lower classes; high-flavored dining can only be encountered at dinner parties held in mansions that have cooks (archimagirus) and trained kitchen staff, [311] or at banquets organized by social clubs (collegia). [312]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Most Roma consume at least 70 percent of their daily calories in the form of cereals and legumes. [313]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Puls (pottage, condensed food) is considered a native Roman food. [314]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Oat pottage can be mixed with chopped vegetables, cutlets, cheeses, or herbs resulting in a dish similar to polenta or risotto. [315]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Urban and military residents prefer to consume wheat in the form of bread. [317]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Milling and oven are usually combined in one bread-making complex. [318]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

During the reign of Aurelianus, the state began distributing annona (food alms) as daily rations in the form of bread produced in the factories of the country, and also added olive oil, wine, and pork as alms food. [319]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The importance of a good diet for health was recognized by Roman medical writers such as Galen (2nd century AD), who spelled out in the treatise On Barley Soup.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Views towards nutrition are influenced by streams of thought such as humoral theory. [320]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Roman literature generally tells about the custom of dinner among the upper classes, [321] who consider dinner (cena) to have a social function. [322]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Guests in dinner events are entertained in a beautifully ornate dining room (triclinium), often furnished with views of the peristal garden.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Guests sit casually on the sofa, leaning on the left elbow.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

At the end of the Republican period, women ate, lay down, and drank wine with the men. [323]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The most famous depiction of Roman food is probably the Trimalchio dinner party in Satyricon, a fictional extravaganza that bears little resemblance to the lives of wealthy class citizens. [324]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The poet Martial describes regarding more detailed dinner dishes, starting with gustatio (“tasting” or “appetizing plant”), consisting of a salad of mallow leaves, lettuce, chopped chives, mint, arugula, mackerel mixed with rue, egg slices, and marinated pork breast.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The main course consists of mutton cutlets, beans, vegetables, chicken, and ham, followed by a dessert in the form of fresh fruits and grapes. [325]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Latin phrase for a complete dinner dish is ab ovo usque mala, or “from eggs to apples”, similar to the English phrase “from soup to nuts” (“from soup to beans”). [326]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

A tome containing various Roman recipes is known as Apicius, written by several figures from ancient times. [327]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Roman culinary experts engaged in wild hunting of fowl such as peacocks and flamingos, large fish such as mullets, and mussels.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The spices of luxurious cuisine were brought by fleets to the empire from distant lands, from the borders of Parthia to the Strait of Gibraltar. [328]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The filtering of consumed cuisine bodes the progress of civilization or decadent decline. [329]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The imperial historian Tacitus compared the luxury of Rome's dining table to the simplicity of the Germanic peoples' food which was only fresh wild meat, rotten fruit, and cheese, in stark contrast to Roman dishes made from imported spices and high-flavored sauces. [330]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Due to the importance of the role of landowners in Roman culture, peasantry produce such as wheat, beans, vegetables, and fruit were often considered to be more civilized foods than meat.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Mediterranean dishes such as bread, wine, and oil were purified by adherents of Roman Christianity, whereas eating Germanic meat was considered an act of paganism, [331] because it was the result of sacrificing animals.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Some Christian philosophers and leaders reject bodily demands and enjoyment of food, and carry out fasting as an ideal way. [332]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Food became simpler after a slump in urban life in the West, disruption of trade routes, [333] and wealthy residents began to move into suburban housing. [334]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Because urban lifestyles are closely linked to decadence, the Church officially limits gluttony, [334] and hunting and pastoralism are seen as sublime and simple ways of life. [335]


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

See also History of the Roman Empire Italian Imperium Footnotes Reference Source J. A. Crook, Law and Life of Rome, 90 BC—AD 212, 1967 (ISBN 0-8014-9273-4).


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Arther Ferrill, The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation, Thames and Hudson, 1988 (ISBN 0-500-27495-9).


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Goldsworthy, Adrian.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

The Complete Roman Army, Thames and Hudson, 2003 (ISBN 0-500-05124-0).


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Benjamin Isaac, “The Limits of Empire: the Roman Army in the East” Oxford University Press, 1992 (ISBN 0-19-814926-3).


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Andrew Lintott, Imperium Romanum: Politics and administration, 1993 (ISBN 0-415-09375-9).


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Edward Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976/1979 (ISBN 0-8018-2158-4).


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Advanced reading Library resources about Main Page John Bagnell Bury, A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the death of Marcus Aurelius, 1913, ISBN 978-1-4367-3416-5 Duncan B Campbell, The Rise of Imperial Rome, AD 14-193, Osprey, 2013, ISBN 978-1-78096-280-1 Winston Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, Cassell, 1998, ISBN 0-304—34912—7 Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1776—1789 Adrian Goldsworthy.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire, Weidenfield and Nicholson, 2003, ISBN 0-297-84666-3 Michael Grant, The History of Rome, Faber and Faber, 1993, ISBN 0-571-11461-X Antonio Santosuosso, Storming the Heavens: Soldiers, Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire, Westview Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8133-3523-X Outside links, a BBC website on ancient Rome for children at primary-school level., interactive educational website on ancient Rome for students.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Interactive map of the Roman Empire at showing the expansion of the Roman Empire., learning resources and re-enactments.


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

(PBS).


Question: Who ruled Britain during the onset of the Corsican Crisis?

