Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Like helical viruses, the capsids of some types of spheric viruses can be covered in a lipid layer, but usually the capsid proteins themselves are directly involved in infecting cells. [12] Some types of viruses have additional elements that help it infect the host. virus, that is, the membrane envelops the capsid. [13]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

This sheath contains phospholipids and proteins from the host cell, but also contains virus-derived proteins and glycoproteins. [13]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

In addition to sheath proteins and capsid proteins, viruses also carry several enzyme molecules within their capsids.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

There are also several types of bacteriophages that have a protein tail attached to the “head” of the capsid.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The tail fibers are used by phages to attach to a bacterium. [14]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Complete particles of viruses are called virions.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Virions function as a means of gene transport, while the sheath and capsid components are responsible in host cell infecting mechanisms. [14]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The pathogenesis of various viral infections The virus can infect its host and cause various consequences for its host. [15] There are dangerous, but there are also those that can be handled by immune cells in the body so that the resulting result is not too large. [15]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Acute infection is an infection that lasts in a quick period of time but can also be fatal. [15]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The consequences of acute infection are: heal without damage (complete recovery); [15] heal with damage/disability, e.g. polio; [15] progressing to chronic infection; [15] death. [15]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Chronic infection is a prolonged viral infection so there is a risk of disease symptoms reappearing. [15]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Examples of chronic infections are: silent subclinical infection for life, example: Cytomegalovirus (CMV); [15] a fairly long period of silence before the appearance of the disease, example: HIV [15] reactivation leading to acute infection, example: shingles; [15] recurrent chronic disease (relapse), example: HBV, HCV; cancer, examples: HTLV-1, HPV, HBV, HCV, HHV. [15]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Viral replication consists of several stages, namely viral attachment, penetration, mantle release, genome replication and gene expression, assembly, maturation, and release.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Viral attachment Viral attachment (adsorption) represents the initial interaction process between viral particles and receptor molecules on the surface of the host cell. [16]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

At this stage, a specific bond occurs between cellular receptor molecules with antireceptors in viruses. [16]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Some types of viruses require other molecules for the attachment process, namely coreceptors. [16]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Receptor molecules that target on the cell surface may take the form of proteins (usually glycoproteins) or carbohydrate residues contained in glycoproteins or glycolipids. [16]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Some complex viruses such as poxviruses and herpesviruses have more than one receptor so have multiple routes to bind to cells. [16] Viral receptors have several different classes: immunoglobulin-like molecules superfamily of membrane-linked receptor channels and transporters transmembrane [16] Some examples of viruses along with their receptors: Human rhinovirus (HRV) Human rhinovirus has ICAM-1 receptor (Intracelluler adhesion molecule-1). [17]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The molecule is an adhesion molecule whose normal function is to bind cells to their substrates. [17] The structure of ICAM-1 is similar to immunoglobulin molecules with domains C and V so it is classed as an immunoglobulin supefamily protein [17] The structure of ICAM-1 has five Ig-like domain to bind to Lfa-1 (Leukocite function antigen-1), Mac-1 (Macrofage antigen-1), Rhinovirus (HRV), fibrinogen, and PFIE (malaria infected erythocytes). [17]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Ten serotypes of HRV use ICAM-1 as a receptor, ten other serotypes use proteins linked to LDL receptors. [17]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Poliovirus Poliovirus has viral receptors in the form of integral membrane proteins that are also members of the molecular immunoglobulin superfamily. [18]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

This receptor has three domains, one variable and two constant. [18]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Influenza virus This virus has two types of spike glycoproteins on the surface of viral particles namely hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase. [19]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

HA will bind to influenza virus receptors in the form of sialic acid (N-acetyl neuraminic acid). [19]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The virus binds to the negative charge of sialic acid moieties present on oligosaccharide chains that covalently bind to glycoproteins on the cell surface. [19] The presence of sialic acid in almost all cell types causes influenza viruses to bind to many cell types. [19] Penetration penetration occurs at a very short time after attachment of the virus to receptors in the cell membrane. [20] This process requires energy Three mechanisms are involved: Translocation of viral particles The translocation process is relatively rare among viruses and the mechanism is not yet fully understood true, it is likely to be interacted by proteins inside capsid viruses and specific membrane receptors. [21]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Viral endocytosis into the intracellular vacuole The endocytosis process is a very common mechanism as the way of entry of the virus into the cell. [22] No specific viral proteins are required other than those that have been used for receptor binding. [22] fusion of the cover with the cell membrane (for viruses that joint) The process of fusion of the virus together with the cell membrane both directly and with the cell surface and following endocytosis in the cytoplasm. [22]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

It is necessary for the presence of specific fusion proteins in the viral cover, for example: HA influenza and transmembrane glycoprotein (TM) rhinovirus. [22]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Mantle release This stage occurs after a penetration process in which the viral capsid is both wholly and partially displaced into the cytoplasm of the host cell. [20]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

At this stage the viral genome is exposed in the form of nucleoprotein complexes. [20]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

In some cases, this stage proceeds quite simply and occurs during fusion of the viral membrane with the plasma membrane. [20] For other viruses, this stage is a multistep process involving the endocytosis pathway and the membrane of the nucleus. [20]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Genome replication and gene expression The replication strategies of multiple viruses depend on the natural genetic material of those viruses. [24]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

In this case, the virus is divided in 7 groups such as the David Baltimore grouping. [24]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The process of gene expression will determine all viral infectious processes (acute, chronic, persistent, or latent). [24]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Class I: DNA double thread This group is divided into two groups.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Replication occurs in the core and is relatively dependent on cellular factors (Adenoviridae, Polyomaviridae, Herpesviridae) [24] Replication occurs in the cytoplasm (Poxviridae). depends on the replication device of its host [24].


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Class II: Single thread DNA Replication occurs within the nucleus, involving the form of an intermediate double thread as a mold for the synthesis of a single thread of its derivative DNA (Parvoviridae) [24] Class III: Double thread RNA The virus has a segmented genome. Separate to produce individual monocystronic mRNA. Example: Reoviridae [24] Class IV: Single-thread RNA (+) Viruses with polycystronic mRNA in which this class of RNA genomes form mRNA which is transmitted to form a polyprotein that is broken down to form a mature protein.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Example: Picornaviridae [24] Class V: Single-thread RNA (-) Genomes in this class are divided into two types: Unsegmented genomes (Rhabdoviridae), The first stage in replication is transcription of the RNA genome of threads (-) by virion RNA-dependent RNA polymerases to produce monocystronic mRNA also as a mold for genome replication. [24]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Segmented genomes (Orthomyxoviridae), replication occurs within the nucleus where monocystronic mRNA for each of the viral genes is generated by viral transcriptase. [24]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Class VI: Single-thread RNA (+) with DNA Intermediates Genomic Retrovirus RNA single thread (+) is diploid and not used directly as mRNA but as a template for reverse transcriptase into DNA. [24]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Class VII: Double-thread DNA with RNA Intermediates Virus this group depends on reverse transcriptase, but in contrast to retroviruses, the process takes place inside the viral particles during maturation (Hepadnaviridae). [24]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Assembling assembly is the process of collecting virion components in special parts inside the cell. [20] During this process, the formation of the virus particle structure occurs. [20]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

This process depends on the replication process in the cell and the place where the virus breaks away from the cell. [20] Assembly mechanisms vary for different viruses.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Example: the assembly process of Picornavirus, Poxvirus, and Reovirus occurs in the cytoplasm, while the assembly process of Adenovirus, Poliovirus, and Parvovirus occurs in the nucleus. [20]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Maturation is a stage of the viral life cycle and is infectious. [20]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

