Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

A number of mathematicians were also German, such as Carl Friedrich Gauss, David Hilbert, Bernhard Riemann, Gottfried Leibniz, Karl Weierstrass, Hermann Weyl and Felix Klein.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Existing research institutions in Germany include the Max Planck Society, the Helmholtz Association and the Fraunhofer Society.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Award is given to 10 researchers and academics each year.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

With a maximum value of 2.5 million euros makes this award one of the most prestigious in the world. [61]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Germany was also the country of many inventors and engineers, such as Johannes Gutenberg (inventor of the printing press); Hans Geiger (inventor of the Geiger enumerator; and Konrad Zuse (maker of the first automated digital computer). [62]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

German industrialists and engineers such as Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Otto Lilienthal, Gottlieb Daimler, Rudolf Diesel, Hugo Junkers and Karl Benz greatly contributed to the technology of the world of automotive and air transport. [63]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Aviator engineer Wernher von Braun developed the first space rocket and the Saturn V rocket, which became the way for American success in the Apollo program.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz researching electromagnetic radiation was highly meritorious to the development of modern telecommunications. [64]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Germany is also an advanced country in the use of environmentally friendly technologies.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The companies that have business in this field generate approximately 200 billion euros.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Important industries in this technology include power generation, transportation, waste handling and recycling, and water management. [65]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Population With a total population of about 81.7 million people (2009), Germany is the 15th most populated country in the world.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Since 2003 Germany's total population is dwindling slowly although the country still accepts immigrants. [66]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The unwillingness of German families to have children and rising mortality rates became often designated causes for this state of affairs.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The German demographics have many large cities, some of which have been over two thousand years old.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Yet only three cities have a population of more than a million people: Berlin with 3.4 million people, Hamburg (1.8 million), and München (1.4 million).


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The highest concentration of population lies in the Ruhr basin region (Ruhrgebiet or Ruhrbecken, taken from the name of the river flowing there) in the state of Nordrhein Westfalen, which is inhabited by about 20 million people and becomes one of the most populated megapolitan areas in the world.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The region incorporates cities such as Bochum, Dortmund, Duisburg, Essen, and Gelsenkirchen, so practically people do not see boundaries between these cities.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Other large and important cities are Bremen, Duesseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Hannover, Karlsruhe, Koeln, Nuernberg, and Stuttgart.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Ethnic Germans are nation-states for Germans.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The sense of one nation grew in the 19th century after many parties felt that Germans were torn apart as a result of the Napoleonic Wars.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Before the emergence of such a sense of nationality, Germans were distinguished from the main political units that compose this country or dialect differences, such as ethnic Bayern, Swabia, Baden, Sachsen, Köln, and so on.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

This issue of ethnicity sometimes still arises in certain issues in modern Germany, for example interclub matches within the Bundesliga or, somewhat more seriously, in the placement of an important industrial center.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Legally, Germans are those of German nationality.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

With this restriction, there are indigenous ethnic minorities and ethnic minorities arrivals (immigrants).


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Native ethnic minorities include ethnic Danes in the north, ethnic Frisians in the northwest, as well as ethnic Sorbians and Kashubians in some places in northeastern Germany.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Jews have long inhabited German cities and, as in other places, were known as merchants.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Germany now has the 3rd largest Jewish population in Europe.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

In 2004, the number of Jews from the former Soviet Union living in Germany doubled compared to those living in Israel, making a total growth of more than 200,000 since 1991.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Now Jews have a voice in German public life through the umbrella institution of the Jewish Council in Germany (Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland).


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Under Fascist Nazi Germany there was a genocide against minority groups called the Holocaust, in which 10 million civilians died, including 6 million Jews.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Since the Industrial Revolution, many immigrants from other European countries worked and settled in Germany.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

In the 19th century, immigrants from Italy, Poland, and the Czechs worked in the coal mine industry and factories in the Ruhr and Rhein areas.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The end of World War II led to the arrival of descendants of Germans who had previously settled in various Eastern European countries (Vertreibung, Expulsion of Germans).


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The industrial boom in the 1960s and 1970s also invited immigrants, especially from the Balkan regions and Turkey.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The last major wave of immigration occurred since the Reunification of Germany: after this event, Germany opened itself to descendants of Germans still settling in Eastern Europe.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

As of 2004, about 6.7 million non-citizens lived in Germany.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

With the largest coming from Turkey, followed by Italy, Greece, Croatia, the Netherlands, Serbia, Montenegro, Spain, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria, Portugal, Vietnam, Morocco, Poland, Macedonia, Lebanon and France. [67]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

About 2/3 of him have been in the country for eight years or more, and therefore could be naturalized. [68]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The rush of immigrants entering Germany since the end of World War II led to about 19% of the German population in 2008 having a background of other nationalities. [69]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Germany is a top destination for political refugees (asylum applicants) and economies from many developing countries, but the number has declined in recent years, reaching around 50,000 in 2003.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

German religion was the birthplace of the Church Reformation begun by Martin Luther in the early 16th century.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Today, Protestants (especially in the north and east) comprise 33% of the population and Catholics (mainly in the south and west) also 33%.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

All there are about 55 million Jews.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Most German Protestants are members of the German Evangelical Church.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Free Churches exist within both large as well as small towns.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The Roman Catholic pope emeritus, Pope Benedict XVI, is also German.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

In addition there are several hundred thousand Orthodox (mainly Greek and Serbian) adherents, 400,000 members of the New Apostolic Church, more than 150,000 members of Jehovah's Witnesses, and several other smaller groups.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

In the territory of former East Germany, religious life was less developed than in EX-West Germany as a result of the previously reigning communist regime paying less attention to religious life.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

About 30% of the German population admits to having no religion.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

In the East this figure can be higher.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Church and state are separate, but there is cooperation in many areas, especially in the social sphere, the Church and the religious community, when they are large, stable and faithful to the constitution, can receive special status from the state as a “corporation under public law” which permits the Church to levying taxes from members called Kirchensteuer (church tax).


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

This revenue is collected by the state in lieu of collection fees.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The second largest religion is Islam with 3.8 to 4,300,000 followers estimated (4.6% to 5.2%), [132] followed by Buddhism with 250,000 and Judaism with about 200,000 followers (0.3%); Hinduism has some 90,000 followers (0.1%).


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

All other religious communities in Germany have less than 50,000 followers [133] Of about 4 million Muslims, mostly Sunnis and Alevites from Turkey, but there are a small number of Shia and other denominations.. [132]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

German European third largest Jewish population (after France and Great Britain) [134] Approximately. 50% of Buddhists in Germany are Asian immigrants. [135]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Germans without religious adherence states make up 34.1% of the population, mainly in the East of the former Germany and major metropolitan areas.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The official language is German.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The raw form is known as Baku German (Hochdeutsch or Standarddeutsch) [71].