Roman Empire

Category:Establishment 476 Category:Former Countries in the Italian Peninsula Category:Superpowers Category:Former Countries and territories established 27th century BC Category:Countries in Ancient Africa


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

Mara (Macaranga tanarius) is a type of secondary forest constituent tree that produces light wood for making boards, firewood, and also traditional medicinal materials.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

In Indonesia, mara is known by names such as madau (Lamp.), samè (Mal.), mara (Sund.), karahan, cap, cap ancur (Jw.), totop lakèk (Mad.), dahan (Alf. Minh.), hanuwa, hinan, lama (Amb.), [3] lingkobong, and singkobong (Kal.). [2]


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

Description Mara is a medium-sized tree, reaching 20-25 m in height, with a branch-free trunk of 10-15 m.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

The trunk is erect, while Heyne (1917) says the trunk is twisted.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

As for, the trunk is 20—50cm thick. [3] [5] Mara is classified as a lower plywood tree that grows under the forest canopy. [2]


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

The diameter of the stem of the mara reaches 55cm and is unbanir.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

The bark of the trunk is slightly gray or light brown, haired when growing in lowlands or shaven as it grows in the mountains.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

The tree header is not dense.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

The single-type heart-shaped leaves are slightly rounded, markedly stemmed that are dirty brown, and while young, secrete a blood-red liquid. [5]


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

Sitting leaves criss-crossed, imperceptibly veined, smooth-haired young leaves. [6]


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

Flowers up to 0.5 mm in diameter, yellowish-green, grow lively in protective leaves contained in hairy panicles.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

Fruits are 10mm in size, purple-yellowish, 2, and include a dehiscent true box fruit, which is round and in pairs, [5] overgrown with thorns; while in the seeds, there is a black seed shell. [2]


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

Macaranga tanarius flowering and fruiting year-round. [5]


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

Mara spread and habitat spread from Andaman Islands, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Thailand, Indochina, Taiwan, Northern Australia, to Melanesia. [5]


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

According to Heyne (1917), anyway, the species spread up to South Asia, to tropical Australia.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

Umunya, it grows from the lowlands of the lowlands up to 1440 and/or 2440 mdpl.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

This plant also grows in unfurnished dipterocarpa.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

It grows also near the coast and along tidal rivers, on roadsides and hillsides and mountains.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

Mostly on sandy rocky soils. [2] [3] This type also grows well in young thickets, disturbed edges of primary forest, or near brackish forests with stands of sea spruce (Casuarina equisetifolia).


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

The types of soils required for mara growth are such as fertile soils, lime soils, rocky soils, and coral sand soils to rural forests. [5]


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

In Japan, the plant is widely grown in the Ryukyu Islands, except in the Daitō Islands. [7] and distributed outside Japan such as southern China, Taiwan, to Malaysia.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

Benefits & uses Mara wood has BJ 0.56, its durability grade III.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

It has quite good value as well as being commonly traded as a building material, especially for walls, and firewood. [5]


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

Therefore, local villagers in Indonesia use mara wood for the construction of houses. [2]


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

The wood is light, not durable, thin, and common in South Sumatra used as household tools.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

In Lampung -as Heyne said in 1917- that there, mara was used as a tool for pepper.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

In Kedu, Johannes Müller Argoviensis who was proclaimed by Heyne from S. H. Koorders and Th. Valeton that there, mara used for matting materials to make a look. [3] [6] Stem skin decoction is used as a medicine for blood scales as well as for treatment in curing drunk people by mixing other ingredients and sometimes used in making tuak.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

The roots are used for fever medicine.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

Tannins obtained from the bark of the stem are used to match fish mesh and paint.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

It can also be to dye the mat to black. [6]


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

The trick is, peel the dead skin of the mara, boil it in water, insert the mesh thread, and boil it two-three times.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

Or for painting, usually mara is boiled along with saffron and grated coconut.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

Mala that wears mara as tanner, will definitely withstand sea water although often used to sail/look for fish.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

The liquid released by the rod is used as an adhesive like a coil. [2] [5] Some studies show that mara contains several chemical substances, such as tanariflavonona A & B (tanariflavonones), and (-) -Nimfeol-C ((-) -nymphaeol-C).


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

These three substances were taken from mara foliage in 2001. [8]


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

Later, in 2008, some substance was isolated from mara leaves; namely macaraflavona A-G (macaraflavones A-G). [9]


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

In addition to having been isolated 3 substances obtained from mara leaves in 2005 that 3 substances have been isolated, for example tanarifuranonol, and tanariflavonona C & D. [10] The naming & taxonomy of Mara propagated by the way of planting seeds [6] and other means have never been tried.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

Until 1981, it had never been used as a reforestation plant, although mara can grow in places with diverse climates and soil types.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

Research shows that this plant rarely dies even in the dry season or with frequently cut branches. [5]


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

Later, Heyne also reveals that there is a type of mara tree (is that another forma mara?) Which, the trunk of the mara there are red or white, also the shape of which resembles tall bushes or small trees, there are also those with trunks no thicker than human thighs. [3]


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

The first description of this plant was actually made by Rumphius, who named it as Tanarius minor, or in Dutch, de kleine Taan-boom (small tannin tree). [11]


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

Carolus Linnaeus, in his summary review of the Amboinense Herbarium, changed his scientific name to Ricinus tanarius [4] and was fortunate to have the honor of being the first 'name-giver'.


Question: What is the scientific name of the mara tree?

Mara

Gallery Tightly short-haired young leaves, erect capricious leaves tapered seedling leaves Woodworking cobweb pattern, with nectar glands near the edge Male wreath Young fruits Reference tanarius Category:Tanner Category:Medicinal herbs Category:Medicinal herbs Category:Dye herbs Category:Indonesian Wood


Question: who was the first Governor of Jambi?

List of governors of Jambi

The Governor of Jambi is the executive leader at the Jambi provincial level.


Question: who was the first Governor of Jambi?

List of governors of Jambi

The Governor currently in office is Fachrori Umar (Executor of Duties).


Question: who was the first Governor of Jambi?