At this stage there is a change in structure within the viral particles that is likely produced by the specific breakdown of capsid proteins to produce mature products. [20] Viral proteases and other cellular enzymes are usually involved in this process. [20]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Release All viruses except plant viruses escape from the host cell through two mechanisms: for lytic viruses (all non-sheathed viruses), release is a simple process, in which the infected cell opens and the virus exits. [20] for sheathed viruses, a lipid membrane is required when the virus exits the cell passes through the membrane, this process is known as budding. [20]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The process of releasing viral particles is likely to damage cells (Paramyxoviruses, Rhabdoviruses, and Togaviruses), and possibly some of them do not damage cells (Retroviruses). [20]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Virus Classification can be classified according to morphology, tropism and mode of spread, and functional genomics. [25]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Classification of viruses by morphology Based on morphology, viruses are divided by type of nucleic acid and also their outer membrane proteins (covers) into 4 groups, namely: [25] DNA Viruses RNA Viruses Sheathed viruses Unsheathed viruses contain only one type of nucleic acid: or RNA.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Classification of viruses by tropism and mode of spread Based on tropism and mode of spread, viruses are divided into: [25] Enteric Viruses Respirating Virus Arbovirus Oncogenic virus Hepatitis Virus classification based on functional genomics Viruses are classified into 7 groups based on the groove of its genome function.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

This classification is also called Baltimore classification namely: [25] Type I virus: Double thread DNA Type II virus = single thread DNA Type III virus = double thread RNA type IV virus = Single thread RNA (+) Type V virus = single-thread RNA (+) Type V virus (-) Type VI virus = single-thread RNA (+) with intermediate DNA (intermediates) Virus type VII = double thread DNA with intermediate RNA type RNA Virus RNA virus is a virus that has genetic material in the form of RNA, the group classified in this group are class III to VI viruses.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Some examples of viral familia belonging to this group are Retroviridae, Picornaviridae, Orthomixoviridae, and Arboviruses. [26]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Retroviridae Retroviridae represents icosahedral viruses.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The virus has an RNA genome of two pieces that are both identical and have a positive polarity that will later be expressed into a unique polymerase enzyme that is reverse trascryptase which is useful for converting RNA into DNA. [26] [27] The resulting DNA will integrate into in the DNA of the host cell as provirus. [26]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

This virus belongs to viruses that are virulent, can cause suppression of the immune system as well as tumors. [26]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Its virulent nature is due to one of them because the virus is easily mutated. [26]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

One of the most famous genus of this familia is the genus Lentivirus, whose examples of species are HIV 1 and 2. [26]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Picornaviridae Picornaviridae is small.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The virus has an RNA genome with positive polarity so it belongs to class IV viruses in the Baltimore classification. [28]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Viruses in this family are capable of causing many diseases in humans, among which are polio disease caused by Poliovirus and mild flu caused by Rhinovirus. [28]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Orthomyxoviridae Orthomoxoviridae is a virus that has a sheath with negatively polarity segmented RNA genetic material so this virus belongs to class V in the Baltimore classification. [29]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

A distinctive feature of this virus is that it has surface proteins that are the main antigens namely Hemmaglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA). [29]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Hemmaglutinin is part of the virus that attaches to target cells therefore antibodies against hemmaglutinin can protect against viral infections. [29]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Neuraminidase plays a role to release virions from cells therefore antibodies to NA can suppress the severity of viral infection. [29]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

These viruses are classified into four groups: Influenza type A is a virus that infects various species of both humans, birds (wild birds, livestock, domestic), pigs, horses, dogs, and aquatic mammals (seals and whales). [29]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Type A influenza viruses can undergo antigenic drift and antigenic shifts. [29]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Antigenic drift is the occurrence of mutations in the gene that encodes the protein Hemmaglutinin.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

This causes existing antibodies to be unable to recognize them anymore.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The occurrence led to the occurrence of seasonal endemics. [29]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Antigenic shift is the emergence of a camphor subtype of influenza virus caused due to genetic incorporation between humans with animal viruses or by direct transmission from poultry animals to human. because there is no or a minimum of immunity to a new virus, pandemics may occur. [29]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Influenza type B Influenza type C Tick-borne Influenza; this virus is a virus derived from ticks. [29]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Arbovirus Arbovirus stands for Arthropoda-Borne virus that is a virus originating from the Arthropod group. [30]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Arboviruses are divided into four families: Togaviridae, an example of viruses belonging to this group are Rubellaviruses. [30]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Flaviviridae, examples of viruses belonging to this group are Hepatitis C virus and Denguevirus that cause dengue hemorrhagic fever. [30]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Bunyaviridae, an example of a virus belonging to this group is the California encephalitis virus (CE) that causes encephalitis disease in humans. [30]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Reoviridae, examples of viruses belonging to this group are reoviruses that cause Colorado tick fever and Rotavirus that causes epidemic diarrhea in children. [30]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

DNA virus DNA virus is a virus that has genetic material in the form of DNA, the group classified in this group are class I, II, VII viruses.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Some examples of viral familia belonging to this group are Herpesviridae, Parvoviridae, and Poxviridae. [31]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Herpesviridae Herpesviridae is a large group of viruses with double thread DNA genetic material so it is grouped into class 1 in the classification of baltimore.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Viruses in this group can cause malignant diseases and can also cause post-birth abnormalities in infants. [31]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Herpesviridae is divided into several genus, namely: Alpha Herpesvirus, viruses belonging to the group of Alpha herpesviruses usually cause acute disease with symptoms that appear at that time. [31] The infection of this virus is latent persistent due to the ability of the genome of this virus to intergrate with the host cell. [31] if the host condition is weak, then there is a possibility that the disease may reappear at the same site. [31]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Examples of these viruses are Herpes simplex types 1 and 2 and Varicella zoster (VZ) viruses. [31]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Beta Herpesvirus, a virus belonging to the group of beta herpesviruses usually causes acute disease but no symptoms are found in the carrier. [31] This virus causes infection in infants and abnormal development (congenital diseases). [31]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

An example of this virus is Cytomegalovirus. [31]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Gamma Herpesvirus, a virus belonging to this group is capable of causing benign and malignant limphopolyperative diseases. [31]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

An example of this virus is Epstein-Barr virus. [31]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Parvoviridae Parvoviridae is a virus with a single thread DNA of positive or negative polarity so it belongs to class II in the Baltimore classification. [32]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

It does not have a viral sheath and is the smallest human virus. [32]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Viruses are imperfect viruses so they need to associate with adenoviruses so they are often called Adeno-Associated Viruses (AAV). [32]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

One example of this group is the B-19 virus that can cause defects or miscarriages in the fetus. [32]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Poxviridae Poxviridae is a virus with double-stranded DNA genetic material so this virus is included in class I in the Baltimore classification. [33]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

A distinctive feature of this virus is that it has a large and complex morphology. [33]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

A well-known virus in this group is Smallpox. [33]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Smallpox is quite famous for causing huge pandemics around the world. [33] Now the Smallpox virus has been destroyed. [33]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Giant Virus Scientists discovered giant viruses known as Mimivirus, Megavirus, and Pandoravirus.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Pandoravirus is a very large type of virus with a much larger genome than other previously known viruses.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Pandoraviruses are referred to as super-giant viruses, due to their size defeating other giant-sized viruses such as Mimivirus or Megavirus.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Although it is gigantic in size, it still cannot be seen with the naked eye.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The virus was discovered by French researcher Jean Michael Claverie of Mediterranée University. [34]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Pandoraviruses are a thousand times larger than influenza viruses that are 100 nanometers in size.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Pandoravirus has 2,556 genes (200 times more than influenza viruses).