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The founder of this language was Martin Luther in the 16th century, so he was also known as the “Father of the German Language”.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Baku German is learned in schools so all Germans practically master it.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

It is also spoken in Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and Lichtenstein as an official language of introduction so that residents of these countries can communicate well with each other.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

German is the most beautiful language heard in all of Europe.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

In addition, there are also various local dialects; the most important of them are the dialects of Bavaria, Alemania (spoken in Baden, Swabia, and various places in Switzerland), Koeln, Berlin-Brandenburg, and the Saksen dialect.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The existence of this local dialect is further tempered by the use of raw languages or non-raw variants (colloquial or Umgangsprache).


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The language Sachsen Hilir or Plattdeutsch, spoken in the northwestern part, is now considered a language of its own and is a variant of the Downstream German language.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

In parts of the eastern corner of the state of Sachsen there are Sorbian-speaking communities that are not Germanic but Slavik languages.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Other minority languages are Danish spoken on the border with Denmark, the Frisian language on the northern border with the Netherlands, Turkish as the language of immigrants from Turkey, the Russian language brought by immigrants from Ethnic Germans from Russia, and some languages of immigrants from Russia, and some languages of immigrants other minorities (Italian, Vietnamese, Arabic, and Balkan countries). 67% of German residents say they can communicate at least one foreign language and 27% of residents say they can communicate with 2 other foreign languages besides German. [72]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Education More than 99% of German residents age 15 and older are estimated to read and write. [8]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Education in this country is taken care of by their respective states.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Since the 1960s, a reform movement tried to unify German secondary education into a Gesamtschule (comprehensive school); some German states later simplified their school systems.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

This system is known as Duale Ausbildung (“dualism education”) which makes students in vocational schools to be able to study in a company. [74]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

This successful educational model was subsequently adopted worldwide. [75]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Kindergarten level education is available to all children aged 3-6 years, but it is not compulsory.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

After that, the child gets compulsory education for at least 9 years.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The length of primary education in the country is ranging from 4 to 6 years. [74]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Next, secondary education is available in 3 kinds: Gymnasium to prepare students for university, Realschule, and Hauptschule for vocational school students. [76]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

A general requirement for entering a university in Germany is the Abitur, a qualification that is based on continuous tests during the last years including the final school exam.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

However, there are some exceptions, and the requirements set vary depending on the subject, university, and state.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

German universities are internationally known, with 6 universities in the top 100 (according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) in 2008), and 18 in the top 200. [77]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Most German universities are public universities, with tuition only around €60 per semester (reaching €500 in Niedersachsen state). [78] [79] Thus, education has become affordable for almost all German residents. [80]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Universities in Germany are also included in the ranks of the oldest universities in the world.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The University of Heidelberg is the oldest (standing 1386), then followed the University of Leipzig (1409), the University of Rostock (1419), the University of Greifswald (1456), the University of Freiburg (1457), the LMU Munich (1472) and the University of Tübingen (1477).


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Most German universities focus on teaching rather than research.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Research is carried out by independent institutes working on academic fields, such as Max Planck, Fraunhofer, Leibniz and Helmholtz.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

These specialization institutes are not included in academic rankings, thus making German universities seem low-ranked (such as the ARWU rankings).


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Several technological institutes in Germany have begun to shift their focus to research.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Culture From its history, German culture was shaped by European intelligentsia, both religious and secular Jews.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

In the past, Germany was referred to as Das Land der Dichter und Denker (“the country of poets and thinkers”), [81] because of the large number of famous writers and philosophers who influenced the development of Western culture and thought.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

There are so many cultural institutions in this country.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

There are 240 government-subsidized theatres, hundreds of symphony orchestras, thousands of museums and more than 25,000 libraries spread across the country.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

There are also many visitors and connoisseurs: more than 91 million museum visitors each year, 20 million theater and opera visitors, and 3.6 million symphony orchestra visitors. [82]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Until 2012, UNESCO recorded 37 World Heritage Sites from Germany. [83]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Germany has also had high gender equality, [84] promoted the disability rights movement, and was socially tolerant of homosexuals.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Gays and lesbians can adopt infants, and civil union has been allowed since 2001. [85]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Germany has also changed its attitude towards immigrants, the government and its population have begun to argue that immigration is perfectly legal but must be controlled and has certain qualification standards. [86]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Germany was the second most valuable country in the world among 50 countries in 2010. [87]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

A global poll conducted by the BBC in 2011 said that Germany was known to have the most positive influence on the world in 2011, [88] and to be the most positively viewed country of 2013. [89]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Art Many German painters gained international prestige through their works.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Albrecht Dürer, Hans Holbein the Younger, Matthias Grünewald and Lucas Cranach the Elder were important artists in Renaissance times, Peter Paul Rubens and Johann Baptist Zimmermann in Baroque times, Caspar David Friedrich and Carl Spitzweg on Romanticism, Max Liebermann on Impressionism and Max Ernst on Surrealism.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Music German classical music consists of works by the world's most famous composers, among them Ludwig van Beethoven, Johann Sebastian Bach, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johannes Brahms, Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Germany is Europe's largest music market and the third largest in the world. [90]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

German popular music in the 20th and 21st centuries among them Neue Deutsche Welle (Nena, Alphaville), Ostrock (City, Keimzeit), Metal/Rock (Rammstein, Scorpions), Punk (Die Ärzte, Die Toten Hosen), Pop rock (Beatsteaks, Tokio Hotel), Indie (Tocotronic, Blumfeld) and Hip Hop (Die Fantastischfeld) and Hip Hop (Die Fantastischeld) Dear Vier, Deichkind).


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

JMPL|straight|"Sea Castle” architecture on Usedom Island, an example of resort architecture.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Such models are popular in the Baltic Sea region.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

German-style architecture was, among others, Carolingian and Ottonian, which was a precursor of Romanesque.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Brick Gothic in medieval times Brick Expressionism in modern times is 2 different styles that developed in Germany.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Also in the Renaissance and Baroque, there are German-style elements in it (such as the Weser Renaissance and the Dresden Baroque).