List of governors of Jambi

History of Residents to the Province Initially on February 8, 1957 Chairman of the Board of Bull Letkol Ahmad Husein inaugurated Resident Djamin gr. Datuk Bagindo as acting Governor and H. Hanafi as deputy Acting Governor of Djambi Province, with a staff of 11 people namely Nuhan, Rd. Hasan Amin, M. Adnan Kasim, H. A. Manap, Salim, Syamsu Bahrun, Kms.


Question: who was the first Governor of Jambi?

List of governors of Jambi

H.A.Somad.


Question: who was the first Governor of Jambi?

List of governors of Jambi

Rd.


Question: who was the first Governor of Jambi?

List of governors of Jambi

Suhur, Manan, Imron Nungcik and Abd Umar were confirmed by decree No. 009/KD/U/L KPTS. dated February 8, 1957 and simultaneously inaugurated the establishment of Jambi Province in the courtyard of Jambi Resident (now Jambi Governorate).


Question: who was the first Governor of Jambi?

List of governors of Jambi

On August 9, 1957 the President of the Republic of Indonesia Ir. Soekarno eventually signed in Denpasar Bali.


Question: who was the first Governor of Jambi?

List of governors of Jambi

Emergency Law No. 19 of 1957 concerning the Establishment of West Sumatra, Riau and Jambi provinces.


Question: who was the first Governor of Jambi?

List of governors of Jambi

With Law No. 61 of 1958 dated July 25, 1958, Emergency Law No. 19 of 1957 on the Establishment of the Level I Sumatra Region of West Sumatra, Djambi and Riau.


Question: who was the first Governor of Jambi?

List of governors of Jambi

(Law of 1957 No. 75) as Statute.


Question: who was the first Governor of Jambi?

List of governors of Jambi

In Law No. 61 of 1958 mentioned in article 1 hurup b, that Swatantra Level I Jambi area covers the area of Swatantra Level II Batanghari, Merangin, and Praja Jambi City as well as Kerinci Hulu, Tengah and Hilir districts.


Question: who was the first Governor of Jambi?

List of governors of Jambi

Establishment of Provincial Continuation Law No. 61 of 1958 on December 19, 1958, Home Affairs Sanoesi Hardjadinata raised and established Djamin gr. Datuk Bagindo Resident of Jambi as Dienst Doend DD Governor (resident assigned as Governor of Jambi Province with decree number UP/5/8/4).


Question: who was the first Governor of Jambi?

List of governors of Jambi

The Governor's official on December 30, 1958 inaugurated the establishment of Jambi Province on behalf of the Home Affairs at Jambi National Building (now BKOW building).


Question: who was the first Governor of Jambi?

List of governors of Jambi

Although the dejure of Jambi Province was stipulated by Emergency Law 1957 and then Law No. 61 of 1958 but with consideration of the history of the origin of its formation by the people of Jambi through BKRD then the date of BKRD Decree 6 January 1957 is set as the anniversary of Jambi Province, as contained in the Regional Regulation of Djambi Province No. 1 Year 1970 dated June 7, 1970 concerning the Birth Day of Djambi Province.


Question: who was the first Governor of Jambi?

List of governors of Jambi

List of governors List of governors of Jambi province.


Question: who was the first Governor of Jambi?

List of governors of Jambi

See Also List of Residents of Jambi Reference Records


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

Singapore Airlines (Chinese: 新公司, Pinyin: Xīnjīapō Hángkōng Gōngsī) is the national airline of Singapore.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

The IATA code of Singapore Airlines is SQ while its ICAO Code is SIA.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

Singapore Airlines is one of the best and most successful airlines in Asia with flights to Europe, North America, and Asia and Australia.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

Flights to some Southeast Asian cities, the People's Republic of China, and India are handled by SilkAir while the cargo is handled by Singapore Airlines Cargo.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

Following the trend of low-cost aircraft (low-cost carriers), Singapore Airlines opened Tiger Airways which is also based at Singapore Changi International Airport.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

The Early History of the Establishment of Singapore Airlines began with Malayan Airways Ltd. and its maiden flight was held May 1, 1947.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

At the time, the cities served were Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, and Penang in Malaysia.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

The airline flourished after the aftermath of World War II and by 1955, its fleet included a large number of DC-3 aircraft.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

Separation In 1963, formed Federation of Malaysia which transformed the airline into Malaysian Airways.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

Singapore's separation from the Federation occurred in 1965 and in 1966 Malaysian Airways changed its name to Malaysia-Singapore Airlines.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

MSA operations stalled in 1972 when there was a disagreement between the two parties.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

Malaysia emphasizes domestic flights more whereas Singapore opts for international lines.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

Despite the separation, the flight attendants of Singapore Airlines or commonly called Singapore Girls still use kebaya clothes.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

Singapore Airlines Rapid development occurred in the 1970s when Singapore Airlines presented Boeing 747s in its fleet.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

In the 1980s, the United States, Canada, and Europe were added on Singapore Airlines' route network.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

In 2004, Singapore Airlines began direct travel from Singapore to Los Angeles and New York (Newark Liberty International Airport).