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The size of Pandoravirus is twice as large as Megavirus which has only 1,120 genes. The impact of Several viruses exist that can be utilized in recombination genetics. [15]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Through gene therapy, the bad (infectious-causing) genes contained in the virus are converted into good genes (healers). [15]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Recently David Sanders, a professor of biology at Purdue's School of Science has discovered a way of utilizing viruses in the world of health. [15]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

In a temuannva published in the Journal of Virology, Issue 15 December 2002, David Sanders successfully tamed the outer shell of the Ebola virus so that it could be utilized as a carrier of genes to diseased cells (lungs). [15]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Nonetheless, most viruses are detrimental to human, animal, and plant life. [15]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Viruses are highly recognized as the cause of infectious diseases in humans, animals, and plants. [15]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

So far no living creature has been resistant to the virus. [15]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Each virus specifically attacks certain cells of its host.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The virus that causes celery attacks the respiratory tract, the measles virus infects the skin, the hepatitis virus infects the liver, and the rabies virus attacks nerve cells.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Likewise what happens in AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), which is a disease that results in decreased endurance of patients with the disease caused by the HIV virus that specifically attacks white blood cells. [15]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The following table contains some of the various diseases caused by viruses. [15]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

In addition to humans, viruses also cause misery for animals and plants. [15]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Not least of the losses suffered by farmers or farmers due to their sick livestock or reduced harvests. [15]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Animal diseases due to the virus Tetelo disease, which is a type of disease that affects the nation of poultry, especially chickens.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The cause was the new castle disease virus (NCDV). [15]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Nail and mouth disease, a type of disease that affects cattle and buffalo cattle. [15]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Cancer disease in chickens by rous sarcoma virus (RSV). [15]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Rabies disease, a type of disease that affects dogs, cats, and monkeys, is caused by the rabies virus. [15]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Plant diseases due to viruses Mosaic disease, a type of disease that affects tobacco plants. [2]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The cause is tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Tungro disease, a type of disease that affects rice crops. [2]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The cause was the Tungro virus. [2]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Disease of degeneration of tapis vessels in citrus.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The cause was citrus vein phloem degeneration (CVPD) virus. [2]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Virus-induced human diseases The most common examples of virus-caused diseases are colds (which can be caused by one or several viruses at once), smallpox, AIDS (caused by the HIV virus), and herpes fever (caused by the herpes simplex virus). [35]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Cervical cancer is also thought to be caused in part by papillomavirus (which causes papillomas, or warts), which shows examples of cases in humans that show a link between cancer and infectant agents. [35]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

There is also some controversy over whether borna virus, previously suspected to be the cause of nervous diseases in horses, is also responsible for psychiatric diseases in humans. [35]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The potential for the virus to cause outbreaks in humans raises concerns of the use of the virus as a biological weapon.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Suspicions increased with the discovery of ways of creation of new variants of the virus in the laboratory. [35]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Concerns were also raised over the re-spread of a smallpox virus, which has caused the largest outbreak in human history, and is capable of causing the extinction of a nation. [35]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Several tribes of the Indians have become extinct as a result of plague, especially smallpox disease, brought by European colonists. [35]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Although in fact doubtful in the exact number, it is believed the deaths have occurred in large numbers. [35]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

This disease has indirectly aided the dominance of Europeans in the American new world. [35]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

One of the viruses considered the most dangerous is filovirus. [35]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The Filovirus Group consists of Marburg, first discovered in 1967 in Marburg, Germany, and ebola. [35]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Filovirus is a worm-like long-shaped virus, which in large quantities looks like a plate of mi. [35] In April 2005, the Marburg virus attracted the attention of the press with its spread in Angola.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

From October 2004 to 2005, it became the worst epidemic in human life. [35]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Diagnosis in the laboratory Detection, isolation, to analysis of a virus usually passes through a difficult and costly process. [36]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Therefore, research into virus-induced diseases requires large and expensive facilities, including expensive equipment and experts from various fields, such as technicians, molecular biologists, and virus experts. [36]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Usually this process is carried out by state institutions or conducted in cooperation with other nations through world institutions such as the World Health Organization (WHO). [36]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Prevention and treatment Because it usually manipulates the mechanisms of its parent cells to reproduce, viruses are very difficult to kill. [37]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The methods of treatment so far considered the most effective are vaccinations, to stimulate the body's natural immunity to infectious processes, and drugs that cope with symptoms due to viral infections. [37]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

The healing of diseases due to viral infections is usually misguided by the use of antibiotics, which have absolutely no influence on the life of the virus. [37]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

A side effect of antibiotic use is the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. [37]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

That's why further examination is needed to confirm whether a disease is caused by bacteria or viruses. [37]


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Viral or bacterial infections in general cause fever, only bacterial infection will increase the level of White blood cells, while viral infections do not, but bacterial infections, viruses and even fungi will increase the level of Antibody M (IgM), but IgM examination is rather expensive.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

Examination of White blood cells or IgM cannot determine the type of disease, but both examinations only indicate what the disease is caused by.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

If the cost becomes an obstacle, then the examination of White blood cells alone is sufficient, because viral infection can not be treated with anti-biotics and in general viral infection will heal by itself (virus self limiting life) with rest (full rest in bed, if necessary) and good nutrition enough, except HIV where for initial diagnosis a relatively inexpensive CD4 examination is required.


Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

virus

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Question: can tungro disease be exterminated?

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Category:Diseases


Question: Why did the inhabitants of Jeju Island happen?

Jeju Island

Jeju Island (Jeju-do) is the largest island in Korea and is located south of the Korean Peninsula.


Question: Why did the inhabitants of Jeju Island happen?

Jeju Island

Jeju Island is South Korea's only specially autonomous province.


Question: Why did the inhabitants of Jeju Island happen?

Jeju Island

It is located in the Korea Strait, southwest of South Jeolla Province, which was formerly a single province before it was divided in 1946.


Question: Why did the inhabitants of Jeju Island happen?

Jeju Island

Jeju's capital is Jeju City (Jeju-si).


Question: Why did the inhabitants of Jeju Island happen?

Jeju Island

The topography of Jeju Island was formed about 2 million years ago by volcanic activity.


Question: Why did the inhabitants of Jeju Island happen?

Jeju Island

In the middle of the island appears Hallasan (Mount Halla), the highest mountain in all of Korea (1,950 m).


Question: Why did the inhabitants of Jeju Island happen?

Jeju Island

The island is warm-weathered all year round and in winter it rarely snows, so plants growing in the subtropics can survive.


Question: Why did the inhabitants of Jeju Island happen?

Jeju Island

Jeju Island is nicknamed Samdado, “Island Abundant with Three Things” namely, rocks, women and wind.


Question: Why did the inhabitants of Jeju Island happen?

Jeju Island

Because of its natural beauty and unique culture, Jeju Island is one of the most famous tourist attractions in Korea.


Question: Why did the inhabitants of Jeju Island happen?

Jeju Island

In historical records, Jeju is referred to in various names, ranging from Doi, Dongyeongju, Juho, Tammora, Seomna, Tangna or Tamra.


Question: Why did the inhabitants of Jeju Island happen?

Jeju Island

Jeju's closest port city to major mainland Korea is Mokpo, South Jeolla province.


Question: Why did the inhabitants of Jeju Island happen?

Jeju Island

Length of coastline 253km, overall area 1,825km².


Question: Why did the inhabitants of Jeju Island happen?

Jeju Island

Temperatures in Jeju can vary, ranging from tropical to subtriopic.


Question: Why did the inhabitants of Jeju Island happen?

Jeju Island

The average temperature per year is 14.6°C and 4.7° in winter.


Question: Why did the inhabitants of Jeju Island happen?

Jeju Island

The diversity of flora growing in Jeju is very different from that on the Korean Peninsula.


Question: Why did the inhabitants of Jeju Island happen?

Jeju Island

Due to its good climate, the island is overgrown with more than 1,700 kinds of plants, so Jeju is nicknamed as “Botanical Island” because of its floral richness.


Question: Why did the inhabitants of Jeju Island happen?

Jeju Island

For centuries, the people of Jeju Island were nicknamed as yukgoyeok (“six kinds of hard workers”) referring to citizens who worked various difficult and strenuous jobs to live, such as searching for abalone and shells by diving to the bottom of the sea, building harbors, raising cattle, making ship and farm.


Question: Why did the inhabitants of Jeju Island happen?