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

As industrialization developed in Europe, styles of classicism and historicism flourished in Germany, sometimes referred to as the Gründerzeit style due to the economic surge in the late 19th century.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

German contemporary architects among them Hans Kollhoff, Helmut Jahn, Behnisch, Albert Speer Junior, Frei Otto, Oswald Mathias Ungers, Gottfried Böhm, Stephan Braunfels and Anna Heringer.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The literature and philosophy of German Literature can be traced from Medieval times, with works by Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Notable German writers include Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Theodor Fontane.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

A collection of folklore legends published by the Grimm Brothers popularized the German folklore.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Famous German writers of the 20th century include Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, Heinrich Böll and Günter Grass. [91]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

German publishers produce more than 700 million books annually with 80,000 titles, around 60,000 of them new titles.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Germany is the third largest country in the number of books published, after English-speaking countries and the People's Republic of China. [92]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Frankfurt Book Fair is an international book trade event that has been running for 500 years. [93]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

German philosophy was also influential.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Gottfried Leibniz's contribution to rationalism; philosophy of enlightenment by Immanuel Kant; the rise of classical German idealism by Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling; formulations of communist theory by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; development of perspectivism by Friedrich Nietzsche, and Gottlob Frege's contributions to analytical philosophy. [94]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Food German food varies depending on the region.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The southern regions of Bavaria and Swabia, for example, share culinary traditions with Switzerland and Austria.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

In all regions, meat is consumed in the form of sausages. [95]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Organic food has a market share of about 2% and is expected to continue to increase. [96]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Although wine is widely drunk in many parts of Germany, the country's national alcoholic drink is beer.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The country's beer consumption is decreasing, but with a rate of 121.4 liters per person (2009), this number is still one of the highest in the world. [97]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The German restaurant is also the second most decorated restaurant in the world, after France. [98]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Pork, cattle, and poultry are the most common types of meat found in Germany.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The average German consumes 61kg (134lb) of meat each year.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Among all poultry, chickens are most consumed, next are ducks, geese and turkeys.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Germany's 27 million sports are members of sports clubs plus another 12 million people who are livelihoods from sports. [99]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Football is the most popular sport in Germany.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

With 6.3 million official members, the German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-Bund) is the largest football organization in the world. [99]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The Bundesliga, the highest league of German football, is Germany's most popular sports league with the most tournament visitors averaging in the world.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The German national football team won the FIFA World Cups in 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Germany won the 1972, 1980, and 1996 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The country hosted the 1974 FIFA World Cup and the 2006 FIFA World Cup and the UEFA Championship of 1988.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Notable footballers include Franz Beckenbauer, Gerd Müller, Jürgen Klinsmann, Lothar Matthäus, and Oliver Kahn.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Other popular sports include handball, volleyball, ice hockey, and tennis. [99]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Germany is one of the world automotive champion countries.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Constructors such as BMW and Mercedes are the main constructors of the automotive championship.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

Porsche has won the 24 Hours of Le Mans 16 times and Audi has won it 11 times.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

German driver Michael Schumacher is also the world's most Formula One champion. [100]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

In general, German sportsmen also became successful participants at the Olympics, ranking third on the number of total medal gains (combining West and East Germany).


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Germany ranked fifth, [101] while at the 2006 Winter Olympics they managed to become champions. [102]


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

The country hosted the Summer Olympics 2 times, in 1936 and 1972.


Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

References See also Colombia List of States of Germany List of Cities in Germany List of Presidents of Germany List of Vice-Presidents of Germany List of German figures List of German Chancellors List of Vice-Chancellors List of islands in Germany Wehrmacht German Nation Nazism German Football Association Wikipedia German German Unification German Reunification German Democratic Union German Samoa Donau History German New Guinea German Emperor German Cuisine Nazi Holocaust National Football Team Germany Border Oder-Neisse Indonesian Student Association in Germany Outlink Transclusion error: { {en}} is only for use in File namespace.


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Germany

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Question: What are the number of predators from Denmark-Germany?

Germany

— Actual multilingual German web portal from BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of Germany — Germany's international broadcaster at UCB Libraries GovPubs at Curlie — by the German Federal Foreign Office — Federal Statistical Office Germany Geographic data related to at OpenStreetMap from International Futures Government Tourism Category:Countries in Central Europe Category:G8 Countries Category:G20 Countries Category:NATO Member States Category:European Union Member States Category:United Nations Member States Category:Western Europe


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

A reserve component is a military reserve force or a military organization composed of citizens who combine military roles with civilian careers.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Components reserve to fight when a country to mobilize total war or to defend itself from invasion.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Generally it is not considered part of a permanent standing body.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

The existence of a reserve component allows a country to reduce the military budget in peacetime and be prepared for war.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Some countries maintain reserve components as part of the state defense system.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

In general the function of the reserve component is the function of mobilization and the demobilization function.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

His pattern of appointment is through obligations for those who qualify for health and other conditions, and through voluntary enrollment.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

The development in the European World of State Defense System in Germany is known as Wehrpflicht and is devoted to male sexed civilians for 9 months.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

These activities can be replaced with social activities governed by government regulations as a form of national reconciliation.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Wehrpflich does not apply to family members who underwent surgery in the days of the NAZI regime.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

In NAZI times, Hitler once required conscription for residents aged 18 - 45 despite the mnurut of the Treaty of Versailles (1919), Germany was forbidden to hold conscription.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

States In the United States consists of: Marine Reserve Force, Naval Reserve Force, Air Force Reserve, U.S. Coast Guard Reserve, U.S. Army Reserve, and Army National Guard.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Since the end of the cold war, the United States has ended conscription until now.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

After the terrorism attacks of September 9, 2003 and the wars of Afghanistan as well as Iraq came plans to re-activate conscription.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Since 1980 Congress reinstated the enlistment of conscripts through the service selection system.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

This regulation applies to all boys born on or after January 1, 1960.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

The Middle East Defense State in Israel is named the Israel Defense Force (IDF) which was first launched on May 26, 1948.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

The backdrop of long wars with Arab states requires Israel to have a formidable military force especially when compared to its limited geographical area and meager population.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Asia India separates between the Military (main power) in the face of war which is under the authority of the Ministry of Defence and the Paramilitary Force which is under the authority of the Ministry of Depdagri which simultaneously indicates that they are directed to carry out counter-insurgency tasks.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

South East Asia The Philippine reserve component consists of Auxiliary Reseve Units recruited from civilians working in the public sector, and “Citizens Armed Forces Geographic Units” (CAFGUs) recruited from the ordinary civilian population.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

CAFGUs were also divided into non-active military reserve and paramilitary groups.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

While in Malaysia it is known as Khidmat Negara Exercise Program (PLKN.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Indonesia The reserve component as an integral part of the country's defense is the authority of the government and is organized in total, integrated, purposeful, and continues by involving all national resources and national infrastructure facilities with funding resources derived from the Budget State Expenditure Revenue [1].


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

In accordance with Article 30 paragraph (1) of the Basic Law of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945, that every citizen is entitled and obliged to participate in the state defense business, the Reserve Component Member (Komcad) is mandatory for citizens who have fulfilled the requirements.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Comcad coaching is carried out by the Minister of Defence [2] in contrast to the TNI Reserve/Reserve Reinforcements.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Training of TNI Reserves [3] is carried out by the Commander of the TNI.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

The essence of the Reserve Component is one of the containers and forms of participation of citizens, all natural resources, artificial resources as well as national facilities and infrastructure in the state defense business.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

The organization and existence of the components of the state defense reserve is based on statutory regulations. [2].