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

The airline is also already promoting itself as the first user of the Airbus A380 aircraft used in late 2006 for flights between Singapore, London and Sydney.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

Destination View: Singapore Airlines Code Sharing Airport Singapore Airlines also conducts code sharing to various destinations with the following airlines Air Canada Air India Air New Zealand All Nippon Airways Asiana Airlines Austrian Airlines Egypt Air Garuda Indonesia Japan Airlines LOT Polish Airlines Lufthansa Airlines Malaysia Airlines Royal Brunei Airlines Shenzhen Airlines Silkair Virgin Atlantic Airways Fleet The aircraft fleet of Singapore Airlines consists of four types, Boeing 747 and Boeing 777 from Boeing and Airbus A380 and Airbus A340 from Airbus.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

Singapore Airlines will also be the first user of the last A380 scheduled to begin service in December 2006.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

Airbus A330-30026-———30255285Airbus A340-5005————————Airbus A340-5005—————100—100 All seats are Business Class and service to LAX and Newark Liberty International Airport.Airbus A350-900105719TBAAirbus A380-800195612—603471Tata new seating location introduced June 2011 [6] replacing 747-40012—86311409Boeing 777—20021—————38228266All Singapore Airlines Boeing 777—200 series are Boeing 777-200ER with engine reduction.—1242234288——30293323Boeing 777—200ER12————30255285——38228266Boeing 777—300—850—850262844 returned to the company chartering to join Transaero—1849265332Boeing 777-300er198——842228278—Total1006546 Total: 103 In Booking: 95 Crash Singapore Airlines Flight 006 Aircraft Singapore Airlines Flight 006 was a scheduled flight from Singapore Changi Airport to Airport Los Angeles International via Chiang Kai-Shek International Airport (now Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport) in Taiwan, Republic of China, and killed 83 people on board.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

This accident was the first ever fatal accident in the history of Singapore Airlines.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

See also List of Singapore airlines Reference Outside links Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

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Question: When was Singapore Airlines established?

Singapore Airlines

Category:Singapore Airlines Category:Airlines established in 1947 Category:Airlines established in 1972


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Mandala Indraprahasta is a Sundanese sanctuary or often also called kabuyutan located in Cirebon Girang on the slopes of Mount Ciremai or Mount Indrakila. [1]


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Subsequently this decline of Indraprahasta developed into a kingdom.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

The name of this Mandala or kingdom of Indraprahasta is similar to the name of the kingdom that was in India.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Nevertheless, not all kabuyutans are called Mandala even though they function the same.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Mandala is a term related to Hinduism.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

The term appears in the Rig Veda as the name of parts of the work, but is also used in other Indian religions, particularly Buddhism.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

The basic form of the Hindu and Buddhist mandalas is a square with four gates containing a circle in the presence of a central point.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Each gate in the shape of T. Mandala often exhibits radial equilibrium.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

In various spiritual traditions, mandalas can be used to focus the attention of candidates and experts, as a tool of spiritual instruction, to establish sacred spaces, and as an aid to meditation and induction trance.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

In the Tibetan branch of Vajrayana Buddhism, mandalas have been developed into sand paintings.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

They are also an important part of the Anuttarayoga Tantric meditation practice.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

In common usage, mandala became a general term for any plan, graph or geometric pattern representing the cosmos metaphysically or symbolically, a microcosm of the universe from an enlightened perspective, that is, from a principle god.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

The origins of the name Indraprahasta Kemandalaan Indraprahasta Cirebon Girang, founded by Maharesi Santanu in 398 AD.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

The mention of the Maharesi suggests that the presences are based on Hindu-Buddhist (Siwa-Buddhist) religion.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Maharesi Sentanu led Manda Indraprahasta from 398 — 432 AD.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

While among the people often equate the term Mandala with kingdom, then Indraprahasta is referred to as a kingdom anyway.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

This happened because the Mandala in addition to having territory, the people also had soldiers or protective warriors of the Mandala, as written in the inscription Maharesi Sentanu crowned as king with the title Praburesi Indraswara Salakakretabuwana [1] His consort was named Indari, daughter of Dewawarman VIII king of the Kingdom of Tarumanagara.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Subsequently this small kingdom came under the salakanagara kingdom continued into the tarumanagara kingdom.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

The position of maharesi in Mandala who was then crowned king, called “Rajamandala” Kings of Indraprahasta (change of shape of Mandala): 285 — 0645 Caka = 360 candra years; 0398 — 0747 AD = 349 solar years Kala0285 — 0320 Caka (0398 — 0432 AD): 15 years.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Coronation of Diindraprahasta to 1st subordinate Salakanagara; Name Maharesi Santanu. ;


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Degree Prabursi Indraswara Salakakretabuwana; PermesuriinDari, daughter of Dewawarman VIII. ;


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Son Jayasatyanagara; Location on the slopes of Mount Cereme (Mount Indrakila); Explanation of the Ganges area of India, and there is a family interchange with Dewawarman VIII Kala0320 — 0343 Caka (0432 — 0454 AD): 23 years old. ;


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Coronation of Diindraprahasta to 2. subordinate of [[Tarumanagara]]; Namajayasatyanagara; Permaisuriratna Manik, daughter of Vishnubumi, king of Malabar. ;


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Anakwiryabanyu Kala0343 — 0366 Caka (0454 — 0476 AD): 23 years old. ;


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Coronation of the 3rd Diindraprahasta; Namawiryabanyu; consort inilem Sari, royal princess of Manukrawa; Anak1.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Suklawati, peristri by Vishnuwarman, son of Purnawarman.2.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Color Dewaji; NoteIndraprahasta be subordinate to Tarumanagara.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Kala0366 — 0393 Caka (0476 — 0503 AD): 27 years; Coronation Diindraprahasta 4th; NamaRna Dewaji. ;


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Anakraksahariwangsa.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Kala0393 — 0429 Caka (0503 — 0538 AD): 36 years; Coronation Diindraprahasta to 5; Name of Asalraksahariwangsa. ;