Jeju Island

Often they were blackmailed for the sake of paying tribute to the ruler in the capital.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Natural disasters such as droughts and hurricanes also often result in crop failure and famine consuming many casualties.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

The darkest event in the history of the Jeju people was the bloody incident in the period of establishment of the Republic of Korea in 1948 to the period of the Korean War (1950-1953) in which many of its citizens were massacred for being perceived as hotbeds of rebels or communist followers.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Due to being subjected to a harsh life by the pressure of the ruler, the citizens of Jeju were known as stoic people and able to survive in difficult situations.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

The people of Jeju state about their lives with the phrase: “Happiness is small as a grain of sand, while sadness is as big as a rock.” History According to ancient Chinese historical records, San Guo Zhi, in the 3rd century AD, Jeju Island was an independent kingdom called Tamra.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

At that time Tamra had already established trade relations with the Three Han States on the Korean Peninsula.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

From the 5th to 9th centuries, Tamra also established trade relations with the kingdoms of Goguryeo, Silla, Tang Dynasty and Japan.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

In 1105, Tamra was absorbed into the territory of Goryeo Dynasty during the reign of King Gojong (enthroned 1215—1259) and was renamed Jeju (“area”).


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

With the inclusion of Jeju within Goryeo territory, Jeju's natural resources were squeezed for the sake of paying tribute to the palace so several times the Jeju people staged rebellions.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

In 1270, the Three Elit Policemen (Sambyeolcho) aided by the people of Jeju rebelled on local rule and Mongol rulers, but were successfully broken off.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

The Mongol rulers chose Jeju as a base from which to storm into Japan.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

On this island they farm horses, make warships and erect a Buddhist temple called Beobhwasa.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

In the Joseon Dynasty period (1392—1910), the rulers viewed Jeju as a frontier area.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

People in the main mainland generally regarded Jeju as a foreign place where convicts were banished or exiled.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

In the 17th century, King Injo even made a rule that the people of Jeju were forbidden to go to the main mainland.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

This regulation lasted nearly 200 years until its abolition in the 19th century.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

As a result, the people of Jeju are very isolated from the outside world.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

At the time of Japanese colonization, the people of Jeju were suffering from hunger and poverty.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Many of them moved to Osaka in 1923.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

During the period of colonization, the citizens of Jeju participated in the resistance to colonialism.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

The greatest resistance occurred between 1931-1932 in fishing villages in Gujwa and Seongsan Subdistricts by women divers (haenyeo).


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

These moves are the largest resistance ever made by women in Korea.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

But this movement met no results.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

After colonization ended, Jeju Island came under the supervision of the United States military.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

On the commemoration of the March 1, 1919 Movement of 1947, there was a bloody incident caused by a police shooting.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Residents of Jeju responded to the incident by holding massive demonstrations but were muted by the United States military with arrests and massacres.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

The incident sparked resistance of Jeju residents, especially from young men who began to revolt and build defenses at the foot of Mount Halla.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

The group rejected the establishment of the Republic of Korea scheduled for May 10, 1948.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

On 3 April 1948 they attacked 11 police posts across the island.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

These events marked the beginning of the April Three Incident on Jeju Island.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

After the assault, the United States military intervened assisted hands by the national army in a purge effort against insurgents perceived as communist sympathizers by burning villages in the mountainous region.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Purge efforts continued into genocide starting in August 1948 until 1949 that killed thousands of people.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Seongsan Ilchulbong or Peak of the Rising Sun is a volcanic crater that has an area of 99,000 m² and a height of 182 m to the east of Jeju.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Mokseokwon (“Stone and Wood Garden”), located 4km south of Jeju City is a park that has a collection of uniquely shaped cobblestones and the roots of old dead trees.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Due to its uniqueness, the park was made as Jeju regional monument number 25.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Halla Arboretum (Kebon Raya Halla), a preservation place of 506 species of trees, 90 species of herbs.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

It is located west of Namjosun Peak, south of Jeju City.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Manjanggul (Cave Manjang), a cave formed from volcano activity.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

It is located in Donggimnyeong Village, Gujwa Subdistrict, North Jeju District, 30km east of Jeju City.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Known for its 70cm-long stalactites and boulders from already frozen lava.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Kebon Raya Yeomiji, the largest kebon highway in Asia (12,210 m²).


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Collecting various types of tropical orchid plants, equipped with observatories, ecological institutes.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Outside are replicas of famous gardens.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Jeju Horse Racing Rink, was founded by the Korean Horse Racing Association to develop equestrian sports in Jeju.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Horse racing is held once a week every Saturday at this venue.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Mount Sanbang (Sanbang-san), located in South Jeju District of the Bonsai Art Institute (Bunjae Artpia), is located in Jeoji Village, Kec.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Hangyeong, Kab.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

North Jeju.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Established in 1992, is a typical Korean bonsai maintenance ground.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Cheonjeyeon Falls, located west of the town of Seogwipo, Kab.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

South Jeju.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

It consists of three levels.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

It features a bridge and pavilion.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Jeongbang Falls, located 1.5km southeast of the city of Seogwipo, one of the 3 major waterfalls in Jeju.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Jeongbang waterfall directly empties into the sea and is considered one of the places once visited by Seo Bok (Xu Fu;), the envoy of Emperor Qin Shi Huang (ruling 259 BC-210 BC) on his way seeking a longevity cure.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

On the wall near the waterfall is a carving inscribed “” (“Seobul gwa cha”) signifying the visit of Seobul.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Oedolgae or “Lonely Stone” is a prominent 20-metre-high rock on the southern shore of the town of Seogwipo.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Hallim Park, within which includes Hyeopjae and Ssangyong Caves.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Taman Hallim is equipped with kebon raya and recreational facilities.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Yongduam, meaning “Dragon Head Stone”, because it looks like a dragon head emerging from sea water.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

It is located in the borough of Jeju City.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Sangumburi Crater, one of the three main craters in Jeju.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

The area that is a place of conservation of flora, as many as 420 species of plants of subtropical, temperate and alpine climate.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Chisatgae, a collection of rocks that form a rectangle along the coast in Daepo Village, between Seogwipo and Jungmun.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Seongeup Village, a traditional village that maintains the typical lifestyle of Jeju people.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

It is located southwest of Seongsan, eastern Jeju.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

The culinary culinary people of Jeju are very different from those in the main mainland.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

They work a lot as fishermen so the foodstuffs are mostly the result of the sea.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Jeju people are fond of consuming fresh food such as raw fish.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Another major result is seaweed, abalone and fruits.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

One of Jeju's most famous cuisines is Jeonbokjuk, abalone porridge.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

The twin provinces of Jeju have twin provinces or states that are also islands, namely: Hainan (People's Republic of China), Hawaii (United States), Sakhalin (Russia), and Bali (Indonesia).


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

See also Haenyeo Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut Events Jeju Reference Cheju Consolidation Vote.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Korea Times, July 28, 2005.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Retrieved on July 29, 2005.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Jeju Free International City Development Center website.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Retrieved on August 1, 2005.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Jeju Thermal P/P. Korea Midland Power website.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Retrieved on July 29, 2005.


Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

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Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

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Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

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Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

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Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

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Question: Why is Jeju Island resident happening?

Jeju Island

Geographic data related to at OpenStreetMap Category:Province in South Korea Category:Islands in South Korea Category:Tourist Places


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

Science and Technology in Ottoman Sultanate

Science and technology in the Ottoman Sultanate, during its 600-year reign, experienced significant advances especially in the fields of science and technology, such as in mathematics, astronomy and medicine. [1]


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

The Islamic Golden Age is traditionally believed to have ended in the 14th century [2] but still continued into the 15th century [3] and 16th century [4] and recent research suggests that various scientific research activity continued in the west of the Ottoman Empire and in Persia and in Mughal Empire of India, to the east.


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

Madrasah Progress Education Madrasah Educational institution, which first originated in the Seljuk period, and reached its highest point during Ottoman rule. [5]


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

Technical Education Istanbul Technical University or Istanbul Technical University began construction in 1773 and was founded by Sultan Mustafa III as the Imperial Naval Engineer School (original name: Mühendishane-i Bahr-i Humayun), and was originally dedicated to the training of builders ships and cartographers.


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

In 1795 the rooms of the campus were expanded to train technical military staff to modernize the Ottoman soldiers to conform to European standards.


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

In 1845 the engineering department at the campus was further developed with the addition of a study program, namely the training of architects.