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

The organization of reserve components is implemented through a centralized pattern of formation, coaching, and use.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

The backup component functions as a multiplier force of the main components in the form of reserve components of land matra, marine matra, and air matra that are always ready at the time of need through the mobilization Assignment and Coaching Backup components in assignment or coaching are sorted into two ie in active service and not in active service.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

In active service Komcad carries out state duties within the field of defense.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Komcad members with all the consequences experienced in the assignment are the same as the guidance of military soldiers.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Backup components derived from natural resources, artificial resources and national infrastructure when damaged or lost during active service become the burden and responsibility of the state both maintenance, maintenance and replacement.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Not in active service, all national resources incorporated on Komcad return to perform their original duties or according to their respective professions outside of state defense duties.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Benefits Advantage One of the main advantages in having a reserve component is to increase the main force in a short period of time, unlike for training new members or conscripts, since the reserve component is already trained.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Backup components, can not only increase the quantity, but the overall quality of strength.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Having a reserve component can allow the government to avoid the costs, both political and financial that require conscription.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Economically, reserve components are more efficient than regular soldiers because they are only called upon when needed.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Losses Backup components have little experience with newer weapon systems.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

The reserve component is sometimes considered less motivated than the regular army.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Meanwhile the reserve component is in a civilian sense that combines a military career with a civilian, as in the British Territorial Army, the time demanding experience is not experienced by regular troops, and that affects availability and duration of service.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Conducting exercises involving reserve components is expensive, requires compensation for loss of wages, and it is difficult to call past demobilization, meaning that a citizen who has been made a reserve component may be reluctant to fight until the conflict is resolved.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

This is especially true in the case of the pensioners.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

At the beginning of World War I, the reluctance of the various antagonists to demobilize the reserve component when called upon, due to the difficulty of remobilization, had been held up as one of the causes of why the diplomatic stage escalated so rapidly for the war.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Reference Outside links.


Question: What is the number of troops in the reserve component?

Backup components

Category:Military


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

Flame test is an analysis procedure used in chemistry to detect the presence of certain elements, especially metal ions, based on the characteristics of each element's emission spectrum.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

The color of the flame in general also depends on the temperature; see color of the flame.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

This test involves introducing a sample of an element or compound into a hot, colorless flame, and observing the color of the resulting flame.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

The idea of this test is that the atoms of the sample evaporate and because of the heat, they inflate the beam when in the flame.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

Bulk samples also emit light, but the light is not good for analysis.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

Bulk samples emit light mainly due to the movement of its atoms, so the spectrum is wide, consisting of a wide range of colors.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

The atoms of a sample separated in a flame can undergo emission only due to electron transitions between atomic energy levels.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

The transition embeds light with a very specific frequency, which is nothing but characteristic of the chemical element itself.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

Therefore, the flame becomes colored, which is determined primarily by the properties of the chemical elements introduced into the flame.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

The flame test is a relatively easy experiment to perform, so it is often demonstrated or performed in science classes in schools.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

For the purposes of inorganic qualitative analysis, the flame test is often used as a preliminary test, and includes an organoleptic test.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

Samples are usually placed on a string of platinum wire washed repeatedly with hydrochloric acid to remove the rest of the previous analyte. [1]


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

Compounds are usually made into a paste with concentrated hydrochloric acid, as a metal halide, which is volatile, thus giving better results.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

Different flames should be tried to avoid data errors resulting from “contaminated” flames, or sometimes to verify color accuracy.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

In chemistry subjects in secondary schools, wood splint (splint) is sometimes used, since the solution can be dried on it, and it is inexpensive.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

Sometimes also used nichrome wire. [1]


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

The use of the splint should be done carefully by waving the splint past the flame, and not by holding it so that the splint is exposed to the flame for a long time.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

This avoids burnt splints.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

The use of bouncer cotton [2] (English: cotton swab (US) or cotton bud (UK)) or melamine foam (which is used in eraser sponges) [3] as a buffer has also been suggested.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

Sodium is a common component or contaminant in many compounds and its spectrum tends to dominate the color of the flame.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

The flame test is often viewed through cobalt blue glass to filter out the sodium yellow color and facilitate observation of other metal ions.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

Flame testing is a quick and easy practice, and can be done with basic equipment found in most chemical laboratories.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

However, the number of elements detected positive in this condition is very few, given that this testing relies more on the subjective experience of the probator than the object of the experiment.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

This test has difficulty in detecting some elements in small quantities, while if it is too large it also tends to fade the color of the flame until it does not appear at all.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

Although the flame test provides only qualitative information, not quantitative data on the proportion of elements in the sample, quantitative data can be obtained using related techniques namely flame photometry or flame emission spectroscopy.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy instruments, made by for example Perkin Elmer or Shimadzu, can be operated on emission mode according to equipment guidance. [4]


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

Common elements Some common elements and their flame colors are as follows: Gold, silver, platinum, palladium, and a number of other elements do not produce characteristic flame colors although some can cause sparks (such as titanium metal and iron) and beryllium salts and gold reportedly collected as pure metal upon cooling.


Question: What affects the color of the fire?

Flame test

See also Colored flame Emission spectrum Photoelectric flame photometer Qualitative inorganic analysis Burn splint test Splint test Reference Outside links - Images of multiple flame tests, accompanied by instructions - Flame Coloring By Elements:Chemical testing Category:Chemical testing Category:Chemical grade experiments Category:Fire


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Main Page Zathura: Space Adventures (or Zathura) is a science fiction fantasy film made in 2005.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Directed by Jon Faverau, and loosely based on Zathura's book illustrated by Chris Van Allsburg, author of Jumanji.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

The cast was Jonah Bobo as Danny and Josh Hutcherson as Walter.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Tim Robbins also has a small role as the boy's divorced father.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

The film was made in Los Angeles and Culver City, California & released on November 11, 2005 by Columbia Pictures. [1]


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Unlike books, the film does not contain Jumanji material and does not mention the events of Jumanji.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

The film was a critical success despite the box office bomb.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Groove Brothers Walter (Josh Hutcherson) and Danny (Jonah Bobo) can never get along with each other, or with their teenage older sister, Lisa (Kristen Stewart).