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Names NobatPrabu Raksahariwangsa Jayabhuwana; Permesuriputri king Sanggarung; Anakdewi Rasmi, husband of Tirtamanggala, second son of king Agrabinta.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Kala0429 — 0448 Caka (0538 — 0556 AD): 19 years; 6th coronation of Diindraprahasta; Namadewi Rasmi; Suamitirtamanggala, second son of king Agrabinta; GelarPrabu Tirtamanggala Darmagiriswara; Anak1.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Astadewa 2.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Jayagranagara Kala0448 — 0462 Caka (0556 — 0570 AD): 14 years; 7th Diindraprahasta Coronation; Namaastadewa; Anakrajaresi Padmayasa (successor of his uncle); NoteJayagranagara was the younger brother of Astadewa, the king's successor.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Kala0462 — 0468 Caka (0570 — 0575 AD): 6 years; 8th coronation in Indraprahasta; Namajayagranagara; NoteTania is the younger brother of Astadewa, king of Indraprahasta 7 Kala0468 — 0512 Caka (0575 — 0618 AD): 44 years; Coronation of Indraprahasta to 9 Namarajaresi Padmayasa; ChildAndaBuwana; Notes The king was the son of Astadewa, the 7th king of Indraprahasta.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

He replaced his uncle's position.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Kala0512 — 0558 Caka (0618 — 0663 AD): 46 years; 10th Coronation Diindraprahasta; NamaAndabuana; Anakwisnumurti.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Kala0558 — 0583 Caka (0663 — 0688 AD): 25 years; 11th coronation; Namawisnumurti; .Anak1 Goddess Ganggasari, peristri by Linggawarman, who later became king of Tarumanagara to 12.2 Tunggulnagara, continued his father's inheritance.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Kala0583 — 0629 Caka (0688 — 0732 A.D.): 46 years; The 12th coronation of Indraprahasta; NamatungGalnagara, is his sister Ganggasari; Anakpadmahariwangsa; Exploration is the eldest daughter of Prabu Indraprahasta 11th who was licensed by Prabu Tarumanagara 12.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Kala0629 — 0641 Caka (0732 — 0744 AD): 12 years; Coronation of the 13th Diindraprahasta; Name NobatreSiguru Padmahariwangsa; Anak1 Citrakirana, who was peristered by Purbasora.2 Wiratara, who became the successor of his father.3 Ganggakirana, who became Duke of Kusala of the kingdom A-giri, subordinate Indraprahasta.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Kala0641 — 0645 Caka (0743 — 0747 AD): 4 years; Coronation on the 14th; Name NobatPrabu Wiratara; Anakraksadewa; eventWednesday Wiratara who helped Purbasora seize Galuh power from Prabu Sena or Sanna, then Wiratara's brother, named Citrakirana, was peristri by Purbasora.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Kala0645 Caka (0748 AD) . ;


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Sundanese events invaded Indraprahasta; note after Galuh was conquered, Sanjaya overran Purbasora's supporters.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Especially the kingdom of Indraprahasta, which helped Purbasora when seizing Galuh power from the Sena.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Indraprahasta which was established since Tarumanagara era, finally leveled with the ground by Sanjaya, as if there had never been a kingdom there.” Indraprahasta sirna ing bhumi”.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Kala0645 — 0649 Caka (0748 — 0751 AD): 4 years; Coronation in Indraprahasta combined with Wanagiri; Nobatadipati Kulasa name; Anakraksadewa; eventThe former Indraprahasta estate was merged with Wanagiri by Duke of Kulasa as a new state vassal of Galuh.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Kulasa became his queen [1] The kingdom of Indraprahasta became one of the oldest kingdoms in the archipelago. [2]


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

The political meaning of the Mandala “Rajamandala” (or “King-mandala”; state circle) was formulated by the Indian writer Kautilya in his work on politics, Arthashastra (written between the 4th and 2nd century BCE).


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

It depicts a state circle of companions and enemies surrounding the king's country.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

In the historical, social and political sense, the term “mandala” is also used to denote traditional Southeast Asian political formations (such as royal federations or harassed states).


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

It was adopted by 20th century Western historians from ancient Indian political discourse as a means of circumventing the term 'state' in the conventional sense.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Not only are Southeast Asian countries incompatible with the Chinese and European view of a territorially defined country with fixed borders and bureaucratic apparatus, but they differ considerably in opposite directions: governance is defined by its center rather than borders- the limit, and it could be composed of many other colonialist governments without undergoing administrative integration.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Kingdoms such as Bagan, Ayutthaya, Champa, Khmer, Sriwijaya and Majapahit are known as “mandalas” in this sense. [3]


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Visualizations of Vajrayana Mandala teachings can be shown to represent in visual form the sari core of the Vajrayana teachings.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

The mind is “a microcosm representing the various divine forces at work in the universe.”


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

The mandala represents the nature of experience, and the subtleties of an enlightened and confused mind.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

While on the one hand, the mandala is considered to be a separate and protected place from the ever-changing and impure world of samsara, and thus is seen as a “Buddhafield” or place of Nirvana and peace, a view of Vajrayan Buddhism. sees the greatest protection of samsara becomes the power to see the confusion of samsara as a “shadow” of chastity (which then points in that direction).


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Mount Meru Mandala can also represent the entire universe, traditionally depicted with Mount Meru as the axis mundi in the center, surrounded by continents. [4]


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Wisdom and impermanence In mandalas, the outer circle of fire usually symbolizes wisdom [5].


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

The ring of eight grave lands represents the Buddha's advice to always be alert to death, and the impermanence [6] with which samsara is enmeshed: “such locations are used to confront and manifest the transient nature of life.”


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Described elsewhere: “inside the rainbow nimbus lit up and surrounded by dark circles of dorjes, the main outer ring depicts all eight great graves, to emphasize the dangerous nature of human life.”