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

The building and name of the school were redeveloped and changed again in 1883, and in 1909, it became a public technical school aimed at training civil engineers, in order to create new infrastructure to develop the Ottoman empire. [6]


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

Astronomical Science In his book Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy (The Demands of Astronomy's Dependence on Philosophy, Ali Kuşçu (1403-1474) rejected Aristotle's concept of physics and he completely separated natural philosophy from Islamic astronomy, his assumption that astronomy is purely empirical and mathematics isscience.


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

This was revealed to explain alternatively to Aristotle's idea of the Earth's turnaround, as he researched the idea of that it was the Earth that moved.


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

He found empirical evidence for the rotation of the Earth through his observations of comets and concluded on the basis of evidence of empiricism instead of a more speculative philosophy. [7] [8] [9] Kuşçu also corrected Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī's ideas about planets and presented the idea of alternative planets to explain the planet Mercury. [10]


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

After the destruction of Taqi al-Din's Istanbul Observatory in 1580, astronomical activity stagnated in the Ottoman Empire, until the introduction of Copernicus's Heliocentrism in 1660, when the Ottoman scientist named Ibrahim Efendi al-Zigetvari Tezkireci translated the book Astonomy The French-language works of Noël Duret (written in 1637) into Arabic. [11]


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

The Geography Map of Piri Reis was discovered in 1929 in the Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, Turkey, which today has been converted into a museum.


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

The find is a map drawn on the skin of an antelope, which contains a detailed dena of the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America.


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

The map is thought to have been taken in 1513 by Piri Reis, a famous admiral of the Turkish fleet.


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

The Piri Reis map is one of the earliest world map maps depicting the location of the American Continent. [12]


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

Treatment Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu was the author of Cerrahiyyuu'l-Haniyye (Imperial Surgery), who first wrote surgical drawings in image form, and Mücerrebname (On Attemption).


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

Cerrahiyyetu'l-Haniyye (Imperial Surgery) it was the first and at the same time the last surgical picture, in the encyclopaedia of the Islamic medicine world in the Middle Ages.


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

Although his work was largely based on Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi Al-Tasrif, Sabuncuoğlu introduced many innovations for himself.


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

Female surgeons were also illustrated for the first time in Cerrahiyyetu'l-Haniyye. [13]


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

The military of the famous Yanisari Corps of the Ottoman imperial army, had used matchlock muskets as early as the 1440s. [14]


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

Marching band and military band, both derived from the Ottoman military band, initiated by the Yanisari since the 16th century. [15]


Question: What is the famous madrasah built during the Ottoman Sultanate?

Reference Notes History of Astronomy Literature during the Ottoman Period by Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu Read More Science among the Ottomans: The Cultural Creation and Exchange of Knowledge by Miri Shefer-Mossensohn, 2015, University of Texas Press Links Outside Category:Ottomans Sultanate


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia (Estonian: Eesti), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a sovereign state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia borders the Gulf of Finland to the north, with the Baltic Sea to the west, with Latvia and the Gulf of Riga to the south (343km), and Lake Peipus (Peipsi) and Russia to the east (338.6km). [1]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Across the west of the Baltic Sea lies Sweden, while to its north lies Finland.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Since December 21, 2007, Estonia has ratified the 1985 Schengen Agreement, a treaty made by a number of European countries to abolish border surveillance between them.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The territory of Estonia covers an area of 45.227km2 (17,462sqmi), and is affected by the temperate climate.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Estonians are classified as Baltic Fin people, and the official language is the Esti language cognate with the Suomi language.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia is in the form of a republic with a parliamentary democratic complexion and is divided into 15 counties (county equivalents).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The largest city as well as the centre of government of Estonia is Tallinn.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

With a population of 1.34million people, Estonia is one of the most populated countries in the European Union, Eurozone, and NATO.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Today, Estonia has a high per capita gross domestic product among former Soviet republics. [2]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia is listed as a High-Income Economy (High-Income Economy) by the World Bank, as an Advanced Economy by the International Monetary Fund and a high-income OECD member.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The United Nations declared Estonia a developed country with a “Very High” Human Development Index. [3]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The country also ranks highly in terms of press freedom, economy, democracy and politics, and education.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Etymology Based on the theory, the modern name Estonia comes from Aesti described by the Ancient Roman historian Tacitus in his work Germania (roughly 98AD). [4]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

On the other hand, the ancient saga from Scandinavia refers to a land called Eistland, which is cognate with the Danish, German, Dutch, Swedish, and Norwegian terms Estland for this country.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Other Latin names and ancient versions are Estia and Hestia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Esthonia was once an alternate English spelling before independence. [5] [6] The Prehistoric history of human settlements in Estonia probably dates back to 11,000 to 13,000years ago, when ice from the last ice age melted.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The oldest recognizable settlement in Estonia is the Pulli settlements, once awakened on the banks of the Pärnu River, near the small town of Sindi, in southwestern Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

According to carbon dating the area has been inhabited since roughly 11,000years ago at the beginning of the 9th millennium BC.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Evidence of a herd of hunters and anglers has been found, dating back to 6500BC near the small town of Kunda in northern Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Bone and stone artifacts similar to those encountered in Kunda were also found elsewhere in Estonia, as well as in Latvia, northern Lithuania, and southern Finland.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Kunda culture dates back to the Middle Stone Age, or Mesolithic period.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age were marked by major changes in culture


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The most significant was the switch to agriculture, which was at the core of the economy and culture at that time.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Between the 1st and 5th centuries BC the population agriculture was pioneered to such a wide extent, the population increased, and settlements expanded.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Cultural influences from the Roman Empire began to reach Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The first people mentioned to inhabit the region that is now Estonia were the Aesti tribe, according to the Ancient Roman historian, Tacitus, in his book titled Germania (roughly 98AD).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Tacitus transcribed their terms for the amber stone in its dilated form, glesum (from Latvi glīsas).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

This is the only word of their language recorded from ancient times.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Nonetheless, the Aesti tribe is generally seen as the ancestors of the Baltic people. [8] [9] [10] The Iron Age was more troubled and overrun by warfare followed by dangers from outside the region emanating from the Baltic tribes, who attacked across the southern land border, and from across the ocean.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Several Scandinavian sagas transcribe retaliatory campaigns against Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonian hijackers run a raid against the Vikings.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The “pagan pirates” who plundered the small town of Sigtuna (now including Sweden) at the onset of the Middle Age, in 1187, were Estonians. [11]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In the 1st century AD, political and administrative division began to be carried out in Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Two large divisions of territory emerged: provinces (Esti language: kihelkond) and land (Esti language: maakond).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Provinces consist of several villages or territory-elders.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Almost all provinces have a minimum of one fort.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The defence of the local area was led by the supreme officer, king or elder.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In the 13th century the next major lands were also developed in Estonia: Revala, Harju, Saare, Hiiu, Lääne, Alempois, Sakala, Ugandi, Jogentagana, Soopoolitse, Vaiga, Mõhu, Nurmekund, Järva, and Virumaa. [12]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia maintains a pagan religion that rests on a single god called Tarapita.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The story of Henry of Livonia mentions Tharapita as the supreme deity of the inhabitants of Saaremaa Island, also recognizable to the northern Vironia tribes of Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Middle Age At the beginning of the 13th century, Lembitu, a chieftain of Sakala sought to unite Estonian society and thwart attempts at conquest by the Danes and Germans on the Livonian Crusade.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

He composed an army of 6,000 adult Estonian men from an assortment of countries, but he was killed in the Battle of St. Matthew's Day in September 1217. [13]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 1228, after the Crusade of Livonia, until the decade of the 1560s, Estonia became part of Terra Mariana, which was formed on February 2, 1207 [14] as a princedom of the Holy Roman Empire [15] and proclaimed by Pope Innocensius III in 1215 as a subject ( subordinate territories) of the Holy See. [16]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The southern part of the country was conquered by the Livonian Brotherhood of Swords which incorporated the Teuton Knights in 1237 and became its recognizable branch as the Order of Livonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In the northern part of the country was formed the Duchy of Estonia [17] as a direct dominion of the King of Denmark from 1219 until 1346 when the territory was sold to the Teuton Knights and became part of the Ordenstaat. [18]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 1343, the peoples of Northern Estonia and Saaremaa rebelled against German rule in the Saint George's Night Revolt, which was successfully quelled in 1345.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Reval (known as Tallinn since 1918) acquired the rights of Lübeck in 1248 and joined an alliance of trade unions called the Hansa League in the late 13th century.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