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

During their divorced father's stay at home, when he goes to work and Lisa is asleep, the children find an old clockwork-driven space-themed board game called “Zathura” in the basement.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

The two begin to play the game, with the aim to be the first to reach the last chamber named Zathura.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

During each turn, the game gives cards with instructions, but the two quickly realize the cards affect the reality.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

They soon find the house floating on a small rock in space.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Meanwhile, Lisa looks out the window, and believes it is anything but dark, and goes to shower for her date.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

When they try to warn Lisa about what has happened, they find her frozen in cryonic sleep as a result of one of the cards.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

They realize that the only way is to end the game and hopefully return to earth and reach Zathura's final space.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

As they keep playing, avoiding the danger that game cards throw at them, the house is attacked by an alien race called the Zorgons.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Another card carries aboard a stranded astronaut (Dax Shepard) who goes to remove the house's heat source (where Walter lowers the house's heat regulator) and sets up a burnt couch and pushes it into space to lure the Zorgons ship away with its heat sign.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

As sibling tensions rise, Walter accuses Danny of cheating by moving the pawn prematurely, but when Walter attempts to correct him, the game reacts as if it were Walter who was cheating and throws him out of the house into a vacuum, however the Astronauts The aforementioned saved him.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

On Walter's next turn, he receives a card that allows him to make a wish, and considers making a wish to make Danny leave.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

The astronaut quickly warned him that he and his own sister had played the game several years ago, and he had also received the same card.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

He wished his sister to leave, but this caused him to be stuck in the game forever without a second player.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

The two brothers agree to work together to complete the game immediately.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Lisa awakens from her stasis, and is unaware of current events, and sets the thermostat.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

This causes the Zorgons to return, anchoring their ship into the house.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

The four evacuate upstairs, but realize that they have left the game downstairs.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Danny uses the house's food elevator to sneak past the aliens and retrieve the game.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Danny manages to get the game aboard one of the ships, but is caught by the Zorgons when he attempts to return to the food elevator.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Walter uses the robot previously carried by the initial turn to attack the Zorgons, and the aliens retreat.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

As the brothers continue to play the game, Walter receives another wish card, he uses it to bring back the Astronaut's brother, who turns out to be Danny.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

The astronaut explains he is the older Walter of the alternate timeline.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Danny and Walter touch their comrades, which makes them vanish.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

The Zorgons return home with a large fleet, determined to destroy it.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Danny goes in the final steps to land on Zathura; in space, it is revealed that Zathura is a giant black hole that could suck in Zorgon's fleet of ships and the house.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

The three children find themselves at home as before they started the match on Earth, and their father arrives home and their mother comes to pick them up.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

The cast of Josh Hutcherson as Walter Jonah Bobo as Danny Dax Shepard as Astronaut/Walter future Kristen Stewart as Lisa Tim Robbins as Father John Alexander (Frank Oz, voice) as Robot Derek Mears as Lead Zorgon Douglas Tait as Chief Zorgon Jeff Wolfe as Chief Zorgon Jeff Wolfe as Master Zorgon Adam Wills as Captain Zorgon Production Director Jon Favreau prefers to use practical effects instead of CGI in movies. “... it was so fun to actually shoot real spaceships or have real robots running around on set, or real Zorgons built by Stan Winston.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

It gives the actors, young actors in particular, so much to work outside of,” he said. [2]


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Dax Shepard, who played an astronaut in the film,. said that he would not have been interested in doing the film if the effects had been “CGI-based”. [3]


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Actress Kristen Stewart enjoyed the effect on set, saying that, “When we spear the walls and rip them out, we really do.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

When there's a fire on the set, there's really a fire,” and, “it's the only green screen I've been involved with to get used to being sucked out into a black hole. “[4]


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Miniature models used to create spaceships, and enjoy Favreau going back to techniques used in his previous films much like the original Star Wars trilogy. [5]


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

However, in some computer-generated images of Zorgon's ship, and digital effects used in other images, such as creating meteors and planets, to augment computer-generated feet and hands on robotic suits built by Stan Winston Studio, for digital additions Zorgon suit (which is built so that the head comes out of the front of the suit where is part of the actor's chest and the actor wears a blue screen veil over his own head), and to create the overall result Zorgon computer for a single image. [6]


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

According to Pete Travers, visual guide of in-film effects for Sony Pictures Imageworks, it retains the dignified “1950s sci-fi look” from Van Allsburg's book that “is a very important aspect about effects”. [7]


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Favreau discouraged the idea that the film was a sequel, formerly Jumanji, who had disliked that film.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Both he and author Chris Van Allsburg (who also wrote the book of the same name on behalf of Jumanji based) stated that Zathura was very different from Jumanji. [8]


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

The film's soundtrack is the original score by John Debney and has been made available on CD. [9]


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

The release Studio hyped release of Zathura in an attempt to evoke oral, with ties including episodes of The Apprentice showcasing her family appeal.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Critical reception The film received mostly positive reviews from critics, but currently holds a 76% “Certified Fresh” approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes. [10]


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Stephen Holden of The New York Times said Zathura richly gratifies children's fantasies, “not just to play board games, but to project oneself into her world. “[11]


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Desson Thomson of The Washington Post wrote that Zathura had “candor, a sense of wonder of righteousness. “[12]


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Ticket sales spot Regardless of its judgement, the film was considered a failure because for $13,427,872 its opening weekend gross, ranked # 2 only for the weekend, far behind Chicken Little Worse, it lost 62% of the audience next weekend, due to the important opening Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

It ended up disgusting only $29,258,869, less than half the 65 million dollar budget.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

The international box office count was $35,062,632, for a worldwide total of $64,321,501, just under the film's budget.


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

The groove's similarity to Jumanji may be its destruction, with one observer referring to it as “Jumanji in space without Robin Williams”. [13]


Question: Who is the publisher of the film Zathura: Space Adventures?

Zathura

Outlink Reference on IMDb at Box Office Mojo at Rotten Tomatoes Category:United States Films of 2005 Category:2000s fantasy films Category:2000s science fiction films Category:American fantasy films Category:Films directed by Jon Favreau Category:Children's fantasy films Category:Films based on children's books Category:Space adventure films Category:Columbia Pictures films Category:Screenplays by David Koepp


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The Battle of Cape Esperance otherwise known as the Second Battle of Savo Island, and according to Japanese sources as the Naval Battle of Savo Island (海, Sabo-tō Oki Kaisen) was a naval battle that occurred from October 11 to October 12, 1942 during the Pacific War of World War II between the Forces The Imperial Sea of Japan and the United States Navy.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The battle was the third of the five largest naval battles throughout the Guadalkanal campaign, and occurred on the entrance road of the strait between Savo Island and Guadalkanal in the Solomon Islands.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

On the night of 11 October 1942, the Japanese naval fleet in the Solomon Islands area under the command of Gunichi Mikawa dispatched a massive convoy of reinforcements and supplies for Japanese forces on Guadalkanal.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Mikawa's convoy consisted of two ocean-going aircraft carriers and six destroyers under the command of Young Admiral Takatsugu Jojima.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