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Within this ring are the walls of the mandala palace itself, specifically a place inhabited by gods and Buddhas.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Five Buddhas One well-known type of mandala is the mandala of the “Five Buddhas”, an archetypal Buddhist form that embodies various aspects of enlightenment.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Such Buddhists are depicted depending on the school of Buddhism, and even the specific purpose of the mandala.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Common mandalas of this type are the Five Wisdom Buddhas (a.k.a. the Five Jinas), Vairocana Buddhas, Aksobhya, Ratnasambhava, Amitabha and Amoghasiddhi.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

When paired with other mandalas depicting the Five Kings of Wisdom, these form the Mandala of the Two Realms. [7]


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Mandala practice is commonly used by tantric Buddhists as an aid to meditation.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

The mandala is a “support for the meditating person”, something that is repeatedly contemplated to the point of saturation, so that the image of the mandala becomes fully internalized even in the smallest details and can then be summoned and pondered at will and the image visualized with obviously.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

With each mandala, what Tucci calls “the associated liturgy [...] contained in the texts known as tantric”, instructs the practitioners on how the mandala should be drawn, constructed and visualized, and indicates the mantra to be recited during its ritual use.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

By visualizing “pure land”, one learns to understand the experience itself as pure, and as the abode of enlightenment.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

The protection we need, in this view, comes from our own minds, as much as from external sources of confusion.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

In many tantric mandalas, the aspect of separation and protection from the outer world of samsara is described by “four outer circles: the purifying fire of wisdom, the circle of the vajra, the circle with eight graves, the lotus circle.”


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

The vajra rings form a fence-like arrangement connected around the perimeter of the outer mandala circle.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

As a meditation on impermanence (the main teaching of Buddhism), after a few days or weeks of creating intricate patterns of sand mandalas, sand is brought together and placed within a body of flowing water to spread the blessings of the mandala.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Kværne in his long discussion of Sahaja, discusses the relationship between interiority and exteriority of sadhana in conjunction with the mandala as follows:... external rituals and internal sadhana form an indistinguishable whole, and this unity finds expression that most pregnant in the form of a mandala, a sacred enclosure consisting of squares and concentric circles drawn on the ground and representing the plane that insists on being where the aspirant to the hood of the Buddha wants to establish itself.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

The tantric ritual awakening relies on the mandala; and where the material mandala is not used, the experts proceed to establish the mental in the course of its meditation.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

“Offering “Bid mandala” in Tibetan Buddhism is a symbolic offering of the entire universe.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Each intricate detail of this mandala is set out in tradition and has a special symbolic meaning, often on more than one level.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Whereas the mandala above represents the pure environment of a Buddha, this mandala represents the universe.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

This type of mandala is used for mandala offerings, where one symbolically offers the universe to the Buddhas or to one's teacher.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

In Vajrayana practice, 100,000 of these mandala offerings (to create achievements) can be part of one level.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

In Vajrayana practice, 100,000 of these mandala offerings (to create virtues) can be part of the initial practice before a student has even begun the actual tantrik practice.


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

These mandalas are generally structured according to the model of the universe as taught in the classical Buddhist text Abhidharma-kośa, with Mount Meru at its center, surrounded by continents, oceans and mountains, etc. [8]


Question: What religion is associated with the sanctuary of Mandala Jasinga?

Indraprahasta Mandala

Reference See also Category:Sundanese Wangsakerta Manuscripts Category:Kingdoms in Parahyangan Category:Sunda Historical Category:Sunda Cosmology Category:Kingdom of Sunda Galuh Category:Kabuyutan


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Graphene is an allotrope of carbon in the form of a thin flat sheet in which each carbon atom has an sp2 bond and is tightly packed in the form of a honeycomb-like crystal lattice.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

It can be seen as an atomic-scale net consisting of carbon atoms and their bonds.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

The name graphene comes from GRAPHITE + -ENE; graphite itself consists of many sheets of graphene stacked together.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

In 2010 Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov got the Nobel prize in chemistry for his work in developing 2-dimensional graphene.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

The carbon-carbon bond on graphene is about 0.142nm.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Graphene is the basic structural element of carbon allotropes, including graphite, carbon nanotubes, and fulerene.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Graphene can also be considered a very large aromatic molecule, which is a group of flat aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbon compounds.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

History of graphene discovery In 2004 a research group from the University of Manchester led by Andre K. Geim and Kostya Novoselov discovered a semiconductor material called “Graphene”.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

The material that is an allotrope of carbon has a thickness of only one atom, which is carbon arranged sideways on a lattice resembling a honeycomb and is thought to be the thinnest semiconductor material in the world.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

A single layer of graphite earlier (around the 1970s) was grown epitaxially over other materials and commonly called “epitaxial graphene”.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

This epitaxial graphene contains a one-atom-thick layer of hexagonal shape with sp2 bonds between its carbon atoms.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

In this process of grafene crystal grounding there is a transfer of charge from the substrate to the epitaxial graphene, and in some cases there is hybridization of the d orbital of the substrate atom with the pi orbital of the graphene, which significantly changes the electronic structure of graphene.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

The perfect Graphene elucidation consists exclusively of cells that are hexagonal in shape; the cells of the rectangle and the seventory are deformed cells.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

If there is an isolated five-angular cell, the plane will wrinkle into a conical shape; the insertion of 12 rectangles will form fulerene.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Similarly, the insertion of an isolated hexagonal cell causes the sheet to become saddle-shaped.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

The controlled addition of the rectangle and the hexagon allows the formation of a variety of complex shapes, for example carbon nanobuds.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Single-walled carbon nanotubes can be thought of as graphene cylinders; small ones have half-spherical shaped caps (involving 6 rectangles) at each end.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Graphene Synthesis It has been taken into account that small fragments of graphene sheets are produced (together with other flakes) when graphite is scraped, for example when drawing lines with a pencil. [1]


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

However, it was physicists from the University of Manchester and the Institute for Microelectronics Technology, Chernogolovka, Russia who first isolated and studied graphene (rather than polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in 2004.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

In addition to the publication in the scientific journal Science [2], they also defined graphene as: Graphene is the name given to a single layer of carbon atoms densely packed into a benzene-ring structure, and is widely used to describe properties of many carbon-based materials, including graphite, large fullerenes, nanotubes, etc. (e.g., carbon nanotubes are usually thought of as graphene sheets rolled up into nanometer-sized cylinders (geometry) |cylinders).