After the Order of the Teuton suffered setbacks following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, and the defeat of the Order of Livonia in the Battle of Pabaiskas on 1 September 1435, the treaty of the Confederation of Livonia was signed on 4 December 1435. [19]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Grand Duchy of Moscow and Ketsaran of Russia attempted invasions in 1481 and 1558, though they failed.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Livonian Confederation was declared dispersed soon after the Livonian War (1558—1582).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Warfare had reduced Estonia's population from roughly 250,000—300,000 inhabitants before the Livonian War to roughly 120,000—140,000 inhabitants in the 1620s decade. [20] Reformation and Estonian Swedish JMPL|Kuressaare Castle in Saaremaa Reformation in Europe officially began in 1517 by Martin Luther (1483—1546) and his 95 postulates.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

These reforms resulted in major changes in the Baltic region.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The ideas that came into the Livonian Confederation were fast and by the decade of the 1520s they were quite well known.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Language, education, religion, and politics are massively transforming.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Church services are presented using regional languages, no longer Latin, which was previously used. [21]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In the Livonian War in 1561, Northern Estonia came under Swedish control.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Southern Estonia in the decade of the 1560s took the form of an autonomous Duchy of Livonia within the Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth under the combined supervision of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, composed of two principalities of present-day Estonia: the Principality of Dorpat (county of Tartu) and Principality of Parnawa (Pärnu county).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 1629, the great mainland of Estonia entirely became under Swedish rule.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia was administratively divided into the Province of Estonia in the north and Livonia in the south of Estonia and northern Latvia, a division of territory that still persisted into the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 1631, the King of Sweden, Gustavus II Adolfus forced the nobility to give the peasantry greater rights, although slavery was still maintained.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 1632, a print medium and university were established in Dorpat Town (known as Tartu since 1918).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

This period is known in Estonian history as the “Good Old Swedish Age”.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Steady population growth persisted until the outbreak of the plague in 1657.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The great famine in 1695—1697 had killed roughly 70,000 inhabitants, or nearly 20% of the population at that time. [20]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Russian Empire After the surrender of Estonia and Livonia in the Great Northern War, the Swedish Empire lost Estonia which belonged to Russia under the Treaty of Nystad.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

However, the upper and middle-upper classes were still controlled by the Baltic Germans.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The war greatly reduced Estonia's population, but later recovered quickly.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Although peasants' rights were initially weakened, slavery was abolished in 1816 in the Province of Estonia and in 1819 in Livonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

After the Russian Revolution, Tallinn was under Soviet control until February 24, 1918, when Estonia's independence was declared.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Statement of independence As a result of the abolition of slavery and the availability of education for non-Estonian-speaking natives, active movements of Estonian nationalists were founded in the 19th century


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

This movement began on a cultural level, the result was the establishment of Estonian language literature, theatre, and professional music and paved the way for the establishment of Estonian nationality and the national revival of Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Among the leaders of the movement were Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt, and Carl Robert Jakobson.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Notable achievements were the publishing of the epics of the nationality, Kalevipoeg, in 1862, and the holding of the first national song festival in 1869.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

As a counterpoint to the period of Rusification initiated by the Russian Empire in the 1890s decade, Estonian nationalism was more politically pitched, by which time the learned people called for expanded autonomy, and later, full independence from the Russian Empire.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

After the Bolsheviks took power in Russia following the October Revolution in 1917 and the German victory against the Russian army, between the retreat of the Russian Red Army and the arrival of German soldiers, the Estonian Rescue Committee from Maapäev announced Estonian independence [22] in Pärnu on 23 February 1918 and at Tallinn on 24 February 1918.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

After winning the Estonian War of Independence against Soviet Russia and German Freikorps and Baltic Ground Defence volunteers, the Tartu Peace Treaty was signed on February 2, 1920.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Republic of Estonia was recognized (de jure) by Finland on July 7, 1920, by Poland on December 31, 1920, by Argentina on January 12, 1921 and by the Western Allies on January 26, 1921.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia nurtured its independence for 22 years.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Initially adhering to parliamentary democracy, the parliament (Riigikogu) was dissolved in 1934, after the onset of political chaos caused by the global economic crisis.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Then the country was governed by decree by Konstantin Päts, who became President in 1938, that is the year when the election of MPs was held.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

World War II The fate of Estonia in World War II was determined by the German—Soviet Non-aggression Pact and the Secret Additional Protocol in August 1939.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The estimated number of World War II casualties in Estonia at 25% of the population, is one of the highest in Europe.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The death toll from the war and occupation was estimated at 90,000.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

These included the expulsion of the Soviets in 1941, the expulsion of Germans and victims of the Holocaust. [23]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

World War II began with the storming and breaking of the streak of Estonia's important area ally — Poland, through the combined operations of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Raid and occupation by the Soviets The fate of the Republic of Estonia before World War II was determined by the German—Soviet Non-aggression Pact of August 1939 after Stalin clinched Hitler's treaty to divide Eastern Europe into “balls of special interest” according to the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact and Protocol Secret Supplement. [24] [25] [25] On 24 September 1939, several warships of the Soviet Union Navy docked into Estonian ports and Soviet bomber aircraft began patrolling the skies of Tallinn and the surrounding villages. [26]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The government of the Republic of Estonia was forced to agree to a treaty that allowed the Soviet Union to establish military bases and place 25,000 soldiers in mainland Estonia for “common defense”. [27]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

On June 12, 1940, the order to hold a total military blockade against Estonia was given to the Soviet Baltic Fleet. [28] [29] On June 14, 1940, while the world's attention was focusing on the fall of Paris into the hands of Nazi Germany the day before, the Soviet military blockade against Estonia took effect, two Soviet-owned bombers successfully shot down the Finnish passenger plane “Kaleva” flying from Tallinn towards Helsinki transporting no diplomatic packages from the United States embassies in Tallinn, Riga, and Helsinki. [30]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

On June 16, 1940, the Soviet Union invaded Estonia. [31]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Red Army pulled out of their military base in Estonia on 17 June. [32]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The next day, approximately 90,000 additional soldiers entered the country.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

To deal with the abundant Soviet army, the Estonian Government surrendered on 17 June 1940 to prevent bloodshed. [33]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The military occupation of Estonia ended on 21 June 1940. [34]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Most of the Estonian Military surrendered on the basis of the command of the Estonian Government who believed that insisting on defending was not useful and would even be disarmed by the Red Army. [35] [36] Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion remained on standby in Tallinn on Raua Road showing attitude his defense of the Red Army and the Communist Militia called “People's Self-Defense" [37] on June 21, 1940. [38]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

When the Red Army brought in force increments supported by six armoured fighting vehicles, the battle lasted for several hours until sunset.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Ultimately the military defences were dismissed by negotiation and the Independent Signal Battalion surrendered and was stripped. [39]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

There were two Estonian officers killed, Aleksei Männikus and Johannes Mandre, and several others were wounded on the Estonian side and approximately 10 killed and more wounded on the Soviet side. [40] [41] The Soviet militia that took part in the battle was led by Nikolai Stepulov. [42]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

On August 6, 1940, Estonia was unlawfully taken over by the Soviet Union as the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. [43]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The switch to Estonia's constitution requiring a referendum to determine a merger with a supra-national unit was evidently ignored.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Instead, the vote to merge the Soviet Union was instead organized in a sham election conducted a month earlier.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In addition, those who failed to fulfill their “political duty” to vote support for the incorporation of Estonia into the Soviet Union, particularly those who failed to obtain the validation of their passports to vote, were sentenced to death by the Soviet courts. [44]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The repression continued with the massive expulsion that the Soviets implemented in Estonia on 14 June 1941.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