At the same time but in separate operations, three heavy cruisers and two destroyers under the command of Admiral Young Aritomo Gotō were dispatched to perform bombardment missions against the Allied airfield on Guadalkanal (called Henderson Airfield by the Allies) with the intent of destroying the aircraft and facilities of the Allied airfield.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Shortly before midnight 11 October 1942, a United States fleet of four cruisers and five destroyers under the command of Admiral Young Norman Scott plied the Japanese fleet under Gotō's command when it was approaching Savo Island, near Guadalkanal.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Allied grievances were not foreseeable by the Japanese side.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The battleships under Scott's command succeeded in sinking one Japanese cruiser.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

One of Scott's destroyers also resulted in heavy damage to the Japanese cruiser, as well as killing Young Admiral Aritomo Gotō who was on board.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

In the aftermath, the other Japanese warships aborted bombardment missions and withdrew.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

In the gunfight, one of the United States destroyers was sunk, as well as one cruiser and one destroyer sustained heavy damage.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

While the battle progressed, a Japanese logistics convoy managed to unload its cargo on Guadalkanal, and began the voyage back to base without ever being found by the United States fleet.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

On the morning of the next day of 12 October 1942, four Japanese destroyers from a logistics convoy reversed course to assist the damaged ships of Gotō's fleet.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Two of the four Japanese destroyers were sunk on the same day after falling victim to air raids conducted by United States aircraft from Henderson Air Field.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Although the battle ended in the victory of the United States fleet, this battle had little direct strategic value.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Just two nights after the battle, two Japanese gunships had already come back bombardment and nearly destroyed Henderson Airfield.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The Japanese also later managed to land more reinforcements troops on Guadalkanal.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Background On 7 August 1942, Allied soldiers (mainly the United States) landed on Guadalkanal, Tulagi, and the Florida Islands in the Solomon Islands.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The Allied landings were intended to prevent Japan from using Guadalkanal as a military base threatening materiil shipping routes between the United States and Australia, securing the islands as a turning point for the campaign to isolate the main Japanese base at Rabaul, as well as supported the Allied waged New Guinea campaign.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The Guadalkanal campaign would later last for six months. [3]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

In the 8 August 1942 twilight offensive that surprised the Japanese, Allied forces consisting mostly of the United States Marine Corps managed to seize Tulagi as well as adjacent smaller islands, following an airfield on Guadalkanal that the Japanese were building.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

After the airfield was completed, the Allies referred to it as Henderson Airfield.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The Allied aircraft based in Henderson were nicknamed the “Cactus Air Force” (cactus is the Allied password for Guadalkanal). [4]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

In reaction to the Allied landings on Guadalkanal, Imperial Japanese General Headquarters assigned 17th Army to retake Guadalkanal.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The 17th Army was a corps size unity under the leadership of Lieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake based at Rabaul.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Since August 19, 1942, various units from the 17th Army began to arrive in Guadalkanal. [5]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

As a result of the threat of air attack by Cactus Air Force aircraft, Japan was unable to use its large and slow transports to deliver troops and supplies to Guadalkanal.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

As their replacements, Japan used battleships, mainly light cruisers or destroyers.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Japanese supply convoys were usually able to cruise to Guadalkanal past the New Georgia Strait and return safely to the base in just one night.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

These round-trip cruise missions were conducted from sunset to before sunrise, and were intended to reduce the chances of being struck by Cactus Air Force aircraft.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

However, the transportation of troops with warships does not allow heavy supplies and equipment, such as heavy artillery, vehicles, and most ammunition and food.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

In addition, the use of destroyers to deliver supplies resulted in a reduced inventory of destroyers that were actually needed to protect Japanese fleet convoys.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The Allies dubbed the convoy of Japanese high-speed warships used to deliver supplies during the Guadalkanal Campaign as the “Tokyo Ekspres”.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

On the contrary, the Japanese refer to it as “Rat Transport”. [6]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Before the war, the Japanese Navy conducted intensive night exercises.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The Japanese fleet's ability to conduct night operations allowed them to take control of the seas around the Solomon Islands during the night.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

But during daylight hours, any Japanese ships located within the cruising radius of Cactus Air Force aircraft (about 320km) were threatened with air attack danger.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Those situations dragged on for months during the campaign.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Japan's sea superiority lasting from sunset to sunrise did not prove to help Japan win the Guadalkanal campaign. [7]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The massive effort the Japanese Army first made to recapture Henderson Airfield was made on 21 August 1942 in the Battle of Tenaru, and then in the Battle of Edson Ridge 12 September to 14 September.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Both attempts failed. [8]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The Japanese scheduled the next attack to retake Henderson Air Field on 20 October 1942.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

In preparation before being deployed to Guadalkanal, the Japanese moved most members of the 2nd Infantry Division and 38th Infantry Division numbering 17,500 men from the Dutch East Indies to Rabaul.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Between 14 September and 9 October 1942, Tokyo Express convoys many times managed to deliver troops from the 2nd Infantry Division to Guadalkanal, including carrying General Hyakutake.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

In addition to wearing cruisers and destroyers, the Tokyo Express mission several times included Nisshin seagoing aircraft carriers to deliver heavy equipment to Guadalkanal, including vehicles and heavy artillery that other types of warships could not carry because limitations of cargo space.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The Japanese Navy pledged to support the ground force offensive by delivering the necessary troops, equipment, and supplies at Guadalkanal.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

In addition, the navy also promised to send warships to bombard and increase the frequency of air strikes to Henderson Airfield. [9]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Meanwhile, the commander of the entire Allied army in the South Pacific Admiral Madya Robert L. Ghormley was successfully convinced by the commander of the United States Army in the South Pacific Major General Millard F. Harmon that the Marines on Guadalkanal needed to be urgently reinforced if the Allies wanted to succeed defended Guadalkanal from the following Japanese offensive.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

On 8 October 1942, a total of 2,837 members of the 164th Infantry Regiment of the United States Army's Americal Division boarded ships in New Caledonia to begin the journey to Guadalkanal.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The estimated date of their arrival was on October 13, 1942. [10]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

As protector of the transports carrying the 164th Regiment to Guadalkanal, Ghormley commanded Task Force 64 (TF64) of four cruisers (San Francisco, Boise, Salt Lake City, and Helena), plus five destroyers (Farenholt, Duncan, Buchanan, McCalla, and Laffey) in under the lead of Admiral Young Norman Scott to intercept and destroy any Japanese ships approaching Guadalkanal and threatening Allied convoys.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Scott conducted one night fighting exercise with his ships on 8 October.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Afterwards, a task force under Scott's command took up positions south of Guadalkanal near Rennell Island on 9 October to await word of the movement of Japanese ships heading south of the Solomon Islands. [11]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