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Planar graphene itself has been presumed not to exist in the free state, being unstable with respect to the formation of curved structures such as soot, fullerenes, and nanotubes.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Graphene is until recently the most expensive material on Earth, with a sample that can be put on a human haircut costing more than $1,000 (April 2008). [3]


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Graphene prices may decrease dramatically if commercial production methods are developed in the future.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Epithaxial growth This method in principle uses a substrate as a graphene growth seedling.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

This is known as epitaxial growth.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

This method has disadvantages including not producing graphene sheets of uniform thickness.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

In addition the bonding between the bottom graphene sheet with the substrate can affect the properties of the carbon layer. [4]


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Silicon Carbide Reduction Graphene synthesis can also be done by silicon carbide reduction method, that is, by heating silicon carbide at high temperatures (1100°C) to reduce it to graphene.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

This process produces small-sized samples that do not allow them to be used in the fabrication techniques of most electronic applications.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Hydrazina Reduction Researchers have developed a method of laying graphene oxide paper in a solution of pure hydrazine (a chemical compound containing nitrogen and hydrogen) that will reduce graphite oxide paper to single-layered graphene. [5]


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Ethanol reduction Recent publications have described the process of graphene synthesis in gram quantities, that is, by reducing ethanol by sodium metal, followed by pyrolysis of ethoxide products, then washing them with water to remove sodium salts. [6]


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Properties of graphene Atomic structure The atomic structure of single-layered graphene is reviewed using a transmission electron microscope (English: Transmission electron microscope) with graphene sheets suspended between metal lattices. [7]


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Pattern=electron diffraction pattern shows a hexagonal lattice of graphene, as expected.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Suspended graphene also indicates the presence of “rippling” (rippling) on the grefena flat sheet, with an amplitudi of about one nanometer.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Intrinsically, these ripples result from the instability of two-dimensional crystals, [8] [9] [10] or extrinsically derived from impurities seen in graphene TEM images.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Atomic resolution images in real space of single-layered graphene on silicon dioxide substrates were obtained [11] [12] using a paypayaran microscope (scanning tunneling microscope).


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Graphene processed using lithography techniques is enveloped by photoresistor residues, which must be cleaned to obtain atomic resolution images. [11]


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

The residue is likely an “adsorbate” that is monitored on TEM images, and can explain the ripples monitored on graphene.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Graphene ripple on the surface of silicon dioxide is determined by the conformation of graphene to silicon dioxide, and is not an intrinsic effect. [11]


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Graphene Electronic Properties differ greatly from most conventional three-dimensional materials.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Intrinsically, graphene is a zero-energy semilogam or semiconductor. The e-K relation of graphene is linear to low energy which is close to the six corners of the two-dimensional hexagonal Brilloiun zone, resulting in the effective mass of the electron and its hexagonal hole being zero. [13] Therefore this relatively linear “dispersion” relation at low energies, electrons and holes are near these six points have relativistic particle properties described by the Dirac equation for particles with spin 1/2. [14]


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Therefore, the electron and its hexagonal hole are called Dirac fermions, and the six angles of the Brillouin zone are called Dirac points. [13]


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

The equation describing the e-K relation is E = v F k x 2 + k y 2 {\ displaystyle E=\ hbar v_ {F} {\ sqrt {k_ {x} ^ {2} +k_ {y} ^ {2}}}; where v f {\ displaystyle v_ {f}} is the Fermi velocity whose value is about 10 m/s\ 10^ {6}\ mathrm {m}/\ mathrm {s}} [14] Optical properties The unique electronic properties of graphene cause it to have a high opacity for an atomic layered material.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

It absorbs πα ≈ 2.3% white light, with α is a fine-structure setting. [15] [16].


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

This has been experimentally confirmed, but the measurements are not accurate enough to permit meaningful progress on other fine-structure setting techniques. [17]


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

The Mechanical Properties of Graphene is the most powerful material known to humans according to research issued by Columbia University in Augustus 2008.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

However, the process of splitting graphene from graphite still requires other technological development before it is economical enough to be used in industrial processes. [18]


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Using atomic force microscopy, recent studies on graphene have been able to measure the spring stays of suspended graphene sheets.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Graphene sheets bonded by van der Waals force are suspended in silicon dioxide cavities where AFM is used to test the mechanical properties of graphene.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Measured spring stays range from 1-5 N/m with a Young Modulus of 0.5 tPa, differing from graphite in turn.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

These high values, make graphene very strong and rigid.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

It is these properties that allow graphene to be utilized for NEMS applications, such as pressure sensors, and resonators. [19]


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

As with other material materials, certain regions on graphene undergo quantum and thermal fluctuations at their relative shifts.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Although the amplitude of this fluctuation is limited to its 3D structure (even for infinity measures), the Mermin—Wagner theorem shows that the amplitude of a long-wavelength fulctuation will increase logarithmically against its 2D structure, so it will become indefinite to structures that are infinitely sized.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Fold deformation and elastic strain are affected by long-range divergences on these relative shifts.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