There were many scholars and political leaders of Estonia who were killed or expelled to far-flung places in the Soviet Union by Soviet rulers in 1940—1941.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The repression was also addressed to thousands of ordinary folk.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

When Operation Barbarossa was initiated by Germany against the Soviet Union, roughly 34,000 young Estonians were forced to join into the Red Army.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

No more than 30% of them escaped the death of warfare.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Political prisoners who could not be evacuated were ultimately put to death by the NKVD. [45]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Many countries, including the United States, did not recognize the taking of Estonia by the Soviet Union.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Those countries recognize Estonian diplomats and its consultants who still function in many countries using the name of the former government.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonian diplomats remained in this uncertain situation until the independence of the Baltic region was restored. [46]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Contemporary Russian politicians rejected that the Republic of Estonia was taken-over illegitimately by the Soviet Union in 1940.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

They state that Soviet soldiers entered Estonia in 1940 after passing treaties and on the basis of approval of the Government of the Republic of Estonia, regardless of how their actions are interpreted in the present.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

They remained adamant that the Soviet Union was not in a state of war and did not inflame acts of warfare of any kind on Estonian territory; hence the attempts at occupation were considered to have never existed.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The official Soviet (old) and Russian (new) versions both stated that the Estonian side voluntarily surrendered their statehood status to the Soviets.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Freedom fighters in 1944—1976 were dubbed as “bandits” or “nazis”.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Russia's position over Estonia received no international recognition. [47]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Occupation by Germany After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht was able to reach Estonia within days.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The German Army crossed the Estonian border in the south on 7 July.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Red Army retreated behind the course of the Pärnu — Emajõgi River on 12 July.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

At the end of July, German forces resumed their re-infiltration into Estonia, shoulder to shoulder with the Estonian Forest Brotherhood.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Both German soldiers and Estonian partisans took over Narva on 17 August and the Estonian capital, Tallinn, on 28 August.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

After the Soviets were successfully expelled from Estonia, German soldiers disarmed all partisan groups. [48]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Although Germany was originally considered a liberator by most Estonians from the Soviet Union and its oppressors, and the Estonians hoped to restore their country's independence status, in reality Germany was a power struggle as well.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Germans used Estonian resources for the provision of warfare; this occurred during the occupation of Estonia and was merged into a German province called Ostland.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

This circumstance made many Estonians, being reluctant to accompany the Nazis, join the Finnish Army to fight against the Soviet Union.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 (Esti language: soomepoisid) was formed, consisting of Estonian volunteers in Finland.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Although there were many Estonians recruited into the German armed forces (including the Estonian SS Infantry), the majority did this only in 1944 when the threat of a new assault on Estonia by the Red Army was approaching and it was clear that Nazi Germany was unable to win the war. [49]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In January 1944, the cordon was repulsed by the Red Army approaching the former Estonian border.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Narva was evicted.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Jüri Uluots, the last prime minister of the recognized Republic of Estonia (according to the Constitution of Estonia) before its fall before the Soviet Union in 1940, sent out a radio message asking all capable men who had birth years 1904 to 1923 to take part part in military duties (Prior to this, Jüri Uluots resisted mass mobilization of Estonians.)


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

This call reaped broad support from the country's antero: 38,000 volunteers went to enrollment centers. [50]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Several thousand Estonians who had joined the Finnish Army returned home across the Gulf of Finland to join the recently formed Territory Defence Force, aimed at defending Estonia against the Soviet invasion.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

It was hoped that by engaging in the war, Estonia could gain the support of the West to extricate Estonia from Soviet interference, and thus would also lead Estonia to the gateway to independence. [51]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Soviet Estonia The Soviet military reconquered Estonia in the autumn of 1944 after fierce battles in the north-east of the country near the Narva River, over the Tannenberg Line (Sinimäed), in Southeastern Estonia, over the Emajõgi River, and in the West Estonian Archipelago.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In the face of a reoccupied country by the Red Army, tens of thousands of Estonians (including most education, cultural, science, political, and social experts) (estimated as many as 80,000 people) chose to retreat with Germany or hijra to Finland or Sweden.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

On January 12, 1949, the Council of Ministers of the USSR issued a decree “on expulsion and exile” from the Baltic states for “all kulaks and their families, families of bandits and nationalists”, etc. [52]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

More than 200,000 people were allegedly expelled from the Baltic region in the span of 1940—1953.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In addition, at least 75,000 were sent to the Gulag.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

More than 10% of the Baltic adult population was expelled or sent to Soviet labor camps. [52]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In response to the continuity of uprisings against Soviet power, [53] more than 20,000 Estonians were banished to labor camps or Siberia (see Gulag). [54]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In the following weeks, almost all households in the countryside were collectivized.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

After World War II, as part of the goal to unify the Baltic states intact into the Soviet Union, mass expulsions in the Baltic states were stopped, and the policy of brokering Soviet immigration to the Baltic states resumed. [55]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In addition to the considerable loss of human and material numbers due to the war, thousands of civil society were killed and tens of thousands of people were expelled from Estonia by Soviet Authorities until Joseph Stalin died in 1953.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Half the number of people expelled were killed, the other half were not allowed to return to their place of origin until the beginning of the 1960s decade (after Stalin's death).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The various kinds of oppressions carried out by the Soviet military in 1940—1941 and after re-occupation ignited a guerrilla war against Soviet Authorities in Estonia implemented in the beginning of the 1950s decade by the “forest fraternity” (metsavennad) consisting mostly of Estonian veterans who once joined the German and Finnish militaries coupled with some ordinary people. [56]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The material damage caused by the world wars and continued by Soviet interference has significantly slowed Estonia's economic growth, which widened the economic gap compared to its neighboring countries, Finland and Sweden. [57]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Militarization was another aspect of the Soviet regime.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Large parts of the country, particularly in the coastal area were limited to all parties, except the Soviet military.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Most of the coast and all of the islands (including Saaremaa and Hiiumaa) were declared “border zones”.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

People who are not locals are prohibited from visiting the region without permission.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The region's notorious closed military stand-off is the town of Paldiski which is completely off limits to public access.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The city has a support base for submarines of the Soviet Baltic Fleet and several large military bases, including a nuclear submarine training center equipped full-scale model aircraft of nuclear submarines with active nuclear reactors.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The buildings of the Paldiski reactor were taken over by Estonia in 1994 after the last Soviet soldiers left the country. [58] [59] Immigration was another impact of the Soviet occupation.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Hundreds of thousands of migrants were returned to Estonia from other parts of the Soviet Union to aid in industrialization and militarization, which contributed to an increase in the country's population by half a million inhabitants within 45 years. [60]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

After the independence of the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, and the majority of democratic countries in the West viewed the achievement of Estonia by the Soviet Union as violating international law.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Those who maintained diplomatic relations with representatives of the independent Republic of Estonia, never recognized de jure the tenacity of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, and never recognized Estonia as a legitimate entity of the Soviet Union. [61]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The restoration of Estonian independence became possible when the Soviet Union faced the challenges of the domestic regime, losing its control over the expanding imperium.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

As the decade progressed the 1980s, there began a movement demanding autonomy for Estonians.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In the early period of 1987—1989, some economic independence began to be achieved, but as the Soviet Union was further weakened, and it became brighter that there was never a shortcut to full independence that could be made, then the country took a path in the direction of self-determination.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In 1989, during the “Singing Revolution”, at a landmark rally demanding full independence, the so-called Baltic Chain in the form of more than two million people, formed a path through Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

These three peoples had the same experience on the subject of occupation of territory, and the same demands to obtain independence.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Statement of Estonian Sovereignty was promulgated on 16 November 1988 [62] and official independence was declared on 20 August 1991, re-instituting an independent state before 1940, at the same time as the attempted Soviet military coup d'état in Moscow.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Soviet Union recognized Estonia's independence on 6 September 1991.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The first country to recognize the restoration of Estonia's independence diplomatically was Iceland.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Russia's last soldier moved from the country on August 31, 1994.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The 2004 expansion of the European Union was the largest expansion of the EU, in terms of the large number of regions and the number of inhabitants, but not in terms of gross domestic product (welfare).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia was one in a group of ten countries merged into the European Union on 1 May 2004 which coincided with the commemoration of Labour Day.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The 2003 Merger Tracts were signed on April 16, 2003.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Geography Estonia's land border with Latvia is 267kilometres long; with Russia 290kilometres long.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