While forwarding preparations for the October offensive, Admiral Madya Gunichi Mikawa's staff of the Imperial Japanese Navy's 8th Fleet headquartered at Rabaul scheduled a large and important Tokyo Express mission on the night of 11 October 1942.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Nisshin assisted by Chitose delivered 728 servicemen, four large howitzers, two field cannons, one antiaircraft gun, and an assortment of large quantities of ammunition as well as other equipment from Japanese Navy bases on the Shortland Islands and from Buin, Bougainville to Guadalkanal.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Six destroyers, five of which carried troops, accompanied Nisshin and Chitose.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The logistics convoy called the “Reinforcements Cluster” by the Japanese side, was under the command of Young Admiral Takatsugu Jojima.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

At the same time but in separate operations, three heavy cruisers of the 6th Explorer Division, Aoba, Kinugasa, and Furutaka under the command of Admiral Young Aritomo Gotō, set out to destroy the Cactus Air Force following existing airfield facilities by conducting The bombardment wears special explosive bullets against Henderson Airfield.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Explorer Division 6 was escorted by two destroyers acting as veil ships, Fubuki and Hatsuyuki.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The Japanese did not anticipate any resistance of the Allied fleet because United States Navy ships had never once attempted to block Tokyo Express missions to Guadalkanal. [12]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Battle of Preliminary Sunday, October 11, 1942, at 08.00, Jojima's fleet cluster of reinforcements departed from the port of the Shortland Islands to begin a 250mi (400km) voyage across the New Georgia Strait to Guadalkanal.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The six destroyers accompanying Nisshin and Chitose were Asagumo, Natsugumo, Yamagumo, Shirayuki, Murakumo, and Akizuki.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The Gotō led bombardment fleet departed from the Shortland Islands bound for Guadalkanal at 14:00 the same day. [13]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

As protection for Jojima's reinforcements cluster from Cactus Air Force attacks when approaching Guadalkanal, the Japanese 11th Air Fleet based at Rabaul, Kavieng, and Buin planned two airstrikes on Henderson Air Field on 11 October.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

A number of 17 A6M Zero aircraft carried out sweeping to Henderson Airfield exactly after noon, but failed to rendezvous with a single United States aircraft.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Forty-five minutes later, a second wave of 45 magnitude Mitsubishi G4M2 Type 1 bomber aircraft and 30 Zero aircraft arrived over Henderson Airfield.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

In the dogfight over Henderson, one Japanese Type 1 bomber and two United States fighter planes were shot down.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Despite failing to inflict any meaningful damage, the Japanese attack managed to prevent the discovery of clusters of Japanese reinforcements by Cactus Air Force bomber aircraft.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

When the cluster of reinforcements had already entered the New Georgia Strait, Zero planes of the 11th Air Fleet came to provide escort.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Jojima's convoy of reinforcements was so important to Japanese plans that the final flight mission of the day was ordered to stay airborne over the convoy until it was dark.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Afterwards, the airman was ordered to land his aircraft at sea and wait until it was levied by the destroyers of the reinforcements cluster.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

There was only one pilot successfully found out of the entire six Zero aircraft that made landings at sea. [14]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Allied reconnaissance aircraft spotted Jojima's convoy of reinforcements roughly 210mi (340km) from Guadalkanal, between Kolombangara and Choiseul in the New Georgia Strait at 14:45 on 11 October.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The strength of the Japanese fleet was reported as two “cruisers” and six destroyers.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The Gotō led bombardment fleet that was behind the convoy was not spotted by reconnaissance aircraft.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

In reaction to the arrival of Jojima's fleet, Scott at 16.07 ordered his ships turn towards Guadalkanal for interceptions. [15]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Up to that point, the Allied fleet had always lost in every nighttime naval battle against the Japanese Navy.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Eight cruisers and three Allied destroyers had been sunk without success sinking a single Japanese warship.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Aware of Japanese superiority in night combat, Scott devised a simple combat plan to deal with the imminent naval battle.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Scott ordered his ships to sail in column formation.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The destroyers were at the forward-most and behind the ranks of cruisers.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The destroyers would illuminate each target with searchlights and release torpedo-torpedoes, while the cruisers fired cannons at every target at hand without having to wait for command.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Sea-flying aircraft transported by cruisers would be launched early to locate and illuminate Japanese warships with flares.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

On the United States side, although Helena and Boise were already equipped with new model SG radars that had improved capabilities, Scott still chose San Francisco as his command ship. [16]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

At 22:00, when Scott's ships were approaching Cape Hunter at the southwest end of Guadalkanal, Scott's three cruisers deployed seagoing aircraft.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

One had an accident when it took off, but the other two survived and patrolled over Savo Island, Guadalkanal, and Ironbottom Strait.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

When the Allied seagoing airplanes were launched, Jojima's fleet had just passed through the mountainous northwest side of the Guadalkanal.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Therefore, the two fleets are invisible to each other.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

At 22:20, Jojima sent Gotō a radio message containing news of the absence of any United States ships in the surrounding area.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Despite hearing Scott's marine aircraft flying over them while unloading cargo on the northern coast of Guadalkanal, Jojima's men did not manage to report this to Gotō. [17]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

At 22:33, not long after passing Cape Esperance, Scott's ships prepared in combat formation.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Farenholt, Duncan, and Laffey were frontmost in column formation, followed by San Francisco, Boise, Salt Lake City, and Helena.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The destroyers Buchanan and McCalla were at the very rear.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The distance between the vessels each ranges from 460 m to 640 m.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Time visibility is bad.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The setting moon does not leave the slightest light.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Sea horizon is not visible. [18]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Gotō's fleet went through some stormy showers as they approached Guadalkanal at speeds of 30kn (35mph; 56km/h).


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

As the leader of the Japanese ships in column formation, the cruiser Aoba made a flag ship by Gotō was ahead, followed by Furutaka and Kinugasa.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Aoba was flanked by Fubuki on the right hull and Hatsuyuki in the left hull.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

By 23:30, Gotō's ships were out of the last of the storm's rain series, and came into view in radar coverage of Helena and Salt Lake City.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

However, the Japanese ships, which were not equipped with radar, still did not realize the ships of Scott's fleet were near. [19]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Action At 23:00, reconnaissance aircraft from San Francisco spotted Jojima's fleet near Guadalkanal.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Scott who received the report believed there were many more Japanese ships to come soon.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

His ships were nevertheless ordered to continue the voyage in the direction of the west side of Savo Island.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

At 23:33, Scott ordered his ships which were sailing in column formation to turn towards the southwest in a direction of 230°.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Scott's command was understood by all ships in his fleet as turning in column formation, with the exception of the San Francisco ship that Scott was overriding.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

When the three destroyers that were ahead of San Francisco turned in column formation, San Francisco took a turn at the same time.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Boise whose position is behind San Francisco also took the turn.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

As a result, the three leading destroyers became out of formation. [20]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

At 23:32, Helena's radar detected Japanese warships to be within roughly 25,300 m.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

At 23:35, radar at Boise and Duncan also detected the warships of Gotō's fleet.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Between 23:42 and 23.44, Helena and Boise reported their discovery to Scott based above San Francisco.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

But Scott mistakenly understood reports of radar contacts that Boise and Helena delivered.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

He thought the report was the result of tracking the position of three destroyers in his fleet separated from formation while turning in column formation.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Scott contacted Farenholt by radio to inquire in case Farenholt intended to take back his position as the leading ship in column formation.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Farenholt replied, “Affirmative, we came from the starboard hull.”