It is believed that with a large enough 2D structure, it will flex and tangle to form a 3D structure that fluctuates if there is no lateral stress exerted.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Researchers have been monitoring the ripples on the suspended layers of graphene, [7] and it is proposed that these ripples result from thermal fluctuations in materials.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Due to this dynamic deformation, there is debate as to whether graphene is really 2D structured. [8] [9] [10] Spin transport on graphene Graphene is considered an ideal material for spintronics due to its small orbit-spin interaction and almost the absence of core magnetic moments in carbon.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Electric spin-current injection and detection in graphene have been demonstrated at room temperature. [20] [21] [22] Greater spin coherence than one has been monitored at room temperature [20] and polarity control of spin currents passing through electric gates has been observed at low temperatures. [21]


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Magnetic Effect In addition to its high mobility and minimum conductivity, graphene exhibits very interesting behavior in a magnetic field.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Graphene shows the abnormality of the quantum Hall effect with the sequence transposed by 1/2 {\ displaystyle 1/2}.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Thus, Hall conductivity is σ x y = ± 4 (N + 1/2) e 2/h {\ displaystyle\ sigma _ {xy} =\ pm {4\ left (N+1/2\ right) e^ {2}} /h}, where N {\ displaystyle N} is the low-level index and by lowering the double spin will be generated factor 4 {\ displaystyle 4}, this can be measured at room temperature. [12]


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Two-layer graphene also exhibits the quantum Hall effect, but with a standard order where σ x y = ± 4 N e 2/h {\ displaystyle\ sigma _ {xy} =\ pm {4Ne^ {2}} /h}.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Interestingly, the first high level N=0 {\ displaystyle N=0} is absent, which indicates that the bilayer graphene remains at the metallic state and is present at a neutral point. [23]


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Electron transport on graphene Each carbon atom in graphene has one orbital s and three p orbitals.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

One orbital s and two p orbitals are used to form strong covalent bonds and do not contribute in conductivity whereas one free electron residing on the p subskin forms a phi orbital perpendicular to the graphene sheet that will eventually determine the electrical properties from graphene.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

These electrons like having no mass, like the particles without mass described in the theory of relativity, e=mc2.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Experimental results from electron transport measurements showed that graphene has high electron mobility at room temperature with a value of more than 15,000<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[18498,18516,2,2]}'>cm2 V-1 s-1. [12]


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Graphene Oxide By chemically oxidizing the graphene and then immersing it in water, the layers of graphene will form single sheets with very strong bonds.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

These sheets are called Graphene Oxida Paper with a tensile modulus regularity of 32 GPa. [24]


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Chemical Modification The solution of fragments of graphene can be prepared in the laboratory through chemical modification of graphite [25].


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

First, microcrystalline graphite is treated with a mixture of strong acids, namely sulfuric acid and nitric acid.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

A series of stages include oxidation, the result of which exfoliation is a small plate of graphene with a carboxyl group at the edges.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Then, it is transformed into a hydrochloric acid group with the addition of tionyl chloride, then converted to the corresponding graphene amide by means of mentreatment with octadecylamine.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Its magic produces a meterial in the form of a circular graphene sheet with a thickness of 5.3 Angstrom that is soluble in tetrahydrofuran, tetrachloromethane, and dichloroethane.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Application Graphene single gas molecule detector can be used as an excellent sensor to determine 2D structures where the whole graphene content has a large surface, making graphene very efficient for detecting adsorbed molecules. The location of the adsorption undergoes changes in electrical custody.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

When this effect occurs in other materials, graphene has the advantage of having high electrical conductivity and low interference, which makes this graphene no change in detecting. [26]


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

According to Prof.Rod Ruoff graphine has a surface area of 2630 m2/gram can form layers and produce spaces that can store energy so that it can be used as an ultracapasitor.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

This graphene ultracapasitor has a high mass density compared to conventional dielectric capacitors.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

In addition, graphene ultrakapasitors have a large range in capturing energy and storing such energy so that it can also be used as a primary power source when combined with batteries or fuel cells.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Ultracapasitors from graphene can recapture wasted energy by converting kinetic energy into potential energy so as to reduce the wasted heat.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Industry can reduce wasted energy by installing ultracapasitors in production machines and can also be applied to buses, trucks and trains. [27].


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Graphene Nanoribbons Graphene Nanoribbons (GNRs) are essential single layers of graphene cut with a specific pattern to produce electrical properties depending on the edge of the sheet, can be Z-shaped or armchair.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Based on the prediction of tigh binding that GNR zigzag is metal, while armchair can be metal or semilogam depending on its width.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

GNR can have metallic properties to semiconductors depending on the chirality.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Zigzag brimmed GNR is metallic with a distinctive shape on both sides without regard to its width.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

While GNR brimmed armchair can be metal or semiconductor depending on the width of NA.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

The armchair GNR will be metallic if NA = 3k + 2 (k is an integer) and if not then it is semiconductor.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Lately a variety of junctions such as L-shape, T shape and Z shape are based on the two types of GNR that have been proposed.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Although these junctions have the same geometry shape as other one-dimensional Quasi junctions, the state of the electronics is very different from other junctions because at GNR the electrons have characteristic properties.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Recent DFT calculations show armchair nanoribbons to be semiconductor with their GAP energy scale inversely proportional to their width [28].


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Experimental results show that GAP energy actually increases with decreasing GNR width [29].


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Nonetheless there is no experimental data that measures the GAP energy of a GNR and identifies exactly the edge structure [30].


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Zigzag nanoribbons are also semiconductor and have polarized edge spin.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Its 2D structure has high electrical and thermal conductivity with a small gap allowing GNR to be used as an alternative to copper substitutes for copper circuit connections.


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Some research was also done to create Quantum dots by changing the width of the GNR at a certain point along the band to create quantum confinement. [31]


Question: What tools contain allotropes of carbon?

Graphene

Graphene Transistors Graphene transistors have been invented 2 years ago, but they still leak and affect the appearance or performance if used on computer chips, but after the next two years the leakage from graphene can be covered and has invented a completely stable graphene transistor.