From 1920 to 1945, Estonia's border with Russia, determined by the 1920 Tartu Peace Tract, crossed the Narva River in the east-sea and crossed the town of Petseri in the southeast.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The territory, covering an area of 2,300km², was merged into Russia by Stalin at the end of World War II.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

It is for this reason that the border between Estonia and Russia is still not well defined today.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia is located on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, across the Gulf of Finland from Finland, in the north-western part of Europe's eastern portico, between 57.3° to 59.5°LU and 21.5° to 28.1°BT.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The territory of Estonia is slightly wider than Switzerland, mostly flat with slight variations in indentation.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The average height reaches only 50 m and the highest point of the country is Suur Munamägi in the southeast at 318 m.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

There is 3,794km of coastline marked by several beaches, straits, and bays.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The number of large islands and islets is a number of 1,500 pieces.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Two of these are large enough to contain several separate counties: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. [63] [64] The furthest island is Ruhnu covering an area of 11.9km².


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

There is a small cluster of meteorite craters, the largest of which is Kaali in Saaremaa, Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia is in the northern part of the temperate climate zone and within the transition zone between oceanic climate and continental climate.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia has four seasons whose length each period is about the same.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Average temperatures range from 16.3°C in the Baltic islands to 18.1°C on the main mainland in July, the warmest month, and from -3.5°C in the Baltic islands to -7.6°C on the main mainland in February, the coldest month.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The average annual temperature in Estonia is 5.2°C. [65]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Average rainfall in 1961—1990 ranged from 535mm to 727mm per year. [66]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The thickest snow covers the southeastern part of Estonia, usually lasting from mid-December to the end of March.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia has more than 1,400 lakes.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Most of these lakes are small in size, the largest being Lake Peipsi with an overall area of 3,555km², only half of which belong to Estonian territory, some are Russian-owned.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Another important lake is located in the middle of the country, namely Võrtsjärv (270km²).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In addition to the lake, Estonia also has some swamps.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

There are many rivers in the country [63], some of which are Võhandu River (Võhandu jõgi) (162km) Pärnu River (Pärnu jõgi) (144km) Põltsamaa River (Põltsamaa jõgi) (135km) Pedja River (Pedja jõgi) (122km) Kelia River (Keila jõgi) (116km) Kasari River (Kasari jõgi) (112km) Piusa River ( Piusa jõgi) (109km) Pirita River (Pirita jõgi) (105km) Ema River (Emajõgi) (101km) Navesti River (Navesti jõgi) (100km) Narva River (Narva jõgi) (77km) Phytogeographically and biogeographically, Estonia is divided into Central European and Eastern European provinces in the Boreal Circum Region in the Kingdom Boreal.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

According to WWF, Estonia's territory belongs to the Sarmatic mixed forests ecoregion. 40 percent of Estonia's territory is covered by forests.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Administrative division Error: Must specify an image in the first line. jmpl|190px|left|Old town in Haapsalu JMPL|190px|ka|Town hall in Tartu Republic of Estonia is divided into 15 counties (Maakonnad).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The first document transcribing the administrative and political division of Estonia comes from Babad Henry of Livonia, written in the 13th century, contemporaneous with the Northern Crusades. [67]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

A maakond (county) is the highest-level administrative division of Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The county government (Maavalitsus) of each county is headed by a county governor (Maavanem), who represents the central government at the regional level.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Governor is appointed by the Government of the Republic of Estonia for a five-year term.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

There have been several inter-county border changes in Estonia after its independence, the most notable being the establishment of Valga County (which was once part of Võru, Tartu, and Viljandi County) and Petseri County (this area was obtained from Russia by virtue of the Tartu Peace Tracts year 1920).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

In the period of Soviet power, Petseri County was occupied and ceded to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1945, at which time it became one of the oblasts to which Pskov belonged.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The oblast was re-established on January 1, 1990 within the borders of the territories of the Soviet period.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Due to various differences between the current arrangement and the historical arrangement (before 1940, and sometimes before 1918), historical borders are still used in the field of ethnology, better representing cultural and language differences.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia is divided into 15 counties (maakond).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Each county is further divided into several municipalities (omavalitsus), which is the lowest level of division in Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

There are two types of municipalities: urban municipalities — linn (small towns), and rural municipalities — vald (parishes).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

There is no difference in status between the two.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Each municipality is an independent government unit that has a legislative and executive body.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Municipalities in Estonia encompass the entire territory of the country.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

A municipality may consist of one or more populated places.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Tallinn is divided into eight districts (linnaosa) with limited self-government capacity (Haabersti, Kesklinn (center), Kristiine, Lasnamäe, Mustamäe, Nõmme, Pirita, and Põhja-Tallinn).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The size of the municipalities vary, ranging from Tallinn with 400,000 inhabitants to Ruhnu which has only 60 inhabitants.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Since more than two three municipalities in Estonia have less than 3,000 inhabitants, many of those municipalities must cooperate with each other in managing service and administrative functions.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

There have also been administrative reform efforts to incorporate small-sized municipalities.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

As of March 2008, there are 227 municipalities in Estonia, 33 of which are urban, while 193 others are rural.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Political Politics of Estonia are framed by the principles of republic, democracy, parliamentary system, and multiparty; in which the Prime Minister of Estonia is head of government.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia's political culture is very stable, where power is managed by two or three parties, this has been going on for a long time.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The situation is similar to that of other countries in Northern Europe.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia's current prime minister, Andrus Ansip, is Europe's longest-tenured prime minister.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Political parties Under the law, political parties may be established by citizens of Estonia or citizens of other countries belonging to the European Union, at least 18 years old, and taking permanent residence in Estonia.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

To be registerable, a political party must have at least 1,000 members.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Members of political parties are prohibited from being active in the military, justice, prosecutor, police, and some senior positions in government (Chancellor and his advisors, and supervisors of state finances).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The president must freeze his membership in a political party (if he is active) on his term.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Registered parties that take part in parliamentary elections and receive the support of at least 1% of the vote are entitled to receive funding from the state budget (their largesse depends on the percentage of votes achieved).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The registered political parties in Estonia are: Estonian Reform Party (Eesti Reformierakond) Estonian Central Party (Eesti Keskerakond) Fatherland and Republican Union (Isamaa ja Res Publica Liit) Social Democratic Party (Sotsiaaldemokraatlik Erakond) United Left Party of Estonia (Eestimaa Ühendatud Vasakpartei) Party of Russia in Estonia (Vene Erakond Eestis) Estonian Green Party (Erakond Eestimaa Rohelised) Estonian People's Union (Eestimaa Rahvaliit) Estonian Independence Party (Eesti Iseseisvuspartei) Estonian Christian Democratic Party (Estimaa Rahvaliit) Estonian Party Estonian Peasants' Freedom (Eesti Vabaduspartei - Põllumeeste Kogu) Republican Party (Vabariiklik Partei) Estonian Freedom Party (Libertas Eesti Erakond) Parliamentary Parliament (Estonian: Riigikogu) or Estonian legislative branch elected by the people for a four-year term according to the principle proportional representation.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia is a democratic parliamentary republic.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

Estonia's political system moves based on the 1992 Constitution.


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Estonian Parliament is 101-member and affects the organization of the national government, especially when it comes to determining state income and spending (organizing taxation and absorbing budgets).


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

At the same time, the parliament reserves the right to issue statements, announcements, and appeals to the people of Estonia; certify, deny, or cancel international tracts/treaties with other countries and international organizations, and determine government loans. [68]


Question: Where is Estonia?

Estonian

The Riigikogu elected and appointed several high-ranking state officials, including the President of the Republic of Estonia.