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

That answer further convinced Scott that the radar contact report provided to him was about the position of the destroyers incorporated in his fleet. [21]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

At 23:45, Farenholt and Laffey were still unaware of the approaching Gotō ships.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Both ships instead added speed to return to their former position as the leading ship in formation.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

However, Duncan's crew suspected Farenholt and Laffey were embarking on an attack on Japanese warships.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Duncan co-added speed in preparation for a torpedo attack in the direction of Gotō's fleet.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Everything Duncan's crew did without informing Scott of the actions they were taking.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

San Francisco radar also detected Japanese ships, but Scott was no longer alerted to the radar contact.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

At 23:45, Gotō's ships were only 4,600 m away from Scott's formation, and were spotted by guard officers over Helena and Salt Lake City.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The United States ships in position crossing the T in front of a formation of Japanese ships, and provided a significant tactical advantage to Scott's fleet.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

At 23:46, Helena still assumed Scott had known about the presence of Japanese ships approaching at high speed.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Over the radio, Helena contacted Scott to ask permission to start the shot.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The radio contact is carried out using a common request procedure, the words “Interrogatory Roger” which basically means “Are we allowed to act?”


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Scott simply replies “Roger” to confirm he has received a radio message from Helena.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Yet the answer from Scott was not an order to start a shot.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Upon hearing Scott's pronounced “Roger”, Helena's crew suspected permission had been granted, and immediately began gunfire that Boise and Salt Lake City soon followed.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Scott was further shocked after learning his own ship, the San Francisco also began firing. [22]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The impromptu attack of Scott's fleet actually surprised Gotō's fleet.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Minutes earlier, at 23:43, the guard officers aboard Aoba had earlier spotted Scott's fleet.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

However Gotō made a fatal mistake.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The ships of Scott's fleet identified him as Jojima's ships.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Two minutes later, the guard officers at Aoba recognized the ships they saw as enemy ships.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Despite having been alerted, Gotō still remained hesitant and ordered his ships to send out an identification signal.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

When the initial Aoba ship was carrying out Gotō's orders, the first salvo shot from the United States ship hit the upper buildings of Aoba which soon became the victim of 40 times cannon fire from Helena, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Farenholt, and Laffey.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The explosion of the cannon bullets left Aoba's communications system heavily damaged.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The two main cannon domes were destroyed as well as the main cannon sightsight.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Several large-caliber projectiles penetrated the Aoba command platform without exploding, but the impact power it caused killed many crewmen.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Gotō suffered severe injuries until later killed. [23]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Scott evidently still also wasn't convinced his ships were firing toward comrade or opposing ships.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

At 23:47, his men were ordered to cease fire.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Scott feared his ships were firing on destroyers from his own flotilla.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

However, not all the men obeyed his command.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Scott ordered Farenholt to send out an identifying gesture.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

After seeing Farenholt was close to his formation, Scott at 23.51, gave orders to his men to restart fire. [24]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Still exposed to rugged fire, Aoba turned towards the starboard hull to get away from Scott's formation, and began to create a veil of smoke to trick Scott's ships that it was sinking.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Scott's fleet then turned fire to Furutaka who was behind Aoba.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

At 23:49, Furutaka's torpedo launcher tube hit, a huge fire burning to invite more cannon fire from Scott's ships.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

At 23:58, a torpedo from Buchanan hit Furutaka in the forward engine room section, causing severe damage.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

At the same time, San Francisco and Boise spotted Fubuki roughly 1,300 m away, and rebelled him with cannon fire, overtaken by gunfire from Scott's other ships.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Fubuki was heavily damaged and soon sank.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Kinugasa and Hatsuyuki turned to the left hull instead of the right hull to escape from the United States ships. [25]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

During the course of the gunfight, Farenholt was hit by several sniper shots from Japanese ships as well as comrade ships.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Several crew members were killed.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Farenholt escaped by sailing cutting in front of San Francisco and passing a column of Scott's ships on the side of the ship that was not firing.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Duncan who was still conducting solo torpedo attacks against formations of Japanese ships, was also hit by gunfire from comrade and opponent ships into flames, and fled the crossfire. [26]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

When Gotō's ships attempted to escape, Scott's ships tightened their formation, and turned to pursue the retreating Japanese warships.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

At 00.06, Boise was nearly hit by two torpedoes from Kinugasa.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Boise and Salt Lake City crews turned on searchlights to locate targets for the Japanese ships.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

But after the searchlights came on, the two ships instead turned into padded targets for cannon gunners at Kinugasa.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

At 00.10, two cannon shells from Kinugasa exploded in the main ammunition shed between cannon vaults one and two.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The explosion he caused killed nearly 100 crew members and nearly blew the ship to pieces.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The incoming seawater flooded through a large tear hole in the hull that resulted from the explosion.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The fires are extinguished by a flood of seawater before the fire can blow up the ship's gunpowder warehouse.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Boise immediately changed course to break out of column formation, and withdrew from the battle.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Kinugasa and Salt Lake City gunfight each other, each being hit by gunfire multiple times.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Kinugasa suffered minor damage.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Instead, one of the boilers in Salt Lake City was damaged so the ship was forced to reduce speed. [27]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

At 00.16, Scott ordered his ships to turn towards 330° as an attempt to pursue the fleeing Japanese ships.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

But Gotō's fleet quickly was no further seen by Scott's fleet.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

All gunfights stopped at 00.20.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

The formation of United States ships had become a mess.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Scott then ordered his ships to turn towards 205° to retreat. [28]


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Retreat During the onset of fighting between Scott's ships and Gotō's ships, Jojima's reinforcements group managed to unload cargo on the Guadalkanal, and began the return journey.


Question: How long did the Battle of Cape Esperance last?

Battle of Cape Esperance

Jojima's fleet took a cruise route passing south of the Russell Islands and New Georgia so that it was not visible to Scott's ships.